Skip to main content

Full text of "A dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms"

See other formats 




wii 

















BLM Library 

Denver Federal Center 

Bldg. 50,0C-521 
P.O. Box 25047 oe 


Denver, CO 80225 


BLM Library 


Deruta Federal Cent 





Pies 2 OVC ess 

Higgs, SG, oo 529 i 
PO, Box 25047 of 
PN, RRS + ed FAR if ‘ 


Denver, CO 80225 








a 
dictionary 
of 
mining. 
mineral, 
and 
related 
terms 
compiled and edited 
by Paul W. Thrush 


and the Staff of 
the Bureau of Mines 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 


1968 


TN 


D53 
1968 


Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior—America’s Department of 
Natural Resources—is concerned with the management, conservation, and develop- 
ment of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational 
resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. 

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure 
that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recrea- 
tional resources are conserved for the future, and that renewable resources make their ° 
full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States—now 
and in the future. 


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Stewart L. UDALL, Secretary 


BUREAU OF MINES 
WALTER R. HipparD, Jr., Director 


This publication has been cataloged as follows: 


- 





Thrush, Paul W. comp. 

A dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms, 
compiled and edited by Paul W. Thrush and the Staff of 
the Bureau of Mines. [Washington] U.S. Dept. of the In- 
terior, Bureau of Mines [1968]. 

1269 p. (U.S. Bureau of Mines. Special publication.) 

Includes about 55,000 individual term entries with 
about 150,000 definitions under these terms. 

1. Mineral industries—Dict. 2. Mining engineering— 
Dict. I. Title. (Series. ) 

TN9.T53 622.03 
U.S. Dept. of the Int. Library. 











For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $8.50 


foreword 


This Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, 
and Related Terms is the result of an 
effort by the Bureau of Mines extending 
over many years. The work began as a 
revision of Bureau of Mines Bulletin 95, 
A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral 
Industry, by Albert H. Fay, first pub- 
lished in 1918, and reprinted in 1947. 
Fay’s Glossary, as it came to be known, 
has long been the standard authoritative 
reference work for technical and spe- 
cialized terms related to mining and the 
mineral industries. 

In the nearly 50 years that have 
elapsed since the first publication of 
Fay’s Glossary, the expansion of the 
minerals industries and the development 
of new mining and related technologies 
have resulted in considerable extension 
of the vocabulary of mining and miner- 


als. Hence, the need has grown for an 
up-to-date, comprehensive, and author- 
itative reference work. The increased 
scope and detailed treatment of the work 
justify its identification as A Dictionary 
of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms. 

Many individuals, especially those 
comprising the Bureau’s staff of engi- 
neers, scientists, and technologists, con- 
tributed to the preparation of this com- 
prehensive publication. Much of the 
credit for the direction and professional 
conduct of the task is due to Paul W. 
Thrush, who has served effectively as 
Editor in Chief. 

The Bureau of Mines has prepared 
and published this dictionary in the ex- 
pectation that it will be a useful tool in 
pursuing modern applications of one of 
the oldest industries in the world. 


WALTER R. Hipzarp, Jr. 
Director 
June 20, 1967 


ili 


natal nvrory xo! basin aa ame ale 
; vines ubseqao witila-oberte: 
ibtove: sodiaiin ok 
show oft Fesooenteoyd bolineb hae’ meer: 
qianotl bk es uchaiivasberi, Aine: 
aowra'Y Gained has Spies Atal | be 
har tomy as ubivilnti aah MM 


(wis tc fifte 


T4808) B Pin oi 


byes Ae ; 


PSSsioii 


* a 
“too Mzipelgariiot f agg tds ei vie 2386 i 
Tobe aegiag ak a ba teal 


“tsy er ity 


eat h ; 
pr aE | to Ask ay 





iaffoteralorg Sipe os Been in oi wnt, Ho} 


WW fasD 03 cob 2h a Bo eC) alba 
en “lovtsohe tives cay fer f 


¢- 
Bikes ¢ 4! Yeakioy 


a aa ot 

re Aves Ete 
rae xe ortedgedesccy 
sHititie ed Biineuwg 
bay sit” ai ey Soto eD 


ee oer e | 
OSTEGQ OY ahi ath 

; se se 
ote sult RF yiseabant yt Gi 
rT Ts , They n ong! ieee 


to sno Wa aoa 


S 
ys sT Ya) os as BreN\ 


* 


‘* 


a]. cash # aera 


yours 


A, ke me ool, a) fa ww 


22 


5 is a — 
' 
- “SH. 94% 4 
» ’ } “ iui Ww =) -/, - 
I A dctwwary of hog. 


ta 


Tae «PRA Deradu of Mine, eee yy 
‘ iu a. wr, 


dure: of hie OF <4 
el ge 10S. Bem: of ttn 


- fresbeAoe shout SPGO lute 
ee, Mg ky ae 


ot in} Hie at 
: : aravaltine. 0 uM jo 
lather biep grin sn ‘ 


+ weigh aol peidiegiiran io XRO1 yg 


fol nssaleiiicg Prayer. a 


1) if 

















Jens ened 33 a ler tin 

| Beis he 
ce ee 
> sega — ES 








gatbnasss esi te 
£26 pieeed, day alt 





ed. even! 4 
—) bedaij tnits: Teg 
Gea < 7 
26! ‘of i 


hig iesit it da re 339 
. : e* @ . 
artement of 


Rite, andl rw slop 
ls and cate ative! a 
\ Petia ak wf airs. | A iy 
Moar Wee sid wor as ca a 
mM a ce oad ribet 
ee ee tbe res sy laneucretell 
"Te, Us say Stn 
































al atl 





dee eels: a) ont} ahi lainioe - - 
Mroaio winet bowel guinsiso WPS Bt) i 
resigns Hig, od dyaldtn oved 7 
4 siriamnidie % sn aor eaet iP kr Lace D 


° ary Chaos Pe at Pay! 


x 
- 


*~ ‘ on 
- 7 
: it 


te ; : 
care oe *, . - A 
- z ‘ ‘ 
ame canner a _ | 
_—s 7 


WairTre 


i 
Wivption by 


et @he cdited 








preface 


This dictionary is published by the 
Bureau of Mines as a contribution to the 
mining and mineral literature in the be- 
lief that it will fill a recognized need. 

Several attempts have been made over 
the years to revise Albert Fay’s Glossary 
of the Mining and Mineral Industry 
which first appeared in December of 
1918. Frank L. Hess of the Bureau of 
Mines worked on a revision, but his un- 
timely death prevented its completion. 
Subsequently, the writer was employed 
to compile and edit this dictionary in 
cooperation with the technical staff of 
the Bureau of Mines. 

Fay’s glossary contained about 18,000 
terms with 27,000 definitions; the pres- 
ent compilation contains about 55,000 
terms with approximately 150,000 def- 
initions. These terms are of both a tech- 
nical and local nature, and they apply 
to metal mining, coal mining, quarrying, 
geology, metallurgy, ceramics and clays, 
glassmaking, minerals and mineralogy, 
and general terminology. Petroleum, 
natural gas, and legal mining terminol- 
ogy, unless of a general nature, has been 
excluded, as has been foreign terminol- 
ogy where there is an English equivalent. 
Several thousand Spanish-American 
mining terms that appeared in Fay’s 
compilation have been removed to make 
way for the thousands of new English 
terms that have evolved over the years. 
Those Spanish-American and Mexican 
terms still used in the Southwestern 
United States have been retained. 

Fay’s compilation included terminol- 
ogy from the entire English-speaking 
world. This objective has been main- 
tained in this dictionary. Many terms are 
identified by the country or area of ori- 


gin. Others can be identified by examin- 
ing the source following each definition. 
These sources are completely identified, 
with full bibliographical information, in 
the list of authorities and sources in the 
back of the dictionary. A consultation of 
this list can also aid in establishing the 
recency of the definition. Several thou- 
sand terms from Fay that might be con- 
sidered obsolete were retained because 
it was felt that we had an obligation to 
preserve the historical record. 

The list of authorities and sources in 
the back of the dictionary is only a par- 
tial listing of the sources consulted in 
compiling this dictionary. The items in 
this list are for the most part dictionaries, 
glossaries, or other tools that were found 
to be fruitful sources of information. 
Abbreviations of sources and references 
and other symbols used in the dictionary 
are identified in alphabetical sequence 
in the list of authorities and sources. 
Many additional citations from text- 
books, research reports, and periodicals 
are given individually throughout the 
body of the dictionary following each 
definition. Geographical abbreviations 
are also listed in the back of the dic- 
tionary. 

It is too much to hope that the first 
edition of a volume such as this will be 
free from error. The Bureau of Mines 
will appreciate having errors pointed 
out, and will welcome suggestions for 
the inclusion of additional terms that 
may appear to be desirable. Communi- 
cations should be addressed to the Office 
of Mineral Information, Bureau of 
Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, 
Washington, D.C. 20240. 


Pau. W. THRUSH 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
June 20, 1967 


PY, = Sf} 







de 


10%, 4S oe 
+ a ay: 





2S. Fae ' 
pe ae 


> A Ve Thi ie! — 
; 4 
- Bh fia we - 
19 4 ; 


Fann 


wi pre - . 







































sivenoioih eq Hoard: 
rapes atin: Sie ate 
eitetriotn to eaniciveg tei ed or 
anistler bis acme to aabbliveddA | 
tanotinth sdi ti heen dodateeratito brie ! c 
sortupas tinidadadiqle fi Bevtesbi os: {RAirinenp yaninin 
asonyot Bas wistradive’ to Gell eae ai gwyalo frein' Pie 
-ixo} mov? moet [stoiitbbs’ yrs pion 
desiborieg bits Jahvorp slininue load | 
oft tuodguond+ dHaubivibal novig' eu: . 
dose geiwalle? viesonsih agi to ybed 
snoisaivende lagirtqerosk? ahinicitsd 
sib oct to sou acl th bitll eels one 
guano 
inf of sadz sya ot dou oot ai a 
od Hliw eitlt as nose oraudlow « 40 soitibe 
ami to veg ofT ome iat sn} 
xt vnltiks ellie tad ea ane 
tart senor ianedibbs to soivitoni ert 
~iowesecni ae ee 
S27 ont no baxeaibinn adh mh ou 









cs 
vi 
, _ x py a) i ’ 
CR ORS Se aaah 2 one F 4 ft 
4 | , ; “h ‘ 
ee ig oN "| eter Aa a ee 


CE eat ye moll ane 
a aes | Aa 
Ae Spero t 


ea te ; i. ’ it ; 
wen , ¥ aa laa hia » 
a ieee ey rt: : . » _ 7 y J , f aM | 
ay ee can eet 
Pe a , ‘a i 7 


eas bd, ve 
a? | 













- ae 
{ } ep) an | au 


Pare 
ie ue 






: y' 
ia 


acknowledgments 


In the compilation of this dictionary, 
the Bureau of Mines gives credit for 
each definition as indicated in the list 
of authorities and sources quoted. Def- 
initions credited Webster 3d in the text 
have been reproduced by special per- 
mission from Webster’s Third New In- 
ternational Dictionary, copyright 1966 
by the G. & C. Merriam Co., publishers 
of the Merriam-Webster Dictionaries. 
Reprinting of these definitions herein 
in truncated form is not to affect in any 
way the validity of the proprietary rights 
of the G. & C. Merriam Co. to the re- 
printed definitions. Definitions credited 
Webster 2d in the text have been re- 
produced by special permission from 
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 
Second Edition, copyright 1959 by 
G. & C. Merriam Co., publishers of the 
Merriam-Webster Dictionaries, and 
their reprinting herein in truncated 
form is not to affect in any way the 
validity of the proprietary right of 
G. & C. Merriam Co. to the reprinted 
definitions. Material quoted from 
Webster’s 2d Edition is of historical im- 
portance or is material not retained in 
Webster’s 3d Edition. 

In all, several hundred specialists of 
the Bureau of Mines read various sec- 
tions of this dictionary for technical re- 
view. No section was read by fewer than 
two specialists. Since a listing of in- 
dividual names would be extensive, 
grateful acknowledgment is here made 
for their efforts and for the suggestions 
and changes recommended by them. 
James E. Hill and Dr. C. Meade Patter- 
son reviewed the mineral list; Taber de 
Polo and the late Howard P. Hamlin re- 
viewed the ceramics list; and Dr. Pat- 
terson reviewed the general list and part 
of the geology list, and compiled a list of 
single-letter abbreviations that has been 
incorporated in the dictionary. Other 
Bureau personnel whose services deserve 
special acknowledgment include Earle 
P. Shoub, who reactivated the project 


after Hess’ death; A. L. Julian, Jr., 
whose enthusiastic support reinforced 
my efforts over the past 6 years; Carl 
Rampacek and Robert P. Willing, both 
of whom gave valuable assistance and 
administrative counsel; Hazel J. Strat- 
ton, who gave valuable advice on edi- 
torial style; and Marion Hatch, whose 
unexcelled proficiency in library services 
helped to make the task easier. Special 
acknowledgment is due Charles W. Mer- 
rill, whose continuing interest and pro- 
fessional counsel played a major role in 
insuring the final completion of the proj- 
ect. In the final phase of the project, Dr. 
Miles J. Martin of Washington and 
Meyer Reiness of Pittsburgh provided 
the administrative authority and guid- 
ance needed to bring this long-standing 
project to a conclusion. 

Finally, several people outside the 
Bureau deserve recognition for their 
help. I am indebted to Mr. Daniel R. 
Pfoutz, Head of the Science and Tech- 
nology Department of Carnegie Library 
of Pittsburgh, Pa., who relaxed the rules 
and permitted me to use many noncir- 
culating reference tools outside the lib- 
rary for this project; and to Mrs. Vir- 
ginia R. Fischel, retired professor of 
library science at the Carnegie Institute 
of Technology, whose suggestions of 
sources led to the inclusion of several 
thousand terms in this compilation. 

The contributions of three persons 
deserve special recognition. Mrs. David 
Mischelevich, formerly with the Bureau 
of Mines and now with the U.S. Geolog- 
ical Survey, made many significant con- 
tributions in the early stages of this 
project. To Marilyn Pantone and Pau- 
line Mekon I owe my deepest gratitude 
and enduring regard for their coopera- 
tion and superior performance. Both of 
them started with me in 1961 and have 
remained loyal and dedicated through 
many vicissitudes. Without their in- 
valuable assistance, this seemingly end- 
less task could not have been completed. 


Pew. 


vt 





bre eotpatrlealyy 


) y gala) 
3G jroodte vir iy aaeet m A 
aan 


natiag token bah 
SADILET dectani nee 


Poy ti ar era 
» 
q d . * 
ah tH a 
' 7 > 
4 ¥ 
= | wi Y La*s i 
, =—* yi ey ae . 
4 ‘> , 
ian © P al 
* : ‘ 
t = a Lt 






bobivvevny Pohl re riot <a a, 





whip - barn ediraalsing | - ristaKi, 
aire oerengirol arelt, prtird ¢ an bobo: ni 
trees: % OF Mysore 


al: shiein algae lapiret Geott 
- is ps toh: meitivyoaes oven: argeyeitl 


‘wise why, ist babdabeat sie ¥ dglad 
wid re bas soryine 1) toast jovest 


cust sigue to tesiehiagael east 
ealirs ontt bopiclorrcathey .,. 6% paihee “i 


TOMS yReiMm 9a Ol ae ibadabrrsg, tarts 


~d# arb shinue alcot someday Jatibpeises 
-i¥ ecif ot bas iaagong, alias. AOL reset 
lo rcesleny boxy fodoal at ginky 
nudHett oipane 443 dp canotor Ascii 
jo ss0l gue saogee 2 wT je 
larvae To sonpiload onl pe “eevee 
oitalignn xtc pacbo bermeserts 
nronsy seid: In ‘enciadtdacs WE 
bivet! aM sholtiegosay Laoge evraesh 
amare’ sit dtiw vivsitiol dalvstsdvett 
wohose) 2.0 sd dit wor fing 2onitt Yo 
1S tevenitiergis yeuotr sbacr yale heel 
+8? to anyare yhies' st gi eholieden 
wel hot onone? oyfhels eT Soatoig 
olusinere sesh yon -ewo § modei snd 
~nTagoon sist? 20 Suegs pniebaa dns 


lo ded. ,sonsircoheg rolsqne has molt | 
botiete madd 


sved bas 18! of one dtiw 


































“Saaeanoiey Tigaey 
9 Inverts bri 


a ey a 
oni ye: tude. tot, ae 


-bas ippiines, ails, ooncteleen, 





a ee 4 sje 1 





Twa. 





z 


a 
dictionary 
of 
mining. 
mineral, 
and 
related 


8S 


| anon 
| to oie 
Ry 


ce ~Les*eeboniann 


francs 








Fi] 
dictionary 
of 
mining. 
mineral, 
ama 
related 
terms 


a a. Abbreviation for atom; atomic. Webster 
3d. b. Symbol for surface per unit volume. 
Zimmerman, p. 104. c. Abbreviation for 
acre. Also abbreviated A. Zimmerman, p. 
3; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-97. d. Abbreviation 
for are (land area). Zimmerman, p. 11. e. 
Abbreviation for air. Webster 3d. £. Symbol 
for one of the three crystallographic axes 
a, b, c. Each axis is designated the a axis 
in the isometric crystal system in which all 
three axes are equal. Also given as a. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. g. Abbreviation for 
acceleration and the symbol for linear ac- 
celeration. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Webster 
3d. h. Abbreviation for aqua. Webster 3d. 
i. Abbreviation for anterior. Webster 3d. 
j. Abbreviation for asymmetric. Webster 
3d, k. Symbol in structural petrology for 
the direction of tectonic transport, similar 
to the direction in which cards might slide 
over one another. Striations in a slicken- 
sided surface are parallel to direction a. 
A.G.I., p. 1. 1. As a subscript, the symbol 
for adsorbed. Zimmerman, p. 168. m. Ab- 
breviation for activity. Zimmerman, p. 4. 
n. Symbol for major axis of an ellipse or 
of an ellipsoid. Zimmerman, p. 13. 0. Sym- 
bol for the standard temperature gradient 
of the atmosphere. Zimmerman, p. 106. p. 
Symbol for the characteristic of barometric 
tendency or of a barograph trace, during 
the past 3 hours. Zimmerman, pp. 428, 
439, 

aa. Symbol for surface per unit volume. 
Zimmerman, p. 146. b. Symbol for activity ; 
chemical activity. Zimmerman, pp. 145, 
150. c. Symbol for acceleration. Zimmer- 
man, p. 148. d. Symbol for the velocity of 
sound, Zimmerman, p. 368. e. With sub- 
script O, as do, the symbol for one of the 
unit-cell parameters, do, bo, co. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. f. As a subscript, the symbol 
for adsorbed. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98. g. With 
subscript 1, as a:, the symbol for. the Bohr 
radius. Zimmerman, p. 163. h. Symbol for 
aperture; slit width. Zimmerman, pp. 148, 
165. i. Symbol for the coefficient of ac- 
commodation. Zimmerman, 1. 152. j. Sym- 
bol for standard temperature gradient of 
the atmosphere. Zimmerman, p. 426. 

a-; am-. Prefix indicating absence, for exam- 
ple, amorphous (without crystalline form) ; 
anhydrous (not containing water). Pryor. 3. 

a-(direction). In structural petrology, the di- 
rection of tectonic transport, similar to the 
direction in which cards might slide over 
one another. Striae in a slickensided sur- 
face are parallel to a. A.G.I. 


A a. Abbreviation for angstrom; angstrom 
unit. Also abbreviated a; A. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58; Webster 3d; Zimmerman, 
pf. 10, b. Abbreviation for absolute tem- 
perature. Zimmerman, p. 3. c. Formerly 
the chemical symbol for argon, but Ar, has 
replaced it. CCD. 6d, 1961. d. Symbol for 
mass number. Webster 3d. e. Abbreviation 
for area; cross-sectional area; surface area. 
Zimmerman, pp. 11, 32, 104. £. Abbrevia- 
tion for air. Also abbreviated a. Zimmer- 
man, p. 5; Webster 3d. g. Abbreviation for 
asbestos. Zimmerman, p. 214. h. Abbrevia- 
tion for ampere. Webster 3d. i. Abbrevia- 
tion for amplitude. Zimmerman, p. 8. j. 
Abbreviation for anode. Also abbreviated 
a. Zimmerman, p. 10. k. Abbreviation for 
Arctic. Zimmerman, p. 6. 1. Abbreviation 
for arroyo. Zimmerman, p. 11. m. Abbre- 
viation for arch. Zimmerman, p. 11. an. 
Abbreviation for aperture. Also abbrevi- 
ated a. Zimmerman, p. 10. 0. Symbol for 
hail. Zimmerman, p. 52. p. Symbol for 
attenuation constant in acoustics. Zimmer- 
man, p. 13. q. Symbol for magnetic vector 
potential. Zimmerman, p. 162. 

A a. Symbol for atomic weight. Zimmerman, 
pf. 151. b. Symbol for area; surface area; 
Cross-sectional area; total cross-sectional 
area. Zimmerman, pp. 151, 170, 185, 365. 
c. Abbreviation for amplitude. Zimmer- 
man, p. 150. d. Abbreviation for aperture. 
Zimmerman, p. 148. e. Symbol for the re- 
fracting angle of a prism. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
F-98. f. Symbol for power gain of ampli- 
fier; power amplification of amplifier; volt- 
age gain of amplifier; voltage amplification 
of amplifier; amplification of amplifier 
voltage. Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmerman, 
pp. 150, 156. g. Symbol for attenuation 
constant in sound transmission. Zimmer- 
man, p. 189. h. Symbol for sheet current 
density. Zimmerman, p. 260. 

aa Abbreviation for acetic acid. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. C-74, 

aa (pronounced ah-ah). A Hawaiian term for 
lava consisting of a rough assemblage of 
clinkerlike scoriaceous masses. It is con- 
trasted with pahoehoe used to designate 
the smoother flows. Fay; Hess. 


Aalenian. Lowermost Middle or uppermost 
Lower Jurassic. A.G.I. Supp. 


A-alloy. An alloy containing 3 per cent cop- 
per, 20 percent zinc, and 77 percent alu- 
minum; developed by the Alloys Research 
Committee of the British Institution of 
Mechanical Engineers; very susceptible to 


i 


A-alloy 


corrosion. Chem. & Met. Eng., v. 26, April 
12, 1922, p. 690. 

AAPG Abbreviation for the American Asso- 
ciation of Petroleum Geologists. Williams. 

Aasby diabase. An olivine diabase contain- 
ing biotite, ilmenite, and apatite in addi- 
tion to labradorite, augite, and olivine; 
from Aasby, Sweden. Holmes, 1928. 

AASHO (American Association of State 
Highway Officials) compaction. See com- 
paction test. ASCE P1826. 

a-axis. In structural petrology, the direction 
of movement or transport in a tectonite. 
This may be parallel to lineation, as in 
many shear zones (slickensides), or normal 
thereto, as in regionally folded metamor- 
phic terranes. A.G.I. 

ab- A prefix added to the names of the 
practical electrical units to indicate the 
corresponding unit in the cgs (centimeter- 
gram-second) electromagnetic system, or 
the electromagnetic unit (emu) ; for exam- 
ple, abampere; abcoulomb; abvolt. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. F-29. 

abalone. The mollusc Haliotis, also known 
as an ormer or ear shell. From the Pacific 
waters of California; Mexico; Japan; and 
New Zealand. See also Haliotis. Shipley. 

abalone pearl. A colored pearl from the aba- 
lone. Usually a blister pearl although a 
true pearl is found occasionally, especially 
in Mexico and in California. Usually of 
pronounced green, pale green, or pink 
hues. Shipley. 

abamp. Abbreviation for absolute ampere. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

abampere. The centimeter-gram-second -(cgs) 
electromagnetic unit of current, that is, 
that current which, in a one-turn circular 
conductor of 1 centimeter radius in a vac- 
uum, produces a magnetic intensity of 27 
oersteds at the center of the circuit. Equals 
10 absolute amperes. Hess. 

abandon. To stop drilling and remove the 
drill rig from the site of a borehole before 
the intended depth or target is reached. 
Long. 

abandoned cliff; ancient cliff. Cliff abandoned 
by the sea in consequence of negative 
movements of the sea level. Schieferdecker. 

abandoned mine. See abandoned workings. 

abandoned well. An oil or gas well aban- 
doned because its yield has fallen below 
that necessary for profitable production. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

abandoned workings. Excavations, either 
caved or sealed, that are deserted and in 
which further mining is not intended and 
opening workings which are not ventilated 
and inspected regularly. U.S. BuMines 
Federal Mine Safety Code—Bituminous 
Coal and Lignite Mines, Pt. I Under- 
ground Mines, October 8, 1953. 

abandonment. The act of abandoning; relin- 
quishment. Webster 3d. Abandonment of 
a mining claim may be by failure to per- 
form work, by conveyance, by absence, and 
by lapse of time. The abandonment of a 
mining claim is a question of intent. To 
constitute an abandonment of a mining 
claim, there must be a going away, and a 
relinquishment of rights, with the intention 
never to return, and with a voluntary and 
independent purpose to surrender the loca- 
tion or claim to the next comer. Compare 
forfeiture. Fay. 

abandonment plans. Gr. Brit. The plans, 
drawings, and sections required by law to 
be sent to the District Inspector of Mines, 
following the abandonment of a seam or 








2 


mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

abas. The Persian weight for pearls, about 
2.66 troy grains. Shipley. 

abate. In metalworking, to lower the temper 
of. Standard, 1964. 

abatis; abattis. Leic. Walls or ranges ot 
rough wood, for example, cordwood placed 
crossways to keep the underground roads 
open for ventilation, etc. Fay. 

Abbcite. Ammonia dynamite containing a 
high percentage of alkali chloride. Used 
as an explosive in coal mining. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Abbe jar. In mineral processing, a porcelain 
jar used for laboratory batch grinding tests 
in ceramic ware. Pryor, Cc. 

Abbe number; Abbe value. A measure of the 
optical dispersion of a glass. Dodd. 

Abbe theory. The visibility of an object 
under the microscope is directly propor- 
tional to the wavelength of light, and in- 
versely as aperture of lens. Pryor, 3. 

Abbe tube mill. A gear-driven tube mill sup- 
ported on a pair of riding rings and 
distinguished by an Archimedes spiral, 
through which the ore is fed and dis- 
charged. Grinding is effected by flint peb- 
bles fed into the mill. See also ball mill. 
Liddell 2d, p. 355. 

Abbe value. See Abbe number. Dodd. 

A.B.C. Process of Sewage Disposal. Precipi- 
tation of sewage sludge by the use of alum, 
blood, charcoal, and clay. Ham. 

ABC system. A method of seismic surveying 
by which the effect of irregular weathering 
thickness may be determined by a simple 
calculation from reciprocal placement of 
shotholes and seismometers. The method 
was originally used to solve refraction prob- 
lems arising from irregularities in the top 
of the high-velocity layer. A.G.I. 

Abegg rule. Maximum positive valence plus 
maximum negative valence usually totals 8, 
notably with 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th group 
elements. Pryor, 3. 

Abel flashpoint apparatus. Used for deter- 
mining the flashpoint of petroleum. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

Abel heat test. A test used to assess the 
chemical stability of an explosive, and this 
test can also be used to determine the 
degree of deterioration that may have oc- 
curred during long periods of storage. 
McAdam II, p. 21. 

Abelite. Ammonium nitrate and _ trinitroto- 
luene composition used as an explosive. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Abel’s reagent. Etching agent consisting of 
10 percent chromium trioxide in water. 
Used in the analysis of carbon steels. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

abernathyite. A rare, yellow secondary min- 
eral, K(UO2z) AsO.4H2O, of the meta- 
autunite group; a potassium analogue of 
uranospinite, containing 52.8 percent ura- 
nium; tetragonal. Small yellow crystals 
from the Temple Mountains, Utah. Fron- 
del, p. 175; Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

aberration. The failure of a lens or mirror to 
bring the light rays to the same focus. 
When aberration is due to the form of the 
lens or mirror it is called spherical aberra- 
tion. When due to the different refrangi- 
bility of light of different colors, it is called 
chromatic aberration. When present in 
magnifiers it often causes inaccurate de- 
cisions as to flawlessness or color of gems. 
Shipley. 

Aberson machine. 
Dodd. 

abime. A large, steep-sided vertical shaft 


See soft-mud process. 











abraser 


opening at the surface of the ground. 
A.G.I. 

abioglyph. A marking (hieroglyph) of inor- 
ganic origin. Pettijohn. 

A bit. A nonstandard, obsolete size diamond- 
drill bit. Long. 

ablation. a. The formation of residual de- 
posits by the washing away of loose or 
soluble minerals. Fay. b. The wearing 
away of rocks, or surface melting of gla- 
ciers. Standard, 1964. c. The combined 
processes that decrease the size of a gla- 
cier. Mather. 

ablation area. That part of a glacier or snow- 
field where ablation exceeds accumulation. 
Also called area of dissipation; dissipator. 
A.G.I. 

ablatograph. An instrument that records 
ablation by measuring the distance which 
a snow or ice surface sinks during the 
period of observation. A.G.I. 

A.B. Meco-Moore. An improved form of 
Meco-Moore—the pioneer of cutter loaders 
in Great Britain. A bulky machine which 
cuts a deep web of coal up to 6 feet and 
used in cyclic mining in medium to thick 
seams. It runs on the floor of the seam and 
does not require a prop-free front. It car- 
ries two horizontal jibs, one cutting at floor 
level and the other at a height depending 
on seam conditions. The use of the Meco- 
Moore is declining. Nelson. 

Abney level. A surveying instrument for 
taking levels up steep slopes; also used as 
a clinometer. Ham. 

abnormal. Deviating from the normal; dif- 
fering from the typical; irregular; unusual. 
Webster 3d, 

abnormal place. A working place in a coal 
mine with adverse geological or other con- 
ditions and in which the miner is unable 
to earn a wage, based on the pricelist, 
equal to or above the minimum wage. A 
term generally associated with stalls or 
pillar methods of working. Nelson. 

Aboglas. Sheeting of asbestos and glass fibers. 
Used as an insulator. Bennett 2d, 1962 
Add. 

ab-plane. In structural petrology, the surface 
along which differential movement takes 
place. A is the direction of displacement 
—that is, the direction of tectonic trans- 
port; b lies in this surface of movement 
and is perpendicular to a. A.G.I. 

abradant. An abrading substance, as emery, 
sand, etc., used in grinding, polishing, etc. 
Standard, 1964. See also abrasive. Fay. 

abrade. a. To rub or wear off; to waste or 
wear away by friction, as to abrade rocks. 
Webster 3d. b. As used in the sharpening- 
stone industry, abrading means cutting, as 
the steel composing the tool is cut away 
rather than worn away. Fay. c. The wear- 
ing away of diamonds, drill-bit matrices, 
and drill-stem equipment by frictional con- 
tact with the rock material penetrated or 
by contact with the cuttings produced by 
the action of the drill bit in drilling a 
borehole. Long. 

abrading. Wearing away any substance with 
an abrasive. Mersereau, 4th, p. 285. 

Abram’s law. Strength of concrete depends 
on water-to-cement ratio of mixture. Mini- 
mum needed for chemical action is 0.35 
to 1. Pryor, 3. 

abraser. A device for assessing the wear re- 
sistance of surfaces. The specimen to be 
tested is rubbed alternately by the flat 
faces of two weighted abrasive wheels. 
These wheels revolve in opposite directions 
through frictional contact with the speci- 


abraser 


men and exert a combined abrasive, com- 
pressive, and twisting action twice in each 
revolution of the specimen holder. Osborne. 

abrasion. a. The wearing away by friction. 
A.G.I. b. The act of wearing or rubbing 
off. A.G.I. c. Wearing away by rubbing or 
friction, the chief agents being currents of 
water laden with sand and other rock de- 
bris and by glaciers. A.G.I. d. The opera- 
tion of wearing away by aqueous or glacial 
action. A.G.J. 

abrasion hardness. Hardness expressed in 
quantitative terms or numbers indicating 
the degree to which a substance resists 
being worn away by frictional contact with 
an abrasive material, such as silica or car- 
borundum grits. Also called abrasion re- 
sistance; wear resistance. Compare scratch 
hardness. Long. 

abrasion index. The percentage of a specially 
prepared 3 in.—2 in. sample of coke re- 
maining on a %-inch mesh B.S. test sieve 
after the sample of coke has been sub- 
jected to a standardized abrasion proce- 
dure in a rotating drum. B.S. 1016, 1961, 
Piel 6: 

abrasion of refractories. Wearing away of the 
surfaces of refractory bodies in service by 
the abrading action of moving solids. HW. 

abrasion platform. An uplifted abrasion plat- 
form of large areal extent is a marine 
peneplain or a marine plane, according 
to the smoothness of the surface produced 
by wave erosion. A.G_I. 

abrasion resistance. The degree to which a 
porcelain enamel will resist attack by abra- 
sive materials. ASTM C286-65. See also 
abrasion hardness. 

abrasion shoreline. See shoreline of retrogra- 
dation. Schieferdecker. 

abrasive. A substance used for grinding, 
honing, lapping, superfinishing, polishing, 
pressure blasting, or barrel finishing. It 
includes natural materials such as garnet, 
emery, corundum, and diamond, and elec- 
tric-furnace products like aluminum oxide, 
silicon carbide, and boron carbide. ASM 
Gloss. Natural abrasives in order of hard- 
ness include diamond, corundum, emery, 
garnet, and pumice. Artificial abrasives in- 
clude borazon, carborundum, corundum 
(sold as alundum, aloxite, etc.), boron 
carbide. For preparing polished surfaces 
on mineral specimens, carborundum, levi- 
gated alumina, jeweler’s rouge, and mag- 
nesia are much used, diamond-impreg- 
nated paste being employed at final stage. 
Pryor, 3. 

abrasive belt. A coated abrasive product, in 
the form of a belt, used in production 
grinding and polishing. ASM Gloss. 

abrasive disk. a. A grinding wheel which is 
mounted on a steel plate, with the exposed 
flat side being used for grinding. ASM 
Gloss. b. A disk-shaped, coated abrasive 
product. ASM Gloss. 

abrasive drilling. A rotary drilling method in 
which drilling is effected by the abrasive 
action of the drill steel or drilling medium 
which rotates while being pressed against 
the rock. Fraenkel, v. 1, Art. 8:30, p. 21. 

abrasive finishing. The final cuts taken with 
a grinding wheel to obtain the accuracy 
and surface desired. ACSG, 1963. 

abrasive formation. A rock consisting of 
small, hard, sharp-cornered, angular frag- 
ments, or a rock, the cuttings from which, 
produced by the action of a drill bit, are 
hard, sharp-cornered, angular grains, which 
grind away or abrade the metal on bits 
and drill-stem equipment at a rapid rate. 


3 


Also called abrasive ground. Long. 

abrasive ground. Synonym for abrasive for- 
mation. Long. 

abrasive hardness test. This test employs a 
rotating abrasive wheel or plate against 
which specimens are held. The specimens 
are abraded for a given number of revo- 
lutions and the weight of material lost is 
a measure of the abrasive hardness. Lewis, 
p. 574. 

abrasive tumbling. See 
ACSG, 1963. 

abraum salts. See abraumsalze. 

abraumsalze; abraum salts. Ger. Mixed 
sulfates and chlorides of potassium, so- 
dium, and magnesium overlying the rock 
salt in the Stassfurt salt deposits. Holmes, 
1928. 

abriachanite. An earthy, amorphous form of 
crocidolite. Dana 6d, p. 400. 

abros. A _ stainless and corrosion-resisting 
alloy containing 10 percent chromium, 88 
percent nickel, and 2 percent manganese. 
Campbell. 

abs Abbreviation for absolute. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

absarokite. An alkalic basalt consisting of 
about equal amounts of olivine, augite, 
labradorite, and sanidine, with accessory 
biotite, apatite, and opaque oxides. Leucite 
is sometimes present in small amounts. 
Absarokite forms a series with shoshonite 
with decreasing amounts of olivine and 
increasing amounts of plagioclase and 
sanidine. A.G_I. 

abscissa. The axis at right angles to the axis 
of ordinates. Crispin. 

absolute. a. In chemistry, free from impurity 
or admixture. Hess. b. In physics, not de- 
pendent on any arbitrary standard. Hess. 
c. Frequently used in the trades to indi- 
cate a thing as being perfect or exact. 
Abbreviation, abs. Crispin. 

absolute ampere. a. The current which, when 
flowing in a circular conductor of 1 centi- 
meter radius, produces at the center a 
field strength of 2x gauss. The ampere 
normally used in electrical engineering is 
one-tenth of this quantity. C.T.D. b. One- 
tenth of an abampere. Hess. 

absolute atmosphere. An absolute unit of 
pressure equal to 1 million times the pres- 
sure produced on 1 square centimeter by 
the force of 1 dyne. Fay. 

absolute chronology. The geologic chronol- 
ogy expressed in years. Schieferdecker. 

absolute daily range. During the 24 hours of 
the day the difference between the maxi- 
mum easterly and maximum westerly values 
of the magnetic declination at any point. 
Mason, v. 2, p. 719. 

absolute drought. In Great Britain, a mini- 
mum period of 15 consecutive days during 
which not more than 0.01 inch of rain has 
fallen; this definition is not accepted inter- 
nationally. Ham. 

absolute humidity; humidity of air. The 
number of grams of water vapor per cubic 
meter of the air. From the mine ventila- 
tion aspect, the relative humidity is the 
important factor. See also saturated air. 
Nelson. 

absolute isohypse. A line that has the prop- 
erties of both constant pressure and con- 
stant height above mean sea level. There- 
fore, it can be any contour line on a 
constant-pressure chart, or any isobar on 
a constant-height chart. H&G. 

absolute ownership. In law, an unqualified 
title to property and the unquestioned 
right to immediate and unconditional pos- 


barrel finishing. 


absorber 


session thereof. Standard, 1964. Applies to 
mining claims and properties. Hess. 

absolute permeability. A measure of possible 
flow of a standard liquid under fixed con- 
ditions through a porous medium when 
there is no reaction between the liquid 
and the solids. This measure is arbitrarily 
taken for isothermal viscous flow. It can 
be duplicated with gases if tests are so 
conducted that extrapolation to infinite 
pressure can be made; specific permeabil- 
ity. Hess. 

absolute potential. True potential difference 
between a metal and the solution in which 
it is immersed. Pryor, 3. 

absolute pressure. a. Total pressure at a 
point in a fluid equaling the sum of the 
gage pressure and the atmospheric pres- 
sure. Webster 3d. b. Pressure measured 
with respect to O pressure, in units of 
force per unit of area. C.T.D. 

absolute roof. a. The entire mass of strata 
overlying a coal seam. See also nether 
roof, a. Nelson. b. In mine subsidence, 
the entire mass of superjacent rocks. Briggs, 
p. 61. c. The entire mass of strata over- 
lying a subsurface point of reference. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

absolute scale. See Kelvin temperature scale. 

absolute temperature. Temperature reckoned 
from the absolute zero. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. F-29, 

absolute time. Geologic time measured in 
terms of years. Compare relative time. Leet. 

absolute valency. The valence numerically 
equal to the number of electrons of an 
atom engaged in attaching other atoms. 
Pryor, 3. 

absolute viscosity. The force required to 
move a plane surface of area 1 square 
centimeter over another parallel plane sur- 
face 1 centimeter away at a rate of 1 
centimeter per second when both surfaces 
are immersed in the fluid. This force (the 
unit of absolute viscosity) is called the 
poise. Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 210. 

absolute zero. The temperature at which a 
gas would show no pressure if the general 
law for gases would hold for all tempera- 
tures. It is equal to —273.16°C or 
—459.69° F. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-29. 

absorb. To drink in or to suck up as a liquid 
by a solid like a sponge or fuller’s earth. 
Fay. 

absorbed dose. Usually expressed as rads, 
which represents the energy absorbed from 
the radiation per gram of specified body 
tissue. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 747. 

absorbed water. Water held mechanically in 
a soil mass and having physical properties 
not substantially different from ordinary 
water at the same temperature and pres- 
sure. ASCE P1826. 

absorbent. A substance that absorbs. Crispin. 

absorbent formation. A rock or rock material, 
which, by virtue of its dryness, porosity, 
or permeability, has the ability to drink in 
or suck up a drilling liquid, as a sponge 
absorbs water. Also called absorbent ground. 
Long. 

absorbent ground. Synonym for absorbent 
formation. Long. 

absorbents. Substances, such as wood meal 
and wheat flour, which are also ‘forms of 
low explosive when mixed with metallic 
nitrates, and tend to reduce the blasting 
power of the explosives making them suit- 
able for coal blasting. Cooper, pp. 345-346. 

absorber. a. An apparatus in which gases are 


absorber 


brought into intimate contact with an ex- 
tended surface of an absorbing fluid so 
that they enter rapidly into solution. Ab- 
sorbers are used in saving casinghead gas- 
oline. Hess. b. The resistance and con- 
denser in series which is placed across a 
break in an electrical circuit in order to 
damp any possible oscillatory circuit, which 
would tend to maintain an arc or spark 
when a current is interrupted. Also called 
a spark absorber. C.T.D. c. Any material 
that absorbs or stops ionizing radiation. 
Strong neutron absorbers like boron, haf- 
nium, and cadmium are used in control 
rods. Lead, concrete, and steel attenuate 
gamma rays and neutrons in nuclear re- 
actor shields. A thin sheet of paper or 
metal will stop or absorb alpha particles 
and all but very energetic beta particles. 
See also poison. L@L. 

absorber plant. A plant that has the ability 
to take on the characteristics of some 
elements in its cycle of life (for example, 
pifion tree absorption of a radioactive sub- 
stance and the consequent radioactivity 
released by some pinon trees). Ballard. 


absorbing well. A well sunk for the purpose 
of draining away water. Ham. 
Absorbite. Trade name for activated char- 


coal. Hess. 


absorptiometer. A device for measuring the 


solubility of a gas in a liquid. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 


absorptiometry. Measurement of the loss 


through absorption by homogeneously col- 
ored solution of monochromatic light. Ab- 
sorption (Beer’s Law) is proportional to 
the number of molecules through which 
the light passes. The Bougner-Beer Law is 
L=To' <ylO mest 

Where I is intensity; 1 is distance trav- 
eled; I, is original intensity; k is an ex- 
tinction coefficient; c is concentration 
(grams per liter). Measuring instruments 
are called absorptiometers or spectropho- 
tometers; much used types being the Lu- 
metron and the Spekker. The method is 
used where light (including ultraviolet) 
can be employed as an analytical colori- 
metric medium. It is much used in mineral 
dressing control analysis and _ research. 
Pryor, 3. 

absorption. a. Taking up, assimilation, or in- 
corporation; as, the absorption of gases in 
liquids, as distinguished from adsorption. 
Sometimes loosely used in place of adsorp- 
tion. A.G.I, b. The act or process of ab- 
sorbing, imbibing, swallowing, or engulfing 
mechanically. Fay. c. A taking in or recep- 
tion by molecular or chemical action. Fay. 
d. The phenomenon observed when a pleo- 
chroic mineral is rotated in plane polarized 
light. In certain positions, the mineral is 
darker than in others, owing to the absorp- 
tion of light. Fay. e. In hydrology, a term 
applied to the entrance of surface water 
into the lithosphere by all methods. A.G.J. 
f. As applied to ceramic products, the 
weight of water which can be absorbed by 
the ware, expressed as a percentage of the 
weight of the dry ware. HW. g. The proc- 
ess by which a liquid is drawn into and 
tends to fill permeable pores in a porous 
solid body; also, the increase in weight of 
a porous solid body resulting from the 
penetration of a liquid into its permeable 
pores. ASTM C125-66. 

absorption hygrometer. A type of hygrometer 
with which the water vapor content of the 
atmosphere is measured by means of the 
absorption of vapor by a_ hygroscopic 








4 


chemical. The amount of vapor absorbed 
may be determined in an absolute manner 
by weighing the hygroscopic material, or 
in a nonabsolute manner by measuring a 
physical property of the substance that 
varies with the amount of water vapor 
absorbed. The lithium chloride humidity 
strip and carbon-film hygrometer element 
are examples of the latter. H&G. 


absorption loss. a. The loss of water occur- 


ring during initial filling of a reservoir in 
wetting rocks and soil. Ham. b. That part 
of the transmission loss which is due to 
dissipation or the conversion of sound 
energy into some other form of energy, 
usually heat. This conversion may take 
place within the medium itself or upon a 
reflection at one of its boundaries. This 
loss is a critical factor in the effectiveness 
of sonar equipment. Hy. 


absorption of gases. The solution of gases in 


liquids or the absorption of gases by solids. 
In mining, the entry of oxygen into coal 
or carbonaceous matter may initiate slow 
combustion and fires when the conditions 
are favorable. See also spontaneous com- 
bustion. Nelson. 


absorption oil. Oil containing little or no 


gasoline, for example, mineral seal oil, 
used in the absorption process for extract- 
ing gasoline from natural gas. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 


absorption plant. Plant for recovering gaso- 


line from natural gas by absorption. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962, 


absorption process. A method of treating wet 


gas by passing it through an absorber in 
which large surfaces of mineral seal oil or 
a similar oil are exposed and absorb the 
heaviest fraction of the gas. This is later 
distilled from the oil and is known as 
casing-head gasoline. The oil is recircu- 
lated and the gasoline is piped to a con- 
denser and then to an accumulator. Hess. 


absorption rate. a. The rate, expressed in 


quantitative terms, at which a liquid, such 
as a drilling circulation medium, is absorbed 
by the rocks, or rock materials, penetrated 
by the dril] bit. Long. b. The amount of 
water absorbed when the brick is partially 
immersed for 1 minute; usually expressed 
either in grams or ounces per minute. Also 
called suction rate; initial rate of absorp- 


tion. ACSG. 


absorption ratio. See saturation coefficient. 


Dodd. 


absorption refrigeration. A process whereby 


a secondary fluid absorbs the refrigerant, 
and in doing so, gives up heat, then re- 
leases the refrigerant, during which it ab- 
sorbs heat. Strock, 10. 


absorption spectrum. The series of dark 


bands crossing a continuous spectrum, seen 
when white light has been transmitted 
through a colored vapor, liquid, or solid. 
Anderson, p. 354. When white light passes 
through a colored stone, light of certain 
wavelengths is absorbed more strongly than 
others, the colors least absorbed combining 
to produce the color of the stone. When 
viewed through a spectroscope, the colors 
most strongly absorbed may show as dark 
bands crossing the spectrum in characteris- 
tic positions. Such a spectrum is known as 
an absorption spectrum, and provides a 
useful means of identification. Anderson. 


abyssal realm 


of the same wavelength. Strock, 10. 
abstract. To absorb the waters of a neighbor- 
ing stream by abstraction; said of water- 
courses. Standard, 1964. 
abstraction. In geology, the draining of water 
from a stream by another having more 
rapid corrading action. Standard, 1964. 
abteilung. a. Ger. A part or district of a 
mine assigned to the care of a fireman or 
deputy. Fay. b. Ger. A_ stratigraphical 
formation or series. Holmes, 1928. 
abundant vitrain. A field term denoting, in 
accordance with an arbitrary scale estab- 
lished for use in describing banded coal, a 
frequency of occurrence of vitrain bands 
comprising 30 to 60 percent of the total 
coal layer. Compare dominant vitrain; 
moderate vitrain; sparse vitrain. A.G.I. 
abutment. a. A surface or mass provided to 
withstand thrust, for example, the end sup- 
ports of an arch or bridge. In coal mining, 
(1) the weight of the rocks above a narrow 
roadway is transferred to the solid coal 
along the sides, which act as abutments of 
the arch of strata spanning the roadway; 
and (2) the weight of the rocks over a 


longwall face is transferred to the front 
abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of 
the face and the back abutment, that is, 


the settled packs behind the face. See also 
pressure arch. Nelson. b. The structural 
portion of a furnace that withstands the 
thrust of an arch. A.RJ. 

abutment load. In underground mining, the 
weight of rock above an excavation which 
has been transferred to the adjoining walls. 
Pryor, 3. 

abysmal. See abyssal. 

abysmal sea. That part of the sea which 
occupies the ocean basins proper. Fay. 

abyss. a. A very deep, unfathomable place. 
The term is used to refer to a particularly 
deep part of the ocean, or to any part be- 
low 3,000 fathoms. H&G. b. Synonym for 
pit; pot; pothole; chasm; shaft. Schiefer- 
decker. 

abyssal; abysmal. a. Of, or pertaining to, 
deep within the earth. Synonym for plu- 
tonic. A.G.I. b. Of, or pertaining to, the 
oceanic deeps below 1,000 fathoms (6,000 
feet). A.GJ. c. Referring to the great 
depths of seas or lakes where light is ab- 
sent. A.G.J. d. In oceanography, relating 
to the greatest depths of the ocean; relating 
to the abyssal realm. C.T.D. e. Deep-sea 
region below the mean sphere level. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

abyssal assimilation. See assimilation. Hess. 

abyssalbenthic. A zone comprising all of the 
deep-sea benthic system below the archi- 
benthic zone, or below 800 to 110 meters. 
A.G.1. 

abyssal deposit. A deposit of the deep sea, 
accumulating in depths of more than 1,500 
fathoms of water; these deposits comprise 
the organic oozes, various muds, and red 
clay of the deepest regions. C.T.D. 

abyssal injection. The process by which 
magmas, originating at considerable depths, 
are considered to have been driven up 
through deep-seated contraction fissures in 
the earth’s crust. Hess. 

abyssal intrusion. An alternative name for a 
plutonic intrusion. C.T.D. 

abyssal plain. a. An area of the ocean floor 
with a slope of less than 1 in 1,000. Schie- 





absorption tower. A tower in which a liquid 
absorbs a gas. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

absorptivity. The ratio of the radiant energy 
absorbed by a body to that falling upon it. 
It is equal to the emissivity for radiation 


ferdecker. b. Flat, nearly level areas which 
occupy the deepest portions of many ocean 
basins. A.G.I. 


abyssal realm. The deep waters of the ocean 


below 1,000 fathoms, or 2,000 meters, or 








abyssal realm 


6,000 feet. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

abyssal rock. A plutonic or deep-seated igne- 
ous rock. The word was suggested and 
especially used by Brégger. Fay. 

abyssal theory. A theory of the origin of 
ores involving the separation of ore from 
silicates during the cooling of the earth 
from the liquid stage. A.G.I. 

abyssal zone. The marine-life zone of the 
deep sea embracing the water and bottom 
below a depth of 6,000 feet. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

Abyssinian gold. a. Talmi gold. Brass having 
a thin facing of gold applied by rolling. 
Used for costume jewelry. CCD 6d, 1961. 
b. A yellow- or gold-colored aluminum 
bronze containing 5 to 10 percent alumi- 
num, the remainder being copper. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

Abyssinian well. Pointed and _ perforated 
tube driven into the ground by a light pile- 
hammer, Water is extracted by pumping. 
Ham. 

abyssobenthic. Relating to that part of the 
abyssal realm which includes the ocean 
floor; pertaining to or living on the ocean 
floor at great depths. C.T.D. 

abyssolith. Literally, a bottomless body of 
rock material; a molten mass of eruptive 
material passing up without a break from 
the zone of permanently molten rock with- 
in the earth. A.G.I. 

abyssopelagic. a. Relating to that part of 
the abyssal realm which excludes the ocean 
floor; floating in the depths of the ocean. 
C.T.D. b. Pertaining to that portion of the 
deep waters of the ocean which lie below 
depths of 2,000 meters (6,000 feet). A.G.I. 

ac Abbreviation for alternating current; acid. 
Also abbreviated AC, a-c, ac. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-74; Zimmer- 
man, p. 7. 

Ac Chemical symbol for actinium. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

acadialite. A reddish variety of chabazite. 
Dana. 

Acadian. A series name applied to the Mid- 
dle Cambrian strata of the Atlantic Prov- 
ince in North America (Newfoundland, 
Nova Scotia to eastern Massachusetts). 
C.T.D. 

Acadian orogeny. Late Devonian diastro- 
phism. A.G.I. Supp. 

acanthite. A silver sulfide, AgeS; monoclinic ; 
color and streak, blackish lead-gray; Mohs’ 
hardness, 2 to 2.5; specific gravity, 7.2 to 
7.3. Dana 17. Contains 87 percent silver. 
Sanford. 

acarreos. a. Mex. Float rock. Fay. b. Mex. 
Drift composed of rounded rocks, pebbles, 
and gravel. Fay. 

acaustobiolith. a. An incombustible  sedi- 
ment resulting from biologic activity, for 
example, limestone. A.G.I. b. Noncombus- 
tible, organic deposits of purely mineral 
character. A.G.I. 

acaustophytolith. A rock formed wholly from 
pure accumulation of organically produced 
mineral matter, such as those formed from 
diatoms (silica) and nummulites (calcite). 
A.G.I, 

accelerated weathering test. A test to indi- 
cate the effect of weather on coal, in which 
the coal is alternately exposed to freezing, 
wetting, warming, and light; the alterna- 
tion may be varied to suit. This test may 
be applied to other bituminous material. 
Hess, 

accelerating points. Each position of an 


5 


electric controller which increases the cur- 
rent through the motor is known as an ac- 
celerating point. NEMA MBI1-1956. 

acceleration. That due to the gravitational 
attraction of the earth is 980.665 centi- 
meters per square second (32.174 feet per- 
square second) for a free-falling body in vac- 
uum. International Committee on Weights 
and Measures. True value varies slightly 
with isotatic effect, latitude, longitude, and 
the departure of the planet from a truly 
spherical shape. Pryor, 3. 

accelerator. a. A machine that accelerates 
electrically charged atomic particles to high 
velocities. Electrons, protons, deuterons, 
and alpha particles can be accelerated to 
nearly the speed of light for use in nuclear 
research. Types of accelerators include the 
betatron, cyclotron, linear accelerator, and 
synchrotron. Familiarly known as atom 
smasher. L@L. b. In the case of stucco, 
plaster, mortar, concrete, etc., a substance 
which will hasten the set. ASTM C11-60. 
c. A device controlling the rate at which 
fuel is injected into a combustion-type en- 
gine and hence controlling its speed. Also 
called throttle. Long. d. A substance added 
to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. 
See also catalyst. Nelson. 

accelerometer. An instrument used to meas- 
ure acceleration ; specifically, a seismograph 
designed to measure earth particle accel- 
erations. A.G.I. 

acceptance operations. In mineral processing, 
rejection of material hoisted as run-of-mine 
ore because of inferior quality, Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

acceptor levels. Energy levels formed within 
Ae energy gap by a deficiency of electrons. 
VV. 


accessory. a. Applied to minerals occurring 
in small quantities in a rock. The presence 
or absence of these minor minerals does not 
affect the classification or the naming of 
the rock. Holmes, 1928. b. Fragments de- 
rived from previously solidified volcanic 
rocks of related origin, that is, the debris 
of earlier lavas and pyroclastic rocks from 
the same cone. See also accessory mineral, 
b. Bureau of Mines Staff. c. In a strict 
sense, only those tools or small parts, etc., 
normally supplied with a drill machine by 
the manufacturer without their being spe- 
cifically ordered by the buyer of the drill. 
In a general sense, the term is commonly 
and synonymously used for auxiliary. See 
also auxiliary, a. Long 

accessory ejecta. Pyroclastic materials de- 
rived from previously solidified . volcanic 
rocks of consanguineous origin, that is, the 
debris of earlier lavas and pyroclastic rocks 
from the same cone. Such ejecta corre- 
spond to the materiaux paleogenes of La- 
croix. A.G.I. 

accessory elements. Synonym for minor ele- 
ments; trace elements. A.G.I. 

accessory mineral. a. One of those mineral 
constituents of a rock that occur in such 
small amounts that they are disregarded in 
its classification and definition. Opposite of 
essential mineral. Fay. b. Primary type min- 
erals which were associated with the parent 
clay-forming material usually mica, feld- 
spar, and quartz, (that is, decomposition of 
granite to kaolin with accessory minerals 
mica, feldspar, and quartz. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

accessory plate. a. The quartz wedge insert- 
ed in the microscope substage above the 
polarizer in order to estimate birefringence 
and to determine optical sign of uniaxial 


acclinal valleys 


minerals. Pryor, 3. b. The selenite plate 
which gives the sensitive tint of a specimen 
between crossed nicols. Pryor, 3. c. The 
mica plate which retards yellow light. 
Pryor, 3. 

access road. A route constructed to enable 
plant, supplies, and vehicles to reach a 
mine, quarry, or opencast pit. In remote 
and isolated regions, the provision of. an 
access road may be very costly. Nelson. 

access time. That required to locate data in 
the memory. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 

accident. Gr. Brit. An incident or event at 
work in which someone sustains a bodily 
injury which causes the injured person to 
be away from work for more than three 
days. A certain degree of harm to an indi- 
vidual is the criterion. The event is then 
usually classified as a fatal, a serious non- 
fatal, or a minor or plus 3-day accident. 
Se also near accident. Nelson. 

accidental. A broken fragment derived from 
volcanic rock, not of the magma involved 
during an eruption, but from other igne- 
ous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks 
through which the vent was developed 
Hess. 

accidental block. A solid chip of igneous, 
metamorphic, or sedimentary rock torn from 
the subvolcanic basement and ejected from 
a volcano. Synonym for noncognate block. 
A.G.I. 

accidental error. Unpredictable, arising from 
special cause. Pryor, 3, p. 159. 

accidental inclusion. An enclosed crystal or 
fragment having no genetic connection 
with the igneous rocks in which they occur, 
See also accidental. Hess. 

accidental pearl. Genuine natural pearl as 
distinguished from (artificially induced) 
cultured pearl. A term not used in the 
trade as it is of questionable meaning. 
Shipley. 

accident-cause code. A system sponsored by 
the American Standards Association. Under 
this code accidents are classified under 
eight defective working conditions and 
nine improper working practices. Nelson. 

accident frequency rate. The number of all 
disabling injuries (fatal, permanent-total, 
permanent-partial, and temporary lost-time 
injuries) per million man-hours of ex- 
posure. Hess. 

accident-prone. Accident statistics reveal that 
certain individuals have a predisposition 
to sustain more accidents than others ex- 
posed to the same hazard. This suggests 
that there is a certain defect or propensity 
in some miners which makes them acci- 
dent-prone cases. It is also suggested that 
such cases tend to sustain an undue num- 
ber of injuries even at home or at sports. 
Nelson. 

accident severity rate. The number of days 
of disability resulting from all injuries 
(fatal, permanent-total, permanent-partial, 
and temporary lost-time injuries) per thou- 
sand man-hours of exposure. Hess. 

acclimatization. A man completely new to a 
hot mine will find great difficulty in doing 
any appreciable amount of work, Within a 
short period, his body will have improved 
its mechanism for heat loss, the rate at 
which the man can sweat will be much 
increased, pulse rate decreases, body tem- 
perature falls, and the man is then said to 
be ‘“‘acclimatized” to hot working condi- 
tions. A minority never become acclima- 
tized and are said to be “‘heat intolerant.” 
Roberts, I, p. 132. 

acclinal valleys. Those that run in the direc- 


acclinal valleys 


tion of the dip. A.G.I. 

accompt. a. (Corn.) Account day; the usual 
settling day. Fay. b. The place of meeting, 
or account house. Fay. 

accordant tributary. A tributary that enters 
the main trunk stream at grade, that is, at 
the same elevation as the main stream. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

accordion roller conveyor. A roller conveyor 
with a flexible latticed frame which per- 
mits variation in length. ASA MH4,1— 
1958. 

account. The record of the transactions af- 
fecting one party; as any one party may 
be the receiver or debtor in one transac- 
tion and the giver or creditor in another, 
an account has two sides, a debtor and a 
creditor side. Truscott, p. 280. 

accountancy. The continuous recording of 
transactions on a money basis in a manner 
to show clearly at any time the financial 
position of a business, what profit or loss 
has been made over any period, and where 
that profit or loss was made. Truscott, 
p. 280. 

account day. See bill day. Nelson. 

accretion; aggradation. a. The process by 
which inorganic bodies increase in size by 
the addition of fresh particles to the out- 
side. Fay. b. The gradual addition of new 
land to old by the deposition of sediment 
carried by the water of a stream. A.G.J. 
c. May be either natural or artificial. Nat- 
ural accretion is the gradual buildup of 
land over a long period of time solely by 
the action of the forces of nature, on a 
beach by deposition of waterborne or air- 
borne material. Artificial accretion is a 
similar buildup of land by reason of an act 
of man, such as the accretion formed by 
the groin, breakwater, or beach fill depos- 
ited by mechanical means. H&G. 

accretionary lapillus. A pellet, often exhibit- 
ing concentric structure owing to the ac- 
cretion of fine ash or dust around raindrops 
falling through an explosion cloud, or to 
similar accretion around a nucleus frag- 
ment which rolls along the ground. Accre- 
tionary lapilli are also called mud pellets; 
pisolites. A.G_I. 

accretionary lava balls. Rounded balls of 
lava found on the surfaces of many aa 
flows, formed by the rolling up and ad- 
hesion of viscous lava around some frag- 
ment of solidified lava as a center. A.G.I. 

accretionary limestone. A limestone which 
has formed in place by slow accumulation 
of organic remains. Many such deposits 
belong to the reef or bioherm subclass. 
A.G.I. 

accretion coast. See shoreline of prograda- 
tion. Schieferdecker. 

accretion hypothesis. Any hypothesis of the 
origin of the earth which assumes that it 
has grown from a small nucleus by the 
gradual addition of solid bodies, such as 
meteorites, asteroids, or planetesimals, for- 
merly revolving about the sun in independ- 
ent orbits, but eventually drawn by gravi- 
tation to the earth and incorporated in it. 
Fay. 

accretion vein. A vein formed by the repeat- 
ed filling of a channelway and its reopen- 
ing by the development of fractures in the 
general zone undergoing mineralization. 
Forrester, p. 115. 

accumulation. a. In coal mining, bodies of 
firedamp that tend to collect in higher 
parts of mine workings and at the edge of 
goaves and wastes. They are found in cav- 
ities, at ripping lips, at other sheltered 


6 


places protected from the ventilating cur- 
rent, and at the higher sides of rise faces. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 262. b. The concentration 
or gathering of oil or gas in some form of 
trap. Commercial accumulation is a vol- 
ume or quantity sufficient for profitable 
exploitation. A.G.J. c. A collected mass of 
material. Jones. 


accumulator. a. A cylinder containing water 


or oil under pressure of a weighted piston 
for hydraulic presses, hoists, etc. It is be- 
tween the pumps and the presses, keeps a 
constant pressure on the system, and ab- 
sorbs shocks. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A 
storage battery. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. In oceanography, a spring of rubber or 
steel attached to a trawling warp, to lessen 
any sudden strain due to the trawl catch- 
ing GelnDs 


accumulator conveyor. Any conveyor de- 


signed to permit accumulation of packages 
or objects. Usually roller, live roller con- 
veyor, roller slat conveyor, or belt con- 
veyors. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


accumulator metal. An alloy of 90 percent 


lead, 9.25 percent tin, and 0.75 percent 
antimony; condenser toil. Campbell. 


accumulator plant. In geobotanical prospect- 


ing, a plant or tree that acquires an ab- 
normal content of a metal where growing 
in metal-bearing soil. A.G.I. 


accuracy. a. The practical limit of accuracy 


in building work is about one-eighth of an 
inch for placing of walls and floors, and 
about 1 inch for a long tunnel driven 
through a mountain. A modern air survey, 
plotted to a scale of 1 in 500, can give an 
accuracy of plus or minus 3 inches verti- 
cally or horizontally. Ham. b. The close- 
ness of approach of a measurement to the 
true value of the quantity measured. Since 
the true value cannot actually be meas- 
ured, the most probable value from the 
available data, critically considered for 
sources of error, is used as the truth. 
Compare precision. ASM Gloss. 


accuracy of a method. A measure of the 


ability of a method to provide accurate 
results, that is, results which are precise 
and free from bias. The accuracy of a 
method must not be confused with its pre- 
cision. A determination may be made with 
great precision, and the standard deviation 
of a number of determinations on the same 
consignment of coal may therefore be low, 
but the results will only be accurate if 
they are free from bias. B.S. 1017, 1960, 
Pele 


accuracy of a result. The closeness of agree- 


ment between an experimental result and 
the true value. B.S. 1017, 1960, Pt. 1. 


acerado. Mex. Gray copper ore; any gray 


steely ore. Fay. 


acetamide; acetic acid amide; acetic acid 


amine; ethanamide. Colorless; deliques- 
cent crystals; mousy odor; CHsCONHz2. 
Used in explosives and as a soldering flux. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 


acetic acid; ethanoic acid. Produced during 


the dry distillation of wood followed by 
alkali and acid (sulfuric) treatment and 
further distillation; by the oxidation of 
diluted alcohol (HC:HsO:z) ; specific grav- 
ity, 1.0492 (at 20° C, referred to water at 
4° C). Vinegar is a preparation of acetic 
acid and it contains a legal minimum of 
4 percent of acetic acid. Used in the porce- 
lain enameling industry to prepare grain- 
ing-board surfaces and for analytical work. 
Hansen. 


acetic acid amine; acetamide; acetic acid 


acicular 


amide; ethanamide. See acetamide. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

acetone; dimethyl ketone; 2-propane. A flam- 
mable liquid; CsHeO. Used widely in in- 
dustry as a solvent for many organic sub- 
stances. Shell Oil Co. 

acetylene; ethyne; ethine. The most brilliant 
of illuminating gases; C2He It may be 
produced synthetically from its elements, 
by incomplete combustion of coal gas, and 
commercially from calcium carbide (CaCsz) 
by reaction with water. Standard, 1964. 
Used in manufacturing explosives. Bennett 
2d, 1962. Also used formerly as an illumi- 
nating gas in mines and around drill rigs. 
When combined with oxygen, acetylene 
burns to produce an intensely hot flame 
and hence now is used principally in weld- 
ing and metal-cutting flame torches. Long. 

acetylene black. Graphitic type of carbon 
black obtained by incomplete combustion 
of acetylene; apparent density, 0.21. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

acetylene lamp. See carbide lamp. Zern. 

acetylene tetrabromide; symmetrical tetra- 
bromoethane; Muthmann’s liquid. Yellow- 
ish liquid; CHBreCHBre; specific gravity, 
2.98 to 3.00; boiling point, 239° to 242° C 
with decomposition (at 760 mm); also, 
boiling point, 151° C (at 54 mm) ; melting 
point, 0.1° C; and refractive index, 1.638. 
Used for separating minerals by specific 
gravity; a solvent for fats, oils, and waxes; 
a fluid in liquid gases; and a solvent in 
microscopy. CCD 6d, 1961. 

acetylite. Calcium carbide treated with glu- 
cose to give a slower and more uniform 
production of acetylene gas than can be 
obtained from the untreated calcium car- 
bide. Crispin. 

achavalite. Iron selenide, FeSe, occurring 
with other selenides at Cacheuta, Argen- 
tina. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

Acheson furnace. A resistance-type furnace 
for the production of silicon carbide and 
synthetic graphite. Henderson. 

Acheson graphite. Artificial graphite made 
from coke by electric furnace heating. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Acheson process. A process for the produc- 
tion of artificial or synthetic graphite. It 
consists of sintering pulverized coke in the 
Acheson furnace at 5,000° to 6,000° F. 
Henderson. 

achiardite. Same as dachiardite. English. 

achirite. Same as dioptase. Standard, 1964. 

achondrite. A rare, stony meteorite without 
chondrules. A.G.J. Supp. 

achrematite. A pale sulfur-yellow to orange 
and red arsenochlormolybdate of lead, 
35Pb0.3PbCl2.9As20s.4Mo0s; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 3 to 4; specific gravity, 5.965. From 
the mines of Guanacere, Chihuahua, Mex- 
ico. Hess. 

el ee A colorless variety of tourmaline. 

ay. 

achromatic. Free from hue. See also achro- 
matic color; achromatic loupe. Shipley. 

achromatic color. White, black, or any tone 
of neutral gray, that is, gray containing no 
tinge of any hue. See also chromatic color. 
Shipley. 

achromatic loupe. Any loupe containing an 
achromatic lens. Shipley. 

achromatic triplet. A loupe corrected for 
Go aberration. See also loupe. Ship- 
ey. 

achua. A Chilean term for a small earthen- 
ware dish used in making tests in the patio 
process. Hess. 

acicular. A mineral consisting of fine needle- 











acicular 


like crystals, for example, natrolite. Nelson. 

acicular bismuth; aciculite. Synonym for 
aikinite. Hess. 

acicular powder. In powder metallurgy, 
needle-shaped particles. ASM Gloss. 

acid. a. Sharp or biting to the taste; sour. 
Having acid-forming constituents present 
in excess of the proportion required to form 
a neutral or normal compound. Webster 
3d. b. A compound that dissociates in a 
water solution to furnish hydrogen ions. 
ASTM STP No. 148-D. c. A substance 
which tends to lose a proton. C.T.D. d. A 
substance containing hydrogen which may 
be replaced by metals with the formation 
of salts. C.T.D. e. In geology, a test for 
composition of rocks. Application of strong 
acid dissolves carbonates and other compo- 
nents, leaves silica. Hy. f. See acidic, a. 

acid anhydride. An oxide of a nonmetal, so 
called because such an oxide may be formed 
from an acid by the abstraction of water; 
for example, SOs is the anhydride of 
H2SQ,. A.G.I. 

acid annealing. An annealing process in 
which ferrous metal shapes are coated with 
acid before and in conjunction with the 
annealing. ASTM C286-65. 

acid bath. A vessel containing an acid solu- 
tion strong enough to attack and dissolve 
the diamond-matrix metal in a worn or 
dull bit crown, thereby releasing the dia- 
monds, which can be recovered and reset 
in another bit or reused in some other 
manner. Long. 

acid Bessemer converter. One liner with acid 
refractories. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

acid bottle. Acid-dip bottle used in survey of 
boreholes. A soda-lime glass tube charged 
with dilute hydrofluoric acid, left in the 
borehole for 20 to 30 minutes to measure 
inclination. May be fitted in a clinometer. 
Pryor, 3. Also called acid-dip bottle; acid- 
dip test tube; acid-etch tube; acid-etch 
vial; acid-test tube; acid tube; acid vial; 
angle-test tube; culture tube; etch tube; 
sargent tube; vial. See also acid-dip survey. 
Long. 

acid bottom and lining. The inner bottom 
and lining of a melting furnace consisting 
of materials like sand, siliceous rock, or 
silica brick that give an acid reaction at 
the operating temperature. ASM Gloss. 
See also acid refractories. 

acid bronze. An acid-resisting alloy some- 
times used for mine pumps. It is said to 
contain 1.5 percent nickel, 17.0 percent 
lead, 8.0 percent tin, and 73.5 percent 
copper. Camm. 

acid calcium phosphate. See calcium phos- 
phate, monobasic. CCD 6d, 1961. 

acid clay. a. A naturally occurring clay 
which, after evaluation, usually with acid, 
is used mainly as a decolorant or refining 
agent, and sometimes as a desulfurizer, 
coagulant, or catalyst. Institute of Petro- 
leum, 1961. b. A clay which yields hydro- 
gen ions in a water suspension. A hydrogen 
clay. Hess. 

acid coke. A byproduct obtained in treating 
dry run tar, at an elevated temperature 
with sulfuric acid; it is a soft, solid coke 
containing free carbon, complex heavy 
hydrocarbons, free sulfur, and _ sulfuric 
acid. Hess. 

acid copper. a. Copper electrodeposited from 
an acid solution of a copper salt, usually 
copper sulfate. ASM Gloss. b. The solu- 
tion referred to in definition a. ASM Gloss. 

acid cure. In uranium extraction, sulfation 
of moist ore before leach. Pryor, 3. 


264-972 O-68—2 


7 


acid-dip bottle. Synonym for acid bottle. 
Long. 

acid-dip survey. A method of determining 
the angular inclination of a borehole in 
which a glass, test-tubelike bottle partly 
filled with a dilute solution of hydro- 
fluoric acid is inserted in a watertight 
metal case. When the assemblage is low- 
ered into a borehole and left for 20 to 30 
minutes, the acid etches the bottle at a 
level plane from which the inclination of 
the borehole can be measured. Also called 
acid-dip test; acid test. Long. 


acid-dip test. Synonym for acid-dip survey. 


Long. 

acid-dip test tube. Synonym for acid bottle. 
Long. 

acid electric furmace. An arc furnace having 
an acid refractory hearth. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

acid embossing. The etching of glass with 
HF or a fluoride. Dodd. 

acid embrittlement. A form of hydrogen em- 
brittlement which may be induced in some 
metals by acid treatment. ASM Gloss. 

acid-etch tube. Synonym for acid bottle. 
Long. 

acid-etch vial. 
Long. 

acid flux. Metallurgically acid material (usu- 
ally some form of silica) used as a flux. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

acid frosting. The etching of glass hollow 
ware with HF or a fluoride. Dodd. 

acid gold. A form of gold decoration for 
pottery introduced in 1863 by Mintons 
Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, England. The glazed 
surface is etched with dilute HF prior to 
application of the gold; the process de- 
mands great skill and is used for the dec- 
oration only of ware of the highest class. 
A somewhat similar effect can be obtained 
by applying a pattern in low-melting flux 
on the glaze and gold-banding on the fluxed 
area; this is known as mock acid gold. 
Dodd. 

acidic. a. Applied to those igneous rocks con- 
taining more than 66 percent SiOz, con- 
trasted with intermediate and basic. Some- 
times loosely and incorrectly used as the 
equivalent of felsic and of oversaturated, 
but these terms include rock types (for 
example, nepheline syenite and quartz 
basalt, respectively) which are not gen- 
erally considered acidic. Fay. b. Less fre- 
quently used in reference to the compo- 
sition of feldspars, based on their content 
of silica. A.G.I. c. When referring to hy- 
drothermal, pegmatitic, or other aqueous 
fluids, the term is used in its chemical 
sense of high hydrogen ion concentration 
(low pH); very loosely used in reference 
to solutions containing salts of the strong 
acids (chlorides, sulfates, etc.) regardless 
of pH. A.G.J. d. In furnace practice, a 
slag in which silica is present in excess of 
the amount required to form a neutral slag 
with the earthy bases present. A.G.I. 

acidic oxide; acid anhydride. The oxide of a 
nonmetal that reacts with water. to form 
an acid; for example, sulfur dioxide, SOz. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

acidic salts. These contain replaceable hy- 
drogen and are formed when a polybasic 
acid reacts with a quantity of a base in- 
sufficient to replace the whole of the re- 
placeable hydrogen. Cooper. 

acidimetry. a. The determination of the con- 
centration of acid solutions or of the quan- 
tity of acid in a sample or mixture. This 
is usually done by titration with a solution 


Synonym for acid bottle. 


acid polishing 


of base of known strength (standard solu- 
tion) and an indicator is used to establish 
the end point. See also pH. CCD 6d, 1961. 
b. The determination of the quantity of 
acid in a solution. Hansen. 

acid ion. One which forms an acid molecule 
through combination with one or more 
protons. Pryor, 3. 

acidity. The extent to which a solution is 
acid. See also pH. C.T.D. 

acidity coefficient. See coefficient of acidity. 

acidization. The process of forcing acid into 
a limestone, dolomite, or sandstone in order 
to increase permeability and porosity by 
dissolving and removing a part of the rock 
constituents. It is also used to remove mud 
injected during drilling. The general ob- 
jective of acidization is to increase pro- 
ductivity. A.G.I. 

acidize. To treat a limestone or dolomitic 
formation with dilute hydrochloric acid to 
enlarge its void spaces. Wheeler. 

acidizing. See acidization. Institute of Pe- 
troleum, 1961. 

acid-jointing. Special use of certain asbestos 
varieties. Sinclair, W. E., p. 483. 

acid leach. a. Metallurgical process for dis- 
solution of uranium values by means of 
acidulated solution (used on sandstone 
ores of low lime content). Ballard. b. In 
uranium extraction, dissolution of uraninite 
in presence of sufficient oxygen to render 
accompanying iron ferric, satisfying the 
equation: 2U;0s + 6HSO,. + O26UO2 
SO. + 6H2O. Pryor, 3. 

acid lining. See acid bottom and lining. 

acid metal. An alloy intended to resist cor- 
rosion by acids; contains 88 percent cop- 
per, 10 percent tin, and 2 percent lead. 
Campbell. 

acid mine drainage. Acidic drainage from 
bituminous coal mines containing a high 
concentration of acidic sulfates, especially 
ferrous sulfate. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

acid mine water. a. Mine water which con- 
tains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the 
weathering of iron pyrites. A pit water, 
which corrodes iron pipes and pumps, usu- 
ally contains a high proportion of solids 
per gallon, principally the sulfates of iron, 
chiefly ferrous and alumina. Nelson. b. 
Where sulfide minerals breakdown under 
chemical influence of oxygen and water, 
the mine drainage becomes acidic and can 
corrode ironwork. If it reaches a river sys- 
tem, biological damage may also result. 
Pryor, 3. 

acid neutralizers. Calcium carbonate (Ca- 
CO;), magnesium carbonate (MgCOs), 
and china clay, which neutralize free acids, 
thereby preventing explosives from decom- 
posing in storage. They also have a cooling 
effect and tend to reduce the sensitivity of 
the explosive. Cooper, p. 345. 

acid number. Milligrams of K.OH required 
to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 gram 
of material. Pryor, 3. 

acid open-hearth furnace. An open-hearth 
furnace used in the refining of hematite 
iron; little such iron is now made. The 
particular feature is that the hearth is 
made of acid refractories—silica bricks 
covered with a fritted layer of silica sand. 
Dodd. 

acid open-hearth steel. Low-phosphorus pig 
iron treated in an acid (silica or sand)- 
lined furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 481. 

acid ores. Siliceous ores. Newton, Joseph. 
Introduction to Metallurgy, 1938, p. 205. 

acid polishing. A method of polishing cut 
decorations on glassware by immersing the 


acid polishing 


article in an acid bath for a few minutes, 
rinsing in water and brushing out the cut 
parts. C.T.D. 
acid process. a. A steelmaking process, either 
Bessemer, open-hearth, or electric, in which 
the furnace is lined with a siliceous re- 
fractory, and for which pig iron low in 
phosphorous is required, as this element is 
not removed. See also basic process. C.T.D. 
b. One which employs an acid slag. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 
acidproof brick. Brick having low porosity 
and permeability, and high resistance to 
chemical attack or penetration by most 
commercial acids and some other corrosive 
chemicals. HW. 
acid radical. That part of the acid which 
cannot be replaced by a metal; for exam- 
ple, SO, in sulfuric acid (H2SOx). Cooper. 
acid-recovery operator. In the coke products 
industry, one who recovers sulfuric acid 
used in processing coke-gas byproducts by 
cooking sludge with steam in acid regen- 
erator pots. Also called acid regenerator. 
D.O.T. Supp. 
acid refractories. Refractories containing a 
substantial amount of silica that may react 
chemically with basic refractories, basic 
slags, or basic fluxes at high temperatures. 
ASTM C-71-64. 
acid refractory material. A general term for 
those types of refractory material that con- 
tain a high proportion of silica, for exam- 
ple, silica refractories (greater than 92 
percent SiOz) siliceous refractories (78 to 
92 percent SiOz). The name derives from 
the fact that silica behaves chemically as 
an acid and at high temperatures reacts 
with bases such as lime or alkalies. Dodd. 
acid refractory products. Forming those 
made of clay-silica mixtures or pure silica. 
Rosenthal. 
acid regenerator. See acid-recovery operator. 
D.O.T, Supp. 
acid resistance. The degree of resistance of 
the ceramic surface to attack by acids, 
(that is, porcelain enamels, chemical stone- 
ware, glazes, etc.). Bureau of Mines Staff. 
acid resistance of vitreous enamelware. In 
the United States the acid resistance of 
vitreous enamelware at (nominal) room 
temperature is determined by exposing the 
enameled surface to 10 percent citric acid 
for 15 minutes at 80° F ASTM C282. Five 
classes of enamelware are distinguished ac- 
cording to their subsequent appearance: 
AA: no visible stain and passes dry-rub- 
bing test; 
A: passes blurring-highlight test and 
wet-rubbing test; 


B: passes blurring-highlight test; fails 
wet-rubbing test; 
C: fails blurring-highlight test; passes 


disappearing highlight test; 
D: fails disappearings highlight test. 

Dodd. 

acid-resistant brick. Brick suitable for use in 
contact with chemicals usually in conjunc- 
tion with acid-resistant mortars, ASTM 
C43-65T. 

acid rock. Loosely used in petrology, gen- 
erally to mean one of the following: (1) 
An igneous rock containing 66 percent or 
more of silica, free or combined, in this 
sense being nearly equivalent to acidic; 
(2) an igneous rock in which minerals 
high in silica, such as quartz, alkaline feld- 
spar, and muscovite are dominant; and 
(3) very loosely, an igneous rock composed 
dominantly of light-colored minerals. In 
all three senses contrasted with basic. The 








8 


term is misleading, undesirable, and _ be- 
coming obsolete. As used in the first sense, 
it is being replaced by silicic or persilicic; 
as used in the second sense, it should be 
replaced by felsic or a term denoting the 
dominant mineral; and as used in the third 
sense, it should be replaced by leucocratic. 
See also acidic, a. Fay. 

acid salt. a. A salt containing hydrogen, (for 
example, KHSQ,). A.G.I. b. A salt which 
dissolves to yield a solution containing an 
excess of H+ ions over OH~— ions, whether 
or not it contains hydrogen in its formula, 
(for example, FeCls). A.G.I. 

acid-scaling. Raw shapes dipped in acid or 
sprinkled with acid and annealed. Bryant. 

acid slag. One which contains substantial 
amounts of active silica. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

acid sludge. Products of refining of tar, shale 
oil, petroleum in which sulfuric acid reacts 
to form a sulfonic acid mixture, green 
acids, and mahogany acids and salts. Used 
in the flotation process, and in proprietary 
collector agents for flotation of iron ores. 
Pryor, 3. 

acid soil. A soil deficient in available bases, 
particularly calcium, and gives an acid 
reaction when tested by standard methods. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955, 

acid steel. Steel melted in a furnace with an 
acid bottom and lining and under a slag 
containing an excess of an acid substance, 
such as silica. ASM Gloss. See also acid 
process. 

acid, strength of. Related to ability to liber- 
ate hydrogen ions to solution, and hence- 
to-electrical conductivity of equivalent 

aqueous solutions of acids. Pryor, 3. 

acid sulfate. Compound containing or dis- 
sociating to give the ion, HSOu. Pryor, 3 

acid test. a. Synonym for acid-dip survey. 
Long. b. A severe or decisive trial, as of 
usability or authenticity. Long. 

acid tube. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

acid treatment. The process of agitating 
petroleum products with sulfuric acid to 
remove undesirable compounds. Hess. 

acid tube. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

acidulae. Cold mineral waters, especially 
those impregnated with carbonic acid. Fay. 

acid vial. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

acid-vial culture tube. Synonym for acid 
bottle. Long. 

acid water. Water charged naturally with 
carbon dioxide. Also applied to natural 
waters containing sulfur compounds, espe- 
cially sulfates. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

acieral. An alloy containing 92 to 97 per- 
cent aluminum and offered as a metal of 
strength and lightness and noncorrosive, 
suitable for use in the construction of 
automobiles, aircraft, military equipment, 
railroad cars, valves, hardware, and for 
the manufacture of helmets. It is silver 
white, and has a specific gravity of 2.82 
and a melting point of 1,382° F. Its tensile 
strength in castings is given as 30,000 
pounds per square inch, and in rods and 
sheets as 28,000 to 64,000 pounds and 
heat-treated as upward of 70,000 pounds 
per square inch. Fay. 

aciform. Needle- Boel, Shipley. 

aciniform. From the Latin acinus, meaning 
grape or grapestone. A mineral aggregate 
or a cluster of minerals shaped like a 
cluster of grapes, or clustered like grapes. 
Also, full of small kernels like a grape. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

acimose. a. Grapelike; applied to the struc- 
ture of clustered mineral aggregates. Syn- 





acoustic axis 


oynm for aciniform; acinous. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. Granulated; like grape 
seeds; applied to the texture of some 
mineral aggregates. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

acinous. Synonym for aciniform; acinose. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

aclinal; aclinic. Having no inclination or 
dip; situated where a magnetic needle if 
suspended freely has no dip or inclination 
and assumes a horizontal position, as the 
aclinic line or magnetic equator. Webster, 
3d. 

aclinic line; dip equator; magnetic equator. 
The line through those points on the 
earth’s surface at which the magnetic in- 
clination is zero. The aclinic line is a 
particular case of an isoclinic line. H&G. 

ACL kiln; Lepol kilm. ACL is a trademark 
of the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Com- 
pany in the United States. Lepol is a 
trademark of Polysius Company, Germany. 
Both terms refer to a traveling grate pre- 
heater for a portland cement batch prior 
to its being fed to a rotary cement kiln; 
with this attachment, the length of a 
rotary cement kiln can be halved. Dodd. 

acme thread. A screw thread, the section of 
which is between the square threads and 
the V threads. Used extensively for feed 
screws. Crispin. 

acmite. A brown or green silicate of sodium 
and iron, essentially NaFe ’ ’ ’ (SizOs), 
belonging to the pyroxene group and often 
found in long prismatic crystals charac- 
teristically pointed. The variety aegirite, 
which is common in certain igneous rocks, 
occurs in bluntly terminated crystals and 
also in capillary and fibrous forms. Web- 
ster 2d. Monoclinic; Mohs’ hardness, 6 to 
6.5; specific gravity, 3.5. Dana 17. 

acmite trachyte. A trachyte in which the 
pyroxene is acmite or aegirine and the 
feldspar is anorthoclase. It differs from 
normal trachyte in that its predominant 
alkali is soda instead of potash. Acmite 
trachyte is intermediate between true 
trachyte and phonolite. First described 
from the Azores and also found in the 
Crazy Mountains, Mont. Fay. 

acopolado. Mex. Ore containing 50 to 60 
ounces of silver per ton. Hess. 

acoustic. Used when the term which it modi- 
fies designates something which has the 
properties, dimensions, or physical charac- 
teristics associated with sound waves. Hy. 

acoustic absorptivity. The ratio of the sound 
energy absorbed by a surface to that 
incident upon it. Hess. 

acoustical. The adjective acoustical is used 
when the term being qualified does not 
innately contain some property, dimension, 
or physical characteristic which is inti- 
mately associated with sound. Hy. 

acoustical well logging. Any determination 
of the physical properties or dimensions 
of a borehole by acoustical means, includ- 
ing measurement of the depth of fluid 
level in a well. A.G.I. 

acoustic attenuation log. In theory, a log 
designed to measure the manner in which 
the energy of elastic waves is dissipated in 
passing through rock. Although no prac- 
tical log of this type has yet evolved, the 
belief that a log of this parameter would 
permit the estimation of the permeability 
of formations would seem to insure such 
a development since no log has been de- 
veloped to record permeability. Wyllie, 
p. 169. 

acoustic axis. See axis of acoustic symmetry. 
H&G. 




















acoustic dispersion 


acoustic dispersion. Acoustic dispersion is 
the change of speed of sound with fre- 
quency. H&G. 

acoustic impedance. The acoustic impedance 
of a given surface area of an acoustic 
medium perpendicular, at every point, to 
the direction of propagation of sinusoidal 
acoustic waves of given frequency, and 
having equal acoustic pressures and equal 
volume velocities per unit area at every 
point of the surface at any instance, is 
the quotient obtained by dividing (1) the 
phasor corresponding to the acoustic pres- 
sure by (2) the phasor corresponding to 
the volume velocity. H&G. 

acoustic intensity. The limit approached by 
the quotient obtained by dividing the 
power of the acoustic energy being trans- 
mitted at a given time through a given 
area by the magnitude of this area as the 
magnitude of this area approaches zero. 
H&G. 

acoustic interferometer. An acoustic inter- 
ferometer is an instrument for making phy- 
sical observations upon standing waves. It 
may be used, for example, to measure 
velocity, wave length, absorption, or im- 
pedance. H&G. 

acoustic log. A continuous record made in 
a borehole showing the velocity of sound 
waves over short distances in adjacent 
rock; velocity is related to porosity and 
nature of the liquid occupying pores. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

acoustic methanometer. An instrument to 
determine the concentrations of methane 
at points in the underground firedamp 
drainage pipes. It is based on the principle 
that sound travels much more rapidly in 
methane than in air and the intermediate 
velocity in a simple mixture can be used 
as a measure of the proportion of the 
two gases. A range of 40 to 90 percent 
methane is usually covered. New regula- 
tions which became effective in July 1961 
call for automatic shutdown of methane 
drainage plants if the drained gas falls 
below 40 percent methane. Nelson. 

acoustic radiation pressure. The acoustic 
radiation pressure is a unit directional 
steady-state pressure exerted upon a sur- 
face exposed to an acoustic wave. Such a 
steady pressure is usually quite small in 
magniture and is really observable only in 
the presence of very intense sound waves. 
H&G 

acoustic radiometer. An instrument for meas- 
uring acoustic radiation pressure by deter- 
mining the unidirectional steady-state force 
resulting from reflection or absorption of 
a sound wave at its boundaries. H&G. 

acoustic resistance. Product of longitudinal 
wave velocity and density, being the prop- 
erty that controls the reflective power at 
a boundary plane. Schieferdecker. 

acoustics, The science of sound, including its 
production, transmission, and effects. Hy. 

acoustic scattering. The irregular reflection, 
refraction, or diffraction of sound waves 
in many directions. Hy. 

acoustic sounding. The indirect evaluation 
of water depth, using the principle of 
measuring the length of time necessary 
for a sound wave to travel to the bottom, 
reflect and travel back to the water surface. 
H&G. 

acoustic strain gage; sonic gage. An instru- 
ment for measuring strains, for example, 
in concrete linings to shafts or roadways. 
It contains a length of fine wire under 
tension, the tension being varied by the 


9 


strain to which the gage is subjected. The 
measurement made is that of the frequency 
of vibration of the wire when it is plucked 
by means of an electromagnetic impulse 
and this measurement can be made with 
great accuracy. The gage is highly stable 
and readings can be made over a period 
of years without any fear of zero drift. 
See also electrical resistance strain gage; 
mechanical extensometer. Nelson. 

acoustic theodolite. An instrument designed 
to provide a continuous vertical profile of 
ocean currents from the bottom to the 
surface in a specific location. H&G. 

acoustic waves. a. The waves which contain 
sound energy and by the motion of which 
sound energy is transmitted in air, in 
water, or in the earth. The wave may be 
described in terms of change of pressure, 
of particle displacement, or of density. 
A.G.I, b. Used increasingly to study the 
physical properties of rocks, and composi- 
tion of gases. Investigations may be made 
both in situ and in the laboratory. Nelson. 

Ac-plane. In structural petrology, a plane at 
right angles to the surface of movement. 
The ac-plane contains a, the direction of 
tectonic transport, and c, the axis per- 
pendicular to the surface of movement. 
A.G.I. 

acre. a. A measure of surficial area, usually 
of land. The statute acre of the United 
States and England contains 43,560 square 
feet (4,840 square yards or 160 square 
rods); abbreviation, a. The so-called 
Scotch acre contains about 6,150 square 
yards, and the Irish acre 7,840. There are 
various special or local acres in England 
(as in Cheshire or among the hop grow- 
ers), varying from 440 to more than 10,- 
000 square yards. Standard, 1964. b. 
Can. In Quebec, a linear measure that 
equals the square root of 43,560, or ap- 
proximately 208.7 feet. Fay. c. For the 
calculation of coal reserves, a convenient 
rule is to allow 1,200 tons per foot (coal 
thickness) per acre. For known and de- 
pendable areas, 1,500 tons per foot per 
acre may be used. Nelson. 

acreage rent. Royalty or rent paid by the 
lessee for working and disposing of min- 
erals at the rate of so much per acre. Fay. 

acre-foot. The quantity of water that would 
cover 1 acre, 1 foot deep. An acre-foot 
contains 43,560 cubic feet. Seelye, 1. 

acre-inch. The volume of water, soil, or other 
material that will cover 1 acre, 1 inch 
deep. A.GJ. 

acre-yield. The average quantity of oil, gas, 
or water recovered from 1 acre of a 
reservoir. The quantity of any product 
obtained from 1 acre. A.GJ. 

acrobatholithic. a. Pertaining to a stage in 
the erosion of a batholith in which the 
summits of cupolas and stocks are exposed 
but the surface separating the barren in- 
terior of the batholith from the mineralized 
upper part is not exposed. Essentially, all 
metals are found in one place or another 
around cupolas exposed in this manner. 
A.G.I, b. Pertaining to a stage in the ero- 
sion of a batholith. Cupolas are exposed 
but erosion has not proceeded deep enough 
to reveal large areas of the interior. A.G.I. 
c. Applied to mineral deposit found in or 
near a summit cupolas of a batholith of 
which large areas of the interior are not 
yet exposed by erosion. Schieferdecker. 

Acrocephalus robertii. A copper flower or 
copper indicator plant found in the Ka- 
tanga area of the Republic of the Congo, 


actinium C 


immediately north of the Rhodesian Cop- 
perbelt. It is reported as a small annual 
mint whose resistance to toxicity appears 
to be infinite. Hawkes, 2, p. 312. 

acrometer. An instrument for determining 
the density of gases. Hess. 

acromorph. Synonym for salt dome. A.G.I. 

A-cropping. Scot. Toward the outcrop. Fay. 

acrotomous. In mineralogy, having a cleav- 
age parallel with the base or top, Standard, 
1964. 

actinic green. An emerald green glass of the 
type used for poison bottles. Dodd. 

actinic rays. Those rays of the spectrum that 
are the most powerful in producing chem- 
ical changes; occurring in the blue, violet, 
and ultraviolet, all of which are contained 
in sunlight. Standard, 1964. 

actinide elements; actinide series; actinides. 
a. The group of chemical elements of in- 
creasing atomic number, starting with acti- 
nium (atomic number 89) and extending 
through atomic number 103. The names, 
chemical symbols, and atomic numbers of 
the members of the series are: actinium, 
Ac, 89; thorium, Th, 90; protoactinium or 
protactinium, Pa, 91; uranium, U, 92, 
neptunium, Np, 93; plutonium, Pu, 94; 
americium, Am, 95; curium, Cm, 96; 
berkelium, Bk, 97; californium, Cf, 98; 
einsteinium, Es, 99; fermium, Fm, 100; 
mendelevium, Md, 101; and nobelium, No, 
102. Element 103, discovered in 1961 and 
named lawrencium (symbol, Lw), is ex- 
pected to be the last member of the acti- 
nide series. CCD 6d, 1961. b. The elements 
with atomic numbers above 88. According 
to many authorities, these elements occupy 
one single place in the extended periodic 
table, in the same group into which the 
rare earth elements (lanthanides) are 
classified. Gaynor. c. Radioactive elements, 
atomic numbers 89 to 103. Hurlbut. 

actinides. See actinide elements. 

actinide series. See actinide elements. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

actinium. A radioactive element found in 
nature as a constituent of all uranium ores, 
1 ton of pure pitchblende contains 0.15 
milligram of actinium, Actinium has an 
atomic number of 89 and is the first mem- 
ber of the actinide series of elements. The 
most important source of actinium is pile 
neutron bombardment of. radium. Except 
for the sulfides, the compounds of actinium 
are colorless. Symbol, Ac; mass number of 
the most stable isotope, 227. CCD 6d, 1961. 

actinium A. A name for polonium 215, a 
member of the actinium disintegration 
series; symbol, AcA; emits alpha and beta 
rays; and half-life, .0018 second. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-80. 

actinium B. a. A name for lead 211, a mem- 
ber of the actinium disintegration series. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. b. A very short- 
lived radioactive element formed by the 
degradation of AcA (polonium 215) ; sym- 
bol, AcB; atomic number, 82; atomic 
weight, 211; isotopic with RaB (lead 214), 
RaD (lead 210), ThB (lead 212), and 
lead; emits beta rays; half-life, 36.1 min- 
utes; and degrades to AcC (bismuth 211). 
Hess; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 

45th ed., 1964, p. B-77. 

actinium C. a. A name for bismuth 211, a 
member of the actinium disintegration 
series. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957, b. A very 
short-lived radioactive element formed by 
the degradation of AcB (lead 211); sym- 
bol, AcC; atomic number, 83; atomic 


actinium C 


weight, 211; isotopic with RaC (bismuth 
214), RaE (bismuth 210), ThC (bismuth 
212), and bismuth; emits alpha and beta 
rays; half-life, 2.15 minutes; 0.3 percent 
of it degrades to AcC’ (polonium 211); 
and 99.7 percent of it degrades to AcC” 
(thallium 207). Hess; Glasstone, 2, p. 135; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-78. 

actinium C’. a. A name for polonium 211, a 
member of the actinium disintegration 
series. NRC-ASA NI1.1-1957. b. An ex- 
tremely short-lived radioactive element 
formed by the degradation of AcC (bis- 
muth 211) ; symbol, AcC’; atomic number, 
84; atomic weight, 211; isotopic with 
RaC’? (polonium 214), polonium, AcA 
(polonium 215), and ThA (polonium 
216); emits alpha rays; half-life, 0.52 
second; and degrades to Ac] (AcPb, 
actinium-lead, or lead 207). Hess; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-80. 


actinium C”, a. A name for thallium 207, a 


member of the actinium disintegration 
series. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. b. A very 
short-lived radioactive element formed by 
the degradation of AcC (bismuth 211); 
symbol, AcC”; atomic number, 81; atomic 
weight, 207 or 207.16 (thallium 207) ; 
isotopic with thallium, RaC” (thallium 
210), and ThC” (thallium 208); emits 
beta rays; half-life, 4.78 minutes; and 
degrades to AcD (AcPb, actinium-lead, or 
lead 207). Hess; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-75. 


actinium D. The final element of the dis- 


integration series formed by the spontane- 
ous degradation of uranium 235 and suc- 
cessive elements through the actinium dis- 
integration series, and it is the immediate 
descendent of AcC’ (polonium 211) and 
AcC” (thallium 207). It is lead having 
an atomic weight of about 207 (lead 207) 
and it undergoes no radioactive change; 
symbol, AcD, AcPb, or Pb*’. It is an 
isotope of ordinary lead; and is not radio- 
active, but infinitesimal quantities of radio- 
active isotopic elements entangled in the 
lead give it an apparent radioactivity. Also 
called actinium-lead (AcPb). Hess; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-77. 

actinium disintegration series; actinium de- 
cay series; actinium series. a. A disinte- 
gration series of little known radioactive 
elements, of which natural actinium is the 
best known and most stable member. These 
elements are produced in the radioactive 
disintegration of uranium 235 (actinou- 
ranium, AcU) into actinium 227 and of 
the actinium 227 into lead 207, which is 
the stable end-product of the disintegration 
series. CCD 6d, 1961. b. Uranium 235 to 
thorium 231 to protactinium 231 to actin- 
ium 227 to thorium 227 plus francium 
223 to radium 223 to radon 219 to polo- 
nium 215 to lead 211 plus astatine 215 
to bismuth 211 to polonium 211 plus 
thallium 207 to lead 207, the stable end- 
product. Glasstone, 2, p. 135. 


actinium emanation. See actinon. Hess. 


actinium K. A name for francium 223, a 
member of the actinium disintegration 
series; symbol, AcK; emits alpha and beta 
rays; and half-life, 22 minutes. NRC-ASA 
N1.1—1957; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p, B-82. 

actinium lead. The final residual product of 
the breaking down of uranium 235 through 
the actinium series; atomic weight, 207; 


10 


an isotope of lead. Hess. 


actinium series. See actinium distintegration 


series. CCD 6d, 1961. 


actinium X. A short-lived radioactive ele- 


ment formed by the degradation of RdAc 
(radioactinium; thorium 227) and of AcK 
(actinium K ; francium 223) ; symbol, AcX ; 
atomic number, 88; atomic weight, 223 
(radium 223) ; isotopic with radium, meso- 
thorium I (radium 228; symbol, MsTh:), 
and thorium X (radium 224; symbol, 
ThX); emits alpha rays; half-life, 11.7 
days; and degrades to actinon (radon 219; 


activation analysis 


600° F to drive off the moisture. The cycle 
of adsorption and reactivation can be re- 
peated many times, Used as a catalyst or 
2 catalyst carrier. CCD 6d, 1961. 

activated carbon. Carbon, mostly of vege- 
table origin, and of high adsorptive capac- 
ity. Used in gas masks and for decolor- 
izing liquids. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

activated charcoal. See activated carbon. 
Pryor, 3. 

activated clay. A clay whose adsorbent char- 
acter or bleaching action has been en- 
hanced by treatment with acid. Bentonite 








actinium emanation; symbol, An or AcEm). 
Hess; Handbook of Chemistry and Phy- 
sics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-82; Glasstone, 2, 
palo 

actinoform. Having a radiate form. Rice. 

actinolite. A natural hydroxy-calcium-mag- 
nesium-iron silicate Caz(Mg,Fe) :SisOz2 
(OH)»2; green color; monoclinic; luster 
vitreous to silky; fibrous to granular; fibers 
brittle; Mohs’ hardness, 5.6; specific grav- 
ity, 2.9 to 3.2. Found in the United States, 
Canada, and Europe. Used as a minor 
asbestos mineral and in building material. 
An amphibole. CCD 6d, 1961. 

actinomycetes. Small fungi with character- 
istics intermediate between the true bac- 
teria and the molds, and which produce 
a true mycelium. BuMines I.C. 8075, 1962, 
p. 63. 

actinon; actinium emanation. A_ gaseous, 
inert, very short-lived radioactive element 
of the actinium disintegration series and 
formed by the degradation of AcX (actin- 
ium X; radium 223); symbol, An or 
AcEm; atomic number, 86; atomic weight, 
219 (radon 219) ; isotopic with radon and 
thoron (radon 220; symbol, Tn); emits 
alpha particles; half-life 4.0 seconds; and 
degrades into AcA (polonium 215). Hess; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-81. 

actinote. Synonym for actinolite. Dana 6d, 
p. 389. 

actinouranium; actinium-uranium. An _iso- 
tope of uranium; uranium 235; symbols, 
U™ or AcU; atomic number, 92; atomic 
weight, 235.04; the isotope from which the 
actinium disintegration series of radioactive 
elements descends; emits alpha particles; 
half-life, 7.13 X 10° years; and degrades 
to uranium Y (thorium 231; symbol, UY). 
If it is supposed that uranium, like other 
heavy elements, is formed from stellar 
matter, it is likely that actinouranium of 
odd atomic weight would be formed in 
smaller quantity than the main isotope of 
even atomic weight. Even, however, if we 
suppose they were formed in equal quan- 
tity, it can be shown that it would require 
only 3.4 X 10° years to bring the quantity 
down to the 0.28 percent that is observed. 
Hess; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. B-86. 

actinouranium disintegration series. See 
actinium disintegration series. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. 

activate. A natural bleaching clay, effective 
in removing green color from oils. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

activated. Chemical reaction being involved. 
See also chemisorption. Pryor, 3, p. 7. 

activated alumina. A highly porous and 
granular form of aluminum oxide, Al:Os, 
having preferential adsorptive capacity for 
moisture from gases, vapors, and some 
liquids. When saturated, it can be revived 
or reactivated by the application of heat 
within the temperature range of 350° to 





clay is most frequently treated in this 
fashion. CCD 6d, 1961. 


activated coal ploughs. With a view to ap- 


plying the coal plough to seams too hard 
to be sheared by the normal cutting blade, 
German mining engineers have developed 
various types of power-operated cutters. 
One consists of a series of compressed-air 
picks mounted above each other; another, 
of a resonance pattern, houses two high- 
speed motors eccentrically mounted and 
rotating in opposite directions. The latter 
imparts a vibration to the cutting edge 
equivalent to 2,500 blows per minute with 
a stroke of 3/16 inch to 1/4 inch and a 
force of approximately 200 tons. Mason, 
Ora fe AGG: 


activated plough. See Huwood slicer. Nelson. 
activated sludge. A process of sewage dis- 


posal in which air is blown through the 
sludge to stimulate bacterial action, thereby 
making complex harmful substances simple 
and innocuous. Ham. 


activated water. The passage of ionizing ra- 


diation through water produces, tempo- 
rarily, ions, atoms, radicals, or molecules in 
a chemically reactive state. The combined 
effect of all such entities is said to be due 
to activated water. Their identity has not 
been established with certainty, although 
evidence exists of the presence of free 
hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-19357. 


activating agent. a. A substance which when 


added to a mineral pulp promotes flotation 
in the presence of a collecting agent. Also 
called activator. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. Re- 
agent used particularly in differential min- 
eral flotation to help cleanse the mineral 
surface so that a collector may adhere to 
it and permit or aid its floatability. Fre- 
quently used to permit floating minerals 
that had been previously depressed. Mitch- 
ell, p. 574. 


activation. a. The changing of the passive 


surface of a metal to a chemically active 
state. Contrast with passivation. ASM 
Gloss. b. In the flotation process of ore 
dressing, the process of altering the surface 
of specific mineral particles in an ore pulp 
to promote adherence of certain reagents. 
Henderson. c. In flotation of minerals, 
modification of particle surface by atoms, 
ions, or compounds from aqueous phase, 
thereby aiding selective sorption of collec- 
tor agents, for example, CuSO: in flotation 
of sphalerite. Antonym for depression. See 
also activation energy; activator; activity. 
Pryor, 3. d. The process of making a 
material radioactive by bombardment with 
neutrons, protons, or other nuclear par- 
ticles. See also activation analysis; induced 
radioactivity. L@L. 


activation analysis. A method for identify- 


ing and measuring the chemical elements 
in a sample to be analyzed. The sample 
is first made radioactive by bombardment 
with neutrons, charged particles, or other 











activation analysis 


nuclear radiation. The newly radioactive 
atoms in the sample give off characteristic 
nuclear radiations that can identify the 
atoms and indicate their quantity. Activa- 
tion analysis is frequently more sensitive 
than chemical analysis. It is being used 
more and more in research, industry, 
archeology, crime investigation, and other 
areas. LOL. 

activation energy. The energy required for 
initiating a physical or chemical transfor- 
mation, in particular a metallurgical reac- 
tion; for example, plastic flow, diffusion, 
or chemical reaction. The activation energy 
may be calculated from the slope of the 
line obtained by plotting the natural log 
of the reaction rate versus the reciprocal 
of the absolute temperature. ASM Gloss. 

activator. a. In flotation, a chemical added 
to the pulp to increase the floatability of 
a mineral in a froth, or to refloat a de- 
pressed (sunk) mineral. Also called ac- 
tivating reagent. C.T.D. b. A reagent that 
affects the surface of minerals in such a 
way that it is easy for the collector atoms 
to become attached. It has the opposite 
effect of depressor. Compare depressor. 
Newton, p. 100 c. A substance which is 
required in trace quantities to impart 
luminescence to certain crystals. Silver and 
copper are activators for zinc sulfide and 
cadmium sulfide pigments. CCD 6d, 1961. 
d. Ions which are photon emitters. VV. 
e. Any agent that causes activation. Ben- 
nett Td, 1962. 

active agents. Surface-active substances which 
immunize solids against a parting liquid. 
Hess. 

active centers. Areas on the surface of a solid 
which, by reason of position projecting, 
or on an edge or corner of the particle, 
share only a minor part of their electro- 
static field with the rest of the surface. 
They thus have excess unabsorbed field 
available for external attraction, for exam- 
ple, adsorption and catalysis. Pryor, 3. 

active coefficient of earth pressure. The min- 
imum ratio of the minor principal stress 
to the major principal stress. Applicable 
where the soil has yielded sufficiently to 
develop a lower limiting value of the minor 
principal stress. ASCE P1826. 

active earth pressure. a. The minimum 
value of earth pressure. This condition 
exists when a soil mass is permitted to 
yield sufficiently to cause its internal shear- 
ing resistance along a potential failure 
surface to be completely mobilized. ASCE 
P1826. b. The lateral force or push from 
the earth mass onto a wall or structure. 
Nelson. 

active earths. Adsorbents, such as charcoal, 
roasted bauxite, or certain naturally oc- 
curring silicates, that act as decolorizing 
agents, or aid in the removal of unsatu- 
rated compounds, in the refining of oils and 
fats. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

active entry. An entry in which coal is being 
mined from a portion thereof or from 
connected sections. I.C. 8001, 1960, p. I. 

active fault. One liable to further movement. 
Compare passive fault. Carson, 2, p. 74. 

active glacier. A glacier in which some of 
the ice is flowing. A.G.I. 

active lime. That portion of total lime which 
undergoes seasonal changes of volume. 
Foundations are usually taken below the 
active layer. Nelson. b. A layer of ground 
above the permafrost which thaws in the 
summer and freezes again in the winter. 
Also known as a mollisol. A.G.I. 








11 


active lime. That portion of total lime which 
will react with magnesium chloride in a 
cement. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

active mass. Number of gram-molecular 
weights in a solution or gas, per liter. 
Pryor, 3. 

active permafrost. Permafrost which, after 
having been thawed due to natural or 
artificial causes, is able to return to perma- 
frost under the present climate. A.G.I. 

active state of plastic equilibrium. Plastic 
equilibrium obtained by an expansion of 
a mass. ASCE P1826. 

active workings. All places in a mine that are 
ventilated and inspected regularly. U.S. 
Bureau of Mines Federal Mine Safety 
Code—Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mines, 
Pt, I Underground Mines, October 8, 1953. 

activity. a. In nuclear physics, the rate of 
decay of atoms by radioactivity. It is meas- 
ured in curies. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. b. 
The ideal or thermodynamic concentration 
of a substance, the substitution of which 
for the true concentration, permits the 
application of the law of mass action. 


Actomag. Selectively calcined dolomite, es- 
sentially CaCOs and MgO containing some 
CaCOs; used in fertilizers. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

actual age. In geology, the age of a given 
feature or event expressed in years or cen- 
turies. This can seldom be ascertained 
accurately, and most geologic estimates are 
subject to wide margins of error. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

actual aggregate breaking strength. The sum 
total of the actual tensile tests which have 
been made on wires before manufacture 
into wire rope. Ham. 

actual breaking strength. The breaking load 
obtained from a tensile test to destruction 
on a sample of rope. Ham. 

actual horsepower. The horsepower really 
developed, as proved by trial. Standard, 
1964. 

actual performance curve. A performance 
curve showing the results actually obtained 
from a coal preparation treatment. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

actual power. See actual horsepower. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

actuated roller switch. A switch placed in 
contact with the belt conveyor immediately 
preceding the conveyor it is desired to 
control. In the centrifugal sequence control 
switch a driving pulley bears against the 
driving belt and as the latter moves the 
pulley rotates and the governor weights 
attached to the pulley shaft are flung out 
and so complete an electrical pilot circuit 
and thus start the subsidiary belt. Nelson. 

actuator. A device for producing a remotely 
controlled movement (normally rectilinear) 
by mechanical means. NCB. 

acumulacion. Sp. Accumulation, oil pool. 
Hess. 

acute bisectrix. The line which bisects the 
acute angle of the optic axes of biaxial 
minerals. Fay. 

acute exposure (to radiation). Exposure to 
irradiation for a short period of time. NCB. 

acyclic. Arranged in spirals, not in whorls. 
A.G.I. 

aczolling. The treatment of timber with a 
mixture of metallic ammoniates and an 
antiseptic acid (derivative of phenol or 
naphthalene). Liddell 2d, p. 493. 

adamant. An imaginary stone of impene- 
trable hardness; formerly used of the dia- 
mond and other substances of extreme 





adaptive convergence 


hardness. Webster 3d. 

adamantine. a. Diamond hard. A commer- 
cial name for chilled steel shot used in 
the adamantine drill, which is a core 
barrel type of rock-cutting drill with a 
cutting edge fed by these shots. Pryor, 3. 
b. Like the diamond in luster. Webster 3d. 

adamantine drill; shot drill. A core drill em- 
ployed in rotary drilling in very hard 
ground. A steel-cylinder bit with a diagonal 
slot cut in the lower edge is attached to 
a core barrel and a small quantity of 
chilled steel shot fed in with the water 
at intervals. These find their way beneath 
the bit and wear away the rock as the bit 
rotates. A core from 4 to 30 inches in 
diameter is obtained. Fay. 

astamenting luster. Diamondlike luster. Hurl- 

ut. 

adamantine shot. Synonym for shot. See also 
shot, h, Long. 

adamantine spar. A name for silky brown 
corundum, Now more generally applied to 
dull opaque corundum from India, ground 
for use as a polishing agent. Same as seal 
sapphire. Shipley. 

adamellite. Quartz monzonite. A.G_I. 

adamic earth. a. Eng. A kind of red clay. 
Fay. b. A name some have given to com- 
mon clay. Arkell. 

adamite. A rare hydrous zinc arsenate, Znz 
AssOsAn(OH):s, occurring granular or in 
crusts and crystallizing in the orthorhombic 
system. Fay. Weakly radioactive; variable 
color: yellowish, greenish, or violet, rarely 
colorless or white; found in the oxidized 
zone of zinc ore bodies. Associated with 
smithsonite, calcite, malachite, hemimor- 
phite, limonite, and azurite. Small amounts 
of uranium have been found in some 
specimens of adamite. Crosby, p. 117. 

Adams chromatic value system. A method 
for the quantitative designation of color 
in terms of (1) lightness, (2) amount of 
red or green, and (3) amount of yellow 
or blue. The system has been used in the 
examination of ceramic colors, Dodd. 

adamsite. A greenish-black muscovite found 
in a schist at Derby, Vt.; has been called 
margarodite. Dana 6d, pp. 614, 616. 

Adams process. A method for the removal 
of iron compounds from glass-making sands 
by washing with a warm solution of acid 
Na (sodium) oxalate containing a small 
quantity of FeSQ.:. Dodd. 

Adam’s snuffboxes. Eng. Hollow, roughly 
rectangular pebbles lined with goethite, 
Lenham beds, Netley Heath, Surrey. Com- 
pare snuffboxes. Arkell. 

Adams-Williamson annealing schedule. A 
procedure, derived from first principles, for 
determining the optimum annealing con- 
ditions for a particular glass. Dodd. 

ada mud. A conditioning material which 
may be added to drilling mud in order to 
obtain satisfactory cores and samples of 
formations. Williams. 

adapter; adapter flange. A form of flange 
used to mount wheels in which the holes 
are larger than the machine arbors. See 
also safety flange. ACSG, 1963. 

adapter brick. Special arch-wedge key brick, 
used for permitting the use of straight brick 
in a roughly dome-shaped construction. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

adapter flange. See adapter. 

adapter trough. A short section of a shaker 
conveyor trough that serves as a connect- 
ing link between any two sizes of trough. 
Jones. 

adaptive convergence. Synonym for conver- 


adaptive convergence 


gent evolution. A.G.J. 

adaptive metallurgy. Branch of metallurgy 
that deals with use of metals and alloys. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

adarce. A calcareous sediment of some min- 
eral springs. Standard, 1964. 

A.D.C. test. See sensitivity to propagation. 
McAdam II, p. 19-20. 

added diamonds. As used by the diamond- 
bit manufacturing industry, the number or 
carat weight of new diamonds that must 
be added to the resettable diamonds sal- 
vaged from a worn bit in order to have 
enough to set a new bit. Long. 

addendum. The point or portion of the tooth 
of a gearwheel lying outside the pitch 
circle. Crispin. 

addendum circle. The outer circumference 
of a gearwheel. Crispin. 

additional agent. A substance added to a 
solution for the purpose of altering or 
controlling a process, Examples: wetting 
agents in acid pickles; brighteners or anti- 
pit agents in plating solutions; and inhibi- 
tors. ASM Gloss. 

additional element. Any element added in 
relatively small quantity to an alloy for 
scavenging or modifying its properties. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

additive. A correction applied to times of 
seismic reflections measured from an arbi- 
trary time origin. The additive is normally 
applied for the purpose of translating the 
time origin to correspond to the datum 
elevation chosen for computation, and it 
is algebraic in sign. A.G.J. 

additive constant. The Icngth which must be 
added to the product.of the intercept, on 
the staff in stadia work and the multiplying 
constant, to give the true distance from the 
center of the telescope to the staff. The 
length is often less than 1 foot. Ham. 

addle; adle. N. of Eng. To earn by labor. 
Fay. 

addling. N. of Eng. The act of earning of 
labor. Fay. 

addlings. A term used in the northern and 
parts of other coalfields in Great Britain to 
describe earnings or wages. Nelson. 

adductor muscle. A muscle passing across 
from one valve of a bivalve to the other, 
for the purpose of closing the shell. Shipley. 

Adelaide ruby. Blood-red pyrope from South 
Africa. Hess. 

Adeline steelmaking process. A process of 
producing precision castings of steel or 
steel alloys, which comprises first forming 
the steel or steel alloy in molten form by 
the aluminothermic process, by igniting a 
mixture of iron ore and aluminum, then 
running the molten metal into a mold pre- 
pared by packing a refractory mold com- 
position round a model made of wax or 
other comparatively low melting point sub- 
stance and heating to melt out the wax 
and consolidate the mold, and _ finally 
centrifuging the mold. Osborne. 

adelite. A gray, basic hydrous arsenate of 
calcium and magnesium, 2CaO.2MgO.Asz2 
O;.H2O; 48.5 to 50.0 percent AssOs; Mohs’ 
hardness, 5; specific gravity, 3.71 to 3.76; 
probably a deep-seated tactite mineral. 
Hess. 

ader wax. Crude ozocerite in leafy masses. 
Fay. 

adherence. a. The degree of adhesion of a 
porcelain enamel or other ceramic coating 
to the metal substrate. ASTM C286-65. 
b. In magnetic testing, the property of a 
powder, either dry or in liquid suspension, 
which depends upon its magnetic perme- 





12 


ability and causes it to accumulate in a 
well-defined area above a crack or other 
defect. Rolfe. 


adherence failure. Insufficient adherence to 


metal to hold the coating. Visually indi- 
cated by bright metal in a fractured area. 
Bryant. 


adhesion. a. Holding surfaces together with 


an adhesive. See also adhesive. CCD 6d, 
1961. b. The sticking of two surfaces 
together due to molecular attraction for 
each other. CCD 6d, 1961. c. Shearing 
resistance between soil and another mate- 
rial under zero externally applied pressure. 
ASCE P1826. d. Force of attraction be- 
tween the molecules (or atoms) of two 
different phases, such as liquid brazing 
filler metal and solid copper, or plated 
metal and basis metal. Compare cohesion. 
ASM Gloss. e. The attraction of the mole- 
cules in the walls of interstices for mole- 
cules of water. A.G.I. f. The soil quality of 
sticking to buckets, blades, and other parts 
of excavators. Nichols. g. In the flotation 
process, clinging of a particle to air-water 
interphase or to a bubble. Fundamentally, 
adhesion is the force between two unlike 
substances, for example, water and glass. 
In the concentration of diamonds from 
blue ground, the gems adhere strongly to 
a greased plane surface. Adhesion is due 
to molecular attraction at an interface. 
Pryor, 3. h. The coefficient of adhesion or 
static friction between the wheels of the 
locomotive and the rails, upon which the 
pulling power or tractive effort of the 
locomotive depends, is a function of the 
material of the wheel tires and the rails, 
the condition of the rails, whether wet, 
dry, or sanded, and to some extent on the 
springing and center of gravity of the 
locomotive. Sinclair, V, p. 218. 

adhesion tension. Energy of attraction across 
an interface. Pryor, 3. 

adhesion-type ceramic veneer. Ceramic slabs 
approximately 11% thick, held in place by 
the adhesion of the mortar to the ceramic 
veneer and the backing wall. No metal 
anchors are required. See also ceramic 
veneer. ACSG. 

adhesive. A substance capable of holding 
materials together by surface attachment. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 


adhesive force. The frictional grip between 


two surfaces in contact, for example, be- 
tween the driving wheel of a locomotive 
and the rail; the product of the weight 
on the wheel and the friction coefficient 
between the wheel and rail. Nelson. 

adhesive slate. A very absorbent slate that 
adheres to the tongue if touched by it. 
Standard, 1964. 

adiabatic. A change at constant total heat. 
An action or a process during which no 
heat is added or subtracted. Strock, 10. 

adiabatic calorimeter. A calorimeter which 
theoretically remains unaffected by its sur- 
roundings, and neither gains nor loses heat. 
The sample under investigation (solid or 
powder) is enclosed in a tapered copper 
container along the central axis of which 
is a heating element. The sample and its 
container are completely enclosed by a 
copper radiation jacket which is main- 
tained at the same temperature as the 
sample by electric heaters; the radiation 
jacket is, in turn, enclosed in a furnace. 
The furnace is evacuated or filled with 
inert gas, as desired. The temperature of 
the sample and jacket are measured with 
platinum/platinum—10 percent rhodium 





adit 


thermocouples, and the temperature dif- 
ference between the sample and the radia- 
tion jacket is indicated by copper/gold 
palladium alloy thermocouples (the sample 
container and the radiation jacket act as 
return leads). Osborne. 

adiabatic compression. Compression in which 
no heat is added to or subtracted from the 
air and the internal energy of the air is 
increased by an amount equivalent to the 
external work done on the air. The in- 
crease in temperature of the air during 
adiabatic compression tends to increase 
the pressure on account of the decrease 
in volume alone; therefore the pressure 
during adiabatic compression rises faster 
than the volume diminishes. Lewis, pp. 
665-666. 

adiabatic efficiency. This is obtained by di- 
viding the power, theoretically necessary 
to compress the air and deliver it without 
loss of heat, by the power supplied to the 
fan shaft. Roberts, I, p. 186. 

adiabatic expansion. Expansion in which no 
heat is added to or subtracted from the 
air, which cools during the expansion be- 
cause of the work done by the air. Lewis, 
p. 665. 

adiabatic phenomena. Those which occur 
without a gain or loss of heat. Hy. 

adiabatic reaction. A reaction which takes 
place without transfer of heat to or from 
the body concerned. Hess. 

adiabatic temperature. Theoretical maximum 
temperature. This means the temperature 
that would be attained if no heat were 
lost to the surroundings. Newton, p. 135. 

adiabatic temperature changes. The com- 
pression of a fluid without gain or loss to 
the surroundings is work performed on the 
system and produces a rise of temperature. 
In very deep water such a rise of temper- 
ature occurs and must be considered in 
the vertical temperature distribution. Hy. 

adiagnostic. Proposed by Zirkel and applied 
to mineral constituents of a rock that can- 
not be distinguished even with the aid of 
a microscope. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, 
p. 164, 

adinole. A dense, felsitic, contact-metamor- 
phic rock composed chiefly of exceedingly 
fine-grained quartz and albite; the soda may 
reach 10 percent; actinolite and other min- 
erals are in smaller quantity. Adinoles are 
formed by reactions following the intrusion 
of diabase into shale or slate (Compare 
spilosite; desmite). They also make up 
beds in metamorphic rocks (Compare por- 
phyroid; halleflinta). Hess. 

adion. A labile ion, adsorbed sufficiently to 
be held at a surface, yet free to move on 
that surface. Pryor, 3. 

adipite. An aluminosilicate of calcium, mag- 
nesium, and potassium having the compo- 
sition of chabazite. Dana 6d, p. 591. 

adipocerite; adipocire. Synonym for hatchet- 
tite. Fay. 

A-dipping. Scot. Toward the dip. Fay. 

adit. a. A horizontal or nearly horizontal 
passage driven from the surface for the 
working or unwatering of a mine. If driven 
through the hill or mountain to the surface 
on the opposite side it would be a tunnel. 
Lewis, p. 21. Also called drift; adit level. 
b. As used in the Colorado statutes it may 
apply to a cut either open or undercover, 
or open in part and undercover in part, 
dependent on the nature of the ground. 
Fay. c. A passage driven into a mine from 
the side of a hill. Statistical Research Bu- 
reau. 

















adit end 


adit end. The furthermost end or part of an 
adit from its beginning, or the very place 
where the miners are working underground 
towards the mine. Hess. 

adit level. Mine workings on a level with an 
adit. See also adit. Hess. 

adjacent. As generally defined and under- 
stood, means by, or near, and close, but not 
actually touching; nonadjacent, represent- 
ing the opposite situation, means not near, 
and not close. Ricketts, I. 

adjacent sea. Semienclosed sea adjacent to 
and connected with the oceans. The North 
Polar, Mediterranean, and Caribbean Seas 
are examples, Synonym for marginal sea. 
A.G.I. 

adjoining. To be in contact; to lie next to. 
Jones. 

adjustable bed. Bed of a press designed so 
that the die space height can be varied 
conveniently. ASM Gloss. 

adjustable pipe tongs. Synonym for brown 
tongs. Long. 

adjusting screw. An accurately machined 
screw on a surveying instrument with which 
final adjustments are made for leveling, 
focusing, or setting the instrument in the 
correct position. Ham. 

adjustment. When a number of survey ob- 
servations are inconsistent, an adjustment 
is made in order to make each observation 
consistent with the others. For example, if 
the three angles of a triangle do not add 
up to 180°, but to 180°6’, then 2 minutes 
of arc must be deducted from each angle. 
Also refers to the operations carried out on 
the various components of a surveying in- 
strument so that it will give accurate read- 
ings. Ham. 

adjustment of error. Method of distributing 
the revealed irregularities over a series of 
results. Pryor, 3, p. 160. 

adjutage; ajutage. Nozzle or tube from which 
hydraulic water is discharged. Pryor, 3. 

adlings. See addlings. Fay. 

admiralty brass. Alpha brass in which some 
of the zinc is replaced by tin to increase 
strength and corrosion resistance. Com- 
posed of 70 percent copper, 29 percent 
zinc, and 1 percent tin. C.T.D. 

admiralty coal. A good quality smokeless 
steam coal as used in the fleet. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

admittance; admission. a. Substitution in a 
crystal lattice of a trace element for a 
common element of higher valence, for 
example, lithium cations for magnesium 
cations. A.G.I. b. Substitution of a com- 
mon element by a trace element with a 
higher valence. Schieferdecker. 

admixture. a. Applied by Udden to one of 
the lesser or subordinate of several size 
grades of a sediment. A.G.I. b. A material 
(other than coarse or fine aggregate, ce- 
ment or water) which is added in small 
quantities during the mixing of concrete, 
so as to produce some desired modification 
in one or more of its properties. Also 
called additive. Taylor. 

admixture, coarse. Material coarser than that 
found in the maximum histogram class in 
the graphic representation of particle size 
analysis. A.G.I. 

admixture, distant. The two classes at the 
extreme ends of a histogram representing 
the particle size analysis of a sediment. 
A.G.I. 

admixture, fine. A material finer than that 
found in the maximum histogram class in 
the graphic representation of particle size 
analysis. A.G.I. 


13 


admixture, proximate. The two histogram 
classes adjacent to the maximum class in 
the graphic representation of particle size 
analysis. A.G.I. 

admixtures. Materials added to mortar as 
water-repellent or coloring agents or to 
retard or speedup setting. ACSG. 

adobe. a. Applied to clayey and silty deposits 
found in the desert basins of the south- 
western United States and in Mexico 
where the material is extensively used for 
making sun-dried brick. The composition 
is a mixture of clay and silt together with 
other materials. Most adobes are calcar- 
eous. Similar deposits are found in other 
desert basins. The agent of deposition 
seems to have been mainly water and the 
places of deposition are more or less flat 
areas in the central and lower parts of 
desert basins. The materials, in part at 
least, have been produced from the rocks 
of the desert slopes through both decom- 
position and disintegration. A.G.J. b. The 
mixed earth or clay of which such bricks 
are made. Standard, 1964. c. In mining, 
a brick of pulverized ore mixed with clay, 
as in quicksilver metallurgy. Fay. d. Syn- 
onym for mudcap. Long. e. A firm sticky 
clay. Long. 

adobe brick. A large clay brick, of varying 
size, roughly molded and sun-dried. ACSG. 

adobe flat. A broad flat formed by deposition 
from sheetfloods and floored with sandy 
clay or adobe. The surface, when dry, is 
normally hard, smooth, and somewhat 
streaked in appearance due to the presence 
of fine crenulations in the direction of flow. 
USGS Bull. 730, 1923, pp. 69-70. 

adobera. A mold for making adobe brick. 
Hess. 

adoberia. An adobe kiln or yard. Hess. 

adobe shot. Ordinarily referred to as a dobe 
shot. A stick or part of a stick of dynamite 
is laid on the rock to be broken and cov- 
ered with mud to add to the force of the 
explosion. A mudcap shot. Hess. 

adolescent river. In physical geology, a river 
in the stage where it has acquired a well- 
cut channel, sometimes reaching baselevel 
at its mouth, and a graded bed. Standard, 
1964. 

A drill rod. A former standard diamond-drill 
rod superseded in 1954 by the DCDMA 
standard AW drill rod. Long. 

adsorb. To condense and to hold a gas on 
the surface of a solid, particularly metals. 
Also to hold a mineral particle within a 
liquid interface. Fay. 

adsorbate. That which is adsorbed by an ad- 
sorbing substance, or an adsorbent. Pryor, 3. 

adsorbed water. a. Water in a soil mass that 
is held by physicochemical forces, having 
physical properties substantially different 
from absorbed water or chemically com- 
bined water, at the same temperature and 
pressure. ASCE P1826. b. Water usually 
one or more molecules thick on a surface 
held by molecular forces. ACSG, 1963. 

adsorbent. A substance which has the ability 
of condensing or holding other substances 
on its surface. Active carbon, activated 
alumina, and silica gel are examples. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

adsorption. a. A taking up by physical or 
chemical forces of the molecules of gases, 
of dissolved substances, or of liquids by the 
surfaces of solids or liquids with which 
they are in contact. Webster 3d. b. Physical 
adhesion of molecules to the surfaces of 
solids without chemical reaction. ASTM 
STP No, 148-D. c. A term used in the 








advance gates 


flotation process. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
d. The property possessed by some sub- 
stances, notably those of a carbonaceous 
nature, by virtue of which they are able 
to compress and hold on their surface rela- 
tively large quantities of gas. Very large 
quantities of firedamp may be released dur- 
ing the working of a coal seam, and it is 
apparent that this gas has been stored in 
coal and its associated strata throughout 
the ages. Roberts, I, pp. 66-67. e. Broadly, 
adsorption at a solid-liquid interphase may 
be physical, electrochemical or chemical. 
With physical adsorption there is low en- 
ergy, rapid reversibility and nonspecificity 
(for example, adsorption of soaps on par- 
affin-wax). With chemical adsorption high 
energies, irreversibility and specific action 
is characteristic. Ionic adsorption includes 
common-ion adsorption to the mineral lat- 
tice, and ion exchange between the surface 
lattice charges of solid and the ions in 
solution (the surface-modifying effects uti- 
lized in the flotation process). In physical 
adsorption there is capture by the solid or 
adsorbent at its surface of the adsorbate, 
and alteration in concentration at an inter- 
face, which may be positive or negative. 
Pryor, 3. {. Silica gel is an adsorber used 
in dehumidifying, whereas activated car- 
bon is an adsorber used to remove odors 
from air. During adsorption the adsorber 
undergoes no permanent physical or chemi- 
cal change. Strock, 10. See also clay ad- 
sorption, anion; clay adsorption, cation. 

adsorption analysis. Separation by differen- 
tial adsorption. Pryor, c, p. 20. 

adsorption isotherm. Relation between quan- 
tity adsorbed and that not adsorbed at 
constant temperature. Pryor, 3. 

adsorption surface area. Surface area of a 
particle calculated from data obtained from 
a stated adsorption method of measure- 
ment. Pryor, 3. 

adularescence. a. A milky white to bluish 
sheen in gem stones. C.M.D.b. The change- 
able white to pale bluish luster of an adu- 
laria cut cabochon. Webster 3d. 

adularia; adular. A pure or nearly pure 
potassium-aluminum silicate, KA1Sis0s; a 
variety of orthoclase. Fay. 

adularia moonstone. Precious 
See also adularia. Shipley. 

adularization. The introduction of or re- 
placement by adularia, as in the potash 
spilites (poenites) of Timor. A.G.I. 

advance. a. The work of excavating as min- 
ing goes forward in an entry and in driv- 
ing rooms; to extract all or part of an 
area; first mining as distinguished from 
retreat. B.C.J. b. S. Afr. Term used to 
denote the progress of a drive or shaft. 
Beerman. c. To deepen a borehole. Long. 
d. Rate at which a drill bit penetrates a 
rock formation. Long. e. Feet drilled in 
any specific unit of time. Long. f. The 
linear distance (in feet or meters) driven 
during a certain time in tunneling, drift- 
ing, or in raising or sinking a shaft. 
Fraenkel. 

advance development. S. Afr. Development 
to provide an ore reserve in advance of 
mining operations. Beerman. 

advanced gallery. A small heading driven in 
advance of the main tunnel in tunnel ex- 
cavation. Fay, 

advance gates. Gate roads that are driven 
simultaneously with the longwall coal face 
but which are maintained some 10, 20, or 
more yards in advance of the face. The 
area immediately ahead of the coal face 


moonstone. 


advance gates 


is therefore preexplored and steps can be 
taken to cope with minor disturbances and 
thus prevent a serious loss of output. See 
also exploring heading. Nelson. 

advance (of a beach). a. A continuing sea- 
ward movement of the shoreline. A.G.I. 
b. A net seaward movement of the shore- 
line over a specified time. Also called pro- 
gression. A.G.J. c. (Of a glacier) the for- 
ward movement of a glacier front. A.G.I. 

advance overburden. Overburden in excess 
of the average overburden to ore ratio 
that must be removed in opencut mining. 
Institution of Mining, and Metallurgy, 
Symposium on Opencast Mining, Quarry- 
ing, and Alluvial Mining, London, 16-19 
November 1964, Paper 14, pp. 19-20. 

advance per round. The length, measured 
along the longitudinal axis of the working, 
tunnel, or gallery, of the hollow space 
broken out by each round of shots. For 
raises, it is upward advance; for sunk 
shafts, downward advance. Fraenkel. 

advance stope. A stope in which sections of 
the face or some pillars are a little in ad- 
vance of the others. This is achieved either 
by beginning the stoping of the section 
which is to be advanced earlier, or by pro- 
ceeding more quickly. Stoces, v. 1, p. 249. 

advance stripping. The removal of barren or 
subore-grade earthy or rock materials re- 
quired to expose and permit the minable 
grade of ore to be mined. The removal of 
these nonore materials is known as strip- 
ping. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

advance wave. The air pressure wave pre- 
ceding the flame in a coal-dust explosion. 
The bringing of the dust into suspension 
is accomplished by such a wave and the 
violent eddies resulting therefrom. Rice, 
George S. 

advance working. Mine working that is being 
advanced into the solid, and from which 
no pillar is being removed. Fay. See also 
first working. Kentucky, p. 332. 

advancing. Mining from the shaft out toward 
the boundary. Stoces, v. 1, p. 209. See 
also working out. 

advancing longwall. a. Mining the coal out- 
ward from the shaft pillar and maintain- 
ing roadways through the worked-out 
portion of the mine. Fay, p. 407. b. See 
longwall advancing. 

adventive cone. A subsidiary volcanic cone, 
usually a cinder cone, on the flank of a 
larger volcano. Synonymous with parasitic 
cone; lateral cone. A.G.I. 

adventive crater. A volcanic crater on the 
flank of a large volcanic cone. Fay. 

adventure. Corn. A mining enterprise. Fay. 

adventurers. Eng. Shareholders or partners 
in a mining enterprise; in Cornwall, cost 
book partners. Fay. 

adverse. To oppose the granting of a patent 
to a mining claim. Fay. 

adverse claim. A claim made to prevent the 
patenting of part of the ground within the 
area in question; for example, an adverse 
claim is made by a senior locator to exclude 
the part of his claim that is overlapped by 
the claim of a junior locator, when the 
junior locator is applying for patent. Lewis, 
p. 31. 

adverse intent. The terms claim of right, 
claim of title, and claim of ownership, 
when used in the books to express adverse 
intent, mean nothing more than the inten- 
tion of the dissessor to appropriate and use 
the land as his own to the exclusion of all 
others, irrespective of any semblance or 
shadow of actual title. Ricketts, I. 


14 


advertised out. A term used to express the 
result of the action of a joint owner of a 
mining claim who by proper notices causes 
the interest of his coowner to be forfeited 
for failure to perform his share of the 
assessment work. Fay. 

advp Abbreviation for avoirdupois. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

adz. A cutting tool with the blade set at 
right angles to the handle; used for rough 
dressing timber. Crispin. Also spelled adze. 
Webster 3d. 

adz-eye hammer. Usually the claw-type nail 
hammer in which the eye is extended to 
give a longer bearing on the handle than 
is the case with other hammers. Crispin. 

AEC Abbreviation for Atomic Energy Com- 
mission. GPO Style Manual, p. 155. 

aedelforsite; edelforsite. A name given to a 
mixture of wollastonite, quartz, and feld- 
spar from Edelfors, Sweden; to impure 
wollastonite from Gjellebak, Sweden (called 
also gillebackit) ; and to impure laumontite, 
under the impression that they were new 
minerals. Hess. 

aedelite; edelite. Prehnite; 2CaO.Al:O3.3Si- 
Oz.H2O. Hess. 

Aegerite. Trade name for a bitumen allied 
to wurtzilite. Tomkeieff, 1954. Not to be 
confused with the pyroxenic mineral aegi- 
rine. English. 

aergirine; aegirite. A scodium-ferric iron sili- 
cate, NaFe’’(SizOs), occurring commonly 
in soda-rich igneous rocks; monoclinic; 
Mohs’ hardness, 6 to 6.5; specific gravity, 
3.40 to 3.55. Dana 17. Synonym for ac- 
mite. See also pyroxene. A.G.I. 

aegirine-augite. Intermediate between augite 
and aegirite. Same as aegirite-augite. Eng- 
lish. 

aegirite. See aegirine for pyroxene mineral; 
Aegerite for trade name of bitumen. 

aenigmatite. A rare titanium-bearing silicate, 
(Na, Ca), (Fe*, Fe**, Mn, Ti, Al) is (SizO;)«; 
triclinic; black color; found associated 
with alkalic rocks. Dana 17, pp. 413, 597. 

aeolian. Synonym for eolian. Obsolete. A.G.J. 

aeolotropic; eolotropic. Possessing different 
properties in different directions ; especially, 
not equally elastic, or not conducting heat, 
light, etc. equally in all directions. Stand- 
ard, 1964. Synonym for anisotropic. Oppo- 
site of isotropic. 

Aeonite. Trade name for a bitumen allied 
to wurtzilite. Tomkeief, 1954. Similar 
to elaterite. English. 

aerate. a. To expose to the action of the air; 
to supply or to charge with air. Standard, 
1964. b. To expose to air by passing air 
through; to aerify; to cause air to bubble 
through. Webster 3d. c. To introduce air 
into (a liquid) by stirring, spraying, or 
some similar method. Webster 3d. d. To 
supply or to impregnate with air (as soil 
or sand). Webster 3d. e. To charge with 
carbon dioxide or other gas, as soda water. 
Standard, 1964. 

aerated concrete. Concrete with a high pro- 
portion of air spaces resulting from a 
foaming process; the bulk density may 
vary from about 35 to 90 pounds per 
cubic foot. Aerated concrete is chiefly 
used for making precast building units. It 
is also known as gas concrete, cellular 
concrete, or foamed concrete. Dodd. 

aeration. a. The introduction of air into the 
pulp in a flotation cell in order to form 
air bubbles. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. In min- 
eral dressing use of copious air bubbled 
into mineral pulps, (1) to provide oxygen 
in cyanidation; (2) to prevent settlement 


aerial magnetometer 


of solids; and (3) to remove aerophilic 
minerals in froth flotation by binding them 
into a mineralized froth which is tempo- 
rarily stabilized by frothing agents. Pryor, 
3. c. The process of relieving the effects 
of cavitation by admitting air to the sec- 
tion affected. Seelye, 1. d. The process of 
mixing air or other gases with water, sew- 
age, etc. Seelye, 1. 

aeration cell. An elecrtolytic cell, the electro- 
motive force of which is due to a differ- 
ence in air (oxygen) concentration at one 
electrode as compared with that at another 
electrode of the same material. Also called 
oxygen cell. Osborne. 

aeriation of cement. The effect of the atmos- 
phere on Portland cement during storage. 
Dry air has no effect, but if it is exposed 
to moist air both moisture and carbon di- 
oxide are absorbed with erratic effects on 
the setting behavior. See also air entrain- 
ing. Dodd. 

aeration, zone of. The zone in which the 
interstices of the functional permeable rocks 
are not (except temporarily) filled with 
water under hydrostatic pressure; the in- 
terstices are either not filled with water or 
are filled with water that is held by capil- 
larity. Rice. 

aerator. a. An apparatus for charging water 
with gas under pressure, especially with 
carbon dioxide. Standard, 1964. b. Any 
contrivance for supplying a stream of air 
or gas, as for fumigating, destroying fungi, 
insects,etc. Standard, 1964. 

Aerencheon apparatus. A liquid-air type of 
breathing apparatus which is smaller and 
lighter than the Aerophor apparatus. The 
entire apparatus is carried on the wearer’s 
back and has a weight of only 32 pounds, 
which is 8 pounds lighter than the Aero- 
phor breathing apparatus. The mouthpiece 
of the Aerencheon apparatus has been spe- 
cially designed to prevent the involuntary 
inhalation of the outside atmosphere should 
the lip muscles become slack. McAdam, 
pp. 42-44, 

Aerex fan. Trade name for an axial-flow 
type of mine fan. It has the advantages of 
high efficiency, small size, and high oper- 
ating speeds. See also fan, a. Nelson. 

aerial. Relating to the air or atmosphere. 
Subaerial is applied to phenomena occur- 
ring under the atmosphere as subaqueous 
is applied to phenomena occurring under- 
water. Fay. 

aerial arch. An anticline, the crest of which 
has been eroded away. Hess. 

aerial cableway. An arrangement of over- 
head cable supporting a traveling carriage 
from which is suspended a skip or con- 
tainer which can be lowered and raised at 
any desired point. Nelson. 

aerial geophysical prospecting. Geophysical 
prospecting from an aircraft, which may be 
a combined aeromagnetic, electromagnetic, 
and radiometric survey. An airborne mag- 
netometer survey is conducted so that the 
area is covered systematically, by flying 
along equally spaced profile lines across 
the area. In mineral prospecting, the air- 
craft is maintained at a constant height 
above the ground, known as profile flying. 
Among the mineral deposits that may be 
identified by a magnetometer are magnet- 
ite, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, and oil. See also 
aerial mapping; electromagnetic detector. 
Nelson. Radiometric instruments are used 
to detect radioactive minerals. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

aerial magnetometer. A device used to meas- 





aerial magnetometer 


ure variations in the earth’s magnetic field 
while being transported by an_ aircraft. 
Same as airborne magnetometer. A.G.I. 

aerial mapping. The taking of continuous 
vertical photographs from an airplane for 
geophysical and other purposes. One such 
method employs a vertically mounted 35- 
millimeter positioning camera, which pho- 
tographs continuously the track of the air- 
craft. From the prints obtained, a mosaic 
map is constructed. The map is closely 
examined through double-eyepiece viewers, 
etc., and the possible nature of the geology 
and subsurface structure can be inferred 
by trained geologists. See also profile fly- 
ing; radioaltimeter. Nelson. 

aerial railroad. A system of wires from which 
to suspend cars or baskets, as in hoisting 
ore. Standard, 1964. See also aerial tram- 
way. Fay. 

aerial ropeway. System of ore transport used 
in rough or mountainous country. A cable 
is carried on pylons, and loaded buckets 
are (1) towed from loading point to dis- 
charge; (2) suspended from a carriage 
running on this cable, and then returned 
empty along a second cable; or (3) the 
whole cable moves continuously carrying 
buckets which hang from saddle clips and 
are loaded and discharged automatically 
or by hand control. Pryor, 3. See also 
bicable; jig-back; monocable; aerial tram- 
way. Sinclair, V, pp. 359-361. 

aerial spud. A cable for moving and anchor- 
ing a dredge. Fay. 

aerial tramway. A system for the transporta- 
tion of material, as ore or rock, in buckets 
suspended from pulleys or grooved wheels 
that run on a cable, usually stationary. A 
moving or traction rope is attached to the 
buckets and may be operated by either 
gravity or other power, as determined by 
topographic features or other conditions. 
Fay. An aerial tramway transports loads in 
carriers suspended from wire ropes forming 
the tracks, between fixed points, usually a 
long distance apart. Tramways are divided 
into three classes: (1) bicable, (2) twin- 
cable, and (3) monocable. Peele, v. 2, sec. 
26, p. 2. 

aerify. a. To infuse or to force air into; to 
aerate. See also aerate. a. Webster 3d. b. 
To change into an aeriform state; to va- 
porize. Webster 3d. c. To change into a 
gaseous form. Standard, 1964. 

arites. Metallites; a word proposed to cover 
all ores and metalliferous matter. Hess. 

aerobe. An organism that lives in the pres- 
ence of free oxygen. The oxygen is usually 
used in the cell’s metabolism. I.C. 8075, 
1962, p. 63. 

aeroclay. Clay, particularly china clay, that 
has been dried and air separated to re- 
move any coarse paritcles. Dodd. 

aerocrete. A patented, porous, lightweight 
concrete. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

aerodynamical efficiency. This furnishes a 
measure of the capacity of a fan to pro- 
duce useful depression (or positive pressure 
in the case of a forcing fan) and indicates 
the extent to which the total pressure pro- 
duced by the fan is absorbed within the 
fan itself. Sinclair, I, p. 169. 

aerodynamic fan, backward-bladed. A fan 
that consists of several streamlined blades 
mounted in a revolving casing. The cross 
section and spacing of the blades is de- 
signed aerodynamically. This design insures 
that the air flows between the blades and 
leaves the rotor in a steady and regularly 
distributed stream. This appreciably re- 








15 


duces frictional, conversion, and recircula- 
tion losses. Fans of a convenient size can 
handle large volumes of air at the highest 
pressures likely to be required in mine 
ventilation. Roberts, I, p. 184. 

aerodynamic instability. Flutter which may 
occur in a structure exposed to wind force. 
This form of instability can be guarded 
against by suitable design. Ham. 

aeroembolism. a. The formation or liberation 
of gases in the blood vessels of the body, 
as brought on by a change from a high, 
or relatively high, atmospheric pressure to 
a lower one. H&G. b. The disease or con- 
dition caused by the formation or libera- 
tion of gases in the body. The disease is 
characterized principally by neuralgic pains, 
cramps, and swelling, and sometimes re- 
sults in death, Also known as decompres- 
sion sickness. H&G, 

aerofall mil. A short, cylindrical grinding 
mill with a large diameter used dry, with 
either coarse lumps of ore, pebbles, or 
steel balls as crushing bodies. The mill 
load is airswept to remove finish mesh 
material. Pryor, 3. 

aeroflocs. Synthetic water-soluble polymers 
used as flocculating agents. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

aerofoil. A body shaped so as to produce an 
aerodynamic reaction (lift) normal to its 
direction of motion, for a small resistance 
(drag) in that plane. A wing, plane, aile- 
ron, rudder, elevator, etc. C.T.D. 

aerofoil-vane fan. An improved centrifugal- 
type mine fan. The vanes, of aerofoil sec- 
tion, are curved backwards from the di- 
rection of rotation. This fan is popular in 
British coal mines and total efficiencies of 
about 90 percent have been obtained. See 
also fan, a. Nelson. 

Aerofroth Frothers. Trademark for a group 
of surface-active agents. Used primarily 
as foaming agents or frothers in flotation 
processing of ores and minerals. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

aerograph. A device for spraying powdered 
glaze or color on the surface of pottery by 
means of compressed air. Dodd. 

aerohydrous. a. Enclosing a liquid in the 
pores or Cavities, as some minerals. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. Characterized by the pres- 
ence of both air and water. Standard, 
1964. 

aeroides. A name for pale sky-blue aqua- 
marine. Shipley. 

aerolite. a. A stony meteorite in which sili- 
cates predominate over metallic iron, Syn- 
onym for meteoric stone; sporadosiderite. 
Schieferdecker. b. A type of meteorite con- 
sisting largely of silicates. A.G.J. c. An 
alloy of 91.93 percent aluminum, 0.12 
percent zinc, 0.45 percent silicon, 0.97 
percent iron, 1.15 percent copper, and 
0.38 percent manganese; specific gravity, 
2.74. Urea-formaldehyde cement. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

aeromagnetic prospecting. A technique of ex- 
ploration of an area using an aerial mag- 
netometer to survey that area. A.G.I. 

aerometer. An instrument for ascertaining 
the weight or the density of air or other 
gases. Webster 3d. 

Aeromine Promoters. Trademark for a group 
of cationic flotation reagents. Used in froth 
flotation of ores and minerals, primarily 
silica and silicates. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aerophore. a. A respirator in the form of a 
tank which receives the exhalations from 
the lungs, and containing chemicals de- 
signed to revive the air to render the air 





A-frame headgear 


fit for breathing. Fay. b. A portable ap- 
paratus containing a supply of compressed 
air for respiration, as for a miner. Webster 


aerosiderite. An obsolete term for siderite. 
A.G.I. 
aerosiderolite. An obsolete term for sidero- 


lite. A.G.I, 

aerosite. Same as pyragyrite. Standard, 
1964. 

aerosol. A suspension of ultramicroscopic 


solid or liquid particles in air or gas, as 
smoke, fog, or mist. Webster 3d. 

Aerosol. Trade name of strong wetting agent 
based on sulfonated bi-carboxy-acid esters. 
Pryor, 3. 

aerosphere. The atmosphere considered as 
a spherical shell of gases surrounding the 
earth. Standard, 1964. 

aerugite. A grass-green to brown nickel ar- 
senate, perhaps 5NiO.As2O;; an analysis 
gave 48.77 percent nickel. It is an oxidized 
vein mineral, Hess. 

aerugo. a. Copper rust; verdigris; especially, 
green copper rust adhering to old bronzes. 
Standard, 1964. b. Copper carbonate, due 
to weathering of the metal; especially, the 
patina adhering to old bronzes. Hess. 

aeschynite. A black to transparent yellowish- 
brown, complex orthorhombic titanocolum- 
bate of thorium and the cerium metals 
with some iron, calcium, etc.; 32 to 57 
percent, Cb2O;; 21 to 42 percent, TiOz; 
19 to 24 percent, cerium earths; 1 to 3 
percent, (Y,Er)2Os; Mohs’ hardness, 5-6; 
specific gravity, 4.93-5.17; in pegmatites. 
Hess. 

aethiops mineral. Metacinnabarite, a black 
isometric HgS. Dana 64d, p. 63. 

aetite. a. A nodule consisting of a hard shell 
of hydrated oxide of iron within which the 
yellow oxide becomes progressively softer 
toward the center which is sometimes 
empty. Fay. b. Synonym for eaglestone. 
Standard, 1964, 

AFA rammer. Apparatus designed by the 
American Foundrymen’s Association for 
the preparation of test pieces of foundry 
sand; it has also been applied as a method 
for the preparation of test pieces of partic- 
ulate refractory materials. The rammer 
operates by a 14-pound weight falling 
through a height of 2 inches on the plunger 
of a 2-inch diameter mold; normally, the 
weight is allowed to fall on the mold three 
times. Dodd. 

affinity. In ion exchange, relative strength 
of attachment of competing ions for an- 
chorage on a resin. Pryor, 3, 

affluent. A tributary stream. Standard, 1964. 

Afghanistan lapis. Fine blue, best quality 
lapis lazuli from the Badakshan district of 
Afghanistan, or from just over the border 
in Russia. Better known in the trade as 
Russian lapis. Shipley. 

Afghanistan ruby. A ruby formerly mined 
near Kabul and also in Badakshan. Shipley. 

AFMAG. See audiofrequency magnetic 
fields. 

AFNOR. Prefix to specifications of the 
French Standards Association; Associa- 
tion Francaise de Normalization, 23 Rue 
Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris 2. Dodd. 

A-frame. a. Two poles or legs supported in 
an upright position by braces or guys and 
used as a drill mast. Also called double 
mast. Long. b. An open structure taper- 
ing from a wide base to a narrow load- 
bearing top. Nichols, 2. 

A-frame headgear. A steel headgear consist- 
ing of two heavy plate A-frames, set 


A-frame headgear 


astride the shaft mouth. They are braced 
together and carry the heavy girders which 
support the winding sheaves platform. It 
is a completely self-supporting and rigid 
structure and leaves more usable space 
around the shaft collar. It includes a 
guide-tower structure built over the shaft 
collar. A number of these headgears have 
been erected in the Republic of South 
Africa, Nelson. 

African emerald. a. A deceiving name for 
green fluor; also for green tourmaline. 
Shipley. b. An emerald from the Trans- 
vaal. It is usually quite yellowish green; 
often dark and dull. Hardness, 7.5; spe- 
cific gravity, 2.72 to 2.79; refractive in- 
dex, 1.58 to 1.59; birefringence, 0.007. 
Shipley. 

African jade. Green grossularite. Same as 
Transvaal jade. Shipley. 


African nephrite. Same as Transvaal neph- 


rite. Shipley. 

African pearl. True pearl found in small 
quantities on the east coast of Africa be- 
tween Zanzibar and Inhambane. Shipley. 


African tourmaline. a. A trade term some- 


times applied to all yellowish-green to 
bluish-green tourmaline whether or not 
from Africa. Same as Transvaal tourma- 
line. Shipley. b. A term sometimes used 
especially for fine, almost emerald-green 
tourmaline from southwest Africa. Ship- 
ley. 

afterblast; inrush. During an explosion of 
methane and oxygen, carbon dioxide and 
steam are formed. When the steam con- 
denses to water a partial vacuum is cre- 
ated, which causes an inrush or what is 
known as an afterblast. Cooper, p. 195. 
afterblow. Continued blowing of air through 
Bessemer converter after flame has 
dropped, for removal of phosphorus in 
steel production. Pryor, 3. 


afterbreak. In mine subsidence, a move- 


ment from the sides, the material sliding 
inward, and following the main break, as- 
sumed at right angles to the plane of the 
seam. The amount of this movement de- 
pends on several factors, such as the dip, 
depth of seam, and nature of overlying 
materials. Lewis, p. 618. 


afterburst. a. A rock burst is sometimes fol- 


lowed by a further tremor as the ground 
adjusts itself to the new stress distribution. 
This is called an afterburst. Spalding. b. In 
underground mining a sudden collapse of 
rock subsequent to a rock burst. Pryor, 3. 
after contraction. The permanent contrac- 
tion (usually expressed as a linear percent- 
age) that may occur if a fired or chemically 
bonded refractory product is refired under 
specified conditions of test. Fire clay re- 
fractories are liable to show after contrac- 
tion if exposed to a temperature above that 
at which they were originally fired. Com- 
pare firing shrinkage. Nelson. 

aftercooler. A device for cooling compressed 
air between the compressor and the mine 
shaft. By cooling and dehumidifying the 
air, and thus reducing its volume, the ca- 
pacity and efficiency of the pipeline is 
increased. See also intercooler. Nelson. 
aftercooling. The cooling of a reactor after 
it has been shut down. L@L. 

afterdamp; aftergases. The mixture of gases 
which remain in a mine after a mine fire 
or an explosion of firedamp. It consists of 
carbonic acid gas, water vapor (quickly 
condensed), nitrogen, oxygen, carbon mon- 
oxide, and in some cases free hydrogen, 
but usually consists principally of carbonic 














16 


acid gas and nitrogen, and is therefore 
irrespirable. See also blackdamp. Fay. 

after expansion. The permanent expansion 
(usually expressed as a linear percentage) 
that may occur when a refractory product 
that has been previously shaped and fired, 
or chemicaily bonded, is refired under 
specified conditions of test. Such expansion 
may take place, for example, if the prod- 
uct contains quartz or kyanite, or if bloat- 
ing occurs during the test. Compare firing 
expansion. Dodd. 

afterfire. See afterrunning. Institute of Petro- 
leum, 1961. 

aftergases. Gases produced by mine explo- 
sions or mine fires. Fay. 

afterheat. The heat produced by the contin- 
uing decay of radioactive atoms in a nu- 
clear reactor after the fission chain reaction 
has ceased. Most of the afterheat is due to 
the decay of fission products. L@L, 

afterleaving. Corn. Tailings sludge from the 
tin mines. Hess. 

afterrunning; afterfire; running on. The fir- 
ing of an internal-combustion engine after 
the ignition has been switched off. Insti- 
tute of Petroleum, 1961. 

aftershock. A shock following the principal 
earthquake, usually fading out slowly. 
Schieferdecker. 

aftersliding. In mine subsidence, and inward 
movement from the side, resulting in a 
pull or draw beyond the edges of the 
workings. Briggs, p. 43. 

Aftonian. Post-Nebraskan interglacial period. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

afwillite. A hydrated calcium silicate, 3CaO. 
2S8i02.3H2O; it is formed when portland 
cement is hydrated under special condi- 
tions and when calcium silicate is auto- 
claved (as in sand-lime brick manufac- 
ture). Dodd. 

Ag Chemical symbol for silver. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

against the air. In a direction opposite to 
that in which the air current moves. To 
fire shots ‘‘against the air,” is to fire shots 
in such an order that the shot firer travels 
against the air. Fay. 

agalite. Fibrous talc, pseudomorphous after 
enstatite. Fay. 

agalmatolite. Essentially a hydrous silicate 
of aluminum and potassium, corresponding 
closely to muscovite. A secondary or altera- 
tion product. A soft waxy mineral used for 
carvings by the Chinese. See also pinite. 
Also called lardstone. Fay. 

agaphite. A variety of Persian turquoise. 
Standard, 1964. 

agar. An organic substance derived from cer- 
tain species of seaweed, which forms a 
thin, gelatinous liquid when added to 
boiling water and on cooling forms a 
firm, jellylike mass. Used in surveying 
drill holes with a Maas compass. Long. 

agaric mineral. a. A soft, light, pulverulent 
hydrated silicate of magnesium found in 
Tuscany, Italy, from which floating bricks 
can be made. Fay. b. A light, chalky de- 
posit of calcium carbonate formed in 
caverns or fissures of limestone. Also called 
rock milk. Webster 3d. 

agate. A kind of silica consisting mainly of 
chalcedony in variegated bands or other 
patterns commonly occupying vugs in vol- 
canic and other rocks. A.G.J. Supp. 

agate glass. Glass made by blending two or 
more colored glasses or by rolling trans- 
parent glass into powdered glass of various 
colors during the melting. Webster 3d. 

















agglomerate 


agate jasper. An agate consisting of jasper, 
containing veinings of chalcedony. Dana 
6d, p. 189. 

agate opal. Opalized agate. Fay. 

agate shell. Same as agate snail, a large land 
snail of no gemmological interest. Shipley. 

agate ware. a. An enameled iron or steel 
ware used for household utensils. Used ex- 
tensively as table equipment in miners’ 
camps and boarding houses. Fay. b. Pot- 
tery, veined and mottled to resemble agate. 
Standard, 1964. c. Bodies formed by blend- 
ing differently colored clays (known as 
solid agate), or by coloring surfaces with 
differently colored slips. C.T.D. 

agatiferous. Producing or containing agate. 
Shipley. 

agatine. Like or pertaining to agate. Shipley. 

agatize. To change into, or cause to resemble 
an agate. Shipley. 

agatized wood. A variety of silicified wood 
pe resembles any variety of agate. Ship- 
ey. 

AGC Automatic gain control. An electronic 
device used in seismic reflection amplifiers 
to keep the overall recording level from 
varying more than a controlled amount. 
A.G.I. 

age. a. Any great period of time in the his- 
tory of the earth or the material universe 
that is marked by special phases of physical 
conditions or of organic development; an 


eon; as, the age of mammals. Standard, 


1964. b. One of the minor subdivisions of 
geologic time, a subdivision of the epoch, 
and correspondent to the stage or forma- 
tion: recommended by the International 
Geological Congress. Standard, 1964. 

Agecroft device. A device placed in the rail 
track to arrest a forward runaway tram. 
The front axle of a descending tram trav- 
eling at normal speed depresses the catch 
and allows it to drop back in time for the 
back axle to pass over. Should the tram 
be traveling at excessive speed, the tail end 
of the catch arrests the rear axle. Mason, 
Vie PeOIOs 

aged. Approaching baselevel reduction; ap- 
plied to the configuration of ground. 
Standard, 1964. 

age equation. An equation which gives the 
time during which radioactive processes 
have been going on in a closed system, in 
terms of present values of radioactivity and 
of radiogenic helium or lead, or from pres- 
ent abundance ratios of radiogenic lead 
isotopes. Hess, 

age-hardening. Hardening by aging, usually 
after rapid cooling or cold working. See 
also aging, d. ASM Gloss. 

agent. a. The manager of a mining property. 
Zern. b. On a civil engineering contract, 
the responsible representative of the con- 
tractor, acting for him in all matters. Ham. 
c. Before nationalization in Great Britain, 
the term referred to the chief official of 
a large coal mine or group of mines under 
the same ownership. After nationalization, 
the equivalent term is group manager. 
Nelson. d. A chemical added to pulp to 
produce desired changes in climate of sys- 
tem. Pryor, 3. 

age ratio. The ratio of daughter to parent 
isotope; the term is often used to indicate 
a ratio that is perturbed by some factor 
and, therefore, not indicative of the abso- 
lute age of the mineral. A.G.J. 

agglomerate. a. A breccia composed largely 
or entirely of fragments of volcanic rocks. 
More specifically, a heterogeneous mixture 
of fragments of volcanic and other rocks 





agglomerate 


filling the funnel or throat of an extinct or 
quiescent volcano. Fay. b. To collect into 
a ball, heap, or mass; hence, to gather into 
a mass or Cluster. Webster 3d. c. Contem- 
poraneous pyroclastic rock containing a 
predominance of round or subangular frag- 
ments larger than 32 millimeters in diam- 
eter. A.G.I. 


agglomerate belt flotation. A coarse-fraction 


concentration method used in milling peb- 
ble phosphate in which conditioned feed 
at 70 to 75 percent solids, is placed on a 
flat conveyor belt traveling at a rate of 
about 75 feet per minute. Water sprayed 
on the surface of the pulp aerates the pulp 
causing agglomerates of phosphate particles 
to float to the side of the belt for removal. 
The silica fraction travels the length of 
the belt and is permitted to flow off the 
opposite end. Baffles are positioned at ap- 
propriate points along the belt to stir the 
material so that trapped phosphate par- 
ticles are given an opportunity to float. 
Concentrate from the first belts or rougher 
operation, is cleaned on a second belt for 
further silica removal. Tailings from the 
cleaner belt are recycled to the rougher 
circuit. Arbiter, p. 336. 

agglomerated. Bonded aggregate. VV. 
agglomerate screening. A coarse fraction 
concentration method used in milling peb- 
ble phosphate that is based on flowing re- 
agentized feed over a submerged sloping, 
stationary screen. Aglomerated phosphate 
particles float on top of the screen and are 
recovered at the lower end. Sand particles 
pass through the screen and are removed 
as a tailings fraction. Each screen section 
is approximately 3 feet wide by 4 feet long 
and treats 2 to 3 tons per hour of feed. 
Arbiter, pp. 336-337. 

agglomerate tabling. A coarse fraction con- 
centration method used in milling pebble 
phosphate that involves feeding shaking 
tables with reagentized pulp diluted to 
about 30 to 35 percent solids. Conditioned 
phosphate particles skim across the table 
as an agglomerate float. Sand particles 
caught in the rifles discharge into a tail- 
ings launder at the end of the table. Arbi- 
ter, p. 336. 

agglomerating value. A measure of the bind- 
ing qualities of coal but restricted to describe 
the results of coke-button tests in which 
no inert material is heated with the coal 
sample. Compare agglutinating value. 
A.G.I. 

agglomeration. a. In ore beneficiation, a 
concentration process based on the adhesion 
of pulp particles to water. Loosely bonded 
associations of particles and bubbles are 
formed which are heavier than water; 
flowing-film gravity concentration is used 
to separate the agglomerates from non- 
agglomerated particles. Gaudin, pp. 334- 
335. In metallurgical language, agglom- 
eration also refers to briquetting, noduliz- 
ing, sintering, etc. b. See kerosine flotation. 
Mitchell, p. 572. 

agglutinate. A pyroclastic deposit consisting 
of an accumulation of originally plastic 
ejecta (chiefly volcanic bombs and drib- 
let) and formed by the coherence of the 
fragments upon solidification. The cement 
is the glassy skin of the fragments at their 
point of contact. Distinguished from ag- 
glomerate by the presence of a glassy ce- 
ment, by the occurrence of fragments of 
spalled-off scoria in the interstices between 
the blocks, and by the general absence of 
an ash or tuff matrix. A.G.I. 











17 


agglutinating power. See index. 
Nelson. 

agglutinating value. A measure of the bind- 
ing qualities of a coal and an indication 
of its caking or coking characteristics. 
Applicable with reference to the ability 
of fused coal to combine with an inert 
material as sand. Compare agglomerating 
value. A.G.I. 

agglutinating-value test. A laboratory test of 
the coking properties of coal, in which a 
determination is made of the strength of 
buttons made by coking a mixture of 
powdered coal and 15 to 30 times its 
weight of sand. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

aggradation. a. The natural filling up of the 
bed of a watercourse at any point of 
weakening of the current, by deposition 
of detritus. Standard, 1964. b. Specifically, 
the building up of fanlike graded plains 
by streams in arid regions by the shifting 
of the streams and the loss of the water 
in the dry soil. Contrasted with degrada- 
tion. Standard, 1964. c. The process of 
building up a surface by deposition. A.G.I. 
d. The growth of a permafrost area. 
A.G.JI. See also accretion. 

aggradation plain. A topographic plain built 
up by aggradation in arid districts. It is 
begun by the building up of the bed of a 
stream, at the foot of a declivity, forming 
a plain with a nearly straight longitudi- 
nal profile, that may become a very broad 
plain of deposition. Standard, 1964. 

aggrading stream. Synonym for upgrading 
stream. A.G.I. 

aggregate. a. Sand, gravel, or any clastic 
material in a bedded iron ore, sometimes 
so abundant as to make it resemble a 
puddingstone. Arkell. b. Uncrushed or 
crushed gravel, crushed stone or rock, 
sand, or artificially produced inorganic 
materials, which form the major part of 
concrete. Taylor. c. To bring together; to 
collect or to gather into a mass. Webster 
3d. d. Composed of mineral or rock frag- 
ments; composed of mineral crystals of 
one or more kinds. Webster 3d. e. See 
concrete aggregate; lightweight expanded 
clay aggregate. Dodd, 

aggregated. Packed particles. VV. 

aggregated ore; aggregated sulfide. Massive 
sulfide. in which the sulfide constitutes 
20 percent or more of the total volume. 
A.G.I. 

aggregated sulfide. See aggregated ore. A.G.I. 

aggregate polarization. Polarization in a rock 
thin section in which the constituent min- 
erals cannot be individually recognized. 
Webster 3d. 

aggregate structure. A randomly oriented 
mass of separate little crystals, scales, or 
gains that extinguish under the polarizing 
microscope at different times. Fay. 

aggressive magma. A magma that forces its 
way into place. Synonym for invasive 
magma. A.G.I. 

aggressive water. Natural water with a total 
hardness of less than 60 p.p.m., expressed 
as calcium carbonate, and carrying dis- 
solved oxygen and carbon dioxide close to 
the point of saturation;. water containing 
corrosive matter. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

Agilite. Talc. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

aging. a. The storing of ceramic raw ma- 
terials (that is, clays, clay slips, enamel 
slips, glazes, etc.) before processing. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. b. The change occur- 
ring in slips or powders with the lapse of 
time. ASTM C286-65. c. Curing of pre- 
pared ceramic materials by a definite pe- 


caking 








Aglite 


riod of storage under controlled conditions. 
ACSG, 1963. d. In a metal or alloy, a 
change in properties that generally occurs 
slowly at room temperature and more rap- 
idly at higher temperatures. See also age- 
hardening; artificial aging; interrupted 
aging; natural aging; overaging; precipi- 
tation hardening; precipitation heat treat- 
ment; progressive aging; quench aging; 
strain aging. ASM Gloss. Also spelled age- 
ing. e. A change in the properties of a 
substance with time. Nelson. f. In electri- 
cal engineering, aging usually implies a 
change in the magnetic properties of iron, 
for example, increase of hysteresis, loss of 
sheetsteel laminations, etc. Nelson. 


Agitair flotation machine. Rectangular trough 


divided into interconnected square com- 
partments, into each of which low-pressure 
air is stirred through a system of revolv- 
ing teeth and stationary baffles to produce 
copious air bubbles which search the min- 
eralized pulp flowing from feed to discharge 
end of the trough. These bubbles lift aero- 
philic particles to an overflow, froth, laun- 
der while hydrophilic ones remain in the 
pulp, and are separately discharged. 
Pryor, 3. 


agitating lorry. A truck mixer. Ham. 
agitation. a. Vigorous stirring of pulp in a 


tank by low-pressure air or mechanical 
means to prevent settlement. Also used in 
the leaching of gold and other minerals 
from finely ground aqueous suspension in 
which oxygen is essential to chemical re- 
action, for example, the cyanide process. 
Pryor, 3. b. A strong shaking, stirring, or 
moving. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


agitation dredging. Consists in pumping the 


discharge directly into the sea and using 
the tide to carry the fines to deeper water 
areas. Agitation dredging is employed only 
during ebb tide in tidal estuaries having 
swift tidal flows that will disperse the ac- 
cumulations of silt. Carson, 2, p. 56. 

agitation ratio. In older type gravity con- 
centrators, such as tables and vanners, the 
ratio between the average diameter of a 
mineral particle and the diameter of a 
gangue particle that travels at equal speed. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

agitator. a. A tank in which very finely 
crushed ore is agitated with leaching solu- 
tion. Usually accomplished by means of a 
current of compressed air passing up a 
central pipe and causing circulation of the 
contents of the tank. Sometimes called a 
mixer. C.T.D. b. A device used to stir or 
mix grout or drill mud. Not to be confused 
with shaker or shale shaker. Long. c. A 
device used to bring about a continuous 
vigorous disturbance in a pulp, frequently 
used to assist bubble formation. B.S. 3552, 
1962. d. An implement or apparatus for 
shaking or mixing. Webster 3d. e. Pac. See 
settler. Fay. 

aglaite. A pseudomorph of spodumene in 
which the spodumene has been replaced 
by muscovite either as pinite or as visible 
plates, Also called pihlite and cymatolite 
in the belief that the material was a new 
mineral. Hess. 

A-glass. A fiber glass containing 10 to 15 
percent alkali (calculated as NasO). Dodd. 

Aglite. A trade name for a lightweight ex- 
panded clay aggregate made by the Butter- 
ley Company, Ltd., Derby, England, from 
colliery shale by the sinter-hearth process. 
The bulk density is: % to 34 inch, 31 
pounds per cubic foot; % to %6 inches, 
35 pounds per cubic foot; finer than %6 


Aglite 


inch, 50 pounds per cubic foot. Dodd. 

agmatite. a. Migmatite containing xenoliths. 
A.G.I. Supp. b. Fragmental plutonic rock 
with more or less granitic cement. A.G.I, 
Supp. c. A broken rock in which pegmatite 
has filled the cracks and formed a three- 
dimensional network. Hess. 

agnesite. Corn. An early name for bismutite. 
Fay. 

agonic line. One of several lines on the 
earth’s surface, on which the direction of 
the magnetic needle is truly north and 
south; a line of no magnetic declination. 
Standard, 1964. 

agpaite. Applied to the feldspathoidal rocks 
of Ilimansak, Greenland, including sodalite 
foyaite, naujaite, lujaurite, and kakortokite. 
Holmes, 1928. 

agpaitic. Applied to a process of mineral 
formation distinguished from an ordinary 
granitic process by an excess of alkali 
(especially sodium) as a result of which 
the amount of alumina is insufficient for 
the formation of aluminum silicates. Hess. 

agreement. The formal document by which 
the contractor and the authority mutually 
agree to comply with the requirements of 
the drawings, specification, schedule, con- 
ditions of tendering, and general conditions 
of contract and the tender. See also con- 
tract. Nelson. 

agricolite. An adamantine colorless or yellow 
bismuth silicate, BiSisO., crystallizing in 
the monoclinic system. Fay. 

agricultural drain. Earthenware or porous 
concrete pipes of about 3 inch internal 
diameter, laid end to end below ground 
with open joints in order to drain the sub- 
soil. Synonym for land drain. Ham. 

agricultural geology; agrogeology. The ap- 
plication of geology to agricultural prob- 
lems and to soil improvement. Schiefer- 
deckr. 

agricultural hydrate. A relatively coarse, un- 
refined form of hydrated lime that is main- 
ly used for neutralizing soil acidity and for 
purposes where high purity and uniform- 
ity are unnecessary. Boynotn. 

agricultural lime. a. A lime whose calcium 
and magnesium content is capable of neu- 
tralizing soil acidity. ASTM C51-47. b. 
Lime slaked with a minimum amount of 
water to form calcium hydroxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

agricultural pipes. See field-drain pipe. Dodd 

agricultural stone. A finely ground limestone 
used as an alternative to lime to neutralize 
or reduce acidity of soils. BuMines Bull. 
630, 1965, p. 886. 

Agrifos. Colloidal phosphatic clay. Used as 
a fertilizer. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

agrite. A brown, mottled, calcareous stone. 
Schaller. 

agrogeology. Synonym for agricultural geol- 
ogy. A.G.I, 

aguilarite. A sectile silver selenide, AgpS. 
AgeSe, occurring in skeleton dodecahedral 
crystals. Fay. 

ahlfeldite. A hydrate nickel selenite; prob- 
ably triclinic; rose colored; vitreous luster ; 
no cleavage; conchoidal fracture; strongly 
pleochroic, X rose, Y pale green, Z brown 
green; from Pacajake, Bolivia. American 
Mineralogist, v. 39, September-October 
1954, p. 850. 

A-horizon. In a soil profole, the uppermost 
zone from which soluble salts and colloids 
have been leached and in which organic 
matter has accumulated. Synonym for zone 
of eluviation, See also B-horizon. A.G.I. 


18 


aiguille. Fr. An instrument for boring holes 
in stone or other masonry or holes used 
in blasting. Webster 3d. 

aikinite. a. A blackish, lead-gray sulfide of 
lead, copper, and bismuth, 3(Pb,Cu.)- 
S.BiS;, that crystallizes in the orthorhom- 
bic system; needle ore. Fay. b. A pseudo- 
morph of wolframite after scheelite. Ob- 
tained from Cornwall, England. English. 

ailsyte. Derived from Ailsa Craig, Scotland, 
for a microgranite containing considerable 
riebeckite. Fay. 

aimotolite. Hematolite. Dana 6d, p. 802. 

AIME American Institute of Mining and 
Metallurgical Engineers. Statistical Re- 
search Bureau. 

air. a. The mixture of gases that surrounds 
the earth and forms its atmosphere; com- 
posed by volume of 21 percent oxygen and 
78 percent nitrogen; by weight about 23 
percent oxygen and 77 percent nitrogen. 
It also contains about 0.03 percent carbon 
dioxide, some aqueous vapor, and some 
argon. Fay. b. The current of atmospheric 
air circulating through and ventilating the 
workings of a mine. Fay. c. To ventilate 
any portion of the workings. Fay. d. At- 
mospheric air delivered under compres- 
sion to bottom of drill hole through the 
drill stem and used in place of water to 
clear the drill bit of cuttings and to blow 
them out of the borehole. See also air cir- 
culation. Long. e. Air piped under com- 
pression to work areas and used to operate 
drilling or mining machinery. Long. 

air adit. An adit driven for the purpose of 
ventilating a mine. Fay. 

air-avid surface. A surface that seems to pre- 
fer contact with air to contact with water. 
A particle (or mineral) of this sort will 
adhere to an air bubble and float out of 
a flotation pulp; otherwise, the particle 
will not float. Also called water-repellent 
surface. Compare water-avid surface. New- 
ton, p. 98. 

air barrage. The division of a ventilation 
gallery in a mine by an airtight wall into 
two parts; the air is led in through the 
one part and back through the other part. 
Stoces, v. 1, p. 534. 

air base. In aerial photographic mapping, 
the distance between the exposure stations 
of two overlapping aerial photographs. 
See also base line. Seelye, 2. 

air bell. a. In froth flotation, the small air 
pocket inducted or forced into the pulp at 
depth, for example, bell and the two- 
walled semistable bubble after emergence 
from pulp into froth have different char- 
acteristics and gas-to-liquid, area-to-volume 
relationships, hence the distinction. These 
bubbles vary in attractive and retaining 
power for aerophilic mineral grains, and 
are a critical component of the flotation 
process. Also called air bubble. Pryor, 3. 
b. A bubble of irregular shape formed gen- 
erally during the pressing or molding op- 
erations in the manufacture of optical glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

air belt. In a cupola furnace, an annular air 
space around the furnace, from which air 
is forced into the furnace. Henderson. 

airblast. a. A term improperly used by some 
diamond drillers as a synonym for air cir- 
culation. See also air circulation, a. Long. 
b. A disturbance in underground workings 
accompanied by a strong rush of air. The 
rush of air, at times explosive in force, is 
caused by the ejection of air from large 
underground openings, the sudden fall of 


air breakers 


large masses of rock, the collapse of pillars, 
slippage along a fault, or a strong current 
of air pushed outward from the source of 
an explosion. Long. 

airblasting. A method of blasting in which 
compressed air at very high pressure is 
piped to a steel shell in a shot hole and 
discharged. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

air block. Air trapped in the upper end of 
an unvented inner tube of a double-tube 
core barrel, which, when sufficiently com- 
pressed, acts like a solid and stops further 
advance of core into the inner tube. Also 
called air cushion. Long. 

airborne electromagnetic prospecting. Elec- 
tromagnetic surveys carried out with air- 
borne instruments. Since 1950, an increas- 
ing proportion of such surveys have been 
carried out in this manner since advantages 
in cost reduction and speed are great. 
Dobrin, p. 368. 

airborne geophysical anomaly. A geophysical 
anomaly related to geologic formations that 
can be detected by airborne equipment. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 320. 

airborne magnetometer. A device used to 
measure variations in the earth’s magnetic 
field while being transported by an aircraft. 
Same as aerial magnetometer. A.GI. 

airborne radiation thermometer. A device 
used to measure surface temperature of the 
ocean as a function of reflected radiation. 
Abbreviation, art. Hy. 

airborne scintillation counter. Any scintilla- 
tion counter especially designed to measure 
the ambient radioactivity from an aircraft 
in flight. The instrument measures gamma 
radiation by employing a phosphor which 
emits a minute flash of light on absorbing 
a gamma ray. A photomultiplier tube con- 
verts the light flashes into an electrical 
current or voltage variation which is pro- 
portional to the intensity of gamma radia- 
tion. A.G.I. 

airborne sealing. A process for the general, 
as opposed to local, repair of a gas retort 
by blowing refractory powder into the 
sealed retort, while it is hot; the powder 
builds up within any cracks in the refrac- 
tory brickwork and effectively seals them 
against gas leakage. Compare spray weld- 
ing. Dodd, 

airbound. The condition of a pipeline where- 
in air entrapped in a summit prevents the 
free flow of water through it. Seelye, 1. 

air box. a. A rectangular wooden pipe or 
tube made in lengths of from 9 to 15 feet 
for ventilating a heading or a sinking shaft. 
Fay. b. A box for holding air. Fay. c. The 
conduit through which air for heating 
rooms is supplied to a furnace. Standard, 
1964. 

airbrake. A mechanical brake operated by 
air pressure acting on a piston. Nelson. 

air breakers. A method of breaking down 
coal by the use of high-pressure compressed 
air. The method was first introduced in 
the United States about 1947. As used 
today, the power unit is normally an elec- 
trically driven air compressor operating at 
pressures of 10,000 to 12,000 pounds per 
square inch, The high-pressure air is con- 
ducted through a steel pipeline to the 
working face, and copper tubing or wire- 
braided rubber hose is used to connect the 
supply pipeline to the air-breaker shell 
which discharges the air in the shothole. 
Normally, one or two shells are in use in 
a working place at any one time, and the 
simplicity of the operation is such that the 


air breakers 


same shell can be discharged 16 to 20 times 
per hour. McAdam II, pp. 91-92. 

air brick. A hollow or pierced brick built 
into a wall to allow the passage of air. Fay. 

air bridge. a. A passage through which a 
ventilating current is conducted over an 
entry or air course; an overcast. Fay. b. See 
air crossing. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

air chamber. A vessel installed on piston 
pumps to minimize the pulsating discharge 
of the liquid pumped. The chamber con- 
tains air under pressure and is fitted with 
an opening on its underside into which 
some of the liquid from the pump is 
forced upon the delivery stroke of the pis- 
ton. The air acts as a cushion to lessen 
the fluctuation of the liquid flow between 
the suction and delivery strokes of the pis- 
ton. Crispin. 

air change. The quantity of infiltration or 
ventilation air in cubic feet per hour or 
per minute divided by the volume of the 
room gives the number of so-called air 
changes during that interval of time, and 
tables of the recommended number of such 
air changes for various-type rooms are used 
for estimating purposes. Strock, 10. 

air channels. In a reverberatory furnace, 
flues under the hearth and fire bridge 
through which air is forced to avoid over- 
heating. Henderson. 

air circulation. a. A large volume of air, 
under compression, used in lieu of a liquid 
as a medium to Cool the bit and eject the 
cuttings from a borehole. Also called air 
flush. Long. b. A form of air travel in 
which the air returns almost all the way 
back to the point from which it started 
and some may even return the entire way 
v6 make recirculation possible. Lewis, p. 

air clamp. Any type of clamping device 
operated by pneumatic pressure. Crispin. 

air classification. a. In powder metallurgy, 

the separation of powder into particle-size 
fractions by means of an airstream of con- 
trolled velocity; an application of the 
principle of elutriation. ASM Gloss. b. 
Sorting of finely ground minerals into 
equal settling fractions by means of air 
currents. These are usually controlled 
through cyclones which deliver a coarse 
spigot product and a relatively fine vorti- 
cal overflow. See also infrasizer. Pryor, 3. 
c. A method of separating or sizing granu- 
lar or powdered materials such as clay, 
through deposition in air currents of vari- 
ous speeds. This principle is widely used 
in continuous pulverizing of dry materials, 
such as frit, feldspar, limestone, and clay. 
See also air classifier; air elutriator. Enam. 
Dict. 

air classifier. An appliance for approximately 
sizing crushed minerals or ores by means 
of currents of air. See also air elutriator. 
C.T.D: 

air cleaning. A coal cleaning method that 
utilizes air tables to remove the dust and 
waste from coal, Air cleaning requires that 
the coal contain less than 5 percent of sur- 
face moisture as a rule. It is effective only 
in the coarse sizes (plus 10 to 28 mesh) 
and is best suited to coals having a sharply 
defined line between coal and refuse mate- 
rial. Predrying to reduce the moisture con- 
tent of the coal head of the air table 
treatment is not uncommon. It is a less 
expensive and also,a less accurate method 
of cleaning coal than the wet cleaning 
method. Kentucky, pp. 299-300. 





ig 


air clutch. Either a friction or mechanical 
clutch that is engaged by air pressure and 
generally disengaged by spring action. ASM 
Gloss. 

air cock. a. Petcock-type valve for bleeding 
off air trapped in pumps, pump lines, or 
hydraulic systems. Long. b. A cock for 
letting off air. Fay. 

air compartment. An airtight portion of any 
shaft, winze, raise, or level used for venti- 
lation. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

air compressor. A machine which draws in 
air at atmospheric pressure, compresses it, 
and delivers it at a higher pressure. It may 
be of the reciprocating, centrifugal, or ro- 
tary (vane) type. C.T.D. See also after- 
cooler; air receiver; compressed air; duplex 
compressor; power-driven compressor; ro- 
tary compressor; straight-line compressor; 
Sullivan angle compressor; turbocompres- 
sor. Lewis, pp. 671-672. 

air conditioning. The simultaneous control, 
within prescribed limits, of the quality, 
quantity, and temperature-humidity of the 
air in a designated space. It is essentially 
atmospheric environmental control. Con- 
trol of only one or two of these properties 
of the atmosphere does not constitute air 
conditioning. The definition and correct 
usage require that the purity, motion, and 
heat content of the air must all be main- 
tained within the prescribed limits. Hart- 
man, p. 3. 

air-conditioning processes. When condition- 
ing is designed to perform only one or a 
limited number of functions, then it should 
be so designated. These are more correctly 
termed air-conditioning processes, and they 
include dust control, ventilation, dehumidi- 
fication, cooling, heating, and many others. 
Hartman, p. 3 

air course. a. Ventilating passage under- 
ground. Pryor, 3. b. A passage through 
which air is circulated. Particularly a long 
passageway driven parallel to the workings 
to carry the air current. Fay, c. See airway. 
Nelson. 

air coursing. The system of colliery ventila- 
tion, introduced about 1760, by which the 
intake air current was made to traverse 
all the underground roadways and faces 
before passing into the upcast shaft. Nel- 
son. 

air creep. Stain formed by air entering at 
edges of mica sheets and penetrating along 
cleavage planes. Skow. 

air crossing. A bridge where a return airway 
passes over (overcast) or under (under- 
cast) an intake airway. It is generally con- 
structed with bricks, or concrete and steel 
joists, and the whole made airtight to pre- 
vent intermixing of the two air currents. 
The act requires an air crossing to be so 
constructed as not to be liable to be dam- 
aged in the event of an explosion. Nelson. 
Also called air bridge. 

air current. a. The flow of air ventilating 
the workings of a mine. Also called airflow; 
air quantity. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2.b. A 
body of air moving continuously in one 
direction. Jones. 

air cushion. a. Air trapped in the bottom of 
a dry borehole by the rapid descent of a 
tight string of borehole equipment. Long. 
b. Synonym for air block. Long. 

air cyclone. Primarily a vessel for extracting 
dust from the atmosphere. See also cyclone. 
Nelson. 

air displacement pump. A pump consisting of 
a closed vessel from which water is expelled 








aired ware 


through a delivery valve and pipe by means 
of compressed air admitted to the top of 
the vessel. Also called displacement pump. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

air distribution. Supplying air in the desired 
amounts to the various working places in 
a mine. Hartman, p. 250. 

air dome. A cylindrical or bell-shaped con- 
tainer closed at the upper end and at- 
tached in an upright position above and 
to the discharge of a piston-type pump. 
Air trapped inside the closed cylinder acts 
as a compressible medium, whose expan- 
sion and contraction tends to reduce the 
severity of the pulsations imparted to the 
liquid discharged by each stroke of a pump 
piston. Also called bonnet; pressure dome. 
Long. 

air door. a. A door erected in a roadway to 
prevent the passage of air. When doors are 
erected between an intake and a return 
airway they may be known as separation 
doors. Also called door; separation door; 
trapdoor. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. b. A door 
in a ventilating network that directs air in 
a required direction by closing part of the 
circulating system. Pryor, 3. 

Airdox. A system for breaking down coal by 
which compressed air, generated locally by 
a portable compressor at 10,000 pounds 
per square inch, is used in a releasing cy]- 
inder, which is placed in a hole drilled in 
the coal. Thus, slow breaking results, with 
no flame, in producing a larger percentage 
of lump coal than is made by using ex- 
plosives. Its principal advantage is that it 
may be used with safety in gaseous and 
dusty mines. See also compressed-air blast- 
ing. Lewis, p. 114. 

air drain. A passage for the escape of gases 
from a mold while the molten metal is 
being poured in. Standard, 1964. 

air-dried. Of minerals, naturally dried to 
equilibrium with the prevailing atmos- 
phere. Pryor, 3. 

air-dried basis. An analysis expressed on the 
basis of a coal sample with moisture con- 
tent in approximate equilibrium with the 
surrounding atmosphere. B.S, 3323, 1960. 

air drift. a. A roadway, generally inclined, 
driven in stone for ventilation purposes. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. b. A drift connect- 
ing a ventilation shaft with the fan. Fay. 

air drill. a. A small diamond drill driven by 
either a rotary or a reciprocating-piston 
air-powered motor, used principally in 
underground workings. Long. b. As used 
by miners, a percussive or rotary-type rock 
drill driven by compressed air. Long. 

air-drill operator. See jackhammer operator. 
DO. Tight 

air drive. Forcing compressed air into an oil- 
bearing bed in order to increase the flow 
of oil from wells. Hess. 

air-dry. a. Dry to such a degree that no 
further moisture is given up on exposure 
to air. Webster 3d. Most air-dry substances 
contain moisture that can be expelled by 
heating them or placing them in a vac- 
uum. Fay. b. Said of timber, the moisture 
content of which is in approximate equi- 
librium with local atmospheric conditions. 
G.T.D. 

air duct. a. Tubing which conducts air, 
usually from an auxiliary fan, to or from 
a point as required in the mine. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. b. An air box, canvas pipe, 
or other air carried for ventilation. Hess. 

aired ware. Pottery ware that has a poor 
glaze as a result of volatilization of some 


aired ware 


of the glaze constituents. The term was 
used more particularly when ware was 
fired in saggers in coal-fired kilns, air es- 
caping from a faulty sagger into the kiln 
while kiln gases at the same time pene- 
trated into the sagger. The term is also 
sometimes applied to a glaze that has par- 
tially devitrified as a result of cooling too 
slowly between 900° and 700° C. Dodd. 

air elutriation. Method of dividing a sub- 
stance into various particle sizes by means 
of air currents. The particles formed are 
of uniform density. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

air elutriator. An appliance for producing, 
by means of currents of air, a series of 
sized products from a finely crushed min- 
eral (for example, for the paint or abrasive 
industries). See also air classifier. C.T.D. 

air embolism. Sce caisson disease. Ham. 

air endway. A narrow roadway driven in the 
coal seam parallel and close to a winning 
headway chiefly for ventilation. The air 
endway usually acts as a return and is con- 
nected at intervals of 10 yards or so to the 
headway by crosscuts. See also companion 
heading. Nelson. 

air-entrained concrete. Concrete used for 
road construction in the United States, 
having about 5 percent of air in its com- 
position. Although less dense than ordinary 
concrete, it has very high resistance to 
frost. The strength loss as compared with 
ordinary concrete is about 5 percent for 
each 1 percent of air entrained. Ham. 

air entraining. The addition of a material 
to portland cement clinker during grinding, 
or to concrete during mixing, for the pur- 
pose of reducing the surface tension of the 
water so that 4 to 5 percent (by volume) 
of minute air bubbles become trapped in 
the concrete. This improves workability 
and frost resistance and decreases segrega- 
tion and bleeding. The agents used as addi- 
tions include: 0.025 to 0.1 percent of al- 
kali salts of wood resins, sulfonate deter- 
gents, alkali naphthenate, or triethanola- 
mine salts; or 0.25 to 0.5 percent of the 
Ca (calcium) salts of glues (from hides) ; 
or 0.25 to 1.0 percent of Ca (calcium) 
lignosulfonate (from papermaking). Dodd. 

air-entraining agent. An admixture to port- 
land cement or to a concrete mix. It is 
usually a resin which entrains the air in 
very fine bubbles. Its purpose is to increase 
both workability of the wet concrete and 
its frost resistance when hardened. Ham. 

airfield soil classification. Classification pub- 
lished in Casagrande in the United States 
in 1948, based on sieve analyses and con- 
sistency limits. Cohesive soils can be di- 
vided into those with a liquid limit above 
or below 50 percent. The former are, in 
general, clays and the latter, silts. Ham. 

air filter. A device for cleaning compressed 
air. Hansen. 

air-float clays. Clays of a fine state of sub- 
division as the result of separation by an 
air process, after grinding. CCD 6d, 1961. 

air-float table. Shaking table in which ore 
is worked dry, air being blown upward 
through a porous deck so as to dilate the 
material. Pryor, 3. 

airflow. See air current, a. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2, 

airflow equalizing device. A flow-equalizing 
device which is fitted to tube breathing 
apparatus. There are two kinds in general 
use, one consisting of a flexible corrugated 
rubber tube and the other a canvas fabric 
bag. On inspiration, air is drawn partly 











20 


from the equalizer, which is reduced in 
volume, and partly from the tube. On ex- 
piration, the equalizer restores itself to its 
original volume and in doing so draws air 
through the tube. Thus the air is kept 
flowing very nearly in a continuous stream, 
and the wearer, without the aid of bel- 
lows or rotary blower, experiences very 
little resistance to breathing. Mason, v. I, 
p. 327. 

airflow meter. An instrument which meas- 
ures and shows directly on a scale the 
flow of air in a pipe or hose in cubic feet 
per minute. Nelson. 

air flush. Synonym for air circulation. Long. 

air flushing. The circulation of air through 
the drilling apparatus during drilling to 
cool the bit and to remove the cuttings 
from the hole. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

air foam extinguisher. An extinguisher which 
produces a foam somewhat similar to that 
produced by a chemical foam extinguisher, 
therefore, it can be used for the same pur- 
poses. However, unlike the chemical foam 
type, this extinguisher can be recharged 
underground by simply filling the outer 
container with water and inserting a sealed 
metal charge holding foam concentrate 
and a propellent charge of carbon dioxide. 
McAdam, p. 117. 

airfoil fan. A fan with an _airfoil-shaped 
blade which moves the air in the general 
direction of the axis about which it rotates. 
Strock, 10. 

air furnace. Malleable iron furnace. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

air gap. a. The distance between the surface 
of the electrode and the oscillator plate. 
It is usually necessary to avoid particular 
gap dimensions in which resonance damp- 
ing occurs with acoustic waves generated 
by the oscillator plate. AM, 1. b. The dis- 
tance between passing material and tip of 
attracting magnetic pole, in a magnetic 
separator. Pryor, 3. c. The gap between 
rotor and stator of a dynamo or an elec 
tric motor. Pryor, 3. 

air gas. a. A combustible gas made by charg- 
ing air with the vapor of some volatile 
hydrocarbon mixture (as gasoline) and 
used for lighting and heating. Webster 3d. 
b. A producer gas consisting chiefly of 
carbon monoxide and nitrogen and made 
by blowing air into a producer. Webster 


air gate. a. Mid. An underground road- 
way used principally for ventilation. Fay. 
b. An air regulator. Fay. c. In molding, 
an orifice through which the displaced air 
and gases escape from the mold while the 
molten matter is filling it. Fay. 

airhammer. a. Sharp, vibratory impacts in 
a liquid pump or piping system caused by 
entrapped air. Long. b. Reciprocating mo- 
tion induced in a drill string by excessive 
air pressure at face of drill bit when air 
is used in lieu of a liquid as a bit coolant 
and cuttings removal agent. Long. c. A 
pneumatically actuated hammer. Long. d. 
A tool in which a hammerhead is activated 
by means of compressed air. The air is 
conducted to the tool through a hose. A 
trigger starts or stops the admission of air 
to the hammer. Crispin. 

airhammer operator. One who breaks as- 
phalt, concrete, stone, or other pavement, 
who loosens earth, digs clay, breaks rocks 
in trimming bottom or sides of trenches or 
other excavations, or who reduces the size 


air intake 


of large stones, using an airhammer. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

air-hardened steels. Alloy steels in which a 
certain degree of hardness has been induced 
merely by air cooling under controlled con- 
ditions. Camm. 

air-hardening refractory cement; air-harden- 
ing refractory mortar. See chemically 
bonded refractory cement. Dodd. 

air-hardening refractory mortar. See air- 
hardening refractory cement. Dodd. 

air-hardening steel. Steel containing sufficient 
carbon and other alloying elements to 
harden fully during cooling in air or other 
gaseous mediums from a temperature above 
its transformation range. The term should 
be restricted to steels that are capable of 
being hardened by cooling in air in fairly 
large sections, about 2 inches or more in 
diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 
ASM Gloss. 

airhead; airheading. S. Staff. A smaller drift 
driven parallel to the main haulageway 
for an air course. A connecting crosscut is 
called a spout. Fay; Hess. 

air heater. An appliance to warm the air 
as it enters the downcast shaft or intake 
drift. In countries where the winter is very 
cold, such as Poland and Russia, nearly 
all mines are equipped with air heaters. A 
few British mines have oil-fired air heaters, 
mainly to prevent the accumulation of ice 
in wet downcast shafts or on winding 
ropes. Nelson. 

air-heating furnace. A furnace used for heat- 
ing air to warm a room or building. Hess. 

air heave structure. Small crumplings, which 
die out downward, found in laminated 
sands and which are presumed to be formed 
by rise of air trapped in sand at low tide. 
Pettijohn. 

air hoist. a. Hoisting machinery operated by 
compressed air, Fay. b. A small portable 
hoisting machine usually mounted on a 
column and powered by a compressed air 
motor. Also called tugger. Long. 

airhole. a. A small excavation or hole made 
to improve ventilation by communication 
with other workings or with the surface. 
See also cundy. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 
b. A venthole in the upper end of the inner 
tube of a double-tube core barrel to allow 
air and/or water entrapped by the advanc- 
ing core to escape. Long, c. A void, cavity, 
or flaw in a casting or bit crown. Long. 

air horsepower. a. The rate at which energy 
is used in horsepower units, in moving air 
between two points, B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 
2. b. The horsepower in an air current is 
usually expressed in the form: Horsepower 


(hp) = 
33,000 

lating pressure in pounds per square feet 
and Q equals quantity of air in cubic feet 
per minute. Nelson. 

air hp Abbreviation for air horsepower. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

airing. Smelting operation in which air is 
blown through molten copper in a wire 
bar or anode furnace. Sulfur is removed as 
SOs: and impurities are slagged off. Pryor, 3. 

air intake. A device for supplying a com- 
pressor with clean air at the lowest possible 
temperature. A simple screen in the form 
of a box over the end of the intake pipe 
may be used if the air is normally quite 
free from dirt, but if much dirt is in the 
air, some form of air filter of suitable de- 
sign should be provided. The cooler the 


, where P equals venti- 











air intake 


intake air, the greater is the capacity of 
the compressor; a drop of 5° in tempera- 
ture represents a gain in capacity of ap- 
proximately 1 percent. In hot climates the 
intake should be placed on the coolest side 
of the compressor house. Lewis, p. 671. 

air jig. A machine in which the feed is 
stratified by means of pulsating currents of 
air and from which the stratified products 
are separately removed. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

air lance. Length of piping down which com- 
pressed air is blown, to stir settled sands 
or to free choked passages. Pryor, 4. 

air lancing. a. Removing or cutting away 
loose material by means of compressed air, 
using an air lance; airblasting. Henderson. 
b. In founding, a cleaning operation, as 
cleaning sand from molds and castings, 
using an air lance; airblasting. Henderson. 
c. Also means opening passages for molten 
materials. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

air leakage. a. The short-circuiting of air 
from intake to return airways (through 
doors, stoppings, wastes, and old workings) 
without doing useful work in flowing 
around the faces. The total air leakage is 
usually within the range of 35 to 55 per- 
cent of that passing through the surface 
fan. Nelson. b. The leakage of air in the 
transmission lines may be determined by 
filling the entire system with air at normal 
Operating pressure and then closing the 
valves on both ends of the line. Assuming 
that the valves are tight and all loss in 
pressure is due to leakage, the cubic feet 
of free air lost per minute through leakage 

5V 
is: Q= -—, where Q equals leakage in 
T 


cubic feet per minute of free air at time 
of shutting down, V equals total volume 
of air in the system at time of shutting 
down reduced to cubic feet of free air, and 
T equals time in minutes from shutting 
down until the gage has dropped to zero. 
Lewis, p. 679. 

air leg. a. A cylinder operated by compressed 
air, used for keeping a rock drill pressed 
into the hole being drilled. Ham. b. A de- 
vice, incorporating a pneumatic cylinder, 
providing support and thrust for a jack- 
hammer. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

air-leg support. An appliance to eliminate 
much of the labor when drilling with hand- 
held machines. It consists of a steel cylin- 
der and air-operated piston, the rod of 
which extends through the top end of the 
cylinder and supports the drilling ma- 
chine. The air leg and machine can be 
operated by one man. Nelson. 

airless end. The extremity of a stall in long- 
wall workings in which there is no current 
of air. The air is kept sufficiently pure by 
diffusion, and by the ingress and egress of 
tubs, men, etc. Fay. 

air level. Eng. A level or airway (return 
airway) of former workings made use of 
in subsequent deeper mining operations 
for ventilation. Fay. 

air lift. a. An apparatus used for pumping 
water from wells either temporarily or for 
a permanent water supply; for moving cor- 
rosive liquids such as sufuric acid; for un- 
watering flooded mines; for elevating mill 
tailings, sands, and slimes in cyanide plants ; 
and for handling the feed to ball mills. In 
operation, compressed air enters the educ- 
tion pipe and mixes with the water. As the 
water and air rise, the air expands and is 
practically at atmospheric pressure at the 








21 


top of the discharge pipe. The efficiency 
of the air lift is calculated on the basis of 
the foot-pounds of work done in lifting the 
water, divided by the isothermal work re- 
quired to compress the air. Lewis, pp. 686- 
689. b. A method used in petroleum ex- 
ploitation in which gas pressure is increased 
artificially by driving air or natural gas into 
the deposit under pressure from a neigh- 
boring borehole, thereby forcing the petro- 
leum out. Stoces, v. 1, p. 478. 

air-lift dredges. Dredges in which solids sus- 
pended in a fluid are lifted. By injecting 
air into a submerged pipe at about 60 per- 
cent of the depth of submergence, the 
density of the fluid column inside the pipe 
can be lessened, forcing the fluid column 
to rise in the pipeline. Mero, p. 251. 

air-lift efficiency. The efficiency of an air lift 
is generally calculated on the basis of the 
foot-pounds of work done in lifting the 
water, divided by the isothermal work re- 
quired to compress the air. Lewis, p. 689. 

air line. A fault, in the form of an elongated 
bubble, in glass tubing; also known as hair 
line. Dodd. 

air-line lubricator. Synonym for line oiler. 
Long. 


air-line main. The pipe column to supply 


the air from the compressors to the quarry 
face. A steel pipe is often used near the 


. working area as a safeguard against dam- 


age by blasting or by vehicles. Nelson. 

air lock. a. A casing at the top of an upcast 
shaft to minimize surface air leakage to 
the fan. It consists of a large double casing 
enveloping the whole of the upcast shaft 
top and extending into the headgear. Some 
are fitted with power-operated doors and 
allow high-speed winding with little leak- 
age. A modern light alloy structure raised 
through spring-loaded attachments by the 
top of the cage on ascending has proved 
efficient. See also caisson sinking. Nelson. 
b. An air pocket or bubble in a pipeline 
which impedes the flow of liquid. Nelson. 
c. A system of doors arranged to allow the 
passage of men or vehicles through it with- 
out permitting appreciable airflow. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 2. d. See shaft casing 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

air machine. A machine for forcing fresh air 
into and withdrawing bad air from a mine, 
as a fan. Fay. 

airman. a. A man who constructs brattices. 
Hess. b. Synonym for brattice man. Fay. 

air mat. A mat made of porous material, 
usually canvas, and used to subdivide and 
distribute air in certain pneumatic-type 
flotation machines. Hess. 

air-measuring station. A place in a mine 
airway where the volume of air passing is 
measured periodically. The station should 
be straight, smooth and of uniform section 
to obtain, as near as possible, streamline 
flow. Permanent air-measuring stations are 
usually constructed in concrete or brick- 
work. See also anemomceter. Nelson. 

air motor. A motor driven by compressed 
air; it may be either a vane- or gear-type 
rotary or a reciprocating piston-type motor. 
Long. 

air mover. A portable compressed-air appli- 
ance, which may be used as a blower or 
exhauster. It converts the compressed air 
into a large induced volume of moving air. 
The compressed air is fed through a side 
inlet and is expanded at a high velocity 
through an annular orifice. It is useful for 
emergency ventilation in workings where 





air receiver 


auxiliary fans cannot be installed. Nelson. 

air of combustion. The weight of air re- 
quired to burn 1 pound of a combustible 
substance. Hess. 

air oven. A heated chamber for drying sam- 
ples of ore, coals, etc. Zern. 

air permeability. See permeability. Dodd. 

air pipes. a. Pipes for conveying air for 
ventilation or for other purposes. Fay. b. 
See ventilation tubing. Nelson. 

air pit. See air shaft. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

airplane ore. A term used in Tennessee for 
bauxite. Hess. 

airplane strand wire rope. A small 7- or 19- 
wire galvanized strand made from plow 
steel or crucible steel wire. H@G, p. 129. 

air pockets. Pockets of air sometimes found 
in clay during wedging or throwing. ACSG, 
1963. 

air pollution recorder. Instrument collects 
atmospheric samples of particulate matter 
and aerosols on a continuous filter tape. 
Sampling is performed at a uniform rate 
by means of a motor-driven pump or other 
vacuum source. Evaluation is by visual ob- 
servation, in the case of dust and carbon 
particles, or by photoelectric comparison. 
Colorless dusts can be made visible by 
chemical reagents. Used for atmospheric 
pollution studies in the vicinity of indus- 
trial plants, mines, smelters, etc. Bests, 
p. 589. 

air pressure. For rock drills, the air pressure 
ranges from 70 to 90 pounds per square 
inch, the most economical pressure for 
such machines being from 90 to 95 pounds 
per square inch, when high drilling speed 
is attained. Ham. 

air-pressure drop. The pressure lost or con- 
sumed in overcoming friction along an air- 
way. It can be calculated from the formula 

RQ’ 

P = ——, where P equals pressure drop 


5.2 


in inches water gage, R equals resistance 
in Atkinsons, and Q equals air quantity in 
thousands of cubic feet per second. Suitable 
values of R for different types and sizes 
of airways are obtained by reference to 
tables in which the resistance in Atkinsons, 
per 100 yards of airway, is given. See also 
ventilation. Nelson. 

air propeller. A rotary fan for circulating 
air. Webster 3d. 

air pump. A pump for exhausting air from 
a closed space or for compressing air or 
forcing it through other apparatus. Com- 
pare vacuum pump. Webster 3d. 

air pumping. Pumping oil wells by means 
of the air-lift principle. Porter. 

air puncher. A machine introduced in 1904 
to the mining industry that consisted essen- 
tially of a reciprocating chisel or pick, 
driven by air. A compressor plant, usually 
located outside the mine near the boiler 
room, provided the air for the puncher. 
Kentucky, p. 340. 

air quantity. The amount of air flowing 
through a mine or a segment of a mine, 
in cubic feet per minute. Air quantity is 
the product of the air velocity times the 
cross-sectional area of the airway. BuMines 
Bull. 589, 1960, p. 2. See also air volume; 
air current, a. 

air ramming. A method of forming refrac- 
tory shapes, furnace hearths, or other fur- 
nace parts by means of pneumatic ham- 
mers. HW. 

air receiver. A vessel into which compressed 
air is discharged to be stored until re- 


air receiver 


quired. C.T.D. 

air-reduction process. See roasting and reac- 
tion process. Fay. 

air-regulating dampers. Shutters fitted to the 
isolating doors in the fandrift in order to 
reduce or regulate the underground air- 
flow in an emergency. Such an emergency 
would be a large open fire in the workings 
and it is decided to reduce the flow of air 
past the fire. Nelson. 

air regulator. An adjustable door installed 
in permanent air stoppings to control ven- 
tilating current. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

air requirements. The quantity of air re- 
quired to maintain adequate ventilation of 
the mine. This quantity will depend on 
(1) the length of face room in production; 
(2) the average distance from the shafts 
to the faces; (3) the gas emission rate; 
(4) the depth of the workings, and (5) 
the volumetric efficiency of the mine ven- 
tilation. Nelson. 

air-cooled blast furnace slag. The material 
resulting from solidification of molten blast 
furnace slag under atmospheric conditions. 
Subsequent cooling may be accelerated by 
application of water to the solidified sur- 
face. ASTM C125-66. 

air rig. A drill machine powered by an air- 
driven motor. Compare air drill. Long. 

air rod puller. See rod puller. Long. 

air saddle. A surface saddle or depression 
produced by erosion at the top of an anti- 
cline. Fay. 

air sampling. The taking of air samples in 
mine workings for analysis in the labora- 
tory. The usual method is by air pump and 
bottle. The air in the bottle is replaced 
by a sample of mine air by means of the 
hand pump and then closed tightly by a 
rubber cork. See also sampling instrument. 
Nelson. 

air-sampling pump. A pump, designed to 
collect air samples in laboratory or field, 
and may be used in conjunction with filters, 
impactors, impingers, and bubblers, de- 
pending on the model. Operating principle 
may depend on graphite ringed pistons 
activated by a split phase motor, on the 
movement of air by a rotating vane blower, 
or on other vacuum induction apparatus. 
Bests, p. 578. 

air-sand process. See Fraser’s air-sand proc- 
ess. Mitchell, p. 529. 

air seal. A method for the prevention of the 
escape of warm gases from the entrance or 
exit of a continuous furnace, or tunnel 
kiln, by blowing air across the opening. 
Dodd. 

air separation. In powder metallurgy, the 
classification of metal powders into particle 
size ranges by means of a controlled air- 
stream. Rolfe. 

air separator. A machine for the size classi- 
fication of the fine ceramic powders, for 
example, china clay; the velocity of an air 
current controls the size of particles classi- 
fied. Dodd. 

air set. a. The property of a material to de- 
velop high strength when dried, an example 
being air-setting mortars. A.R.J. b. In a 
material such as a castable refractory, re- 
fractory mortar, or plastic refractory, the 
ability to harden without the application 
of heat. A.I.S.I. No. 24. 

air-setting refractories. Compositions of 
ground refractory materials which develop 
a strong bond upon drying. These refrac- 
tories include mortars, plastic refractories, 
ramming mixes, and gunning mixes. They 











22 


are marketed in both wet and dry condi- 
tion. The dry compositions require temper- 
ing with water to develop the necessary 
consistency. HW. 

air-setting refractory moratr. A composition 
of finely ground materials, marketed in 
either a wet or dry condition, which may 
require tempering with water to attain the 
desired consistency and which is suitable 
for laying refractory brick and bonding 
them strongly upon drying and upon sub- 
sequent heating at furnace temperatures. 
ASTM C71-64. 

air shaft. A shaft used wholly or mainly for 
ventilating mines, for bringing fresh air to 
places where men are working, or for ex- 
hausting used air. It may either receive or 
discharge the circulating current. See also 
downcast, a; upcast. Fay; B.C.I. 

air shooting. The generation of a seismic 
wave in crustal rocks by an explosion in the 
air above the area. In rock shattering, an 
air shot is one in which pockets of air are 
left when charging the blasthole, to reduce 
shatter. Pryor, 3. See also compressed-air 
blasting. 

air shot. A shot prepared by loading (charg- 
ing) in such a way that an airspace is 
purposely left in contact with the explosive 
for the purpose of lessening its shattering 
effect. Fay. 

air shrinkage. The volume decrease that a 
clay undergoes in drying at room tempera- 
ture. Fay. 

air-slaked. Slaked by exposure to the air; 
as lime. Standard, 1964. 

air-slaked lime. Contains various proportions 
of the oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates 
of calcium and magnesium which result 
from excessive exposure of quicklime to 
air that vitiates its quality. It is partially 
or largely decomposed quicklime that has 
become hydrated and carbonated. Boynton. 

air-slaking; air-slacking. Exposure of quick- 
lime to the atmosphere to give slow hydra- 
tion. Pryor, 3. 

air slit. a. York. A short heading driven 
more or less at right angles to and between 
two headings or levels for ventilation. Fay. 
b. See stenton. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

air slug. A mass of air under compression 
entrapped in the liquid circulated through 
a borehole drill string or a liquid-piping 
system. Long. 

air sollar. A compartment or passageway 
carried beneath the floor of a heading or 
of an excavation in a coal mine for venti- 
lation. See also sollar. Fay. 

air-space ratio. The ratio of a volume of 
water that can be drained from a saturated 
soil under the action of force of gravity to 
a total volume of voids. ASCE P1826. 

air split. a. The division of the main current 
of air in a mine into two or more parts. 
Fay. b. A separate ventilation circuit formed 
by dividing a current of air. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. See also split, b. 

air stack. Penna. A chimney used for venti- 
lating a coal mine. Fay. 

air stain. Gas trapped beneath cleavage sur- 
faces in flattened pockets, tiny bubbles, or 
groups of closely spaced bubbles. Skow. 

air starter. A starter used on large coal haul- 
ers that permits the elimination of all 
batteries except the 6-volt units for the 
headlights, These starters are operated by 
compressed air supplied at 100 pounds per 
square inch from a storage tank on the 
tractor. Trucks can stand idle for 4 or 5 
days and there is still enough air in the 





air turbolamp 


tanks to start the engines. Coal Age, v. 71, 
No. 8, August 1966, p. 233, 

air streak; chain. In mica, a series of air in- 
clusions connected (or nearly connected) 
to form a relatively long, thin streak. Also 
known as silver streak. Skow. 

air survey. a. A map production from an 
interconnected series (mosaic) of aerial 
photographs made in conjunction with fixes 
by a theodolite of locating points on the 
ground. Pryor, 3. b. In mining, a check on 
ventilation, gas, and dust in a mine. 
Pryor, 3. 

air-swept ball mill. See ball mill. Dodd. 

air-swept mill. A tumbling mill used in dry 
grinding, from which finished material is 
removed by means of regulated air currents 
which can be so controlled as to produce 
a closed circuit. Pryor, 3. 

air swivel. A device similar to a water swivel 
but designed to conduct air under com- 
pression into a rotating drill stem when air 
instead of a liquid is used as an agent to 
flush drill cuttings out of a borehole. Com- 
pare water swivel. Long. 

air-stowing machine. The machine used for 
blowing the stone chippings into the waste 
area in pneumatic stowing. It consists of 
a steel paddle wheel revolving in an ad- 
justable casing. Stowing dirt is fed contin- 
uously from a hopper to the machine which 
in turn blows the material through 5- to 
6-inch-diameter pipes into the waste area. 
See also pneumatic stowing. Nelson. 

air table; pneumatic table. A shaking table 
used when water is scarce to effect gravity 
concentration of sands. Air is blown up- 
ward through a porous deck, over which a 
layer of finely crushed ore passes. The heavy 
and light minerals stratify and gravitate to 
separate discharge zones. Pryor, 3. 

airtight. So constructed or sealed as to pre- 
vent any inlet or outlet of air. Crispin. 

air tongs. Air-actuated breakout tongs. See 
also breakout tongs. Long. 

air-track drill, A heavy drilling machine for 
quarry or opencast blasting. It has cater- 
pillar tracks and is operated by independ- 
ent air motors. It tows its own portable 
rotary compressor and drills 3- or 4-inch- 
diameter holes at any angle but is chiefly 
used for vertical holes up to 80 feet in 
depth. Nelson. 

air transport. A method employed in some 
mines in which the filling material is trans- 
ported and stowed pneumatically through 
pipelines. Stoces, v. 1, p. 190. 

air trap. a. A device for shutting off foul air 
or gas from drains or sewers. Webster 3d. 
b. An air pocket. Webster 3d. 

air trunk. A large pipe or shaft for conduct- 
ing air, as for ventilation, or to a furnace. 
Fay. 

air tub. The cylinder on a blowing engine 
that pumps the blast of wind or air. Fay. 

air-tube breathing apparatus. A device con- 
sisting of a smoke helmet, a mask, or a 
mouthpiece, and which is supplied with 
fresh air by means of a flexible tube lead- 
ing from a source of fresh air to the wearer. 
The passage of air through the tube is 
maintained either by the inspiratory efforts 
of the wearer or by forcing the air through 
by means of bellows or rotary blowers. 
McAdam, p. 71. 

air turbolamp. a. A lamp coupled to the 
compressed air mains, which may be at 
any pressure between 40 and 100 pounds 
per square inch, It consumes from 5 to 6 
cubic feet per minute of free air. The elec- 











| 
| 








air turbolamp 


trical power is produced by a small turbo- 
alternator with a 6-pole permanent magnet 
rotor, Certain types have been approved 
for use at the coal face in British mines. 
Nelson. b. See compressed-air-driven lamps. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 259. 

air twist. Twisted capillaries as a form of 
decoration within the stem of a wine glass. 
Dodd. 

air valve. a. A device used to release un- 
wanted or entrapped air from a waterline, 
pump, or hydraulic system. See also air 
cock, a. Long. b. A device to regulate vol- 
ume of compressed air fed into, or released 
from, an air-driven machine or piping sys- 
tem. Long. c. The valve which controls 
the alternate admission and release of com- 
pressed air to each cell of a Baum-type 
washbox. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

air velocity. The rate of motion of air in a 
given direction; in mine ventilation it is 
usually expressed in feet per minute. This 
is usually found by conducting a vane 
anemometer traverse over a selected cross 
section, the area of which is also measured. 
Roberts, I, p. 38. 

air vessel. A small air chamber fixed to the 
pipeline on the discharge side of a recip- 
rocating pump which acts as a cushion to 
minimize the shock produced by the pulsa- 
tions of the pump. Nelson. 

airveyor. A device for handling dusty ma- 
terials, built on the principle of a pneu- 
matic cleaner. The system used is a suction 
system, whereby the material (soda ash, 
salt cake, cement, or powdered lime) is 
drawn from the car through a flexible hose 
into a vacuum tank designed to recover a 
large percentage of the dust floating in the 
air. Hess. 

air-void ratio. The ratio of the volume of 
air space to the total volume of voids in 
a soil mass. ASCE P1826. 

air volcano. A miniature crater resembling 
a true volcano in shape and often provided 
with a cone; produced by explosions of gas 
and the emission of mud. Fay. 


‘air volume; air quantity. In mining, the 


quantity of air flowing in cubic feet per 
minute. It is obtained by multiplying the 
average velocity in feet per minute by the 
area of the airway in square feet, that is, 
Q = AV. See also air requirements. Nelson. 

air washer. Air washers make use of water 
sprays or cooling coils for evaporative and 
sensible cooling of mine air. Their use has 
largely been limited to shallow coal mines 
in the United States where it is desirable 
to reduce the dry-bulb temperature of the 
intake air during the hot summer months 
to prevent slaking of the roof due to ex- 
cessive expansion. An air washer is essen- 
tially a heat exchanger and is similar to 
the type of unit employed for heat transfer 
with refrigeration or evaporative cooling 
systems. Hartman, p. 342. 

air wave. The acoustic energy pulse trans- 
mitted through the air as a result of the 
detonation of a seismic shot. A.G.I. 

airway. Any underground gallery or passage 
through which a portion of the ventilation 
passes, that is, the air is carried. Sometimes 
referred to as an air course. Fay; B.C.I. 
Also called wind road. 


airway repairer. A repairer employed in the 


return airways at a coal mine. He clears 
falls of ground, sets supports and enlarges 
roadways where required. Nelson. 

Airy isostasy. That hypothesis of equilibrium 
for the earth’s solid outer crust in which 


264-972 O-68—3 











23 


the crustal density is supposed constant so 
that mountains are compensated by roots 
analogous to the underwater extensions of 
icebergs floating in the ocean. A.G.I. 

Airy’s spiral. The four-rayed spiral curve 
that appears when sections of right-handed 
and left-handed quartz crystals are placed 
together between crossed polarizers. Named 
for G. B. Airy, its discoverer. Hess. 

aish; ash. Eng. Fine-grained, argillaceous 
limestone, drying very white; used for holy- 
stone, Lower Purbeck beds, Portland. Aish 
is an obsolete variant of ash. Arkell. 

aisle. An elongated, high, narrow, traversible 
passage. A.G.I. 

Aitch piece. That part of the pipe range of a 
pumping set in which the valves are fixed. 
Nelson. 

aithalite. Asbolite. Dana 6d, p. 258. 

Ajax. A high strength, high density gelati- 
nous permitted explosive having good water 
resistance; used for dry and wet conditions 
in both rock and in the breaking of hard 
coal. See also blasting; Polar Ajax. Nelson. 

Ajax-Northrup furnace. Coreless induction 
furnace in which the metal acts as second- 
ary and a water-cooled coil, carrying high- 
frequency current, as primary. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Ajax-Wyatt furnace. Core-type induction 
furnace, operating at low frequencies. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

ajkaite; ajkite. A pale yellow to dark reddish- 
brown fossil resin from Ajka, Hungary. 
Amorphous. English. Found in brown coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

AJO breathing apparatus. Consists of a small 
oxygen cylinder attached to a Siebe-Gor- 
man mining gas mask with a canister 
which neutralizes mining gases, such as 
carbon monoxide, sulfureted hydrogen, and 
nitrous fumes. It should only be used as a 
gas mask, that is, in atmospheres contain- 
ing sufficient oxygen to sustain respiration. 
Should the wearer encounter air containing 
less than 16 percent of oxygen, he can 
open the valve of the oxygen cylinder and 
get an emergency supply of oxygen which 
lasts for about 8 minutes. McAdam, p. 64. 

a jour. Fr. Literally, allowing light to pene- 
trate. Used to describe the method of set- 
ting a gem in any mounting which permits 
a view of its pavilion. Shipley. 

ajutage. Roman term designating size of 
water delivery pipes and outlet spouts. 
Sandstrom. 

akaganeite. Natural beta FeO(OH), occur- 
ring at the Akagane mine, Iwate prefecture, 
Japan. Named from locality. Hey, M. M., 
1964; Fleischer. 

akenobeite. A light-colored igneous rock con- 
taining oligoclase and less orthoclase, 
quartz, and very little ferromagnesian min- 
eral. Johannsen, v. 2, 1932, p. 360. 

akerite. A plutonic rock consisting of sodic 
orthoclase, sodic plagioclase, and augite, 
with accessory quartz, biotite, apatite, and 
opaque oxides. A quartz-bearing augite 
syenite. A.G.I. 

akermanite. A slag mineral inferred to be a 
silicate chiefly of calcium but with mag- 
nesium, manganese, and iron, Hess. 

akerose. One of the subrangs in the Cross Id- 
dings, Pirsson, and Washington (C.I.P.W.) 
classification. Rice. 

Akins’ classifier. A classifier for separating 
fine-size solids from coarser solids in a wet 
pulp consisting of an interrupted-flight 
screw conveyor, operating in an inclined 
trough. Fay. 





alaskite 


akori. A porous coral which, previous to the 
beginning of the 18th century, was fished, 
fashioned, and prized by the Negroes of the 
West African Coast. It is of a red, blue, or 
violet color. Has also been fished in Samoa; 
probably still used as a gem by the natives. 
The name has more recently been applied 
to substitutes such as rock, glass, and pearl 
with little nacre. Shipley. 

akrochordite. A yellowish red-brown hydrous 
arsenate of manganese and magnesium, 
MnsAssOs.MnOH.MgOH.5H20O. Minute, 
spherical crystal aggregates. Monoclinic. 
From Langban, Sweden. English. 

aksaite. Orthorhombic blades in impure ha- 
lite, MgBscO.5H2O, from Ak-sui, Kazakh- 
stan, U.S.S.R. Named from locality. Hey, 
M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

akthosphere. Introduced by Barrell for that 
outer part of the centrosphere which theo- 
retically stores up the stress produced by 
the progressive changes toward contraction 
in the inner earth (the barysphere). Hess. 

Al Chemical symbol for aluminum. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

Alabandine ruby. Originally, almandine gar- 
net from ancient Alabanda, Turkey. Now 
sometimes applied to violetish-red spinel. 
Shipley. 

alabandite. A massive, granular sulfide of 
manganese, occurring in veins in Romania. 
Also called manganblende. C.T.D. A vein 
mineral, MnS; isometric; black; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3.5 to 4; specific gravity, 4.0. 
Dana 17. 

alabaster. A massive form of gypsum, pleas- 
ingly blotched and stained. Because of its 
softness, it can be easily carved and pol- 
ished. Widely used for ornamental purposes. 
Chemically it is CaSO..2H2O. It is a beau- 
tifully banded form of stalagmitic calcite 
occurring in Algeria and in Egypt. Same 
as oriental alabaster; onyx marble. C.M.D. 

alabaster glass. A milky-white glass which 
diffuses light without fiery color. ASTM 
C162-66. 

aladzha. Impure ozokerite containing an ad- 
mixture of country rocks and found in the 
region of the Caspian Sea.Tomkeieff, 1954. 

alalite. A light-green variety of diopside from 
the Ala valley, in northwestern Italy. Web- 
ster 3d. 

alamosite. A silicate mineral, PbSiOs, be- 
longing to the cyclosilicate group. Found 
as a vein mineral of the oxidized zone of 
Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Closely related to 
wollastonite; monoclinic. E.C.T. v. 12, pp. 
277, 301; Hess; English. 

alandier. Fr. A special fireplace at the base 
of a porcelain kiln, fed from the outside. 
Standard, 1964. 

alargan. A German alloy of aluminum and 
silver over the surfaces of which platinum 
black is dusted and hammered or pressed 
into the alloy. Used as a substitute for 
platinum in jewelry and in commercial 
work. If platinum is added to the alloy, 
it is known as platalargan. Platnik is an- 
other substitute alloy composed of nickel 
and platinum. Hess. 

Alaska diamond. Rock crystal. Shipley. 

alaskite. a. A plutonic rock containing ortho- 
clase, microcline, and subordinate quartz, 
with a few or no mafic constituents. Pla- 
gioclase may or may not be present. A 
leucocratic variety of granite. A.G.J. b. In 
the feldspar trade, the term defines specif- 
ically a granitic mass found near Spruce 
Pine, N.C., from which the feldspar is 


alaskite 


produced. AIME, p. 340. 

alaskite-quartz. A quartz-feldspar rock con- 
taining so much quartz, that it is a transi- 
tional phase between typical alaskite and 
typical quartz. Hess. 

albafite. A hard, greenish to brownish variety 
of bitumen, which, on exposure to air, de- 
velops a white tinge, due probably to mois- 
ture escaping from submicroscopic pores. 
It contains up to 15 percent oxygen. Fusi- 
ble. Insoluble in organic solvents. Varies 
from soft to hard, and from porous to 
compact. Atomic ratio H/C, 1.75 to 2.25. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

albandine. Same as almandine. Shipley. 

Albany clay. A clay found in the neighbor- 
hood of Albany, N.Y. Because of its fine 
particle size and high flux content, this 
clay fuses at a comparatively low tempera- 
ture to form a greenish-brown glaze suit- 
able for use on stoneware and electrical 
porcelain. Dodd, 

Albany slip. A clay with a natural glaze 
composition used for glazing various types 
of ceramic ware. The clay is mixed with 
water to form a slip and when applied to 
the ware and fired produces a smooth even- 
flowing glossy, dark brown glaze. Found in 
New York and Michigan. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

albarium. White lime used for stucco and 
obtained by burning marble. Standard, 
1964. 

Alberene. Trade name for a dense gray soap- 
stone quarried in Albemarle County, Va. 
Hess. 

alberene stone. A stone having properties 
similar to those of polyphant stone. See also 
polyphant stone. Dodd. 

albert coal. See alberite. 

Alberti furnace. A continuous reverberatory 
furnace used in the distillation of mercury 
from its ores. Pryor, 3. 

albertite. A black variety of bitumen with a 
brilliant luster and a conchoidal fracture. 
It is practically insoluble in alcohol. A.G_I. 
Also called albert coal in Nova Scotia. Fay. 

albert shale. An early name for albertite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Albian. Indicating or referring to the lowest 
subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous of 
Europe. Standard, 1964. 

albino asphalt. Asphaltic resin. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

albite. A sodium aluminum _ silicate, 
NaAISisOs; color, white, translucent; Mohs’ 
hardness, 6 to 6.5; streak, vitreous; specific 
gravity, 2.6 to 2.62; triclinic. This feldspar 
is used as a glaze in ceramics. Pryor, 3. 

albite diabase. An altered diabase containing 
albite in place of the usual plagioclase, 
purple-brown augite more or less replaced 
by epidote, chlorite, calcite, and titaniferous 
magnetite; the intrusive equivalent of spil- 
ite. Holmes, 1928. 

albite-epidote-amphibolite facies. Metamor- 
phic rocks produced under intermediate 
temperature and pressure conditions by 
regional metamorphism or in the outer 
contact-metamorphic zone. A.G.I. Supp. 

albite law. Twinning in which the twinning 
plane is the brachypinacoid. It is common 
in albite, and gives rise to the fine parallel 
striations on one of its cleavage surfaces. 
Webster 2d. 

albite moonstone. A variety of albite, exhib- 
iting adularescence, which is more pale 
greenish to yellowish, although other colors 
appear simultaneously. From Pennsylvania; 
New York; and Canada. See also perister- 





24 


ite. Shipley. 

albitite. A coarse-grained dike rock consisting 
almost entirely of albite. Common acces- 
sory minerals are muscovite, garnet, apatite, 
quartz, and opaque oxides. A.G.I. 

albitization. The process in which albite re- 
places the more calcic plagioclase feldspar 
of an igneous rock. Webster 3d. 

albitophyre. A dike rock containing large, 
polysynthetically twinned phenocrysts of 
albite. In the groundmass are microlites of 
albite, together with chlorite and limonite. 
Compare orthophyre. Fay; Hess. 

albolite; albolith. A plastic cement, consist- 
ing chiefly of magnesia and silica. Webster 


albond. A kaolinite clay found in Dorset- 
shire, England. It is used as a low percent- 
age addition to natural molding sands. 
Osborne. 

alboranite. Olivine-free hypersthene basalt. 
Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 239. 

Albrecht condenser. A condenser used in pe- 
troleum distillation, to separate the distil- 
late into its various fractions. Fay. 

Albrecht viscometer. See viscometer. Fay. 

alchemy. a. The immature chemistry of the 
Middle Ages, characterized by the pursuit 
of the transmutation of base metals into 
gold, and the search for the alkahest and 
the panacea. Standard, 1964. b. To coat 
or to alloy with another metal. Fay. 

alchymy. A white film, usually composed of 
carbonates, found in joints of coal, iron- 
stone, and other rocks. Arkell. 

alclad. Sheet metal composed of a layer of 
pure aluminum (corrosion-resistant) with 
a layer of duralumin for strength. Pryor, 3. 

alcohol; ether alcohol; ethanol; ethyl hy- 
drate; ethyl hydroxide. C.H;OH; made 
from grain, Not to be confused with methyl 
hydroxide or methanol. Crispin. 

alcoholate. Compound in which the hydro- 
gen from the OH-group is replaced by a 
metal, for example, O Na-. Pryor, 3. 

alcomax. A permanent magnet alloy of 
nickel, iron, and aluminum. Pryor, 3. 

alcove. a. A large, deep niche formed by a 
stream of water in a precipitous face of 
approximately horizontal strata. Standard, 
1964. b. A narrow channel to convey mol- 
ten glass from refiner to forehearth, or to 
the revolving pot where it is gathered by 
the Owens machine. ASTM C162-66. 

alcove lands. Name proposed by Powell where 
mud rocks or sandy clays and shales, of 
which the hills are composed (bad lands), 
are interstratified by occasional harder beds, 
the slopes are terraced; and when these 
thinly bedded, though harder rocks prevail, 
the outlines of the topography are changed 
and present angular surfaces giving rise to 
another type of topographic feature. A.G.I. 

aldehyde. A generic term for a class of com- 
pounds derived from a hydrocarbon by 
oxidation, that is, by the substitution of one 
oxygen atom for two hydrogen atoms. They 
contain the CHO group. Gaynor. 

Alencon diamond. Rock crystal. Shipley. 

Aleppo stone. Eye agate. Shipley. 

Alethopteris. A fernlike tree of the coal forest 
with large fronds. Nelson. 

aleutite. Proposed by Spurr for those members 
of his belugites having a porphyritic texture 
with an aphanitic or finely crystalline 
groundmass. Fay. 

alexanderite. A misspelling of alexandrite 
which has been used deceivingly for alex- 
andritelike synthetic sapphire or synthetic 
spinel. Shipley. 








algam 


Alexandrian turquoise. A trade term for Egyp- 
tian turquoise. Shipley. 

Alexandria shel. Mother of pearl. Shipley. 

alexandrine. Incorrect name for alexandrite- 
like sapphire; also for so-called synthetic 
alexandrite. Shipley. 

alexandrite. a. Alexandritelike synthetic spinel 
or synthetic sapphire. Shipley. b. A variety 
of chrysoberyl, emerald green in daylight, 
red to violet by ordinary artificial light. 
From the U.S.S.R., and Ceylon. Shipley. 

alexandrite cat’s-eye. A chatoyant variety of 
alexandrite. Shipley. 

alexandritelike andalusite. Andalusite of vari- 
ous colors which become reddish under 
lamplight and most other artificial light. 
Shipley. 

alexandritelike sapphire. A sapphire; blue in 
daylight, changing to violet, purple, or red- 
dish under most artificial light. So named 
because alexandrite also changes color 
under similar conditions. Also called alex- 
andrine sapphire. Shipley. 

alexandritelike tourmaline. Same as chamele- 
onite. Shipley. 

alexeyevite; alexjejevite. A waxlike white to 
brown resin from Kaluga, U.S.S.R. Re- 
sembles compact turf. Tomkeieff, 1954; 
English. 

alexjejevite. See alexeyevite. 

alferphyric. Having PACD OCDE. containing 
aluminum and ferric iron. C.I.P.W. 

Alfrax. Electrically fused nee Al2Os; 
used as a refractory. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

alga. One of the most primitive ‘plants con- 
sisting of a single cell or a cell aggregate 
of low organization and without vascular 
system ; algae live only in water and include 
diatoms and ordinary seaweeds. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

algae. Marine, brackish, and freshwater plants 
ranging in size from microscopic unicellular 
plants to the giant kelps. Marine algae 
often have leaflike and stemlike parts simi- 
lar to those of terrestrial plants, but differ 
from them in cellular structure. They may 
be red, blue, green, or brown in color due 
to the presence of different respiratory pig- 
ments. The microscopic algae are the food 
supply for many of the animals in the deep 
scattering layer and of whales. Hy. 

algal. Of, pertaining to, or composed of algae. 
A.G.I. 

algal balls. See stromatolite. Pettijohn. 

algal biscuits. Probably a variety of stromato- 
lites. See also stromatolite. Pettijohn. 

algal cannel. Cannel coal in which algae are 
subsidiary but in significant proportions. 
Same as boghead cannel. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

algal coal. Coal composed mainly of algal 
remains, such as Pila, Reinschia, etc. Tom- 
keieff, 1954, Also called boghead coal. 
A.G.I. 

algal limestone. A limestone composed largely 
of the remains of calcium-secreting algae 
or in which such algae serve to bind to- 
gether the fragments of other lime-secreting 
forms. A.G.I. 

algal reef. An organic reef composed largely 
of algal remains and in which algae are or 
were the principal lime-secreting organisms. 
AnGily 

algal structure. A deposit, usually calcareous, 
which shows banding, irregular concentric 
structures, crusts, pseudopisolites or pseudo- 
concretionary forms, resulting from organic, 
colonial secretions, and precipitation. Some 
so-called algal structures may be of inor- 
ganic origin. A.G.J. See also stromatolite ; 
fucoid. 

algam. In Wales, a common term for tin. Fay. 














| alga sapropel. 


1 
} 
| 





algarite 


it algarite. A general term for a bitumen derived 


from algae. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

| algarvite. A meltcigite with more biotite and 
less nepheline than the rock from the origi- 
nal locality. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 
239) 

Equivalent to peat of the 
humic coal series. A.G.I. 

Algerian coral. Trade term for coral of in- 
ferior quality from the Mediterranean Sea. 
More specifically only that from the coast 
of Algeria. Shipley. 

Algerian onyx. Another name for oriental 
alabaster. C.T.D. 


_algerite. An alteration of scapolite that prob- 


ably is related to pinite. Hess. 

alginates. The salts of alginic acid are hydro- 
philic colloids derived from certain marine 
algae, such as the giant kelp of the Pacific 
Coast. Sodium alginate is the most common 
form, but ammonium alginate is usually 
preferred in the ceramic industry, due to its 
lower ash content. Alginate solutions pos- 
sess marked suspending, thickening, emulsi- 
fying, stabilizing, and water-holding prop- 
erties. In addition, they act as binders in 
ceramic processing, either in the body or 
the glaze. They can be used as a replace- 
ment for the various water-soluble gums 
used in the industry. Some forms of algi- 
nates have been used as a flotation agent 
for enamels. Lee. 


_ alginate. a. This term was introduced by 


V. Hevia in 1953. It designates the charac- 
teristic maceral of boghead coal. In reflected 
light it is very difficult to recognize the 
cellular structure of the algae. The reflect- 
ing power of the maceral is much weaker 
than of vitrinite and weaker also than that 
of sporinite in coals of low rank. In trans- 
mitted light, alginite sometimes shows struc- 
ture (of colonies of algae). The color is 
yellow to orange. Alginite is best recognized 
by luminescent microscopy; it shows marked 
luminescence of varying color—silvery blue, 
green, yellowish brown. The humic con- 
stituents are either not luminescent or show 
a different kind of luminescence to the algi- 
nite. JHCP, 1963, part I. b. Synonym for 
algite. A.G.I. Supp. 


_ algite. The constituent petrological unit, or 





maceral, of algal material present in con- 
siderable quantity in algal or boghead coal. 
A.G.I. 


_ algodonite. Arsenide of copper occurring as 


a white incrustation in the Algodona silver 
mine, Chile. C.T.D. 


_ Algoman granite. One of the great acid intru- 


sives comprising gneissic syenites and gran- 
ites yielding gold in Ontario, Canada; of 
post-Timiskaming age and thus younger 
than the Laurentian granites. C.T.D. 

Algoman orogeny. Post-Archean diastrophism. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

algon. Estuary mud; distinguished from limon, 
mud resulting from an inundation, and 
boue, oceanic mud; vase is the mud of estu- 
aries along the Atlantic Coast of Europe 
and Africa from the Seine to the Gulf of 
Guinea, consists of about 70 percent inor- 
ganic material, partly sand (grain size 0.1 
to 0.02 millimeter) which may be quartzose 
or calcareous, with accessory clay minerals. 
For the remaining 30 percent, the name 
algon is proposed; it consists of finely 
divided remains of algae or, in the upper 
parts of the estuary, of land vegetation ; it 
forms a viscous binding material, always 
contains iron, and envelops H2S when kept 
moist. Hess. 

Algonkian; Proterozoic. a. In the nomencla- 





25 


ture of the U. S. Geological Survey, the 
second in order of age of the systems into 
which the stratified rocks of the earth’s 
crust are divided; also, the corresponding 
period of geologic time. Some authorities 
use Proterozoic in the same sense. Fay. b. 
As physical age measurements accumulate, 
the use of this term is changing. The Am. 
Comm, Strat. Nomen. (1954) suggests sub- 
reeves Late Precambrian for Algonkian. 
AG. 

algovite. Proposed by Winkler for a group of 
rocks, practically diabases, or porphyritic 
phases of diabases, in the Algauer Alps. 
They also embrace gabbros, according to 
Roth, and are doubtless textural varieties 
of an augite-plagioclase magma. Obsolete. 
Fay. 

Ali Baba. Popular name for a large chemical 
stoneware jar of the type used for the bulk 
storage of acids; these jars are made in sizes 
up to 5,000 liters capacity. Dodd. 

alidade. a. In mine surveying, a movable arm 
used to read horizontal angular distances 
in surveying. Pryor, 3. b. A device having 
a level bubble combined with a quarter or 
a half circle graduated in degrees, that is 
used by drillers to determine the inclination 
of a drill stem and/or borehole at the collar 
of the borehole. Also called angle level; 
angle rule; clinometer; clinometer rule. 
Long. c. An instrument used in planetable 
surveying, consisting of a telescope or sight- 
ing device pivoted to swing through a verti- 
cal graduated are atop a vertical stand 
attached to a steel rule, one edge of which 
is parallel with the sight line of the tele- 
scope. Long. d. Sometimes incorrectly used 
as a synonym for transit; theodolite. Long. 

alien. The location by an alien and all the 
rights following from such location, are 
voidable, not void, and are free from attack 
by any one except the government. Rick- 
elise le 

alien filling. Filling material brought from the 
surface or from some place other than the 
mine. Stoces, v. 1, p. 271 

alien locator. A foreigner who locates a min- 
ing claim on the public domain. Fay. 

align. Synonym for aline. Long. 

alignment. See alinement. 

alimentation. Generally, the process of pro- 
viding nourishment or sustenance; thus in 
glaciology, the combined processes which 
serve to increase the mass of a glacier or 
snowfield; the opposite of ablation. The 
deposition of snow is the major form of 
glacial alimentation, but other forms of pre- 
cipitation along with sublimation, refreez- 
ing of melt water, etc., also contribute. The 
additional mass produced by alimentation 
is termed accumulation. H&G. 

aline. a. To position a drill so that its drill 
stem is centered on a point and parallel to 
a predetermined angle and compass direc- 
tion. Also called line in; lineup. Long. b. To 
reposition a drill and bring its drill stem 
over the center and parallel with a newly 
collared drill hole. Long. 

alinement; alignment. a. The planned direc- 
tion of a tunnel or other roadway driven 
irrespective of coal seam or ore body struc- 
ture; the planned direction of longwall 
panels or face lines. Nelson. b. Formation 
or position in line, or, more properly, in a 
common vertical plane. Seelye, 2. c. In rail- 
way or highway surveying, the ground plan, 
showing the alinement or direction of the 
route to be followed, as distinguished from 
a profile, which shows the vertical element. 
Seelye, 2. d. The laying out of the axis of 





alkali 


a tunnel by instrumental work. See also 
ranging. Stauffer. e. See coplanning. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 1. f. The act of laying out 
or regulating by line; adjusting to a line. 
Fay. g. The line of adjustments. Fay. 

alinement chart. Nomogram. Pryor, 3. 

alinement clamp. A setscrew-equipped, uni- 
versal-type clamp from one side of which 
a slotted angle-iron wand, about 18 inches 
long, extends outward from a clamping 
device at 90°. May be made to fit any size 
drill rod and is used in pairs, leapfrog 
fashion, to orient successive rods in a spe- 
cific compass direction as they are lowered 
into a borehole being surveyed by the 
acid-bottle method. By this means the bear- 
ing and inclination of a drill hole may be 
determined in formation or under condi- 
tions where a Maas- or other-type magnetic 
compass cannot be used. Long. 

aliphatic. Of, relating to, or derived from fat; 
fatty; acyclic, Applied to a large class of 
organic compounds characterized by an 
open-chain structure and consisting of the 
paraffin, olefin, acetylene hydrocarbons and 
their derivatives (as the fatty acids). Web- 
ster 3d. 

alipite. A massive apple-green hydrated mag- 
nesium-nicke] silicate similar to genthite. 
Standard, 1964. 

aliquot part. Fraction of material or solution 
so taken as to be representative, so that 
information yielded by its analysis can be 
calculated for the original amount. Pryor, 3. 

alisonite. A massive, deep indigo-blue copper- 
lead sulfide, 2CueS.PbS. It contains 53.63 
percent copper and 28.25 percent lead. 
Tarnishes quickly. Hess. 

alite. The name given to one of the crystalline 
constituents of portland cement clinker by 
A. E. Tornebohm. Alite has since been 
identified as the mineral 3CaO.SiO2 Dodd. 

Aliva concrete sprayer. A compressed-air ma- 
chine for spraying concrete on the roof and 
the sides of mine roadways. Used in coal 
mines for the fireproofing of roadways, for 
reducing air leakages, and for spraying 
tunnels supported by roof bolts. See also 
gunite. Nelson. 

alive. a. The productive part of a lode. Nelson. 
b. A cable or conductor through which 
electricity is flowing. Nelson. c. Alive means 
either electrically connected to a source of 
potential difference or electrically charged 
to have a potential different from that of 
the earth. The term is sometimes used in 
place of the term current carrying where 
the intent is clear, to avoid repetition of the 
longer term. Also called live. ASA M2.1- 
1963, d. Said of coal when it makes a 
rustling sound, similar to the rustling of 
a crawling crayfish, as it bursts, cracks, and 
breaks off while under pressure. The rising 
of methane from the coal also causes a 
rustling. Stoces, v. 1, p. 270. Compare 
dead, d. 

alkali. a. A substance which dissolves in water 
to form an alkaline solution, especially the 
hydroxides of sodium and potassium. Alka- 
lies are often spoken of as bases, but the 
term base has wider significance. C.T.D. 
The common alkali elements are potassium, 
sodium, and lithium. Bateman. b. A term 
first used to designate the soluble parts of 
the ashes of plants; chemically, alkalies 
may be regarded as water in which part of 
the hydrogen is replaced by metallic radi- 
cals, for example, potassium or sodium. 
They neutralize acids and form salts with 
them. Alkalies are introduced into ceramic 
mixtures, for example, by the addition of 


alkali 


feldspar or Cornish stone, and are used in 
the preparation of frits for glazes. They de- 
crease the vitrification and melting points 
of ceramic mixtures and are also used in 
the preparation of casting slips. The oxides 
of calcium, strontium, and barium are 
called alkaline earths. Rosenthal. 

alkali-aggregate reaction. A chemical reaction, 
involving sodium or potassium ions and re- 
active silica, which generates expansive 
forces in hardened concrete that may be 
of sufficient magnitude to cause disruption. 
The sodium and potassium ions are derived 
from portland cement and sometimes from 
alkaline mixing water. Taylor. 

alkali bentonite. A bentonite containing easily 
exchangeable alkali cations and having 
original properties that are not permanently 
destroyed by the action of sulfuric acid but 
can be restored by treatment with an alkali 
salt followed by regulated dialysis. This 
group includes Wyoming-type bentonite 
and other similar bentonites. BuMines 
Tech, Paper 609, 1940, p. 24. 

alkalic. Refers to a solution containing alkali 
cation; an igneous rock containing more 
of the alkali elements than are contained 
in the feldspars, therefore, such minerals 
as feldspathoids are present; an igneous 
rock with more of the alkali elements than 
the average for its clan; an igneous rock 
with an alkali-lime index less than 51; and 
igneous rocks of the Atlantic series, obso- 
lete. A.G.I. Supp. 

alkali-calcic series. Those igneous rock series 
having alkali-lime indexes in the range 51 
to 55. A.G_I. 

alkali chlorapatite. A name for an artificial 
member of the apatite group. Hey, M. M.., 
1964, 

alkalic igneous rock. A term rather loosely 
used to mean one of the following: (1) 
more than average alkali (K20 + NasO) 
for the clan in which they occur; (2) con- 
taining feldspathoids or other materials, 
such as acmite, so that the molecular ratio 
of alkali to silica is higher than 1 to 6; or 
(3) embracing those rock series having a 
low alkali-lime index (less than 51). A.G.I. 

alkalic series. One of the four chemical classes 
of igneous rocks distinguished by Peacock 
based on the alkali-lime index. This term 
comprises those rock series with alkali-lime 
indexes less than 51. Schieferdecker. 

alkali earth. One of a group of elements 
(group II) forming bivalent cations, in- 
cluding calcium, strontium, and barium. 
Hurlbut. 

alkali-earth subbentonite. A decayed volcanic 
ash containing an alkali-earth metal that 
can be replaced by hydrogen and in which 
the hydrogen can, in turn, be replaced by 
an alkali metal; the resulting product, how- 
ever, does not possess the same properties 
as a natural bentonite containing an ex- 
hangeable alkali metal. Most clays used in 
oil refining are alkali-earth subbentonites. 
Hess. 

alkalies. A chemical group that possesses the 
power of neutralizing acids, and turns red 
litmus blue. Gordon. 

alkali feldspar. An alkali-bearing feldspar 
such as microcline, orthoclase, albite, and 
anorthoclase. A.G.I, 

alkali flat. A level area in an arid or semiarid 
region that is encrusted with salt or alkali 
(as the dried bed of an evaporated pond 
or lake). Webster 3d. 

alkali garnet. A general term for members of 
the sodalite group that are closely related 
crystallographically and chemically to the 





26 


true garnets. English. 

alkali granite. A coarse-grained, plutonic rock 
carrying free quartz and alkali feldspar. 
C.M.D. 

alkali-lime series. Igneous rocks which con- 
tain soda-lime (plagioclase) feldspars. Hess. 

alkali metal. A metal in group IA of the peri- 
odic system ; namely, lithium, sodium, potas- 
sium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. 
They torm strong alkaline hydroxides; 
hence, the name. ASM Gloss. 

alkalimeter. a. An apparatus for measuring 
the strength or the amount of alkali in a 
mixture or solution. Webster 3d. b. An ap- 
paratus for measuring the amount of car- 
bon dioxide (as that liberated from a 
weighed sample of carbonate-containing 
material by reaction with acid). Webster 3d. 

alkalimetry. The determination of the amount 
of alkali contained in a solution by titration 
with a standard acid solution. Cooper. 

alkaline. a. Having the qualities of a base, 
synonym for basic. A.G.J. b. Containing 
sodium and/or potassium in excess of the 
amount needed to form feldspar with the 
available silica; for example, an alkaline 
rock (in this sense, sometimes written 
alkalic). A.G.J. c. Containing ions of one 
or more alkali metals; for example, an alka- 
line ore solution, A.G.J. d. Containing 
cations, of the strong bases in excess of the 
anions of strong acids; for example, an 
alkaline ore solution. Geologic usage gives 
alkaline solution so many different mean- 
ings that it is ambiguous without further 
qualification; it is therefore recommended 
that alkalic be used when definitions b or c 
are intended. A.G.I. 

alkaline cleaner. A material blended from 
alkali hydroxides and such alkaline salts 
as borates, carbonates, phosphates, or sili- 
cates. The cleaning action may be enhanced 
by the addition of surface-active agents and 
special solvents. ASM Gloss. 

alkaline earth. The oxide of barium, stron- 
tium, or calcium, and sometimes the oxide 
of beryllium, magnesium, or radium. A.G_I. 

alkaline-earth bentonite. A bentonite contain- 
ing easily exchangeable alkaline-earth ca- 
tions and, either before or after acid treat- 
ment, capable of being made to assume 
properties of an alkali bentonite by treat- 
ment with an alkali salt followed by regu- 
lated dialysis, BuMines Tech. Paper 609, 
1940, p. 24. 

alkaline-earth metal. A metal in group IIA 
of the periodic system; namely, beryllium, 
magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, 
and radium; so called because the oxides 
or earths of calcium, strontium, and barium 
were found by the early chemists to be 
alkaline in reaction. ASM Gloss. 

alkaline igneous rock. See alkalic igneous 
rock. A.G.I. 

alkaline metal. See alkali metal. 

alkaline storage battery. Electric storage bat- 
tery in which the positive plates consist of 
nickel and nickel peroxide, and the nega- 
tive plates of finely divided iron. A concen- 
trated solution of potassium hydroxide acts 
as electrolyte. The normal voltage varies 
between 1.0 and 1.5 volts per cell. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

alkali neutralizer. See neutralizer. Dodd. 

alkalinity. a. The combining power of a base 
as measured by the maximum number of 
equivalents of an acid with which it can 
react to form a salt. Brantly, 1. b. The ex- 
tent to which a solution is alkaline. See also 
pH. C.T.D. c. In sea water, the excess of 
hydroxyl ions over hydrogen ions, generally 








alladinite 


expressed as milliequivalents per liter. 
H&G. 

alkalinity, protective. Lime added to aurife- 
rous pulps to insure alkalinity, without 
which cyanidation cannot be successful. 
Pryor, 3. 

alkali pyroxenes. Sodium iron silicates with 
some calcium, aluminum, and magnesium; 
NaFe ’ ’’ (Si2xOs) ; subtransparent; color, 
brown or green; Mohs’ hardness, 6.0 to 6.5; 
streak, vitreous; specific gravity, 3.5. Occur 
in igneous soda-rich rocks, for example, 
nepheline syenite. Pryor, 3. 

alkali resistance. The degree of resistance of 
a ceramic surface to attack by aqueous 
alkaline solutions (that is, enamel glazes, 
stoneware, chemical stoneware, etc.). Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

alkali rock. One of the igneous rocks in which 
the abundance of alkalies in relation to 
other constituents has impressed a distinc- 
tive mineralogical character; generally in- 
dicated by the presence of soda pyroxenes, 
soda amphiboles, and/or feldspathoids. 
Compare calc-alkalic series. A.G.I. 

alkali soil. A soil that has either so high a 
degree of alkalinity, pH 8.5 or higher, or 
so high a percentage of exchangeable so- 
dium, 15 percent or higher, or both, that 
the growth of most crop plants is reduced. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

alkali spinel. A black or dark green variety 
of spinel containing small amounts of alka- 
lies, 1.38 percent NasO and 1.31 percent 
K.0; isometric; minute octahedrons, Found 
in the Mansj6 Mountain, northern Sweden. 
English. 

alkali subbentonite. A bentonite containing 
easily replaceable alkali bases but having 
original properties that are destroyed by 
acid treatment. BuMines Tech. Paper 609, 
1940, p. 24. 

alkali test. A process by which kerosine is 
treated with a solution of caustic soda, 
making it purer and more suitable for 
illuminating. The kerosines are divided into 
classes according to the results given by this 
alkali test and a fixed scale constructed. 
Fay. 

alkali wash. In the cyanide process, a pre- 
liminary treatment of the pulp with an 
alkaline solution, commonly of lime, the 
chief object being to secure the neutraliza- 
tion of free acid before adding the strong 
cyanide solution, thus avoiding the undue 
consumption of cyanide. Fay. 

alkali waste. Waste material from the manu- 
facture of alkali; specifically, soda waste. 
Webster 2d. 

alkali water. A water having a bitter or soda- 
like taste. If strongly alkaline, the water 
is unfit to drink or use in mixing cements. 
Long. 

alkane. A member of the paraffin series as 
methane, ethane, etc. Pryor, 3. 

alkene. A member of the hydrocarbon group 
series, CnHon, for example, ethylene, propy- 
lenesete: Prion, 3. 

alkinite. A compound of lead, copper, bis- 
muth, and sulfur occurring in lead-gray, 
needle-shaped crystals; also massive. Fay. 

alkyne; alkine. A member of the hydrocarbon 
series of the general formula CyHen-2, for 
example, acetylene, allylene, etc. Pryor, 3. 

allactite; allaktit. A vitreous brownish-red hy- 
drous manganese arsenate; 7MnO-As2O;-- 
4H2O; MnO 62.2, AseOs 28.8; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 4.5; specific gravity, 3.84; apparently 
a metamorphic mineral. It is monoclinic 
and resembles axinite. Larsen, p. 199. 

alladinite. A case-in resin used as a mold 











alladinite 


material for many mold objects. Shipley. 
| allagite. A heavy dull red or green altered 
carbonated rhodonite. Fay. 
t allalinite. A completely altered gabbro with 
' euhedral pseudomorphs and original tex- 
ture. A.G.I. 
| allanite; orthite. A monoclinic member of the 





epidote group. Composition, variable; for- 
mula, (Ca, Ce, La) 2 (Al, Fe, Mg) s (SiO.)s 
(OH). Commonly contains a little thorium 
and may be metamict. A.G.J. Is weakly to 
moderately radioactive ; black to dark brown 
but commonly greenish, grayish, yellowish, 
or even white due to alteration. Typically 
an accessory mineral in granites, sycnites, 
diorites, and pegmatites; also in gneisses 
and amphibolites, and as a contact meta- 
morphic mineral in limestones; found asso- 
ciated with magnetite, biotite, epidote, 
euxenite, betafite, titanite, and zircon; fre- 
quently found as inclusions in biotite, and 
when radioactive, forms pleochroic halos. 
Allanite is analogous in composition to epi- 
dote and is to be considered an epidote 
in which cerium, etc., substitute for alumi- 
num and ferric iron, and ferrous iron sub- 
stitutes for calcium. Crosby, pp. 65-66. 
Mohs’ hardness, 5.5 to 6; specific gravity, 
3.5 to 4.2. Dana 17. 

Allan (red) metal. Mechanical mixture (not 
a true alloy) containing approximately 
equal parts of copper and lead; used pri- 
marily for bearings. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

| allargentum. A name given to the hexagonal 
phase know in the synthetic system silver 
antimony, silver containing 8 to 15 percent 
antimony. Found associated with dyscrasite 
and cubic antimonian silver from Cobalt, 
Ontario, Canada. American Mineralogist, 
v. 39, July-August 1954, p. 691. 

| all-basic furmace. Abbreviation for all-basic 
open-hearth steel furnace. The whole of the 
superstructure of such a furnace, hearth, 
walls, roof, ports, ends—is built of basic 
refractories. These furnaces were intro- 
duced in Europe in 1935, the object being 
to make it possible to operate at a higher 
temperature than that possible with basic 
open-hearth, furnaces having a silica roof. 
Dodd. 

_ allcharite. Small acicular crystals, resembling 
stibnite, on realgar and orpiment. Chemical 
composition unknown. Orthorhombic. From 
Allchar, Macedonia. English. 

i alleghanyite. A pink basic fluosilicate of man- 
ganese, 2Mn2SiOu..Mn(OH,F ) 2. Monoclinic. 
Rounded crystals and grains. From Bald 
Knob, Alleghany County, N. C.; Colorado. 
English. 

| Alleghenyan. Lower Middle Pennsylvania. 
A.GI. Supp. 

Alleghenyan orogeny. Late Permian diastro- 
phism. A.G.I. Supp. 

Allegheny formation. The second in order of 
age of the formations comprised in the 
Pennsylvanian series of strata in the bitumi- 
nous coal districts of the northern Appa- 
lachian field. It overlies the Pottsville for- 
mation, comprises all the beds from the 
base of the Brookville coal to the top of 
the Upper Freeport coal, and is succeeded 
by the Conemaugh formation. It was for- 
merly called the Lower Productive Coal 
Measures. Fay. 

» allemontite. A metallic compound of anti- 
mony and arsenic, AsSb; rhombohedral or 
amorphous; hexagonal; tin white or red- 
dish gray; Mohs’ hardness, 3 to 4; specific 

gravity, 5.8 to 6.2; one cleavage. Dana 17. 

Also called arsenical antimony. Fay. 

» Allen cone. Conical tank used in mineral 


\ 
| 
f 








27 


dressing to receive pulp and separate sand, 
via float controlled spigot, from slime which 
overflows peripherally. Pryor, 3. 

allenite; allenita. A mineral in the chalcan- 
thite group, MgSO..5H:O. A dehydration 
product of epsomite (MgSO..7H:O) as 
distinct from hexahydrite (MgSO..6H2O). 
Not to be confused with allanite. Synonym 
for magnesium chalcanthite; pentahydrite. 
Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

Allenite. A trade name for tungsten carbide 
tools. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

Allen-O’Hara furnace. A horizontal, double- 
hearth furnace for calcining sulfide ores. 
Fay. 

Allen screws. Cap screws and setscrews hav- 
ing hexagonal socket in the head. Such 
screws are adjusted by means of a hex- 
agonal key. Crispin. 

alley stone. Synonym for websterite; 
nite. Fay. 

alley tender. See card tender. D.O.T. 1. 

all-flotation. The concentration of ores using 
only the flotation process. Henderson. 

all-geared drive. The transmission of power 
for feeds and speeds on a machine by means 
of gears instead of by belts and pulleys. 
Crispin. 

alliaceous. Applied to minerals having the 
odor of garlic; for example, arsenical min- 
erals. Fay. 

Alliance coupling. A coupling designed for 
a maximum drawbar pull of 5 tons or, in 
special alloy steels, of 7 tons. Its horizontal 
gathering range is 18°. The coupling is 
provided with a swing knuckle and a forged 
steel pin, which is lifted to uncouple, and 
a forged steel tail bolt with a spiral spring. 
Sinclair, V, p. 278. 

alligator. a. Synonym for safety clamp. Long 
b. A prolonged, steel hingelike device by 
means of which the abutting ends of a falt 
drive belt can be fastened or laced together. 
Long. c. Aust. A self-tipping tank used 
for raising rock or coal. Fay. d. Can. 
Stern-wheel steamboat which negotiates 
land as well as water. Hoffman. e. Any of 
several types of machines for metalworking, 
rock crushing, etc., in which work is accom- 
plished by two massive jaws, one or both 
of which move as, for example, alligator 
shears (preferably, lever shears) or alli- 
gator crusher (preferably, lever crusher). 
Henderson. 

alligator hide. A defect characterized by an 
extreme roughness of the porcelain enamel 
surface ; a severe case of orange peel. ASTM 
C286-65. 

alligatoring. The longitudinal splitting of flat 
slabs of metal in a plane parallel to the 
rolled surface. Also called fishmouthing. 
ASM Gloss. 

alligator wrench. A wrench having a fixed 
flaring jaw with teeth on one side. Webster 


alumi- 


allignite. A fossil resin related to amber from 
Switzerland. See also succinite. Fay. 

allite. A rock name including both bauxites 
and laterites. Hey 2d, 1955. 

allivalite. A variety of gabbro composed essen- 
tially of anorthite and olivine. Augite, apa- 
tite, and opaque iron oxides are accessories. 
An olivine gabbro containing calcic plagio- 
clase. A.G.J. 

all-mine pig. Iron smelted entirely from raw 
ore. Standard, 1964. 

allobar. A form of element having a different 
atomic weight from the naturally occurring 
form. A form of element differing in iso- 
topic composition from the naturally occur- 





allomorphism 


ring form. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

allochem. Sediment formed by chemical or 
biochemical precipitation within a depo- 
sitional basin. Includes intraclasts, oolites, 
fossils, and pellets. A.G.J. Supp. 

allochetite. A fine-grained dike rock with 
phenocrysts of labradorite, orthoclase, neph- 
eline, and augite in a groundmass of indis- 
tinct minerals with augite and hornblende. 
Holmes, 1928. 

allochroite. A calcium-chromium garnet. Fay. 

allochromatic. a. Descriptive of crystals that 
exhibit electric conductivity under the in- 
fluence of light. Hess. b. A gem stone with 
a coloring agent extraneous to its chemical 
composition. Opposite of idiochromatic. 
Hess. 

allochromatic minerals. Minerals which would 
be colorless if chemically pure, but which 
commonly exhibit a range of colors due to 
the presence of small quantities of one or 
more coloring elements. Chief among these 
elements are those having atomic numbers, 
22 to 29; namely, titanium, vanadium, 
chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, 
and copper. Corundum, beryl, spinel, and 
quartz are examples of allochromatic gem 
stones. See also idiochromatic minerals. 
Anderson. 

allochromatic stone. A mineral that in its 
purest state would be colorless or white, 
but is often colored by submicroscopic im- 
purities or inclusions of other minerals. 
Most gemstones are allochromatic. Shipley. 

allochthon. A rock that has been moved a 
noticeable distance from its original place 
of deposition by some tectonic process, gen- 
erally related to overthrusting or recumbent 
folding, or perhaps to gravity sliding. The 
opposite of autochton. Billings, 1954, p. 189. 

allochthonous. a. Originated by Gumbel and 
applied to rocks, the dominant constituents 
of which have not been formed in place. 
Compare autochthonous. Holmes, 1920. b. 
Coal formation according to the drift the- 
ory. Nelson. 

allochthonous coal. Coal originating from ac- 
cumulations of plant debris that have been 
transported from their place of growth and 
deposited elsewhere. The debris can be 
differentiated as coming from near or from 
far, and likewise whether it represents re- 
cent (dead or still living) or already fos- 
silized material. See also drift theory. A.G_I. 
Also called drift coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

allochthonous peat. Drift peat of lacustrine 
character. It is subdivided into Gyttja type 
and Dry type. Tomkieff, 1954. 

alloclasite; alloclase. A steel-gray cobalt- 
arsenic-bismuth sulfide, CO(AsBi)S, usu- 
ally with part of the cobalt replaced by 
iron; crystallizes in the orthorhombic sys- 
tem. Fay. 

allogene; allothigene. A mineral or rock which 
has been transported to the site of deposi- 
tion. A.G.I. 

allogenic. Generated elsewhere; applied to 
those constituents that came into existence 
outside of, and previously to, the rock of 
which they now constitute a part; for ex- 
ample, the pebbles of a conglomerate. Com- 
pare authigenic. Holmes, 1928. 

allogonite. Herderite. Dana 6d, p. 760. 

allomeric. Of the same crystalline form but 
of different chemical composition. See also 
allomorphous. Henderson. 

allomorph. Synonym for paramorph. Obso- 
lete. A.G.I. 

allomorphism. Changes produced in minerals 
without loss or gain of components, for 
example, the alteration of kyanite to sil- 


allomorphism 


limanite. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, pp. 
165, 190. 

allomorphite. Barite. Dana 6d, p. 902 

allomorphous. Of the same chemical compo- 
sition but of different crystalline form. See 
also allomeric. Henderson. 

allopalladium. A nearly silver-white palla- 
dium, found in hexagonal plates in the 
Harz Mountains, Germany. Fay. 

allophane. A colloid that has been considered 
to be a hydrous aluminum silicate, but has 
neither definite molecular structure nor 
chemical composition; it may carry as 
much as 9.23 percent POs, and also zinc, 
copper, iron, or SOs. It forms incrustations, 
thin seams, or rarely stalactic masses; may 
be clear and colorless or translucent, blue, 
pale green, brown, or yellow. USGS Prof. 
Paper 185, 1934-35, pp. 144-148. 

allophanite. A white, amorphous, hydrous 
aluminum silicate, found near Salt Lake 
City, Utah. English. 

allophanoids. Clays of the allophane, halloy- 
site, and montmorillonite groups. English. 

allophite. A grayish-green mineral, probably 
a form of serpentine. Found in limestone in 
Silesia, Germany. Hess. 

allothigene. See allogene. A.G.I. 

allothimorph. A constituent of a metamorphic 
rock which, in the new rock, has not had 
its original crystal outlines changed. Jo- 
hannson, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 165. 

allotriomorphic. Proposed by Rosenbusch and 
applied to those minerals of igneous rocks 
that are not bounded by their own crystal 
faces, but which have their outlines im- 
pressed on them by the adjacent minerals. 
Rocks that consist predominantly of an 
allotriomorphic mineral assemblage are 
said to have an allotriomorphic-granular 
(xenomorphic-granular) texture. Con- 
trasted with automorphic; idiomorphic; 
euhedral. Synonym for xenomorphic; an- 
hedral. A.G.TI. 

allotriomorphic-granular. Used to indicate 
the texture of igneous rocks if almost all 
the constituents are xenomorphic and of 
the same size. Synonym for xenomorphic- 
granular. Schieferdecker. 

allotrope. One of the forms assumed by an 
allotropic substance; for example, diamond 
is an allotrope of carbon. Standard, 1964. 

allotropic. Applied by Berzelius to those sub- 
stances which exist in two or more forms, 
as diamond and graphite. A.G.I. See also 
polymorphism. 

allotropy; allotropism. The existence of a 
substance, especially an element, in two or 
more different modifications usually in the 
same phase, as different crystalline forms 
of carbon, iron, phosphorus, and sulfur. 
Webster 3d. 

all over. End of a shift; when the breaker 
at a colliery shuts down for the day it is 
said to be “all over.” Fay. 

allowable bearing value. The maximum pres- 
sure that can be permitted on foundation 
soil giving consideration to all pertinent 
factors, with adequate safety against rup- 
ture of the soil mass or movement of the 
foundation of such magnitude that the 
structure is impaired. Also called allowable 
soil prsesure. ASCE P1826. 

allowable pile-bearing load. The maximum 
load that can be permitted on a pile with 
adequate safety against movement of such 
magnitude that the structure is endan- 
gered. ASCE P1826. 

allowable stress; working stress. If a member 
is so designed that the maximum stress as 
calculated for the expected conditions of 





28 


service is less than some certain value, the 
member will have a proper margain of 
security against damage or failure. This 
certain value is the allowable stress, of the 
kind, and for the material and condition 
of service in question. The allowable stress 
is less than the damaging stress because of 
uncertainty as to the conditions of service, 
nonuniformity of material and inaccuracy 
of stress analysis. The margin between the 
allowable stress and the damaging stress 
may be reduced in proportion to the cer- 
tainty with whicn the conditions of service 
are known, the intrinsic reliability of the 
material, the accuracy with which the 
stress produced by the loading can be cal- 
culated, and the degree to which failure is 
unattended by danger or loss. Compare 
damaging stress; factor of safety; factor of 
utilization; margin of safety. Ro. 

allowance. a. Eng. Refreshment of bread, 
cheese, and beer supplied by the lessees or 
owners of a mine to surveyors. Fay. b. 
Eng. Ale given to workmen on having 
to work under unusual conditions, for ex- 
ample, when they are wet through. Fay. 
c. The calculated difference between the 
volume occupied by a cement slurry when 
mixed and the volume it will occupy on 
setting. Long. d. Living expense or pre- 
mium wage paid to drill-crew members 
working in remote areas under rigorous 
conditions. e. Sometimes incorrectly used 
as a synonym for tolerance. See also tol- 
erance. Long. f. The specified difference 
in limiting sizes (minimum clearance or 
maximum interference) between mating 
parts, as computed arithmetically from the 
specified dimensions and tolerances of each 
part. ASM Gloss. 

allowance coal. Eng. See collier’s coal. Fay. 

alloy. A substance having metallic properties 
and being composed of two or more chem- 
ical elements of which at least one is an 
elemental metal. ASM Gloss. 

alloyage. The act or process of alloying; spe- 
cifically, in minting, of alloying the pre- 
cious metals with baser ones to harden 
forming an alloy. Standard, 1964. 

alloy balance. An adjustable balance that is 
in equilibrium when the metals in the 
scalepans are in the proper proportions for 
forming an alloy. Standard, 1964. 

alloy cast iron. Cast iron containing alloying 
elements. Usually it is some combination 
of nickel, chromium, copper, and molyb- 
denum. These elements may be added to 
increase the strength of ordinary irons, to 
facilitate heat treatment, or to obtain mar- 
tensitic, austenitic, or ferritic irons. C.T.D. 

alloy elements. Chromium, tungsten, iron, 
molybdenum, and other elements which 
aid in making alloys heat resistant and 
corrosion resistant. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

alloying. The process of adding to a metal 
one or more different elements to form an 
alloy. Henderson. 

alloying element. An element added to a 
metal to effect changes in properties, and 
which remains within the metal. ASM 
Gloss. 

alloy, nonferrous. Any alloy based on metals 
other than iron, that is, usually on copper, 
aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, nickel or mag- 
nesium. C.T.D. 

alloy plating. The codeposition of two or 
more metallic elements. See also alloy. 
ASM Gloss. 

alloy powder. In powder metallurgy, a pow- 
der of which each particle is composed of 
the same alloy or two or more metals. 











alluvial cone 


ASM Gloss. 

alloy scrap. Scrap metal in the form of alloys. 
Newton, p. 39. 

alloy sludger. In metallurgy, a laborer who 
salvages sludge from furnace pots for use 
in recovery of metals. Also called sludger. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

alloy steel. Steel containing significant quan- 
tities of alloying elements (other than car- 
bon and the commonly accepted amounts 
of manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phos- 
phorus) added to effect changes in the 
mechanical or physical properties. ASM 
Gloss. 

alloy system. All the alloys that can be made 
by mixing two metals form a binary alloy 
system, three metals form a ternary alloy 
system, and so on. The limits of tempera- 
ture and composition within which the 
constituents in a system are stable are rep- 
resented by the constitutional diagram. 
CID: 

allport oven. A pottery bottle oven in which 
the hot gases from the fire-mouth enter the 
oven nearer to its center than the usual 
points of entry around the oven walls; 
another feature is preheating of the sec- 
ondary air. See also bottle oven. Dodd. 

all-position electrode. In arc welding, a filler 
metal electrode for depositing weld metal 
in the flat, horizontal, overhead, and ver- 
tical positions. ASM Gloss. 

all-rowlock wall. A wall built with two 
courses entirely of stretchers on edge alter- 
nating with one course of headers on edge 
Crispin. 

all-sliming. a. Crushing all the ore in a mill 
to so fine a state of subdivision that only 
a small percentage will fail to pass through 
a 200-mesh screen. Fay, b. Term used on 
the Rand for treatment of gold ore which 
is ground to a size sufficiently fine for agi- 
tation as a cyanide pulp, as opposed to 
division into coarse sands for static leach- 
ing and fine slimes for agitation. Pryor, 3. 

alluaudite. a. A yellowish-green to greenish- 
black phosphate of sodium, divalent man- 
ganese, and trivalent iron, essentially (Na, 
Fe ’’’, Mn’ ’) (POx) ; Mohs’ hardness, 5 
to 5.5; specific gravity, 3 to 4-3.58. Dana 
7, v. 2, p. 674. b. Synonym for dufrenite. 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

all-ups. Leic. A mixture of every quality of 
coal, excepting fine slack, raised from one 
seam, and sold as such. Fay. 

alluvia. Referring to material such as loose 
gravel, sand, and mud deposited by 
streams. Jones. 

alluvial. a. Of or pertaining to alluvium, Ad- 
jectively used to identify particular types 
of, or minerals found associated with, de- 
posits made by flowing water as, alluvial 
fan, alluvial terrace, alluvial gold, alluvial 
tin. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A term com- 
monly, although incorrectly, used by some 
drillers as a synonym for overburden. Long. 

alluvial clay. One that has been deposited by 
water on land, usually in association with 
rivers or streams. ACSB—1. 

alluvial coast. See alluvial-plain shoreline. 
Schieferdecker. 

alluvial cone. Loose material washed down 
the mountain slopes by ephemeral streams 
and deposited at the mouth of gorges may 
assume the form of a conical mass of low 
slope descending equally in all directions 
from the point of issue. To such a form, 
Gilbert applied the name alluvial cone. An 
alluvial fan differs from an alluvial cone 
in having greater width in proportion to 
its thickness and in showing signs of strati- 





alluvial cone 


fication. A.G.I. 
_ alluvial deposit; placer deposit. Earth, sand, 
gravel, or other rock or mineral materials 
transported by and laid down by flowing 
| water. Compare alluvium. Bureau of Mines 
| Staff. Alluvial deposits generally take the 
form of (1) surface deposits; (2) river 
| deposits; (3) deep leads; and (4) shore 
deposits. See also alluvial mining. Nelson. 
| alluvial diamond. A diamond found in river 
gravels; also, loosely used for a diamond 
| found in beach and desert gravels. A.G.I. 
alluvial fan. a. The outspread sloping deposit 
| of boulders, gravel, and sand left by a 
stream where it leaves a gorge to enter 
upon a plain or an open valley bottom. 
Fay. b. The land counterpart of a delta. 
An assemblage of sediments marking the 
place where a stream moves from a steep 
gradient to a flatter gradient and suddenly 
loses its transporting power. Typical of 
arid and semiarid climates, but not con- 
fined to them. Leet. 
alluvial, flat. A generally narrow plain, hav- 
ing a slope of 5 to 20 feet to the mile, 
built of fine sandy clay or adobe brought 
down by an ephemeral stream, having a 
| smooth surface that is usually unmarked 
by stream channels, but where so marked 
the channels are insignificant. USGS Bull. 
730, 1923, p. 86. 
alluvial gold. Gold found associated with 
waterworn (water-transported) material. 
Fay. 
alluvial mining. The exploitation of alluvial 
deposits by dredging, hydraulicking, or 
drift mining. See also placer mining. 
Nelson. 
alluvial ore deposit. An ore deposit in which 
the valuable mineral particles have been 
transported and deposited by a stream. 
Schieferdecker. 
| alluvial plain. a. If a stream is swift in one 
part of its course and slow in another, the 
swifter part may carry a load which the 
slower cannot carry. Deposits will then 
be made in the valley where the current 
is sluggish. In this way, floodplains are 
constructed. Floodplains produced by the 
filling of a valley are alluvial plains. We 
commonly think of alluvial plains as made 
of fine mud, but alluvial plains may be 
made of sand or gravel, under the proper 
circumstances. A.G.J. b. A plain resulting 
from the deposition of alluvium by water. 
In the southwestern United States, most 
alluvial plains are formed by streams hav- 
ing a considerable grade, and therefore, 
they are generally referred to as alluvial 
slopes. USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 86. 
alluvial-plain shoreline; alluvial coast. Shore- 
line or coast formed by a plain composed 
of fluvial, fluviomarine or marine alluvial 
material. Schieferdecker. 
alluvial slope. A surface composed of allu- 
vium that slopes away from the sides of 
mountains and merges with the plain or 
broad valley floor upon which it rests. The 
alluvial slope near the mountains may be 
as much as 300 feet per mile. The plain 
is built by the union of the alluvial fans 
of tributary streams, which are commonly 
intermittent, and it is sometimes called 
a fan apron, debris apron, or piedmont 
plain or slope. USGS Bull. 730, 1923, 
p. 86. 
alluvial stone. A mineral that has been trans- 
; ported and deposited by water. See also 
alluvial deposit. Shipley. 
alluvial tin. Stream tin, or cassiterite pebbles 











29 


in the gravel along the courses of valleys 
and rivers on the bedrock. Generally, the 
purest tin ore. Fay. 

alluvial values, In placer mining, the minerals 
recoverable from the alluvium. These in- 
clude cassiterite, gold, diamond and gem 
stones, zirconia, rutile, monazite, and plat- 
inum. Pryor, 3. 

alluviation. a. The process of building allu- 
vial cones and deltas. Standard, 1964. b. A 
hydraulic effect on solids suspended in a 
current of water, whereby the coarsest and 
heaviest particles are the first to settle out 
on diminution of slope or velocity of the 
stream, and the finest muds the last. 
Pryor, 3. 

alluvium. a. Clay silt, sand, gravel, or other 
rock materials transported by flowing water 
and deposited in comparatively recent geo- 
logic time as sorted or semisorted sedi- 
ments in riverbeds, estuaries, and flood 
plains, on lakes, shores, and in fans at the 
base of mountain slopes, and estuaries. 
The term is not applied to subaqueous 
sediments deposited in seas or lakes or to 
nonsorted sediments carried or deposited 
by glaciers. Compare till. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. As incorrectly used by some 
drillers, the broken, earthy rock material 
directly below the soil layer and above 
the solid, unbroken bed or ledge rock. Long. 

allwork. Derb. A term formerly used for 
longwall. Fay. 

almagra. Sp. A deep red ocher originally 
from Andalusia, Spain, similar to Indian 
red. Used as a pigment and in polishing 
glass and metals. Standard, 1964. 

almagre. Mex. Red ocher, Fay. 

almagrerite. Zinkosite. Dana 6d, p. 912. 

almandine; almandite. A variety of garnet, 
FesAle(SiOx)s, sometimes referred to as 
precious garnet. Its color is a fine deep 
red, it often shows a violet tinge, and it 
resembles rubies in most properties. Used 
as a gem. Also called almond stone. Mohs’ 
hardness, 7; specific gravity, 4.25; iso- 
metric. Fay; Dana 17, p. 597. 

almandine sapphire. A reddish-purple sap- 
phire. Shipley. 

almandine spinel. A violet-colored type of 
ruby spinel. C.M.D. 

almandite. See almandine. 

almashite. A green or black variety of amber 
that is poor in oxygen; from the Almash 
valley, Moldavia, Romania. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

almeria ore. A Spanish hematite. Osborne. 

almond furnace. A furnace in which the slags 
of litharge left in refining silver are re- 
duced to lead by being heated with char- 
coal. Fay. 

almond rock. Same as amygdaloid. Standard, 
1964. 

almond stone. See almandine. 

almost atoll. Atoll with a minute noncoral 
island generally of volcanic origin. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

alnico. See magnetic alloys. Pryor, 3. 

alnoite. A lamprophyre consisting of biotite, 
augite, olivine, and melilite. Apatite, pe- 
rovskite, nepheline, and opaque oxides are 
common accessories. See also lamprophyre. 
A.G.I. 

aloes rope. A special kind of rope made from 
aloe fibers, formerly used as a drive-ham- 
mer rope because it was more durable and 
stronger than jute- and hemp-fiber ropes. 
Long. 

Alomite. Trade name for the fine blue soda- 
lite quarried at Bancroft, Ontario, Canada, 





alpha particle 


used as an ornamental stone. Also called 
princess blue. Shipley. 

alongshore current. Se littoral current; long- 
shore current. A.G.J. 

Alowalt. Trade name for fused aluminum 
oxide. Hess. 

Aloxite. Trade name for form of fused, crys- 
talline alumina, or artificial corundum. 
Used as an abrasive. English. 

Alpax. Aluminum-silicon alloy, containing 
about 13 percent silicon. Has good casting 
properties and corrosion resistance, low 
specific gravity (2.66), and satisfactory 
mechanical properties. Tensile strength, 10 
to 12 tons per square inch; elongation, 5 
to 8 percent. Used mainly for castings. 
Also called Silumin. C.T.D. 

alpha. The first letter (a) of the Greek 
alphabet. Commonly used as a prefix to 
show that a mineral, the condition of a 
metal, or other thing or property is one 
of several closely related species, or one 
of a series; beta (8) the second letter, and 
gamma (vy), the third letter are used like- 
wise, for example, alpha rays, beta rays, 
and gamma rays and alpha quartz and 
beta quartz. Hess. 

alpha alumina. A white, anhydrous, non- 
hygroscopic powder, AlzO:, produced when 
precipitated Al(OH)s is calcined at 1,000” 
C. It is the natural product of the Bayer 
process and other processes used (or pro- 
posed) to treat bauxite, clay, or other 
aluminum-bearing materials. Newton, pp. 
476-477, 

alpha-beta brass. An alloy of 57 to 63 per- 
cent copper and 37 to 43 percent zinc, 
with a possible small addition of lead. 
Used in hot working. Pryor, 3. 

alpha brass. An alloy of 70 percent copper 
and 30 percent zinc, perhaps with a small 
addition of lead. Used in heavy cold work- 
ing. Pryor, 3. 

alpha carnegieite. A sodium anorthite, NaAl- 
SiO., produced by heating nepheline to 
1,248° C. It can be preserved by quench- 
ing at temperatures above 690° GC, at 
which point it passes into beta carnegieite. 
Isometric; rounded grains. English. 

alpha celsian. A silicate of aluminum and 
barium, BaAl.SixOs. An artificial feldspar, 
similar to anorthite, but containing barium 
instead of calcium. Hexagonal prisms. Uni- 
axial, negative. English. 

alpha compounds. The ash-free portion of 
coal nonextractable with pyridine. Hess. 

alpha fergusonite. Synonym for fergusonite 
as distinct from beta fergusonite. See also 
beta fergusonite. Hay, M.M., 1964. 

alpha hyblite. A porcelain-white, hydrous 
asic sulfosilicate of thorium with some 
uranium, iron, and lead; isotropic. An 
alteration product of thorite. From Hybla, 
Ontario, Canada. English. 

alpha iron. The body-centered cubic form of 
pure iron, stable below 1,670° F. ASM 
Gloss. 

alpha mullite. A variant of mullite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

alpha particle; alpha radiation; alpha ray. 
A positively charged particle emitted by 
certain radioactive materials. It is com- 
posed of two neutrons and two protons, 
hence, it is identical with the nucleus of 
a helium atom. It is the least penetrating 
of the three common forms of radiation 
(alpha, beta, and gamma), being stopped 
by a sheet of paper. It is not dangerous to 
living things unless the alpha-emitting sub- 
stance is inhaled or ingested. L@L. 


alpha quartz 


alpha quartz. A form of quartz, apparently 
hexagonal, trapezohedral, tetartohedral, 
formed at temperatures below 573° C; 
occurs in veins, geodes, and large perma- 
tites. English. Also called low quartz. 

alpha rays. a. One of the three types of rays 
(alpha, beta, and gamma) emitted by 
radioactive substances. Crispin. b. Streams 
of alpha particles. C.T.D. 

alpha uranium. The allotropic modification 
of uranium metal which is stable below 
667° C. It is orthorhombic. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-143. 

alpha zircon. A mineralogical name for any 
zircon with properties about specific grav- 
ity, 4.7; refractive index, 1.92 to 1.98. 
Strongly birefringent, 0.059. Almost no 
other type is used in jewelry. See also beta 
zircon; gamma zircon. Shipley. 

alphatite. Proposed by Salomon for clays and 
silts consisting largely of rock flour, such 
as the fine material produced by glaciers. 
There seems little reason for the term, and 
extreme difficulty in its application be- 
cause of inability to determine that a clay 
is a rock flour and not composed of parti- 
cles of many origins brought together by 
wind or water. A.G.J. 

Alpides. Great east-west structural belt in- 
cluding the Alps of Europe and the Hima- 
layas and related mountains of Asia, folded 
mostly in the Tertiary period. A.G.I. Supp. 

alpine. Of, pertaining to, or like the Alps or 
any lofty mountain. Resembling a great 
mountain range of southern Europe called 
the Alps. Implies high elevation, particu- 
larly above tree line, and cold climate. 
A.G.I.; A.G.I, Supp. 

Alpine diamond. Pyrite. Shipley. 

alpine glacier. A glacier occupying a moun- 
tain valley and fed by snow fields in the 
higher mountains. Standard, 1964. 

Alpine revolution. That period of earth 
movement in the Tertiary period (mainly 
in the Miocene) when the Alps and other 
mountain chains came into existence. 
(GT IEID): 

alquifou. A coarse-grained galena, used by 
potters in preparing a green glaze. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

alsbachite. A plutonic igneous rock contain- 
ing sodic plagioclase, quartz, subordinate 
orthoclase, and accessory garnet, biotite, 
and muscovite. Quartz and orthoclase 
occur in part as phenocrysts in a granular 
groundmass. A quartz-rich variety of gran- 
odiorite. A.G.I. 

alshedite. A variety of titanite containing 
yttria; found in Sweden. Standard, 1964. 

Alsilox. Product of fusion of lead oxide and 
silica; used in ceramic glazing. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Alsing cylinder. A particular type of ball 
mill. See also ball mill. Dodd. 

alstonite. See bromlite. Fay. 

alt Abbreviation for altitude. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

altaite. A tin-white lead telluride, PbTe, 
found in Colorado. Originally found in 
the Altai Mountains of Asia. Isometric. 
Sanford; Dana, 17. 

Alta mud. Trade name for bentonite clay 
which is colloidal and gel-forming. Used 
for drilling in oil wells and to case and 
cement holes in penetrating overburden. 
Also used in cementing rock cavities. 
Cumming. 

altar. A step in the wall of a graving dock. 
Its purpose is to take the thrust from the 
shores supporting a ship when the dock 











30 


is empty. Ham. 

altazimuth. a. An instrument consisting of a 
telescope mounted so that it can swing 
horizontally and vertically. It is used for 
observing the altitude and azimuth of a 
celestial body. Webster 3d. b. Any of sev- 
eral other instruments (as a theodolite) 
mounted so that it swings in the same way. 
Webster 3d. 

alteration. Change in the mineralogical com- 
position of a rock, typically brought about 
by the action of hydrothermal solutio‘s. 
Sometimes classed as a phase of metamor- 
phism but usually distinguished from it 
because it is milder and more localized; 
also applied to secondary (supergene) 
changes in rocks or minerals. A.G.I. 

altered mineral. A mineral that has under- 
gone more or less chemical change under 
geological processes. Fay. 

altered rock. A rock that has undergone 
changes in its chemical and mineralogi- 
cal composition since it was originally 
deposited. Weed, 1922. 

altered stone. Any stone of which the appear- 
ance, especially the color, has been changed 
by any artificial means, whatsoever. Such 
change may be either external or internal. 
See also treated stone; coated stone; 
heated stone; stained stone. Shipley. 

altern. A crystal form having opposite parts 
corresponding in form, but alternating 
with each other in the position of sides 
and angles. Standard, 1964. 

alternate immersion test. A corrosion test in 
which the specimens are intermittently 
immersed in and removed from a liquid 
medium at definite time intervals. ASM 
Gloss. 

alternate pillar and stope. See square-set 
stoping. 

alternate polarity. Arrangement in magnetic 
separator whereby ore travels alternately 
through normal concentration and entropy 
fields, thus stirring attracted material 
and shaking out entrained nonmagnetics. 
PryOTs 3. 

alternating current. Current, the direction of 
which is reversed at regular intervals, usu- 
ally 120 reversals per second or 60 cycle 
current. Kentucky, p. 263. 

alternating-current ampere. That current 
which will produce heat at the same rate 
as a direct-current ampere, when flowing 
through a given ohmic resistance. Ken- 
tucky, p. 263. 

alternating-current generator. A generator 
for the production of alternating currents 
and voltages. See also direct-current gen- 
erator. Nelson. 

alternating-current motor. An electric motor 
of either single or polyphase type operated 
by an alternating current. Crispin. 

alternating-current transformer. A _ device 
used to raise or lower the voltage of an 
alternating circuit. It consists of an induc- 
tion coil having a primary and secondary 
winding and a closed iron core. Crispin. 

alternating motion. Up and down, or back- 
ward and forward motion. Zern. 

alternator. A generator producing alternat- 
ing current by the rotation of its rotor, 
which is driven by a steam or water tur- 
bine. A gas turbine or a diesel engine can 
be used as a prime mover in certain cases. 
Ham. 

altimeter. An instrument for measuring alti- 
tudes. Crispin. 

altitude. a. In surveying: (1) the angle of 
elevation of a point above the plane of the 
horizon, and (2) the height of a point 














alumina ceramic 


above some datum plane, usually mean sea 
level. C.T.D. b. The vertical distance or 
elevation above any given point or base- 
level, as the sea; height; hence, also, such 
distance expressed numerically. Abbrevia- 
tion, alt. Standard, 1964. 

alto. a. Sp. A bluff; height; hill. Standard, 
1964. b. Mex. A hanging wall. Fay. 

altogether-coal. Eng. Large and small coal 
mixed. Fay. 

alugenite. Ale(SO,)3.18H20; white mono- 
clinic or triclinic mineral; specific gravity, 
1.65 to 1.8; Mohs’ hardness, 1.5 to 2; and 
soluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

alum. a. A hydrous double sulfate of alumi- 
num and potassium, found in nature as 
the mineral kalinite. Fay. b. In chemistry, 
any one of a group of salts which are 
hydrous double sulfates of aluminum, 
chromium, iron, or manganese and one of 
the alkali metals. Fay. c. In mineralogy, 
one of a group of minerals, which are 
hydrous sulfates of aluminum and potas- 
sium, sodium, or ammonium. Fay. Alum is 
sometimes used in the refining of koalin, 
being added in small quantities to settling 
tanks as a flocculating agent. Commercial 
alum, which is aluminum sulfate, is more 
generally used now by the clay producers. 
Lee. 

alum cake. A product of the action of sul- 
furic acid on clay, consisting chiefly of 
silica and aluminum sulfate. Webster 3d. 

alum coal. A variety of an argillaceous brown 
coal rich in pyrite which weathers with 
a formation of alums. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

alum earth. An argillaceous rock, commonly 
a shale, containing marcasite or pyrite 
which, as it decomposes, forms sulfuric 
acid that attacks the shale and produces 
alum. Many such rocks are carbonaceous. 
Hess. 

alumel. A nickel-base alloy containing about 
2.5 percent manganese, 2 percent alumi- 
num, and 1 percent silicon; used chiefly 
as a component of pyrometric thermo- 
couples. ASM Gloss. 

alumetizing. Process for spraying a protective 
coating of aluminum on a metal. C.T.D. 
Supp. 

alum feather. See iron alum. Standard, 1964. 

alumina. An important constituent of all 
clays, AlsOs, determining their suitability 
for firebrick and furnace linings. Used in 
the preparation of paints called lakes, in 
dyeing, and in calico printing. Also, it is 
widely used in granular form for abrasive 
purposes, in grinding or cutting materials 
of high tensile strength, such as alloy and 
high-speed steels, annealed malleable iron, 
tough bronze, etc. Also called oxide of 
aluminum. Crispin. Crystalline alumina 
occurs naturally as corundum, of which 
sapphire and ruby are respectively blue 
and red varieties. Emery is an intimate 
mixture of alumina and magnetite or 
hematite. Beauxite, diaspore, and gibbsite 
are hydrated oxides. Aluminum oxide is 
made in the electric furnace by fusing 
bauxite or corundum. Fused aluminum 
oxide is crushed and used as an abrasive, 
a refractory, a heating element for elec- 
trical heaters, or as a filtering medium. 
Fused aluminum oxide is sold under the 
following trade names: Adamite, Alowalt, 
Aloxite, Alundum, Carboalumina, Coralox, 
Corowalt, Corubin, Exolon, Lionite, Ox- 
alumina, and Rex. Hess. 

alumina, activated. See activated alumina. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

alumina ceramic. Any ceramic whiteware in 





alumina ceramic 


which alumina, (Al.O3), is the essential 
crystalline phase. AC SB-4. 

alumina crucible. A crucible made from 
alumina mixed with highly heated calcium 
aluminate. Such crucibles are said to with- 
stand sudden changes of temperature. 
Bauxite has been used to replace the 
alumina. Hess. 

alumina-diaspore fireclay brick. A group of 
brick, which includes the 50, 60, and 70 
percent alumina grades. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

alumina gel. See aluminum hydroxide, gelati- 
nous. CCD 6d, 1961. 

alumina hydrate. See alumina trihydrate. 
GGDi6d; 1961: 

alumina, natural abrasive. See corundum; 
emery. ACSG, 1963. 

alumina porcelain. A vitreous ceramic white- 
ware for technical application in which 
alumina, (Al2O3), is the essential crystal- 
line phase. ASTM C242-60. 

alumina-silica refractories. Refractories con- 
sisting essentially of alumina and silica, 
and including high-alumina, fire clay, and 
kaolin refractories. HW. 

alumina, sintered. Alumina, sometimes con- 
taining a small amount of clay or of a 
mineralizer, and fired at a high tempera- 
ture to form a dense ceramic. Sintered 
alumina has great mechanical strength and 
abrasion resistance, high dielectric strength, 
and low power factor. Because of these 
properties, sintered alumina is used in 
thread guides, tool tips, and grinding 
media; as the ceramic component of spark- 
ing plugs, electronic tubes, ceramic-to- 
metal seals, etc. Sintered alumina coatings 
can be applied to metals by flame-spray- 
ing. Dodd. 

aluminate. a. A compound having the gen- 
eral formula, MAIO2 or MsAJOs, in which 
M indicates a monovalent metal. Bennett 
2d, 1962. b. A salt of aluminic acid. Sodium 
aluminate is a common one, used to good 
advantage as a mill addition, to set up 
acid-resisting enamels and certain cast-iron 
ground coats. Mineral aluminates, like 
MgAl.Oy, are termed spinels. Enam. Dict. 

alumina trihydrate; aluminum hydroxide; 
alumina hydrate; hydrated alumina; hy- 
drated aluminum oxide; gibbsite; hydrar- 
gillite. AlsOz.3H2O or Al(OH)s; mono- 
clinic; white; crystalline powder, balls, or 
granules; specific gravity, 2.42; insoluble 
in water; and soluble in mineral acids and 
caustic soda. Obtained from bauxite. Used 
in glass and ceramics and as a source of 
aluminum. CCD 6d, 1961. Sometimes used 
in sintered bodies because of possible high 
reactivity. Used in the placing and firing 
of various ceramic products to prevent 
sticking of the ware and the setter. Lee. 

aluminian ferroanthophyllite. A mineral, 
FesAlsSicAlsOz(OH):2, from the southern 
Kitakami mountainland, northeastern 
Japan. A variety of orthorhombic amphi- 
‘bole. American Mineralogist, v. 42, No. 
7-8, July-August 1957, p. 506. 

aluminilite. An old name for alunite. Hess. 

aluminite. A hydrous sulfate of aluminum, 
AlsO;SOs.9H:O, usually occurring in white 
reniform masses. Fay. 

aluminium. British spelling of aluminum. See 
also aluminum. Webster 3d. 

aluminizing. Forming an aluminum or alumi- 
num alloy coating on a metal by hot dip- 
ping, hot spraying, or diffusion. ASM 
Gloss. . 

aluminocopiapite. A variety of copiapite in 
which X in the formula, X(OH).Fe’’ ’s 








31 


(SO,)e.nH2O, is mainly Al (AleO31.72—4.45 
percent). Compare ferricopiapite. Spencer 
18, M.M., 1949. 

aluminosilicate refractory. A general term 
that includes all refractories of the fire 
clay, sillimanite, mullite, diaspore, and 
bauxite types. Dodd. 

aluminosilicates. Compounds of aluminum 
silicate with metal oxides or other radicals. 
Used as catalysts in refining petroleum 
and to soften water. See also zeolites. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

aluminothermic reaction. In thermit welding, 
the chemical reaction which occurs when 
powdered aluminum is ignited with the 
oxides of other metals. The aluminum ex- 
tracts the oxygen from these metals and 
burns fiercely, melting them and forming 
the weld. Ham. 

aluminothermy. A process of producing great 
heat and strong chemical reduction by oxi- 
dizing finely divided aluminum with oxy- 
gen taken from another metal, this metal 
being thus reduced from its oxide (as 
molten iron is obtained from iron oxide in 
welding by the thermite process). Web- 
ster 3d. 

pee Of the nature of alumina or clay. 
ay. 

aluminous abrasive. An abrasive produced 
by fusing aluminum oxide. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 285 

aluminous fire clay refractory. This type of 
refractory material is defined in British 
Standard 1902 as an aluminosilicate re- 
fractory containing 38 to 45 percent AlsOs. 
Dodd. 

aluminous ores. Iron ores in which the 
gangue consists principally of alumina. 
Osborne. 

aluminous refractory goods. Those which 
contain more than 45 percent alumina. 
Rosenthal. 

aluminum. A light, silvery-white, ductile 
metal with high electrical conductivity 
and good resistance to corrosion. Obtained 
from bauxite. It has numerous uses and is 
the bases of many light alloys. Symbol, Al; 
valences, 3, 4, 5, and 6; atomic weight, 
26.98; atomic number, 13; isometric; spe- 
cific gravity, 2.705 (at 20° C); specific 
electrical resistivity, 2.825 microhms per 
cubic centimeter (at 20° C); mass con- 
ductivity, 212.9 percent of standard an- 
nealed copper; and melting point, 660.2° 
C. C.T.D. After magnesium, it is the light- 
est of the metals in general use commer- 
cially. About half of our consumption 
comes from bauxite mined domestically 
(chiefly in Arkansas); the remainder is 
imported, especially from Surinam. Barger. 

aluminum alloys. A general term for numer- 
ous alloys in which aluminum is the basis 
(that is, predominant) metal; for example, 
aluminum-copper and  aluminum-silicon 
alloys, Duralumin, Y-alloy, etc. Also called 
light alloys. C.T.D. 

aluminum amalgam. An amalgam prepared 
by adding fine aluminum filings to a 5-per- 
cent solution of mercury chloride for 2 or 
3 minutes, afterward washing the product 
with alcohol. The resulting amalgam de- 
composes water at ordinary temperatures, 
liberating hydrogen. Camm. 

aluminum antimonide. AlSb; melting point, 
1,080° C; and the crystals are hard, brittle, 
and metallic. Prepared by melting together 
pure aluminum and pure antimony in alu- 
mina crucibles under an inert or a reduc- 
ing atmosphere. A semiconductor for elec- 
tronic applications. Lee. 





aluminum-potassium sulfate 


aluminum borate. A white, granular powder; 
approximately 2A].O3.B2O3.3H2O. Used in 
as glass and ceramics industries. CCD 6d, 

Hs. 

aluminum boride. The usual compound is 
AIBz this dissociates above 980° C to form 
AIBiz and Al. Dodd. 

aluminum brass. Brass to which aluminum 
has been added to increase its resistance to 
corrosion. It contains 24 to 42 percent zinc, 
55 to 71 percent copper, 1 to 6 percent 
aluminum. Used for condenser tubes, etc. 
Nelson. 

aluminum bronze. An alloy of aluminum and 
copper resembling pale gold; used in cheap 
jewelry, etc. Standard, 1964. As a powder, 
used in gilding. Fay. 

aluminum enamel. A porcelain enamel spe- 
cifically designed for application to alumi- 
num. ASTM C286-65. 

aluminum detonator. See Briska detonator. 
Higham, p. 61. 

aluminum fluoride; aluminum fluoride, anhy- 
drous. AlF;; molecular weight, 83.98; tri- 
clinic; colorless, transparent; specific grav- 
ity, 3.07; melting point, 1,040° C; and 
soluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962. Used as 
a flux in ceramic glazes and enamels. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

aluminum fluoride hydrate. A white crystal- 
line powder; A1F3.3/2H2O; and insoluble 
in water. Used in the production of white 
enamel. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum fluosilicate; aluminum silicoflu- 
oride. A white powder; Als(SiFs)s. Used 
in artificial gems, enamels, and glass. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

aluminum gold. An alloy said to be ruby red 
containing 22 percent aluminum and 78 
percent gold; melting point 1,060° C. 
Camm. 

aluminum hydroxide. See alumina trihydrate. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum hydroxide, gelatinous; hydrous 
aluminum oxide; alumina gel. A white, 
gelatinous precipitate; AlsOs.xH:O. Used 
in the manufacture of glassware and in 
ceramic glaze. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum metaphosphate. Al(POs;)3; molec- 
ular weight, 263.91; white crystalline pow- 
der; melting point, 1,700° C; and insolu- 
ble in water. Used in glass, china, and 
porcelain. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

aluminum minerals. Alunite, amblygonite, 
andalusite, bauxite, corundum, cryolite, 
cyanite, diaspore, sillimanite, spinel, topaz, 
turquoise, wavellite, and many silicates. 
The commercial ores of aluminum are cry- 
olite, a fluoride of sodium and aluminum, 
found in Greenland; and bauxite, a hy- 
drous compound of alumina, ferric oxide, 
and silica, found in Arkansas, Georgia, and 
Tennessee. Fay. 

aluminum nitride. AlN ; hexagonal; and clear 
white crystals. Used to make crucibles for 
melting aluminum by reacting aluminum 
powder with nitrogen. Lee. 

aluminum orthophosphate. a. AlPO;; molec- 
ular weight, 121.95; orthorhombic plates; 
specific gravity, 2.566; melting point, above 
1,500° C; insoluble in water; and soluble 
in acids. Used in ceramics. Bennett 2d, 
1962. b. White crystals; insoluble in alco- 
hol; and soluble in alkalies. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum oxide. See alumina. 

aluminum-potassium sulfate; alum; potas- 
sium alum. AIK (SO,)2.12H20; molecular 
weight, 474.38; isometric or monoclinic; 
colorless; specific gravity, 1.75; melting 
point, 92° C; no boiling point because it 


aluminum-potassium sulfate 


loses 9H:O at 64.5° C; Mohs’ hardness, 
2 to 2.5; and soluble in water. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

aluminum powder. Aluminum in the form of 
tiny flakes, made by stamping; used as a 
pigment in paints, inks, etc., usually after 
coating with a lubricant to gain luster and 
leafing characteristics. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

aluminum silicate. Approximately AloO3.3Si- 
O:; molecular weight, 282.0; white lumps 
or powder; and insoluble in water. Used in 
manufacturing glass and ceramics. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

aluminum silicates. Varying proportions of 
AlxOs and SiOs. Occur naturally in clays. 
Used in the glass and ceramics industry. 
See also aluminosilicates. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum silicofluoride. See aluminum fluo- 
silicate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum silver. A bright alloy of aluminum 
and silver, used in instruments where light- 
ness is desirable. Standard, 1964. 

aluminum-sodium sulfate; sodium-aluminum 
sulfate; soda alum. Colorless; isometric; 
Als (SOx) s.NasSOx.24H2O; saline astringent 
taste; effloresces in air; soluble in water; 
and insoluble in alcohol. Used in ceramics. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum solder. An alloy of gold, silver, 
and copper, sometimes with a little zinc; 
used for soldering aluminum bars. Fay. 

aluminum spinel. Octahedral crystals ob- 
tained in the manufacture of synthetic 
corundum giving chemical analyses corre- 
sponding to Al,;O.. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

aluminum sulfate. Al2(SO.)3; colorless when 
pure; and crystallizes with 18 molecules of 
water (as in alunogen) but is commonly 
desiccated to about 14 molecules of water. 
Usually made by treating bauxite with sul- 
furic acid. Used in petroleum refinery proc- 
esses and as a waterproofing agent for 
concrete. CCD 6d, 1961; Webster 3d. Used 
in coagulating suspended matter in water. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

aluminum therapy. Therapy intended mainly 
for prophylaxis (prevention) rather than 
therapy (treatment) of silicosis. The ther- 
apy provides for inhalation of powdered 
aluminum and alumina (Al.Os;) dust by 
miners in the change house. The prescribed 
number and length of treatments is claimed 
to be effective in (1) preventing pneumo- 
coniosis from developing and (2) lessening 
its effects if already contracted. The action 
apparently is a combined chemical-physi- 
cal one, with the aluminum forming a 
complex, inactive silicate with silica dust 
particles in the lungs or perhaps coating 
each particle with an inert layer of alumi- 
num oxide. Hartman, p. 69. 

aluminum thiocyanate; aluminum sulfocya- 
nate. A yellowish powder; Al(SCN)3; sol- 
uble in water; and insoluble in alcohol and 
ether. Used in manufacturing pottery. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

aluminum tristearate. A white powder; ap- 
proximately Al(CisHssO2)3; specific grav- 
ity, 1.070; and melting point, 115° C. 
Used as a cement additive. CCD 6d, 1961. 

alumite. A mineral, KAls(SO.)2(OH)., hex- 
agonal rhombohedral, usually in white, 
gray, or pink masses in hydrothermally 
altered feldspathic rocks. A.G.I. 

alumoberezovite; alumochrompicotite. Mem- 
bers of the spinel group with the composi- 
tion (Fe,Mg)O.(Cr,Al)203; (alumoberez- 
ovite) and (Mg,Fe)O.(Cr,Al)2O; (alumo- 
crompicotite). Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

alumnobritholite. An aluminian variety of 





32 


britholite, (Ca,Ce,Y)s(Al,Fe)2- 4 (Si,Al,P) 
Os}3(F,O), from a Siberian locality. See 
also pravdite. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

alumocalcite. A variety of opal with alumina 
and lime as impurities. Fay. 

alumochrompicotite. See alumoberezovite. 
Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

alumogel. An amorphous aluminum hydrox- 
ide. Synonym for kliachite; sporogelite. 
Compare siderogel. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

alumohydrocalcite. A white, pale blue, etc., 
hydrous carbonate of calcium and alumi- 
num, CaO.Al:O3.2CO2.5H2O. Monoclinic. 
Chalky masses consisting of radially fibrous 
spherulites. From Khakassky District, Si- 
beria, U.S.S.R. English. 

alum salts. Natural salts from which alum 
can be made. See also halloysite; kaolinite. 
Sanford. 

alum schist. See alum shale. 

alum shale. A clayey rock containing carbo- 
naceous material and marcasite or pyrite. 
When decomposed, the iron sulfide forms 
sulfuric acid which attacks the alumina 
and potash of the rock, forming common 
alum. Also called alum schist; alum slate. 
Hess. 

alum slate. See alum shale. 

alumstone. An impure siliceous alunte. Fay. 

aludel. Part of furnace or condenser used in 
distillation of mercury. Pryor, 3. 

Alundum. Registered trademark for a pro- 
prietary fused alumina used in the manu- 
facture of abrasive and refractory materials. 
C.T.D, Alundum has the same chemical 
composition as the natural mineral corun- 
dum. Fay. 

alunite; alumstone. A basic potassium alumi- 
num sulfate, KAls(OH)s(SOx)s. Crystal 
system, rhombohedral; color, white, gray, 
or reddish; Mohs’ hardness, 4; specific 
gravity, 2.6-2.8. Dana, 17, pp. 369-370. 
Closely resembles kaolinite and occurs in 
similar locations. Generally the result of 
the action of water, containing sulfuric 
acid, on feldspathic rocks, as when pyrite 
in granite porphyry is oxidized. Fay. 

alunitization. The introduction of or the re- 
placement by alunite. A.G.I. 

alunogen. A mineral consisting of a white 
fibrous aluminum sulfate, Ale(SOx) 3.18H2O, 
frequently found on the walls of mines and 
quarries. Also called feather alum; hair 
salt. Webster 3d. 

alurgite. A purple to red variety of manga- 
nese mica from St. Marcel, Quebec, Can- 
ada. Fay. 

alvanite. Light blue-green rosettes, mono- 
clinic, near Al;VO.(OH) «.212H2O, in the 
argillaceous anthraxolitic vanadiferous de- 
posits of Kurumsak and Balasanskandyk, 
Karatau, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R. Named 
from composition, aluminum vanadate. An 
anion has probably been overlooked, as the 
mineral is stated to give off acid when 
heated. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

alvarolite. A supposed new mineral subse- 
quently shown to be mangantantalite. 
Fleischer. 

alveolar. Having small cellular structures like 
a honeycomb. A.G.I. 

alveolar exchange. The transposition of oxy- 
gen to the blood and the removal of carbon 
dioxide in the alveolae of the lungs. H&G. 

alveoli. The lungs can be thought of as two 
elastic bags containing millions of little 
distensible air sacs. These air sacs or alve- 
oli are all connected to the air passages, 
which branch and rebranch like the twigs 
of a tree. H&G. 





amalgamation pan 


alvite. A zirconium mineral; a source of haf- 
nium, containing 16 percent HfOz; tetrag- 
onal. £.C.T., v. 15, p. 286 & v. 7, p. 341. 
Obtained from Alve, Norway. Webster, 2d. 

alyphite. A variety of bitumen which on 
distillation yields a high percentage of 
open-chain alyphatic hydrocarbons consist- 
ing mainly of the olefinic and paraffinic 
series. It is light yellow in color, soft, in- 
fusible, and insoluble in organic solvents. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Am. Chemical symbol for americium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

amagrosite. A hydrous silicate of magnesium 
and aluminum, MgO.Al1:O3.5SiOz.7H2O. It 
is commonly known as natural soap or 
soaprock. A trade name for a bentonite 
from the Amargosa River, Calif. The same 
as montmorillonite. English. 

amain. Eng. With great force or speed. 
Wagons or tubs are said to run amain, if 
by accident they go over an incline, bank, 
or dump, without the rope being attached; 
or through the rope becoming detached or 
broken. Fay. 

amakinite. A mineral, (Fe,Mg) (OH) 2; rhom- 
bohedral; oxidizes rapidly in air; occurs as 
thin veins in kimberlite; U.S.S.R. Hey, 
M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

amakusa. The Japanese equivalent of china 
stone. See also china stone. Dodd. 

amalgam. a. An alloy of mercury with one 
or more other metals. ASM Gloss.-b. The 
pasty amalgam of gold and mercury, about 
one-third gold by weight, obtained from 
the plates in a mill treating gold ores. 
C.T.D. c. A native compound of silver 
and mercury, in which the percentage of 
silver ranges from 27.5 to 95.8. Native 
gold amalgam carrying 39 to 42.6 percent 
gold has also been found. Sanford. 

amalgam are. An arc in a vacuum tube hav- 
ing electrodes of mercury amalgamated 
with zinc, cadmium, or other metal. The 
spectra of such arcs contain the bright 
lines of the metals in the electrodes, Web- 
ster 2d. 

amalgamate. a. To unite (a metal) in an 
alloy with mercury. Standard, 1964. b. To 
form an amalgam with; as, mercury easily 
amalgamates gold. Standard, 1964. 

amalgamated claims. Eng. Mining claims 
adjoining one another that have been 
grouped into one claim for more economi- 
cal working. Fay. 

amalgamating barrel. A short, cylindrical 
vessel or barrel with solid ends turned to 
fit bearings. The barrel is used for amal- 
gamating battery accumulations and other 
material. It is run with intermittent charges, 
and contains a load of steel balls or peb- 
bles to effect cominution and to bring the 
mercury into contact with the metal to be 
amalgamated. Charging and discharging 
are done through suitable doors. Fay. 

amalgamating table. A sloping wooden table 
covered with a copper plate on which the 
mercury is spread in order to amalgamate 
with the precious metal particles. C.T.D. 

amalgamation. a. The production of an amal- 
gam or alloy of mercury. Fay. b. The proc- 
ess by which mercury is alloyed with some 
other metal to produce an amalgam. It 
was used at one time for the extraction of 
gold and silver from pulverized ores, now 
superseded by the cyanide process. Barger. 
amalgamation pan. A circular cast-iron pan 
in which gold or silver ore is ground, and 
the precious metal particles are amalga- 


Eee 





re 


amalgamation pan 


mated with mercury added to the pan. 
G.T.D. 

amalgamation process. A process of gold or 
silver recovery in which the ore, finely di- 
vided and suspended in water, is passed 
over a surface of liquid mercury to form 
an amalgam. The amalgam is subjected to 
fire-refining processes for the recovery of 
the gold or silver. Henderson. 

amalgamator. a. An apparatus used in min- 
ing for bringing pulverized ore into close 
contact with mercury to extract free metal 
from it by amalgamation. Standard, 1964. 
b. See amalgamation pan; amalgamating 
barrel. Fay. 

amalgamator I. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, one who tends mercury-coated 
plates, used in amalgamation process, over 
which finely ground ore is passed to collect 
particles of free gold liberated from waste 
minerals by crushing (gold combines with 
mercury to form an amalgam). Also called 
plateman. D.O.T. 1. 

amalgamator II. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who charges crushed gold 
ore and proper amount of mercury in a 
barrel or other equipment; also, operates 
a power unit to rotate the barrel or to 
otherwise agitate the mixture of ore and 
mercury, thus causing particles of free gold 
to amalgamate with mercury. D.O.T. 1. 

amalgam barrel. A small cylinder batching 
mill used to grind auriferous concentrates 
intimately but gently with mercury. Pryor, 3. 


' amalgam gilding. A process of gilding in 


which a metallic surface is coated with 
gold amalgam and the mercury driven off 
by heat. Standard, 1964. 

amalgam pan. A muller mill with a horizon- 
tal rotating disk bearing on a fixed plate, 
with gold-bearing material and mercury 
flowing pulpwise between. Pryor, 3. 


\ amalgam plate; amalgam table. A sheet of 


metal (copper, muntz, etc.) with an ad- 
herent film of mercury that seizes gold 
from flowing pulp. Pryor, 3. 


| amalgam retort; still. The vessel where the 


mercury is distilled off from the gold or 
silver amalgam obtained in amalgamation. 
Nelson. 

amalgam silvering. A process of silvering 
similar to amalgam gilding. Standard, 1964. 

amalgam table. See amalgam plate. Pryor, 3. 

amalgam treatment. See amalgamation proc- 
ess. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

amang. Term used in Malay States for the 
heavy iron, tungsten, and other associated 
minerals found with the deposits of cas- 
siterite. Lewis, p. 395. 

amarantite. A monoclinic hydrousferric sul- 
fate, FexOs2SOs.7H2O. Fay. 

amarillite. A pale greenish-yellow hydrous 
sulfate of sodium and ferric iron, NazO. 
Fe2O34SO3.12H:O; monoclinic; crystals; 
analagous to tamarugite. Vitreous to ada- 
mantine luster; astringent taste ; good cleav- 
age; found in veins cutting massive co- 
quimbite. From Tierra Amarilla, Chile. 
English; Hess. 

amaryl. A synthetic corundum of a Clear, 
green color; named from the similarity of 
the color to that of the leaves of an amaryl- 
lis. Hess. 


' amatrice. See variscite. Fay. 


amause. Same as trass. Shipley. 

amausite. An extremely fine grained crystal- 
line rock such as a devitrified glass. Hess. 
Same as petrosilex. Standard, 1964. 

amazonite. A bright green laminated variety 
of microcline. Used more as an ornamen- 





33) 


tal stone than as a gem stone. Opaque; 
Mohs’ hardness, 6 to 6.5; specific gravity, 
2.5; refractive index, 1.52 to 1.53. From 
the U.S.S.R.; Virginia; and Pike’s Peak, 
Colo. Same as amazonstone. See also feld- 
spar. Shipley. 

Amazon jade. Amazonite. Shipley. 

amazonstone. The earlier and still popular 
name for amazonite. Shipley. 

ambar. The Russian name given to excava- 
tions dug around a derrick forming small 
reservoirs, where the sand raised from the 
borehole is deposited. Also used as a tem- 
porary reservoir for oil. Fay. 

amber. A very hard, yellowish to brownish, 
translucent fossil resin that is found in 
alluvial soils, in beds of lignite, or on some 
seashores. It takes a fine polish, and is 
used chiefly in making ornamental objects 
(as beads and mouthpieces). Webster 3d. 

amber colophany. Same as amber pitch. 
Shipley. 

amber drop. A term describing a shape in 
which amber occurs. Shipley. 

amber forest. A forest whose trees yielded 
the resin that fossilized into amber. Web- 
ster 3d. 

Amberg kaolin. A white-firing micaceous 
kaolin from Hirschau, Oberpflaz, Germany. 
A quoted analysis: 48.0 percent SiOz, 37.5 
percent AlsOs, 0.5 percent FezOs, 0.2 per- 
cent TiOs, 0.15 percent CaO, 2.6 percent 
alkalies, and 12.2 percent loss on ignition. 
Dodd. 

ambergris. A waxy substance found floating 
in tropical seas; a morbid secretion in the 
sperm whale, from where it is believed to 
have come. Valued in perfumery. Not used 
in jewelry. Often popularly confused with 
amber. Shipley. 

Amberine. A local trade name of a yellowish 
green chalcedony from Death Valley, Calif. 
English. 

amberite. See ambrite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

amber lac. Amber pitch powdered and dis- 
solved in turpentine or linseed oil. Same 
as amber varnish. Shipley. 

amberoid. A name for pressed amber. Shipley. 

amber, oil of. A reddish brown distillation of 
amber. Shipley. 

amber opal. Brownish-yellow variety stained 
by iron oxide. Shipley. 

amber pitch. The residue resulting from the 
distillation of oil of amber. Shipley. 

amber tear. A term describing a shape in 
which amber occurs. Shipley. 

amber varnish. See amber lac. Shipley. 

ambeti; ambitty. Decorative glass containing 
specks of opaque material; the effect is 
produced by allowing the glass to begin 
to crystallize. Dodd. 

ambitty. See ambetti. Dodd. 

ambivalence. Ability of certain elements, for 
example, carbon, lead, tin, to form basic 
or acid part of compound. Pryor, 3. 

ambient. a. The environment surrounding a 
body but undisturbed or unaffected by it. 
Hy. b. Encompassing on all sides; thus, 
ambient air is the air surrounding. Strock, 
10. 

amblygonite. A natural fluophosphate of 
aluminum and lithium having the approxi- 
mate formula, 2LiF.AlsO3.P20s. Theoreti- 
cally, it contains 10.1 percent lithia, al- 
though actual samples average about 8.2 
percent, due to partial replacement of the 
lithia by soda and potash, partial altera- 
tion of the mineral to nonlithium minerals, 
and the presence of impurities. It is found 
chiefly in the Black Hills area in the 





American disk filter 


United States and in Brazil and Africa. 
It constitutes the least expensive source of 
alumina-phosphate and is the highest lithia- 
containing lithium mineral. It has been 
used to promote opacity in glass dinner- 
ware, but the more general use of amblyg- 
onite is restricted due to its relatively 
limited availability. Lee. 

amblystegite. A dark brownish-green to black 
magnesium-iron metasilicate, (Mg,Fe) SiOs, 
that crystallizes in the orthorhombic sys- 
tem, and is closely related to hypersthene. 
Standard, i964. 

ambonite. A variety of hornblende-biotite 
andesite characterized by the presence of 
cordierite; named from Ambon Island, 
Moluccas, East Indies. Holmes, 1928. 

Amboy clay. An American siliceous fire clay ; 
it is plastic and has a pyrometric cone 
equivalent above 32. Dodd. 

ambrite. A resinous substance occurring in 
large masses in several coalfields of New 
Zealand. It is a yellowish-gray, subtrans- 
parent, amorphous resin with a conchoidal 
fracture and an approximate formula of 
CaoHe6Os. A.G.I. 

ambroid. A reconstructed amber, made by 
heating and uniting by pressure fragments 
of amber; manufactured at Kaliningrad 
(Konigsberg), U.S.S.R. Standard, 1964. 

ambrosine. A yellowish to clove-brown amber 
found in the phosphate beds near Charles- 
ton, S.C.; it may be a modern resin that 
has been subjected to the action of salt 
water. Fay. Rich in succinic acids. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

ambulance. A conveyance for injured per- 
sons. Jones. 

ambulance car; mine ambulance car. A mine 
car fitted with first-aid equipment and a 
stretcher. Pryor, 3. 

amenability. Characteristic reaction of min- 
erals to basic methods of mineral process- 
ing, studied in preliminary testwork on un- 
known ores. Pryor, 3. 

amercement. Derb. A fine in the barmote 
court, imposed on a miner for violation of 
the laws. Fay. 

American. Permissible explosive used in coal 
mines. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

American-Belgian furnace. A direct-fired Bel- 
gian furnace employed in the United 
States, conforming essentially to the Liege 
design, but presenting minor differences 
because of local adaptation. Fay. 

American bond. The same as common bond. 
This bond is in very general use as it is 
quickly laid and is as strong as other bonds. 
Every fifth or sixth course consists of head- 
ers, while the other courses consists of 
stretchers. Crispin. 

American boring system. A rope system of 
percussive boring comprising a_ derrick 
from 70 to 80 feet in height, which en- 
ables the complete set of boring tools— 
about 60 feet in length—to be raised clear 
of the hole and thus ease the task of clean- 
ing the hole with a sludger. The method 
has been used extensively in the United 
States when prospecting for oil, natural gas, 
and brine. An average speed of 40 to 50 
feet per day is obtained with two to three 
men. The system is not suitable in cases 
where geological information is required. 
Modern boring plants are capable of giving 
much higher speeds including rock cores 
where required. See also churn drill. Nel- 
son. 

American disk filter. A continuous rotary 
filter in which the separating membranes 


American disk filter 


are disks, each which rotates through an 
individual pulp tank in which the lower 
part of the disk is immersed while vacuum 
is applied internally. Ore pulp in a tank is 
drawn to the membrane on which a solid 
cake forms while filtrate passes to dis- 
charge. The cake is removed before return 
of the rotating segment of the disk to the 
tank. Pryor, 3. 

American forge. See Catalan forge; Cham- 
plain forge. Fay. 

American gold. See coin gold. 

American green jade. A Chinese trade name 
for a poor variety of light-green jade, which 
because of its cheapness, became very pop- 
ular with American tourists and exporters 
in China. The name was unheard of be- 
fore World War I. Shipley. 

American hotel china. A vitreous body, white 
or colored, moderately translucent, having 
great strength and covered with a mod- 
erately hard glaze. ACSG, 1963. 
vesuvianite. Shipley. 

American jet. Jet from Colorado and Utah. 
The former takes a high polish but the 
latter is full of cracks. Inferior to Whitby 
jet. Shipley. 

American pearl. A term often used to refer 
to freshwater pearl of North America. 
Shipley. 

American pump. A special kind of bailer, 
used in oilfields for cleaning out wells. See 
also bailer, a. Fay. Synonym for sand pump. 

American ruby. Red garnet. Shipley. 

American screw gage. A standard gage for 
checking the diameter, pitch, and number 
of threads of wood screws and machine 
screws. Crispin. 

American standard pipe threads. The thread 
used on wrought iron or steel, steam, gas, 
and water pipes. Formerly known as Briggs 
pipe thread standard. Crispin. 

American system. See churn drill, a. Long. 
See also American boring system. 

American system drill. Synonym for churn 
drill. Long. 

American system of drilling. See cable sys- 
tem. Fay. 

American turquoise. Turquoise from the 
southwestern United States. Usually pale 
blue or bluish green to greenish blue. Also 
known as Mexican turquoise. Shipley. 

American vermilion. A pigment usually con- 
sisting of a lead molybdate or a basic lead 
chromate (as chrome red). Webster 3d. 

americium. An artificially produced, trans- 
suranic, silvery-white metallic element, not 
found in nature. Atomic number, 95; mass 
number of the most stable known isotope, 
243; and valences, 3, 4, 5, and 6. First 
produced by Seaborg, James, and Morgan 
by cyclotronic bombardment of uranium 
238 with high-energy (40 mev) alpha par- 
ticles. Symbol, Am. Gaynor. Specific grav- 
ity, 11.7; melting point, below 1,100° C. 
Webster 3d. 

amesite. An apple-green silicate mineral be- 
longing to the phyllosilicate group and 
occurring in foliated hexagonal plates. 
E.C.T. v. 12, p. 277; Webster 3d. 

Ames limestone. Conemaugh ‘ormation, 
upper Coal Measures of Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, etc. Rice. 

amethiste basaltine. 
beryl. Hess. 

amethyst. Purple or violet transparent form 
of quartz, color being due to trace of 
manganese. Pryor, 3. 

amethyst basaltine. A name for pale reddish- 

violet beryl. Shipley. 


Pale violet or reddish 





34 


amethystine. A color designation meaning 
violet to purplish, used as in amethystine 
glass and amethystine sapphire. Shipley. 

amethystine quartz. A phenocrystalline vari- 
ety of quartz colored purplish or bluish- 
violet by manganese. Standard, 1964. 

amethystine sapphire. Violet to purplish sap- 
phire. Shipley. 

amethystoline. Liquid inclusions of an un- 
known nature in amethyst. Hey 2d, 1955. 

amethyst point. Hexagonal amethyst crystal 
from an amygdaloidal geode. Usually pos- 
sesses only the six (or sometimes threc) 
termination crystal faces and usually gradu- 
ated as to color with best color at point or 
apex and often colorless at base. See also 
burnt amethyst. Shipley. 

amethyst quartz. A term loosely used by some 
members of the trade to designate badly 
flawed cabochon amethysts, especially 
those cut from amethystine quartz. See also 
amethystine quartz. Shipley. 

Amex process. In uranium leaching, the sol- 
vent extraction of uranium ions from 
aqueous liquor by means of amines dis- 
solved in kerosine. Pryor, 3. 

Amherst stone. See blucstone. A.G_I. 

amianthus. Ancient term for long silky fibered 
asbestos. Pryor, 3. 

amiantoid. a. Having the appearance of 
asbestos. Standard, 1964. b. An olive-green, 
coarse, fibrous variety of asbestos. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

amianthinite. Asbestos. Standard, 1964. 

amigo. A stick, tied to the end of a rope, on 
which men sit when being raised or 
lowered in shafts. Hess. 

amino. The radical, NH». Pryor, 3. 

aminoffite. A hydrous silicate of calcium, 
beryllium, and aluminum, CasBesA]SigOzs 
(OH)-4H2O. Colorless tetragonal crystals; 
related to meliphane, from Sweden. Spen- 
cer 15, M.M., 1940. 

Ammanian. Middle Upper Cretaceous. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

ammeter. An instrument for measuring elec- 
tric current in amperes by an indicator 
activated by the movement of a coil in a 
magnetic field or by the longitudinal ex- 
pansion of a wire carrying the current. 
Webster 3d. 

ammines. Complex inorganic metal-ammonia 
compounds, NHs, taking the place of water 
of crystallization. Pryor, 3. 

ammiolite. A red or scarlet earthy substance, 
probably a mixture of antimonate of cop- 
per and cinnabar, said to be found in a 
number of Chilean mines. Dana 6d, p. 865. 

ammite. Same as oolite; roestone. Standard, 
1964. 

ammonal. An explosive used mainly for heavy 
quarry blasts in dry boreholes. It consists 
of TNT, ammonium nitrate, and pow- 
dered aluminum. See also blasting. Nelson. 

ammonia. A colorless, gaseous alkaline com- 
pound; NHs;; lighter than air; pungent 
smell and taste; very soluble in water; 
and can be easily condensed by cold and 
pressure to a liquid. It is a byproduct of 
the gas and coke industry and it forms 
ammonium salts by combination with acids 
and forms many organic derivatives, such 
as amines, amino acids, amides, and alka- 
loids. Used both free and combined. Used 
in making fertilizers and explosives. Web- 
ster 3d. 

ammonia alum; aluminum-ammonium sul- 
fate; ammonium-aluminum sulfate. a. 
A1NHi(SO.)2.12H2O. Used as a setting- 
up agent for acid-resisting or stainless 








ammonium amalgam 


enamels. Hansen. b. Tschermigite. Dana 
6d, p. 952. 

ammoniac; ammoniac gum. A gum resin 
from the stems of the perennial herb, Do- 
rema ammoniacum, appearing as rounded 
tears; having a peculiar odor; and a sweet- 
ish-bitter, somewhat acrid taste. From 
Iran, northern India, and southern Siberia. 
Used as an ingredient of porcelain cements. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammoniac gum. See ammoniac. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

ammonia compressor. A machine for com- 
presssing ammonia in refrigeration. Hess. 

ammonia dynamite. Dynamite in which part 
of the nitroglycerin is replaced by ammo- 
nium nitrate; used in mining. Bennett 2d, 
1962. See also extra dynamites, 

ammonia gelatin. An explosive of the gelatin 
dynamite class containing ammonium ni- 
trate. Webster 3d. 

ammonia liquor; gas liquor; ammoniacal 
liquor. A condensed watery solution ob- 
tained in the destructive distillation of a 
bituminous coal in gas or coke manufac- 
ture, composed of ammonia and ammo- 
nium compounds, and containing hydro- 
gen. sulfide and cyanogen. Used in the 
production of anhydrous ammonia, aqua 
ammonia (ammonium hydroxide), ammo- 
nium sulfate, and other ammonium salts 
and as a source of ammonia in the Solvay 
process for producing soda ash. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

ammonia niter; ammonia nitre. Ammonium 
nitrate, (NH«)NOs; nitrammite. Spencer 
19, M.M., 1952. 

ammonia-soda process. See Solvay process. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonia stillman. In the coke products in- 
dustry, one who extracts ammonia from 
liquor for use in producing ammonium 
sulfate by circulating substances through 
stills and auxiliary equipment. Also called 
stillman, ammonia; pump-and-still opera- 
tor; stillman, byproducts. D.O.T. Supp. 

ammonioborite. A white hydrous borate of 
ammonium, (NH,)20.5B203;.5H2O, found 
in fumarolic deposits. Aggregates of mi- 
nute plates; monoclinic or triclinic. Differs 
optically from larderellite, which has the 
same composition. From Larderello, Tus- 
cany, Italy. English. 

ammoniojarosite. A pale yellow hydrous sul- 
fate of ammonium and ferric iron, (NH:)2 
Fes(OH):2(SOx)4. Lumps of tabular 
grains. Rhombohedral. From west side of 
Kaibab fault, Southern Utah. English. 

ammonite. a. An extinct fossil cephalopod 
found in rocks of Mesozoic age, particu- 
larly characteristic of the Jurassic period. 
Frequently coiled in a plane. C.T.D. Vari- 
ous species of ammonites are Mesozoic 
era index fossils. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. An Ammonium nitrate explosive, con- 
taining from 70 to 95 percent ammonium 
nitrate, besides combustible components, 
which are so-called carbon carriers, as 
resin, meal, and naphthalene. Fay. 

ammonium. A hypothetical univalent alka- 
line radical (NH), acting chemically like 
a basic element; analogous to potassium 
and sodium. Standard, 1964. 

ammonium acid fluoride. See ammonium 
bifluoride. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium amalgam. A pasty, metallike mass 
which results from the passage of an elec- 
tric current through ammonium chloride 
placed in contact with mercury at the 
negative electrode of a battery, or from 
pouring sodium amalgam into a solution 











ammonium amalgam 


of ammonium chloride. Standard, 1964. 


ammonium bicarbonate; ammonium-hydro- 


gen carbonate; ammonium acid carbonate. 
NH.HCOs. Used in conjunction with fluo- 
rides to produce an acid bath for etching 
certain types of glassware, as in producing 
frosted surfaces on electric light bulbs. 
Lee. 


ammonium bifluoride; ammonium acid fluo- 


ride; ammonium-hydrogen fluoride. White ; 
orthorhombic or tetragonal; deliquescent; 
(NH.)FHF. Used for processing beryl- 
lium; in electroplating; as a chemical re- 
agent; in etching glass (white acid) ; and 
in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 


ammonium carbonate; ammonium sesquicar- 


bonate. A mixture of ammonium acid car- 
bonate and ammonium carbamate; (NH:) 
HCO. (NH) (NH2)CO:; colorless crystal 
plates or a white powder; and unstable in 
air, being converted into the carbonate. 
Used in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 


ammonium chloride; sal ammoniac. NH.Cl!; 


isometric; and colorless. When dissolved 
in water, it is used as an electrolyte for 
some primary cells. Obtained as a by- 
product in gas manufacture. Used as a 
flux in soldering. Crispin. 


ammonium fluoride. NH.F; hexagonal; 


white; and specific gravity, 1.31. Used in 
glass etching. CCD 6d, 1961. 


ammonium fluosilicate; ammonium silicoflu- 


oride; cryptohalite. White; isometric or 
hexagonal; (NH) 2SiFs; and specific grav- 
ity, 2.01. Used in glass etching, in light 
metal casting, and in electroplating. CCD 
6d, 1961. 


ammonium hydroxide. A solution of ammonia 


in water; NH,OH. C.T.D. 


ammonium metavanadate. NH:VOs. Used in 


certain ceramic glazes, especially in the 
trivanadium yellow glazes, and as a base 
for ceramic greens. Can be combined with 
tin to produce tin-vanadium yellows. Lee. 


| ammonium nitrate. NH:NO:; molecular 


weight, 80.04; colorless; orthorhombic; 
specific gravity, 1.725 (at 25° C); melt- 
ing point, 169.6° C; soluble in water; and 
soluble in ethyl alcohol. Used in explosives 
and as a fertilizer. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


ammonium nitrate gelignites. These explo- 


sives are similar to the straight gelatins 
except that the main constituent is am- 
monium nitrate instead of sodium nitrate. 
Ammonium nitrate is a more active ex- 
plosive ingredient than sodium nitrate, 
therefore ammonium nitrate can be sub- 
stituted for nitroglycerin in much larger 
quantities and still give explosives of 
high weight strength. The nitroglycerin 
content is usually 25 to 35 percent and 
the ammonium nitrate content varies from 
about 30 to 60 percent. Ammonium ni- 
trate gelignites are characterized by plastic 
consistency; high densities of 1.5 to 1.6 
grams per cubic centimeter; medium ve- 
locity of detonation of 2,500 meters per 
second; and good fume properties. The 
ammonium nitrate gelignites are useful 
all-purpose explosives and they are widely 
used in metal mines, nongassy coal mines, 
quarries, tunneling, and construction work. 
Their wide range of strengths enables a 
suitable grade to be selected for blasting 
almost every variety of rock from hard to 
soft. McAdam II, pp. 30-31. 


' ammonium oxalate. Colorless ; orthorhombic ; 


(NH) 2C2O..H2O. Used in the manufac- 
ture of safety explosives and in rust and 
scale removal from metals. CCD 6d, 1961. 


| ammonium paratungstate; ammonium tung- 





35 


state. White crystals; soluble in water; in- 
soluble in alcohol; (NH:s)sW;:Ou.6H2O. 
Used in the preparation of ammonium 
phosphotungstate and other tungsten com- 
pounds. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium selenite. Colorless or slightly red- 
dish crystals; (NH:)2SeO;.H2O. Used in 
the glass industry (red glass). CCD 6d, 
1961. 

ammonium silicofluoride. See ammonium flu- 
osilicate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium stearate; anhydrous ammonium 
stearate. A tan-colored, waxlike solid; free 
from ammonia odor; C:1;Hs;SCGOONH:. Used 
in integral waterproofing of cements, con- 
crete, and stucco. CCD 6d, 1961. Molecu- 
lar weight, 301; melting point, 74° C; and 
soluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

ammonium sulfate. (NH:)2SO.:; orthorhom- 
bic; and colorless. Sometimes added as a 
minor ingredient in glass batches since it 
is claimed to shorten the melting time and 
to be more effective than salt cake as an 
accelerating agent, both in melting and 
refining. Lee. Obtained as a byproduct of 
the distillation of oil shales, lignite, and 
bituminous coals. Widely used as a fertil- 
izer. Hess. 

ammonium sulfocyanate. See ammonium 
thiocyanate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium sulfocyanide. See ammonium 
thiocyanate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium thiocyanate; ammonium sulfo- 
cyanide; ammonium sulfocyanate. Color- 
less; deliquescent; monoclinic; soluble in 
water, alcohol, acetone, and ammonia; 
NH:SCN. Used in pickling iron and steel; 
in electroplating; and as a separator of 
zirconium and hafnium, and of gold and 
iron. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ammonium uranate. (NH,)2U:O;; molecular 
weight, 624.36; reddish-yellow powder; 
insoluble in water; and soluble in acid. 
Used for painting on porcelain. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

ammonium vanadate. NH:VOs; used as a 
source of vanadium in ceramic pigments, 
for example, tin-vanadium yellow, zirco- 
nium-vanadium yellow and turquoise, etc. 
Dodd. 

amoeboid. Describes the irregular structural 
trends, unrelated to diastropic patterns, 
associated with compaction folds. A.G.I. 

amoibite. Gersdorfite. Dana 6d, p. 90. 

amole. An Ethiopian term for blocks of rock 
salt. Hess. 

amorphism. The state or quality of being 
amorphous; especially, the absence of crys- 
talline structure. Standard, 1964. 

amorphous. a. Without form; applied to 
rocks and minerals having no definite crys- 
talline structure. Fay. b. Volcanic glass is 
usually amorphous. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. Literally, without shape. An amorphous 
substance is one in which the internal ar- 
rangement of the atoms or molecules is 
irregular and which in consequence has no 
characteristic external form. Anderson. 

amorphous graphite. One of three major 
types of natural graphite, the other two 
being lump and crystalline flake. It is 
found in metamorphosed coalbeds and is 
used for foundry facings. BuMines Bull. 
585, 1960, p. 358. 

amorphous metal. Metal in which the regu- 
lar arrangement of atoms characteristic of 
the crystalline state has been destroyed. It 
has been shown to be produced on the 
surface by polishing, but does not exist at 
crystal boundaries nor on slip planes. 





ampelitis 


Cai Ds 

amorphous mineral. A mineral with no defi- 
nite crystalline structuri. Nelson. 

amorphous peat. A type of peat in which the 
original structure of the plants has been 
destroyed as the result of decomposition 
of the cellulose matter. It is heavy, com- 
pact, and plastic when wet. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

amorphous phosphorus; red phosphorus. A 
reddish-brown, nontoxic form obtained by 
heating common phosphorus to about 
250° C in airtight vessels. Used for safety 
matches. It does not ignite until heated to 
260° C; it conducts electricity; and it 
forms red solutions with alcoholic potash. 
Standard, 1964; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-125. 

amorphous substance. A substance in which 
the crystalline form is absent; for example, 
glass, charcoal, or pitch. Cooper. 

amorphous sulfur. The insoluble residue used 
in vulcanization of rubber and is produced 
by extracting flowers of sulfur with carbon 
disulfide. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 903. 

amorphous type of coal. A somewhat inaccu- 
rate term for a coal in which distinct plant 
material is not discernible. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

amortization. a. The process of estimating 
whether an investor is justified in hazard- 
ing a sum of money to purchase a mine 
and its equipment. Hoov, p. 158. b. A 
general term for the redemption of prepaid 
assets of whatever sort. Truscott, p. 271. 
c. The placing aside or application of sums 
for the final extinguishing of securities, 
loans, or a debt. In mining, this insures 
that the face value of capital invested will 
be redeemed. Pryor, 3. d. The return of 
capital with interest, invested in a mine 
during the life of the mine. Nelson. 

amortization schedule. A table that shows 
the principal remaining due or outstanding 
immediately after the annual payment, the 
interest for the interval, and the amount 
of principal repaid. Fay. 

amortize. To provide for the gradual extin- 
guishment of an obligation (as a mortgage 
or a bond issue) by payment of a part of 
the principal or by contribution to a sink- 
ing fund usually with or at the time of 
each periodic interest payment. Webster 
3d. 

amosite. A monoclinic mineral in the cum- 
mingtonite-grunerite series. Sinclair, W. E., 
Ves valle 

amp Abbreviation for ampere. BuMin Style 
1961, p. 770. 

ampangabeite. a. A rare, strongly radioactive, 
massive, orthorhombic mineral, (Y,ER,U, 
Ca,Th)2(Cb,Ta,Fe,Ti)7Oxs. It is light yel- 
low-brown, deep brown, and _brownish- 
black, occurring in potash-rich pegmatites 
associated with columbite, beryl, micro- 
cline, euxenite, strueverite, monazite, gar- 
net, and muscovite; also found with betafite 
and malacon. Crosby, p. 5. b. A discred- 
ited term equal to samarskite. American 
Mineralogist, v. 46, No. 5-6, May-June 
1961, p. 770. 

ampasimenite. A rock containing nepheline, 
titaniferous augite, hornblende, and mag- 
netite, in a brown, fine-grained ground- 
mass; related to pasinite. Hess. 

ampelite. a. Same as cannel coal; carbona- 
ceous schist. Webster 3d. b. An obsolete 
name for bituminous or carbonaceous shale. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

ampelitis. An ancient name applied to a vari- 


ampelitis 


ety of bituminous earth used as an insecti- 
cide sprinkled ovr vines. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

amperage. The strength of a current of elec- 
tricity expressed in amperes. Webster 3d. 

ampere. The practical unit of electric cur- 
rent. The current produced by 1 volt act- 
ing through a resistance of 1 ohm. Abbre- 
viation, amp. Webster 3d. 

ampere-foot. A l-ampere current flowing 
through 1 foot of an electric conductor. 
A wire 20 feet long conducting a current 
of 6 amperes has 120 ampere-feet (20 feet 
times 6 amperes). Abbreviation, amp ft. 
Standard, 1964. 

ampere-hour. The quantity of electricity car- 
ried past any point of a circuit in 1 hour 
by a steady current of 1 ampere; 1 ampere- 
hour equals 3,600 coulombs. Abbreviation, 
amp hr. Webster 3d. 

amperemeter; ammeter. An instrument for 
measuring the strength of an electric cur- 
rent in amperes. Standard, 1964. 

ampere-turn. The meter - kilogram - second 
(mks) unit of magnetomotive force equal 
to the magnetomotive force around. a path 
that links one turn of wire carrying an 
electric current of 1 ampere; 1 ampere- 
turn being equal to 0.47 or 1.257 gilberts. 
Webster 3d. 

ampere volt. A watt. Standard, 1964. 

amphibole. A mineral group, Ae-sBs(Si,Al:) - 
Ou(OH)>s, where A is mainly Mg,Fe’’,Ca, 
and Na; B is mainly Mg,Fe’’, Al, and 
Fe’’’. The amphiboles are common rock- 
forming minerals. Following are the most 
important amphiboles: anthophyllite, 
(Mg,Fe)7SisO2(OH)2, orthorhombic; the 
cummingtonite-grunerite series, (Mg,Fe):- 
SisOvs(OH) 2, monoclinic; the glaucophane, 
riebeckite series, Naz(Mg,Fe”,Al,Fe” ’) sSis- 
Ozz2(OH):2, monoclinic; the tremolite-actin- 
olite series, Caz (Mg, Fe’’)s SisOx (OH)s, 
monoclinic; hornblende, (Ca,Na)s(Mg,- 
Fe’ ’,Al,Ti)s5(Si,Al) sO2(OH,F) 2, monoclin- 
ic; crocidolite, nearly Na2Fes ’ ’SisO22- 
(OH)», monoclinic. A.G.I. 

amphibole-magnetite rock. A granular, more 
or less, banded rock containing griinerite, 
other ferruginous silicates and magnetite, 
produced by the contact metamorphism of 
ferruginous cherts, such as taconite, jaspil- 
lite, te. Holmes, 1928. 

amphibolite. A crystalloblastic rock consist- 
ing mainly of an amphibole and some plagi- 
oclase. Quartz is absent, or present in small 
amounts only. When quartz is more abun- 
dant, there is a gradation to hornblende- 
plagioclase gneiss. A.G.I. 

amphibolite facies. An assemblage of minerals 
formed at moderate to high pressures be- 
tween 850° and 1,300° F (450° and 700° 
C) during regional metamorphism. Leet. 

amphibolization. The development of an am- 
phibole mineral in a rock as a secondary 
mineral. A.G.I. 

amphibololite. A general designation for 
phanerocrystalline igneous rocks composed 
entirely, or almost entirely, of amphiboles. 
Holmes, 1928. 

amphigenite. Basaltic lava containing amphi- 
gene or leucite; an old name for leucite 
tephrite. Standard, 1964. 

amphilogite. Greenish or grayish muscovite 
in fine scales; doubtfully supposed to con- 
tain CaCOs. Synonym for didymite; did- 
rimite. Dana 6d, p. 614. 

amphimorphic. Formed by a twofold process, 
as the action of mineral-bearing thermal 
springs upon sedimentary argillaceous de- 
posits during deposition. Fay. 





36 


amphisapropel. Cellulose ooze containing 
coarse plant debris. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

amphitheater. A relatively flat valley or 
gulchlike depression, generally oval or cir- 
cular in outline, formed by glasiation in 
alpine mountains at or near the head of 
drainage. See also cirque. A.G.I. 

ampholyte. Substance which can function 
either as proton-acceptor or donor; forms 
salts either with bases or with acids. 
Pryor, 3. 

amphoteric. a. Having both acidic and basic 
properties. C.T.D. b. Capable of acting 
either as a base or an acid. Hess. 

amphoteric element. An clement which may 
behave as a metal (loses electrons) or as 
a nonmetal (accepts or shares electrons) 
depending on its environment. VV. 

amphoterite. An achondrite (stony meteor- 
ite) that is chiefly bronzite and olivine. 
Hess. 

amp hr Abbreviation for ampere-hour. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 58. 

amplitude. The maximum displacement from 
the mean position in connection with vi- 
bration. Taylor. 

ampul. A glass container designed to be filled 
and sealed by fusion of the glass neck. 
ACSG, 1963. 

ampullar pearl. Any pearl, such as a true 
pearl formed in the ampulla or epidermis 
of the mollusc, as distinguished from cyst 
pearl and muscle pearl. Shipley. 

ampul tubing. Tubing of special composition 
suited to the manufacture of ampuls, It 
must work well in the blowpipe flame, and 
must resist the action of the materials 
stored in the ampul. C.T.D. 

amu Abbreviation for atomic mass unit. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 58. 

amyegdale; amygdule. Vesicle or vapor cavity 
of volcanic and occasionally of intrusive 
rocks, which has become filled (partly or 
completely) with secretionary products 
usually of late magmatic origin, such as 
zeolites, chlorite, forms of silica, and cal- 
cite. Amygdule is the diminutive of amyg- 
dale, and consequently the terms are not 
strictly synonymous. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

amygdaloid. A vesicular or cellular igneous 
rock, ordinarily basaltic, in which the vesi- 
cles have been partly or completely filled 
with a secondary deposit of calcite, quartz, 
epidote, native copper, or zeolites. The 
term is used in the form of the adjective, 
amygdaloidal, and should be limited to this. 
As a noun, it is also employed for second- 
ary fillings of the cavities, which are usu- 
ally calcite; quartz, or some mineral of the 
zeolite group. The filled cavities are called 
amygdules or amygdales. Amygdaolidal 
rocks are of interest in the United States 
because certain basaltic lava sheets on 
Kewennaw Point, Lake Superior, have 
amygdules filled with native copper and are 
important sources of the metal. Amygdaloi- 
dal cavities are limited to the upper and 
lower portions of lava sheets. The name is 
derived from the Greek word for almond. 

ay. 

amyegdaloidal. a. Containing amygdules. Like 
or pertaining to an amygdaloid. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. Almond-shaped. Zern. 

amygdaloidal geode. A geode which has 
formed in an amygdaloid. Shipley. 

amygdaloidal rock. A rock containing amyg- 
dules and/or amygdales, or the structure 
of a rock resulting from their presence. 
Schieferdecker. 








analcimite 


amygdule. a. A small gas bubble in lava or 
other igneous rocks filled partly or com- 
pletely with a secondary mineral, such as 
a zeolite, calcite, quartz, etc. A.G.I. Supp. 
b. An agate pebble. A.G.I. Supp. 

amygduler. A lava in which the steam holes 
have been filled by chalcedony or other 
minerals. Hess. 

amyl alcohol. C;H::OH; a frothing agent 
with 8 isomers. Pryor, 3. 

amyl xanthate. A powerful collector agent 
used in the flotation process. Pryor, 3. 

anabohitsite. A variety of olivine pyroxenite 
containing hypersthene and hornblende, 
with a high proportion of magnetite and/or 
ilmenite; from Anabohitsy, Malagasy Re- 
public. Holmes, 1928. 

anabranch. An effluent of a stream which 
rejoins the main stream, forcing an island 
between the two watercourses. Standard, 
1964. 

anaclinal. Descending in a direction opposite 
to that of the dip of the strata, as an 
anaclinal river. Opposite of cataclinal. 
Webster 3d. 

Anaconda method. A bunch blasting method 
in which 6 to 15 fuses, cut to respective 
lengths but 2 inches longer than required, 
are tied together near one end by two 
ravelings of fuse spaced about 5 to 6 inches 
apart. A special cutter cuts the fuses off 
evenly between the two ties, leaving the 
fuses tied together and offering a smooth 
face of cut ends. Another bunch is made 
from the fuses of the remaining holes in 
the round. By using a short notched fuse 
as a spitter, the flame is directed against 
the cut end of one bunch of fuses. As soon 
as this bunch ignites, it is held close to the 
face of the second bunch, moving slowly 
to contact all fuses with the flame from 
the first bunch. Bunches should be held at 
least 6 inches back from the end to avoid 
burning the hands. By this method all the 
holes of a round are fired in only two 
eure and by one spitter. Lewis, pp. 120- 

Le 

Anaconda process. A method for the shaping 
of silica refractories formerly used at some 
refractories works in the United States. 
The bricks were first slop-molded, then 
partially dried, and finally repressed. The 
name derives from the town of Anaconda, 
Mont., where the process was first used 
early in the present century by the Amal- 
gamated Copper Company. Dodd. 

anaerobic. Pertaining to organisms that live 
without oxygen. Bateman. 

anagenite. A bright green chromiferous clay, 
close to selwynite. Chrome ocher. Dana 6d, 
p. 697. 

anaglyph. A map so drawn in two colors 
that a three-dimensional picture is ob- 
tained when seen through a special view- 
ing device. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

Anakie sapphire. See Queensland sapphire. 
Shipley. 

analar. Chemically, a reagent of high purity. 
Pryor, 3. 

analbite. High-temperature albite; inversion 
occurs at about 700°C. A.G.I. Supp. 

analcime; analcite. A colorless or white, trans- 
parent to translucent hydrous sodium-alu- 


minum silicate, Na(AISizOc) H2O. Crystal 


system, isometric; Mohs’ hardness, 5.0 to | 


5.5; specific gravity, 2.27; 

vitreous. Dana 17, p. 507. 
analcimite. a. A rock that was probably a 

nepheline syenite originally but now is 


and luster, 


altered and contains over 50 percent anal- 








analcimite 


cite (analcime). Webster 3d. b. The same 
as analcitite. Webster 3d. 

analcimization. The replacement of feldspars 
or feldspathoids by analcite (analcime), 
usually in igneous rocks and the result of 
late-magnetic or post-magnetic reactions. 
A.G.I. 

analcimolith. An igneous rock composed of 
analcite (analcime), either primary or 
secondary. Hess. 

analcite. See analcime. 

analcite basalt. An olivine-bearing basaltic 
rock, in which the predominant felsic min- 
eral is analcite; feldspar, if present, is 
merely accessory. Compare leucite basalt; 
nepheline basalt. Holmes, 1928. 

analcite diabase. A diabase, containing anal- 
cite, usually as an interstitial constituent. 
The term is often used synonymously with 
teschenite, but it is preferable to reserve 
the latter term only for varieties containing 
soda pyroxenes and/or soda amphiboles. 
Compare crinanite. Holmes, 1928. 

analcite essexite. A gray to almost black, fine 
to coarse, granular igneous rock containing 
labradorite, orthoclase, andesine, oligoclase, 
and hornblende, both as phenocrysts and 
as small grains; also, a little augite and 
magnetite. Analcite is in the fine-grained 
groundmass. Holmes, 1928. 

analcite tinguaite. Tinguaite with consider- 
able analcite. Fay. 

analcitite. Pirsson’s name for olivine-free 
analcite basalt. Fay. 

analcitization. The replacement of feldspars 
of feldspathoids by analcite of late-mag- 
matic or post-magmatic processes. Holmes, 
1928. 

anallatic lens. The additional lens fitted to 
the telescope of a surveying instrument so 
that it is internally focusing. When used 
for stadia work, the additive constant is 
zero. Ham. 

analog computer. One which works by creat- 
ing an analogy of the problem, mathe- 
matically. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 

analog indicator. A device which translates 
a measured variable to a pointer deflection 
or other visual quantity which is contin- 
ually proportional to and generally cali- 
brated in terms of the measured function. 
ASM Gloss. 

analogus. a. Corresponding to or resembling 
something else in some way, as in form, 
proportion, etc. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
Designating that pole (end) of a pyro- 
electric crystal to which heating gives a 
positive charge. Compare antilogous. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

analogy. Comparison between two effects. 
Alternating current is used as an analogy 
in the study of tides. Electrical analogies 
are also applicable to such studies as seep- 
age of water through sand, and to the solu- 
tion of certain structural problems. Ham. 

analysis. a. A quantitative statement of the 
experimentally determined physical and 
chemical characteristics of a coal. See also 
air-dried basis; dry ash-free basis; dry min- 
eral matter basis. B.S. 3323, 1960. b. The 
determination of the whole or part of the 
constituents of a coal, rock, or mineral. 
See also assay; chemical constitution of 
coal. Nelson. c. The process of reducing a 
problem to its primary components; the 
assessment of causes or faults from survey 
data, etc. Nelson. d. The separation of 
compound substances into their constitu- 
ents by chemical processes. Webster 3d. e. 
The determination, which may or may not 








37 


involve actual separation, of one or more 
ingredients of a substance either as to kind 
or amount. Also, the tabulated result of 
such a determination. Webster 3d. 


analytical chemistry. Qualitative or quanti- 


tative composition of materials. Pryor, 3, 


p. 80. 


analyze. To separate into constituent parts 


or elements for study. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 413. 


analyzer. a. One of two nicol prisms or 


polaroid discs in the petrological micro- 
scope, between which thin rock sections 
are studied with transmitted polarized light. 
Pryor, 3. b. The part of a polariscope that 
receives the light after polarization and ex- 
hibits the properties of light. Webster 3d. 


anamesite. Suggested by von Leonhard in 


1832 for finely crystalline basalts that are 
texturally between dense typical] basalt and 
the coarser dolerites. The name is from 
the Greek phrase, in the middle. Fay. 


anamigmatism. High-temperature, high-pres- 


sure remelting of sediments to form mag- 
mas. Considered by some to be the next 
more intense process after anatexis. A.G.I. 


anamorphic zone. A zone corresponding to 


the zone of rock flowage. It is especially 
characterized by silicatization involving de- 
carbonation, dehydration, and deoxidation ; 
the processes are constructive. See also 
katamorphic zones. Fay. 


anamorphism; anamorphosis. Metamorphism 


at considerable depths in the earth’s crust 
and under great pressure, resulting in the 
formation of complex minerals from sim- 
pler ones. Fay. The term contrasts with 
katamorphism, which designates the break- 
ing-down processes that take place at or 
near the surface of the earth, such as 
weathering. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 


anapaite, A greenish-white hydrous phosphate 


of calcium and iron, (Ca,Fe)s( POs) 2.4H2O. 
Crusts of tabular crystals on limonite. Tri- 
clinic. From Anapa, Black Sea, U.S.S.R. 
English. 


anastomosing. a. An anastomosing stream is 


a braided stream. Branching, interlacing, 
intercommunicating, thereby producing a 
netlike or braided appearance. A.G.J. b. 
Netted; interveined. A.G.J. 


anatase. Titanium oxide, TiO2; never pri- 


mary, but alters from titanium minerals; 
found in shale, sandstone, limestone, gran- 
ite, dolerite, etc. Nelson. Same as octa- 
hedrite. Standard, 1964. 


anatectic. See anatexis. Hess. 
anatexis. a. A high-temperature metamorphic 


process by which plutonic rock in the 
deeper levels of the crust is dissolved and 
regenerated as a magma. Compare syn- 
texis. A.G.I. b. The complete melting of 
crustal rocks to form granitic magma, as 
opposed to rheomorphism or mobilization, 
which implies merely the development of 
sufficient liquid to permit movement. Some 
include both processes under the term ana- 
texis. A.G.I. 


anauxite. A clay mineral near kaolinite, but 


containing excess silica, probably as inter- 
layered sheets. Monoclinic. A.G.I.; Dana 
L7s 


Anbauhobel. A rapid plough for use on long- 


wall faces. The machine is superior to the 
original Loebbe Hobel and can negotiate 
small faults or washouts on the face by the 
use of more than one plough. It is suitable 
for seams from 2 to 8 feet thick, with rea- 
sonably good roof and floor. The plough 
travels along the face at a speed of 75 feet 








anchored-type ceramic veneer 


per minute with a cutting depth from 1% 
to 3 inches and the broken coal is loaded 
by the plough-shaped body on to an ar- 
mored conveyor. The machine can be oper- 
ated independently of the face conveyor. 
See also Rehisshakenhobel. Nelson. 

anchaduar. Fillings of old workings in a 
mine, and said to carry gold of recent 
deposition. This is a product which de- 
posits in most of the old stopes throughout 
the mine. In some instances, the whole 
stope for 20 feet wide is filled. It is appar- 
ently siliceous material with more or less 
pyrite. Hess. 

anchi-. A prefix meaning almost in petrologic 
terms. A.G.I. 

anchieutectic. Applied to magmas which are 
incapable of undergoing further notable 
mainstage differentiation because their 
mineral composition is practically in eutec- 
tic proportions. A.G.I. 

anchimonomineralic. Applied to those rocks 
which are composed almost entirely of one 
mineral; for example, anorthosite, bronzi- 
tite, dunite, etc. Holmes, 1920. 

anchor. a. To fasten down or hold in place. 
Long. b. A heavy object buried in ground 
to which a guy or snake line may be at- 
tached. Also called deadman, Long. c. A 
buried log, mass of masonry, or other de- 
vice to which may be fastened lines or 
rods for holding in place any object, such 
as the casing of a high-pressure well, a 
derrick, a pole in a curving line, the cables 
of a suspension bridge, etc. Hess. d. A 
length of tubing extended below the work- 
ing barrel of a pumping well. Hess. e. An 
anchor-shaped rabble used in drawing coke 
from a coke oven. Hess. 

anchorage. That portion of any beam or 
structure designed to resist pulling out or 
slipping of the beam or structure when 
subjected to stress. Nelson. 

anchorage distance. That distance behind a 
quay wall at which a deadman must be 
fixed to insure that it will not slip with 
the wall but will provide an efficient an- 
chorage for it. Ham. 

anchor and collar. A heavy metal hinge for 
lock gates, built into masonry or concrete 
of the lock and carrying a projecting hole 
to take the pintle of the gate. Ham. 

anchor bolt. a. A bolt with the threaded por- 
tion projecting from a structure, generally 
used to hold the frame of a building 
secure against wind load or a machine 
against the forces of vibration. Also known 
as holding-down bolt; foundation bolt. 
Ham. b. A bolt or other device used to 
secure a diamond-drill base to a solid 
foundation. It may or may not be threaded. 
Long. c. A lag screw used to anchor the 
drill base to a platform or sills. Long. 

anchor charge. Means of fastening an explo- 
sive charge in a seismic shot hole to allow 
several charges to be preloaded. At each 
stage the bottom charges fired first, the 
upper charges being held down by anchors. 
A.G.I. 

anchored dune. Sand dune stabilized by 
growth of vegetation. A.G.J. Supp. 

anchored tower. A steel, towerlike derrick 
designed to serve as a drill platform and 
for support of drive pipe or casing in drill- 
ing boreholes in formations underlying 
bodies of water. The tower is held upright 
in the water by lines fastened to anchors. 
Long. 

anchored-type ceramic veneer. Ceramic slabs 
approximately 2 to 2% inches thick, held 


anchored-type ceramic veneer 


in place by wire anchors and a grout space 
in which vertical pencil rods are placed. 
The slabs are anchored to the rods, which, 
in turn, are anchored to the backing wall. 
See also ceramic veneer. ACSG. 

anchor ice. Ice formed below the surface of 
a body of water and attached to the bot- 
tom or to submerged objects. Also called 
ground ice; bottom ice. Webster 3d; Fay. 

anchorite. A nodular and veined variety of 
diorite, the normal facies of the rock being 
variegated with dark mafic segregation 
patches and light felsic contemporaneous 
veins. From Anchor Inn, Caldecote, Nun- 
eaton, England. Holmes, 1928. 

anchor jack. See jack. 

anchor line. Cable connecting anchor with 
drill barge, float, other vessel, or drilling 
tower. Long. 

anchor oven. An oven from which coke is 
removed with an anchor. Standard, 1964. 

anchor plates. Plates attached to a drill base 
used to anchor or fasten the drill to the 
drill platform or platform sills with anchor 
bolts or lag screws. Long. 

anchor prop. See stell prop. Nelson. 

anchylose. To unite solidly; to grow together 
into one. Rice. 

ancient beach placers. Deposits found on the 
coastal plain along a line of elevated 
benches. BuMines Bull. 419, 1939, p. 326. 

ancient cliff. See abandoned cliff. Schiefer- 
decker. 

ancillary. Synonym for auxiliary, a. Long. 
colored by iron. Shipley. 

ancylite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
orthorhombic mineral, (Ce,La).«(Sr,Ca)s- 
(COs)7;(OH)4.3H2O. Its color range is pale 
yellow, yellowish brown, brown, gray; oc- 
curs as short prismatic crystals and also in 
groups and crusts of small rounded crys- 
tals; found in pegmatitic veinlets in druses 
associated with aegirite, albite, microcline, 
zircon, synchisite, cordylite, and eudidym- 
ite. From Narsarsuk, Greenland; Kola Pen- 
insula, Russian Lapland. Crosby, p. 94; 
English. 

Ancylostoma. The type genus of Ancylosto- 
matidae comprising hookworms that have 
buccal teeth resembling hooks and are 
parasites in the intestines of man and var- 
ious mammals. Compare Necator. Webster 
Bide 

ancylostomiasis; ankylostomiasis. Infestation 
with or disease caused in man or animals 
by hookworms; specifically; a condition in 
man marked by lethargy, severe anemia, 
and relative eosinophilia due to loss of 
blood through the feeding of hookworms 
in the small intestine. A common disease 
among miners in the tropics. Also called 
miner’s worm; miner’s anemia; hookworm; 
tunnel disease. Webster 3d. 

andalusite. A mineral, AloSiO;; trimorphous 
with kyanite and sillimanite; orthorhom- 
bic. Commonly occurs in schists and 
gneisses. A.G.IJ. Sometimes used as a semi- 
precious stone. Fay. 

andalusite hornstone. A compact, contact- 
metamorphic rock containing andalusite. 
It is usually produced by the metamorph- 
ism of shale or slate by intrusions of gran- 
ite. Fay. 

andendiorite. A tertiary quartz-augite diorite 
that occurs in the volcanic rocks of the 
Chilean Andes. The quartz crystals are 
remarkable for their inclusions of glass and 
of fluids containing salt crystals. Fay. 

andengranite. A biotite-bearing hornblende 
granite, similar in occurrence and micro- 





38 


scopic features to andendiorite. Fay. 

andersonite. A very rare, strongly radioactive, 
hexagonal, secondary mineral, NasCa- 
(UOsz) (COs)s.6H2O. It is bright yellow- 
green and occurs as an efflorescence with 
gypsum, schroeckingerite, bayleyite, and 
swartzite. Crosby, p. 6. 

Anderton shearer loader. A widely used cut- 
ter loader in which the ordinary jib of the 
longwall coal cutter is replaced by a shear 
drum which cuts a web from 16 to 22 
inches depending on its width. The ma- 
chine travels on an armored conveyor and 
requires a prop-free-front for working. It 
shears the coal in one direction and the 
front coal is loaded by a plough deflector, 
and then returns along the face (without 
cutting) and loads the remainder of the 
broken coal. The ordinary Anderton is 
suitable for coal seams above 3 feet 6 
inches thick. See also shearer loader. Nel- 
son. 

andesilabradorite. An andesitic lava with 
phenocrysts of calcic plagioclase (labrador- 
ite). Hess. 

andesine. One of the plagioclase feldspars, 
AbyoAnso-AbsoAns; intermediate between 
albite and anorthite. A silicate of sodium, 
calcium, and aluminum, with the sodium 
in excess of the calcium. Triclinic. An im- 
portant constituent of andesite and diorite. 
Dana 17; Fay. 

andesinite. Proposed by Turner for a granu- 
lar igneous rock composed almost entirely 
of andesine. Hess. 

andesite. A volcanic rock composed essen- 
tially of andesine and one or more mafic 
constituents. Usually, the plagioclase is 
strongly zoned and may range in composi- 
tion from about Angs to Anz, but the aver- 
age composition usually falls within the 
range of andesine. When the rock is por- 
phyritic, the plagioclase phenocrysts are 
usually more calcic than the plagioclase in 
the groundmass, and in addition, the 
groundmass may contain small amounts of 
microcrystalline or occult potassic feldspar 
and cristobalite. Pyroxene, hornblende, or 
biotite, or all three in various proportions, 
may constitute the mafic constituents. 
A.G.I. Also called greenstone. 

andesite line. A map line designating the 
petrographic boundary of the Pacific 
Ocean. Extrusive rocks on the Pacific side 
of the line are basaltic and on the other 
side andesitic. Leet. 

andorite. A dark, steel-gray sulfantimonite of 
lead and silver, 2PbS.AgeS.3Sb2S. Crystals 
prismatic. Orthorhombic. From Felsobanya, 
Romania; Oruro, Bolivia. Sundtite and 
websterite are identical with andorite. 
English. 

andra; andrew; awn. A direction between 
bord and end line. Sometimes also spelled 
horn. TIME. 

andradite. The common calcium-iron garnet, 
CasFeo(SiusO)s; isometric. Dana 17. 

andre. A direction of coal face roughly half- 
way between the main (bord) and second- 
ary (end) cleavages; on the cross. Mason. 

Andreasen pipette. An instrument used in the 
determination of the particle size of clays, 
by the sedimentation method. Dodd. 

Andrews’ elutriator. A device for particle- 
size analysis. It consists of (1) a feed ves- 
sel or tube; (2) a large hydraulic classi- 
fier; (3) an intermediate classifier and, 
(4) a graduated measuring vessel. Dodd. 

andrewsite. A bluish-green phosphate of iron 
and copper; formula uncertain; in globular 











A.N./fuel oil explosive 


forms with radial structure. Hess. 

anegite. A rock consisting of pyroxene, spinel, 
pyrope, and hornblende characterized by 
the absence of feldspar and olivine as es- 
sential constituents. Mineralogically equiv- 
alent to pyroxenites but chemically allied to 
gabbro. Hess. 

anelasticity. a. The property of solids by 
virtue of which strain is not a single- 
valued function of stress in that low stress 
range in which no permanent set occurs. 
ASM Gloss. b. Time-dependent strain in 
the elastic range. VV. 

anemoclastic. That broken by wind erosion 
and rounded by wind action. A.G.I. 

anemogram. A continuous record of wind 
speed and direction given by an anemo- 
graph. Ham. 

anemograph. A self-recording anemometer 
giving a continuous trace of the direction 
and velocity of surface wind. In the Dines 
tube anemograph the wind pressure acts 
upon the opening of a tube arranged as a 
vane to face in the direction of the wind. 
Pressure is transmitted through the tube to 
a float carrying a pen, the height of which 
indicates the wind velocity. Ham. 

anemolite. a. An upturned form of calcite 
stalactite; its form is supposed to have 
been caused by air currents. English. b. A 
stalactite which has one or more changes 
in its axis of growth. Synonym for helictite. 
A.G.I. 

anemometer. An instrument for measuring air 
velocity. It consists of a small fan from 3 
to 6 inches diameter which is rotated by 
the air current. By simple gearing, the 
number of revolutions of the fan is re- 
corded on dials. It is held in the mine air- 
way for the exact number of minutes (N), 
the instrument being moved steadily over 
the entire area. The difference between 
the initial and the final readings on the 
dials, divided by N, gives the velocity of 
the air in feet per minute. Instruments are 
available for velocities from near zero to 
6,000 feet per minute, also with extension 
and remote control handles. See also air- 
measuring station; self-timing anemometer. 
Nelson. 

aneroid barograph. Consists essentially of an 
aneroid barometer and a revolving drum. 
The movement of the evacuated spring can 
is transmitted and magnified through a 
system of levers so that it is finally traced 
by means of a stylo on the graph paper 
attached to the revolving drum. The drum 
is rotated by clockwork, and can be of 
either the 24-hour or the 7-day type. The 
graph paper is usually marked off in hourly 
intervals, so that a complete record of the 
atmospheric pressure at any instant may 
be obtained. These barographs are used 
extensively in mining and in meteorological 
offices. Morris and Cooper, p. 70. 

aneroid barometer. An instrument for meas- 
uring atmospheric pressure, built first by 
Lucien Vidie in about 1843, Basically, var- 
iation in pressure with changes in altitude 
is determined by the movements of the 
elastic top of a metallic box from which 
the air has been partly exhausted. Used 
generally in measuring altitude. A.G.I. 

AN-FO. Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil blasting 
agents. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

A.N./fuel oil explosive. A quarry or open- 
cast explosive consisting of a mixture of 
ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. A mixture 
of 6 percent by weight of fuel oil to am- 
monium nitrate is oxygen balanced, but 
5 percent of fuel oil gives the best results. 














A.N./fuel oil explosive 


The speed of the decomposition reaction is 
double that obtained with dry additions. 
See also blasting; molasses/A.N. explosive. 
Nelson. 

angelardite. The corrected form of anglarite, 
so named after the locality Angelard (not 
Anglar), France. It is a massive, blue 
variety of vivienite, with the formula 
3FeO.P20;.8H2O. English; Hess. 

A.N. Gelatin dynamite 75. A nonpermitted 
gelatinous explosive of high strength, high 
density and good water resistance; used 
for blasting hard rock on the surface and 
underground (where permitted). See also 
blasting; Roxite. Nelson. 

angelellite. A triclinic, blackish-brown min- 
eral, Fes(As,Sb)2On, occurring as globular 
and crystalline incrustations on andesite 
from the Cerro Pululus tin mine, north- 
western Argentina; adamantine to semi- 
metallic luster; conchoidal fracture. Amer- 
ican Mineralogist, v. 44, No. 11-12, No- 
vember-December 1959, No. 1322-1323. 

anglarite. a. A name given erroneously, first 
in 1837 to vivianite, and again in 1848 
to berthierite. Dana 6d, p. 115. b. See 
angelardite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

angle. a. The figure formed by two meeting 
lines (plane angle), two meeting planes 
(dihedral angle), or three or more planes 
meeting in a point (solid angle). Webster 
3d. b. The difference in direction of two 
lines. Webster 3d. c. A projecting corner; 
a pointed form or sharp fragment. Webster 
3d. 

angle bead. A special type of wall tile. Dodd. 

angle beam. a. A two-limbed beam used for 
turning angles in shafts, etc. Zern. b. See 
angle iron. Hess. 

angle brace. A brace used to prevent mine 
timbers from riding or leaning; a brace 
across an interior angle. Fay. 

angle brick. Any brick shaped to an oblique 
angle to fit a salient corner. ACSG, 1963. 

angle bung No. 102. A straight brick with 
one end cut at an angle. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

angle-cut. Drill holes converge, so that a core 
is blasted out. This leaves an open or 
relieved cavity or free face for the follow- 
ing shots, which are timed to ensue with 
a fractional delay. Pryor, 3, p. 48. 

angledozer. a. A power-operated machine 
fitted with a blade, adjustable in height 
and angle, used for digging and side cast- 
ing, and for spreading loose excavated 
material; used at opencast pits and dump- 
ing sites. Nelson. b. A bulldozer whose 
blade can be turned at an angle to the 
direction of travel. Useful in cutting away 
the toes of earth embankments. Carson, 
p. 75. 

angle drilling. See inclined drilling; inclined 
borehole. 

angle fishplates. These fishplates serve two 
purposes, to join the rails and to prevent 
the rail joint from sagging. The latter is 
accomplished to a certain extent with long 
angle fishplates. Angle fishplates are found 
on main entries where heavy cars and 
locomotives are used. Kiser, 2, p. 15. 

angle hole. A borehole that is drilled at an 
angle not perpendicular to the earth’s sur- 
face. Also called incline hole. Long. 

angle iron. A bent piece of iron used for 
joining two or more parts of a composite 
structure at an angle. Also, a rolled shape 
largely used in structural work. Fay. 

angle level. See alidade, b. Long. 

angle of a crossing. The angle between the 


264-972 O-68—4 





39 


running edges of the rails forming the vee 
of the crossing. Sinclair, V, p. 270. 

angle of attack. In mine fan terminology, the 
angle made by the direction of air ap- 
proach and the chord of the aerofoil sec- 
tion. Roberts, I, p. 193. 

angle of bite. In rolling metals where all the 
force is transmitted through the rolls, the 
maximum attainable angle between the 
roll radius at the first contact and the line 
of roll centers. If the operating angle is 
less, it is called the contact angle or rolling 
angle. ASM Gloss. 

angle of dip. The angle at which strata or 
mineral deposits are inclined to the hori- 
zontal plane. In most localities, earth move- 
ments subsequent to the deposition of the 
strata have caused them to be inclined or 
tilted. See also apparent dip; true dip. 
Nelson. Synonym for dip. Fay. 

angle of drain. Approach to perpendiculai 
of a surface necessary for satisfactory drain- 
ing of coating. Bryant. 

angle of draw. a. In coal mine subsidence, 
this angle is assumed to bisect the angle 
between the vertical and the angle of 
repose of the material and is 20° for flat 
seams. For dipping seams, the angle of 
break increases, being 35.8° from the ver- 
tical for a 40° dip. The main break occurs 
over the seam at an angle from the vertical 
equal to half the dip. Lewis, pp. 618-619. 
b. The angle between the limit line and the 
vertical. Nelson. 

angle of external friction; angle of wall fric- 
tion. The angle between the abscissa and 
the tangent of the curve representing the 
relationship of shearing resistance to nor- 
mal stress acting between soil and surface 
of another material. ASCE P1826. 

angle of extinction. When transparent or 
translucent thin sections of anisotropic 
minerals are rotated between crossed nicols 
in a polarizing microscope light ceases to 
be transmitted when the mineral’s planes 
of vibration are parallel to a nicol plane. 
The angle of extinction is the angle be- 
tween a vibration-plane and a crystallo- 
graphic direction, and is specific to the 
mineral. It may be straight or parallel, 
oblique or symmetrical, and is of value in 
identification. Measurement made by turn- 
ing specimen to extinction position and 
reading angle on microscope stage. Cle- 
avage or crystal edge is then turned paral- 
lel with eyepiece crosswire aligned with 
nicol plane, and stage-reading noted. Dif- 
ference is angle of extinction. Pryor, 3. 

angle of friction. The angle between the per- 
pendicular to a surface and the resultant 
force acting on a body resting on the sur- 
face, at which the body begins to slide. 
Ham. 

angle of incidence. The angle formed by the 
line of incidence and a line drawn from 
the point of contact perpendicular to the 
plane or surface on which the incident ray 
or body impinges. Fay. 

angle of inclination. The angle of slope from 
the horizontal. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

angle of internal friction. The angle between 
the abscissa and the tangent of the curve 
representing the relationship of shearing 
resistance to normal stress acting within a 
soil. ASCE P1826. 

angle of nip. a. In roll, jaw, or gyratory 
crushing, the entrance angle formed by 
the tangents at the two points of contact 
between the working surfaces and the as- 
sumed spherical particle. ASM Gloss. b. 





angle to the right 


The angle included between two approach- 
ing faces at or below which a particle is 
seized. Approximately 23° for most min- 
erals. Pryor, 4. 

angle of obliquity. The angle between the 
direction of the resultant stress or force 
acting on a given plane and the normal 
to that plane. ASCE P1826. 

angle of polarization. a. That angle, the tan- 
gent of which is the index of refraction of 
a reflecting substance. Fay. b. The angle 
of reflection from a plane surface at which 
lighti s polarized. Hess. 

angle of pull. The angle between the vertical 
and an inclined plane bounding the area 
affected by the subsidence beyond the ver- 
tical. Applied to slides of earth. Fay. 

angle of reflection. The angle which a re- 
flected ray of light, on leaving the exterior 
or interior surface of an object, such as a 
transparent stone or crystal, makes with 
the normal to that surface. Shipley. 

angle of refraction. The angle which a re- 
fracted ray of light, upon leaving the 
surface of an object, makes with the nor- 
mal to that surface. Shipley. 

angle of repose. See angle of rest. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

angle of rest; angle of repose. The maximum 
slope at which a heap of any loose or 
fragmented solid material will stand with- 
out sliding or come to rest when poured 
or dumped in a pile or on a slope. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

angle of shear. The angle between the planes 
of maximum shear which is bisected by the 
axis of greatest compression. Rice. 

angle of shearing resistance. The value of ¢ 
in Coulomb’s equation for cohesive soils, 
determined by experiment. It is zero for a 
saturated clay sheared without variation of 
moisture content, but for silts and clays in 
different conditions the value differs. Ham. 

angle of slide. The slope, measured in degrees 
of deviation from the horizontal, on which 
loose or fragmented solid materials will 
start to slide; it is a slightly greater angle 
than the angle of rest. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

angle of swing. The number of degrees 
through which the dipper moves horizon- 
tally from the filled position to the dump- 
ing position. Carson, p. 48. 

angle of thread. The angle included between 
the sides of the thread, that is, the spread 
of the “V”. Crispin. 

angle of total reflection. Same as critical 
angle. Shipley. 

angle of wall friction. See angle of external 
friction. ASCE P1826. 

angle plate. Used in setting up work, ;en- 
erally for machinery; made of cast iron, 
being formed of two plates of metal at 
right angles with each other, and pierced 
with holes or slots for the reception of 
bolts. Crispin. 

angle rule. Synonym for clinometer rule 
Long. 

anglesite. A brittle, lustrous lead sulfate, 
PbSO,; orthorhombic; color transparent to 
opaque; Mohs’ hardness, 2.5 to 3; specific 
gravity, 6.3. Valuable lead ore oxidized 
from galena in upper part of lode. Con- 
centrated by gravity and/or flotation. 
Pryor, 3; Dana 17. 

angle tile. A purpose-made clay or concrete 
tile for use in an angle in vertical exterior 
tiling. Dodd. 

angle to the right. Horizontal angle measured 
clockwise from the preceding line to the 


angle to the right 


following one. Seelye, 2. 

angle trough. A short curved section of a 
shaker conveyor trough inserted in a 
trough line to change the angle of direc- 
tion. Up to 15° of turn the angle trough 
does not employ any means of support 
other than connection to adjacent troughs. 
For a greater degree of turn, a fulcrum 
jack and a swivel device are employed 
with the trough section. Jones. 

angleur furnace. A furnace for the distilla- 
tion of zinc. Fay. 

angling. Rope will only coil closely on the 
drum within the distance between the cen- 
ters of the pulleys. Spread or diagonal coil- 
ing will result outside this distance unless 
the drum is grooved: this is known as 
outside angling and with a grooved drum 
may amount to 1%°. After the normal 
between the pulley and the drum is passed, 
the coils attempt to get back to this nor- 
mal line and this produces friction crush- 
ing between the coils and a danger of 
coils mounting one over the other: this 
is known as inside angling and should be 
kept below 2°. The amount of angling 
for a given distance between the pulleys 
will depend upon the distance between 
the headgear pulleys and the drum, Groov- 
ing the drum reduces the difficulties as- 
sociated with angling. Sinclair, V, p. 33. 

angling dozer; angledozer. A bulldozer with 
a blade that can be pivoted on a vertical 
center pin, so as to cast its load to either 
side. Nichols. 

Anglite. A trade name for cast tungsten car- 
bide. Hess. 

Angola. A diamond from the Angola district, 
Africa; also, a diamond having the appear- 
ance characteristic of those produced in 
the Angola district. Long. 

Angoumian. Upper Turonian. A.G.J. Supp. 

angrite. An achondrite (meteoric stone) that 
is chiefly purple titaniferous augite (over 
90 percent) and olivine. Hess. 

angstrom; angstrom unit. a. A unit of linear 
measurement in the centimeter-gram-second 
system. Named in honor of Swedish phy- 
sicist Anders J. Angstrom (1814-1874). 
As a unit, the initial letter a of angstrom 
is sometimes capitalized. The symbol for 
the unit is usually the capital letter A, 
but sometimes AU or A.U. (for angstrom 
unit or units) is used. It equals 10—* 
meter, 10—* centimeter, 10—* micron, or 
10—* millimicron. Such ultramiscroscopic 
distances as the dimensions of atoms, mole- 
cules, unit cells, and short wavelengths 
are expressed in angstroms. Bureau of 
Mines Staff; Webster 2d; Webster 3d. b. 
Either of two units of wavelength; (1) 
10—* meter, called the absolute angstrom, 
or (2) the wavelength of the red spec- 
trum line of cadmium divided by 6438.- 
4696, called also the international ang- 
strom. Webster 3d. 

angular. a. A roundness grade showing very 
little or no evidence of wear, with edges 
and corners sharp. A.G.J. b. Of particles, 
sharp-edged or of roughly polyhedral shape. 
Pryor, 3. 

angular cross-bedding. Cross-bedding in 
which foreset beds meet underlying  sur- 
face at sharp, discordant angle. Pettijohn. 

angular cutter. A milling cutter on which the 
cutting face is at an angle with regard 
to the axis of the cutter. Crispin. 

angular gears. Bevel gears. Crispin. 
angularity. The conformity to or deviation 
from specified angular dimension in the 





40 


cross section of a shape or bar. Light 
Metal Age, v. 16, No. 9, October 1958, 
pp. 17-24, Glossary of terms used in the 
aluminum extrusion industry. 

angularity test. Synonym for 
Williams. 

angular shear. An inclination between two 
cutting edges to reduce the amount of 
shearing pressure necessary. ASM Gloss. 

angular unconformity. An unconformity in 
which the older underlying strata dip at a 
different angle (generally steeper) than 
the younger overlying strata. A.GJI. See 
also disconformity. A.G.I. Supp. 

angular velocity. The time rate of angular 
displacement usually expressed in radians 
per second, or in revolutions per second, 
or per minute being a vector, the direc- 
tion and sense of which are such that the 
motion appears clockwise to one looking 
in the direction of the vector. Webster 3d. 

Angus-Smith compound. A protective ccat- 
ing for valves, fittings, and pipes used for 
underground work, composed of coal tar, 
tallow, resin, and quicklime. B.S. 3618, 
1963, Sec. 4. 

anhedral. a. Applied to those minerals of 
igneous rocks that are not bounded by 
their own crystal faces, but which had 
their imperfect form impressed on them by 
the adjacent minerals during crystalliza- 
tion. A.G.I. b. Having an imperfect form 
determined by the surrounding minerals. 
The term is applied to minerals in a 
granular igneous rock. Synonym for allo- 
triomorphic; xenomorphic. Contrasted with 
euhedral and subhedral. Fay. c. Lacking 
planar surfaces. VV. 

anhedron. Any individual mineral component 
of an igneous rock that lacks its own 
crystal boundaries, Allotriomorphic, anhe- 
dral, and xenomorphic are adjectives hav- 
ing the same meaning, without crystal 
faces. Fay. 

anhydrate. Dehydrate. Sandstrom. 

anhydride. a. A compound derived from 
another compound (as an acid) by the 
removal of the elements of water. Webster 
3d. b. An oxide of a nonmetallic element 
or an organic radical, capable of forming 
an acid by uniting with the elements of 
water, or of being formed from an acid 
by the abstraction of the water, or of unit- 
ing with basic oxides to form salts. Webster 
2d. c. A compound formed from another 
or others by the abstraction of water. See 
also acid anhydride. Webster 2d. 

anhydrite. Calcium sulfate, CaSO.; ortho- 
rhombic; transparent to translucent; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3 to 3.5; specific gravity, 2.93. 
A source of cement, sulfuric acid, and 
plaster. Pryor, 3; Dana 17. 

anhydrock. A rock composed chiefly of anhy- 
drite. A.G.J. 

anhydrous. a. Without water, especially water 
of crystallization. Webster 3d. b. Applied 
to oxides, salts, etc., to indicate that they 
do not contain water of crystallization or 
water of combination. C.T.D. c. Minerals 
which do not contain water in chemical 
combination. Gordon. 

anhydrous ammonia. Purified ammonia gas 
(NHs) liquefied by cold and pressure. 
Used for refrigeration. Crispin. 

anhydrous borax. Borax glass. CCD 6d, 1961. 

anhydrous crystals. These contain no water 
of crystallization as do hydrated crystals; 
for example, calcium carbonate. Cooper. 

anhydrous rasorite. An anhydrous sodium 
borate concentrate containing approxi- 
mately 90.5 percent NaszO, 2 percent BzOs, 


slope _ test. 











anionic flotation 


and 9.0 to 9.5 percent of a complex in- 
soluble clay. It offers a more economical 
source of BsO3 than the refined sodium 
borates and can readily be substituted for 
either borax or anhydrous borax on an 
equivalent basis. Lee. 

Anhydrox. Brand name for a compound to 
prevent or overcome anhydrite or gypsum 
contamination in drilling mud, by pre- 
treatment of the mud to remove calcium 
and sulfate ions. CCD 6d, 1961. 

aniline point. An approximate measure of 
the aromatic content of a mixture of 
hydrocarbons. It is defined as the lowest 
temperature at which an oil is completely 
miscible with an equal volume of aniline. 
Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 294. 

anilos. a. Mex. A set of shaft timbers. Fay. 
b. Mex. Shells for crushing rolls. Fay. 

animal dogger. York. Hard band of sul- 
furous shale, in the Jet Rock series, Upper 
Lias, Saltwick Nab. So called because of 
the fish remains contained in it. Arkell. 

Animikean system. The middle subdivision 
of the Proterozoic era, sometimes known 
as the Upper Huronian or Penokean. Fay. 

animikite. A white to gray silver antimonide, 
Ag Sb, found in fine granular masses in 
the Lake Superior region. Standard, 1964. 

anion. a. A negatively charged ion, such as 
a hydroxide, a chloride, or a sulfate ion; 
opposite of cation. Webster 3d. b. The 
ion is an electrolyzed solution that migrates 
to the anode where it is discharged and 
liberated or deposited. Webster 3d. 

anion clay adsorption. See clay adsorption, 
anion. ACSG, 1963. 

anion exchange capacity. A measure of the 
ability of a clay to adsorb or exchange 
anions; usually expressed in milliequival- 
ents of anion per 100 grams of dry clay. 
ACSG, 1963. 

anionic-cationic selective flotation. A process 
developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines 
for recovering ground mica fines from 
wastes. The feed is first pulped by being 
thoroughly mixed with water and then 
conditioned by adding small quantities of 
chemicals to separate the clay from the 
mica particles. The separation proceeds 
as the pulp or slurry passes through a 
series of agitation tanks or flotation cells. 
At separate stages oleic acid (an anionic 
reagent) and an amine acetate (a cationic 
reagent) are added, allowing the mica 
particles to be captured by air bubbles 
that rise through the pulp. The mica, free 
of slimes and clay, comes to the surface 
where it is skimmed off and washed. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

anionic collector. A flotation reagent in which 
the reactive group is acid in character. 
In these collectors the hydrocarbon group 
is in the anion. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
The most common anionic collectors are 
fatty acids (carboxylic acids). They occur 
naturally as complex mixtures in which the 
hydrocarbon chain is saturated or un- 
saturated. Fuerstenau, p. 431. 

anionic current. Negative ion electrical cur- 
rent. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

anionic detergent. A detergent in which the 
anion (negative ion) is the active part. 
ASM Gloss. 

anionic exchange. See ionic exchange. Dodd. 

anionic flotation. a. A flotation process em- 
ploying anionic collectors. Anionic collec- 
tors are those in which the negative ion 
(anion) is the effective part. Opposite of 
cationic flotation which employs cationic, 
or positive, ion collectors. Bureau of Mines 











anionic flotation 


Staff. b. A flotation process in which the 
undesirable impurities, instead of the 
metal ores, are floated. It is used with 
some success in the treatment of low-grade 
iron ores. Henderson. 

anisodesmic compound. A compound in 
which the bonds joining different metallic 
cations to an anion are of different relative 
strengths. A.G.I. Supp. 

anisodesmic structure. In a crystal, a bond- 
ing so coordinated that there is pronounced 
quantitative difference between the bond 
strengths. Pryor, 3. 

anisomerite. A rock of porphyritic texture 
in which the chief minerals are embedded 
in a matrix or groundmass. Obsolete. A.G.J. 

anisometric. a. Having unsymmetrical parts; 
not isometric; applied to crystals with 
three unequal axes. Webster 3d. b. Of or 
relating to a rock of granular texture but 
having mineral constituents of unequal 
size. Webster 3d. c. A textural term ap- 
plied to granular rocks in which the grains 
are of different sizes. Obsolete. The term 
seriate expresses the same texture when 
the crystals vary gradually or in a con- 
tinuous series. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, 
p. 201. 

anisotropic. Having physical properties that 
vary in different directions. Specifically in 
optical crystallography showing double re- 
fraction. Characteristic of all crystalline 
substances, including minerals, except those 
belonging in the isometric system, which 
are isotropic. Opposite of isotropic. Fay; 
A.G.I. 

anisotropic fabric. One in which there is pre- 
ferred orientation in space of the elements 
of which the rock is composed. A.G.I. 

anisotropic mass. A mass having different 
properties in different directions at any 
given point. ASCE P1826. 

anisotropy; anisotropism. a. The property of 
being anisotropic, or exhibiting properties 
(such as velocity of light transmission, 
conductivity of heat or electricity, or com- 
pressibility) with different values when 
measured along axes in different directions. 
Webster 3d. b. The condition of having 
different properties in different directions. 
For example, the state of geologic strata of 
transmitting sound waves with different 
velocities in the vertical and in the hori- 
zontal directions. A.G.I. 

ankaramite. A mafic olivine basalt composed 
mainly of pyroxene, with lesser amounts 
of olivine and plagioclase, and accessory 
biotite, apatite, and opaque oxides. A.G.I. 

ankaratrite. Olivine nephelinite. A.G.I. 

ankerite. A white, red, or grayish calcium- 
magnesium-iron carbonate, CaCOs(Mg,Fe, 
Mn)CO:;; commonly occurring in the 
partings of coal; rhombohedral. Dana 17; 
B.S. 3323, 1960. 

ankylostomiasis. See ancyclostomiasis. Web- 
ster 3d. 

annabergite. A mineral, Nis(AsO.)2.8H2O, 
usually found as green incrustations as an 
alteration product of nickel arsenides. 
Monoclinic. Also called nickel bloom. 
A.G.I.; Dana 17. 

anneal. a. To heat, fire, bake, or fuse, as 
glass, earthenware, ore, etc. Fay. b. To 
heat, as glass, earthenware, or metals in 
order to fix colors. Fay. c. To treat, as glass, 
earthenware, or metals, by heating and 
gradually cooling, so as to toughen them 
and remove brittleness. Fay. d. To prevent 
or remove objectionable stresses in glass- 
ware by controlled cooling from a suitable 
temperature. ASTM C162-66. 








Al 


annealed steel. Steel that has been softened 
or had strains removed by heating followed 
by slow cooling. Hess. 

annealed wire. Softened wire. 
Mines Staff. 

annealed wire rope. A wire rope made from 
wires that have been softened by anneal- 
ing. Zern. 

annealing. a. Heating to and holding at a 
suitable temperature and then cooling at 
a suitable rate for such purposes as reduc- 
ing hardness, improving machinability, 
facilitating cold working, producing a 
desired microstructure, or obtaining de- 
sired mechanical, physical, or other prop- 
erties. When applied to ferrous alloys, the 
term annealing, without qualification, im- 
plies full annealing. When applied to 
nonferrous alloys, the term annealing im- 
plies a heat treatment designed to soften 
a cold-worked structure by recrystalliza- 
tion or subsequent grain growth or to 
soften an age-hardened alloy by causing 
a nearly complete precipitation of the 
second phase in relatively coarse form. 
ASM Gloss. b. The variation of the cooling 
rate at different temperatures of porcelain, 
glass, and other ceramic ware containing 
large quantities of vitreous material to 
prevent defects such as dunting, crazing, 
cracking, crystallization, etc. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. c. The process by which glass 
and certain metals are heated and then 
slowly cooled to make them more tena- 
cious and less brittle. Important in con- 
nection with the manufacture of steel cast- 
ings, forgings, etc. Fay. d. See malleable 
castings. Fay. e. The process of heating 
metal shapes to a red heat or above, 
prior to cleaning. See also fine annealing. 
ASTM C286-65. 

annealing arch. The oven in which glass is 
annealed. Fay. 

annealing box. A box in which articles to be 
annealed are enclosed while in the fur- 
nace. Standard, 1964. Also called anneal- 
ing pot. Fay. 

annealing color. The hue taken by steel in 
annealing. Standard, 1964. 

annealing furnace. See annealing oven. Fay. 

annealing oven. An oven for heating and 
gradually cooling metals or glass to render 
them less brittle. Standard, 1964. Also 
called annealing furnace. Fay. 

annealing point. Temperature at which the 
viscosity of glass is 10 poises. Formerly 
defined as 10” * poises. The internal 
stresses are substantially relieved in 15 
minutes at this temperature. VV. 

annealing pot; annealing box. A pot in which 
articles are placed to be annealed. It is 
closed to prevent oxidation. Fay. 

annealing range. The range of glass tempera- 
ture in which stresses in glass articles can 
be relieved at a commercially desirable 
rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, 
the annealing range is assumed to corre- 
spond with the temperatures between the 
annealing point and the strain point. 
ASTM C162-66. 

annerodite; aanerodite. A submetallic black 
uranium-yttrium pyroniobate, crystallizing 
in the orthorhombic system. An intergrowth 
of ies imi and columbite. Fay; Crosby, 
p. 40. 

annite. a. Lepidomelane; (H,K)2Fes(Fe,Al)« 
$iO,)s; Mohs’ hardness, 3; specific gravity, 
3.0 to 3.2; a black, rather brittle mica, 
characterized chiefly by the large content 
of ferric iron. Dana 6d, p. 634, b. Syno- 
nym for hydroxylannite. Hey 2d, 1955. 


Bureau of 











anode fall 


annivite. Tennanite, 4Cu2S.AseSs, in which 
part of the arsenic is replaced by bismuth 
and antimony. Dana 6d, pp. 138-140. 

annual labor. Same as assessment work, on 
mining claims. Fay. 

annual layer. a. A sedimentary layer depos- 
ited, or presumed to have been deposited, 
during the course of a year; for example, 
a glacial varve. A.G.I. Supp. b. A dark 
layer in a stratified salt deposit containing 
disseminated anhydrite. A.G.J. Supp. 

annual value. The annual value of a prop- 
erty is the estimated annual surplus of 
revenue over expenditure in process of 
liquidating the mineral reserves. In the 
usual case, that of a property owned by a 
company, it is the dividend estimated 
maintainable annually over the whole 
computed life, the regular distribution of 
mining profit. Truscott, p. 234. 

annuity. a. An annual allowance, payment, 
or income. Standard, 1964. b. The return 
from an investment of capital, with in- 
terest, in a series of yearly payments. 
Standard, 1964. 

annular. Ring-shaped. The space between 
casing and the wall of the hole or between 
drill pipe and casing is an annular space. 
Brantly, 1. 

annular bearing. A ring bearing which carries 
the radial lode of a shaft. If a ball bear- 
ing, the balls are held in a race and run 
on a hard band around the shaft. Petro- 
leum Age, V. 11, January 15, 1923, p. 37. 

annular borer. Any tubular tool used to ob- 
tain a cylindrical core as a sample. Com- 
pare core drill; diamond drill; shot drill. 
Long. 

annular drainage pattern. A ringlike draining 
pattern. It is subsequent in origin and is 
associated with a maturely dissected dome 
or basin structure. A.G.J. 

annular kiln, A kiln having compartments. 
Standard, 1964. 

annular wheel. A ring gear with teeth fixed 
to its internal circumference. Also called 
internal gear. Crispin. 

anode. a. The electropositive pole. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. The positive terminal of an elec- 
trolytic cell. Webster 3d. c. The electrode 
at which electrons leave a device to enter 
the external circuit; opposite of cathode. 
Webster 3d. d. The negative terminal of a 
primary cell or of a storage battery that 
is delivering current. Webster 3d. e. The 
electron-collecting electrode of an elec- 
tron tube. Webster 3d. 

anode compartment. In an electrolytic cell 
the enclosure formed by a diaphragm 
around the anodes. ASM Gloss. 

anode copper. Special-shaped copper slabs, 
resulting from the refinement of blister 
copper in a reverberatory furnace, used as 
anodes in electrolytic refinement. ASM 
Gloss. 

anode corrosion. The dissolution of a metal 
acting as an anode. ASM Gloss. 

anode effect. The effect produced by polari- 
zation of the anode in the electrolysis of 
fused salts. It is characterized by a sudden 
increase in voltage and a corresponding 
decrease in amperage due to the anode’s 
being virtually separated from the elec- 
trolyte by a gas film. ASM Gloss. 

anode efficiency. Current efficiency at the 
anode. ASM Gloss. 

anode fall. A very thin space-charge region 
in front of an anode surface, character- 
ized by a steep potential gradient through 
the region. BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, p. 
Age 


anode film 


anode film. a. The portion of solution in 
immediate contact with the anode, es- 
pecially if the concentration gradient is 
steep. ASM Gloss. b. The outer layer of 
the anode itself. ASM Gloss. 

anode furnace. A copper or nickel refining 
furnace, in which blister copper or im- 
pure nickel is refined. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

anode metals. Metals used for electroplating. 
They are as pure as commercially pos- 
sible, uniform in texture and composition, 
and have the skin removed by machining. 
In addition to pure single metals, various 
alloys are produced in anode form, such as 
Platers’ brass and Spekwite, the last named 
yielding a white plate harder than nickel. 
Brady, 4th ed., 1940, pp. 39-40. 

anode mud; anode slime. A deposit of insolu- 
ble residue formed from the dissolution 
of the anode in commercial electrolysis. 
Sometimes called anode slime. ASM Gloss. 
In copper refining, this slime contains the 
precious metals which are recovered from 
it, CAND: 

anode pickling. See electrolytic pickling. 
Dodd 

anode scrap. Remnants of anode copper re- 
trieved from electrolytic refining of the 
metal. Pryor, 3. 

anode slime. See anode mud. 

anodic cleaning. Electrolytic cleaning where 
the work is the anode. It is also called re- 
verse-current cleaning. ASM Gloss. 

anodic coating. A film on work resulting from 
an electrolytic treatment at the anode. 
ASM Gloss. 

anodic pickling. Electrolytic pickling where 
the work is the anode. ASM Gloss. 

anodic zone; positive zone. In the electrical 
self-potential method of geophysical pros- 
pecting, if the chemical composition of the 
soil or subsoil is such as to give electrical 
polarization, the zone of electropositive po- 
tential is the anodic zone. A.G.I. 

anodized aluminum. Aluminum which has 
been made the anode or positive electrode 
of an electrolytical chemical bath con- 
taining sodium phosphate or other solu- 
tion. On passing a current through the 
bath, the aluminum is chemically oxidized 
on the surface, giving it a fine matte ap- 
pearance. Camm. 

anodizing. Forming a conversion coating on 
a metal surface by anodic oxidation; most 
frequently applied to aluminum. ASM 
Gloss. 

anogene. An obsolete term for rocks that 
have risen from below; that is, eruptive 
rocks. Fay. 

anogenic. Applied to deep-seated or plutonic 
metamorphism or replacement. Obsolete. 
Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 166. 

anolyte. The electrolyte adjacent to the anode 
in an electrolytic cell. ASM Gloss. 

anomalite. A lightweight alteration product 
of jeffersonite; a pyroxene, (Mn,Zn,Fe, 
Mg)0O.CaO.2SiO2; blood red in thin sec- 
tion; contains 30 percent Mn2Os with 
copper and nickel. Hess. 

anomalous double refraction. Double refrac- 
tion in a normally singly refractive sub- 
stance. Caused by internal strain. Seen by 
irregular extinction when substance is ob- 
served between crossed nicols, as in syn- 
thetic spinel and sometimes in garnet. 
Shipley. 

anomalous magma type. An unusual magma 
type that was formed by or affected by 
assimilation. It is to be distinguished from 
magma types formed by differentiation 





42 


alone. A.G.I. 

anomaly. a. Any deviation from uniformity. 
A distinctive local feature in a geophysi- 
cal or a geochemical survey over a larger 
area. An area or a restricted portion of a 
geophysical survey, such as a magnetic 
survey or a gravity survey, that differs 
from the rest of the survey in general. 
The anomaly might be associated with 
petroleum, natural gas, or mineral de- 
posits, or provide a key to interpreting the 
underlying geologic structure. Drilling for 
economic mineral deposits might be con- 
ducted in the area of a _ geophysical 
anomaly. In seismic usage, anomaly is gen- 
erally synonymous with structure, but it 
is also used for spurious or unexplainable 
seismic events or for local deviations of 
potential functions which cannot be con- 
clusively attributed to a unique cause. 
A.G.JI. b. Any departure from the normal 
magnetic field of the earth is a magnetic 
anomaly. It may be a high or a low, sub- 
circular, ridgelike or valleylike, or linear 
and dikelike. A.G.I. c. A gravity anomaly 
is the difference between the theoretical 
calculated gravity and the observed ter- 
restrial gravity. In comparing any set of 
observed data with a computed theoretical 
curve, the difference of an observed value 
and the corresponding computed value, or 
the observed minus the computed value. 
Excess observed gravity is a_ positive 
anomaly, and a deficiency is a negative 
anomaly. See also Bouguer anomaly; free- 
air anomaly; isostatic anomaly. A.G.I.; 
A.G.I. Supp. d. A crystallographic anomaly 
is the lack of agreement between the ap- 
parent external symmetry of a crystal and 
the observed optical properties. Schiefer- 
decker. 

anomaly drilling. Boreholes drilled to explore 
the formations in or adjacent to an 
anomaly. Long. 

anomite. A variety of biotite. Standard, 1964. 

anorogenic. Applied to a geologic feature 
that formed during a period of tectonic 
quiescence between orogenic periods. 
ALG I: 

anorogenic granite. A granite, the emplace- 
ment of which is not connected with an 
orogeny. Schieferdecker. 

anorogenic time. A geologic time when sig- 
nificant deformation of the earth’s crust 
did not occur. A.G.I. 

anorthic. The same as triclinic. Fay. 

anorthite. An end-member of the plagioclase 
feldspar series, AbioAngo-CaAleSizOs, con- 
sisting of calcium-aluminum silicate and 
containing no sodium. The intermediate 
plagioclases may be regarded as mixtures 
of anorthite with the other end-member, 
albite. Triclinic. Compare albite. Fay; 
Dana 17. 

anorthite basalt. Basalt, containing anorthite 
(Ango-Anio) as the essential feldspathic 
mineral. Holmes, 1928. 

anorthitite. a. Proposed by Turner for a 
granular igneous rock composed almost 
wholly of anorthite. Hess. b. A coarsely 
crystalline granitoid igneous rock that con- 
sist almost entirely of anorthite. The rock 
is a feldspathic extreme of the gabbro 
group, an anorthosite formed of anorthite. 
ay. 

anorthoclase. A triclinic feldspar closely re- 
lated to the orthoclase group. Chiefly a 
soda-potash feldspar, K(AISi;sOs)-Na(Al- 
SizsOs). Dana 17. 

anorthoclase sanidine. Synonym for sanidine- 
anorthoclase. Hey 2d, 19595. 








anthonyite 


anorthoclasite. An igneous rock composed of 
anorthoclase. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, 
p. 240. 

anorthosite. A plutonic rock composed almost 
entirely of plagioclase, which is usually 
labradorite. It is a monomineralic equiva- 
lent of gabbro but lacking in essential 
monoclinic pyroxene. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

anorthositization. The process of formation 
of anorthosite by replacement of meta- 
somatism. A.G.J. 

anoxia. Oxygen deficiency in the blood cells 
or tissues of the body in such degree as to 
cause psychological and physiological dis- 
turbances. Anoxia may result from a scarc- 
ity of oxygen in the air being breathed or 
from an inability of the body tissues to 
absorb oxygen under conditions of low am- 
bient pressure. Also called hypoxia. H&G. 

A.N.S. amphibian apparatus. An underwater 
breathing apparatus consisting essentially 
of a breathing bag worn around the neck, 
and an oxygen cylinder, reducing valve, 
and carbon dioxide absorbent canister 
worn at the left side. A counterbalance 
weight is worn on the right side. When 
the cylinder is fully charged with pure 
oxygen, this apparatus can be used up to 
40 minutes at depths of down to 30 feet. 
McAdam, pp. 163-164. 

antagonizing screws. On a theodolite, clip 
screws used to eliminate index error of a 
vertical circle. Pryor, 3. 

antecedent. a. Pertaining to streams, valleys, 
or complete drainage systems that were 
established before upwarping, faulting, or 
folding, and that maintained their original 
courses despite subsequent deformation. A 
slow rate of uplift is implied. The term 
contrasts with consequent and superim- 
posed (or superposed). Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. b. Pertaining to or characterizing the 
internal movements of the earth concerned 
in the elevation of continental masses and 
their exposure to degradation. Contrasted 
with consequent. Standard, 1964. 

antecedent stream. A stream that retained 
its early course in spite of geologic changes 
since its course was assumed. Fay. 

antecedent valley. A stream valley that existed 
before uplift, faulting, or folding occurred 
and which maintained itself during and 
after the uplift, faulting, or folding. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

anteconsequent stream. a. In a deformed re- 
gion may be found, therefore, true ante- 
cedent streams, and streams that were con- 
sequent upon the form of the surface 
assumed as the result of early movement 
but are antecedent to later movements of 
the same series. Such a stream might be 
termed antecedent, condequent or antecon- 
sequent. A.G.J. b. A stream that is conse- 
quent on some early stage of the warping 
and antecedent to the rest. A.G_J. 

Antero aquamarine. See Colorado aquama- 
rine. Shipley. 

ant hill. In blast-hole drilling, the cuttings 
around the hole collar. Krumlauf, p. 50. 

anthodite. Gypsum or aragonite radiating in 
clusters of long needle or hairlike crystals 
on the roof or the wall of a cave. A.G.I.; 
A.G.I. Supp. 

anthoinite. A hydrous aluminum tungstate, 
AleOs3.2WOs.3H2O, as white chalky mate- 
rial; from Republic of the Congo. Spencer 
18, M.M., 1949. 

anthonyite. A mineral, Cu(OH,Cl)2.3H2O; 
monoclinic; lavender-colored pleochroic 
crystals; unstable in dry air. From the 
Centennial mine, Calumet, Mich. Compare 
calumetite. Hay, MM, 1964; Fleischer. 





anthophyllite 


anthophyllite. A clove-brown orthorhombic 
amphibole, (Mg,Fe)SisO2(OH).», usually 
massive, and normally occurring in meta- 
morphic rocks; a metasilicate of magne- 
sium and iron. It is a variety of asbestos. 
C.M.D.; Dana 17. 

anthra; anthrac; anthraco. From Greek an- 
thrax, coal; also, a precious stone; combin- 
ing forms used commonly to denote sub- 
stances resembling or derived from coal, 
or fossils found in the coal measures. 
Standard, 1964. 

anthracene. Obtained by the distillation of 
coal tar. Used in the manufacture of dye- 
stuffs. Crispin. 

anthracene oil. A heavy green oil that distills 
over from coal tar above 270° C and is 
the principal source of anthracene, phe- 
nanthrene, and carbozole. Webster 3d. 

anthraces. An old name for charcoal later 
transferred to mineral coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. See also anthrax. 

anthracides. A group name for coal, anthra- 
cite, peat, etc. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthraciferous. Containing or yielding anthra- 
cite. Webster 3d. 

antracita. Mex. Anthracite. Fay. 

anthracite. a. A hard, black lustrous coal 
containing a high percentage of fixed car- 
bon and a low percentage of volatile mat- 
ter. Commonly referred to as hard coal, 
it is mined in the United States, mainly in 
eastern Pennsylvania, although in small 
quantities in other states. B.C.I., 1947. 
b. Nonagglomerating anthracite coal hav- 
ing 92 percent or more, and less than 98 
percent of fixed carbon (dry, mineral-mat- 
ter-free) and 8 percent or less, and more 
than 2 percent of volatile matter, (dry, min- 
eral-matter-free). A.S.T.M. D388-38. c. A 
black coal with semimetallic luster, semi- 
conchoidal fracture, and volatile-matter 
content usually less than 7 percent. Carbon 
content is 80 to 83 percent in France, 85 
to 93 percent in Pennsylvania, and 88 to 
95 percent in Wales compared to 70 to 85 
percent carbon in bituminous or soft coal. 
Anthracite ignites with difficulty, produces 
no smoke, burns at first with a very short 
blue flame that disappears after the coal 
is thoroughly ignited, and produces an in- 
tensely hot fire. Also called hard coal; 
Kilkenny coal; stone coal. Hess. 

anthracite auger. See large-diameter boring 
machine. 

anthracite coal base carbon refractory. A 
manufactured refractory comprised sub- 
stantially of calcined anthracite coal. 
ASTM C71-64. 


anthracite coal sizes. Will pass 

Name of size _ through 
Broken wes BNR 43g in. round mesh 
Bim ee SUES Se Sie Saeat Mas ra 
LOVE Wete tes itele els.¢ PAL as a es 
lrestnut o..4-.' 25 See. 1S Gr * aes s 
Reames Se eae ey : aT es a f 
Buckwheat 

Cer No. lewhs Bree we 946 in. round mesh 

Me Now 2. (Rice) Meer og et ea ss 

aemNo- fon (Barley) se s.ge ann < S 

“ ce ce “ 

- INGA Diese, te Dae BS es 

Not Saree Sea I 364 
Will not pass 

Name of size through 
BSVOKEN I, alte sete oes 344-3 in. round mesh 
DSS: caging ac Diigtesas> ff 
EOVGME .telcaistates ah 2 156" see ea“ sS 
nestn utes wre sek dS) ahaecics hel *® & 
EES othe ald ticles 4g er nS $ 
Buckwheat ‘ 

emNo!. 1 OS Sere... 54g in. round mesh 








43 


VL Nom2etRice)tleweasih unt ei 
Se Nowse(Barley)w. 2034s E> a “« 
§ No. 4 Se ee 364 sé “ce 6c 


Webster 3d. 

anthracite duff. In Wales, fine anthracite 
screenings used in making pitch-bonded 
briquets and for mixing with bituminous 
coal to be burned in cement kilns, on chain 
grate stokers, and as powdered fuel. Hess. 

anthracite fines. The product from an anthra- 
cite coal-preparation plant, usually below 
one-eighth inch. See also duff; fines; grain. 
Nelson. 

anthracite silt. Minute particles of anthracite 
too fine to be used in ordinary combustion. 
Webster 3d. 

anthracite stove. A closed-in type of domestic 
stove specially designed to burn anthracite. 
It is used mainly for heating purposes, and 
is very economical in fuel consumption. 
The stove can be kept burning for long 
periods with only the occasional removal 
of ash and refueling. Nelson. 

anthracitic. Of, belonging to, or resembling 
anthracite. Webster 3d. 

anthracitization. The process of transforma- 
tion of bituminous coal into anthracite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthracoal. A mixture of small particles of 
anthracite coal and a cement of practically 
pure carbon, formed from the distillation 
of coal tar, pitch, or other suitable bitu- 
men. It is a hard, dense, homogeneous 
mass, with a silvery luster and in color 
varies from silvery to grayish black. When 
pushed from the oven it has a tendency 
to remain in blocky masses. Hess. 

anthracography. Petrographical study of coal, 
the science of coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthracoid. a. Resembling anthrax. Webster 
3d. b. Resembling charcoal or carbon. 
Webster 3d. 

anthracolite. a. Same as anthraconite. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. An old and now obsolete 
name for anthracite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthracolithic. Containing anthracite or 
graphite. Webster 3d. 

Anthracolithic. Synonym for Carboniferous 
and Permian. A.GJ. Supp. 

anthracolitization. Same as 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthracology. a. The science of coal. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. b. Coal petrography, a branch 
of geology dealing with the physical con- 
stitution of coal in much the same way 
that petrography deals with the mineral 
composition of rocks. It is concerned with 
the physical variations in coal that make 
it possible to classify coal material by type. 
A.G.I. 

anthracometer. An instrument for determin- 
ing the amount of carbon dioxide in a 
mixture of gases. Standard, 1964, 

Anthracomya. A Coal Measures freshwater 
shell in which the umbones occupy a posi- 
tion intermediate between those of Car- 
bonicola and Naiadites. See also Mollusca. 
Nelson. 

anthraconite. A coal-black bituminous marble 
or limestone usually emitting a fetid smell 
when rubbed. Webster 2d. Also called stink- 
stone; swinestone. Fay. 

anthracosilicosis. Massive fibrosis of the lungs 
marked by shortness of breath from inhala- 
tion of carbon and quartz dusts. Also 
called miner’s phthisis. Webster 3d. 

anthracosis. A benign deposition of coal dust 
within the lungs from inhalation of sooty 
air. Compare anthracosilicosis. Webster 3d. 

anthracoxene. A brownish resin found in 
brown coal and partly soluble in ether, 


coalification. 








anthropozoic 


the remaining insoluble black powder is 
called anthracoxenite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthracoxenite. An insoluble black powder 
obtained from a resin in the coalbeds of 
Brandeis], near Schlan in Bohemia. The 
resin is treated with ether which dissolves 
the schlanite, leaving the insoluble portion, 
anthracoxenite. Fay. 

anthrafilt. Anthracite used for filtration pur- 
poses. Jones. 

anthrafine. Sizes of anthracite smaller than 
barley. Jones. 


anthragenesis. Synonym for  coalification. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

anthrasilicosis. Variant of anthracosilicosis. 
Webster 3d. 


anthrasol. Yellow oil obtained from the dis- 
tillation of coal tar. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

anthrax. a. A gem stone of the ancients; prob- 
ably identical with the carbuncle. Stand- 
ard, 1964, b. An old name for charcoal 
later transferred to mineral coal. Synony- 
mous with anthraces. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

anthraxolite. a. A highly graphitic coal. One 
specimen contained 97.7 percent fixed car- 
bon. A.G.J. b. Anthracitelike asphaltic ma- 
terial occurring in veins in Precambrian 
slate of the Sudbury district, Ontario, 
Canada, A.G.JI. Supp. 

anthraxylon. a. From the Greek anthrax 
meaning coal and xylon meaning wood. 
The vitreous appearing components of coal, 
which in thin section are shown to have 
been derived from the woody tissues of 
plants, such as stems, limbs, branches, 
twigs, roots, including both wood and cor- 
tex, changed and broken up into fragments 
of greatly varying sizes through biological 
decomposition and weathering during the 
peat stage, and later flattened and trans- 
formed into coal through the coalification 
process, but still present as definite units. 
A.G.I. b. Introduced by R. Thiessen in 
1920. Viewed microscopically, anthraxylon 
generally reveals some of the original plant 
structure. Cellular inclusions indigenous to 
the original plant structure. Cellular inclu- 
sions indigenous to the original plant tis- 
sue are assigned to the anthraxylon when 
present. Conventionally, anthraxylon must 
be more than 14 microns thick perpendicu- 
lar to the bedding plane. Microscopic ma- 
terial resembling anthraxylon in color and 
translucency but less than 14 microns wide 
is included with translucent humic degra- 
dation matter. Color is orange to red to 
brownish-red; the depth of color increas- 
ing with rank and the thickness of the thin 
section. Cellular inclusions may vary in 
color from reddish-brown to light yellow. 
In general, plant structure is revealed by 
slight differences in the tint of cell walls 
and cell fillings. Anthraxylon that is tran- 
sitional into semifusain shows a darker tint 
than normal anthraxylon of the same rank, 
and cell structure is more clearly shown. 
It is present in quantities exceeding 5 per- 
cent in all varieties of common banded coal. 
Bright-banded bituminous coal frequently 
contains 50 to 70 percent of anthraxylon; 
banded bituminous coal of dull luster con- 
tains lesser amounts of anthraxylon. JHCP, 
1963, part I. 

anthraxylous coal; anthraxylous-attrital coal. 
A bright coal (composed of anthraxylon 
and attritus in which the translucent cell- 
wall degradation matter or translucent 
humic matter predominates) in which the 
ratio of anthraxylon to attritus is from 3:1 
to 1:1. Compare attrital coal. A.GI. 

anthropozoic. Pertaining to or designating 


anthropozoic 


the time that has elapsed, or the rocks 
that have been deposited, since man ap- 
peared upon the earth. Webster 2d. 

antibreakage device. A cushioning device to 
reduce the impact of coal in motion against 
objects with which it may come into con- 
tact, with a view to avoiding fracture of 
the coal. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

anticaustic. a. Checking or preventing the 
corrosive action of caustics. Standard, 1964. 
b. Any remedy for arresting or mitigating 
the action of caustics. Standard, 1964. 

anticlinal. a. Inclining in oppositee directions. 
Having or relating to a fold in which the 
sides dip from a common line or crest. 
Of or pertaining to an anticline. The 
opposite of synclinal. Webster 3d. b. The 
crest of an anticlinal roll may be the apex 
of a vein. Fay. c. When the strata assume 
an arch-shaped form. Gordon. 

anticlinal axis. a. The medial line of a folded 
structure from which the strata dip on 
either side. Fay. b. If a range of hills, or 
a valley, is composed of strata, which on 
the two sides dip in opposite directions, 
the imaginary line that lies between them 
and towards which the strata on each side 
rise, is called an anticlinal axis. A.G.I. 

anticlinal bend. An upwardly convex flexure 
in which one limb dips gently towards the 
apex and the other limb dips more steeply 
away from it. Compare unicline; mono- 
cline. A.G.I. 

anticlinal flexure; anticlinal fold. See anti- 
clinal; anticline. Fay. 

anticlinal mountain. Using the terms anti- 
clinal and synclinal in their commonly 
accepted sense, we propose to apply the 
phrases anticlinal or synclinal mountain or 
range to designate ridges formed respec- 
tively by a convex and concave flexure of 
the strata. A.G.I. 

anticlinal theory. The theory that water, oil, 
and gas accumulate in the order named, 
in upbowed strata, provided such a struc- 
ture contains reservoir rocks in proper 
relation to source rocks and an impervious 
barrier. A.G.J. 

anticlinal valley. A valley which follows an 
anticlinal axis. The term was used as early 
as 1862 by C. H. Hitchcock. A.G_I. 

anticline. a. Applied to strata which dip in 
opposite directions from a common ridge 
or axis, like the roof of a house, and the 
structure is termed an anticline or saddle- 
back. A.G.J. b. When beds are arched so 
as to incline away from each other, they 
form an anticline. A.G.J. c. In this type of 
fold (anticline) the sides or limbs of the 
fold typically slope away from the plane 
of the axis on either side. Every anticlinal 
axis pitches in two directions, that is, 
toward the two ends of the fold. A.G.I. 
d. A fold or arch of rock strata dipping 
in opposite directions from an axis. Fay. 
e. An uparched fold in stratified rocks. 
Bateman. 

anticlinorium; geanticline. A series of anti- 
clines and synclines, so grouped that taken 
together they have the general outline of 
an arch; opposite of synclinorium. Web- 
ster 3d. 

anticlise. An upwarp of a platform that has 
become otherwise rigid. The platform is 
beneath the sea and a cover of sediments 
is being deposited on it as the warping 
proceeds. A similar downwarp is a syne- 
clise. Challinor. 

anticrack reinforcement. A close mesh of 
light steel rods placed just below the sur- 
face of concrete in order to minimize sur- 











14 


face cracking. Ham. 

antidune. a. A sand wave contrasted with 
a dune in its direction of movement; it 
travels against the current instead of with 
it. Its downstream slope is eroded and its 
upstream slope receives deposits. The anti- 
dune travels much faster than a dune, and 
its profile is more symmetric. USGS Prof. 
Paper 86, 1914, p. 31. b. A transient form 
of ripple on the stream bed analogous to 
a sand dune; an antidune progressively 
moves upstream. See also regressive sand 
wave. A.G.I. c. Term has been applied to 
flame structure. See also flame structure. 
Pettijohn. 

antiedrite. Edingtonite; a hydrous silicate of 
barium and aluminum; BaO.A1sO3.3SiOsz. 
3H2O. Dana 6d, p. 599. 

antiferroelectric. Spontaneous electrical po- 
larization with equal numbers of dipoles 
in opposite directions. VV. 

antiferromagnetic. Spontaneous magnetic ori- 
entation of atoms with equal magnetic 
moments aligned in opposite directions. 


antiferromagnetic material. A material 
wherein interatomic forces hold the ele- 
mentary atomic magnets (electron spins) 
of a solid in alignment, the state being 
similar to that of a ferromagnetic material 
but with the difference that equal numbers 
of elementary magnets (spins) face in 
opposite directions and are antiparallel 
causing the solid to be weakly magnetic, 
that is, paramagnetic instead of ferromag- 
netic. ASM Gloss. 

antiflood valve. A check valve. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

antifoaming. Pertains to decreasing the sta- 
bility of a foam. ASM Gloss. 

antiform. An anticlinelike structure, may be 
an overturned syncline. A.G.J. Supp. 

antifouling composition. A coating applied 
to underwater structures or to the hull of 
a ship to prevent formation of marine 
growths, such as barnacles. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

antifouling paint. Marine paint which pre- 
vents attachment of sea organisms to sur- 
faces. Hy. 

antifriction bearing. A bearing consisting of 
an inner and outer ring, separated by balls 
or rollers held in position by a cage. 
Nichols. 

antifriction metal. Any alloy having a low 
coeficient of friction; used for bearing 
surfaces. Standard, 1964. 

antigorite. A lamellar variety of serpentine, 
Mego (SisOi) (OH) s, recognized by its varie- 
gated green color and greasy luster. Used 
as an ornamental stone. Dana 17. 

antigua. In Mexico, a mine worked by Span- 
iards or Mexicans at a time so remote 
(from 50 to 300 years) that particulars 
have been forgotten; sometimes valuable, 
but every antigua is not a bonanza. Weed, 
1922: 

anti-incrustator. A substance used to prevent 
scale forming on the internal surface of 
vessels containing water, such as steam 
boilers. See also hard water. Nelson. 

Antilles pearl. Not a pearl but mother of 
pearl of a sea snail. Shipley. 

antilog. Abbreviation for antilogarithm. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 58. 

antilogous. Designating that pole (end) of 
a pyroelectric crystal which is negative 
while the crystal is being heated and posi- 
tive as it cools. Compare analogous. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

antimatter. Matter in which the ordinary 








antimony crude 


nuclear particles (neutrons, protons, elec- 
trons, etc.) are conceived to be replaced 
by their corresponding antiparticles (anti- 
neutrons, antiprotons, positrons, etc.). Nor- 
mal matter and antimatter would mutually 
annihilate each other upon contact and be 
converted into gamma rays. L@L. 

antimonate. a. A salt or ester of antimonic 
acid; a compound containing the radical 
SbO.3, SbO;7, or Sb2O,* (diantimonate) 
in which antimony has a +5 valence. 
A.G.I. b. A salt containing pentavalent 
antimony and oxygen in the anion. Web- 
ster 3d. 

antimonial arsenic. A native compound of 
arsenic and antimony of which the anti- 
mony forms a comparatively small part. 
Compare allemontite. Hess. 

antimonial copper. Synonym for chalcostibite. 
Dana 6d, p. 113. 

antimonial glass. See antimony glass. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

antimonial red silver. Synonym for pyrargy- 
rite. Dana 6d, p. 131. 

antimonial silver. a. Silver ore or alloys con- 
taining variable quantities of antimony. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. b. Same as dyscrasite. 
Standard, 1964. 

antimonide. A binary compound of antimony 
with a more positive element. Webster 3d. 

antimonite. a. A salt or ester of antimonious 
acid or antimonous acid; a compound con- 
taining the radical SbOs* or SbO.* in 
which antimony has a +3 valence. A.G.I. 
b. The native sulfide of antimony; stibnite. 
Fay. 

antimonpearceite. A mineral, (Ag,Cu).s(Sb, 
As)2Su, the antimony end-member corre- 
sponding to polybasite, and members of 
this series with antimony greater than arse- 
nic. Dimorphous with polybasite, which 
has a unit-cell 8 times as large. Hey, MM, 
1964; Fleischer. 

antimony. a. A trivalent and pentavalent 
metalloid element that is commonly metal- 
lic silvery white, crystalline, and brittle yet 
rather soft but is known also in black 
amorphous, unstable yellow, and explosive 
forms, that occurs in the free state but 
more often combined in minerals (as stib- 
nite, kermesite, valentinite, and cervan- 
tite) and in ores of other minerals (as 
lead), that is prepared chiefly from stibnite 
usually by roasting and smelting, and that 
is used especially as a constituent of alloys 
(as antimonial lead, type metals, and bear- 
ing metals). Symbol, Sb; atomic weight, 
120.2; specific gravity, 6.7; rhombohedral. 
Webster 3d; Webster 2d; Dana 17. b. An 
industrial term for an oxide of antimony, 
ASTM C162-66. 

antimony alloys. Antimony is not used as the 
basis of important alloys, but it is an 
essential constituent in type metals, bear- 
ing metals (which contain 3 to 20 per- 
cent), in lead for shrapnel (10 percent), 
storage battery plates (4 to 12 percent), 
roofing, gutters, and tank linings (6 to 12 
percent), cable sheaths, etc. C.T.D. 

antimony black. Metallic antimony in the 
form of a fine powder produced by elec- 
trolysis or chemical action in an antimony 
salt solution. Used as a bronzing pigment 
for metals and plaster casts. Antimony 
black is also used to refer to antimony 
sulfide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

antimony blende. Same as kermesite. Fay. 

antimony bloom. See antimony oxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

antimony crude. See crude antimony. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 








antimony crudum 


antimony crudum. The name given to the 
molten, high-grade sulfide that drains away 
from the gangue residue when stibnite 
(antimony sulfide) is melted by liquation. 
Newton, p. 282. 

antimony electrode. One sometimes used in 
pH measurement. Metallic antimony with 
a surface coating of SbeSs. Pryor, 3. 

antimony fluoride. See antimony trifluoride. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

antimony glance. Synonym for stibnite. Hey 
2d, 1955. 

antimony glass; vitreous antimony; vitreous 
anitmony sulfide; antimonial glass. a. A 
vitrified product of variable composition 
obtained by partial roasting and subsc- 
quent fusion of antimony trisulfide; a trans- 
parent dark ruby-red mass. Used for tint- 
ing glass and porcelain yellow. CCD 6d, 
1961. b. Transparent red mass. Used for 
coloring glass and porcelain. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

antimony minerals. Minerals containing anti- 
mony, the principal one being. stibnite, 
SbS3. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

antimony ocher. Synonym for stibiconite. Fay. 

antimony 124. Radioactive antimony of mass 
number 124; half-life, 60 days; and radi- 
ation, beta and gamma. Used as a tracer 
especially in solid state studies and as a 
marker of interfaces between products in 
pipe lines. The gamma ray has the proper 
energy to eject neutrons from beryllium. 
Convenient portable neutron sources, whicn 
may be reactivated in a nuclear reactor, 
are made by such an irradiation of an anti- 
mony pellet encased in a beryllium shell. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

antimony ores. Native antimony; stibnite 
(sulfide of antimony); valentinite and 
senarmontite (oxides). Fay. 

antimony oxide; antimony trioxide; antimony 
bloom; antimony white; white antimony. 
a. SbsOs is derived principally from stib- 
nite but it is also produced by the oxida- 
tion of antimony metal. Used as an opaci- 
fier in certain porcelain enamels both in 
the frit and as a mill addition; in lead 
glazes to produce yellow colors; and has 
also been used as a body stain. In glasses, 
antimony oxide is important as a decol- 
orizing agent, especially in optical glass 
batches and in ruby-red compositions. 
Antimony has a specail advantage in that 
glasses decolorized with it do not change 
color upon solarization as do glasses de- 
colorized with arsenic oxide. Lee. b. A 
white, odorless, crystalline powder. Used 
as a paint pigment; in glass manufacture; 
in opacifying white enamels; and in infra- 
red transparent glass. CCD 6d, 1961. c. A 
durable paint pigment especially valuable 
as a flame retardant. Formed in flues and 
in dust chambers of antimony roasting 
furnaces. CCD 6d, 1961. d. A nonpoison- 
ous, white pigment that produces a slow- 
drying paint with properties similar to 
those of titanium-oxide paint. Crispin. 

antimony regulus. An impure product of the 
smelting process; largely antimony sulfide. 
Standard, 1964. 

antimony star. The fernlike marking on the 
upper surface of the metal antimony when 
well crystallized. Fay. 

antimony sulfate; antimonous sulfate; anti- 
mony trisulfate. Sbe(SOx)s; molecular 
weight, 531.68; white powder; deliques- 
cent; specific gravity, 3.625 (at 4° C); 
insoluble in water; and soluble in acid. 
Used in explosives. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

antimony trifluoride; antimony fluoride. 





45 


White to gray; orthorhombic; SbF3; hygro- 
scopic; melting point, 292° C; and specific 
gravity, 4.58. Used in porcelain, in pot- 
tery, and in dyeing. CCD 6d, 1961. 

antimony trisulfide; antimony sulfide; anti- 
monious sulfide; antimony sulfuret; stib- 
nite. a. SbeSs; molecular weight, 339.69; 
orthorhombic; gray or grayish-black; spe- 
cific gravity, 4.64; and melting point, 550° 
C. Bennett 2d, 1962. b. Commercial grade 
SbeSs contains a minimum of 70 percent 
antimony. It is sometimes used in glass 
batches for obtaining a cloudy-amber or 
ruby glass. In the production of opal glass, 
it is occasionally used in small amounts to 
assist the action of the opacifying agents. 
Antimony sulfide is used to some extent in 
the hollowware industry in the production 
of mottled gray enamels. Based on experi- 
ence gained in hollowware enameling, a 
new trend is developing in the application 
of a single white coat (titania) directly 
on steel. By introducing sulfur and anti- 
mony simultaneously in the form of anti- 
mony sulfide (commonly called black 
needle antimony) adherence of white 
enamel to steel is said to be enhanced. Lee. 
c. Source of antimony. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

antinode. A point, line, or surface in a stand- 
ing wave system where some characteristic 
of the wave field has maximum amplitude. 
Antinodes, like nodes, may be of several 
types, such as pressure or velocity. ASM 
Gloss. 

antipathy of minerals. The incompatibility of 
certain rock-forming minerals, according 
to the theory of fractional crystallization, 
result from their being too far apart in a 
crystallization sequence to be associated 
in such quantities as to make up the entire 
rock. Thus, a rock made up of quartz and 
calcic plagioclase is unknown among igne- 
ous rocks. Hess. 

antiperthite. An integrowth of a sodic and 
a potassic feldspar generally considered to 
have formed during slow cooling by the 
unmixing of sodium and potassium ions in 
an originally homogeneous 4lkalic feldspar. 
In an antiperthite, the potassic member 
(usually orthoclase) forms thin films, 
lamellae, strings, or irregular veinlets, 
within the sodic member (usually albite). 
See also perthite.. A.G.I. 

antipitting agent (antipit). An addition agent 
for electroplating solutions to prevent the 
formation of pits or large pores in the 
electrodeposit. ASM Gloss. 

Antipoys apparatus. An air-tube breathing 
apparatus of the inspiratory type without 
bellows or a blower. McAdam, p. 77. 

antique glass. Flat glass made by cylinder 
process and with textured surfaces resem- 
bling old glass; it is used in the making of 
stained-glass windows. See also cylinder 
process ; Cathedral glass. Dodd. 

antiscale compound. A preparation that is 
applied to burning tools to protect them 
from scaling in service. ASTM C286-65. 

antisepsis. The process of inhibiting the 
growth and multiplication of microorga- 
nisms; the prevention or treatment of 
sepsis by antiseptic means. Webster 3d. 

antislip metals. Metals with abrasive grains 
cast in them, used for floor plates, stair 
treads, and car steps. The metal may be 
iron, bronze, or aluminum, and the abra- 
sive may be sand or aluminum oxide. 
Brady, 4th ed., 1940, p. 43. 

antistatic. Descriptive of materials which nor- 
mally have high insulating qualities, for 





anvil 


example, rubber hoses, belts, which have 
been rendered conductive to reduce risk 
of sparks or electric shocks in mines, or 
other places where there is a fire risk. 
Pryor, 3. 

antistatic tiles. Floor tiles of a type that will 
dissipate any electrostatic charge and so 
minimize the danger of sparking; such tiles 
are used in rooms, for example, operating 
theaters, where there is flammable vapor. 
One such type of ceramic tile contains car- 
bon. The National Fire Protection Asso- 
ciation in the United States stipulates that 
the resistance of a conductive floor shall 
be less than 1 megohm as measured be- 
tween two points 3 feet apart; the resist- 
ance of the floor shall be over 25,000 ohms 
between a ground connection and any 
point on the surface of the floor or between 
two points 3 feet apart on the surface of 
the floor. Dodd. 

antistress mineral. a. A mineral, such as 
anorthite, potash feldspars, pyroxenes, 
forsterite, andalusite, etc., the formation 
of which in metamorphosed rocks, is fa- 
vored by conditions controlled by thermal 
action and hydrostatic pressure and not 
by shearing stress; contrasted with stress 
minerals (chlorite, amphiboles, kyanite, 
etc.). Holmes, 1928. b. A mineral, such as 
leucite, nepheline, alkalic feldspar, anda- 
lusite, and cordierite, that cannot form or 
is unstable in an environment of high 
shearing stress, and hence, does not occur 
in highly deformed rocks. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

antithetic fault. A fault that dips in the oppo- 
site direction from the direction in which 
the associated sediments dip. Opposite of 
synthetic fault. A.G.I. 

antithetic shear. See antithetic fault. McKin- 
stry. 

antitoxic. Counteracting poison. Webster 3d 

antitropal ventilation. Ventilation by a cur- 
rent of air traveling in the opposite direc- 
tion to that of the flow of mineral out of 
the mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. See also 
ascensional ventilation. : 

antlerite. A natural basic sulfate of copper, 
Cus(OH).SO,, found in the oxidized por- 
tions of copper deposits in Chile. Luster, 
vitreous; green color; Mohs’ hardness, 3.5 
to 4; specific gravity, 3.9; orthorhombic. 
An ore of copper. CCD 6d, 1961; Dana 17. 

AN-INT slurries. Mixtures of ammonium 
nitrate and trinitrotoluene used as an ex- 
plosive. Lewis, p. 111. 

antofagastite. Synonym for eriochalcite. Hey 
2d, 1955. 

ant oil, artificial. See furfurol. CCD 6d, 1961. 

antozonite. A dark violet fluorite from W6l- 
sendorf, Germany, that emits a strong odor 
often causing nausea among miners. The 
odor was attributed to a substance called 
antozone, later shown not to exist. The 
odor has also been ascribed to free fluorine. 
A similar odor is found in other rocks. Hess. 

anvil. a. The stationary serrated jaw piece 
or plate of a safety clamp, adjustable pipe 
wrench, or jaw-type rock crusher. Also 
sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym 
for drive hammer. Also called anvil block; 
anvil heel; anvil jaw; heel. Long. b. An 
iron block placed between a stamp-mill 
mortar box and the foundation block; gen- 
erally used in light mortars and concrete 
foundations. Fay. c. In drop forging, the 
base of the hammer into which the sow 
block and lower die part are set. ASM 
Gloss. d. A block of steel upon which 
metal is forged. ASM Gloss. 


anvil block 


anvil block. A massive block of cast iron 
which is placed beneath the anvils of 
steam and other heavy hammers, for the 
absorption of the vibration due to the 
blow. It is often embedded in masonry or 
concrete. Crispin. 

anvil jaw. See anvil. Long. 

anvil stone. Eng. Blue building stone, forming 
a bed of irregular anvil-shaped blocks. 
Arkell. 

anvil vise. A vise with an anvil on one jaw. 
Standard, 1964. 

apachite. Suggested by Osann, from the 
Apache or Davis Mountains of western 
Texas, for a variety of phonolite, that dif- 
fers from typical phonolites. It has almost 
as much amphibole as pyroxene, whereas 
amphibole is rare in normal phonolite. The 
feldspar of the groundmass is generally 
microperthitic. Fay. 

apatelite. A hydrous ferric sulfate, found in 
yellow nodules in clay. Fay. 

apatite. a. Fluoapatite, Ca;F(PO.)s and 
3CasPsOsCaF2; hexagonal; transparent to 
opaque; low gray polarization colors; 
Mohs’ hardness, 5; specific gravity, 3.2. 
Rock phosphates ex guano deposits and 
beds of bone have no definite chemical 
composition. Pryor, 3 b. Chlorapatite, 
CasCl(POs.)s and 3CasP2O3.CaCle; hexago- 
nal; transparent to opaque; low gray 
polarization colors; Mohs’ hardness, 5; 
specific gravity, 3.2. Phosphate content less 
than 90 percent. Rock phosphates ex 
guano deposits and beds of bone have no 
definite chemical composition. Pryor, 3. 

aperoidical damping. Case whereby damping 
is carried to the extreme so that the mass 
returns into the position of equilibrium 
without oscillating. Synonym for critical 
damping. Schieferdecker. 

apex. a. The highest or uppermost point; the 
summit; the top; the peak. For example, 
the apex of a mountain. The end, edge, 
or crest of a mineral vein nearest the sur- 
face. Webster 3d b. The highest point of 
a stratum, as a coalbed. Standard, 1964 
c. The top of an anticlinal fold of strata. 
Fay d. The point of highest elevation on 
an alluvial fan, usually at the point where 
the stream emerges from the mountain. 
A.G.I. e. In United States mining law 
used to designate the highest limit of a 
vein. Ballard f. The top of an inclined 
haulage plane. See also brow; landing. 
Nelson g. Point in center of the face of a 
concave, noncoring bit. Long h. Of classi- 
fier or hydrocyclone, the underflow aper- 
ture through which the coarser and heavier 
fraction of the solids in a pulp is dis- 
charged in accordance with its minimum 
cross section. Pryor, 3. 

apex angle. Included angle measured be- 
tween the slopes of the inside faces of a 
concave, noncoring bit, which may range 
from as small an angle as 70° to a maxi- 
mum of about 120°. Long. 

apex law. a. This law gives the owner of a 
properly located claim on a vein the right 
to an indefinite extension on the dip of 
the vein beyond the vertical planes through 
the side lines of his claim. In order to 
secure this right, the owner must lay out 
the endlines of the claim parallel and of 
substantial length. A triangular claim 
would have no apex right and cannot be 
patented. Also called law of extralateral 
rights. Lewis, p. 32. b. Obsolescent mining 
law allowing the owner of a lode to follow 
it in depth, regardless of the vertical ex- 
tension of the legal surface boundaries. 





46 


Pryor, 3; Bureau of Mines Staff. 

pie Synonym for clinoclase. Hey, 2d, 
1955. 

aphaniphyric. A texture of porphyritic rocks 
with microaphanitic groundmass. Synonym 
for felsiphyric. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, 
p. 201. 

aphanite. A dense, homogeneous rock, the 
mineral constituents of which are too small 
to be distinguished by the unaided eye. 
A.G.I. 

aphanitic. Applied to a texture of rocks in 
which the crystalline constituents are too 
small to be distinguished with the unaided 
eye. It includes both microcrystalline and 
cryptocrystalline textures. A.G.I. 

aphanophyre. A porphyritic igneous rock 
having a groundmass which the unaided 
eye cannot distniguish as either crystalline 
or noncrystalline. CIPW. 

aphanphyric. Containing phenocrysts in an 
aphanitic groundmass; some porphyritic 
igneous rocks. Fay. 

aphrite. A foliated or scaly white pearly cal- 
cite. Standard, 1964. Also called earth 
foam; foam spar. Fay. 

aphrizite. A black variety of tourmaline. 
Standard, 1964. 

aphorlita. Scoriaceous basaltic lava charac- 
terized by a rough, jagged, clinkery surface. 
Synonymous with aa. Obsolete. A.G.J. 

aphthalose. Aphthitalite. Dana 6d, p. 897. 

aphthitalite. A white saline potassium-sodium 
sulfate, (KNa)2SO.; crystallizing in the 
rhombohedral system. Fay. 

aphothonite. A steel-gray argentiferous vari- 
ety of tetrahedrite. Standard, 1964. 

aphyric. A rock texture showing two genera- 
tions of the same mineral but having no 
phenocrysts; Rosenbusch’s incorrect por- 
phyritic. Hess. 

API Abbreviation for American Petroleum 
Institute. Zimmerman, p. 7 

API gamma-ray unit. This unit is an arbi- 
trary one and is defined as 1/200 of the 
difference between the deflections pro- 
duced on a log by the radiation from two 
standard formations in a test pit in Hous- 
ton, Texas. The two standard formations 
are artificial. One is of very low radio- 
activity while the other has a radioactivity 
which is approximately twice as great as 
an average mid-continent shale. Wyllie, 
Paboss 

API gravity. The standard American Petro- 
leum Institute (API) method for specify- 
ing the density of crude petroleum. The 


density in degrees API equals ae - 


131.5 where P is the specific gravity of 
the particular oil at 60° F. This is one of 
several so-called Baume scales for com- 
paring lighter liquids with water. A.G.I. 

API neutron unit. This unit was devised by 
the American Petroleum Institute and per- 
mits the calibration of the scales of neu- 
tron logs. It was devised from a test pit 
built in Houston, Texas which contains 
limestone having a porosity of 19 percent. 
This limestone is saturated with fresh 
water and is penetrated by a 7¥-inch 
diameter hole. The API neutron unit is 
defined as 1/1000 of the response of a log- 
ging tool in this formation. With this sys- 
tem neutron logs show deflections of a few 
hundred to a few thousand API units for 
the usual range of borehole and formation 
conditions. Wyllie, p. 118. 

apjohnite. A silky-white or faintly rose-green 
or yellow manganese alum, MnO.AI:Os. 
4SO;+24H.2O; in fibrous masses, crusts, or 








Apold-Fleissner process 


efflorescences; Mohs’ hardness, 1.5; spe- 
cific gravity, 1.782; tastes like ordinary 
alum but not as strong. Dana 6d, p. 955. 

Apjohn’s formula. A formula for calculating 
the pressure of water vapor in the air. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

aplanachromatic lens. A lens free from both 
chromatic aberration and spherical aber- 
ration. See also aplanatic lens. Shipley. 

aplanachromatic loupe. A loupe containing 
an aplanachromatic lens. Shipley. 

aplanatic lens. A lens free from spherical 
aberration. See also aberration. Shipley. 

aplanatic loupe. A loupe containing an 
aplanatic lens. Shipley. 

aplanatic triplet. An aplanatic lens composed 
of three portions cemented together to 
eliminate spherical aberration. A more 
popular name for this is the term triple 
aplanat. Shipley. 

aplastic. See grit. ACSG, 1963. 

aplite. a. A dike rock composed almost en- 
tirely of light-colored minerals and having 
a characteristic fine-grained granitic tex- 
ture. Aplites may range in composition 
from granitic to gabbroic, but when the 
term is used without a modifier, it is 
generally understood to be granitic, that 
is, consisting essentially of quartz and 
orthoclase. A.G.J. b. A rock mined in Vir- 
ginia for use in glass manufacture; it con- 
sists principally of albite, zoisite, and seri- 
cit. Dodd. 

aplite vane sheet. A sheet of aplite parallel 
to the structure of the country rock but 
not necessarily following the foliation. 
G.S.A. Memo 7, 1939, p. 322. 

aplitic. a. Applied to igneous rocks that are 
tree from dark minerals and compara- 
tively fine-grained and even-grained. Mi- 
croscopically, the boundaries between 
grains are ordinarily uneven. Hess. b. Hav- 
ing the texture characteristic of aplites. 
A.G.I1. 

aplodiorite. A light-colored variety of biotite 
granodiorite containing little or no horn- 
blende. Holmes, 1920. 

aplogranite. A light-colored rock of granitic 
texture consisting essentially of alkali feld- 
spar and quartz, with subordinate biotite; 
muscovite may be present or absent. Com- 
pare alsakite. Holmes, 1920. 

aplome. A variety of andradite having its 
dodecahedral faces striated parallel to the 
shorter diagonal; dark brown, yellowish- 
green, and brownish-green. Dana 6d, p. 
443. 

apo-. A prefix implying the metasomatic 
derivation of one kind of rock from 
another. Applied to volcanic rocks, indi- 
cating they have devitrified; to sedimen- 
tary rocks, that they have undergone meta- 
morphism without destruction of the orig- 
inal texture. Holmes, 1928. 

apobsidian. A former obsidian (volcanic 
glass) which is now completely devitri- 
fied. Synonym for petrosilex. A.G.I. 

Apocal. A nongelatinous permissible explo- 
sive. Used in coal mining. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

A-polar. Surface, usually nonpolar, adsorbs 
nonpolar compounds. Pryor, 3, p. 7. 

Apold-Fleissner process. A method of roast- 
ing carbonate iron ore in a shaft furnace. 
The ore sinks continuously down the furn- 
ace while a current of hot air or flue gas, 
with a flow carbon dioxide content, is 
passed through the body of the ore and a 
current of cold air is passed upwards 
through the lower part of the shaft, this 
part acting as a cooling chamber for the 





Apold-Fleissner process 


ore and as a preheating flue for the air, 
which rapidly oxidizes the ferrous oxide 
in the upper regions of the furnace. The 
quantity and temperature of the hot gases 
and cold air are carefully regulated, so 
as to keep the carbon dioxide content of 
the flue gas at a minimum, and thereby 
to ensure thorough roasting of the ore at 
the lowest possible temperature. A furnace 
roasting 200 to 450 tons per day requires 
about 160,000 to 200,000 kilograms-cal- 
ories per ton, giving a heat efficiency of 
73 percent. Osborne. 

apogmagmatic. a. Applied to mineral deposit 
of magmatic origin developed in sur- 
roundings which do not reveal its im- 
mediate relationship to a body of parent 
eruptive rock; the existence of the latter 
may, however, still be determined from 
the presence of dikes, the phenomena of 
contact metamorphism, etc. Schieferdecker. 
b. Applied to deposit in the area sur- 
rounding the intrusive center at a moder- 
ate distance. A.G.I. 

apophyllite. Calcium potassium silicate with 
water; color white to pink with strong 
pearly luster on the face parallel to the 
cleavage plane; common in cavities in 
volcanic rocks. Sinkankas. 

apophysis. a. A branch from a vein or a dike 
to which it is attached. An epiphesis is the 
same, but it is not attached. Fay. b. A 
small dike or sill injected from a larger 
intrusive body into adjacent rocks. A.G.I. 

aporhyolite. A former rhyolite, the ground- 
mass of which was once glassy but is now 
devitrified. A.G.I. 

aposandstone. A metamorphosed sandstone. 
Synonym for quartzite. A.G.J. Supp. 

apostle gem. One of the gems that were 
sometimes used to symbolize the apostles 
in the Middle ages: Jasper, St. Peter; 
sapphire, St. Andrew; chalcedony, St. 
James; emerald, St. John; sardonyx, St. 
Philip; carnelian, St. Bartholomew; chrys- 
olite, St. Matthew; beryl, St. Thomas; 
chrysoprase, St. Thaddeus; topaz, St. 
James the Less; hyacinth, St. Simeon; and 
amethyst, St. Matthias. Hess. 

apotectonic. Post orogenic. A.G.I. 

Appalachian. The system of mountains in the 
eastern United States, or the coal pro- 
ducing area extending from northern 
Pennsylvania to Alabama. Jones. 

Appalachian coalfield. The coal-producing 
area extending from northern Pennsyl- 
vania to Alabama, in and adjacent to the 
Appalachian mountains. Fay. 

Appalachian orogeny; Appalachian revolu- 
tion. a. Late Paleozoic era diastrophism 
beginning perhaps in the Late Devonian 
period and continuing until the end of the 
Permian period. A.G.IJ. Supp. b. A period 
of intense mountain-building movements in 
the late Paleozoic era, during which the 
deposits in the Appalachian and Cordil- 
leran geosynclines were folded to form 
the Appalachian and _ Palaeocordilleran 
mountains. Equivalent to the Armorican 
and Hercynian movements in Europe. 
CTD} 

Appalachian revolution. See Appalachian 
orogeny. 

apparatus. a. N. of Eng. The screening 
appliances upon the pit bank (at or near 
a mine). Fay. b. Any complex device or 
machine designed or prepared for the 
accomplishment of a special purpose. Also, 
a collection of tools, appliances, materials, 
etc., as that necessary to the pursuit of a 
profession, as chemical apparatus. Stand- 








AT 


ard, 1964. 

apparent angle. Synonym for etch angle. 
Long. 

apparent cohesion. a. In soil mechanics, the 
resistance of particles to being pulled 
apart due to the surface tension of the 
moisture film surrounding each particle. 
Also called moisture film cohesion. H&G. 
b. Cohesion in granular soils due to capil- 
lary forces. ASCE P1826. 

apparent crater. In explosion-formed crater 
nomenclature, the crater remaining after 
fall-back material has returned. Mining 
and Minerals Engineering, v. 2, No. 2, 
February, 1966, p. 65. 

apparent day. Solar day; interval between 
successive transits of sun’s center across 
observer’s meridian. The time thus meas- 
ured is not uniform or clock time. Pryor, 3. 

apparent density. a. The weight of an object 
or material divided by its exterior volume 
less the volume of its open pores. ACSG, 
1963. b. Weight per apparent volume. VV. 
c. In powder metallurgy, the weight of a 
unit volume of powder, determined by a 
specified method of loading and usually 
expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. 
ASM Gloss. 

apparent dip. The dip of a rock layer as 
measured in any exposed section, or di- 
rection, not at a right angle to the strike. 
It is a component of, and hence, always 
less than, the true dip. Stokes and Varnes, 
199 9% 

apparent elastic limit; useful limit point. The 
stress at which the rate of change of 
strain with respect to stress is 50 percent 
greater than at zero stress. It is more 
definitely determinable from the stress- 
strain diagram than is the proportional 
limit, and is useful for comparing ma- 
terials of the same general class. Compare 
elastic limit; proportional limit; yield 
point; yield strength. Ro. 

apparent heave. For normal faults, the gap 
between the horizontal projections of the 
fault traces, measured perpendicular to 
the strike of the disrupted bedding plane. 
Schieferdecker. 

apparent horizon. The apparent or visible 
junction of earth and sky as seen from 
any specific position. Also called visible 
horizon. A.G.I. 

apparent initial softening. When applied to 
the refractoriness-under-load test, this 
term has the specific meaning of the tem- 
perature at which the tangent to the curve 
relating the expansion/contraction and the 
temperature departs from the horizontal 
and subsidence begins. See also refractori- 
ness-under-load test. Dodd. 

apparent movement of a fault. The apparent 
movement observed in any chance section 
across a fault is a function of several 
variables: The attitude of the fault; the 
attitude of the disrupted strata; the atti- 
tude of the surface upon which the fault 
is observed; and the true movement (net 
slip) along the fault. A.G.J. 

apparent particle density. Mass to volume ex- 
cluding open pores of particle, but includ- 
ing closed pores. Pryor, 3. 

apparent plunge. The inclination of a nor- 
mal projection of lineation in the plane 
of a vertical cross section, A.G.I. Supp. 

apparent porosity. The ratio of the volume 
of open pore space in the specimen to 
the exterior volume. It is obtained by 
measuring the difference in weight of a 
rock which is dessicator dried and then 
water saturated. The porosity of a rock 





apple coal 


so determined is also an indication of its 
granular structure. Lewis, p. 574. 


apparent powder density. Mass to volume 


occupied under defined conditions of pack- 
ing. Pryor, 3. 


apparent resistivity. A quantity that is deter- 


mined from the measurements in the re- 
sistivity method and that, in the case of 
an electrically homogeneous surface, is 
equal to the resistivity of the subsurface 
material. Schieferdecker, 


apparent solid density. A term used when 


considering the density of a porous ma- 
terial, for example, a fireclay or silica re- 
fractory. It is defined as the ratio of the 
mass of the material to its apparent solid 
volume. See also apparent solid volume; 
true density. Dodd. 


apparent solid volume. A term used when 


considering the density and volume of a 
porous solid, particularly a _ refractory 
brick. It is defined as the volume of the 
solid material plus the volume of any 
sealed pores and also of the open pores. 
Dodd. 


apparent specific gravity. a. The ratio of the 


weight in air of a given volume of the im- 
permeable portion of a permeable ma- 
terial (for example, the solid matter in- 
cluding its impermeable pores or voids) 
at a stated temperature to the weight in 
air of an equal volume of distilled water 
at a stated temperature. ASCE P1826. b. 
This property is determined by the stand- 
ard method of dividing the weight of a 
rock by the weight of an equal volume of 
water, The term apparent specific gravity 
is used because water cannot penetrate the 
closed pore spaces inside the rock, and 
hence the specific gravity measured by 
water displacement methods includes the 
effect of internal pore spaces as well as 
oe of the constituent minerals. Lewis, p. 
Dia 


apparent stress. The stress corresponding to 


a given unit strain on the assumption of 
uniaxial stress. It is calculated by mul- 
tiplying the unit strain by the modulus 
of elasticity, and may differ from the 
true stress because the effect of trans- 
verse stresses is not taken into account. Ro. 


apparent superposition. The actual or visible 


order in which strata lie in any locality. 
Standard, 1964. 


apparent velocity. Differential quotient of 


the distance along a line on the surface 
over the increase in time of arrival of a 
wave. Schieferdecker. 


apparent volume. True volume + closed- 


pore volume. VV. 


apparent width. The width of a vein or other 


tabular formation as determined by bore- 
hole intercepts. This width will always be 
greater than the true width if the bore- 
hole intersects the vein at any direction 
other than perpendicular to the surface of 
the vein. Long. 


appearance. The look or sight of a porcelain 


enameled surface. Hansen. 


appinite. A group term applied to melano- 


cratic (lamprophyric) varieties of syenite, 
monzonite, and diorite which are high in 
hornblende. Holmes, 1920. 


applanation. All physiographic processes 


which tend to reduce the relief of a 
district and, dominantly, by adding ma- 
terial to the area or areas affected, cause 
the topography to become more and more 
plainlike. Hess. 


apple coal. Scot. Soft or loose coal which 


is easily mined and breaks into small 


apple coal 


applelike lumps. Standard, 1964. 

appliances of transportation. As applied to a 
coal mine, these include parts of the 
locomotive, mobile, conveyor, and ele- 
vator transportation systems for the re- 
moval of coal. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

application. The act of depositing a coating 
of enamel on a prepared metal surface. 
Hansen. 

applied mechanics. Treats of the laws of me- 
chanics as applied to construction in the 
useful arts. Crispin. 

Appolt oven. An oven for the manufacture 
of coke, differing from the Belgian in 
that it is divided into vertical compart- 
ments. Fay. 

apposition fabric; primary fabric. A primary 
orientation of the elements of a rock that 
is developed or formed at the time of 
deposition of the material. Fabrics of most 
sedimentary rocks belong to the apposition 
or primary type. A.G.I. 

appraisal. The estimation or fixing of a 
money value on anything such as a gem- 
stone. Differs from valuation and evalua- 
tion. Shipley. 

appraisal curve. A curve or plotted relation- 
ship showing, for oil or gas wells operat- 
ing under similar conditions, the produc- 
tion for a given time or period as com- 
pared to the ultimate production. Usually, 
the abscissa of the curve expresses barrels 
(or gas volumes) produced during the 
year and the ordinate indicates the ulti- 
mate production, A.G.I. 

approach distance. The linear distance, in 
the direction of feed, between the point of 
initial cutter contact and the point of full 
cutter contact. ASM Gloss. 

appropriation. In the mining law, the posting 
of notice at or near the point where the 
ledge is exposed; next the recording of 
the notice; next the marking of the 
boundaries. Ricketts, I. 

appropriation account. An account showing 
the manner of disposal of earned profit. 
Pryor, 3. 

approval plate. A label which the U.S. Bu- 
reau of Mines requires manufacturers to 
attach to every completely assembled ma- 
chine or device sold as permissible mine 
equipment. By this means, the manufac- 
turer certifies to the permissible nature of 
the machine or device. ASA C42.85:1956. 

approved. Accepted as suitable by a com- 
petent committee, board, or organization 
designated by those adopting the rules; 
applies to permissible explosives, safety 
lamps, motors, etc., as passed upon by the 
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Fay. 

approved apparatus. Gr. Brit. Apparatus, 
not necessarily flameproof or intrinsically 
safe, that has been approved by the Min- 
ister of Power, under the Mines and 
Quarries Act, 1954, or Regulations made 
thereunder, for use in mines. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 

approved flame safety lamp. A flame safety 
lamp which has been approved for use in 
gaseous coal mines. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Apricotine. Trade name for yellowish-red, 
apricot-colored quartz pebbles from near 
Cape May, N.J., used as gemstones. 
English. 

apron. a. A canvas-covered frame set at such 
an angle in the miner’s rocker that the 
gravel and water in passing over it are 
carried to the head of the machine. Fay. 
b. An amalgamated copper plate placed 
below the stamp battery, over which the 
pulp passes. The free gold contained in the 








48 


pulp is caught by the quicksilver on the 
plate. See also copper plates. Fay. c. A 
hinged extension of a loading chute. Com- 
monly called lip in Arkansas. Fay. d. A 
broad shallow vat used for evaporating. 
Webster 3d. e. A receptacle for conveying 
material (as rock) by means of a cable- 
way and trolley. Webster 3d. f. An endless 
belt for conveying material of any kind. 
Also called a traveling apron. Webster 3d. 
g. A series of apron pans which, when 
attached to a chain or pivotally attached 
one to another forms the conveying me- 
dium for an apron conveyor. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. h. The front gate of a scraper body. 
Nichols. i. A short ramp with a slight 
pitch. Nichols. j. A sheet of sand and 
gravel lying for some distance in front 
of the terminal moraines of a glacier. 
Standard, 1964. Also called frontal apron; 
morainal apron. Fay. k. Where an ice 
sheet ends in a broad face, as did the an- 
cient continental glaciers, numerous 
streams flow from it and spread their 
debris in front of the terminal moraine, 
forming a broad fringing sheet or apron 
(outwash plain) along it. A.G.J. 1. A floor 
or lining of concrete, timber, etc., to 
protect a surface from erosion, such as the 
pavement below chutes or spillways, or at 
the toes of dams. Seelye, 1. 

apron conveyor. a. A series of overlapping 
metal plates or aprons running in an end- 
less chain for transferring material from 
one place to another. Often used to feed 
raw material from a bin. ACSG, 1963. b. 
A conveyor so contrived as to provide a 
moving platform on which coal can be 
carried and, if necessary, cleaned by pick- 
ing. Zern. 

apron feed. A method of feeding material 
forward on an articulated platform. Nelson. 

apron feeder; plate-belt feeder; plate feeder. 
A feeder in which the material is carried 
on an apron conveyor and in which the 
rate of feed is adjusted either by varying 
the depth of material or the speed of the 
conveyor, or both. B.S. 3552, 1962. See 
also conveyor-type feeder. 

apron plate. Sheet of copper, Muntz metal, 
or special alloy set in front of stamp bat- 
tery and coated with mercury, to trap 
and amalgamate gold. Pryor, 3. 

apron roll. A support of a traveling apron, 
as in a wood-planing machine. Standard, 
1964. 

apron rope. The operating rope for the blade 
front of a scraper. Ham. 

apron wall. That part of a panel wall be- 
tween the window sill and the support of 
the panel wall. ACSG. 

Aptian. Lower Cretaceous, between Barrem- 
ian and Albian. A.G.JI. Supp. 

apyrite. A little-used name for peach-bloom 
colored tourmaline. Shipley. 

apyrous. a. Not changed by extreme heat, 
as mica; distinguished from refractory. 
Standard, 1964. b. Noncombustible. Web- 
ster 3d. 

aqua ammonia. Ammonia water; especially, 
a solution of ammonia containing 10 per- 
cent of ammonia by weight. Webster 3d. 

aquafortis; nitric acid. a. HNOs. Crispin. b. 
Etching in which nitric acid is used as a 
mordant. Webster 3d. 

Aquagel. Brand name for a proprietary prod- 
uct. A gel-forming colloidal bentonite clay 
used in drilling muds. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Aquagem. Trade name for a light-blue syn- 
thetic spinel, that is, a synthetic aqua- 
marine spinel. Shipley, 








aqueous homogeneous reactor 


aqualung. A lightweight apparatus used for 
underwater exploration. It consists of 
tanks of compressed air or oxygen carried 
on the back of a diver, a breathing tube, 
and a face mask for breathing that per- 
mits underwater observations to depths of 
about 300 feet uncomplicated by an air 
hose leading to the surface. Also called 
scuba or SCUBA, the letters of which 
stand for self-contained underwater breath- 
ing apparatus. A.G.I. Supp.; C.T.D. Supp. 

aquamarine. Pale blue (gem) variety of 
beryl. (BesAl2Si0.O;s). Pryor, 3. 

aquamarine chrysolite. Greenish-yellow beryl. 
Shipley. 

Aquamarine emerald. Trade name for a 
genuine beryl or aquamarine triplet. See 
also emerald triplet. Shipley. 

aquamarine glass. A term loosely used for 
any light-blue or greenish-blue glass, re- 
gardless of its chemical composition or 
physical properties. Shipley. 

aquamarine sapphire. Pale blue sapphire. 
Shipley. 

aquamarine topaz. Greenish topaz. Shipley. 

aquamarine tourmaline. Pale greenish-blue, 
sometimes pale blue tourmaline. Shipley. 

aquamarine triplet. A genuine triplet which 
is used to imitate an emerald, and often 
incorrectly called an emerald triplet. It 
consists of two portions of aquamarine with 
a cemented layer of green coloring matter 
between them. Shipley. 

aquametry. Analytical procedures used in 
measuring water. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

aqua regia; nitrohydrochioric acid; nitromu- 
riatic acid. A very corrosive, fuming, yel- 
low liquid made by mixing nitric and 
hydrochloric acids, usually in the propor- 
tion of 1 part by volume of pure nitric 
acid with 3 parts by volume of pure 
hydrochloric acid. Used in dissolving met- 
als and in etching. Webster 3d. It dissolves 
gold and platinum. Standard, 1964. 

aqueduct. A conduit for conveying water 
over long distances; a bridge supporting 
such a conduit. Ham. 

aqueo-. A combining form for aqueous, de- 
noting aqueous and. For example, aqueo- 
igneous meaning of water and heat. Web- 
ster 2d. 

aqueoglacial. Of, pertaining to, or resulting 
from the combined action of ice and 
water. Webster 2d. 

aqueoigneous. Of or pertaining to ore result- 
ing from the joint influence of heat and 
water. Webster 2d. 

aqueous. a. Of, relating to, or having the 
characteristics of water; watery. Made 
from, with, or by means of water. Pro- 
duced by the action of water. Webster 3d. 
b. Pertaining to water; also, to sediment 
deposited by water. A.GI. 

aqueous current ripple mark. See water- 
current ripple mark. A.G.I. 

aqueous deposit. Sedimentary material de- 
posited by or in water. Schieferdecker. 

aqueous fluid dispersion. Responsible for dep- 
osition of most mineral deposits, while the 
fluids are moving through channelways in 
rock. As the fluids pass through the chan- 
nels they are subjected to a constantly 
changing physical and chemical environ- 
ment, with consequent reactions in the 
fluid and between the fluid and the wall 
rock to maintain chemical equilibria. 
Lewis, p. 300. 

aqueous fusion. a. Melting in the water of 
crystallization. Fay. b. Melted with water, 
as deep-seated magmas. Hess. 

aqueous homogeneous reactor. See homoge- 


=a, a ae ae 

















aqueous homogeneous reactor 


neous reactor. L@L. 

aqueous lava. The mud lava formed by the 
mixture of volcanic ashes with condens- 
ing volcanic aqueous vapors or other 
water. Standard, 1964. 

aqueous liquor. Uranium-rich liquor. Pregs 
and Royals, usually so designated after 
filtration. In the resin-in-pulp (RIP) 
process, the aqueous pulp. In the ion-ex- 
change (IX) process, the feed to the ex- 
change columns. Pryor, 3 

aqueous oscillation ripple mark. See wave 
ripple mark. A.G.I. 

aqueous ripple mark. One of the ripple 
marks made by waves and water currents 
as distinguished from ripple marks made 
by the wind that are called eolian ripple 
marks. A.G.I. 

aqueous rock. Applied to a rock deposited 
through the agency of water; most sedi- 
mentary rocks are of this type. Hess. 

aquiclude. A formation which, although por- 
ous and capable of absorbing water slowly, 
will not transmit it fast enough to furnish 
an appreciable supply for a well or spring. 
A.G.IT, 

aquifer. a. A formation, a group of forma- 
tions, or a part of a formation that is 
water bearing. A.G.J. b. A stratum or zone 
below the surface of the earth that is 
capable of producing water, as from a 
well. A.G.I. Supp. c. An underground 
stratum that will yield water in sufficient 
quantity to be of value as a source of 
supply. An aquifer is not a stratum that 
merely contains water, for this would apply 
to all strata in the groundwater area. An 
aquifier must yield water. Carson, p. 180. 

aquifuge. a. Suggested by Bedier, as the op- 
posite of aquifer. A.G.J. b. A rock which 
contains no interconnected openings or in- 
terstices and therefore neither absorbs nor 
transmits water. A.G.I. 

Aquitanian. Lower lower Miocene or upper- 
most Oligocene. A.G.I. Supp. 

Ar a. Chemical symbol for argon. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. b. Symbol for aryl. Webster 3d. 

arabesquitic. Applied to the texture of cer- 
tain prophyries, the apparently homoge- 
neous groundmasses of which break up, 
when examined under crossed nicols, into 
irregular patches, supposed to resemble 
arabesques. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 
202. 

Arabian luster. The original type of on-glaze 
luster used by the Moors from the 9th 
century onwards for the decoration of pot- 
tery; the sulfides or carbonates of copper 
and/or silver are used, the firing-on be- 
ing in a reducing atmosphere so that an 
extremely thin layer of the metal is formed 
on the glaze. Dodd. 

Arabian magic diamond. Synthetic colorless 
or light golden sapphire. Shipley. 

aragonite. Form of calcium carbonate, 
CaCOs, perhaps with some impurity, for 
example, strontium. Pryor, 3 

aragonite group. Aragonite, bromlite, wither- 
ite, strontianite, and cerusite. Standard, 
1964. 

Aralo-Caspian. In physical geography, ap- 
plied to the extensive basin or depressed 
area occupied by the Aral and Caspian 
Seas, and which is a true basin of conti- 
nental streams, having no communication 
with the ocean. Fay. 

aramayoite. An iron-black silver sulfantimon- 
ite and sulfobismuthite, AgsS.(Sb,Bi) Ss; 
perfect cleavage; triclinic. From Animas 
mine, Chocaya, Bolivia. English. 





49 


arapahite. A very dark basalt containing 
about 50 percent magnetite. Hess. 

arbitrary line. A reference line, the direction 
of which does not necessarily coincide with 
cardinal direction. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

arbitration bar. A test bar, cast with a heat 
of material, used to determine chemical 
composition, hardness, tensile strength, and 
deflection and strength under transverse 
loading in order to establish the state of 
acceptibility of the casting. ASM Gloss. 

arbor. a. In machine grinding, the spindle 
on which the wheel is mounted. ASM 
Gloss. b. In machine cutting, a shaft or 
bar for holding and driving the cutter. 
ASM Gloss. c. In founding, a metal shape 
imbedded in greensand or dry-sand cores 
to support the sand or the applied load 
during casting. ASM Gloss. 

arbor collar. A hollow cylindrical spacer 
that fits an arbor and that is used to 
position and secure a cutter. ASM Gloss. 

arborescent. a. Applied to minerals having a 
treelike form, especially when fairly mas- 
sive. If the mineral formation is so thin 
as to resemble the painting of a tree, it is 
generally called dendritic. Fay. b. Syno- 
nym for dendritic. A.G.I. 

arborescent powder. See dendritic powder. 
ASTM B243-65. 

arbor hole. The central hole used for mount- 
ing a cutter or grinding wheel on an 
arbor. ASM Gloss. 

arbor press. A machine used for forcing ar- 
bors or mandrels into drilled or bored 
parts preparatory to turning or grinding. 
Also used for forcing bushings, shafts, or 
pins into or out of holes. ASM Gloss. 

arbor support. A brace or carrier to support 
the outer end or an intermediate point of 
an arbor. ASM Gloss. 

arbor-type cutters. Cutters having a hole for 
mounting on an arbor and usually having 
a keyway for a driving key. ASM Gloss. 

Arbuckle orogeny. Mid-Pennsylvanian dias- 
trophism. A.G.I. Supp. 

are. a. Islands or mountains arranged in a 
great curve. A.G.I. Supp. b. As applied to 
circles, any portion of a circumference; 
as applied to electricity, the luminous 
bridge formed by the passage of a current 
across a gap between two conductors or 
terminals. HW. 

arcanite. Same as aphthitalite. Fay. 

are-back. A failure of the rectifying action 
which results in the flow of a principal 
electron stream in the reverse direction due 
to the formation of a cathode spot on an 
anode. Coal Age, 1. 

arc blow. The swerving of an electric arc 
from its normal path because of magnetic 
forces. ASM Gloss. 

are brazing. Brazing with an electric arc, 
usually with two nonconsumable electrodes. 
ASM Gloss. 

are cutter. A device consisting of a bit at- 
tached to knuckle-jointed rods used to 
drill a curved borehole or branched holes 
from a parent borehole. Compare whip- 
stock. Long. 

are cutting. Metal cutting with an arc be- 
tween an electrode and the metal itself. 
The terms carbon arc cutting and metal 
arc cutting refer, respectively, to the use of 
a carbon or metal electrode. ASM Gloss. 

are furnace. A furnace in which material is 
heated either directly by an electric arc 
between an electrode and the work, or in- 
directly by an arc between two electrodes 
adjacent to the materials. ASM Gloss. 

arch. a. A portion of a rock left standing at 





arch girder 


the intersection of a wall and roof usu- 
ally to support the roof. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. Ground unworked near a shaft. 
Fay. c. An anticline. A.G.J. d. In plu- 
tonic rocks, the planar or linear flow 
structures may form a dome that extends 
across the whole pluton. In an arch, the 
flow structures are confined to the bor- 
ders of the pluton. A.G.J. e. A curved 
structural member used to span openings 
or recesses; also built flat. Structurally, an 
arch is a piece or assemblage of pieces 
so arranged over an opening that the sup- 
ported load is resolved into pressures on 
the side supports and practically normal 
to their faces. ACSG. f. A part of a fur- 
nace; a crown. ASTM C 162-66. g. To 
heat a pot in a pot arch. ASTM C 162-66. 
h. One of the fire chambers of a brick 
kiln; also, the fire chamber in certain 
kinds of furnaces and ovens. Named from 
the arched roof. Webster 3d. i, The roof 
of a reverberatory furnace. Fay. j. Curved 
roof of underground opening. BuMines 
Bull 587, 1960, p. 2. 

archaeolithic; archeolithic. Of or pertaining 
to the time of the earliest use of stone 
implements by man. Hess. 

arch-bend. The place of maximum curvature 
on a fold, especially on a recumbent fold. 
A.G.I. 

arch blocks. Applied to the wooden voussoirs 
used in framing a timber support for the 
tunnel roof, when driving a tunnel on the 
so-called American system. These blocks 
are made of plank, superimposed in three 
or more layers and breaking joint. Stauffer. 

arch brick. a. A brick with both large faces 
equally inclined toward a long, narrow 
side (for use in arch construction). VV. 
b. A brick shape having six plane faces 
(two sides, two edges, and two ends), in 
which two faces (the sides) are inclined 
toward each other and one edge face is 
narrower than the other. HW. 

arch dam. A dam in which water is dammed 
up against an arch-shaped abutment. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

Archean. a. An adjective meaning ancient 
that has been generally applied to the 
oldest Precambrian rocks. The usage is 
changing as more physical measurements 
of geologic time are made. The Am. 
Comm. Strat. Nomenclature has recom- 
mended substituting Early Precambrian. 
A.G.I. b. The older of two Precambrian 
systems. Obsolete. Synonym for Archeo- 
zoic. A.G.I. Supp. 

arched. Corn. Said of the roads in a mine, 
when built with stones or bricks. Fay. 

Archeozoic. a. An adjective meaning ancient 
life that is applied to the last of three sub- 
divisions of Archean time when the lowest 
forms of life probably existed. Fay. b. The 
era during which, or during the later part 
of which, the oldest system of rocks was 
made. Fay. c. As more physical measure- 
ments of geologic time are made, this 
term becomes more obsolete. It is now 
considered part of the Early Precambrian. 
A.G.I. d. The older of two Precambrian 
eras, The term is not recognized by the 
U.S. Geological Survey. A.G.JI. Supp. 

arch forms. Forms or patterns on which 
sprung arch brick are laid to insure the 
proper arch contour. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

arch furnace. In furnace construction, a 
structure which usually spans two walls 
and may be supported by them. ACSG, 
1963. 

arch girder. A normal H-section steel girder 


arch girder 


bent to a circular shape. The usual form 
consists of halves joined together at the 
crown by bolts and two fishplates. The 
arch girder is usually splay legged or 
straight legged in shape but horseshoe 
shapes are also in use. See also steel sup- 
port; wood stilt. Nelson. 

Archibenthic Zone. See Benthic division. Hy. 

Archimedes limestone. One of the subordi- 
nate beds of the Lower Carboniferous 
series. Fay. 

Archimedes’ principle. The apparent loss of 
weight which occurs when a heavier-than- 
water body is immersed in water equals 
the weight of liquid displaced. Used to de- 
termine the density of minerals insoluble 
in water. Pryor, 3. 

Archimedes’ screw. A device consisting of a 
tube bent spirally around an axis or a 
broad-threaded screw incased by a hollow 
open cylinder and used to raise water by 
rotating the apparatus when partly im- 
mersed in a slantwise direction. Webster 
3d, 

arching. a. Curved support for roofs of open- 
ings in mines; constructed archways in 
masonry. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The 
development of peripheral cracks around 
an excavation due to the difference in 
stress between the skin rock and the rock 
in the stress ring. Spalding. See also V- 
arching. c. The folding of schists, gneisses, 
or sediments into anticlines. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. d. The transfer of stress from 
a yielding part of a soil mass to adjoining 
less-yielding or restrained parts of the 
mass. ASCE P1826. e. The fretting away 
of the periphery of a rock tunnel, usually 
converting it from a rectangular to a 
circular or elliptical section. The effect in 
the back is sometimes referred to as the 
“natural arch.’ The putting in of a lining 
built to an arch shape should not be re- 
ferred to as arching but as “lining” or 
“putting in the arch.” Spalding, p. 159. 

arching action. The natural process by which 
a fractured, pulverulent, or a plastic ma- 
terial acquires a certain amount of ability 
to support itself partially through the 
resolution of the vertical component of its 
weight into diagonal thrust. Woodruff, v. 


1, p. 42. 

arching to a weakness. See V-arching. Spald- 
ing, p. 23. 

archipelago. A group of islands. Schiefer- 
decker. 


architectural terra cotta. Plain or ornamented 
(machine-extruded or handmolded) hard 
fired clay building units, generally larger 
in size than brick and most facing tile, 
and having a glazed or unglazed ceramic 
finish in an unlimited variety of colors. 
See also ceramic venecr. ACSG. 

archless kiln. Alternative name for scove. 
See also scove. Dodd. 

archolithic. Of or pertaining to the earliest 
stone implements used by man. Standard, 
1964. Not in common usage. Fay. 

arch rib. The main load-bearing member of 
a ribbed arch. Ham. 

arch set. Steel assemblies used to support 
mine workings. Pryor, 3. 

arch structure. See abutment, a; pressure 
arch. Nelson. 

arc-image furnace. See image furnace. Dodd. 

arc melting. Melting metal in an electric arc 
furnace. ASM Gloss. 

are of contact. The portion of the circum- 
ference of a grinding wheel or cutter 
touching the work being processed. ASM 
Gloss. 





50 


arcose. Same as arkose. Standard, 1964. 

arc-oxygen method. This method may be 
used for both cutting and welding under- 
water and is similar to electric welding 
on the surface except that, for cutting, 
the electrode is tubular and hollow. The 
method combines the use of the electric 
arc as a source of heat with pure oxygen 
under pressure as a means of rapidly oxi- 
dizing the molten metal. Cerson, 2, p. 52. 

arc plasma. The space between arc terminals 
in which gaseous conduction of electricity 
takes place. Approximately equa] numbers 
of electrons and ions virtually neutralize 
the space charge, but ionization and ex- 
citation are generally intense. The poten- 
tial gradient is low. BuMines Bull. 625, 
1965, p. VII. 

are shear machine. See universal machine. 

are shooting. A method of refraction seismic 
prospecting in which the variation of travel- 
time with azimuth from a shot point is 
used to infer geologic structure. The term 
also applies to a refraction spread placed 
on a circle or a circular arc with the cen- 
ter at the shot point. A.G.J. 

are-spraying. See plasma spraying. Dodd. 

arc-through. A loss of control resulting in 
the flow of a principal electron stream 
through the rectifying element in the nor- 
mal direction during a scheduled noncon- 
duction period. Coal Age, 1. 

Arctic suite. The basaltic and associated 
rocks of the Brito-Arctic Province do not 
belong to either the Atlantic or the Pacific 
suite, but occupy a petrographic position 
of an intermediate character, correspond- 
ing with their geographical situation, be- 
tween the alkalic rocks of the Atlantic 
islands and the andesitic rocks of the Pacific 
borders. Holmes, 1928. 

arc time. The time the arc is maintained in 
making an arc weld. ASM Gloss. 

arctolite; arktolite. An uncertain hydrous 
silicate of calcium, magnesium, and alumi- 
num, possibly H2O.(Ca,Mg) O.A12O3.3SiO>; 
in small, colorless to yellowish or greenish 
curved plates in marble on Hvitholm, near 
Spitzbergen. Dana 6d, p. 705. 

arculite. Crystallites grouped in a bow-shaped 
aggregate. Schieferdecker. 

arc voltage. The voltage across a welding 
arc. ASM Gloss. 

arcwall coal cutter. A special type of electric 
or compressed-air coal cutter for under- 
cutting or overcutting a coal seam in nar- 
row work. The machine is fixed in the 
center of the heading and the jib, while 
cutting, rotates horizontally through an arc 
of about 180°. It may be arranged on 
wheels for a rail track or with a crawler 
track. See also shortwall coal cutter. Nelson. 

arewall machine. See slabbing machine. 

arewall machineman. See radial machine- 
man. D.O.T. 1. 

arc welding. A group of welding processes 
wherein coalescence is produced by heating 
with an electric arc or arcs, with or with- 
out the application of pressure and with 
or without the use of filler metal. Coal 
Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 1961, p. 91. 

arc-welding electrode. See electrode. ASM 
Gloss. 

ardealite. A white or light yellow hydrous 
double salt of calcium sulfate and acid 
phosphate, CaHPOx.CaSO,.-4H:O; fine pow- 
dery; minutely crystallized. Found associ- 
ated with brushite and gypsum in a cavern 
at Ciclovina, Romania. Hess; English. 

Ardeer double cartridge test. See sensitivity 
to propagation. McAdam II, pp. 19-20. 











arenarious 


ardennite. A yellow to yellowish-brown va- 
nadiosilicate of aluminum and manganese 
that crystallizes in the orthorhombic sys- 
tem. Fay. 

are. The metric unit of area, which is 100 
square meters or 119.6 square yards. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

area, British and Metric units. 

British 

1 square inch = 6.45 square centimeter 
1 square foot = 929 square centimeter 
1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometers 


Metric 
1 square centimeter = .16 square inch 
1 square meter = 1,550 square inch 


Pryor, 3. 

area cover. The area within a group of bore- 
holes drilled in advance or around an 
underground opening for the purpose of 
detecting the presence of water-bearing fis- 
sures or formations. Compare cover, b. 
Long. 

areal density. Synonym for surface density. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

areal eruption. A volcanic eruption resulting 
from the collapse of the roof of a batholith. 
The volcanic rocks grade into the parent 
plutonic rock. A.G.I. Supp. 

areal geology. That branch of geology which 
pertains to the distribution, position, and 
form of the areas of the earth’s surface 
occupied by different types of rock or by 
different geologic units, and to the making 
of geologic maps. Fay. 


areal map. A geologic map showing the hori- - 


zontal area or extent of rock units exposed 
at the surface. A.G.I. 

areal pattern. A channel dispersion pattern 
resulting from widespread alteration. Areal 
patterns of dispersed mineral alteration 
patterns may outline the outer boundaries 
of a group of deposits and thus limit the 
area which it is necessary to prospect in 
detail. Lewis, p. 301. 

area measurement, mine roadway. See Crav- 
en Sunflower method; planetable method; 
tape-triangulation method. Roberts, I, pp. 
59-60. 

area monitor. Any device for detecting 
and/or measuring radiation levels at a 
given location for warning or control pur- 
poses. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957, 

area of airway. In mine ventilation, the 
cross-sectional area of the entry or duct 
through which the air flows, expressed in 
square feet. BuMines Bull. 589, 1960, p. 2. 

area of contact. The total area of the sur- 
face of a grinding wheel in contact with 
the work. ACSG, 1963. 

area of influence of a well. The area sur- 
rounding a well within which the piezo- 
metric surface has been lowered when 
pumping has produced the maximum 
steady rate of flow. ASCE P1826. 

area of settlement. The surface area affected 
by subsidence. Briggs, p. 23. 

area wall. The masonry surrounding or partly 
surrounding an area; also the retaining 
wall around basement windows below 
grade. ACSG. 

arenaceous. Applied to rocks that have been 
derived from sand or that contain sand. 
Not to be confused with siliceous. Fay. 

arenaceous clay. Sandy clay. ACSG, 1963. 

arenaceous rock. A sedimentary rock com- 
posed essentially of sand grains, that is, 
composed of quartz and rock fragments 
down to 0.005 millimeter in size. Conglom- 
erates, sandstones, grits, and siltstones fall 
into this category. C.T.D. 

arenarious. Composed of sand; sandy. Stand- 


| 
j 
1 
1 











arenarious 


ard, 1964. 

arenated. Reduced to or mixed with sand. 
Standard, 1964. 

arenation. A sandbath. Hess. 

arendalite. a. Fr. A garnet rock. Holmes, 
1928. b. A dark-green crystalline epidote, 
from Arendal, Norway. Standard, 1964. 

areng. A Bornean term for a yellowish grav- 
elly earth, sometimes containing diamonds. 
Fay. 

Arenigian. Upper Lower Ordovician. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

arenilitic. Resembling sandstone; having the 
quality of sandstone; composed of sand- 
stone. A.G.I. 

arenite; arenyte. A consolidated rock having 
the texture of sand regardless of its com- 
position. A.G.I, 

arenolite. An artificial siliceous-argillaceous- 
calcareous stone. CCD 3d, 1942. 

arenose. Full of grit or fine sand; gritty. 
Standard, 1964. 

Arents tap. An arrangement by which the 
molten lead from the crucible of a shaft 
furnace is drawn through an inverted 
siphon into an exterior basin from which 
it can be ladled without disturbing the 
furnace. Fay. 

areometer. An instrument for measuring the 
specific gravity of liquids. Compare Baumé 
scale; Marsh funnel; Twaddell hydrom- 
eter; specific-gravity hydrometer. Long. 

arete. An acute and rugged crest of a moun- 
tain range, or a narrow subsidiary ridge 
between two mountains, or of a mountain 
spur, such as that between two cirques. 
A.G.I, 

arfvedsonite. A slightly basic metasilicate of 
sodium, calcium, and ferrous iron, NazCao:« 
Fes:s’Fers” ’(SizsAlo 5) Ov2(OH)2 with more 
Fe” than Mg; monoclinic. One of the am- 
phibole group. American Mineralogist, v. 
43, No. 7-8, July-August 1958, pp. 797— 
798; Dana 17. 

argal. See argol. Fay. 

Argall furnace. A reverberatory roasting fur- 
nace of which the hearth has a reciprocat- 
ing movement whereby the ore is caused 
to move forward by the action of rabbles 
extending across the hearth. Fay. 

Argall tubular furnace. A tubular roasting 
furnace consisting of four brick-lined steel 
tubes 30 feet long nested together inside 
two steel tires, which revolve upon steel- 
faced carrying rolls. Fay. 

argental mercury. A silver amalgam. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

argentate. a. A salt in which silver acts as 
an acid radical; as, ammonium argentatc 
(fulminating silver). Standard, 1964. b. 
Having a silvery appearance. C.T.D. 

argentation. The act or process of coating or 
plating with silver. Standard, 1964. 

argentic. Of, pertaining to, or containing sil- 
ver. Used especially for compounds in 
which silver is in the bivalent state; for 
example, argentic oxide (AgO). Webster 
3d; CCD 6d, 1961. 

argentiferous. Containing silver. Fay. 

argentiferous galena. See silver lead ore. 

argentiferous lead. Lead which contains sil- 
ver. C.M.D. 

argentina. In ceramics, unglazed porcelain 
coated by a chemical process with gold, 
silver, or copper. Standard, 1964. 

argentine. a. A lamellar variety of calcite 
with a pearly-white luster. Fay. b. Silver- 
coated white metal. Standard, 1964. c. A 
finely divided tin moss or sponge obtained 
from a solution of tin by precipitation with 
zinc. Standard, 1964. 











51 


Sele plate. German silver. Standard, 

1964, 

argention. Ionized silver. Standard, 1964. 

argentite; silver glance. A mineral, Ag:S. 
Monoclinic; pseudoisometric. An impor- 
tant ore of silver. A.G.I. 

agentojarosite. A yellow, brownish hydrous 
basic sulfate of iron and silver, AgeFes- 
(OH) 12(SOs)s. Small scales. Hexagonal. 
From Dividend, Utah. English. 

argentopyrite. A questionable silver iron sul- 
fide said to occur in small six-sided twin 
crystals. Hess. 

argentous. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
silver. Used especially for compounds in 
which silver is in the univalent state; for 
example, argentous oxide (Ag:O). Webster 
3d; CCD 6d, 1961. 

argil. a. Potter’s clay; white clay. Standard, 
1964. b. Same as aluminite. Standard, 1964. 

argillaceou. Applied to all rocks or sub- 
stances composed of clay, or having a not- 
able proportion of clay in their composition, 
as roofing slate, shale, etc. Argillaceous 
rocks are readily distinguished by the pe- 
culiar odor they emit when breathed on 
and which is known as the argillaceous 
odor. Applied to a rock containing appre- 
ciable clay. Compare pelitic; lutaceous. 
A.G.I. 

argillaceous hematite; ironstone clay. A va- 
riety of natural ferric oxide containing an 
appreciable portion of clay or sand as im- 
purity. A hard brown to deep red mineral, 
with submetallic to nonmetallic luster and 
ared streak. CCD 6d, 1961. 

argillaceous limestone. A limestone with ap- 
preciable clay as impurity. Certain varieties 
are useful as raw material for cement 
manufacture and are called cement rock. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

argillaceous material. Clay material. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 234. 

argillaceous ores. Iron ores in which the 
gangue is mainly clay. Osborne. 

argillaceous rock. A sedimentary rock com- 
posed of clay-grade particles, that is, com- 
posed of minute mineral fragments and 
crystals less than 0.002 millimeter in diam- 
eter; containing much colloidal-size mate- 
rial. In addition to finely divided detrital 
matter, argillaceous rocks consist essentially 
of illite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, gibbs- 
ite, and diaspore. C.M.D. 

argillaceous sandstone. A sandstone contain- 
ing a considerable proportion of clay. Fay. 

argillaceous slate. Clayey slate. Sandstrom. 

argillation. The development of clay miner- 
als by the weathering of aluminum silicates. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

argillic. Synonym for 
Supp. 

argillic alteration. A rock alteration in which 
certain primary and/or secondary minerals 
are converted to clay minerals. A.G.I. 

argillic clay minerals. Minerals occurring in 
sulfide ore and that are characteristically 
of an earlier formation than sericite. Chem- 
ical data indicates that calclum and sodium 
are generally removed from the rock to a 
significant degree, whereas potassium and 
silica remain constant or increase slightly. 
Lewis, p. 606. 

argillite. A rock derived either from siltstone, 
claystone, or shale, that has undergone a 
somewhat higher degree of induration than 
exists in those rocks. Argillite is intermedi- 
ate between the rocks named and slate. Its 
cleavage is approximately parallel to its 
bedding, thereby differing from slate. An 
argillite may be argillaceous, bituminous, 


argillaceous. A.G.I. 








aridized plaster 


calcareous, carbonaceous, ferruginous, sili- 
ceous, etc. A.G.I. 

argillization. The replacement or alteration 
of feldspars to form clay minerals, espe- 
cially in wall rocks adjacent to mineral 
veins. A.G.I, 

argilloarenaceous. Composed of or contain- 
ing clay and sand. Standard, 1964. 

argillocalcareous. Composed of or containing 


clay and calcium carbonate. Standard, 
1964. 
argillocalcite. A clayey calcite. Standard, 
1964. 


argillomagnesian. Composed of or containing 
ing clay and iron minerals, Standard, 1964. 

argilloferruginous. Composed of or contain- 
clay and magnesium minerals. Standard, 
1964. 

argol; argal. The hard crust of potassium 
acid tartrate deposited from grape juice 
during fermentation; crude cream of tartar. 
According to the color of the grape, argol 
is dark red or whitish pink. Standard, 1964 
Used extensively in assaying for its reduc- 
ing power. Also spelled argoll; argall; 
orgal. Fay. 

argon. A colorless, odorless, monatomic gas, 
constituting almost 1 percent by volume of 
the atmosphere, from which it is obtained 
by the fractionation of liquid air. It is a 
zerovalent element. Used in gas-filled elec- 
tric lamps and in argon-arc welding. The 
gas does not combine with any known ele- 
ment. Symbol, A or Ar; atomic number, 
18; atomic weight, 39.944; melting point, 
—189.2° C; and boiling point, —185.7° C. 
C.T.D. 

Argon. Trade name for a kaolin brick with 
a large proportion of calcined grog. Hess. 

argon-arc welding. Welding in an inert at- 
mosphere using an arc struck between an 
electrode (generally tungsten) and the 
work. The inert atmosphere is provided by 
directing argon or helium (heliarc weld- 
ing) into the weld area through a sheath 
surrounding the electrode. Ham. 

Argosite. Bentonite. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Argovian. Lower Lusitanian. A.G.J. Supp. 

argulite. A variety of asphaltic sandstone. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

argyrite. Same as argentite. Also called ar- 
gyrose. Standard, 1964. 

argyrodite. A double sulfide of germanium 
and silver, 4AgeS.GeS2; the mineral in 
which the element germanium was first 
discovered. C.T.D.; BuMines Bull. 585, 
1960, p. 343. 

argyropyrite. A silver-iron sulfide, AgsFe;Su, 
similar to argentopyrite, that crystallizes in 
the hexagonal system. Standard, 1964. 
Probably the same as argentopyrite. Fay. 

argyrose. Same as argentite. Standard, 1964. 

argyrythrose. Same as pyrargyrite. Standard, 
1964 

arid. a. Without moisture; excessively dry; 
parched and barren; specifically, having 
insufficient rainfall to support agriculture, 
and usually less than 10 to 15 inches an- 
nually. Webster 3d. b. Applied to a climate 
in which the rainfall is insufficient to sup- 
port vegetation. A.G.I. 

arid erosion. That form of erosion or gen- 
eral wearing away of rocks which takes 
place in arid countries, such erosion being 
due largely to the wind. The term is equiv- 
alent to desert erosion, and is in contra- 
distinction to normal (stream), glacial, and 
marine erosion. A.G.J. 

aridized plaster. Plaster that has been treated, 
while being heated in the kettle, with a 
deliquescent salt, for example, CaCle; it is 


aridized plaster 


claimed that this produces a strong plaster 
having more uniform properties. Dodd. 

ariegite. Given by Lacroix to a special family 
of granitoid rocks, consisting primarily of 
monoclinic pyroxene and spinel. Subvarie- 
ties result from the presence of amphibole 
and garnet. The rocks are found in the 
French Pyrenees, in the Department of 
Ariege, from which they take their name. 
They are most closely related to the pyrox- 
enites. Fay. 

Arikareean. Lower Miocene. A.G.J. Supp. 

arite. A nickel mineral intermediate between 
niccolite and breithauptite. Dana 7, v. 1, 


p. 237. 
arithmetic mean. In statistical methods, 
IN 4 eh > observations pao 
number 


arithmetic mean particle diameter. A meas- 
ure of the average particle size obtained 
by summing the products of the size-grade 
midpoints times the frequency of particles 
in each class, and dividing by the total 
frequency. A.G.I. 

Arizona peridot. Peridot from Arizona, usu- 
ally found in small sizes and light tones. 
Shipley. 

Arizona ruby. A pyrope from Arizona. 
C.M.D. 

Arizona spinel. See Arizona ruby. Hess. 

arizonite. a. A name for a type of ore. The 
principal vein matter is micaceous iron, 
iodide of silver, gold, sulfurets of iron, and 
antimony. Hey, M.M., 1961. b. A dike rock 
composed mostly of quartz, some ortho- 
clase, and with accessory mica and apatite. 
Obsolete. A.G.I. 

ark. a. A flat boat in which coal was floated 
down the rivers to tidewater. It made one 
trip and was broken up at its destination, 
the timber sold, and the hardware returned 
to the point of origin. Korson. b. A large 
vat used in the pottery industry for the 
mixing or storage of clay slip. Dodd 

Arkansas diamond. a. Rock crystal from Ar- 
kansas. Shipley. b. A diamond from a mine 
near Murfreesboro, Arkansas. Shipley. 

Arkansas pearl. Freshwater pearl from rivers 
in Arkansas, once a larger producer of 
parls than any other state. Shipley. 

Arkansas stone. A true novaculite used as 
an oilstone for sharpening tools or instru- 
ments. Found in the Ozark Mountains, 
Ark. See also novaculite. Fay. 

arkansite. A brilliant, iron-black variety of 
brookite from Magnet Cove, Ark. Fay. 

arkelite. The cubic phase of ZrOs. 
M.M., 1964. 

arkite. A feldspathoidal rock composed largely 
of pseudolucite and nepheline, with sub- 
ordinate melanite and pyroxene, and acces- 
sory orthoclase, apatite, and sphene. The 
pseudoleucite usually occurs as phenocrysts. 
A.G.I. 

arkose. a. A rock of granular texture formed 
principally by mechanical aggregation. It is 
composed essentially of large grains of clear 
quartz and grains of feldspar, either lamel- 
lar or compact, or like clay. These two 
minerals are often mixed in almost equal 
quantities, but more often, quartz is domi- 
nant. A.G.IJ, b. A sedimentary rock com- 
posed of material derived from the disinte- 
gration of acid igneous rocks of granular 
texture. There is usually little sorting of 
material. Also used as an adjective with 
sandstone or conglomerate to indicate the 
presence of little sorted products of granitic 
decay. A.G.J. c. A sandstone containing 
25 percent or more of feldspars, usually 
derived from the disintegration of acid 


Hey, 











52 


igneous rocks of granitoid texture. The 
constituent minerals of an arkose may ac- 
cumulate in place or be transported. A.G.I. 

arkose quartzite. Synonym for arkosite 
A.G.I, 

arkosic. Having entirely or in part the char- 
acter of arkose. Fay. 

arkosic bentonite. If the original volcanic ash 
from which the bentonite was derived con- 
tained a large proportion of detrital crys- 
talline grains (and they remain essentially 
unaltered and retain their original charac- 
ters), the rock is called a sandy bentonite, 
an arkosic bentonite, or a bentonitic arkose. 
Synonym for bentonitic arkose. A.G.I. 

arkosic limestone. An impure clastic lime- 
stone containing a relatively high propor- 
tion of grains and/or crystals of feldspar, 
either detrital or formed in place. A.G.I. 

arkosic sandstone. a. A sandstone containing 
much feldspar. It may range from un- 
assorted products of granular disintegration 
of fine- or medium-grained granite to a 
partly sorted, river-laid, or even marine, 
arkosic sandstone. A.G.J. b. It has been 
used for various other kinds of rock includ- 
ing graywacke. A.G.I. Supp. 

arkosic wacke. Graywacke containing more 
feldspar than rock fragments; synonym for 
feldspathic graywacke. A.G.J. Supp. 

arkosite. A quartzite with a notable amount 
of feldspar. Synonym for arkose quartzite. 
A.G.I. b. A variety of impsonite. Tomkeie ff, 
1954. 

arks. Storage bins. Noke. 

arles; earles. N. of Eng. Earnest money 
formerly allowed to colliers at the time of 
hiring them. Fay. 

arm. a. The inclined member or leg of a set 
or frame of timber. Fay. b. An inlet of water 
from the sea or other body of water. Web- 
ster 3d. 

armadura. Mex. The country rock of metal- 
liferous veins or other ore deposits. Hess. 

armangite. A black manganese arsenite, 
Mns3(AsOs)2; prismatic; rhombohedral. 
From Langban, Sweden. English. 

armature. a. A piece of soft iron or steel that 
connects the poles of a magnet or of adja- 
cent magnets to preserve the intensity of 
magnetization, produce signals (as in the 
telegraph), or do mechanical work by its 
motions to and from the magnet. Webster 
3d. b. The part of a dynamoelectric ma- 
chine carrying the conductors whose rela- 
tive movement through the magnetic field 
between the pole pieces causes an electric 
current to be induced in the conductors 
(as in the dynamo) ; or which by having 
a current passed through them are caused 
by electromagnetic induction to move 
through this field (as in the motor). Web- 
ster 3d. 

arm conveyor. A conveyor consisting of an 
endless belt, or one or more chains, to 
which are attached projecting arms, or 
shelves, for handling packages or objects 
a 2 Noncina or inclined path. ASA MH4.1- 
1 ; 

Armenian stone. a. Lapis lazuli. Shipley. b. 
An old name for azurite. Shipley. 

armenite. a. A hydrated aluminosilicate or 
calcium and barium, BaCazAlSisOes.2H2O ; 
as colorless pseudohexagonal (orthorhom- 
bic?) crystals; from Armen mine, Kongs- 
berg, Norway. Named from locality. Spen- 
cer 15, M.M., 1940. b. A synonym for 
azurite; Armenian stone. Fay. 

armor. An outer cable covering that may be 
either metallic or nonmetallic. BuMines 
Coal-Mine Inspectors’ Manual, June 1966, 








aromatic hydrocarbon | 


pt. 3-18e, p. 52. 

armored apron. An apron in which each pan 
is provided with a separate wearing plate. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

armored cable. A cable that is wrapped with 
metal, usually steel wires or tapes, primarily 
for physical protection. ASA M2.1-1963. 

armbored flexible conveyor; snaking convey- 
or. A heavy, chain-type flexible conveyor 
capable of being advanced with the face 
without dismantling. It is designed to carry 
a coal cutter or cutter loader or to guide 
and hold a plough against the face. It may 
be advanced by horizontal hydraulic rams 
which are fixed at about 20-feet intervals 
on the waste side of the conveyor. It is 
often employed on prop-free-front faces 
with hand filling, and has a capacity of 
about 200 to 300 tons per hour. Nelson. 

armored mud balls; pudding balls. Subspher- 
ical balls of mud, 5 to 30 centimeters in 
diameter, coated with coarse sand and fine 
gravel. Pettijohn. 

armored relict. An unstable relict enveloped 
by a crystal or by a reaction shell which 
prevented its reaction with the other con- 
stituents of the rock. Schieferdecker. 

armoring. Metal protection for the refrac- 
tory brickwork at the top of the stack of 
a blast furnace; its purpose is to prevent 
abrasion of the refractories by the descend- 
ing burden (that is the raw materials 
charged to the furnace). Dodd. 

armorplate. Specially heavy alloy steelplate 
forged in hydraulic presses, hardened on 
the surface; used for the protection of war- 
ships. An approximate composition is 0.2 
to 0.4 percent carbon, 1.0 to 3.5 percent 
chromium, 1.5 to 3.5 percent nickel, and 
0 to 0.5 percent molybdenum. C.T.D. 

arms. S. Wales. The upright side posts of a 
timber set. The upper ends are suitably 
notched to fit the crossbar or collar. See 
also Welsh notch. Nelson. 

Armstrong air breaker. See compressed air- 
blasting. Nelson. 

Armstrong joint. A two-bolt, flanged or 
lugged connection for high pressures, The 
ends of the pipes are peculiarly formed to 
properly hold a gutta-percha ring. It was 
originally made for cast-iron pipe. The 
two-bolt feature has much to commend it. 
There are various substitutes for this joint, 
many of which employ rubber in place of 
gutta-percha; others use more bolts in order 
to reduce the cost. Strock, 3. 

arnimite. An orthorhombic, calcium-free va- 
riety of devillite with the formula, Cus 
(SOx) 2(OH)«.3H2O; bright green; forming 
crusts of short acicular or scaly crystals. 
Possibly antlerite, Cus(SO:) (OH)s. Ameri- 
can Mineralogist, v. 39, September-Octo- 
ber 1954, p. 851; Dana 6d, p. 963. 

arochlors. Chlorinated diphenyl materials 
that are useful as vehicles for pigments 
used in glass decoration since they volati- 
lize without leaving a carbon residue. Aro- 
chlors provide a grinding and dispersing 
media for nonaqueous slurries of pigments 
and ceramic bodies; also, they can be used 
in combination with waxes to provide 
moisture-proof coatings. Lee. 

A rod bit. A Canadian standard noncoring 
bit having a set diameter of 1.865 inches, 
more commonly called 1%. A drill-rod bit. 
Long. 

aromatic compounds. Compounds derived 
from the hydrocarbon benzene, CeHo, dis- 
tinguished from those derived from me- 
thane, CHy. Standard, 1964. 

aromatic hydrocarbon. A compound of car- 


pr gon Seas 


nae 











aromatic hydrocarbon 


bon and hydrogen that contains in its 
molecular structure a closed and saturated 
ring of carbon atoms; for example, benzene, 
naphthalene, and anthracene. Hackh’s 
Chem. Dict. 

aromatite. A bituminous stone resembling 
myrrh in color and odor. Standard, 1964. 

aromite. A very hydrous sulfate of magne- 
sium and aluminum, 6M,SQO,.Al(SO:)s- 
54H:O; resembles epsomite. From the 
Pampa de Aroma, northern Tarapaca, 
Chile. Dana 6d, p. 954. 

arquerite. A silver amalgam containing a 
very small quantity of mercury; AgwHeg; 
contains 86.5 percent silver. From Co- 
quimbo, Chile. Dana 6d, p. 23. 

arrage. A sharp edge or corner in a drift. 
Also called arris. Standard, 1964. 

arrastra. See arrastre. 

arrastre; arrastra. A circular rock-lined pit 
in which broken ore is pulverized by stones 
attached to horizontal poles fastened in 
a central pillar and dragged around the 
pit. Weed, 1922. This primitive form of 
grinding mill is still used for ores in Cen- 
tral America and for cement in Europe. 
G.T.D. 

arrested anticline. a. Proposed by Orton for 
a gentle monocline in the natural gas fields 
of Ohio. Fay. b. Proposed for a structural 
feature produced by the arrest or suppres- 
sion of the prevailing dip of the rocks for 
a given space and the establishment of a 
terrace or a level bench in its place. A.G_I. 

arrested crushing. Ccomminution in jaw or 
gyratory crushers in which the crushing 
surfaces are arrested at a given distance 
or set apart. The set controls the size of 
the crushed product. Nelson. The crushing 
is so conducted that choke conditions are 
not reached during passage of ore. There 
must be free discharge of material broken 
to below the set dimensions at the narrow- 
est discharge point. Pryor, 3. 

arrested decay. A stage in coal formation 
when biochemical action ceases. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

arrester. a. Any mechanical contrivance or 
device used to stop or slow up motion. 
Crispin. b. Mechanism for the purification 
of a gas stream which may contain sus- 
pended liquids or solids. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

arrest points. Discontinuities on heating and 
cooling curves, due to absorption of heat 
during heating or evolution of heat during 
cooling, and indicating changes occurring 
in a metal or alloy. C.T.D. 

arris. a. The sharp edge of a building brick 
or ridge tile. An arris tile is a specially 
shaped tile for use in the ridge or hip of 
a roof. The arris edge on glass is a bevel 
up to one-sixteenth of an inch wide and at 
an angle of 45°. Dodd. b. Same as arrage. 
Fay. 

arris cleat. Aust. A strip of wood having a 
triangular cross section used for keeping 
brattices in position. Fay. 

arrissing tool. A tool similar to a float, used 
in road construction to round off the edge 
of a concrete slab. Ham. 

arrival dealings. Dealing in ores, concen- 
trates, and metals in transit from source 
to market. Pryor, 3. 

arroba. A Spanish liquid measure of 25.36 
pounds, avoirdupois; Portuguese, 32.38 
pounds. Weed, 1922. 

arrojadite. A dark green phosphate of iron, 
manganese, etc., 4R’sPO..9R”sP2Ox. Cleav- 
able massive. Monoclinic. From Picuhy, 
Brazil; Black Hills, S. Dak. English. 

arrow. A sharp-pointed, thin metal rod about 








53 


1 to 2 feet long with a ring at the other 
end and used in surveying; a thin metal 
peg. Mason. 

arrow points. Indian arrowheads mostly 
made of quartz, more rarely of obsidian 
or other fine-grained rock. Schaller. 

arroyo. a. The channel of an ephemeral 
stream or an intermittent stream, usually 
with vertical banks of unconsolidated ma- 
terial 2 feet high, or higher. USGS Bull. 
73, 1923, p. 86. b. The vertical-walled, flat- 
floored channel] of an ephemeral stream in 
the semiarid southwestern United States. 
A.G.J. c. Sp. A small stream; a gutter. 
Usage varies and in some Latin-American 
countries arroyo includes gorges of major 
porportions. McKinstry. 

arsenargenite. Possibly a 
AgsAs. Dana 6d, p. 43. 

arsenate. A salt or ester of an arsenic acid; 
a compound containing one of the three 
radicals in which arsenic has a +5 valence: 
AsO.* (orthoarsenate), AsO;* (metaarse- 
nate), or As2O;* (pyroarsenate). A.G.I.; 
Handbook of Chemistry & Physics, 42d 
ed., 1960. 

arsenic. A trivalent and pentavalent metal- 
loid element ; commonly metallic steel-gray ; 
hexagonal rhombohedral; and brittle. Also 
known in black amorphous and yellow iso- 
metric forms. Occurs in the free state (as 
native arsenic in tarnished granular or kid- 
ney-shaped masses having a specific gravity 
of 5.73) ; also combined in minerals of (as 
arsenopyrite, orpiment, realgar, arseno- 
lite) ; and in ores of other metals (as cop- 
per, gold) from which it is usually separated 
as a byproduct in the form of arsenic tri- 
oxide. Used in small amounts in alloys (as 
an alloy with lead for shot) and in the 
form of its compounds chiefly as poisons 
(as insecticides) and in glass. Symbol, As; 
atomic number, 33; atomic weight, 74.92; 
specific gravity (gray), 5.73; melting point, 
814° C (at 36 atmospheres) ; and no boil- 
ing point because it sublimes at 615° C. 
Webster 3d; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-100. b. An 
industrial term for an oxide of arsenic. 
ASTM C162-66. 

arsenic acid; orthoarsenic acid. White trans- 
lucent crystals; HsAsOy.Y%H2O. Used in 
glassmaking. CCD 6d, 1961. 

arsenical antimony. Synonym for allemon- 
tite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

arsenical copper. Copper containing up to 
about 0.6 percent arsenic. This element 
slightly increases the hardness and strength 
and raises the recrystallization temperature. 
Used for firebox stays, etc. C.T.D. 

arsenical nickel. Synonym for niccolite. Fay. 

arsenical pyrite. Synonym for arsenopyrite. 
Fay. 

arsenic chloride. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

arsenic disulfide; realgar; red orpiment. 
AseSe; molecular weight, 213.97; red- 
brown; monoclinic; specific gravity, (al- 
pha), 3.506 (at 19° C) and (beta), 3.254 
(at 19° C); melting point, (alpha), 267° 
C and (beta), 307° C; boiling point, 565° 
C; and insoluble in water. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

arsenic furnace. A furnace for making white 
arsenic from arsenopyrite. Hess. 

arsenicite. Synonym for pharmacolite. Hey 
2d, 19505. : 

arsenic minerals. The dominant mineral is 
arsenopyrite. Arsenic is mainly a byproduct 
in the flue dust of furnaces that treat ores 
for gold, copper, etc. Two colored sulfides, 


silver arsenide, 


See arsenic trichloride. 





arsenopolybasite 


realgar and orpiment, are used as pigments. 
Pryor, 3. 

arsenic trichloride; arsenic chloride. A color- 
less or pale yellow, oily liquid; AsCls. Used 
in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 

arsenic trioxide; white arsenic; arsenious 
oxide. a. A white, odorless, tasteless pow- 
der; AsexOs;. Used in the manufacture of 
pigments, glass, and other arsenic com- 
pounds; ceramic enamels, aniline colors; 
and is mixed with soda ash for boiler com- 
pounds. CCD 6d, 1961. \>. Isometric and 
monoclinic crystals. Handbook of Chemis- 
try and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-153. 

arsenic trisulfide; orpiment. As.S;; molecular 
weight, 246.04; yellow or red; monoclinic; 
specific gravity, 3.43; melting point, 300° 
C; boiling point, 707° C; and soluble in 
water and in ethyl alcohol. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

arsenic, white. See arsenic trioxide. 

arsenide. A compound in which arsenic is 
the negative element; for example, cobalt 
arsenide (CoAs2). Standard, 1964. Arsenic 
unites with most metals to form arsenides; 
for example, with iron to form iron diarse- 
nide, FeAss. Arsenides are decomposed by 
water or by dilute acids with the formation 
of arsine. C.T.D. 

arsenious. Of, relating to, or containing ar- 
senic. Used especially in compounds in 
which arsenic is trivalent. Webster 3d. 

arsenious acid. A white crystalline com- 
pound; H;AsOs. Standard, 1964. 

arsenism. Chronic arsenical poisoning. Hess. 

arsenite. A salt or ester of arsenous (arseni- 
ous) acid. A compound containing the 
radical AsOs* or AsOz*. A.G.I. 

arsenobismite. A  yellowish-green, hydrous 
bismuth arsenate, 2Bi2O3.AseOs.2H2O ; cryp- 
tocrystalline aggregates. Found in the Tin- 
tic district, Utah. English. 

arsenoclasite. See arsenoklasite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

arsenoklasite. A cleavable, red, basic hydrous 
arsenate of manganese, Mnz(AsOx)2.2Mn- 
(OH)2; orthorhombic; from Langban, 
Sweden. English. 

arsenolamprite. A metallic lead-gray variety 
of native arsenic containing bismuth. 
Standard, 1964. Spectrographic analysis 
showed arsenic major, iron, calcium, mag- 
nesium, aluminum, and silicon minor, sil- 
ver, antimony small, beryllium, bismuth, 
chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, 
lead, titanium, zinc traces. The calcium, 
magnesium, aluminum, and silicon are 
attributed to admixed carbonate, the silver 
and mercury to native silver, the iron in 
part to loellingite and a chloritelike min- 
eral. Orthorhombic; from Cerny Dul, where 
it occurs as dark gray plates and veinlets 
in carbonate. American Mineralogist, v. 45, 
No. 3-4, March-April 1960, pp. 479-480. 

arsenolite. A white, arsenious oxide, As:Os, 
with an occasional yellow or red tinge, 
crystallizing in the isometric system. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

arsenopyrite; mispickel. A  tin-white  sulf- 
arsenide of iron, FeAsS; monoclinic; pseu- 
do-orthorhombic. A.G.J.; Dana 17. 

arsenostibite. Arsenian stibiconite. Fleischer. 

arsenosulvanite. A mineral, isomorphous 
with sulvanite with vanadium largely re- 
placed by arsenic, Cus(As,V)Ss; cubic; 
from Mongolia. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

arsenpolybasite. A mineral, (AgCu):0(As, 
Sb)eSu, the arsenic end-member corre- 
sponding to polybasite, and members of this 
series with arsenic greater than antimony. 
Dimorphous with pearceite, with a unit- 
cell 8 times as large. Hey, M.M., 1964. 


arsenuranocircite 


arsenuranocircite. Synonym for heinrichite; 
it is not clear which name has priority as 
applied to a natural minerai. Hey, M.M., 
1961. 

arsenuranylite. The arsenate analogue of 
phosphuranylite, which it closely resembles 
except for a deeper orange color, Ca- 
(UOz) «(AsOx) 2(OH)s.6H2O. Named from 
the composition and in analogy with phos- 
pluranylite. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

arshine. A Russian measure of volume equal 
to 12.7 cubic feet. Fay. 

arsoite. An olivine-bearing diopside trachyte. 
A.G.I, 

arsotrachyte. An olivine trachyandesite con- 
taining phenocrysts of sanidine, oligoclase, 
augite, and olivine in a trachytic ground- 
mass containing interstitial glass. The lava 
of Ischia Island, Italy. Holmes, 1928. 

art. See airborne radiation thermometer. Hy. 

arterial road. A main road with secondary 
roads joining it. Ham. 

arterite. a. A migmatite that was produced 
by regional contact metamorphism in the 
course of which residual magmas were in- 
jected into the host rock. See also migma- 
tite; venite. A.G.J. b. A gneiss containing 
veins formed from the solutions rising from 
a deep-seated intrusion of molten granite. 
A.G.I. c. A veined gneiss in which the vein 
material was injected from a magma. 
Venite is a veined gneiss of similar aspect 
and composition, but differs from arterite 
in that the vein material was derived by 
secretion from the rock itself. Where it is 
impossible to distinguish between arterite 
and venite, the term phlebite is used. 
AGI. 

arteritic migmatite. Injection gneiss supposed 
to be produced by the introduction of peg- 
matite, granite, or aplite into schist par- 
allel to the foliation. A.G.I. 

artesian. a. Refers to ground water under 
sufficient hydrostatic head to rise above the 
aquifer containing it. A.G.J. Supp. b. Per- 
taining to underground water that is con- 
fined by impervious rock or other material 
under sufficient pressure to raise it above 
the upper level of the saturated rock or 
other material in which it occurs, if this 
rock or material is penetrated by wells or 
natural fissures. Formerly, the term was 
applied only to water under sufficient pres- 
sure to raise it to the surface of the earth. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

artesian aquifer. An aquifer that contains 
artesian water. A.G.I. 

artesian basin. A geologic structural feature 
or a combination of such features in which 
water is confined under artesian pressure. 
A.G.I. 

artesian casing. Steel pipe well casing of the 
desired diameter with screw joints. Hess. 

artesian discharge. The process of discharge 
from a well by artesian pressure, and also 
the quantity of water discharged. The 
artesian pressure is aided by the buoyancy 
of the natural gas that enters some wells 
with the water. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

artesian leakage. The slow percolation of 
water from artesian formations into the 
confining materials of a less permeable but 
not of a strictly impermeable character. 
Such percolation causes a reduction in 
artesian pressure, depending on the rela- 
tive impermeability of the materials in the 
confining formations. A.G.I. 

artesian spring. A spring, the water from 
which issues under artesian pressure, gen- 
erally through some fissure or other open- 
ing in the confining bed that overlies the 





54 


aquifer. A.G.I. ; 


artesian water. a. Ground water that is under 


sufficient pressure to rise above the level 
at which it is encountered by a well, but 
which does not necessarily rise to or above 
the surface of the ground. A.G.I. b. Ground 
water that is confined within a permeable 
bed and that rises under pressure to ap- 
proximately the height of the intake. If 
the outlet (well or spring) is appreciably 
below the height of the intake, the water 
will flow out under pressure. If even with 
or above the height of the intake, the water 
will rise in the well but it will not flow 
out. Bateman. 


artesian well. a. A well in which the water 


level rises above the top of the aquifer, 
whether or not the water flows at the land 
surface. A.G.I, b. Formerly, only applied 
to a well drilled to a depth where, owing 
to the structure of the strata, the water 
pressure was high enough to raise the 
water to the surface. Standard, 1964. c. 
Often applied to any deep well, even where 
pumping is necessary, as in an ordinary 
driven well. Standard, 1964. 


Arthropoda. Consist of animals divided into 


a number of parts in series, each equipped 
with a pair of legs. It includes Crustacea, 
like lobsters and crabs, spiders and insects. 
The most important fossil type is the trilo- 
bite which in its various forms lived in 
Paleozoic times only. It consisted of seg- 
ments divided into three portions, the seg- 
ments are joined to the head with jaws 
and antennae and the tail and chest por- 
tions have feet for swimming and gills for 
breathing. Sinclair, II, p. 67. 


arthurite. Thin apple-green crusts on quartz 


consisting of an intimate mixture of phar- 
macosiderite and CusFes (AsO;x)3 (OH):. 
6H.2O; from Hingston Down Consols Mine, 
Calstock, Cornwall, England. Hey, M.M.., 
1964. ; 


articulation. a. A movable joint. A.G.J, Supp. 


b. A manner of joining adjacent mineral 
grains in a rock; the contact may be smooth 
and plane, curved or sinuous, angularly 
interlocked or sutured, or one mineral may 
completely enclose another. A.G.J. Supp. 


articulite. Synonym for itacolumite. A.G.J. 
artificial aging. Aging above room tempera- 


ture. See also aging; precipitation heat 
treatment. Compare natural aging. ASM 
Gloss. 


artificial cementing. Consolidation of loose 


soils for which three methods are generally 
used: (1) cementation, (2) the Joosten 
process of chemical consolidation, and (3) 
freezing. Ham. See also soil stabilization. 


artificial earthquake. Resulting from indus- 


trial or traffic commotion, explosions, etc. 
Schieferdecker. 


artificial harbor. A harbor constructed by 


building breakwaters around an area of sea 
to provide protection for shipping. Ham. 


artificial heavy spar. See blanc fixe. 
artificial horizon. In surveying, a surface of 


liquid mercury used in connection with 
measurement of height of sun by means 
of sextant. Pryor, 3. 


artificial liquid fuels. Fuels created by the 


hydrogenation of coal, the destructive dis- 
tillation of coal, lignite, or shale at low 
temperature, and by a recombination of 
the constituents of water gas in the pres- 
ence of a suitable catalyst. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 


artificial mineral; synthetic mineral. A min- 
eral formed artificially (synthetically) in | 


the laboratory, as distinguished from a 











aryl 


mineral occurring naturally. Fay. 

artificial nourishment. The process of re- 
plenishing a beach by artificial means, for 
example, by the deposition of dredged 
material. H&G. 

artificial refractories. Materials manufactured 
in electric furnaces and used for special 
purposes; for example, zirconium carbide, 
titanium carbide, and silicon carbide. New- 
ton. pp. 261-262. 

artificial respiration. The restoration or ini- 
tiation by manual or mechanical means of 
breathing that has failed or that has never 
begun. It consists essentially of forcing air 
into and out of the lungs to establish a 
rhythm of inspiration and expiration. Web- 
ster 3d, See also Silvester method; Schafer 
method; Holger-Nielsen method; Eve 
method; Drinker method; Schafer-Nielsen- 
Drinker method; hip-lift back pressure 
method; hip-roll] back pressure method; 
inflation method; direct method; Laborde 
method. McAdam, pp. 84-92. 

artificial rock asphalt. A mastic or powder 
manufactured from bituminous rock after 
it has been reduced to powder and addi- 
tional bitumen added as required. Nelson.. 

artificial soft porcelain. Porcelain in which 
the body is formed of a natural clay sus- 
pended in a fluxing material artificially 
prepared. Standard, 1964. 

artificial stone. a. A special kind of concrete, 
resembling a natural stone, made by mix- 
ing chippings and dust of natural stone with 
Portland cement (colored if necessary) 
and water. This mixture is pressed into 
molds, later allowed to dry out, and finally 
is seasoned in the open air for some months 
before use. C.T.D. b. A stony substance 
formed from certain basic natural materials 
which in the course of manufacture under- 
go chemical changes whereby an entirely 
new material is created. This new sub- 
stance is then crushed, graded, molded 
into desired shapes, and baked under in- 
tense heat in kilns or ovens. Often used 
as an abrasive. Fay. 

artificial upwelling. Concept of having nu- 
clear reactor sitting on bottom of ocean 
in cold, sterile parts of the sea to create 
warmth needed to bring turbulence and 
subsequent fertility to the area. Hey. 

artificial ventilation. The inducing of a flow 
of air through a mine or part of a mine 
by mechanical or other means. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. : 

artificial zeolites. Compounds related to na- 
ural zeolites and made by mixing solutions 
of sodium aluminate and sodium silicate 
with other mineral salts. Usually white or 
gray and in grains of 0.5 to 2 millimeters 
in diameter. The sodium is replaceable by 
calcium, magnesium, and iron. Used as 
water softeners. Hess. 

artinite. A snow-white basic hydrous carbon- 
ate of magnesium, MgCO;.Mg(OH)>:.3H20. 
Loose spherical aggregates of scales, com- 
posed of minute prismatic crystals. Ortho- 
rhombic. From Lombardy and Piedmont, 
Italy; Hoboken, N.J. English. 

Artinskian. Upper Lower Permian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

art tile. Fancy tiles for walls, fireplaces, etc. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 260. 

aruppukarans. A_ gold-washing caste in 
Madras, India. Fay. 

arvonian rock. A rock consisting of quartz 
felsites, halleflintas, and breccias, charac- 
teristic of the Cambrian or an earlier 
period in Wales. Fay. 

aryl. a. A univalent aromatic radical (as 


aryl 


phenyl! or tolyl) derived from an arene by 
removal of one hydrogen atom from a 
carbon atom of the nucleus. Webster 3d. 
b. A compound of one or more aryl radi- 
cals with a metal. Webster 3d. 

arzunite. A blue-green double salt of basic 
lead sulfate and a basic copper chloride, 
PbSOy. PbO. 3(CuCle. H2O). Cu(OH)s. A 
drusy incrustation of small prisms. Ortho- 
rhombic. From Challacollo, Tarapaca, 
Chile. English. 

As Chemical symbol for arsenic. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

ASA. Prefix to specifications of the Ameri- 
can Standards Association, 70 East 45th 
Street, New York 17, New York. Dodd. 
The name of the American Standards 
Association was changed in late 1966 to 
the United States of America Standards 
Institute. 

asbeferrite. A columnar or fibrous iron-man- 
ganese amphiboles. Hess. 

asbestiform. Formed like or resembling as- 
bestos; fibrous; said of stones. Standard, 
1964. 

asbestine. a. A silicate of magnesium much 
used in paint. It serves as an aid in hold- 
ing paint pigment in solution and in bind- 
ing paint films together. Also marketed 
under such names as French chalk and 
talc. Crispin. b. Of, pertaining to, or hav- 
ing the characteristics of asbestos; incom- 
bustible. Webster 3d. 

asbestos. A name applied to a group of 
naturally fibrous minerals. The principal 
variety is chrysotile, a hydrous magnesium 
silicate having the theoretical formula 
3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O. Other commercial va- 
rieties are amosite, a complex iron-magne- 
sium silicate, (FeMg)SiO;.1 —5 percent 
H:O; and crocidolite, a sodium-iron hy- 
drous silicate, NaFe(SiOs) 2. FeSiOs. H2O. 
Of minor importance are tremolite, CasMgs 


SisOz (OH):2, and anthophyllite, (MgFe)7, 


SisOx2x(OH)». Chrysotile is the principal 
variety of commerce. BuMines Bull. 630, 
1965, p. 82. Also called earth flax; moun- 
tain cork; amianthus. Fay. 

asbestos crusher man. In the asbestos prod- 
ucts industry, one who operates a machine 
that crushes asbestos-bearing rock; and 
controls the flow of rock into the crusher 
by opening or closing gates in the chute 
and by breaking jams in the chutes with 
a metatl bar. D.O.T. 1. 

asbestosis. A lung disease caused by breath- 
ing asbestos dust. BuMines Bull. 400, 1937, 
p. 265. 


asbestos minerals. Certain minerals which 


have a fibrous structure, are heat resistant, 
chemically inert and possessing high elec- 
trical insulating qualities, and are of suffi- 
cient flexibility to be woven. The two main 
groups are serpentine and amphiboles. 
Asbestos proper is actinolite, Chrysotile is 
fibrous serpentine; amosite is fibrous antho- 
phyllite; crocidolite is fibrous soda-amphi- 
bole. Used in fireproof buildings, insulating, 
paint materials, brake-linings, clutches, in- 
sulation against heat, electricity, and acid. 
Pryor, 3. 

asbestos yarn. Yarn consisting of either as- 
bestos fiber; asbestos and vegetable fibers; 
asbestos and vegetable fibers and wire; or 
asbestos and vegetable fibers with an insert 
of cotton or other yarn reinforcement. 
Metallic asbestos yarn is yarn consisting of 
plain asbestos yarn twisted with brass, cop- 
per, or other fine wire. It is also called 
wire inserted yarn. Plain asbestos yarn is 


264-972 O-68—5 





55 


yarn consisting of either asbestos fiber or 

asbestos and vegetable fibers. Hess. 
asbolane; asbolite. A form of wad; a soft, 

earthy manganese dioxide, containing up 

to about 32 percent cobalt oxide. C.M.D. 

Sometimes referred to as earthy cobalt. 
asbolite. See asbolane. 

ascendant. The vector representing the rate 
of increase of a property. See also gradient. 
Hy. 

ascensional ventilation; antitropal ventila- 
tion. A mine ventilation system in which 
the fresh intake air flows down to the bot- 
tom end of the workings and then ascends 
along the faces to the main return. The 
air is heated as it travels along the face 
which assists its uphill flow. The system is 
advantageous in gassy mines as the fire- 
damp also tends to flow upwards. See also 
descensional ventilation. Nelson. 

ascension theory. a. The theory of infiltra- 
tion by ascension in solution from below. 
It considers that ore-bearing solutions rise 
from the heated depths of the earth and 
deposit their minerals at diminished tem- 
peratures and pressures. Fay. b. The theory 
that the minerals filling fissure veins were 
introduced in solution from below. Fay. 

aschaffite. A dike rock occurring near Aschaf- 
fenburg, Bavaria, Germany. It was defined 
by Rosenbusch as a dioritic dike rock con- 
taining quartz and plagioclase, with biotite 
as the chief dark silicate. Fay. 

aschenstruktur. Ash texture, the texture of 
glassy tuffs. Hess. 

aschistic. Pertaining to rocks of minor igne- 
ous intrusions that have not been differen- 
tiated into light and dark portions and 
that have essentially the same composition 
as the larger intrusions with which they 
are associated. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

aschistic rock. Usually a dike rock, which re- 
presumably did not result from splitting 
during its formation, that is, it has the 
same composition as the parent magma. 
The opposite of diaschistic. A.G.I. 

aschisite. A rock which has the same com- 
position as the parent magma, that is, it is 
undifferentiated or aschistic. A rock that 
has undergone differentiation is called dia- 
schistic, Aschistic and diachistic are unfor- 
tunate words because they incorrectly sug- 
gest a relationship to schist. Johannsen, 
v. 1, 2d, 1939, pp. 5, 167. 

aseismic region. a. An area in which earth- 
quakes are rare. Schieferdecker. b. A re- 
gion that is not subject to earthquakes. 
A.G.I. 

aseptic precautions. Handling with care to 
exclude microorganisms in contrast to anti- 
septic or disinfectant chemical treatments. 
I.C. 8075, 1962, p. 63. 

A.S.F. coupler. A coupler fitted with a 
sprin,‘-loaded lock swinging back into the 
coupler body, the locks of the mating 
couplers sliding over each other when en- 
gaging. The draft gear is similar to that 
provided on the Willison coupler. When 
buffing, the impact forces are taken by the 
flanges on the coupler head and not by 
the locks. The mating couplers are identi- 
cal. The coupler is designed for a drawbar 
pull of 9 tons. Sinclair, V, pp. 279-280. 

ash. a. The inorganic residue remaining after 
ignition of combustible substances. The ash 
content is determined quantitatively by 
definite prescribed methods. Ash may not 
be identical, in composition or in quantity, 
with the inorganic substances present in 
the material before ignition. In the case of 
coal and coke, the methods employed shall 





ash field clay 


be those prescribed in the Standard Meth- 
ods of Laboratory Sampling and Analysis 
of Coal and Coke (ASTM Designation: 
D 271) of the American Society for Test- 
ing and Materials. ASTM D12I1-62. b. 
The inorganic residue after the incinera- 
tion of coal to constant weight under 
standard conditions. In general, it differs 
in weight and composition from the origi- 
nal mineral matter, B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 
c. Volcanic dust and particles less than 
4 millimeters in diameter. A.GJ. Supp. 
d. Tuff that, in color, texture, and general 
appearance resembles ashes. Also called 
volcanic ash, Fay. 


ash ball. Shrop. A mixture of small fragments 


of greenish clay quartz, etc. Fay. 


ash bed. A deposit or a bed of volcanic ash. 


Fay. 


ash-bed diabase. A rock on Keweenaw Point, 


Lake Superior, resembling a conglomerate, 
but which was considered by Wadsworth 
to be a scoriaceous amygdaloidal sheet into 
which much sand was washed in its early 
history. Fay. 


ash cone. A volcanic cone built primarily of 


unconsolidated ash and generally shaped 
something like a saucer, with a rim in the 
form of a wide circle and a broad central 
depression often nearly at the same eleva- 
tion as the surrounding country. They usu- 
ally show maximum growth on the leeward 
side. Individual ash beds forming the cone 
dip both inward and outward, those in the 
high part of the rim approaching the angle 
of repose. Ash cones are believed to be the 
result of violent hydroexplosions. caused 
when lava erupts under water or under 
water-saturated rocks close to the surface. 
In form, ash cones bear a general resem- 
blance to maars: Consolidated ash cones 
are called tuff cones or tuff rings. USGS 
Bull. 994, 1953, p. 68. 


ash content. The percentage of incombusti- 


ble material in a fuel; that portion of a 
laboratory sample remaining after heating 
under standard conditions to constant 
weight, that is, until all the combustible 
matter has been burned away. See also 
extraneous ash; inherent ash. Nelson. 


ashcroftine. A pink hydrous silicate of sodi- 


um, potassium, calcium, magnesium, man- 
ganese, and aluminum, NaK(Ca,Mg,Mn) 
AlSisO1s.8H2O. Small needles. Tetragonal. 
From Narsarsuk, Greenland. Formerly 
called kalithomsonsite. English. 


ash curve. A graph that shows a relation be- 


tween the specific gravity of fractions of a 
coal sample floated in liquids of step-by- 
step increased density, and the percentage 
of ash in each such fraction. Pryor, 3. 


ash drawers. Early. name applied to tourma- 


line because of its electrical property. Ship- 
ley. 


ash error. The difference between the per- 


centage ash of a product of a separation 
and that shown by the washability curve 
(based on the reconstituted feed) of a 
product with the same properties (usually 
percentage of ash). B.S. 3552, 1962. 


ashes. The residue left after the fuel has 


been burned. Also called cinder. Newton, 
p. 246. 


ash fall. a. A rain of airborne volcanic ash 


falling from an eruption cloud. It is a 
characteristic of explosive volcanic erup- 
tions. A.G.J. b. A deposit of volcanic ash 
resulting from such a fall and lying on the 
ground surface. A.G.J. 


ash field clay. A fire clay of Yorkshire, Eng- 


land. The raw clay contains approximately 


ash field clay 


57 percent SiOz, 27 percent AleOs, 1.7 per- 
cent FesOs, and 1.5 percent alkalies. Dodd. 

ash flow. a. An avalanche of volcanic ash. 
Generally, a highly heated mixture of vol- 
canic gases and ash traveling down the 
flanks of a volcano or along the surface 
of the ground and produced by the ex- 
plosive disintegration of viscous lava in a 
volcanic crater or by the explosive emission 
of gas-charged ash from a fissure or a group 
of fissures. The solid materials contained in 
a typical ash flow are generally unsorted 
and ordinarily include volcanic dust, pum- 
ice, scoria, and blocks in addition to ash. 
A.G.I. b. A deposit of volcanic ash and 
other debris resulting from such a flow and 
lying on the ground surface. A.G.J. c. Syn- 
onym for ignimbrite. A.G.I. Supp. 

ash furnace. A furnace or oven for fritting 
materials for glassmaking. Also called ash 
oven. Webster 3d. 

ash fusibility. A measure, in terms of tem- 
perature, of the ease of fusion of coal ash 
prepared and tested under standard condi- 
tions. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

ash fusion temperature. Indicates the tem- 
perature at which a special test cone made 
from particles of ash obtained from the 
coal will (1) begin to deform, that is, 
soften, or (2) completely deform or fuse 
into a blob. Nelson. 

Ashgillian. Upper Upper Ordovician. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

ashlar. a. A block of stone, as brought from 
the quarry. Standard, 1964. b. A squared 
stone. Standard, 1964. c. Masonwork of 
squared stones, Standard, 1964. d. A facing 
of cut stone applied to a backing of rubble 
or rough masonry or brickwork. Zern. Also 
called bastard ashlar. Fay. e. A thin squared 
and dressed brick for facing a wall of rub- 
ble or brick. Webster 3d. f. Rectangular 
block having a sawed, planed, or rock- 
faced surface. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 877. 

ashlar masonry. Masonry composed of rec- 
tangular units of fired clay or shale, or 
stone, generally larger in size than brick and 
properly bonded, having sawed, dressed, 
or squared beds, and joints laid in mortar. 
ACSG, 1963 

ash metal. A low-grade brass made from 
metal skimmings and ash from brass foun- 
dries. Camm. 

ash oven. Same as ash furnace. Webster 3d. 

ashpit. The receptacle for ashes under a 
grate. Fay. 

ash rock. Rock composed of the material of 
arenaceous texture produced by volcanic 
explosions. A.G.I. 

ash, sedimentary. Applied to ashes and cin- 
ders deposited in beds by the agency of 
water after having been ejected from fis- 
sures or from craters into the sea. A.G.I. 

Ash’s furnace. A furnace for refining zinc in 
which the molten metal passes through 
four tanks in order to allow lead and other 
impurities to settle out. Fay; Hess. 

ash shower. A rain of airborne volcanic ash 
falling from an eruption cloud, generally 
of short duration. See also ash fall. A.GI. 

ash/specific-gravity curve. The curve ob- 
tained from the float-and-sink analysis by 
plotting the ash contents of successive 
fractions against specific gravity. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

ashstone. a. An ash-gray, friable, porous hy- 
persthene trachyandesite which looks like 
hardened volcanic ash. It is used as a 
building stone in Japan because it is easily 
quarried. Hess, b. Indurated volcanic ash 





56 


composed of volcanic rock particles and 
mineral particles ranging in size from 0.06 
to 0.001 millimeter. A.G.I. 

ash, total. Residuc of the mineral matter ob- 
tained by incinerating coal under standard 
conditions. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

ash, volcanic; tuff. Uncemented pyroclastic 
material concisting of fragments that are 
mostly less than 4 millimeters in diameter. 
Coarse ash ranges from 4 to 4 millimeters 
in grain size, and fine ash is below %4 
millimeter. Without a qualifying adjective, 
the term should be applied only to essen- 
tial ejecta. A.G.I. 

ashy grit. a. Pyroclastic material of sand size 
and smaller. A.G.J. Supp. b. A mixture of 
ordinary sand and volcanic ash. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

asiderite. Daubree’s term for stony meteor- 
ites that do not contain metallic iron. Fay. 
Essentially synonymous with aerolite. Ob- 
solete. A.G.I. 

Askania statascope. A special form of aneroid 
barometer in which the displacement of 
the vacuum chamber diaphragm, with vari- 
ations in pressure, is prevented by altering 
the tension on a spring which is controlled 
by means of a knob situated at the center 
of the dial on the outside of the instru- 
ment, The amount by which the knob has 
been rotated to return the diaphragm to 
its original position is transmitted to a 
pointer which indicates the pressure change 
on a graduated scale. Roberts, I, p. 23. 

aslope. Corn. In a slanting position. Fay. 

ASM Abberviation for American Society for 
Metals. Zimmerman, p. 8. 

asmanite. An orthorhombic variety of silica 
found in meteoric iron. Standard, 1964. 

asparagus stone. A greenish-yellow variety of 
apatite. Fay. 

aspect. a. The gross or overall lithologic or 
biologic characteristics of a stratigraphic 
unit as expressed at any particular point. 
A.G.I. b. The angle made by a target 
with the line joining it to the observation 
point is known as the aspect of the target. 
H&G. 

aspect of facies. The appearance, composi- 
tion, or inferred environmental implica- 
tions of a particular rock body or fossil 
assemblage. A.G.I. Supp. 

aspect ratio. In a duct, the depth of elbow 
along (parallel) to the axis of bend divided 
by the width in the plane of the bend. 
Strock, 10. 

asperite. Suggested by Becker for rough cellu- 
lar lavas, the chief feldspar of which is 
plagioclase. Fay. 

asperolite. A variety of chrysocolla, contain- 
ing more than the usual percentage of 
water. Fay. 

asphalt. a. A bitumen of variable hardness 
comparatively nonvolatile, composed prin- 
cipally of hydrocarbons containing rela- 
tively little or no crystallizable paraffins. 
The nonmineral constituents are fusible 
and largely soluble in carbon disulfide. 
A.G.I. b. A brown to black solid or semi- 
solid bituminous substance occurring in 
nature, but also obtained as the residue 
from the refining of certain petroleums 
and then known as artificial asphalt. As- 
phalt melts between 150° and 200° F and 
is soluble in carbon disulfide. It belongs to 
the group of solid and semisolid hydro- 
carbons, the others being asphaltites and 
asphaltic pyrobitumens. A.G.J. c. A com- 
plex compound of various hydrocarbons, 
part of which are oxygenated. Related in 
origin to petroleum. It is brown or brown. 











asphaltic pyrobitumen 


ish black, melts at 90° to 100° F, and is 
mostly or entirely soluble in turpentine. 
See also albertite; elaterite; gilsonite; gra- 
hamite; impsonite; nigrite; wurtzilite. Also 
called mineral pitch. Same as asphaltum. 
Fay. d. To cover or treat with asphalt. Fay. 

asphalt-base petroleum. Crude oils which, 
upon processing, yield relatively large 
amounts of asphaltic residues. A.G.I. 

asphalt cement. A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt 
specially prepared as to quality and con- 
sistency for direct use in the manufacture 
of bituminous pavements, and having a 
penetration at 25° C (77° F) of between 
5 and 300, under a load of 100 grams 
applied for 5 seconds. Urquhart, Sec. 2, 
p. 81, 

asphalt content. The percent by weight of 
100-penetration asphalt contained in an 
asphaltic product. Shell Oil Co. 

asphalt cutback. An asphalt cement which 
has been made liquid by thinning it with 
a volatile petroleum distillate, such as 
gasoline or kerosine. Shell Oil Co. 

asphalte. A name applied in Europe to un- 
consolidated limestone impregnated with 
asphalt. Hess. 

asphalted. Coated with asphalt. Usually Cali- 
fornian oil (which has an asphaltic base), 
coal tar, gilsonite, or elaterite are added 
to give the right consistency to suit the 
average temperature that prevails when 
the coating is used. Fay. 

asphalt emulsion. Asphalt bitumen, water, 
and a suitable emulsifying agent giving an 
emulsion which can be used in roadbuild- 
ing, without the necessity of heating the 
asphalt before application. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

asphaltene. One of the components of the 
bitumen in petroleums, petroleum products, 
asphaltic cements, and solid native bitu- 
mens, that are soluble in carbon disulfide 
but are insoluble in paraffin naphthas. Fay. 

asphalt furnace. A portable furnace in which 
asphalt is heated for use in roofing, paving, 
etc. Fay. 

asphaltic. a. Similar to, or essentially com- 
posed of, asphalt. Fay. b. Saturated with 
viscous or solid, low gravity hydrocarbon. 
Wheeler. 

asphaltic bitumen. Term formerly used for 
bitumen. Ham. 

asphaltic cement. Asphalt or bitumen or 
blends of these with one another or with 
flux oils, the material having adhesive 
qualities suitable for the manufacture of 
road or building asphalts. Ham. 

asphaltic coal. Synonym for albertite. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

asphaltic concrete. A surface made by mix- 
ing proportioned quantities of graded ag- 
gregate and asphalt at a central plant, 
conveying the completed mix to the point 
of placement, and spreading by mechanical 
finisher. It must be completed when in the 
heated condition. API Gloss. 

asphaltic earth. Asphalt mixed with earthy 
material. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

asphaltic flux. A residuum in the cracking of 
asphalt-base oils which is also known as 
pressure tar, and is too viscous for fuel oil. 
It is added to hard or stiff asphalts to make 
them workable. Hess. 

asphaltic limestone. A limestone impregnated 
with asphalt. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

asphaltic ore. Asphaltlike ore carrying invisi- 
ble uranium values. Ballard. 

asphaltic pyrobitumen. a. A species of pyro- 
albertite, impsonite, and asphaltic pyro- 
bitumen, including dark-colored, compar- 





asphaltic pyrobitumen 


atively hard, and nonvolatile solids, sub- 
stantially free from oxygenated bodies, in- 
fusible and largely insoluble in carbon 
disulfide. It includes elaterite, wurtzilite, 
albertite, impsonite. and asphaltic pyro- 
bituminous shales. Tomkeieff, 1954. b. 
One of the solid hydrocarbons that differs 
from asphalts in being infusible and gen- 
erally insoluble in carbon disulfide. A.G.I, 

asphaltic rock. Any rock, naturally impreg- 
nated with asphalt. It is usually a sand- 
stone or a limestone. A.G.I. 

asphaltic sand. A natural mixture of asphalt 
with varying proportions of loose sand 
grains, The quantity of bituminous cement- 
ing material extracted from the sand may 
be as high as 10 percent, and this bitumen 
is composed of a soft asphalt which rarely 
has a penetration as low as 60°. A.G_I. 

asphaltic sandstone. See sandstone; asphalt 
rock. Fay. 

asphaltite. a. Black to dark brown naphtha 
bitumen, melting above 110°C, substan- 
tially soluble in carbon disulfide or in 
chloroform; for example, gilsonite, glance 
pitch, and grahamite. Schieferdecker. b. 
A dark-colored, solid, difficultly fusible, 
naturally occurring hydrocarbon complex, 
insoluble in water, but more or less com- 
pletely soluble in carbon disulfide, benzol, 
etc. Fay, c. One of the harder of the solid 
hydrocarbons with melting points between 
250° and 600° F. A.GJ. d. Similar to 
anthraxolite. Same as asphaltum. Crosby, 
p. 66. See also asphalt, c. 

asphalt mastic. The mixture of asphalt ce- 
ment and mineral material which on heat- 
ing becomes a thick mass and may be 
poured and troweled. Shell Oil Co. 

asphaltmess. The quantity of asphalt con- 
tained in petroleum expressed as a per- 
centage of the total mass. Petroleum Age, 
v. 1, February 1, 1923, p. 37. 

asphalt oil. Oil containing asphalt or having 
an asphalt base, as distinguished from oil 
having a paraffin base. Crispin. 

asphalt primer. A liquid asphaltic road ma- 
terial of low viscosity which, upon appli- 
cation to a nonbituminous surface, is com- 
pletely absorbed. Its purpose is to water- 
proof the existing surface and prepare it 
to serve as a base for further construction. 
Shell Oil Co. 

asphalt rock; asphalt stone. Limestone im- 
pregnated with asphalt. Also applied to 
asphaltic sandstone. Webster 3d. 

asphalt seal. The creation of a trap by the 
decrease in permeability of a reservoir as 
the result of the transformation of petro- 
leum into asphalt. A.G.Y. 

asphalt stone. See asphalt rock. Webster 3d. 

asphaltum. See asphalt, c. Fay. 

asphyxia. Local or systemic deficiency of oxy- 
gen and excess of carbon dioxide in living 
tissues usually as a result of interruption 
of respiration. Webster 3d. See also carbon 
monoxide asphyxia. McAdam, p. 98. 

asphyxiate. To suffocate; to choke. Mason. 

aspirating. See dedusting. Mitchell, p. 716. 

aspirator. a. An appliance, such as a suction 
pump, exhaust fan, or the friction of a 
water jet, for causing a movement of gases 
or liquids by suction. Hess. b. A device 
made of wire gauze, cloth, or of a fibrous 
mass held between pieces of meshed ma- 
terial to prevent dusts entering the lungs; 
or having a canister of activated charcoal 
or other substances through which the air 
breathed must pass to prevent the passage 
of noxious gases into the lungs. Also 
called inhaler; muzzle. Hess. 














57 


assay. a. To test ores or minerals by chemical 
or blowpipe examination; to determine 
the proportion of metals in ores by smelt- 
ing in the way appropriate to each. Gold 
and silver require an additional process 
called cupelling, for the purpose of sepa- 
rating them from the base metals. See also 
fire assay. Fay. b. An examination of a 
mineral, an ore, or an alloy differing 
from a complete analysis in that it deter- 
mines only certain ingredients in the sub- 
stance examined, whereas an analysis de- 
termines everything it contains. Fay. c. A 
means of ascertaining the commercial value 
of a mineralized substance, as, for example, 
ore or black sand, or the product of a 
mill or smelter, either by a fire or a wet 
process, and is termed ordinary assays, 
commercial assays, specimen assays, control 
assays, and umpire assays. See also crucible 
assay; dry assay; scorification; wet assay. 
Ricketts, I. 

assay balance. A very sensitive balance used 
in the assaying of gold, silver, etc., for 
weighing the beads. It usually has magni- 
fying lenses for reading the graduations. 
Webster 3d. 

assay, complete. One sufficiently detailed to 
show structural associations of required 
elements, or to account adequately for all 
the constituents of the ore. Pryor, 3. 

assayer. One who analyzes ores and alloys, 
especially bullion, to determine the value 
and properties of their precious metals; 
separates precious metals from dross ma- 
terials by solution, flotation, or other li- 
quid processes, or by dry methods, such 
as the application of heat to form slags 
of lead, borax, and other impurities; 
weighs residues on calibrated balances to 
determine the proportion of pure gold, 
silver, platinum, or other metals in the 
laboratory sample. D.O.T. 1. 

assay foot. The assay value multiplied by 
the number of feet across which the sample 
is taken. Fay. Compare assay inch. 

assay grade. The percentage of an element 
or compound in a representative sample, 
as found by analytical test (assay). Pryor, 4. 

assay inch. In valuation of an ore body, the 
assay value multiplied by the number of 
inches along which a sample of ore has 
been cut by grooving or channeling. The 
distance is normal to enclosing rocks so 
as to refer the sample to true width of 
deposit. Pryor, 3. Compare assay foot. 

assay limit. The limit of an ore body estab- 
lished by the low content of valuable 
mineral as determined by assays, A.G.I. 

assay master. A chief or official assayer. 
Standard, 1964. 

assay office. A laboratory for examining ores, 
usually gold and silver ores, in order to 
determine their economic value. Standard, 
1964, 

assay plan. Map of a mine showing the assay, 
stope, width, etc., of samples taken from 
positions marked. Used to control grade 
and quality of ore mined and milled. 
Pryor, 3. 

assay. plan factor; correction factor. In 
sampling, a term used to describe the 
rate which the head value bears to the 
mine sampling. This percentage figure is 
useful in reducing any extant or subsequent 
mine-sampling average to that which in 
actual production it will likely prove to 
be. In South Africa this is generally known 
as the “mine call factor.” Truscott, pp. 
98-99. 

assay pound. A varying weight, sometimes 











assessment work 


half a gram, used by assayers as propor- 
tionately representing a pound. Standard, 
1964. 

assay split. Agreed average value as between 
buyer’s and seller’s assay, used as pricing 
basis in sale of mineral. Pryor, 3. 

assay ton. For a long ton (2,240 pounds 
avoirdupois) 32.667 grams, and for a 
short ton (2,000 pounds avoirdupois) 
29.1667 grams. The number of milligrams 
of bullion obtained from one assay ton 
equals the number of ounces (troy) of 
bullion per ton of ore. Pryor, 4. 

assay value. a. The amount of the gold or 
silver, in ounces per ton of ore, as shown 
by assay of any given sample. An average 
assay value is the weighted result obtained 
from a number of samples, by multiplying 
the assay value of each sample by the 
width or thickness of the ore face over 
which it is taken, and then dividing the 
sum of these products by the total width 
of cross section sampled. The result ob- 
tained would represent an average face 
sample. Fay. b. The standard value of gold 
everywhere. An average assay value of 
several samples cannot be taken as an 
absolute mathematical demonstration of 
the value of an ore body nor is the assay 
return necessarily conclusive of the value 
of the thing assayed; it may, however, tend 
to prove discovery. Ricketts, I. c. The per- 
centage of a specified element or compound 
in a given sample. Trace values may be 
reported in other ratios, for example, parts 
per million. Pryor, 3. 

assay walls. The planes to which an ore body 
can be profitably mined, the limiting fac- 
tor being the metal content of the country 
rock as determined from assays. Hess. 

ASSE Abbreviation for the American Society 
of Safety Engineers. Williams. 

assemblage zone. A biostratigraphic unit de- 
fined and identified by a group of associ- 
ated fossils rather than by a single index 
fossil. Synonym for cenozone. Compare 
range zone; faunizone; florizone. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

assembled cameos. Cameos made of two or 
more portions cemented together. See also 
assembled stone; composite stone. Shipley. 

assembled stone. Any stone constructed of 
two or more pieces of gem materials 
whether they be genuine, imitation, or 
both. An alternate term, composite stone, 
was later suggested. See also doublet; Foil 
back; triplet. Shipley. 

assembly rod. An external bolt holding a 
machine together. Nichols. 

assessment. a. The sum that the officers of 
a mining company levy on the stock held 
by shareholders. Fay. b. See assessment 
work. Fay. 

assessment drilling. Drilling done to fulfill 
the requirement that a prescribed amount 
of work be done annually on an un- 
patented mining claim to retain title. Long. 

assessment labor. Refers to the annual labor 
required of the locator of a mining claim 
after discovery and not to work before 
discovery. Ricketts, I. 

assessment work. The annual work upon an 
unpatented mining claim on the public 
domain necessary under the United States 
law for the maintenance of the possessory 
title thereto. Same as annual labor. Fay. 
After filing location notice and performing 
the required discovery work, the prospec- 
tor has a year from the following July 1, 
at noon, to do $100 worth of work to 
protect his claim. This amount of work 


assessment work 


must be done each year if the claim is 
to be held without patenting. Lewis, p. 27. 

asset. Property with cash sale value. In min- 
ing, the dominant asset is the proved ore 
reserve. Pryor, 3. 

assignment. Transfer by deed of asset from 
holder to another, the assignee. Pryor, 3. 

assimilation. a. The process by which rock 
from the containing walls of an intrusion 
is absorbed by solution in the invading 
magma, either in situ (or nearly so) at 
the contacts; or in depth, by the sinking 
into the magma of blocks or fragments of 
country rock stoped from the roof above 
the intrusion. Hess. b. The incorporation 
into a magma of material originally pre- 
sent in the wall rock. The term does not 
specify the exact mechanism or the results. 
The assimilated material may be present 
as crystals from the original wall rocks, 
newly formed crystals including wall-rock 
elements, or as a solution in the liquid 
phase of the magma. The resulting rock 
is called a hybrid. Also, the process is 
termed magmatic assimilation. A.G.I. 

assistant colliery manager. An official ap- 
pointed at many large collieries in Great 
Britain with a status between the under- 
manager and manager, although he has 
no legal authority over the undermanager. 
He is often delegated to give concentrated 
supervision to any special operations, thus 
allowing the undermanager to carry on 
with his routine duties. He is often a 
graduate with a first-class certificate of 
competency who may be in need of man- 
agerial experience. Nelson. 

assistant mine foreman. A person employed 
to assist the mine foreman in the perform- 
ance of his duties and to serve in his 
place, in the absence of the mine foreman. 
U.S. BuMines Federal Mine Safety Code— 
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mines, Pt. I 
Underground Mines, October 8, 1953. 

Assmann psychrometer. A wet- and dry-bulb 
hygrometer in which air is drawn over 
the thermometer bulbs by an integral fan. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

associated compounds and liquids. Those in 
which simple molecules of the same type 
can associate to form complex molecular 
structures, the action being reversible. 
Water is such a liquid. Pryor, 3. 

associated gas-oil ratio. The ratio of produc- 
tion of gas to the oil with which it was 
directly associated in the reservoir. When 
no free gas cap production exists, this 
differs from production gas-oil ratio only 
because of the slippage in the reservoir, 
and becomes identical with solution gas-oil 
ratio. It is usually expressed in cubic feet 
per barrel. Hess. 

associated natural gas. Natural gas existing 
in a free state in a reservoir containing oil, 
the gas being in contact with but not in 
solution in the oil of the reservoir, See also 
gas cap. A.G.I. 

association of igneous rocks. A group of 
igneous rocks having chemical and petro- 
graphic characteristics in common, and 
usually occurring together. See also petro- 
graphic province. A.G.I. 

association placer location. A placer loca- 
tion made by an association of persons in 
one location covering one hundred and 
sixty acres is not eight locations covering 
twenty acres each. It is in law a single 
location, and as such a single discovery 
is sufficient to support such a location; the 
only assessment work required is as for a 











58 


single claim. Ricketts, I. 

assumed north. A direction assumed to be 
north for reference purposes. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 1. 

assured mineral. In valuation of ore body, 
quantity and value ascertained by meas- 
urement and assay following physical entry 
or drilling to specified pattern adequate 
for proof. Pryor, 3. See also developed 
reserves. Nelson. 

assymmetrical. Fold in which the axial plane 
is inclined. McKinstry, p. 641. 

assyntite. A plutonic rock composed mainly 
of orthoclase and pyroxene, smaller amounts 
of sodalite and nepheline, and with acces- 
sory biotite, sphene, apatite, and opaque 
oxides. A sodalite-nepheline syenite. A.G.I. 

Astartian. Synonym for Sequanian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

astatic. Not taking a fixed or definite posi- 
tion or direction; as an instrument in 
which a negative restoring force has been 
applied so as to aid any deflecting force, 
thereby rendering the instrument more 
sensitive and/or less stable. A.G.I. 

astatic gravimeter. A gravity meter or gravi- 
meter constructed so that a high sensitivity 
is achieved at certain positions of the ele- 
ments of the system employed, that is, the 
equilibrium becomes neutral at such posi- 
tions. See also gravimeter. A.G.I. 

astatic pendulum. Having almost no tend- 
ency to take a definite position of equili- 
brium. Schieferdecker. 

astatine. A very rare radioactive element in 
group VII (halogens) of the periodic 
table, atomic number, 85, first announced 
by Allison and Murphy as alabamine in 
1929. Renamed astatine by Segre, McKen- 
zie, and Corson who produced astatine 211 
in 1940 by a bombardment of bismuth 
with high-energy (32 mev) alpha particles. 
Symbol, At; valences, 1, 3, 5, and 7; and 
the mass number of the most stable isotope, 
210. Gaynor. 

astatization. The application of a negative 
restoring force to a moving element of a 
physical system in such a manner as to 
drive the moving element away from its 
rest position and to aid any deflecting 
force, so as to increase sensitivity. A.G.I. 

astatki; ostatki. A Russian name for a petro- 
leum residue now used as fuel. Up until 
1870 it was considered a useless article, 
and was disposed of by burning in open 
pits near the refineries. Fay. 

astel. An overhead boarding or arching in a 
mine gallery. Fay. 

asteria. A precious stone which, when cut 
en cabochon, displays a 6- or 12-rayed star 
due to asterism. Star sapphire and star 
ruby display this character. C.T.D. 

asteriated. Like a star, with rays diverging 
from a center. Shipley. 

asteriated beryl. A variety of beryl which in 
thin sections exhibits diasterism. As yet of 
no gemmological importance. Shipley. 

asteriated quartz. Quartz having whitish or 
colored radiations within the crystals. 
Standard, 1964. 

asteriated stone. A stone, such as asteriated 
ruby, sapphire, etc., exhibiting a star by 
either reflected or transmitted light. See 
also star stone. Shipley. 

asteriated topaz. Asteriated yellow corundum, 
wrongly called Oriental topaz. Schaller. 

asterism. a. Starlike rays of light observed 
in some minerals when viewed from cer- 
tain directions, particularly if the mineral 
is cut en cabochon. Minerals having this 
feature are called asteriated or star. Asteri- 





astrakanite 


ated or star beryl, chrysoberyl, crocidolite, 
emerald, quartz, ruby, and sapphire are 
known. Hess. b. A starlike effect observed 
in certain minerals either by transmitted 
or by reflected light. A.G.J. 


asthenolith. a. Hypothetical magma and mig- 


ma accumulation at the base of the sialic 
crust, from which the energy may be de- 
rived for the mountain-building processes. 
Schieferdecker. b. A body of magma lo- 
cally melted anywhere at any time within 
any solid portion of the earth. A.G I. 
Supp. c. A local radiogenic magma pocket. 
A.G.JI. Supp. d. An accumulation of sialic 
magma of low viscosity and very small 
residual strength at the upper surface of 
the salsima layer. A.G.I. Supp. 


asthenosphere. The hypothetical, concentric, 


spherical shell within the earth, tens of 
kilometers below the surface and of unde- 
fined thickness, which is a shell or zone of 
weakness where plastic movements take 
place to permit isostatic adjustments. 
A.G.I. 


Astian. Upper Pliocene. Synonym for Pia- 


cenzian. A.GJI. Supp. 


astite. A mica-andalusite hornfels, in which 


mica’ and andalusite are the dominant 
minerals, obtained from Cima d’Asta, 
Italian Alps. Holmes, 1928. See also edo- 
lite; hornfels; leptynolite; proteolite; 
spotted slate. A.G.J. 


ASTM Abbreviation for American Society 


for Testing and Materials. GPO Style 
Manual, p. 155. 


ASTM coal classification. A system based on 


proximate analysis in which coals contain- 
ing less than 31 percent volatile matter 
on the mineral matter free basis (Parr 
formula) are classified only on the basis 
of fixed carbon, that is, 100 percent vola- 
tile matter. They are divided into five 
groups: above 98 percent fixed carbon; 
98 to 92 percent fixed carbon; 92 to 86 
percent fixed carbon; 86 to 78 percent 
fixed carbon; and 78 to 69 percent fixed 
carbon. The first three of these groups 
are called anthracites and the last two 
are called bituminous coals. The remaining 
bituminous coals, the subbituminous coals 
and the lignites, are then classified into 
groups as determined by the calorific value 
of the coals containing their natural bed 
moisture, that is, the coals as mined but 
free from any moisture on the surface of 
the lumps. The classification includes three 
groups of bituminous coals with moist cal- 
orific value from above 14,000 to above 
13,000 British thermal units per pound; 
three groups of subbituminous coals with 
moist calorific value below 13,000 to below 
8,300 British thermal units per pound; and 
two groups of lignitic coals with moist 
calorific value below 8,300 British thermal 
units per pound. The classification also 
differentiates between consolidated and un- 
consolidated lignites and between the 
weathering characteristics of subbituminous 
and lignitic coals. Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 34. 


astochite. A blue to grayish-violet monoclinic 


amphibole from Wermland, Sweden. Lo- 
cally known as blue rhodonite. Synonym 
for soda richterite. Hess; Hey 2d, 1955. 


astragalus; astragalus pattersoni. An absorber 


and indicator of selenium. It has a tend- 
ency to grow near carnotite. Flowers are 
cream with a purple dot on the keel. 
Foliage has garliclike odor due to selenium. 
Also called loco weed. Ballard. 


astrakanite. Synonym for bloedite. Hey 2d, 


1955. 








astral 


astral. Applied to the stage in the formation 
of the earth when it glowed with incan- 
descent heat like a star. Fay. 

Astralit. An ammonium nitrate explosive 
containing some nitroglycerin. Used in 
mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

astralite glass. Similar to aventurine glass 
(goldstone), but exhibits a bluish glitter 
in a dark groundmass. Probably contains 
metallic bluish inclusions. Shipley. 

A-stretching. Scot. In the line of the strike 
of the strata; level course. Fay. 

astridite. An ornamental stone, consisting 
mainly of chromojadeite. From Manok- 
wari, New Guinea. English. 

astringent. a. A taste that puckers the mouth; 
descriptive of certain minerals, such as 
alum. Fay. b. Causing contraction, shrink- 
ing, or puckering. Webster 3d. 

astrolabe. An instrument for measuring the 
altitudes of celestial objects. There are 
three general types used in surveying: 
pendulum, planespheric, and prismatic. 
A.G.I, 

astronomical coordinates. Latitude and lon- 
gitude as observed astronomically. Seelye, 2. 

astronomical eyepiece. The eyepiece of a 
telescope designed to have minimum loss 
of light. Ham. 

astronomical triangle. A spherical triangle 
which includes as its apexes the observed 
celestial body, the zenith, and the elevated 
pole. Pryor, 3. 

astrophyllite. A rare titanium-bearing sili- 
cate, found associated with alkalic rocks, 
(Na,Ca) s(Fe*’, Al, Ti) 1s (SizO7) 6 (F, OH)s; 
orthorhombic. Dana 17. 

A-structure. A series of cross grains that in- 
tersect at an angle of about 60°. Skow. 

Astrumite. Trade name for gray-green Tibet 
stone. Shipley. 

Asturian orogeny. Mid-Upper Carboniferous 
diastrophism. A.G.I. Supp. 

astyllen. a. Corn. A mine stopping to pre- 
vent the flow of water; a dam. Fay. b. A 
wall to separate ore from waste. Fay. 

asymmetrical. a. Without proper proportion 
of parts; unsymmetrical. Standard, 1964. 
b. Crystals not divisible into similar halves 
by a plane; triclinic. Standard, 1964. Also 
used in geology in describing structural 
features. Fay. c. In crystallography, having 
no center of symmetry, no plane of sym- 
metry or no axis of symmetry. A.G_I. 

asymmetrical bedding. A term indicative of 
the order in which lithographic types or 
facies follow one another, for example, the 
sequence 1—2—3—1—2—3—1—2—3, etc. 
Compare symmetrical bedding. A.G.I. 

asymmetrical crystal. An irregular crystal. 
A.G.I. 

asymmetrical ripple mark. The normal form 
of ripple mark, which has a short down- 
stream slope and a comparatively long 
gentle upstream slope. See also water- 
current ripple mark. A.G.I. 

asymmetrical vein. A crustified vein with un- 
like layers on each side. A.G.I. 

asymmetric class. The class of crystal forms 
without any symmetry. Fay. 

asymmetric dispersion. The dispersion that 
produces an interference figure without 
any symmetry or color distribution. Fay 

asymmetric fold. A fold in which one limb 
dips more steeply than the other. If one 
limb is overturned, the term overturned 
fold or overfold is used. A.G.I. 

asymmetric laccolith. A laccolith in which 
the beds it has uplifted dip at conspicu- 
ously different angles in different sectors. 
A.G.I. 

















59 


at Abbreviation for ampere turn; assay ton. 
Zimmerman, pp. 8, 12. 

At Chemical symbol for astatine. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

atacamite. A mineral, CusCl(OH)s;; blackish- 
green color, orthorhombic. A.G.J.; Dana 
17. Also called greensand of Peru. Fay. 

atatschite. An igneous rock with a glassy 
base; containing small quantities of silli- 
manite, and locally cordierite. Orthoclase, 
augite, and biotite occur as microscopic 
crystals; from Atatsch Mountain, southern 
Urals, U.S.S.R. Holmes, 1928. 

ataxic. Proposed by Keyes (1901) to be ap- 
plied to unstratified ore deposits, as con- 
trasted with ore deposits that are strati- 
fied, or eutaxic. Holmes, 1920. 

ataxite. a. A brecciated, or irrgularly mot- 
tled, composite volcanic rock in which the 
broken fragments of one lava flow are 
irregularly distributed in another. A 
similar structure to which the term may 
also be applied occurs in certain minor 
intrusions. Holmes, 1928. b. A general 
term for siderites (iron meteorites) which 
contain less nickel than hexahedrites or 
more nickel than octahedrites, and in which 
the structure of the lamellae is interrupted. 
Holmes, 1928. 

atectonic. Applied to a geologic event that 
occurs when orogeny is not taking place. 
Synonym for nontectonic. A.G.I. 

atectonic pluton. A pluton that is emplaced 
when orogeny is not occurring. A.G.I. 

atelestite. A sulfur-yellow adamantine bis- 
muth arsenate, HeBisAsOs, crystallizing 
in the monoclinic system. Standard, 1964. 

atelite. A green copper hydroxychloride, 
H.CusO;Cle, found near volcanoes. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

athermal transformation. A reaction that pro- 
ceeds without benefit of thermal fluctua- 
tions; that is, thermal activation is not re- 
quired. Such reactions are diffusionless 
and can take place with great speed when 
the driving force is sufficiently high; for 
example, many martensitic transforma- 
tions occur athermally on cooling, even at 
relatively low temperatures, because of the 
progressively increasing driving force. In 
contrast, a reaction that occurs at con- 
stant temperature is an isothermal trans- 
formation; thermal activation is necessary 
in this case and the reaction proceeds as 
a function of time. ASM Gloss. 

athlete’s foot. This disease is infectious and 
therefore likely to be spread in such places 
as pithead baths where men walk about 
barefoot. It is caused by a fungus which 
lives and multiplies in warm, moist con- 
ditions and can be spread from the floor 
of a pithead bath from one person to an- 
other. In medical terminology, it is known 
as epidermophytosis. Sinclair, I, p. 195. 

Atkinson. The resistance of a section of road- 
way in which there is a pressure of 1 
pound per square foot throughout the sec- 
tion, when a volume of 1,000 cubic feet 
per second (1 kilocusec) of dry air at 
60° F and 30 inches barometer is passing. 
See also modified Atkinson formula. 
Nelson. 

Atkinson formula. 
formula. Nelson. 

Atkinson’s friction coefficient. The measure 
of the pressure expended per 1,000 feet 
per minute per square foot of surface tra- 
versed in order to create motion under 
the conditions prevailing. It is expressed 


See modified Atkinson 











atmophile element 


as pounds per square foot per 1,000 feet 
per minute. See also Atkinson. Nelson. 

Atlantic series; Atlantic province; or At- 
lantic suite. One of two great groups of 
igneous rocks (the other being the Pacific 
group) based on their tectonic setting. 
The Atlantic series rocks are found in 
nonorogenic areas, are often associated 
with block sinking and with large-scale 
crustal instability, and are erupted along 
faults and fissures or through explosion 
vents. The Atlantic series was originally 
described as occurring in the coastal dis- 
tricts of the Atlantic Ocean basin. Later, it 
became evident that there was no intrinsic 
connection with the Atlantic Ocean; the 
Hawaiian lavas, for example, are of At- 
lantic type. Hence, the name intra-Pacific 
is synonymous with Atlantic province. The 
exact connotation varies with different au- 
thors. In general, the term Atlantic is used 
to include those (alkalic) magma series 
having low alkali-lime indices and yielding 
undersaturated residiuums; for example, 
rhyolites and dacites. A third group, the 
Mediterranean series, has also been pro- 
posed. The terms Atlantic and Pacific, as 
applied to rock kindreds, have been gen- 
erally abandoned. A.G.I. 

Atlantic type of coastline. The trend of the 
folded mountain belts is transverse to the 
coast. Compare Pacific type of coastline. 
A.G.I. 

atlantite. An olivine-bearing nepheline teph- 
rite. A.G.I. 

atlasite. A cupric carbonate containing chlo- 
rine. Probably a mixture of atacamite 
and azurite. Standard, 1964. 

Atlas ore. Malachite. Shipley. 

Atlas pearls. White satin spar. Shipley. 

Atlas spar. Same as satin spar. Shipley. 

Atlas stone. Same as satin spar. Shipley. 

atm Abbreviation for atmosphere. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

atmidometer. An instrument for measuring 
the evaporation of water, ice, and snow. 
Osborne. 

atmoclast. Proposed by Grabau for a rock 
fragment broken in situ either by chemical 
or mechanical means. A.G.I. 

atmoclastic rock. A rock consisting of mate- 
rials broken in situ by chemical or me- 
chanical atmospheric influences. Synonym 
for atmoclast. Schieferdecker. 

atmogenic. Applied to rocks of atmospheric 
origin, whether derived by condensation 
(as snow, névé, and glacier ice), by wind 
action, or by deposition by volcanic vapors; 
used chiefly for rocks and minerals. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955 

atmolith. A rock precipitated from the atmos- 
phere; for example, snow, névé or firn, 
and snow ice. A.G.I. 

atmometer. An instrument for measuring the 
rate of evaporation. Many instruments 
have been devised for measuring evapora- 
tion, variously known as atmidometers, 
atmidoscopes, atmismometers, evapometers, 
evaporation gages, evaporators, evaporime- 
ters, evaporometers, and vaporimeters. 
Standard, 1964. 

atmophile. Found in, attracted to, or having 
a tendency to occur in the atmosphere. 
Applied especially to chemical elements 
or compounds. Webster, 3d. 

atmophile element. a. One of the elements 
relatively concentrated in the atmosphere. 
Schteferdecker. b. One of the most typi- 
cal elements of the atmosphere (nitrogen, 
oxygen, argon, carbon, neon, helium, kryp- 


atmophile element 


ton, and hydrogen). A.G.J. c. An element 
which occurs either in the uncombined 
state, or which, in a volatile compound, 
will concentrate in the gaseous primordial 
atmosphere. A.G.I. 

atmosphere. a. The gaseous envelope sur- 
rounding the earth. The atmosphere is 
odorless, colorless, tasteless; very mobile, 
flowing readily under even a slight pres- 
sure gradient; elastic, compressible, capable 
of unlimited expansion, a poor conductor 
of heat, but able to transmit vibrations 
with considerable velocity. Its weight has 
been calculated as 5.9 x 10* tons. One-half 
the mass of the atmosphere lies below 3.46 
miles above sea level. The ordinary term 
for the mixture of gases comprising the 
atmosphere is air, which also includes 
water vapor and solid liquid particles. 
A.G.I, b. A unit of pressure. A normal 
atmosphere is equal to the pressure exerted 
by a vertical column of mercury 760 
millimeters in height at 0° C, and with 
gravity taken as 980.665 centimeters per 
square second. It equals 14.66 pounds per 
square inch. A.G.I. c. The entire continu- 
ous spherical layer of air surrounding the 
earth. See also atmospheric pressure. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. d. In a furnace, the 
mixture of gases resulting from combus- 
tion. Bureau of Mines Staff. e. The kind 
of air prevailing in any place, as within 
a kiln during firing. Kinney. 

atmosphere, composition of. Volume compo- 
sition of dry air at sea level (average 
values): 20.95 percent oxygen; 78.08 per- 
cent nitrogen; 0.03 percent carbon dioxide, 
and traces of other elements. The presence 
of water vapor will influence comfort, be- 
cause it reacts upon the body’s heat-loss 
control mechanism. Nelson. 


atmosphere, pressure of. That pressure which 
will support a column of mercury 760 
millimeters high (29.92 inches) at 0° C, 
sea level, 1 normal atmosphere equals 
14.7 pounds per square inch (approxi- 
mately). Nelson 


atmospheric condenser. One using water at 
atmospheric pressure. Strock, 10 


atmospheric pressure. a. The force per unit 
area exerted by the atmosphere in any part 
of the atmospheric envelope. Some of the 
expressions for the normal value of the 
atmospheric pressure at sea level are: 76.0 
centimeters of mercury; 760 millimeters 
of mercury; 29.92 inches of mecury; 
1,033.3 centimeters of water; 33.9 feet of 
water; 1,033.3 grams per square centi- 
meter; 1,013,250.0 dynes per square cen- 
timeter; 14.66 pounds per square inch; 
1.01325 bars (1 bar equals 1 million dynes 
per square centimeter); and 1,013.25 
millibars. A.G.J. b. The weight of a verti- 
cal column of air of constant unit cross 
section from sea level, or from any alti- 
tude above sea level, to the upper limit 
of the earth’s atmosphere. The standard 
atmospheric pressure at sea level, or cor- 
rected to sea level, equals 14.66 pounds 
for the weight of a vertical column of air, 
having a square cross section, measuring | 
inch on a side, to the upper limit of the 
atmosphere; or 1,013.25 millibars for the 
weight of a vertical column of air, having 
a square cross section, measuring 1 centi- 
meter on a side, to the upper limit of the 
atmosphere. One standard atmosphere, or 
the standard atmospheric pressure, will 
support a column of mercury 760 milli- 
meters high, or 29.92 inches high, in a 








60 


barometer. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of 
Science and Technology, v. 1, 1960, pp. 
155-157. 

atmospheric radiation. The radiation emitted 
by the atmosphere in two directions: up- 
ward to space and downward to the earth. 
It consists mainly of the long-wavelength 
terrestrial radiation plus the small amount 
of short-wavelength solar radiation ab- 
sorbed in the atmosphere. Figuring on the 
basis of a year and using a heat unit of 
10” calories, it has been calculated that 
of the 201 heat units absorbed in the at- 
mosphere, 134 heat units are returned to 
the earth as the so-called back radiation, 
and 67 heat units are lost to space. In 
summer, this back radiation equals or ex- 
ceeds one-half of the incoming solar radia- 
tion in all northern latitudes. In winter, 
it exceeds the total incoming solar radia- 
tion at all latitudes above 15° N. A.G.I. 

atmospheric water. Water which exists in the 
atmosphere in the gaseous, liquid, or solid 
state. A.G.I. 

Atokan. Lower Pennsylvanian, above Mor- 
rowan. A.G.J. Supp. 

atoll. a. A coral island of circular form en- 
closing a lagoon. Fay. b. A ringlike island 
or islands encircling or nearly encircling 
a lagoon. The term coral] island for most 
of these tropical islands is incorrect be- 
cause calcareous algae often form more 
than 50 percent of them. A.G.I. 

atoll reef. A ring-shaped coral reef, often 
carrying low sand islands, enclosing a body 
of water. A.G.I. 

atoll texture. A texture sometimes observed 
in a thin section of a rock, in which a 
ring of one mineral occurs with another 
mineral or minerals inside and outside the 
ring. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

atom. a. According to the atomic theory, the 
smallest particle of an element that can 
exist either alone or in combination with 
similar particles of the same element or of 
a different element. The smallest particle 
of an element that enters into the compo- 
sition of a molecule. Webster 3d. b. A 
particle of matter indivisible by chemical 
means, The fundamental building block 
of chemical elements. The elements, such 
as iron, lead, sulfur, differ from each other 
because they contain different atoms. 
Atoms are unbelievably small. There are 
6 sextillion (6 x 10”) atoms in an ordinary 
drop of water. According to current theory, 
an electrically neutral atom contains a 
dense inner core (the nucleus) and a 
much less dense outer domain consisting 
of electrons in motion around the nucleus. 
L&L. 

atomic bomb. A bomb, the energy of which 
comes from the fission of heavy elements, 
such as uranium and plutonium. See also 
hydrogen bomb. L@L. 

atomic bond. The attraction exerted between 
atoms and ions. There are four types of 
atomic bond: (1) metallic; (2) ionic or 
polar; (3) homopolar or coordinate; and 
(4) residual or van der Waals. Bonding 
may be intermediate between these types. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

atomic charge. Electrical charge density due 
to gain or loss of one or more electrons. 
Pryor, 3. 

atomic clock. A device that uses the vibra- 
tions of atomic nuclei or molecules to 
measure time intervals. These vibrations 
remain constant with time. Since they are 
extremely fast, short intervals can be meas- 








atomic power 


ured with very high precision. L@L. 

atomic cloud. The cloud of hot gases, smoke, 
dust, and other matter that is carried 
aloft after the explosion of a nuclear 
weapon, The cloud frequently has a mush- 
room shape. L@&L. 

atomic distance. That between two atom cen- 
ters. Pryor, 3. 

atomic energy. Energy that can be liberated 
by changes in the nucleus of an atom, as 
by fission of a heavy nucleus or by fusion 
of light nuclei into heavier ones with ac- 
companying loss of mass. Webster 3d. See 
also nuclear energy. 

atomic heat. The thermal capacity of an 
atom, that is, the product of the atomic 
weight and specific heat of an element. 
Cooper. 

atomic hydrogen welding. An arc-welding 
process wherein coalescence is produced 
by heating with an electric arc maintained 
between two metal electrodes in an atmos- 
phere of hydrogen. Shielding is obtained 
from the hydrogen. Pressure may or may 
not be used and filler metal may or may 
not be used. Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 
1961, pp. 91-92. 

atomicity. Of an element or compound, the 
number of atoms contained in its molecule. 
Cooper. 

atomic kernel. Part of atom left when outer 
shell’s valency electrons have been re- 
moved. Pryor, 3. 

atomic mass. The mass of any species of 
atom, usually expressed in atomic mass 
units. Webster 3d. 

atomic mass unit. A unit of mass for express- 
ing the masses of atoms, molecules, or 
nuclear particles, being equal to 1/16 of 
the atomic mass of the most abundant 
oxygen isotope, sO, which is about 
1.66035 x 10-* gram, or in terms of equiv- 
alent energy to about 931 electron volts. 
Also called mass unit. Webster 3d. 

atomic moisture meter. A device designed 
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to monitor 
the moisture in coal passing through a 
preparation plant, by using radiation that 
is sensitive to hydrogen atoms. The coal 
is bombarded with neutrons, some of 
which strike hydrogen atoms and bounce 
back to a detector tube, thus providing a 
continuous measure cf moisture content. 
This meter will permit the moisture con- 
tent of coal to be measured instantaneous- 
ly, continuously, and automatically. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

atomic number. a. The number of protons 
in the nucleus of an atom. Each chemical 
element has its own atomic number and 
together the atomic numbers form a com- 
plete series from 1 (hydrogen) to 103 
(lawrencium) in order of increasing atomic 
weight. There are several exceptions. See 
also atomic weight. L@L. b. The number 
of an element when arranged with others 
in order of increasing atomic weight. It 
is equal to the total number of positive 
charges in the nucleus of the number of 
orbital electrons in an atom of the ele- 
ment. C.2.D: 

atomic percent. The number of atoms of an 
element in a total of 100 representative 
atoms of a substance; often written a/o. 
ASM Gloss. 

atomic plane. Any one of the layers into 
which atoms form themselves in an order- 
ly pattern during the growth of a crystal. 
Shipley. 

atomic power. A popular synonym for nu- 














atomic power 


clear power. See also nuclear energy. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

atomic proportions; atomic ratios. The pro- 
portions or ratios in which the various 
atomic species occur in a substance. It is 
obtained by dividing the weight-percent of 
each substance by the atomic weight of 
the substance. When recalculated to atoms 
per 100 atoms total, the values are atom- 
percent. A.G.I. 


atomic radius. The radius of an atom or the 


average distance from the center to the 
outermost electron of the neutral atom. 
It is commonly expressed in angstrom units 
(10 centimeters). A.G.I. 

atomic ratio. Ratio of quantities of different 
substances in terms of the number of atoms 
of each. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 


atomic reactor. See nuclear reactor. L@L. 
atomic scattering factor. Mean amplitude of 


wave of X-rays scattered by atoms in a 
crystal lattice plane. Pryor, 3. 


atomic structure. The arrangement of atoms 


in a substance. Shipley. 

atomic susceptibility. Change in magnetic 
moment of 1 gram atom on application 
of magnetic field of unit strength. Pryor, 3. 


atomic theory. The theory which asserts that 


all substances are composed of infinitesi- 
mally small particles or atoms. Crispin. 

atomic volume. a. The space occupied by a 
quantity of an element as compared with 
its atomic weight. Obtained by dividing 
the specific gravity of the element by its 
atomic weight; also called specific volume. 
Standard, 1964. b. The volume occupied 
by 1 gram atom of an element. C.T.D. 


atomic weight. a. The average relative weight 


of an element as it occurs in nature re- 
ferred to some element taken as a standard. 
Hydrogen is sometimes assigned an atomic 
weight of 1 but oxygen with an atomic 
weight of 16 is usually taken as a basis. 
Webster 3d. b. The average relative weight 
of the atoms of an element referred to an 
arbitrary standard of 16.0000 for the 
atomic weight of oxygen. The atomic- 
weight scale used by chemists takes 16.0000 
as the average atomic weight of oxygen 
atoms as they occur in nature. The scale 
used by physicists takes 16.00435 as the 
atomic weight of the most abundant oxy- 
gen isotope. Division by the factor 
1.000272 converts an atomic weight on 
the physicists’ scale to the corresponding 
atomic weight on the chemists’ scale. 
A. Gil. 


Atomite. Natural water-ground calcium car- 


bonate; used as filler in rubber. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

atomization. a. In powder metallurgy, the 
dispersion of a molten metal into particles 
by a rapidly moving stream of gas or 
liquid. ASM Gloss. b. A patent process 
for producing a metallic dust, such as zinc 
dust. Fay. 

atomized metal powder. Metal powder pro- 
duced by the dispersion of molten metals, 
or alloys, into particles, as by impingement 
of a rapidly moving gas, or liquid, stream, 
or by mechanical dispersion. ASTM B243- 
65. 

atomizer. a. A simple device, operating on 
the scent-spray principle, for producing a 
fine mist for the suppression of airborne 
dust in mines. It is operated by com- 
pressed air and is used in hard headings, 
at transfer points and in the track of a 
coal-cutter jib, See also mist projector. 
Nelson. b. Synonym for jet mixer. Long. 
c, Synonym for line oiler. Long. d. One 





61 


who, or that which, reduces to atoms or 
fine particles. Specifically, a hand sprayer, 
operated by compressing an air bulb. 
Standard, 1964. e. A nozzle through which 
oil fuel is sprayed into the combustion 
chamber of an oil engine or a boiler fur- 
nace. Its function is to break up the fuel 
into a fine mist, so as to insure good dis- 
persion and combustion. C.T.D. 

atomizing spray. System which produces a 
fine mist of water, used to wet down dust 
arising from underground blasting. Pryor, 3. 

atom smasher. See accelartor. L@L, 

atopite. A variety of romeite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

at rest (coefficient of earth pressure). The 
ratio of the minor principal stress to the 
major principal stress. This is applicable 
where the soil mass is in its natural 
state without having been permitted to 
yield, or without having been compressed. 
ASCE P1826. 

at rest (earth pressure). The value of the 
earth pressure when the soil mass is in its 
natural state without having been per- 
mitted to yield or without having been 
compressed. ASCE P1826. 

Atritor. Trade name; a machine that simul- 
taneously dries and pulverizes raw clay 
containing up to 18 percent moisture; it 
consists of a feeder, metal separator, pul- 
verizer, and fan. Dodd. 

attached carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide dis- 
solved in water and in equilibrium with 
the dissolved salts but not contained in 
bicarbonate ions. A.G.I. Supp. 

attached crystal. One which is attached to 
the mother rock, usually singly termi- 
nated. Shipley. 

attached dune. A drift of sand which the 
wind adds or attaches to an obstacle in its 
path to make the shape of the obstacle 
less resistant to the wind. Such a dune, 
which may occur on the windward and/or 
leeward sides of the obstacle, may range 
widely in size and form. A.G.I. 

attached groundwater. That portion of the 
subsurface water adhering to the pore 
walls. It is assumed to be equal in quan- 
tity to the pellicular water, and it is meas- 
ured by specific retention. A.G.I. 

attached island; land-tied island. An island 
which has become attached to the main- 
land by tectonic movements or by sedi- 
mentation. Schieferdecker. 

attack rate. Planned rate of ore extraction 
from mineral deposit. Pryor, 3. 

attal. See attle. Fay. 

attapulgite. A light green, magnesium-rich 
clay mineral, named from its occurrence 
at Attapulgus, Ga., where it is quarried 
as fuller’s earth. Crystallizes in the mono- 
clinic system. Also called palygorskite. 
ALG Le Es. Gel eats Di See 

attendance signaling system. A signaling sys- 
tem that operates between the surface 
lamp room and the underground office, 
indicating the men in attendance at the 
beginning of the shift. See also self-service 
lamp room, Nelson. 

attenuation. a. The fractional decrease of the 
intensity of an energy flux, including the 
reduction of intensity resulting from geo- 
metrical spreading, absorption, and scat- 
tering. ASM Gloss. b. All losses in sound 
intensity as the sound wave travels 
through the medium. Hey. 

attenuation anomaly. That part of the propa- 
gation anomaly which may be identified 
with that portion of the total loss which 
appears as a constant fractional change per 
unit length of path. H&G. 





attrition 


Atterberg limits. In 1911 Atterberg suggested 
the concept of boundaries to the four 
states in which soil may exist, namely: 
the liquid limit, the boundary between 
the liquid and plastic states; the plastic 
limit, the boundary between the plastic 
and semisolid state; and the shrinkage 
limit, the boundary between the semi- 
solid and solid state. These boundaries 
are empirical, because the material often 
grades imperceptibly from one state to 
the next and the boundaries must be de- 
termined by a set procedure. Test for 
plastic limit and shrinkage limit have re- 
mained the same since Casagrande de- 
fined the limits by reference to moisture 
content of soil under certain conditions. 
Ham. 

Atterberg scale. A proposed particle-size scale 
or grade scale for the classification of sedi- 
ments based on a decimal system begin- 
ning with 2 millimeters. The limits of the 
subclass are obtained by taking the square 
root of the product of the larger grade 
limits. The subdivision thus made follows 
the logarithmic rule. This is the ac- 
cepted European standard for classification 
of particle size. A.G.I. 

Atterberg test. A method for determining the 
plasticity of clay in terms of the difference 
between the water content when the clay 
is just coherent and when it begins to 
flow as a liquid. The test was first pro- 
posed by A. Atterberg. Dodd. 

Attican orogeny. Late Miocene diastrophism. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

attitude. The relation of some directional fea- 
ture in a rock to the horizontal plane. The 
attitude of planar features (bedding, folia- 
tions, joints, etc.) is described by the strike 
and the dip. The attitude of a linear 
feature (fold axis, lineation, etc.) is de- 
scribed by the strike of the horizontal pro- 
jection of the linear feature and its plunge. 
A.G.I. 

attle; attal. a. Corn. Rubbish; rock; contain- 
ing too little ore to be worth working. Fay. 
b. N. of Eng. To arrange or settle, as an 
account. Fay. 

attraction, capillary. Surface tension effect. 
Pryor, 3. 

attraction, electrical. Force between plus and 
minus charges. Pryor, 3. 

attraction, local. Effect on the horizontal di- 
rection of the compass needle produced 
by the proximity of magnetic materials 
or electrical currents. Attraction is the 
same in principle as what is called devia- 
tion by navigators. Seelye, 2. 

attraction, magnetic. Force exercised by mag- 
netized body on one susceptible to mag- 


netization. Proportional to —————. At- 
distance” 

tractive or repudsive. Pryor, 3. 

attrital anthraxylous coal. Same as attrital 
coal. A.G.I. 

attrital coal. A bright coal (composed of 
anthraxylon and of attritus in which the 
translucent cell-wall degradation matter 
or translucent humic matter predomi- 
nates) in which the ratio of anthraxylon 
to attritus is less than 1:3. Compare an- 
thraxylous-attrital coal. A.G.I. 

attrition. a. The act of rubbing together or 
of wearing down. The condition of being 
worn down or of being ground down by 
friction. The wear of rock particles while 
being moved about by wind, stream cur- 
rents, waves, or glaciers. Also, the removal 
of ice from a glacier by melting or evap- 


attrition 


oration. Webster 3d. b. The act of wearing 
and smoothing of rock surfaces by the pas- 
sage of water charged with sand and gravel, 
by the passage of sand drifts, the descent 
of glaciers, etc. See also corrosion. A.G.I. 
c. The wear and tear that rock particles 
in transit undergo through mutual rub- 
bing, grinding, knocking, scraping, and 
bumping with resulting comminution in 
size. Compare abrasion. A.G.J. 


attrition mill. a. One which grinds abrasively, 


using rubbing action to disintegrate ma- 
terial, not impact shattering. Pryor, 3. b. A 
disintegrator depending chiefly on im- 
pact to reduce the particle size of the 
charge. Attrition mills are sometimes used 
in the clay building materials industry to 
deal with the tailings from the edge-runner 
mill. Dodd. 


attrition milling. Milling which reduces the 


gangue, including a large percentage of 
heavier materials present in diamondif- 
erous concentrates, to slime or sizes smaller 
than the diamond particles to be recovered. 
As much as 90 percent of the gangue can 
be removed as slime by attrition milling 
without any noticeable loss of diamond 
due to wear. This operation is also re- 
ported to clean the diamond and make it 
easier to recover in subsequent steps. The 
mills are run at about one-third to one- 
half the critical speed to avoid cascading 
or heavy impact of the grinding media 
thus minimizing fracture of diamond par- 
ticles. Quartz and flint pebbles, steel balls, 
and large pieces of ore or rock are used 
as grinding media. Water is usually used. 
Sizes of tube mills vary, the larger being 
20 feet in length and 6 feet in diameter. 
T.C. 8200, 1964, p. 65. 


attritious wear. Wear of abrasive grains in 


grinding such that the sharp edges gradu- 
ally become rounded. A grinding wheel 
that has undergone such wear usually has 
a glazed appearance. ASM Gloss. 


attritus. a. Introduced by R. Thiessen in 


1919 to designate the thin bands of dull 
coal interlaminated with the bright, glossy 
coal bands that he called anthraxylon, 
Macroscopic in appearance; dull with 
granular surface texture. Microscopically 
it consists of intimately mixed, tightly 
compacted remains of varied morphologi- 
cal form and origin. Attritus is a collective 
term, not directly comparable with any one 
of the microlitho-types of the Stopes- 
Heerlen nomenclature but consists of an 
intimate association of varying proportions 
of macerals of the vitrinite, exinite, and 
inertinite groups. It is present in prac- 
tically all types of coal. In bright-banded 
coal it is secondary in importance to an- 
thraxylon, but in splint it is the dominant 
component, and nonbanded attrital coals 
consist entirely of attritus. JHCP, 1963, 
part I. b. The dull-gray to nearly black, 
frequently striped portion of material that 
comprises the bulk of some coals, and the 
alternating bands of bright anthraxylon 
in well-banded coals. It was derived from 
all sorts of comminuted and macerated 
plant matter, especially from the plants 
that were more resistant to complete de- 
composition. It consists of humic degrada- 
tion and opaque, charred, resinous, and 
mineral matter; fats, oils, waxes, cuticles, 
spores and spore exines, and other con- 
stituents of the plants forming the coal. 
A,G.I. c. Goal components consisting of a 
mixture of microscopic fragments of vege- 
table tissues. It is classified into opaque 





62 


attritus and transparent attritus. Generally, 
it corresponds to cull coal or durain. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 


Au Chemical symbol for gold (aurum). 


Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-1. 


AU Abbreviation for angstrom; angstrom 


unit. Also abbreviated au. Zimmerman, 


p. 10. 


aubergine purple. A ceramic color containing 


manganese, introduced in the 18th cen- 
tury, when it was used for underglaze 
decoration. Dodd. 


aubrite. A general term for enstatite achon- 


drites (meteorites) consisting almost wholly 
of crystalline granular enstatite (and cli- 
noenstatite) low in calcium and practically 
free from ferrous oxide, with accessory 
oligoclase. A.G_I. 


Audibert-Arnu dilatometer. Used for evalu- 


ating the development of plastic properties 
(softening and swelling under heat) of 
coal in the E.C.E. classification. This dila- 
tometer method measures, inter alia, the 
softening temperature and the temperature 
of maximum dilatation (swelling) of a 
coal. Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 152. 


audiofrequency. Any frequency correspond- 


ing to a normal audible sound wave. 
(Ranges roughly from 15,000 to 20,000 
cycles per second). H&G. 


audiofrequency magnetic fields. An electric 


prospecting technique closely related to 
the telluric and particularly to the mag- 
netotelluric method. The method is based 
on the measurement of natural magnetic 
fields at audiofrequencies and subaudio- 
frequencies. The basic principle is to 
measure the tilt of the plane of polariza- 
tion of the audiofrequency fields. The 
azimuth is first determined to the nearest 
10° or so with a detecting unit. The tilt 
is then measured along this azimuth, as a 
dip angle, with an accuracy of plus or 
minus 1° or 2°. The dip angles are plotted 
in profile form; anomalies on the profile 
can be interpreted on the basis of experi- 
ence gairied over known conducting bodies, 
Abbreviation, AFMAG. Dobrin, pp. 365— 
366. 


auganite. Suggested by Winchell for augite 


andesite. Holmes, 1928. 


augelite. A massive, colorless or pale red 


hydrous phosphate of aluminum, 2A1.Os° 
P.O;°3H2O; from Westana, Scania, Swe- 
den. Dana 6d, p. 847. 


augen. a. The German word for eyes; used 


as a prefix before various rock names, 
especially gneiss, to describe larger minerals 
or aggregates of minerals, that are in con- 
trast with the rest of the rock. In the 
gneisses, feldspar commonly forms the 
augen, which are lenticular with lamina- 
tions passing around them in a way sug- 
gesting an eye. Seldom used in the United 
States in any other connection than 
gneiss. Fay. b. Applied to large lenticular 
mineral grains or aggregates of minerals 
which in cross section have the shape of 
an eye. They usually occur in metamor- 
phic rocks, especially gneisses, in which 
they are commonly formed of potassium 


feldspar. A.G.I. 


augen gneiss. A gneissic rock containing len- 


ticular, or lens-shaped, crystals or aggre- 
gates. The augen (eyes) may represent 
uncrushed fragments or porphyroblasts. 
See also augen schist; autoclastic schist; 
cataclasite; flaser gabbro; flaser gneiss; 
flaser granite; gneiss; granite gneiss; mylo- 
nite; mylonite gneiss; orthogneiss; proto- 





auger mining 


clastic gneiss; zobtenite. A.G.I. 

augenkohle. German name for eye coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

augen schist. A mylonitic rock characterized 
by the presence of recrystallized minerals 
in schistose streaks and lenticles. See also 
augen gneiss; autoclastic schist; catacla- 
site; flaser gneiss; kakirite; mylonite; my- 
lonite gneiss; phyllonite. A.G.J. 

augen structure. A structure in some gneisses 
and granites in which certain mineral 
constituents were squeezed into elliptical 
or lens-shaped forms and, especially if 
surrounded by parallel flakes of mica, re- 
semble eyes. A.G.I. 

auger. a. A drill for seismic shotholes or geo- 
phone holes modeled after the conven- 
tional carpenter’s screw auger. Hence, any 
seismic shothole drilling device in which 
the cuttings are mechanically continuously 
removed from the bottom of the bore dur- 
ing the drilling operation without the use 
of fluids. A rotary drilling device used to 
drill shotholes or geophone holes in which 
the cuttings are removed by the device it- 
self without the use of fluids. A.G.J. b. Any 
of various augerlike tools designed for 
boring holes in wood or for boring into 
soil and used especially for such purposes 
as prospecting, drilling for oil or water, 
and digging postholes. Webster 3d. Also, 
a tool for drilling holes in coal for blast- 
ing. Fay. c. The process of drilling holes 
using auger equipment. Long. See also coal 
auger; horizontal auger. d. An extruder 
for clay, or clay body, the column being 
forced through the die by rotation of a 
continuous screw on a central shaft. Dodd. 

auger bits. Hard steel or tungsten-carbide- 
tipped cutting teeth used in an auger 
run on a torque bar or in an auger-drill 
head run on a continuous-flight auger. 
Long. 

auger boring. The hole and/or the process 
of drilling a hole using auger equipment. 
Long. 

auger-drill head. Tool that holds the auger 
bits (cutting teeth), run on continuous- 
flight augers. Long. 

auger fork. A tool used to span the top of an 
auger-drill hole and engage and support 
the weight of a string of continuous-flight 
augers. Long. 

auger head. Synonym for auger-drill head. 
Long. 

auger hole. A hole drilled with power-driven 
augers. Williams. 

augering. Drilling holes with auger equip- 
ment. Long. 

auger machine. a. A machine for the manu- 
facture of zinc-distillation retorts. Similar 
to machines used for manufacturing drain 
pipes. Fay. b. In ceramics, a machine for 
extruding plastic clay through a die by 
means of a revolving auger or screw to 
form clay products such as brick, sewer 
pipe tile, retorts, drain tile, etc. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

auger mining. A mining method often used 
by strip-mine operators when the over- 
burden gets too thick to be removed eco- 
nomically, Large-diameter, spaced holes 
are drilled up to 200 feet into the coal 
bed by an auger. Like a bit used for boring 
holes in wood, this consists of a cutting 
head with screwlike extensions. As the 
auger turns the head breaks the coal and 
the screw carries it back into the open 
and dumps it on an elevating conveyor; 
this, in turn, carries the coal to an over- 
head bin or loads it directly into a truck. 











auger mining 


Auger mining is relatively inexpensive, 
and it is reported to recover 60 to 65 
percent of the coal in the part of the bed 
where it is used. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

auger-nose shell. Eng. A clearing tool used 
in boring for coal, etc., having an auger- 
shaped end. See also wimble. Fay. 

auger stem. The iron rod to which the bit is 
attached in rope drilling. Standard, 1964. 

auger-stem guides. Iron bars (usually four) 
fastened on drill tools to make them fit 
the hole more closely and prevent devia- 
tion. Also called sinker-bar guides. Hess. 

auger system. The downhole assemblage of 
auger rods, bit, etc., used when augering 
a borehole. Long. 

auget; augette. A priming tube, used in blast- 
ing. Fay. 

augite. An aluminous silicate of calcium, 
iron, and magnesium (pyroxene group), 
(CaNa) (Mg,Fe’,Fe” ’,Al) (Si,Al)2Oc, crys- 
tallizing in the monoclinic system, and oc- 
curring in many igneous rocks, particularly 
those of basic composition. It is an essen- 
tial constituent of basalt, dolerite, and 
gabbro. C.M.D.; Dana 17. 

augite bronzite. One of a group of pyroxenes 
intermediate between bronzite and the cal- 
san sReaTing monoclinic pyroxenes. Eng- 
lish. 

augite diorite. A diorite in which augite is a 
prominent constituent. Sinkankas. 

augite leucophyre. An igneous rock with a 
light-colored aphanitic groundmass and 
augite phenocrysts. CIPW. 

augite melaphyre. An igneous rock with a 
dark-colored aphanitic groundmass and 
augite phenocrysts. CIPW. 

augitite. A volcanic rock consisting of abun- 
dant phenocrysts of augite in a glassy 
groundmass containing microlites of nephe- 
line and plagioclase, with accessory bio- 
tite, apatite, and opaque oxides. A.G.J. 

augitophyre. A porphyry containing augite 
phenocrysts. CIPW. 

augitophyric. In petrology, containing dis- 
tinct crystals of augite. Fay. 

Augustin process. This process for silver ex- 
traction consists of chloridizing-roasting ; 
leaching with hot solutions of common 
salt in wooden vats; precipitating the 
silver on copper and casting into silver 
bars; precipitating the copper on scrap 
iron and casting it into shot te be used 
again. Liddell 2d, p. 493. 

auralite. Altered iolite. Standard, 1964. 

aureole. a. A zone in the country rock sur- 
rounding an igneous intrusion, and in 
which zone, contact metamorphism of the 
country rock has taken place. Also called 
a contact aureole or a contact zone. A.G.I. 
b. In some thin sections of rocks, an outer 
zone of a mineral or of minerals that 
surrounds another mineral. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

auri-argentiferous. Applied to minerals con- 
taining both gold and silver. Standard, 
1964. 

auric. Of, pertaining to, or containing gold 
in the trivalent state; for example, auric 
chloride (AuCls). Standard, 1964. 

aurichalcite. A basic carbonate of zinc and 
copper, 2(Zn,Cu)CO;-3(Zn,Cu) (OH).; 
monoclinic; green to blue color. Dana 17. 

auricupride. Synonym for cuproauride. Spen- 
cer 19, M.M., 1952. 

auriferous. Containing gold. Fay. 

auriferous deposits. Gold-bearing deposits; 
lodes, sands, gravels, or their indurated 
equivalents, which contain gold in detrital 
grains or nuggets. See also banket; placer 














63 


deposit ; saddle reef. Nelson. 

auriferous pyrite. Iron sulfide in the form of 
pyrite, containing gold, probably in solid 
solution. C.T.D. 

aurigerous. Gold-bearing; auriferous. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

aurobismuthinite. A doubtful sulfide contain- 
ing bismuth, gold, and silver; lead-gray 
in color. It may be a mixture of (Bi,Au,- 
Age)S, or possibly of a gold-silver alloy, 
and bismuthinite, BisSs3. From Nacozari, 
Sonora, Mex. English. 

aurosmirid. A silver-white solid solution of 
gold and osmium in cubic iridium (as dis- 
tinct from a solid solution of iridium, etc., 
in hexagonal osmium). Isometric. Grains. 
From the Urals, U.S.S.R. English. 

aurostibite. A mineral, AuSb2, cubic with 
pyrite structure, as minute grains in gold 
ores from Canada. Spencer 19, M.M., 
1952. 

aurous. Of, pertaining to, or containing gold 
in the univalent state; for example, aurous 
chloride (AuCl). Standard, 1964. 

Austausch coefficient; eddy conductivity. A 
measure of turbulent mixing. The product 
of mass and transverse distance traveled 
in a unit of time by the fluid in turbu- 
lent motion as it passes through a unit 
area that is conceived as lying parallel 
to the general direction of flow. A.G.I. 

austempering. Quenching a ferrous alloy 
from a temperature above the transforma- 
tion range, in a medium having a rate 
of heat abstraction high enough to prevent 
the formation of high-temperature trans- 
formation products, and then holding the 
alloy, until transformation is complete, at 
a temperature below that of pearlite for- 
mation and above that of martensite for- 
mation. ASM Gloss. 

austenite. A solid solution of one or more 
elements in face-centered cubic iron. Un- 
less otherwise designated (such as nickel 
austenite), the solute is generally assumed 
to be carbon. ASM Gloss. 

austenitic stainless steels. The so-called 18-8 
grades contain from 16 to 26 percent 
chromium and 6 to 20 percent nickel. 
They are not hardenable by heat treat- 
ment, ana are nonmagnetic in the an- 
nealed condition. Henderson, p. 378. 

austenitic steel. An alloy steel whose structure 
is normally austenitic at room tempera- 
ture. ASM Gloss. 

austenitizing. Forming austenite by heating a 
ferrous alloy into the transformation range 
(partial austenitizing) or above the trans- 
formation range (complee austenitizing). 
ASM Gloss. 

Austin chalk. A white limestone of Cretaceous 
age, ranging in thickness from 1,500 feet 
on the Rio Grande River to 600 feet 
at the type locality, Austin, Tex., and to 
less than 100 feet in Colorado. It passes 
laterally into the Benton group. C.T.D. 

austinite. A colorless or yellowish, orthorhom- 
bic, fibrous or bladed, readily cleavable 
hydrous arsenate of calcium and zinc, 
CaZn(AsOx) (OH); found in Gold Hill, 
Utah; Lomitos, Bolivia. Has also been 
described as brickerite. Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 
804, 809. 

Austin Red-D-Gel. Gelatinous permissible ex- 
plosive; used in mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Austin red diamond. High explosive used in 
mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Australian bentonite. Trade name for highly 
plastic clays from Trida, New South Wales, 
Australia. New South Wales, p. 48. 

Australian choutchouc. An early name for 














authigenous; authigenic 


coorongite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Australian jasper. Jasper speckled with red 
and light-gray flecks. Shipley. 

Australian opal. Any opal from Australia, 
but the term is often restricted to mean 
only the black opal. Usually fashioned in 
flat, polished slabs with beveled or per- 
pendicular sides, instead of in cabochons. 
See also black opal. Shipley. 

Australian ruby. A misnomer for red garnet. 
Shipley. 

Australian sapphires. Sapphires from Aus- 
tralia, most of which are olive green or 
bluish green. The blue variety is usually 
very dark greenish or blackish. As a trade 
term, very dark blue or blackish sapphires. 
Shipley. 

Australian zircon. Genuine zircon from Aus- 
tralia including (1) brown, red, or yellow 
varieties from near Anakie, in Queensland, 
which are especially sensitive to light or 
heat, the light yellow becoming blue by 
heat; (2) hyacinth from Campbell Island, 
and (3) colorless and dark red zircon from 
New South Wales. See also Tasmanian 
zircon. Shipley. 

australite. An Australian tektite. A.G.I. Supp. 

Austrian cinnabar. A variety of chrome red. 
Webster 2d. 

Austrian emerald. An emerald whose occur- 
rence and inclusions are similar to Russian 
emerald. Usually cloudy to almost opaque, 
and of dark emerald green, or light-green 
color, which is sometimes irregularly dis- 
tributed. Rarely of gem quality. From near 
Salzburg, Austria. Shipley. 

Austrian orogeny. Mid-Cretaceous diastro- 
phism. A.G.I. Supp. 

Austrian vermilion. Synonym for Austrian 
cinnabar. Webster 2d. 

autallotriomorphic. An aplitic texture in 
which all the mineral constituents crystal- 
lized at the same time and mutually inter- 
fered. Synonymous with saccharoidal. Jo- 
hannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 202. 

authigene. A mineral which has not been 
transported and which was formed in situ. 
Synonym for authigenic mineral. A.G.J. 
Opposite of allothigene. Hess. 

authigenesis. In situ formation of minerals. 
Schieferdecker. 

authigenic. a. Generated on the spot. Ap- 
plied to the mineral constituents that came 
into existence with, or after, the formation 
of the rock of which they are a part; for 
example, the primary and secondary min- 
erals of igneous rocks and the cements in 
sedimentary rocks. Compare allogenic. 
Holmes, 1928. b. Applied to a mineral 
formed by a sedimentary process as a crys- 
tallographic unit at the place of its occur- 
rence. A.G.I. c. Applied to a mineral which 
originated in sediments at the time of, or 
after, their deposition. The term indicates 
local derivation rather than from trans- 
ported matter. A.G.J. d. Applied to growth 
in the place of occurrence. Secondary en- 
largement is included. A.G.J. e. Pertaining 
to a mineral that was formed, at the loca- 
tion where it now occurs, before the burial 
and consolidation of the containing sedi- 
ment. An authigenic mineral is the product 
of chemical and biochemical action. A.G.I. 

authigenic mineral. Synonym for authigene. 
A.G.I. 

authigenous; authigenic. An adjective intro- 
duced by Kalkowsky to describe a mineral 
which formed in sediments after the depo- 
sition of the sediments, as, for instance, 
during metamorphism. The term indicates 
the local origin of the mineral as contrast- 


authigenous; authigenic 


ed with that of some other minerals which 
may have been brought from a distance. 
Fay. The mineral constituents of any rock 
that have formed in place, as in an igne- 
ous rock. Compare allogenic. Johannsen, 
uy. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 4. 

authimorph. A constituent of a metamorphic 
rock which, in the formation of the new 
rock, had its crystal outlines or boundaries 
altered. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 167. 

authorized fuels. In Great Britain, under the 
regulations made by the Minister (Smoke 
Control Areas—Authorized Fuels—Regu- 
lations, 1956), authorized fuels include 
coke of all kinds, anthracite, low volatile 
steam coals, Phurnacite, Coalite, Rexco, 
etc., as well as oil, gas, and electricity. 
Nelson. 

authorized person. An authorized person is 
either one appointed or permitted by the 
official designated by State mining laws to 
be in charge of the operation of the mine 
or one appointed to perform certain duties 
incident to generation, transformation, and 
distribution or use of electricity in the 
mine. This person shall be familiar with 
construction and operation of the appara- 
tus and with hazards involved. ASA M2.1- 
1963. 

auto-. A combining form meaning self, from 
the Greek autos. Webster 2d. 

autobrecciation. The fragmentation process 
in which portions of the first consolidated 
crust of a lava flow are incorporated into 
the still-fluid portion. A.G.I. 

autochthon. a. In Alpine geology, a succes- 
sion of beds that was moved comparatively 
little from the original site of formation, 
although the beds may be intensely folded 
and faulted. A.G.I. b. A fossil occurring 
where the organism lived, and therefore 
the fossil has not been transported. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

autochthonous. Applied to a rock the domi- 
nant constituents of which have been 
formed in situ; for example, rock salt. 
Compare allochthonous. Holmes, 1920. 

autochthonous coal. Coal believed to have 
been formed from accumulations of plant 
debris at the place where the plants grew. 
Two modes of origin are distinguished: 
terrestrial and aquatic. Also called indig- 
enous coal. See also in situ origin theory; 
swamp theory. Stutzer and Noe, 1940, 
p. 132. 

autochthonous granite. A granite which is 
surrounded by great aureoles of migmatites 
and metamorphic rocks and which formed 
in place by granitization. Schieferdecker. 

autochthonous peat. Peat that formed in 
place by the gradual accumulation of plant 
remains in water. It is subdivided into 
low-moor peat and high-moor peat. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

autochthonous stream. A stream flowing in 
its original channel. A.G.I. 

autochthony. An accumulation of plant re- 
mains in the place of their growth. The 
term itself can be distinguished between 
autochthonous elements of growth (eu- 
autochthony) and autochthonous elements 
of sedimentation (hypautochthony). THCP, 
1963, part I. 

autoclastic. Applied to a rock that has been 
brecciated in place by mechanical proc- 
esses; for example, a crush breccia. Syno- 
nym for protoclastic. See also crush con- 
glomerate. Holmes, 1920. 

autoclastic rock. A fragmentary rock pro- 
duced by folding caused by orogenic forces 
when the rocks are not so heavily loaded 





64 


as to be rendered plastic. The materials in 
its composition must have been derived 
from the beds containing it. A.G.I. 

autoclastic schist. A schist that was formed 
in place from massive rocks by crushing 
and squeezing. Autoclastic describes any 
rock which has been brecciated in place 
by mechanical processes. See also augen 
gneiss; augen schist; cataclasite; crush 
breccia; crush conglomerate; mylonite; 
phyllonite; protoclastic. A.GI, 

autoclave. A closed strong vessel for conduct- 
ing chemical reactions or sterilization 
under high pressures. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

autoclaved lime. A special form of highly hy- 
drated dolomitic lime, largely utilized for 
structural purposes, that has been hydrated 
under pressure in an autoclave. Boynton. 

autocombustion system. An_ electronically 
controlled impulse system for the oil firing 
(from the top or side) of ceramic kilns. 
Dodd. 

autoconsequent stream. A stream the course 
of which is constantly changing because 
its course is controlled by the slopes of the 
alluvium the stream deposits itself as fans 
or alluvial plains, for example. A.G.I. 

autofrettage. Prestressing a hollow metal cyl- 
inder by the use of momentary internal 
pressure exceeding the yield strength. ASM 
Gloss. 

autogenetic drainage. a. Drainage by streams 
the courses of which have been determined 
solely by the conditions of the land surface 
over which they flow. Compare epigenetic 
drainage. Webster 3d. b. A self-established 
drainage system developed solely by head- 
water erosion. A.G.I. 

autogenetic land forms. The primary and 
most widely extended class of land forms 
are those due to the action of the falling 
rains and flowing rivers upon land surfaces 
having free drainage to the sea and not 
disturbed by orogenic movement. Rivers 
developed upon such surfaces, the valleys 
which they quickly excavate, the confluent 
ravines and gorges, and the longer valleys 
of the tributaries, the hills defined by the 
main and minor valleys, and the entire 
surface eventually formed are classed as 
autogenetic. A.G.I. 

autogenetic topography. The conformation 
of land due to autogenetic drainage. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

autogenic soldering. The process of uniting 
pieces of metal by merely fusing them to- 
gether. Fay. 

autogenous. a. In the dense-media separa- 
tion process, fluid media partly composed 
of a mineral species selected from ore being 
treated. Pryor, 4. b. Selectively sized lumps 
of ore used as grinding media. Pryor, 4. 

autogenous grinding. The secondary grinding 
of coal or ore by tumbling the material in 
a revolving cylinder with no balls or bars 
taking part in the operation. Appreciable 
savings are claimed for the practice. Nelson. 

autogenous healing. The closing and disap- 
pearance of cracks which occur in concrete 
when it is kept damp and the cracks are 
in contact. In prestressed concrete, the 
cracks will close up without damping pro- 
vided that sufficient release of stress is 
allowed for the cracks to disappear after 
application of overload. Ham. 

autogenous roasting. Roasting in which the 
heat generated by oxidation of the sulfides 
is sufficient to propagate the reaction. 
Newton, Joseph. Introduction to Metal- 
lurgy, 1938, p. 379. 

autogenous stream. The type of stream inde- 














automatic controller 


pendently developed on an undisturbed 
emergent surface. A.G.I. 

autogeosyncline. A parageosyncline that sub- 
sides as an elliptical basin or trough but 
which has no associated highlands, A.G.I. 

autohydration. The development of new min- 
erals in an igneous rock by the action of 
its own magmatic water on already exist- 
ing magmatic minerals. Schieferdecker. 

autoinjection. Synonym for autointrusion. 
G.S.A. Memo 6, 1938, p. 200. 

autointrusion. A process by which the resid- 
ual liquid of a differentiating magma is 
drawn into rifts formed in the crystal mesh 
at a late magmatic stage by deformation 
of unspecified origin. Schieferdecker. 

autolith. a. A fragment of igneous rock en- 
closed within another igneous rock of later 
consolidation, each being regarded as a 
derivative from a common parent magma; 
same as cognate inclusion. Holmes, 1928. 
b. In granitoid rocks, a round, oval, or 
elongated accumulation of iron-magnesium 
minerals of uncertain origin; segregation; 
clot. G.S.A. Memo 5, 1937, pp. 10-12. c. 
An inclusion or a fragment of an older 
igneous rock that is genetically related to 
the rock containing it. Same as cognate 
xenolith. A.G.I. 

autolysis. a. The process of self-digestion; for 
example, the albitization of a more calcic 
plagioclase in a lava by soda from the lava 
itself rather than by soda introduced from 
an outside source. A.G.J, b. The return of 
a precipitated substance to solution; for 
example, the phosphate extracted from sea 
water by plankton returns into the sea 
water when the plankton die and decay 
A.G.I, Supp. 

automatic ash analysis. The coal sample 
passes to a conditioning unit, which dries 
and grinds it, then to an X-ray analysis 
unit. The analysis is based on the differ- 
ence in the reflection of X-rays by the 
combustible and noncombustible compo- 
nents of the sample. The reflection is com- 
pared photoelectrically with a reference 
sample. Nelson. 

automatic belt takeup. A device used with 
certain types of belt conveyors for the 
taking up or storage of belt during re- 
versible operation. Jones. 

automatic chuck. a. A hydraulically actuated 
drill chuck. Also called hydraulic chuck. 
Long. b. A self- or power-rotated chuck 
on a pneumatic rock drill, as a stoper, 
drifter, or jackhammer. Long. 

automatic clip; automatic coupling. An appli- 
ance for attaching and detaching mine 
trams or cars without manual effort. They 
are generally attached at inbye clipping 
stations and detached at the shaft bottom. 
See also haulage clip. Nelson. 

automatic-closing door. A wooden separation 
door arranged to close automatically when 
released by setting the hanging post with a 
slight lean in the direction of closing. 
Nelson. 

automatic clutch. A clutch whose engage- 
ment is controlled by centrifugal force, 
vacuum, or other power without attention 
by the operator. Nichols. 

automatic control. Control by means of any 
device other than a manually operated 
ve or pushbutton. B.S. 3618, 1965, 
SEGHIE 

automatic controller. In flotation, a device 
which operates automatically to regulate a 
controlled variable in response to a com- 
mand and a feedback signal. Fuerstenau, 
p. O41. 











automatic control system 


automatic control system. One that operates 
without human intervention. Fuerstenau, 
p. 541. 

automatic counter. Is affixed to the end of 
an enamel mill to determine the number 
of times the mill has revolved. Hansen. 

automatic coupling. A device which auto- 
matically couples cars when they bump 
together. Zern. See also Alliance coupling; 
Willison coupler; A.S.F. coupler. Sinclair, 
V, pp. 278-279. 

automatic cutting table. A table upon which 
a column of clay travels and is cut auto- 
matically into bricks by descending wires. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 260. 

automatic cyclic winding. A system of auto- 
matic winding in which the complete in- 
stallation operates without human aid and 
winding continues automatically as long as 
coal is available at the shaft bottom and is 
cleared at bank. See also pushbutton wind- 
ing control; Ward-Leonard control. Nelson. 

automatic dam. In placer mining, a dam 
with a gate that automatically discharges 
the water when it reaches a certain height 
behind the dam. The flood of water is 
used to wash away the muck and barren 
gravel in a stream valley. Hess. 

automatic door. a. A mine door operated by 
pressure of the locomotive wheels on an ar- 
rangement along the rails approaching the 
doors which closes the door automatically 
after the trip has passed. These doors are 
preferable to regular mine doors and the 
expense of having a door attendant is elim- 
inated. However, they must be carefully 
maintained to keep them in a safe operat- 
ing condition. Kentucky, pp. 88-89. b. A 
wooden separation door arranged to close 
automatically when released by setting the 
hanging post with a slight lean in the 
direction of closing. Nelson. 

automatic doors. Air doors on a haulage road 
that are automatically operated by a pass- 
ing vehicle or train of tubs, or other means. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

automatic dryer. A dryer in which the 
changes in condition of air are regulated 
by control treatment. ACSG, 1963. 

automatic dust sampler. A dust-sampling in- 
strument driven by compressed air and 
controlled by clockwork mechanism. Sepa- 
rate samples are taken on a filter-paper 
spool and adjusted to take a sample at 
regular intervals throughout the shift. The 
spool advances each time and samples are 
thus developed separately in continuity. As 
the density of the resulting dust stains is 
measured photoelectrically, a period record 
covering one or more shifts can be ob- 
tained. Nelson. 

automatic feed. a. A hydraulic-control sys- 
tem of valves that when once set and 
without the manual assistance of a drill 
runner will reduce or increase feed pres- 
sure applied to drill stem as hardness of 
rock penetrated changes. Long. b. A pneu- 
matic rock drill equipped with a power- 
actuated feed mechanism. Long. 

automatic feed off. A weight-sensitive device, 
which may be installed on the drill hoist 
line and used to maintain automatically 
a preset feed weight on the drill bit by 
feeding the drill string downward when 
drilling off the hoist with a kelly. Long. 

automatic feed sampler. An automatic sam- 
pling device used at mill feeds and other 
plants. A cutter mounted on rollers and 
track guides is actuated by a reciprocating 
air cylinder so that it moves backwards 
and forwards through the ore stream at 














65 


predetermined intervals. The time interval 
is controlled by an electronic timer, and 
the amount of sample taken at each cut is 
governed by the speed of the cut which is 
controlled by restricter valves. Nelson. 


automatic heating. A central heating system 


operated without manual attention. It usu- 
ally means oil-, gas-, or stoker-fired fur- 
naces and boilers. Strock, 10. 


automatic plating. a. Full-mechanical plating 


in which the cathodes are automatically 
conveyed through successive cleaning and 
plating tanks. Lowenheim. b. Semimechani- 
cal plating in which the cathodes are 
conveyed automatically through only one 
plating tank. Lowenheim. 


automatic press. A press in which the work 


is fed mechanically through the press in 
synchronism with the press action. An au- 
tomation press is an automatic press which, 
in addition, is provided with built-in elec- 
trical and pneumatic control equipment. 


ASM Gloss. 


automatic pump control. The starting and 


stopping of a pump by a mechanism actu- 
ated by the level of water in the suction 
well or pump, or by the level or pressure 
of water in a discharge tank. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. 


automatic pumping. An arrangement to stop 


and start a mine pump automatically by 
means of a float switch. Nelson. 


automatic reclosing relays. These are used to 


automatically reclose electrically operated 
circuit breakers. They limit the duration 
of power failures in many instances where 
faults clear themselves quickly. Most re- 
closing relays attempt to close a breaker 
three times before locking it out. The time 
interval between reclosures is predeter- 
mined, Lockout means that after the third 
attempt fails to keep the breaker in, the 
relay will not function until it is reset 
manually. Such relays can be designed to 
operate more than three times before lock- 
ing out, with the number of reclosures 
depending on the requirements and design 
of the system. Coal Age, v. 71, No. 8, 
August, 1966, p. 270. 


automatic recorders. Appliances for record- 


ing the working time of machines such as 
cutter loaders, conveyors, etc. A vibrating 
type, fitted on the equipment itself, marks 
on a chart a straight line when the ma- 
chine is idle and an oscillating one when 
working. See also M.O. mine safety indi- 
cator. Nelson. 


automatic sampler. An instrument designed 


to take samples of gases as a predetermined 
point during an explosion or preceding’ or 
following it, as desired. Rice, George S. 


automatic sampling. Removal from a passing 


stream of ore, pulp, or solution of a sample 
at timed intervals and under controlled 
conditions by means of automatically oper- 
ated devices. Pryor, 3. 


automatic snagging. Snagging by use of semi- 


automatic grinders where pressure between 
wheel and work and traverse over work is 
controlled mechanically or hydraulically 
from a station removed from the wheel. 
See also snagging. ACSG, 1963. 


automatic spider. A foot and/or hydraulically 


actuated drill-rod clamping device similar 
to a Wommer safety clamp. See also Wom- 
mer safety clamp. Long. 


automatic sprinkler. A water sprinkling de- 


vice closed by a metallic alloy which melts 
at a low temperature. In case of fire the 
alloy melts, releasing a water spray. These 
devices are used in wood-lined shafts and 





autometasomatism 


timbered bottoms, sometimes by legal re- 
quirements. Zern. 


automatic strake. Sloping deck, around which 


an endless band of corduroy is moved, the 
concentrate being washed off as the cordu- 
roy bends around at the departure end. 
Pryor, 3, p. 109. 


automatic takeup. Any mechanism which 


maintains a predetermined tension in the 
conveyor belt. This tension may be applied 
to the movable pulley by gravity weights, 
pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or elec- 
tric power. NEMA MBI-1961. 


automatic-type belt tensioning device. Any 


mechanism which maintains a _predeter- 
mined tension in a conveyor belt. The most 
common type is the gravity takeup in which 
a weight acts upon a takeup pulley. 
NEMA MBI1-1956. 


automatic wagon control. The use of equip- 


ment to keep the speed of wagons within 
certain designed limits. The system may 
consist of small hydraulic units fixed at 
intervals along the inside of the track, and 
may include wagon retarders, wagon boost- 
er retarders, and wagon arresters. Nelson. 


automatic welding. Welding with equipment 


which performs the entire welding opera- 
tion without constant observation and ad- 
justment of the controls by an operator. 
The equipment may or may not perform 
the loading and unloading of the work. 
Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 1961, p. 91. 


automatic winding. This term includes at 


least three different systems: (1) fully 
automatic winding in which no driver, 
banksman, or onsetter is employed; (2) 
pushbutton automatic winding, similar to 
the above except that the operation is 
started by a pushbutton by the banksman 
or onsetter; and (3) cyclic winding in 
which the driver takes off the brakes and 
throws over his control lever at the begin- 
ning of the wind. Sinclair, V, p. 124. 


automation. a. The concept of a system for 


automatic processing. Full automation in- 
volves an element of decision and embodies 
the automatic control of all operations in- 
cluding materials handling, manipulation 
and positioning, machining and processing, 
assembly and inspection, and packaging 
and warehousing. Partial automation may 
involve but one operation, or a part of one 
operation. ASA MH4.1—1958. b. In min- 
ing, the automatic control of production 
machines and ancillary operations by elec- 
tronic control equipment, photoelectric 
cell, remote control, instrumentation, etc. 
The technique is now applied to power- 
houses, pumping units, mine fans, winding 
operations, ore processing plants, and many 
other rnining activities. See also coal-sens- 
ing probe; thermocouple. Nelson. 


automation press. See automatic press. ASM 


Gloss. 


autometamorphism; automorphism. a. The 


metamorphism of an igneous rock by the 
action of its own volatile fluids, such as 
the formation of spilite from basalt. Com- 
pare autopneumatolysis. Hess. b. Metamor- 
phism caused by the lowering of tempera- 
ture in a newly congealed igneous rock in 
which residual hydrothermal solutions re- 
act with the igneous minerals; for exam- 
ple, the albitization of basalt to form 
spilite. A.G.J. c. The alteration of an igne- 
ous rock by its own residual liquors. A.G.I. 


autometasomatism. a. The replacement of 


early formed minerals in an igneous rock 
by later minerals through the action of its 
own mineralizing agents. Schieferdecker. 


autometasomatism 


b. The process of alteration in a newly 
crystallized igneous rock by its own last, 
water-enriched, liquid fraction which is 
trapped with the rock mass, generally by 
an impervious chilled border zone. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

automolite. A dark green to nearly black 
zinc spinel. Schaller. 

automorphic. Applied to those minerals of 
igneous rocks that are bounded by their 
own crystal faces. Rocks that are composed 
predominantly of an automorphic mineral 
assemblage have an automorphic-granular 
or panidiomorphic-granular texture. Con- 
trasted with allotriomorphic, xenomorphic, 
and anhedral. Synonym for idiomorphic; 
euhedral. A.G.I. 


automorphosed. Applied to a solidified igne- 


ous rock that is metamorphosed by solu- 
tions from its own hot interior, A contrac- 
tion of autometamorphosed. Hess. 


auto-oxidation. Oxidation of minerals on ex- 


posure to atmosphere without use of auxil- 
lary reagents. Pryor, 3. 


autopatrol. A self-propelled motor grader 


for preparing the subgrade of a road. Ham. 


autopiracy. Stream capture that only involves 


the parts of a single stream which gen- 
erally shortens its course, as in the cutting 


off of a meander. A.G.I. Supp. 


autopneumatolysis. a. A subdivision of the 


term autometamorphism. It probably 
should be restricted to metamorphic 
changes occurring in the pneumatolytic 
stage of a cooling magma, when the tem- 
peratures are approximately 400° to 600° 
C. A.G.I. b. The development of late min- 
erals in an igneous rock by the action of 
its own gaseous mineralizing agents; for 
example, the formation of sanidine, soda- 
lite, biotite, etc., in the leucite tephrites of 
Mount Vesuvius, Italy. Holmes, 1920. 


autoradiography. An inspection technique in 


which radiation spontaneously emitted by 
a material is recorded photographically. 
The radiation is emitted by radioisotopes 
that are produced in or added to a mate- 
rial. The technique serves to locate the po- 
sition of the radioactive element or com- 
pound. ASM Gloss. See also radiography. 
L&L,. 


autosite. A rock similar to kersantite (a dark 


plagioclase-biotite rock) but without feld- 
spar. Hess. 


autospray. A device for spraying dust carried 


by loaded conveyors. A liquid medium is 
sprayed on the conveyor load only when 
moving and not when stationary, or when 
the belt is running unloaded. The spray 
control is placed centrally beneath the 
conveyor belt and a load causes the belt 
to deflect and rotate the driving pulley 
which causes the controller valve to open. 
A belt stoppage or no load causes the valve 
to close. Nelson. 


autostoper. A stoper or light compressed-air 


rock drill, mounted on an air-leg support 
which not only supports the drill but also 
exerts pressure on the drill bit. Nelson. 


autotransformer. A special-type transformer 


whose use in mines is limited to apparatus 
for starting induction motors of the squir- 
rel cage type. The winding is a common 
one for primary and secondary, and the 
two circuits are electrically in contact with 
each other. Mason, v. 2, p. 427. 


autotroph. An organism capable of growing 


in the absence of organic matter. I.C. 
8075, 1962, p. 63. 


autotrophic bacteria. Microbes which thrive 


in acid solutions and make their own food. 








66 


They manufacture a potent combination 


of sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate by oxidiz- 
ing certain iron and sulfur compounds. 
Are being used commercially to recover 
copper remaining in the wastes or tailings 
from copper mills, and studies indicate 
that they may prove beneficial in process- 
ing other lower grade ores. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

autrometer. An automatic multielement in- 
dexing X-ray spectrograph, capable of the 
qualitative and quantitative determinations 
of as many as 24 elements in a single sam- 
ple. Choice of the elements may be made 
from magnesium through all the heavier 
elements. The device measures the inten- 
sity of an emitted wavelength band from 
a standard sample and compares it with 
the intensity of a like band from an un- 
known sample. This data is presented in 
the form of a ratio of one intensity to the 
other. Nelson. 

Autunian. Lower Permian. A.G.I. Supp. 

autunite. A mineral, Ca(UOz)2(PO,)>2.8- 
12H:O; occurring in yellow plates; tetrag- 
onal; fluorescent. One of the important 
uranium minerals. Strongly radioactive; 
found in the oxidized zone of most ura- 
nium deposits resulting from the altera- 
tion of uraninite, pitchblende, gummite, 
uranophane, and uranium-bearing colum- 
bates. A.G.J.; BuMines Bull. 585, 1960, p. 
919; Crosby, pp. 6-7. 

Autun shale oil. An illuminating oil ex- 
tracted from bituminous shale found at 
Autun, France. Fay. 

auxiliary. a. Tools or other equipment, such 
as a pump, drill rods, casing, core barrel, 
bits, water swivel, safety clamp, etc., re- 
quired for use with a drill machine to 
carry on specific drilling operations. Com- 
pare accessory, c. Long. b. A helper or 
standby engine or unit. Nichols. 

auxiliary anode. A supplementary anode 
placed in a position to raise the current 
density on a certain area of the cathode 
to get better plate distribution. ASM 
Gloss. 

auxiliary collectors. Auxiliary collectors used 
in practice are usually hydrocarbons (fuel 
oils of varying grades, including Bunker 
grades, kerosine, etc.). Fuerstenau, p. 434. 

auxiliary cylinder. A cylinder, operated by 
compressed air, which is used to assist the 
main engine of a compressed-air shaker 
conveyor, especially where the conveyor 
cannot develop a sufficient amount of for- 
ward acceleration due to grades. The 
auxiliary cylinder is attached to the con- 
veyor by a driving chain and to a prop by 
a fixing chain. Jones. 

auxiliary fan; secondary fam. A small fan 
installed underground for ventilating nar- 
row coal drivages or hard headings which 
are not ventilated by the normal air cur- 
rent. An auxiliary fan is usually from 18 
inches to 2 feet in diameter, and delivers 
up to 10,000 cubic feet per minute, or 
more. It is driven by compressed air or 
electricity. In the latter case, the motor is 
placed in the intake airway. Nelson. 

auxiliary fault. A branch fault. A minor fault 
ending against a major fault. A.G.J. Supp. 

auxiliary mineral. In the Johannsen classi- 
fication of igneous rocks, any light-colored, 
relatively rare mineral, or mineral occur- 
ring in small quantities, such as apatite, 
muscovite, corundum, fluorite, and topaz. 
A.G.I. 

auxiliary operations. In metallurgy, diverse 
operations, such as storing in bins, convey- 











available silica 


ing (by conveyors, feeders, elevators, or 
pumps), sampling, weighing, reagent feed- 
ing, and pulp distribution. Gaudin, p. 9. 

auxiliary plane. A plane at right angles to 
the net slip on a fault plane, as deter- 
mined from the analysis of seismic data for 
an earthquake. A.G.L. Supp. 

auxiliary telescope. A telescope, fitted paral- 
lel to the main telescope of a theodolite, 
for measuring and setting out horizontal 
and vertical angles where the main tele- 
scope cannot be used. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 1. 

auxiliary ventilation. A method of supple- 
menting the main ventilating current in a 
mine by using a small fan to draw air 
from the main current and force it through 
canvas or galvanized iron pipe to some 
particular place, such as the ends of 
drifts, crosscuts, raises or other workings 
driven to develop the mine. If the pipe- 
line is long, it may be necessary to place 
a second fan at some intermediate point 
in the pipeline. Jets of compressed air may 
be used in ventilating pipes to force air 
short distances. Lewis, p. 706. See also air 
mover; exhaust ventilation; forced auxil- 
iary ventilation; overlap auxiliary ventila- 
tion; reversible auxiliary ventilation; two- 
fan auxiliary ventilation. Roberts, I, pp. 
219-221. 

auxite. Same as lucianite. English. 

available energy. That part of the total energy 
which can be usefully employed. In a per. 
fect engine, that part which is converted 
to work. Strock, 10. : 

available lime. a. Those constituents of a 
lime which enter into a desired reaction 
under the conditions of a specific method 
or process. ASTM C5I-47. b. Represents 
the total free lime (CaO) content in a 
quicklime or hydrate and is the active con- 
stituent of a lime. It provides a mean of 
evaluating the concentration of lime. 
Boynton. 

available lime index. The calcium-oxide frac- 
tion that is available for immediate chemi- 
cal reactivity, as in a neutralization reac- 
tion. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

available moisture. The moisture in soil that 
is available for use by plants. A.G.J. Supp. 

available nitrogen. Water-soluble nitrogen 
compounds plus that which is rendered 
soluble or converted to free ammonia. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

available nutrients. Consist of ions that are 
either dissolved in the soil moisture or that 
are absorbed on the clay minerals of the 
soil in readily exchangeable form. These 
nutrients constitute the mineral content of 
the soil that is immediately available for 
uptake by the plant. Hawkes, 2, p. 291. 

available power. The rate at which a given 
source would deliver energy to a load hav- 
ing an impedance which is the conjugate 
of the source impedance is designated as 
the available power of that source. H&G. 

available power loss. The available power 
loss of a transducer connecting an energy 
source and an energy load is the trans- 
mission loss measured by the ratio of the 
source power to the output power of the 
transducer. H&G. 

available relief. a. The vertical distance be- 
tween the altitude of the original surface 
after uplift, and the level at which grade 
is first attained. A.G.J. b. The relief that is 
available for erosion. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

available silica. Refers to the amount of silica 
present in a flux which is not slagged by 








available silica 


eee in the flux itself. Newton, p. 

avalanche. a. A falling mass of snow which, 
having been detached from a great height 
in the mountains, acquires enormous bulk 
by fresh accumulations of snow as it de- 
scends, and when it falls into the valleys 
below, it often causes great destruction. 
Fay. b. An accumulation of snow or of 
snow and ice, which descends from pre- 
cipitous mountains like the Alps into the 
valleys below. An avalanche originates in 
the higher regions of a mountain and be- 
gins to descend when the gravity of its 
mass becomes too great for the slope on 
which it rests, or when thawing destroys 
its adhesion to the surface. A.G.J. c. A 
large mass of snow or ice, sometimes ac- 
companied by other material, that moves 
rapidly down a mountain. A.G.I. 

avalanche protector. Guardplates that pre- 
vent loose material from sliding into con- 
tract with the wheels or tracks of a dig- 
ging machine. Nichols. 

avalanching. In ball mills, turning at the 
speed at which balls break clear of crop 
load and fall freely. Pryor, 3. See also 
cascading ; critical speed. 

avalite. An impure variety of muscovite con- 
taining chromium oxide. Standard, 1964. 

avasite. A black hydrated iron silicate. Prob- 
ably only siliceous limonite. Standard, 
1964. 

aven. A vertical shaft leading upwards from 
a Cave passage, and at times, connecting 
with passages above. A.G.I. 

aventurescence. A word used to describe the 
metallic spangled effect seen, in reflected 
light, in aventurine and aventurine feld- 
spar. A sort of schiller but more scintil- 
lating. Shipley. 

aventurine. a. A glass containing opaque 
sparkling particles of foreign material, 
which is usually copper or chromic oxide. 
With copper particles, it is called gold 
aventurine, and with chromic-oxide parti- 
cles, it is called chrome aventurine or 
green aventurine. Webster 3d. A glass con- 
taining gold-colored inclusions. A.G.J. b. 
A translucent quartz that is spangled 
throughout with scales of mica or of some 
other mineral. Webster 3d. c. As an ad- 
jective, having the brilliant spangled ap- 
pearance of aventurine. Webster 3d. Ap- 
plied especially to transparent or trans- 
lucent quartz or feldspar containing shiny 
inclusions. A.G.J. 

aventurine feldspar. Orthoclase, albite, or 
oligoclase that is more or less transparent, 
with fiery reflections from enclosed flat 
mineral particles, that are probably hema- 
tite or goethite. Sunstone is aventurine 
oligoclase. Hess. 

aventurine glass. A glass supersaturated with 
either iron, chromium, or copper oxide, 
(or a combination of the oxides) that is 
melted and cooled under controlled con- 
ditions to cause the excessive oxides to 
crystallize, forming platelike crystals or 
spangles. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

aventurine glazes. Transparent glasses con- 
taining thin platelike crystals or spangles 
in the glassy matrix. Ferric, chromium, 
and copper oxides are used in these glazes. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

aventurine quartz. See aventurine, b. 

avenue. A broad, high, relatively straight 
primary passage. A.G.I. 

average assay value. See assay value. 

average clause. Eng. A clause that, in 
granting leases of minerals (coal, iron- 











67 


stone, and clay in particular), provides 
that lessees may, during every year of the 
term, make up any deficiency in the quan- 
tity of coal, etc., stipulated to be worked, 
so as to balance the dead or minimum 
rent. Fay. 

average depths. The average water depths 
based on soundings reduced to low water 
datum. Hy. 

average error. Mean of all errors (plus and 
minus). Pryor, 3, p. 159. 

average gradient. The slope of the straight 
line joining two points of specified den- 
sity on the characteristic curve. ASM 
Gloss. 

average igneous rock. A theoretical rock the 
chemical composition of which is believed 
to be similar to the average composition 
of the outermost shell of the earth to a 
depth of about 10 miles. This composition 
is calculated in different ways, and there 
is not complete agreement or how an aver- 
age should be reached or its significance. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

average-level anomaly. A gravity anomaly 
related to the average topographic level in 
an area having a 37- or 104-mile radius. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

average life; mean life. The average of the 
individual lives of all the atoms of a par- 
ticular radioactive substance. It is 1.443 
times the radioactive half-life. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. 

average limit of ice. Average seaward extent 
of ice during a normal winter. Hy. 

average loading. The average number of tons 
of a specified material to be carried by 
a conveyor per hour, based on total op- 
erating-shift tonnage. NEMA MBI1-1961. 

average pressure. The average of all the pres- 
sures acting on a piston during the ex- 
pansion or compression stroke. The aver- 
age pressure is the effective pressure taken 
throughout the movement of the piston; 
mean effective pressure. Petroleum Age, 
V.11, February 1, 1923, p. 39. 

average produce. a. The average production 
of coal or ore from a district mine or group 
of mines over a period of time. Nelson. 
b. Sometimes used to denote the quantity 
of pure or fine copper in 100 parts of ore. 
Nelson. 

average standard. Corn. The price per ton 
of the fine copper in the ore, after deduct- 
ing the charge for smelting. Fay. 

average velocity. In seismology, the ratio of 
the distance traversed along a ray by a 
seismic pulse to the time required for that 
traverse. The average velocity is usually 
measured or expressed for a ray perpen- 
dicular to the reference datum plane. 
A.G.I. 

avezacite. Given by Lacroix to a perculiar 
cataclastic rock found in veins or dikes in 
a peridotite at Avezac-Prat in the French 
Pyrenees. The rock is dense, black, and 
brittle, contains large basaltic hornblende 
and yellow sphene crystals in a fine- 
grained groundmass, which is a cataclastic 
aggregate of apatite, sphene, titaniferous 
magnetite, ilmenite, hornblende, augite, 
and rarely olivine and biotite. It may have 
resulted from the crushing of basic peg- 
matitic veins or dikes. Fay. 

avg; av Abbreviation for average. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

avicennite. Minute black crystals; cubic, es- 
sentially TlOs; provisional formula 7TI.- 
O;.Fe2O3, with a 9.12 A and z = 4 (but 
artificial TizO; has only 16 T1:Os per,unit 
cell). Hey, M.M., 1961. 














axes 


Avicula. The genus of saltwater bivalves al- 
lied to and in some cases including the 
principal pearl-bearing molluscs. See also 
Aviculidae; Meleagrina. Shipley. 

Aviculidae. The family of bivalves which 
include among others the principal pearl- 
pearing molluscs. Same as Pteriidae. Ship- 
ey. 

aviolite. a. A mica-cordierite hornfels from 
Monte Aviolo in the Italian Alps. Holmes, 
1928. b. See edolite; hornfels; leptynolite ; 
proteolite; seebenite. A.G.I. 

avogadrite. A borofluoride of potassium and 
caesium, (K,Cs)BFy Tests by Carobbi 
show specific gravity, 2.498, and suggest 
that pure avogadrite is KBF,. Orthor- 
hombic; minute, tabular, eight-sided crys- 
tals. From Vesuvius, Italy. English. 

Avogadro’s law; Avogadro’s theory; Avozga- 
dro’s principle. Equal volumes of all gases 
under the same conditions of pressure and 
temperature contain the same number of 
molecules. Newton, p. 119. 

Avogadro’s number. Symbol, N. The number 
of molecules in 1 gram-molecular weight 
(or in 1 mole) of a substance is within 
a range of 1 percent about the value 
(6.02486+0.00016) X 10° per gram-mole 
(physical) ; 6.02322+0.00016 X 10” per 
gram-mole (chemical). Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. F-32, 

avoirdupois. The system of weights used in 
the United States and England for the 
ordinary purposes of trade. The funda- 
mental unit is the pound of 16 ounces or 
7,000 grains. Standard, 1964. The avoir- 
dupois pound equals 14.583 troy ounces or 
453.6 grams. Fay, Abbreviation, avdp. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 58. 

Avonian. The Carboniferous limestone ; some- 
times used when dealing with the subdivi- 
sions of the Carboniferous system based 
on fossil evidence. Nelson. 

avulsion. a. A sudden change in the course 
of a*stream by which a portion of land is 
cut off, as where a river cuts across and 
forms an oxbow. Fay. b. Where a river 
changes its course abruptly, as in the case 
of an oxbow cutoff, the land between the 
new and old channels remaining undis- 
turbed, that process is avulsion. A.G.I. c. 
When an avulsion occurs on a boundary, 
the boundary does not follow the river, as 
in the previous case of erosion and accre- 
tion, but it remains in its old position. 
A.G.I. 

awaruite. A native alloy of iron and nickel, 
FeNiz, containing 32.3 percent iron and 
57.7 percent nickel; found in river gravels 
of Gorge River, New Zealand, and in resi- 
dues from gold washings, south fork of 
Smith River, Del Norte County, Calif. Hess. 

away; bend away. An exclamation meaning 
to raise the cage or bucket in an excava- 
tion or where a derrick or windlass is used. 
Also called take it away. Hess. 

AWG Abbreviation for American wire gage, 
and adopted as a standard for gaging the 
size of wires used for. electrical purposes. 
Crispin. 

awl. A small pointed tool for making holes 
for nails or screws, or, as in leather, for 
thread. Crispin. 

awn. See andra; long awn; short awn. 

awp Abbreviation for average weighted pres- 
sure. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

awu Abbreviation for atomic weight unit. 
See also atomic weight. NRC-ASA N1.1 
1957. 

axes. Crystallographic directions through a 


axes 


crystal; used as lines of reference. Hurlbut. 
axes, fabric. In structural petrology, three 
mutually perpendicular directions in tec- 
tonites, usually denoted a, b, and c, which 
refer to the movement pattern. A.G.J. 
axes of elasticity. Those axes in crystals that 
represent the directions of the highest, the 
intermediate, and the lowest indices of re- 
fraction. Fay. 


axes of reference. The coordinate axes to 


which crystal faces are referred. Fay. Also 
called the crystallographic axes. 

axes, reference. In structural petrology, three 
mutually perpendicular axes to which 
structural measurements are referred. The 
a axis is the direction of tectonic trans- 
port, the ¢ axis is perpendicular to the 
plane along which the differential move- 
ment takes place, and the 6 axis lies in 
this plane but is perpendicular to a. A.G.I. 
axes, tectonic. The a, 6, and c fabric axes or 
coordinates used by structural geologists 
and petrologists. A.G.I. 

axial angle. a. The acute angle between the 
two optic axes of a biaxial crystal. Its 
symbol is 2V, A.G.J. b. The axial angle in 
air (symbol 2E) is the larger angle be- 
tween the optic axes after being refracted 
on leaving the crystal. A.G.J. 


axial compression. In experimental work with 


cylinders, a compression applied parallel 
with the cylinder axis. It should be used 
in an appropriate sense only in the inter- 
pretation of deformed rocks. A.G.I. 


axial culmination. The distortion of a fold 


axis upward in a form similar to an anti- 


cline. A.G.I. Supp. 


axial elements. The axial ratio and the angles 


between the axes of a crystal. Fay. 


axial figure. The interference figure that is 


obtained in convergent light when an optic 
axis of the mineral being observed in thin 
section or as a fragment coincides with the 
axis of the polarizing microscope. When a 
thin section of a uniaxial mineral that was 
cut at right angles to an optic axis is exam- 
ined between crossed nicols (that is, be- 
tween two polarizers, the polarization planes 
of which are at right angles to each other) 
an equal-armed shadowy cross and a series 
of spectrally colored, circular bands are 
seen. If the mineral is biaxial, two shadowy 
parabolic curves called isogyres and open- 
ing away from each other in a series of 
spectrally colored, oval bands apper. Hess; 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

axial flow. In pumping or in ventilation, the 
use of a propeller or impeller to accelerate 
the load (as against displacement pump- 
ing). Pryor, 3. 

axial-flow compressor. One in which air is 
compressed in a series of stages as it flows 
axially through a decreasing tubular area. 
Pryor, 3. 

axial-flow fan. a. A modern type of mine fan 
in which the mine air enters along the axis 
parallel to the shaft and continues in this 
direction outward to the atmosphere. The 
axial-flow fan may have fixed blades (fixed 
pitch fan) or adjustable blades (variable 
pitch fan). Two, four, or six aerofoil sec- 
tion blades (like an aircraft wing) are 
usually employed. Also called screw fan. 
Compare radial-flow fan. See also Aerex 
fan; fan, a. Nelson. b. The modern com- 
pressed-air auxiliary fan consists essentially 
of a single-stage axial-flow fan in which 
the rotor also forms the rotor of a com- 
pressed-air turbine. The exhaust from the 
turbine is added to the ventilating air. The 
result is a light and very compact ma- 





68 


chine, capable of the same duties as the 
smaller sizes of electric auxiliary fans. 
Roberts, I, p. 222. 

axial jet. A flowing turbulent stream that 
mixes with standing water in three dimen- 
sions. A.G.IJ, Supp. Compare plane jet. 

axial line. See axis, f. McKinstry, p. 640. 

axial plane. a. A crystallographic plane that 
includes two of the crystallographic axes, 
Fay. b. A plane that intersects the crest 
or the trough of a fold in such a manner 
that the limbs, or the sides, of the fold 
are more or less symmetrically arranged 
with reference to it. Fay. c. The plane of 
the optic axes of an optically biaxial crys- 
taleAsG. Je 

axial-plane cleavage. A rock cleavage that is 
essentially parallel to the axial plane of a 
fold. A.G.I. Supp. 

axial-plane folding. Large-scale secondary 
folding of preexisting folds in response to 
movements which varied considerably from 
those which caused the original folding. 
The axial planes of the original folds have 
been folded. A.G.I. 

axial-plane foliation. Foliation that developed 
parallel to the axial plane of a fold and 
perpendicular to the principal deforma- 
tional pressure. A.G.I. Supp. 

axial plane of folding. A plane which inter- 
sects a fold in such a manner that the 
sides of the fold are more or less symmet- 
rical. Hy. 

axial-plane schistosity. Schistosity that devel- 
oped parallel to the axial plane of a fold. 
A.GI. Supp. 

sxial-plane separation. The distance between 
the axial planes of an anticline and its 
adjacent syncline, or vice versa. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

axial rake. For angular (not helical) flutes, 
the angle between a plane containing the 
tooth face and the axial plane through the 
tooth point. ASM Gloss. 

axial ratio. The ratio obtained by comparing 
the length of a crystallographic axis with 
one of the lateral axes taken as 1. Fay 

axial relief. The relief or clearance behind 
the end cutting edge of a milling cutter. 
ASM Gloss. 

axial runout. The total variation, in an axial 
direction, of a cutter element from a true 
plane of rotation. ASM Gloss. 

axial stream. The main stream of an inter- 
montane valley that flows along the lowest 
part of the valley and parallel to its long 
dimension, in contradistinction to the nu- 
merous streams which flow down the moun- 
tains on either side and build alluvial 
slopes. Also applied to a stream which 
follows the axis of an anticline or a syn- 
cline. USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 86. 

axial surface. See axial plane, b. 

axial trace. The intersection of the axial plane 
of a fold with the surface of the earth or 
any other specified surface. Sometimes, 
such a line is loosely and incorrectly called 
the axis. A.GJ. 

axinite. A mineral, H(Ca,Fe,Mn)3:Al.B- 
(SiOxz)s, in brown, violet, or green triclinic 
crystals. A.G.I. 

axinitization. The replacement of rocks by 
axinite, as in the border zones of some 
granites. A.G.I. 

axiolite. A term proposed by Zirkel for a 
variety of elongated spherulite in which 
there is an aggregation of minute acicular 
crystals arranged at right angles to a cen- 
tral axis. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 168. 

axis. a. A straight line about which a body 
or a three-dimensional figure rotates or 








axonometric projection 


may be supposed to rotate; a straight line 
with respect to which a body, figure, or 
system of points is either radially or bi- 
laterally symmetrical. Webster 3d. b, In 
crystallography, one of the imaginary lines 
in a crystal which are used as coordinate 
axes of reference in determining the posi- 
tions and symbols of the crystal planes. 
Fay. c. Often used synonymously with an- 
ticlinal; thus, the Brady’s bend axis for 
Brady’s bend anticlinal. See also anticlinal 
axis; synclinal axis. Fay, d. In geology, the 
central or dominating region of a moun- 
tain chain, or the line of which follows the 
crest of a range and thus, indicates the 
position of the most conspicuous part of 
the uplift. Fay. e. The centerline of a 
tunnel. Nichols. f. Intersection of the axial 
plane (or axial surface) with a particular 
bed. Also called axial line. McKinstry, 
p. 640, 

axis of acoustic symmetry. For many trans- 
ducers the three-dimensional directivity is 
such that it may be represented by the 
surface generated by rotating a two-dimen- 
sional directivity pattern about the axis 
corresponding to the reference bearing of 
the transducer. This axis may then be 
described as an axis of acoustic symmetry 
or as the acoustic axis. Hy. 

axis of a crystal. See axis, a and b. Fay. 

axis of a fold. Thc line following the apex of 
an anticline or the lowest part of a syn- 
cline. Hess. 

axis of elevation. Line of elevation. Fay.~ 

axis of rotation. The imaginary line ‘about 
which all the parts of a rotating body turn. 
Fay. 

axis of symmetry. a. An imaginary line in a 
crystal, about which it may be rotated a 
certain number of degrees, so as to occupy 
the same position in space as before. Fay. 
b. An axis about which a crystal can be 
rotated so as to occupy the identical volu- 
metric position more than once during a 
complete turn. If this occurs twice, the 
axis is diagonal; three times, trigonal; four 
times, tetragonal; and six times, hexagonal. 
Pryor, 3. 

axis of tilt. The line of intersection of the 
photograph plane and a horizontal plane 
at the same focal distance from the lens, 
Seelye, 2. 

axis of weld. A line through the length of a 
weld perpendicular to the cross section at 
its center of gravity. ASM Gloss. 

axis, symmetry. A direction through a crystal 
about which the crystal is symmetrical. 
Hurlbut. 

axle. a. A transverse bar or shaft connecting 
the opposite wheels of a car or carriage 
on which the body of the vehicle rests and 
on which the wheels turn or which turns 
with the wheels. Also known as an axle- 
tree. Hess. b. The spindle on which a 
wheel turns. Also called axletree arm. Hess. 

axletree arm. Sce axle, b. Hess. 

axman; axeman. a. One who clears the 
ground and drives the stakes for the rod- 
man. Standard, 1964. b. Chainman in a 
survey party. Pryor, 3. 

axstone; axestone. A species of jade. It is a 
silicate of magnesia and alumina. Fay. 

axonometric projection. A method of projec- 
tion which has the advantage of contain- 
ing a true plan, and can therefore be set 
up from drawings already in existence for 
other purposes. The plan is turned through 
45°, vertical lines being drawn from the 
angles on the plan to show the elevations. 
Ham. 





axotomous 69 bacia 





axotomous. In crystallography, having cleav- also for green turquoise. Shipley. bottoms; waste; residue of distillation. 
age perpendicular to an axis; said of min- | azulinhas. Braz. Small and cloudy sapphires Zimmerman, pp. 18, 91. d. Abbreviation 
erals. Standard, 1964. found with diamonds. Fay. for brightness; symbol for brightness in 
Ayrshire bauxitic clay. A nonplastic fire clay | azurchalcedony. Chalcedony colored blue by illumination; luminance. Also abbreviated 
formed by laterization of basalt and oc- chrysocolla; used as a gemstone. Same as b, B’. Zimmerman, p. 19; Webster 3d. e. 
curring in the Millstone grit of Ayrshire, azurlite. From Arizona. English. Abbreviation for Bay in topography. Web- 
Scotland; there are two types, the one | azure. Lapis lazuli. Satndard, 1964. ster 3d, f. Symbol for magnetic induction; 
formed in situ, and the other being a sedi- | azure malachite. Same as azurmalachite. magnetic induction density; magnetic flux 
mentary deposit. Chemical analysis (raw) : Shipley. density. Zimmerman, pp. 57, 153; Hand- 
42 percent SiOz, 38 percent AloOs, 3 to 4 | azure quartz. See sapphire quartz. C.M.D. book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
percent TiOz, 0.5 percent Fe2Os, and 0.2 | azure spar. Lazulite; azurite. Standard, 1964. 1964, p. F-98. g. Abbreviation for band; 
percent alkalies. Dodd. azure stone. Same as azurite. Fay. band width. Webster 3d; Zimmerman, 
Ayr stone. A fine-grained stone used in pol- | azurite. A blue carbonate of copper, Cus- p. 14. h. Abbreviation for base. Zimmer- 
ishing marble and giving a fine surface to (COs)2(OH)>», crystallizing in the mono- man, p. 469. i. Abbreviation for Bering 
metalwork, particularly iron and steel, also clinic system. Found as an alteration prod- standard time. Zimmerman, p. 382. j. 








as a whetstone. Also called Scotch stone. 
Standard, 1964. 

azabache; azabashe. Mexican name for pitch 
coal or jet. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

azimuth. a. The azimuth of a body is that arc 
of the horizon that is included between 
the meridian circle at the given place and 
a vertical plane passing through the body. 
It is measured (in surveying) from north 
to the right; in astronomy, it is measured 
from the south to the right, that is, clock- 
wise. Fay. b. A horizontal circle divided 
into 360, or 4 sets of 90, major divisions, 
called degrees, and attached to a magnetic 
compass. Long. 

azimuth circle. An instrument for measuring 
azimuth, having for its chief characteristic 
a graduated horizontal circle. Standard, 
1964. 

azimuth compass. A magnetic compass sup- 
plied with sights, for measuring the angle 
which a line on the earth’s surface, or the 
vertical circle through a heavenly body, 
makes with the magnetic meridian. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

azimuth of a line. The angle measured clock- 
wise from the northerly direction of the 
geographic meridian to the direction of 
the line. B.S, 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

azimuth test. To determine the horizontal 
compass direction that a borehole is trend- 
ing at a specific depth by means of one 
of several borehole surveying instruments. 
Long. 

Azoic. Formerly, that part of geologic time 
before life represented by the Precambrian 
stratified rocks; also, the rocks formed 
during that time. Later restricted to the 
period and system now generally called 
Archean, which is now called Early Pre- 
cambrian. Obsolete. Fay; A.G I. 

azonal peat. Same as local peat. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

azonal soils. Any group of soils without well- 
developed profile characteristics, owing to 
their youth, conditions of parent material, 
or relief that prevents development of nor- 
mal soil-profile characteristics, A.G.I. 

azorite. A variety of altered zircon. Crosby, 
p. 88. 

azotate. A nitrate. Fay. 

azotine. An explosive consisting of sodiuin 
nitrate, charcoal, sulfur, and petroleum. 
Webster 2d. 

Azotobaster. A genus of large flagellated 
gram-negative rod-shaped or spherical non- 
symbiotic bacteria (order Eubacteriales) 
occurring in soil and sewage that fix at- 
mospheric nitrogen in the presence of 
carbohydrates and derive growth energy 
from oxidation of carbohydrates. Webster 
3d. 

Azrock. Trade name for natural bituminized 
limestone rock that is quarried, crushed, 
and pulverized to a fine grading. Hess. 

Aztec stone. A name for greenish smithsonite ; 











uct of chalcopyrite and other sulfide ores 
of copper in the upper oxidized zones of 
mineral veins. When present in sufficient 
quantity, is a valuable source of copper. 
Mohs’ hardness, 3.5 to 4; streak, light 
blue; specific gravity, 3.77 to 3.83; vitre- 
ous almost adamantine luster. Used in jew- 
elry. Occurs in the United States, Aus- 
tralia, France, Siberia, and Africa. Also 
known as chessy copper; chessylite; azure 
stone. Fay; Dana 17, p. 598; CCD, 6d, 
1961. 


azurite malachite. Azurmalachite. Schaller. 
azurlite. See azurchalcedony; chrysocolla 


quartz. Shipley. 


azurmalachite. Intergrowth of azurite and 


malachite, in compact form is cut and 
polished as an ornamental stone. When 
botryoidal it is sometimes fashioned as 
gemstones of beauty, but it lacks durabil- 
ity. Shipley. 


B 


a. Abbreviation for boils at, followed by 
a temperature figure; boiling at, followed 
by a pressure figure; boiling. Zimmerman, 
p. 141. b. Symbol for one of the three 
crystallographic axes, (a, b, c). Bureau of 
Mines Staff. c. Abbreviation for bar, a unit 
of pressure. Zimmerman, p. 14. d. Abbre- 
viation for bel, a sound unit in acoustics. 
Zimmerman, p. 16. e. Abbreviation for 
breadth; width; width of a streambed. 
Zimmerman, pp. 18, 119. £. Symbol in 
structural petrology for that direction in 
the plane of movement at right angles to 
the direction of tectonic transport. In a 
slickensided surface b lies in this surface, 
but is at right angles to the striations. 
A.G.I. g. Abbreviation for bale, bath, bat- 
tery, bench, blend, bottom, brass. Webster 
3d. h. Abbreviation for brick. Zimmerman, 
p. 33, i. As a subscript, the symbol for 
blackbody in radiation. Zimmerman, p. 17. 
j. Symbol for the minor axis of an ellipse 
or of an ellipsoid. Zimmerman, p. 13. 

a. Symbol for one of the three crystalio- 
graphic axes (a, b, c). Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. With subscript 0, as bo, the sym- 
bol for one of the unit-cell parameters, 
(ao, bo, co). Bureau of Mines Staff. c. Sym- 
bol for breadth; width; width of a stream- 
bed. Zimmerman, pp. 45, 186. d. Symbol 
for corrected barometer reading; baromet- 
ric pressure. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F—30. e. Sym- 
bol for bel, a sound unit in acoustics. 
Zimmerman, p. 189. f. Symbol for sus- 
ceptance. Zimmerman, p. 165. g. As a 
subscript, the symbol for blackbody in 
radiation. Zimmerman, p. 168. 


B a. Chemical symbol for boron. Zimmerman, 


p. 144. b. Abbreviation for Baumé. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. c. Abbreviation for 











Symbol] for effective film thickness in chem- 
ical engineering. Zimmerman, p. 45. k. 
Symbol for plate-voltage supply of vacuum 
tube. Zimmerman, p. 82. 

B a. Symbol for brightness in illumination; 
luminance. Also abbreviated B’. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 151, 159, 190. b. Symbol for 
volume modulus of elasticity. Zimmerman, 
p. 154. c. Symbol for bottoms; waste; resi- 
due of distillation; distillation waste. Zim- 
merman, p. 148. d. Symbol for magnetic 
induction; magnetic flux density. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 171, 253, e. Symbol for suscep- 
tance. Zimmerman, p. 165. {. Symbol for 
effective film thickness in chemical engi- 
neering. Zimmerman, p. 147. 

Ba Chemical symbol for barium. Handbook 
of Raa and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-l. 

baaken. S. Afr. A boundary mark. Fay. 

Babbitt metal. Either of two alloys used for 
lining bearings, such as (1) a tin-base 
alloy; especially, one containing 2 to 8 
percent copper and 5 to 15 percent anti- 
mony, or (2) a lead-base alloy containing 
1 to 10 percent tin and 10 to 15 percent 
antimony with or without some arsenic. 
Webster 3d. 

Babcock and Wilcox boiler. A steam boiler 
of the water-tube type, consisting in its 
simplest form of a horizontal drum from 
which is suspended a pair of headers carry- 
ing between them an inclined bank of 
straight tubes through which the water 
and steam pass. It is much larger and more 
efficient than the fire-tube boiler. See also 
Lancashire boiler. Nelson. 

Babcock and Wilcox mill. Dry grinding mill 
in which steel balls rotate in a horizontal 
ring, through which the feed is worked 
downwards. Pryor, 3. 

Babel quartz; Babylonian quartz. Eng. A 
variety of quartz which, from its fanciful 
resemblance to the successive tiers of the 
Tower of Babel, has given rise to the name. 
Hess. 

babingtonite. A silicate of iron, calcium, and 
manganese, belonging to the pyroxene 
group and crystallizing in the triclinic sys- 
tem. The essential molecule is probably 
FeSiOs, but the iron is replaced in varying 
degree by calcium and manganese. It occurs 
as a rare constituent of granite. C.T.D. 

Babosil. Trade name; a frit for pottery glazes; 
so-named because it contains barium, boron, 
and silica. The composition is: 

0.06 KzO 
0.50 NasO \ eae esa 2.45 SiO. 
Dodd. 

baby. Eng. A balance weight near the end 
of a pit (shaft) rope. Fay. 

Babylonian quartz. Same as Babel quartz. 
English. 

bacalite. A variety of amber. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bacia. Port, A basin, as of a river; carbonifera, 


bacia 


a coal basin. Fay. 

bacile. A basin or deep dish of or resembling 
Italian enameled, lustered pottery. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

bacillite. A rodlike crystallite made up of a 
number of parallel longulites. Johannsen, 
v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 168. 

bacillus coli. An organism found in potable 
water, originating from sewage pollution. 
Ham. 

bacino. One of a class of panels of highly 
colored pottery, built into the walls of 
medieval buildings. Standard, 1964. 

back. a. The roof or upper part in any under- 
ground mining cavity. Fraenkel. b. The ore 
body between a level and the surface, or 
between two levels. Higham, p. 35. c. A 
system of joints in coal oblique to the bed- 
ding at an angle from 35° to 70°. They 
are usually perfectly tight and close and 
have polished cheeks which suggests a cer- 
tain amount of movement. The term back 
is sometimes also applied to the principal 
cleat. Arkell. d. That part of a lode which 
is nearest the surface in relation to any 
portion of the workings of the mine; thus 
the back of the level or stope is that part 
of the unstoped lode which is above. Fay. 
e. A joint, usually a strike joint, perpen- 
dicular to the direction of working. Fay. 
f. The upper surface of a beam. Webster 
3d. g. Eng. A plane of cleavage in coal, 
having frequently a smooth parting and 
some sooty coal included in it. Fay. h. 
Eng. The inner end of a heading. Fay. 
i, Leic. To throw back into the gob, or 
waste, the slack, dirt, etc., made in holing. 
Fay. j. Leic. To roll large coal out of 
waste for loading into trams. Also called 
backen. Fay. k. As applied to an arch, the 
outer or upper surface. A.R.J. 1. The pa- 
vilion of a gem stone. Shipley. m. To drive, 
force, or cause to move or act backward; 
to cause to retreat, or recede. Webster 3d. 

back acter. Front-end equipment fitted to an 
excavator, comprising a jib with an arm 
and bucket, Although designed primarily 
for vertically sided trenching, it is also 
useful for bulk excavation below track level. 
Nelson. 

back ampere turms. Those in the armature 
of a motor which exercise demagnetizing 
action on the field poles. Pryor, 3. 

back and underhand stoping milling system. 
See combined overhand and underhand 
stoping. Fay. 

back arch. A concealed arch carrying the 
backing or inner part of a wall where the 
exterior facing material is carried by a 
lintel. ACSG. 

back balance. a. A kind of self-acting incline 
in a mine. A balance car is attached to 
one end of the rope, and a carriage for 
the mine car is attached to the other. A 
loaded car is run on the carriage and is 
lowered to the foot of she incline raising 
the balance car. The ‘balance car in its 
descent raises the carriage when the car- 
riage is loaded only with an empty car. 
Fay. b. The means of maintaining tension 
on a rope transmission or haulage system, 
consisting of the tension carriage, attached 
weight, and supporting structure. Fay. 

backband. A band that goes over the brake- 
drum of a bull wheel or other hoisting 
drum. Porter. 

backbeach. See backshore. H&G. 

backblast. See backlash, a. 

backboard. York. Work, performed under- 
ground by the deputies, which consists of 
drawing timbers in abandoned or worked- 














70 


out places, repairing brattices, doors, and 
keeping the roadways in order. See also 
back-bye work. Fay. 

backbone. A main axis, as of a mountain or 
ridge; or the ridge itself. A.G.I. 

backbreak. See overbreak. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

back brusher; back ripper. A ripper engaged 
in taking down the roof in roadways some 
distance back from the face. See also sec- 
ond rippings. Nelson. 

back-bye. N. of Eng. The area and road- 
ways between the coal face and the shaft 
bottom. T ist. 

hack-bye deputy. A deputy in charge of re- 
pairs, maintenance, and other work behind 
the face. Nelson. 

back-bye work. General work performed be- 
hind the working faces, in contradistinction 
to work done at the faces. Nelson. 

back casing. Eng. A temporary shaft lining 
of bricks laid dry, and supported at inter- 
vals upon curbs. When the stonehead has 
been reached, the permanent masonry lin- 
ing is built upon it inside of the back 
casing. In the North of England, the use 
of timber cribs and planking serves the 
same purpose. Fay. 

backcast stripping. A stripping method using 
two draglines, one of which strips and 
casts the overburden while the other re- 
casts a portion of the overburden. Wood- 
ruff, v. 3, p. 401. 

back coal. Scot. Coal which miners are 
allowed to carry home. Fay. 

back coming. Scot. Working away the pil- 
lars which are left when mining coal inby. 
Robbing pillars; back working. Fay. 

back cutting. Earth obtained for a railway 
or canal bank, when the excavated earth 
does not suffice for a regular cut and fill. 
GD: 

back draft. A reverse taper on a pattern 
which prevents its removal from the mold. 
ASM Gloss. 

backed bearing. A form of bearing consisting 
of a thin brass or bronze shell lined with 
Babbitt. The bronze shell is called the 
backing of the bearing, and the Babbitt is 
thus said to be bronze backed. Petroleum 
Age, v. 11, Feb. 1, 1923, p. 39. 

back electromotive force. Sometimes used 
for counter electromotive force. It refers 
to that electromotive force which opposes 
or tends to set up a current in the reverse 
direction to the impressed current. Crispin. 

backen. S. Staff. See back, j and m. Fay. 

back end. a. Newc. The part of a judd 
remaining after the sump has been re- 
moved. See also sump, g. Fay. b. Synonym 
for barrel head. Long. c. Synonym for 
thrust yoke. Long. d. Eng. The coal in 
a place remaining to be worked after 
sumping in. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

back-end man. A man who works behind the 
coal-cutter as it moves along the face. His 
duties may include cleaning the cuttings 
from behind the machine and setting props 
to support the roof or overhang of coal. 
See also coal-cutter team. Nelson. 

back entry. The air course parallel to and 
below an entry. or the entry used for sec- 
ondary purposes in two-entry system of 
mining. Locally, any entry not having 
track in it. B.C.I. 

backfill. a. Waste sand or rock used to sup- 
port the roof after removal of ore from 
stope. Pryor, 3. b. Sand or dirt placed 
behind timber, steel, or concrete linings in 
shafts or tunnels. Nelson. c. Material ex- 
cavated from a site and reused for filling, 














backhaul 


for example, the use of stones or coarse 
gravel for filling draining trenches. Nelson. 
d. The process of sealing and filling, and/ 
or the material used to seal or fill, a bore- 
hole when completed to prevent its acting 
as a course along which water may seep 
or flow into rock formations or mine work- 
ings. Long. e. The process of filling, and/ 
or the material used to fill, a mine open- 
ing. Long. f. in general, refers to the ma- 
terial placed “‘back”’ to refill an excavation. 
Huntington, p. 1. 


back filling. a. Rough masonry built in be- 


hind the facing or between two faces; 
similar material used in filling over the 
extrados of an arch; also brickwork used 
to fill in space between studs in a frame 
building, sometimes called brick nogging. 
ACSG. b. The filling in again of a place 
from which the rock or ore has been re- 
moved. Ballard. 


back-filling system. Filling lower or older 


workings with the waste from newer work- 
ings. Hess. See also overhand stoping; 
square-set stoping. Fay. 


backfire. a. A fire started to burn against and 


cut off a spreading fire. Nichols. b. An 
explosion in the intake or exhaust passages 
of an engine. Nichols. c. The recession of 
a flame into the tip of a torch followed 
by immediate reappearance or complete 
extinction of the flame. ASM Gloss. 


backfolding. Folding in which the folds are 


overturned toward the interior of an oro- 
genic belt. In the Alps, the backward: folds 
are overturned toward the south, whereas 
most of the folds are overturned toward 
the north. Synonym for backward folding. 
A.G.I, 


backfurrow. a. The first cut of a plow, from 


which the slice is laid on undisturbed soil. 
b. Synonym for esker. A.G.I. 


back gear. An arrangement of gearewheels by 


which the power of the driving belt is 
proportionately increased, as on the head 
of a lathe. Crispin. 


background, a. The normal slight radioac- 


tivity shown by a counter, not due to ab- 
normal amounts of radioactive elements in 
adjacent rocks, soils, or waters. The back- 
ground count is contributed from three 
sources: cosmic rays, radioactive impurities 
in the counter, and the usual trace amounts 
of radioactivity in the vicinity of the 
counter. A.G.I. b. The abundance of an 
element or any chemical property of a 
naturally occurring material in areas where 
the chemical pattern has not been affected 
by the presence of a mineral deposit. 
Hawkes. 


background radiation. The radiation of man’s 


natural environment, consisting of that 
which comes from cosmic rays and from 
the naturally radioactive elements of the 
earth, including that from within man’s 
body. The term may also mean radiation 
extraneous to an experiment. L@L. 


backhand. In bituminous coal mining, one 


who assists either the machineman or ma- 
chine loader to move and setup a coal- 
cutting or loading machine at the working 
face. D.O.T.1. 


backhand welding. Welding in which the 


back of the principal hand (torch or elec- 
trode hand) of the welder faces the direc- 
tion of travel. It has special significance in 
gas welding in that it provides postheating. 
Compare forehand welding. ASM Gloss. 


backhaul. A line that pulls a drag scraper 


bucket backward from the dump point to 
the digging. Nichols, 2. 








backhaul cable 


backhaul cable. In a cable excavator, the 


line that pulls the bucket from the dump- 
ing point back to the digging. Nichols. 


back heading. Eng. a. The companion place 


to a main winning. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 
b. See back entry. B.CJ. 

backhoe. The most versatile rig used for 
trenching. The basic action involves ex- 
tending its bucket forward with its teeth- 
armed lip pointing downward and then 
pulling it back toward the source of power. 
Carson, p. 153. 

back holes. In shaft sinking, raising, or drift- 
ing, the holes which are shot last. Fay. 


back horse. S. Staff. The horse that draws 


the loaded skip from the loaders to the 
place (wagon hole) where the tramway 
ends. Fay. 


back hub. Synonym for backsight hub. Long. 


backing. a. The timbers fixed across the top 
of a level supported in notches cut in the 
rock. Fay. b. The rough masonry of a wall 
faced with finer work. B.C.I. c. Earth de- 
posited behind a retaining wall. B.C.J. d. 
The pieces of soft copper wire or horse- 
shoe nail placed under or around a dia- 
mond set in a bit by a handsetter as a 
filler or cushion material. Also called bed- 
ding; calking. Long. e. The action of a 
firedamp roof layer flowing uphill against 
the direction of the ventilation. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec, 2. f. In grinding, the material 
(paper, cloth, or fiber) which serves as the 
base for coated abrasives. ASM Gloss. g. In 
welding, a material placed under or behind 
a joint to enhance the quality of the weld 
at the root. It may be a metal backing ring 
or strip, a pass of weld metal, or a non- 
metal, such as carbon, granular flux, or a 
protective gas. ASM Gloss. 

backing bed. A bed in the Purbeck stone, fit 
oniy for the inside of a wall. Arkell. 
backing deals. Boards from 1 to 4 inches 
thick and of sufficient length to bridge the 
space between timber or steel sets or be- 
tween rings in skeleton tubbing. Usually, 
planks 9 to 12 inches in width are used. 
Round poles, either whole or split, light 
steel rails, ribbed sheet metal, and rein- 
forced concrete slabs are sometimes used 
in place of planks. Backing deals tighten 
the supports against the ground and also 
prevent the collapse of material between 
the timber or steel sets or rings. See also 
lagging. Nelson. 

backing off. A term used to describe the 
operation of removing excessive body metal 
from badly worn bits. Fraenkel, v. 1, Art. 
6:21, p. 33. 

backing of smoke. In underground fires, the 
smoke produced by the fire may roll back 
against the ventilating current, and it may 
travel far enough to prevent the firefight- 
ing equipment getting within range of the 
fire. The hot convection currents rising 
from a fire are able to overcome the ven- 
tilating current, thus allowing the smoke 
to travel along the roof towards the intake 
air. The use of a portable transverse hurdle 
screen is probably the most efficient way of 
pushing the smoke back towards the fire. 
This screen should be stretched across the 
full width of the roadway and extend about 
two-thirds of the way towards the roof. 
The increased velocity of the air current 
passing over the top of the screen cools 
the convection currents, and it is possible 
to make the smoke retreat towards the fire 
by moving the screen forward. McAdam, 
Paras: 

backing-out switch. A switch applied to 


264-972 O-68—6 





Wel 


winders and man-riding haulages which 
allows the control circuit to be energized, 
in order to move the conveyance out of an 
overwind, provided that the winder control 
lever or other operating mechanism is 
moved in the appropriate direction. See also 
overwind switch. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

backing sand; filler sand. Reconditioned sand 
used for supporting the facing sand, and 
forming the main part of the mold. Os- 
borne. 

backing strip. A strip of metal welded to the 
back of a metal panel prior to its being 
enameled; the purpose is to prevent warp- 
ing. Dodd. 

back-inlet gully. A branch entry to a drain, 
provided with a water seal. It is covered 
by a grating but it is open to the air. 
The back inlet ensures greater efficiency 
than is found when an open-ended pipe 
discharges over the grating into the gully. 
It is generally made of cast iron or glazed 
earthenware. Ham. 

backjoint. a. A joint plane more or less par- 
allel to the strike of the cleavage, and 
frequently vertical. Zern. b. A rabbet or 
chase left to receive a permanent slab or 
other filling. Webster 3d. 

backland. See hinterland, d. Challinor. 

backlash. a. The return or counterblast, as 
the recoil or backward suction of the air 
current produced after a mine explosion. 
Fay. Also called backblast; suction blast. 
b. The reentry of air into a fan. Fay. c. 
The violent recoil and whipping move: 
ment of the free ends of a rope or wire 
cable broken under strain. Long. d. Lost 
motion, play, or movement in moving parts 
such that the driving element (as a gear) 
can be reversed for some angle or distance 
before working contact is again made with 
the secondary element. ASM Gloss. 

back leads. Applied to black sand leads on 
coastlines which are above high-water 
mark. Fay. 

back lye. Scot. A siding or shunt on an 
underground tramway. Fay. 

back mine. Scot. A passage in a mine cross- 
cut toward the dip of the strata. Standard, 
1964. 

back off. a. To unscrew or disconnect. Long. 
b. To lift the bit and drill stem some 
distance away from the bottom of, or an 
obstruction in, a borehole. Long. c. To 
move the drill head backward on the drill 
base away from the borehole. Long. d. A 
rapid withdrawal of a grinding wheel or 
cutting tool from contact with workpiece. 
ASM Gloss. 

back-off shooting. The firing of small explo- 
sive charges for releasing stuck drilling 
tools in a borehole. The shock of detona- 
tion causes the joint to expand and un- 
screw slightly. All rods above the joint can 
then be removed from the hole. See also 
fishing tool. Nelson. 

back of lode. The portion of a lode lying 
between a level driven in a lode and the 
surface. See also back, d. Fay. 

back of ore. The ore between two levels 
which has to be worked from the lower 
level. See also back, d. Fay. 

back-out switch. See hoist back-out switch. 

back overman. a. N. of Eng. A man whose 
duty it is to look after the condition of 
underground workings and the safety of 
the men. Fay. b. An overman who has 
charge of the back lift of workers in a 
coal mine, that is, men on repair and 
maintenance work. See also back-bye dep- 
uty. Nelson. 














backs 


backplate. Amalgamating plates hung at back 
of mortar box in stamp battery, once used 
in concentration of gold. Pryor, 3. 

back pressure. a. Resistance transferred from 
rock into drill stem when bit is being fed 
at a faster rate than the bit can cut. Long. 
b. Pressure expressed in pounds per square 
inch (psi) applied to the underside of the 
piston in the hydraulic-feed cylinder to par- 
tially support the weight of the drill rods 
and hence reduce pressure on the bit. 
Long. c. The hydrostatic head or pressure 
that a pump must overcome to move 
liquids to a higher level. Long. d. Pressure 
caused by resistance in a pipe or opening 
because the opening is too small for the 
free escape of the gas or fluid. Long. e. 
Rock pressures affecting the uppermost 
portion or roof in an underground mine 
opening. Long. f. The loss, expressed in 
pounds per square inch, due to failure 
of getting the steam out of the cylinder 
after it has done its work. Fay. 

back-pressure valve. A valve similar to a low- 
pressure safety valve but capable of being 
opened independently of the pressure, 
thereby giving free exhaust. Fay. 

back prop. The name given to the raking 
strut which transfers the load from the 
timbering of a deep trench to the ground. 
These struts are provided under every 
second or third frame according to the 
type of ground being excavated. Ham. 

back rake. The angle on a single-point turn- 
ing tool corresponding to axial rake in 
milling. It is the angle measured between 
the plane of the tool face and the refer- 
ence plane, and which lies in a plane 
perpendicular to the axis of the work 
material and the base of the tool. ASM 
Gloss. 

back reef. The whole area, zone, or province, 
with the deposits contained, lying be- 
tween a reef wall and the land which it 
fringes or to which it forms a barrier. 
Schieferdecker. 

back-reef moat; boat channel. The depression 
between the fringing reef and the shore. 
Schieferdecker. 

back ring. See holding ring. Dodd. 

back ripper. See back brusher. Nelson. 

back rippings. The taking down of a thick- 
ness of roof beds in roadways some dis- 
tance back from the face. The thickness 
of roof excavated may vary from a foot 
or so to 6 feet and more. This work is 
necessary on account of the gradual re- 
duction in height as a result of subsidence. 
See also second rippings. Nelson. 

backrush. The seaward return of the water 
following the uprush of waves. For any 
given tide stage, the point of farthest re- 
turn seaward of the backrush is known as 
the limit of backrush or limit of back- 
wash. A.G.I. 

backs. a. The height of ore available above 
a given working level. If the ore body 
has been proved by shaft sinking to a 
depth of 300 feet from the surface, then 
the ore body is said to have 300 feet of 
backs. Nelson. b. A quarryman’s term for 
one set of joints traversing the rock, the 
other set being known as cutters. Nelson. 
c. The ore above any horizontal opening, 
such as a tunnel or drift. See also back, 
d. Fay. d. A system of joints in coal or 
stratified mineral oblique to the bedding 
at an angle of 35° to 75°. See also slips, 
c. B.S. 3618, 1954, sec. 5. e. Slips; used 
to denote a slip met with first at floor 
level. Synonymous with hugger. TIME. 


backs and cutters 


backs and cutters. Jointed rock structures, 
the backs (joints) of which run in lines 
parallel to the strike of the strata, the 
cutters (cross joints) crossing them at 
about right angles. Standard, 1964. 

backscatter. The emergence of radiation from 
that surface of a material through which 
it entered. Also used to denote the actual 
backscattered radiation. NCB. 

backset bedding. Inclined bedding that dips 
into the current. Said to occur at the 
front of an esker. Also used for the beds 
deposited on the windward side of a 
transverse dune. Pettijohn. 

backset beds. Inclined layers of sand devel- 
oped on the gentler dune slope to the 
windward. These beds may constitute a 
large part of the total volume of a dune, 
especially if there is enough vegetation to 
trap most of the sand before it can 
cross over to the slip face. Leet. 

backsheets. Black corrugated sheets some- 
times placed behind the skeleton tubbing 
to conduct water leakages down to the 
shaft bottom and prevent it running into 
the mass concrete during walling. They 
are only used when the shaft is passing 
through wet ground and are left in per- 
manently. Nelson. 

backshift. a. The afternoon or night shift; 
any shift that does not fill coal or is not 
the main coal-production shift. Mason. b. 
N. of Eng. The second or middle shift 
of the day; varies from 9 to 10:30 a.m. 
until 4:30 to 6 p.m. in different pits. Trist. 

backshore. a. That part of the shore lying 
above the level of normal high tides. 
Schieferdecker. b. The part of a shore 
reached by waves during exceptional 
storms. Mather. 

back shot. A shot used for widening an entry, 
placed at some distance from the head of 
an entry. Fay. 

back shunt. A 
Nelson. 

backsight. a. The reading of a leveling rod 
in its unchanged position when the level- 
ing instrument has been taken to a new 
position. Webster 3d. b. Any sight or bear- 
ing taken in a backward direction. Web- 
ster 3d. c. An observation made for ver- 
ification from one station to the one be- 
hind it; opposite of foresight. Fay. d. The 
rodman who indicates, by means of a range 
rod, leveling staff, or plumb line, the cx- 
act location of the backsight station. Fay. 
e. The station sighted, and in plane-table 
triangulation, the line of the plane-table 
sheet by means of which the table is or- 
ientated by sighting back to the station 
from which the line was drawn as a fore- 
sight. Fay. 

backsight hub. A mark or stake placed at 
some distance behind the position a drill 
will occupy in a specific compass direc- 
tion from the borehole marker for an 
incline hole to enable the driller to set 
the drill and drill the borehole in the in- 
tended direction. Also called back hub; 
backsight. Long. 

back skin. Newc. A leather covering worn 
by men in wet workings. Fay. 

back-slagging spout. Rear spout on a cupola 
which has its tap hole in front. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

back slip. A joint in a coal seam which is 
inclined away from the observer from floor 
to roof. It would be a face slip from the 
opposite direction. Nelson. Compare face 
slip. 


back slope. a. S. Wales. A slope with the 


shunt back for mine cars. 








72 


stalls branching off and working the seam 
with back slips along the face. Nelson. 
b. In geology, the less sloping side of a 
ridge. Contrasted with escarpment, or 
steeper slope; especially, the slope more 
nearly parallel with the strata. Standard, 
1964. Also called structural plain. Fay. 

back splinting. The working of the top por- 
tion of a thick seam which was left as a 
roof when the bottom portion was worked. 
The top coal is recovered by working over 
the goaf or packs of the first working. 
Nelson. 

backstamp. The maker’s name and/or trade- 
mark stamped on the back of pottery flat- 
ware or under the foot of hollowware. 
Dodd. 

backstay. A drag or trailer fixed at the back 
of a haulage train (or set) as a safety de- 
vice when going uphill. Mason. 

backstep sequence. A longitudinal welding 
sequence in which the direction of gen- 
eral progress is opposite to that of weld- 
ing the individual increments. ASM Gloss. 

backstone. Eng. Shaly mudstone used for 
cooking slabs, quarried near Delph, York- 
shire. Also, a bed in the Staffordshire Coal 
Measures. Arkell. 

back stope. To mine a stope from working 
below. Fay. 

back stopes. Overhead stopes; stopes worked 
by putting in overhead holes and _ blast- 
ing down the ore. C.T.D. 

back stoping; back stopes. See overhand stop- 
ing. Nelson. 

back stripper. A man who breaks the large 
lumps of mined coal and fills the tubs at 
the coal face. C.T.D. 

backstroke jigging. A process in which strong 
suction is advocated at all times with the 
dense-medium process, since none of the 
bone medium must be allowed to get over 
into the washed coal. Mitchell, pp. 517- 
518. 

backswitching. A zigzag arrangement of rail- 
way tracks by means of which it is pos- 
sible for a train to reach a higher or 
lower level by a succession of easy grades. 
See also switchback. Fay. 

back timber. The timbering behind the work- 
ing portion of a longwall face. TIME. 

backup. a. To cushion or fill in under and 
around a handset diamond with pieces 
of soft copper or annealed malleable iron 
or steel, such as used for horseshoe nails. 
Compare backing, d. Long. b. To fill a 
void between timbering and unbroken 
ground with broken rock or pieces of 
scrap timber. Long. c. To brace, shore up, 
or strengthen in any manner. Long. d. 
That part of a masonry wall behind the 
exterior facing. ACSG. 

backup gear. See reverse-feed gear. Long. 

backup wrench. A pipe wrench, the handle 
of which is anchored against a solid, as 
the frame of a diamond drill. Long. 

back vent. Scot. An air course alongside the 
pillar in wide rooms. Fay. 

backwall. See gable wall. ASTM C162-66. 

backward folding. See backfolding. 

backwash. a. In uranium leaching, flushing 
from below of colloidal slime from ion- 
exchange column after adsorption cycle. 
Pryor, 3. b. See backrush, A.G.J, c. Water 
or waves thrown back by an obstruction 
such as a ship, breakwater, cliff, etc. 
A.G.I. d. The return flow of water on a 
beach after the advance of a wave. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

backwash ripple marks. Ripple mark on 
beaches formed by the backwash. Petti- 











badenite 


john. 

backwear. A worn condition on the back of 
an abrasive belt due to high speed and/or 
pressure, both of which cause friction be- 
tween the belt and its backup. Wear may 
be reduced by the use of graphite or by 
otherwise reducing the friction between 
the back of the belt and the belt support 
at the point of contact with the work- 
piece. ACSG, 1963. 

back weld. A weld deposited at the back of 
a single-groove weld. ASM Gloss. 

back work. a. Any kind of operation in a 
mine not immediately concerned with pro- 
duction or transport; literally work behind 
the face; repairs to roads. Mason. b. 
Scot. See back coming; back splinting. Fay. 

back working. Scot. Working a coalbed back 
or toward a shaft. Fay. 

bacon. Eng. Fibrous carbonate of lime, also 
known as beef and horseflesh; Isle of Port- 
land, Arkell. 

bacon peat. Same as lard peat. Tomkeieff, 
1954, p. 25. 

bacon stone. a. An old name for a variety of 
steatite, alluding to its greasy appearance. 
Fay. b. Eng. Calcspar colored with iron 
oxide, Bristol. Arkell. 

bacon tier. Eng. Hard, creamy, and flaggy 
limestone above the Aish; Lower Purbeck 
beds, Isle of Portland. Either so called from 
sometimes containing bacon, or because of 
a streaky appearance, as in the striped 
Purbeck Cliffs of Bacon Hole near Lul- 
worth. Arkell. , 

bacor; bakor. A Russian corundum-zirconia 
refractory for use more particularly in the 
glass industry; the name is derived from 
baddeleyite and corundum. There are var- 
ious grades, for example, bakor-20 (62 
percent AlO;; 18 percent ZrO2; 16 per- 
cent SiOz); and bakor-33 (50 percent 
AleOs; 30 percent ZrOz2; 15 percent SiOz). 
Dodd. 

bacteria. Unicellular micro-organisms repro- 
ducing typically by transverse cell divi- 
sion. I.C. 8075, 1962, p. 63. 

bacteria bed. A bed of filter media such as 
rock or clinker which will expose effluent 
from sewage to the air and thus to the ac- 
tion of micro-organisms which oxidize it. 
Ham. 

bacterial corrosion. The destruction of a ma- 
terial of construction, for example, con- 
crete, ferrous metal, copper, and rubber, 
by chemical processes brought about by 
the activity of certain bacteria. Taylor. 

bactericidal. Capable of killing bacteria, but 
not necessarily spores. I.C. 8075, 1962, 
p. 63. 

bacteriostatic. Capable of preventing growth 
or multiplication of bacteria without neces- 
sarily killing them. I.C, 8075, 1962, p. 63. 

baculite. Crystallites appearing as dark rods. 
Hess. 

bad air. Air vitiated by powder fumes, nox- 
lous gases, or insufficient ventilation. Weed, 
1922. 

baddeleyite. A weakly radioactive, colorless, 
yellow, brown, or black zirconium diox- 
ide, ZrOs, with some hafnium oxide. 
Monoclinic; tabular crystals, also nodules 
with perfect cleavage. Found in Rakwana, 
Ceylon; Minas Geraes and San Paulo, 
Brazil; Alno, Sweden; and near Bozeman, 
Mont., U.S. Same as brazilite. See also 
favas. English; Crosby, p. 117. 

badenite. A steel-gray arsenide and bismuth- 
ide of cobalt, nickel, and iron, (Co,Ni,Fe)s 
(As,Bi)4(?). Granular, fibrous, and mas- 
sive. English. 











badging 


badging. The application, usually by transfer 
or silk-screen, of crests, trademarks, etc., 
to pottery or glassware. See also back- 
stamp. Dodd. 

bad ground. a. Soft, highly fractured, or cav- 
ernous rock formations in which drilling 
a borehole is a slow procedure involving 
time-consuming cementing or casing opera- 
tions. Long. b. Rock formations in which 
mine openings cannot be safely maintained 
unless heavily timbered or supported in 
some manner. Long. 

Badlands. A region nearly devoid of vegeta- 
tion where erosion, instead of carving hills 
and valleys of the ordinary type, has cut 
the land into an intricate maze of narrow 
ravines and sharp crests and pinnacles. 
Traveling across such a region is almost 
impossible, hence the name. Specifically, 
the badlands of the Dakotas. Fay. 

bad place. Within the meaning of a contract 
between the United Mine Workers and 
an Employers’ Association, a place in 
which the roof cannot be made reasonably 
safe by the ordinary propping usually done 
by the miner. Fay. 

bad top. A coal mining term indicating a 
weak roof. Bad top sometimes develops 
following a blast. Kentucky, p. 185. 

baeumlerite. A colorless chloride of potassium 
and calcium, KCl-CaClz. Intergrown with 
halite and tachyhydrite. Orthorhombic. 
Identical with chlorocalcite or hydrophil- 
ite. From Leintal, Germany. English. 

bafertisite. A mineral, BaFeeTiSizOs, in or- 
thorhombic crystals distinct from taramel- 
lite; from Inner Mongolia. Named from 
the composition, Ba—Fe(r)—-Ti—Si. Hey, 
M.M., 1961. 

Baffa diamond. Rock crystal. Shipley. 

baff ends. Long wooden edges for adjusting 
linings in sinking shafts during the opera- 
tion of fixing the lining. Zern. 

baffle. a. Mid. To brush out or mix fire- 
damp with air. Fay. b. In a hydraulic or a 
rake classifier, a vertical plate set across 
and dipping into the pool of pulped ore, 
to prevent it from streaming along the 
surface from feed to weir. Pryor, 3. c. A 
firebrick partition to guide the flue gases 
through a boiler. Zern. d. A device such 
as a steel plate, used to check, retard, or 
divert the flow of materials. B.S. 3552, 
1962. e. A mold part used to close the 
delivery or baffle hole in a blank mold. 
ASTM C162-66. f. A refractory shield 
or wall used to protect ware in firing. 
ACSG. g. See deflector. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. h. See baffle plate. Fay. 

baffle board. A board fitted across a com- 
partment in an ore washer to retain the 
heavy ore and allow the light material 
to flow away. Nelson. 

baffle mark. Mark or seam on a bottle result- 
ing from a mold joint between blank mold 
and baffle plate. ASTM C162-66. 

baffle plate. a. A loading plate attached to 
the frame of a belt conveyor to prevent 
spillage at any loading point. Jones. b. A 
tray or partition placed in a tower, a heat 
exchanger, or in other process equipment 
to direct or to change the direction of the 
flow of fluids. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. c. A 
metal plate used to direct the flames and 
gas of a furnace to different parts so 
that all portions of it will be heated; a 
deflector. Fay. 

baffler. a N. Staff. The lever by which the 
throttle valve of a winding engine is 
worked. Fay. b. A partition in a furnace 
so placed as to aid the convection of heat; 











73 


a baffle plate. Fay. 

baffle tube. A pipe of sufficient length to 
lower the temperature of hot gases before 
they enter a furnace. C.T.D. 

baffle wall. A refractory wall used to deflect 
gases or flames from the ware and to pro- 
vide better heat distribution in the fur- 
nace structure. See also bag wall. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

baff week. N. of Eng. The week next after 
the pay week, when wages are paid fort- 
nightly. Fay. 

bag. a. A paper container 1 to 2 inches in 
diameter and 8 to 18 inches long, used 
for placing an inert material, such as sand, 
clay, etc., into a borehole for stemming or 
tamping. Also called a tamping bag. Fay. 
b. S. Staff. A quantity of firedamp sud- 
denly given off by the coal seam. Fay. c. 
Scot. To swell or bulge. Also called 
baggit. Fay. d. A cavity in coal containing 
gas or water. Tomkeieff, 1954. e. York. 
A miner’s term for a variety of inferior 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. f. A sack in which 
to ship or deliver ore, concentrates, coal, 
lime, nitrates, or other minerals. Made 
from rawhide, jute, canvas, paper-lined 
cloth, or paper, single or double, depend- 
ing on the locality, material, and type of 
shipping. Bureau of Mines Staff. g. Flex- 
ible pipe or hose. Also called bagging. 
Mason. h. A long, woolen tube fastened at 
the upper end to a pipe leading from a 
smelter and gathered and tied at the lower 
end. The smoke passes through the cloth 
which catches the solids. The bag is peri- 
odically untied and the dust is shaken 
out. See also baghouse. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. i. A firebrick structure near the fire- 
place of a potter’s oven which prevents 
the flame from striking directly on the 
ware. Rosenthal. 

bagasse. a. The fibrous material remaining 
after the extraction of the juice from 
sugarcane. HW. Used as a fuel and as 
a mix in making lightweight refractories. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The dried and 
pulverized or shredded sugarcane fibers 
sometimes added to a drilling fluid to 
plug crevices in and prevent loss of circu- 
lation liquid from a borehole. Long. 

bagasse furnace. Usually a special boiler, 
similar to a Dutch oven. See also Dutch 
oven. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bagazo. Mex. Waste from hand jigging; mud 
from a drill hole. Fay. 

bag coal. Eng. Coal put into coarse canvas 
bags and sold in small quantities. Fay. 

bag filter. An apparatus for removing dust 
from dust-laden air, employing cylinders 
of closely woven material which permit 
passage of air but retain solid particles. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. See also filter, b. 

bagga. Local Galician name for a mixture of 
ozocerite and clay. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bagger. In the asbestos products industry, a 
laborer who fills bags with graded as- 
bestos fibers by fastening or holding bags 
under spout of a bin or bagging machine, 
and tripping the lever. D.O.T. 1. 

bagging; hose. Flexible tubing for conducting 
compressed air, water, or steam; usually 
constructed from canvas and_ rubber. 
Nelson. 

baggit. See bag, c. 

baghouse. Chamber in which exit gases from 
roasting, smelting, calcining are filtered 
through membranes (bags) which arrest 
solids. Pryor, 3 

baghouse man. One who tends a baghouse in 
which flue dust and fumes from melting 











bail 


furnaces are filtered through a large 
number of cotton or woolen bags to catch 
oxide dust of valuable metals formed dur- 
ing melting of ores. D.O.T. 1. 

bag of foulmess. N. of Eng. A cavity in a 
coal seam filled with fire damp under a 
high pressure, which, when cut into, is 
given off with much force. See also bag, 
b. Fay. 

bag of gas. Eng. A gas-filled cavity found 
in seams of coal. See also bag, b. Fay. 

bag powder. Originally applied to black pow- 
der loaded in bags, but now applied to 
a number of explosives so packed. The 
bags are long, cylindrical units about 6 
inches in diameter and weighing 12% 
pounds apiece. Carson, p. 306. 

bag process. A method of recovering flue 
dust and also sublimed lead whereby fur- 
nace gases and fumes are passed through 
bags suspended in a baghouse. The fur- 
nace gases are thus filtered and the parti- 
cles in suspension collected. Fay. 

bagroom. A dust charnber in which bags are 
suspended for filtering the furnace gases 
in the bag process. See also baghouse. Fay. 

bag system. System whereby a driller uses, 
and is responsible for, a specific group of 
drill bits given to him in a bag or box at 
the beginning of each shift. Long. 

bag-wall. A firewall in a kiln which channels 
the course of the flame. ACSG, 1963. 

bagwork. One type of revetment. It consists 
of dry concrete sewn in bags which are 
laid over the area requiring protection, 
and tamped into position. In the case of 
sea walls, the bagwork is held together 
by steel dowel rods. Ham. 

bahamite. A consolidated limestone composed 
of sediment similar to that now accumu- 
lating in the Bahamas; high purity, gener- 
ally fine-grained, massively bedded, widely 
extensive, without abundant fossils. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Bahia amethyst. Amethyst from Bahia, Brazil, 
generally of lighter violet tone than 
Uruquay amethyst but more often red- 
dish and smoky in appearance. Shipley. 

Bahia emerald. Light slightly yellowish-green 
beryl from Bahia, Brazil. See also Brazil- 
ian emerald. Shipley. 

bahiaite. a. A holocrystalline igneous rock 
composed of dominant hypersthene, sub- 
ordinate hornblende, with or without 
minor amounts of other minerals. A.G.J. 
Supp. b. A variety of hypersthenite con- 
taining abundant hornblende and smaller 
amounts of olivine and pleonaste. Holmes, 
1920. 

Bahias. Diamonds from Bahia, Brazil. Hess. 

baikalite. A dark, dingy green variety of 
salite (sahlite), in crystals, from Lake 
Baikal, Siberia, U.S.S.R. Rice. 

baikerinite. A thick, tarlike fluid at 15° C, 
which constitutes 32.61 percent of baiker- 
ite. Fay. 

baikerite. A waxlike mineral from the vicinity 
of Lake Baikal, Siberia, U.S.S.R., appar- 
ently about 60 percent ozocerite. Fay. 

bail. a. As used by the diamond- and rotary- 
drilling industries, (1) a U-shaped steel 
rod with the open ends formed into eyes 
fitting over two lugs projecting from the 
sides of a water swivel, or (2) a U-shaped 
steel rod with open ends attached to an 
open-sided, latch-equipped, circular col- 
lar, which fits around a drill rod and under 
the base of a water swivel. Both types of 
bails are designed to permit circulation of 
fluid through the drill rod string while 
the rods are suspended on the hoist line 


bail 


or while the rods are being raised or 
lowered a few feet with the hoisting cable. 
Long. b. As used by the churn drillers, to 
remove a liquid from a borehole by use 
of a tubular container attached to a wire 
line. See also bailer, a. Long. c. The handle 
on a bucket, cage, or skip by means of 
which it may be lifted or lowered. Long. 
d. A large clevis. Long. e. To unwater a 
mine with a skip or bailer. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. f. Hoop or arched connec- 
tion between the crane hook and ladle or 
between crane hook and mold trunnions. 
ASM Gloss. 

bailer. a. A long cylindrical vessel fitted with 
a bail at the upper end and a flap or 
tongue valve at the lower extremity. It 
is used to remove water, sand, and mud- 
laden or cuttings-laden fluids from a bore- 
hole. When fitted with a plunger to which 
the bailing line is attached, it sucks the 
liquid in as it is lifted and is then called 
a sand pump or an American pump. Long. 
b. A metal tank, or skip, with a valve in 
the bottom, used for unwatering a mine. 
Fay. c. See sludger, c. Nelson. d. In pe- 
troleum production, one who removes 
mud, water, and slush from the bottom 
of a well, using a bailer (cylinder of pipe 
equipped with valve at bottom for ad- 
mission of fluid) supported by a cable. 
Also called bailing machine operator. 
D.O.T. 1. e. In bituminous coal mining, 
a laborer who scoops water from drainage 
ditches in a mine with a bucket and emp- 
ties it into a water car, a ditch flowing 
to a natural outlet, or to a pumping sta- 
tion. Also called water bailer. D.O.T. 1. 

bailer line. Wire rope or line attached to a 
bailer and only used to raise and lower 
a bailer in a borehole. Long. 

bailer shop. A term used in all Russian oil- 
fields, for a shop in which bailers are 
made and kept in repair for use at oil 
wells. Fay. 

bailiff. Eng. A name formerly used for man- 
ager of a mine. Fay. 

bailing. a. Removal of the cuttings from a 
well during cable-tool drilling or liquid 
from a well by means of a bailer. Insti- 
tute of Petroleum, 1961. b. Unwatering a 
mine. See also bailer, b and e. Fay. c. Re- 
moving rock dust and other material 
loosened in the drilling by means of a 
bucket or ball. Mersereau, 4th, p. 198. 

bailing bucket. a. Synonym for bailer, a. 
Long. b. A container into which the con- 
tents of a bailer are emptied. Long. c. A 
container attached to cable or wire rope 
used to lift water out of a mine shaft 
or other working place. Long. ° 

bailing ditch. Ditch conducting liquids, emp- 
tied from a bailer, away from the borehole 
to a collecting pool or sump. Long. 

bailing drum. A hoist or winding drum on 
a churn or other type of drill on which 
is wound the bailer rope or line used when 
bailing out a borehole. Long. 

bailing machine operator. See bailer, d. 
DIOL MT. 

bailing reel. Synonym for bailing drum. Long. 

bailing rope. A bailing line constructed of 
fine steel wire. See also sandline. Porter. 

bailing tub. A container into which the con- 
tents of a bailer are emptied. Long. 

bain. Scot. Old form of ben, a. Fay. 

bainite. A decomposition product of austenite 
consisting of an aggregate of ferrite and 
carbide. In general, it forms at tempera- 
tures lower than those where very fine 
pearlite forms and higher than that where 








74 


martensite begins to form on cooling. Its 
appearance is feathery if formed in the 
upper part of the temperature range; acic- 
ular, resembling tempered martensite, if 
formed in the lower part. ASM Gloss. 

bait. a. N. of Eng. Food taken by a miner 
during his shift. Fay. b. See bate. Arkell. 
c. A straight iron bar lowered horizontally 
into a tank of molten glass to which a 
web of glass clings and is lifted and started 
in making common flat window glass. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

bait poke. N. of Eng. A bag for carrying 
a miner’s lunch. Fay. 

bait stand. N. of Eng. Mealtime during a 
shift. T'rist. 

bajada. Sp. a. A ladderway. Fay. b. A broad 
alluvial slope extending from the base of 
a mountain range out into a basin and 
formed by coalescence of separate alluvial 
fans. Webster 3d. c. Compound alluvial 
fans. A.G.I. 

baja de metales. Peru. Lowering of ores from 
mine to mill. Fay. 

bajo. Colom. Low-lying alluvial mines which 
have to be unwatered by artificial means; 
generally deposits in present riverbeds. Fay. 

Bajocian. Middle Middle or ower Middle 
Jurassic, above Aalenian. A.G.J. Supp. 

bake. To dry, harden, or vitrify by exposure 
to heat, as in a furnace or kiln; as, to 
bake pottery or bricks. Standard, 1964. 

baked core. Baked dry-sand foundry core. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bakelite. A resinoid or plastic made of phenol 
(carbolic acid and formaldehyde. Used as 
a substitute for amber. It can be dyed 
various colors. Specific gravity, 1.25 to 
1.28; refractive index, 1.54 to 1.70 (usu- 
ally 1.62 to 1.66). Shipley. 

baken peat. A Scottish name for a variety of 
solid, tenacious, and heavy peat forming 
in the lower layers of a peat bog. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Baker bell dolphin. See bell dolphin. Ham. 

bakerite. A white, compact, nodular, hydrous 
calcium borosilicate, resembling unglazed 
porcelain, 8CaO-5B:Os-6SiO26H2O. Found 
in Mohave Desert, Daggett County, Calif. 
English. 

baking. a. A stage in the heating of a clay 
when the clay particles have lost their 
plasticity and have formed a moderately 
hard mass composed of particles adhering 
together, the mass remaining porous. See 
also vitrifying. Nelson. b. The process of 
firing shaped clay articles in kilns, in order 
to give them permanent hardness. C.T.D. 
c. Heating to a low temperature in order 
to remove gases. ASM Gloss. 

bakor. See bacor. Dodd. 

bakuin. A Russian machine oil, prepared 
from Baku petroleum; it has high viscosity 
and great power of resisting cold. Fay. 

bal. A Cornish name for a mine; a cluster 
of mines. Fay. 

Bala limestone. In Wales, a limestone be- 
longing to the Cambrian system and equiv- 
alent to the Trenton in New York, or at 
least in part. Fay. 

balance. a. Eng. The counterpoise or 
weight attached by cable to the drum of 
a winding engine to balance the weight 
of the cage and hoisting cable and thus 
assist the engine in lifting the load out of 
the shaft. Fay. b. An instrument for 
weighing. See also assay balance. Fay. c. 
See balance pit. Fay. d. A beam device 
specifically designed and calibrated to de- 
termine specific gravity by weighing 
methods, as in determining the specific 











balanced ventilation 


gravity of drilling mud. Long. e. A scale 
consisting of two pans suspended from a 
pivoted beam used to determine the weight 
of diamonds or other precious stone or 
metals. Long. f. Dynamic, a condition ex- 
isting where the principal inertia axis of 
a body coincides with its. rotational axis. 
ASM Gloss. g. Static, a condition exist- 
ing where the center of gravity of a body 
lies on its rotational axis. ASM Gloss. 

balance bob. A counterbalance to take the 
excess weight of the pitwork, or timber 
beams, in a shaft; used with the Cornish 
type of reciprocating pump. C.T.D. 

balance box. A large box placed on one end 
of a balance bob and filled with old iron, 
rock, etc., to counterbalance the weight 
of the pump rods. Zern. 

balance brow. a. A self-acting inclined plane 
down which the cars of coal are lowered 
and the empties elevated upon a carriage 
or platform. Also called balance plane; 
back balance. Fay. b. Eng. An inclined 
roadway in which a balance is used to 
assist the haulage. Also called dilly brow. 
SMRB, Paper. No. 61. 

balance car. a. In quarrying, a car loaded 
with iron or stone and connected by 
means of a steel cable with a channeling 
machine operating on an inclined track. 
Its purpose is to counteract the force of 
gravity and thus enable the channeling 
machine to operate with equal ease uphill 
and downhill. Fay. b. A small weighted 
truck mounted upon a short inclined 
track, and carrying a sheave around which 
the rope of an endless haulage system 
passes as it winds off the drum. Zern. 

balanced core. A core which is supported 
only at one end. Crispin. 

balanced cutter chain. A cutter chain which 
has the same number of bottom and top 
picks. It usually cuts more freely in hard 
material and is often used for cutting at 
higher than floor level. See also unbalanced 
cutter chain. Nelson. 

balanced direct-rope haulage. A modified 
form of direct-rope haulage, in which a 
power-driven reversible pulley (surge 
pulley) is used instead of a drum. The 
full trams are hauled up on one end of 
the rope while the empties go down on 
the other end. It involves a double track 
or a bypass midway on the haulage plane. 
The descent of the empty trams assists in 
balancing the load being hauled upwards. 
Nelson. 

balanced draught. Applied to combustion 
units in which forced and induced draughts 
are adjusted to give atmospheric pressure 
in the combustion chamber to avoid the 
infiltration of unwanted cold air. Nelson. 

balanced earthworks. The ideal in excava- 
tion and filling work. In order to achieve 
maximum economy of construction, the 
excavation should as far as possible be 
equal to the embankment. Ham. 

balanced hoisting. Arrangement of cages or 
skips in mine shaft in which the winding 
drum raises one and at the same time 
lowers the other, thus reducing power 
consumption. Pryor, 3. 

balanced ventilation. A system of ventilation 
in which the districts (each with its 
separate split) are so arranged with re- 
gard to length and resistance, that the 
use of ventilation regulators is unnecessary. 
Regulators, although sometimes unavoid- 
able, reduce the efficiency and increase 
the power required to ventilate the mine. 
Nelson. 


Pane 





balanced vibrating conveyor 


balanced vibrating conveyor. A vibrating con- 
veyor in which the center of gravity of 
the complete assembly is held constant 
by having movement of the trough offset 
by opposite movement of some other ele- 
ment. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

balanced winding. The conventional method 
of winding in a mine shaft. As the cage 
containing the loaded cars ascends, the 
other cage containing the empties descends 
and thus the cages and cars are balanced. 
Balanced winding also implies the use of 
a balance rope, and thus, ignoring friction, 
the only load to be hoisted is the coal or 
mineral. See also winding. Nelson. 

balance, gas. A balance used in determining 
the specific gravity of gases. Porter. 

balance gate. A floodgate which revolves 
about a central vertical shaft, and which 
may be made self-opening or self-closing 
as the current sets in or out of a channel 
by giving a preponderating area to the 
inner leaves of the gate. C.T.D. 

balance pit. Eng. A pit or shaft in which 
a balance (counterweight) rises and falls. 
Fay. 

balance plane. An inclined plane up which 
empty cars are hoisted by the weight of 
descending loaded cars. Also called bal- 
ance brow. Fay. 

balance rope. A steel wire rope, generally 
of the same weight per foot as the main 
winding rope, which is attached to the 
bottom of the cages, and extends down to 
form a loop in the shaft bottom or sump. 
Its function is to balance out the differ- 
ence in weight of the upgoing or down- 
going main ropes during the wind. See also 
winding. Nelson. 

balance sheet. A record showing the present 
financial obligations and resources of the 
company, in terms of cost or book value. 
Hoov, p. 448. 

balance shot. In coal mining, a shot for 
which the drill hole is parallel to the face 
of the coal that is to be broken by it. Fay. 

balancing. a. A term used in surveying to 
denote adjustment. Ham. b. Testing for 
balance; adding or subtracting weight to 
put a grinding wheel into either static or 
dynamic balance. ACSG, 1963. 

balancing a traverse. Adjusting the observed 
measurements to conform to the geometri- 
cal requirements of the traverse. Seelye, 2. 

balanzon. Mex. Main beam or balance bob 
of a Cornish pumping engine. Fay. 

balas ruby. A rose-red variety of spinel (mag- 
nesium aluminate, MgO-Al.Os, crystalliz- 
ing in the cubic system). See also false 
ruby. C.T.D. 

balata. A natural gum or rubberlike material 
used to impregnate conveyor and power 
transmission belts. See also balata belt. 
Nelson. 

balata belt. A belt with normal multiply con- 
struction, and in which balata is used to 
impregnate the plies and provide cover. 
It cannot be used in high temperatures 
but possesses a very high resistance to water 
absorption and is thus well suited for wet 
conditions. Nelson. 

Balbach process. Electrolytic separation of 
gold from silver, using the alloy as anode, 
graphite plate cathodes and silver nitrate 
solution as bath. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bald. Without framing; said of a mine tim- 
ber which has a flat end. Fay. 

balde. A Chilean term for a bucket for rais- 
ing ore. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bald-headed anticline. An upfold, the crest of 
which has been deeply eroded prior to 








75 


later deposition. Same as scalped anticline. 
A,G.I, 

baldite. A very dark grayish or black, dense 
igneous dike rock consisting essentially of 
pyroxene in a groundmass of analcite, 
augite, and iron oxide. Johannsen, v. 4, 
TO28, p. 393. 

balistite. See ballistite. Fay. 

balk. a. Eng. A more or less sudden thin- 
ning out, for a certain distance, of a bed 
of coal; a nip or want. Also, failure of coal 
in a coal stratum. Also spelled baulk. Fay. 
b. A timber for supporting the roof of a 
mine, or for carrying any heavy load. Fay. 
c. Refusal of a drill bit to cut and/or the 
refusal of a drivepipe, sampling barrel, or 
cone penetrometer to be driven deeper. 
Long. d. Irregular-shaped masses of stone 
intruding into a coal seam, or bulging 
out of the stone roof into the seam. Zern. 
e. Eng. A round, slabbed, or squared 
support as distinct from a plank. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

balk ground foreman. A foreman whose 
duties are to inspect and to see that the 
coal is properly mined where there are 
balks in the mine. See also balk, a. Fay. 

balkhashite. An elastic bituminous substance 
similar to coorongite made of algae and 
their decomposition products. Tomkeief,, 
1954. 

balkstone. a. Eng. A provincial name given 
to an impure stratified limestone. Fay. b. 
Sandstone used for whetstone. Compare 
rigget. Also called balkerstone. Arkell. 

ball. a. A rounded mass of spongy iron, pre- 
pared in a puddling furnace; a loup. Fay. 
b. A mass of tempered fire clay, used for 
forming the crucible in crucible-steel pro- 
duction. C.T.D. c. A low sand ridge which 
extends generally parallel with the shore- 
line and is submerged at least by high 
tides. It is generally separated from the 
beach by an intervening trough. Also catled 
longshore bar. A.G.I. 

balland. N. of Eng. Pulverized lead ore 
after separation from the gangue. Lead 
concentrates. Fay. 

ball-and-pillow structure; flow roll; pseudo- 
nodules. Structures found in sandstones 
and calcarenitic limestones, characterized 
by ball- and pillow-shaped masses, hemi- 
spherical or kidney-shaped, formed by in- 
ternal readjustments, mainly under gravi- 
tation. Pettijohn. 

ball-and-socket reamer. A borehole-reaming 
device consisting of a bit attached to a 
ball-and-socket or a knuckle-joint member, 
which in turn is connected to the drill rods 
and used in borehole-deviation drilling. 
Also called arc cutter. Long. 

ball and test. A deep well pump valve in 
which a ball fits into a seat and prevents 
the backflow of oil or water. Each stand- 
ing valve and each traveling valve has a 
ball and seat. Hess. 

Ballantine hardness test. Method of deter- 
mining hardness of surfaces, in which a 
soft vertical metal cylinder with a pointed 
hard top is struck by a weight; deforma- 
tion of the cylinder represents, inversely, 
the hardness of the surface. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

ballas. A hard, spherical aggregate of many 
very small diamond crystals, usually cryp- 
tocrystalline, arranged radially and more 
or less concentrically around a central 
point. Because of their structure, ballas are 
classed as industrials, which are occasion- 
ally used in diamond-drill bits and other 
diamond tools. Also incorrectly used as a 











ball coal 


name applied to rounded, single-crystal 
forms of diamond. Also called shot bort. 
Long. 

ballast. a. Heavy material, such as water, 
sand, or iron, which has no function in a 
machine except increase of weight. Nichols. 
b. Rough, unscreened gravel as used to 
form the bed of a railway or as substratum 
for new roads. Arkell. 

ballast car. A freight car (as for carrying 
ballast) that may be unloaded from the 
side or bottom. Webster 3d. 

ballast engine. A steam engine used in exca- 
vating and for digging and raising stones 
and gravel for ballast. Webster 3d. 

ballast hammer. A hammer with a long handle 
8S two faces, used to break stone ballast. 

ay. 

ballasting. a. The act of furnishing with bal- 
last. Standard, 1964. b. Material for bal- 
last. Standard, 1964. See also ballast. Fay. 

ballast shovel. A spoon-pointed iron shovel 
having a thick body. Standard, 1964. 

ball bearing. A friction-reducing device con- 
sisting of hard steel balls in a circular race; 
also applied to some pieces of equipment, 
such as a swivel-type double-tube core bar- 
rel, using ball bearings as load-bearing 
members on rotating parts. Long. 

ball beds. Eng. Sand with two layers of 
spheroidal, highly indurated, calcareosili- 
ceous balls, Lower Calcareous Grit, Scar- 
borough. Arkell. 

ball breaker. a. A steel or iron ball that is 
hoisted by a derrick and allowed to fall on 
blocks of waste stone for the purpose of 
breaking them. Fay. b. A device used to 
indicate contact between the corer and the 
bottom. A hollow glass ball, 3 to 5 inches 
in diameter, is lightly held in a frame 
attached to the trigger line above the trig- 
gering weight of the corer. Above the ball 
is a weight with a sharp protrusion pointed 
downward. When the corer strikes the 
bottom, the line becomes slack releasing 
the weight which strikes the ball. The 
resulting implosion may be heard on some 
types of echo sounders or received on a 
Brush recorder wired to the echo sounder. 
H&G. 

ball burnishing. a. Same as ball sizing. ASM 
Gloss. b. Removing burrs and _ polishing 
small stampings and small machined parts 
by tumbling. ASM Gloss. 

ball clay. a. A very fine-grained sedimentary 
kaolinitic-type clay with unfired colors 
ranging from light buff to various shades 
of gray depending on the amount of car- 
bonaceous material present. Ball clays are 
characterized by their high plasticity, high 
wet and dry strength, high drying and 
firing shrinkage, long vitrification range. 
The fusion or melting point is usually 
slightly lower than pure kaolins and the 
fired colors are light ivory to cream rather 
than white. The term “ball” originates 
from an early English mining practice of 
rolling the highly plastic clay into balls 
weighing 30 to 50 pounds. English ball 
clays are generally darker in color than 
American ball clays because of the higher 
carbonaceous content. Most American ball 
clay deposits are located in western Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. A secondary clay, commonly char- 
acterized by the presence of organic mat- 
ter, high plasticity, high dry strength, long 
vitrification. range, and a light color when 
fired. ASTM, C242-60. 

ball coal. A variety of coal made of spheroidal 
masses, which were probably formed by 


ball coal 


some process of jointing. Perhaps the same 
as coal apple. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

baller-out. See batter-out II. D.O.T. 1. 

ballers. White sand with large spheroidal 
masses of calciferous sandstone known as 
sand ballers or giant’s marbles, some being 
from 3 to 6 feet in diameter. Not in the 
dictionaries, but presumably a variant or 
mishearing of bollars, a dialect form of 
boulders. Compare bowlers. Arkell. 

ball grinder. A pulverizer or disintegrator 
formed by balls of metal enclosed in a 
rotating cylinder. The material to be 
crushed is broken by the attrition of the 
rolling balls. Fay. 

ball head. See ball stamp. 

balling. a. A process that occurs in ‘the ce- 
mentite constituent of steels on prolonged 
annealing at 650° to 700° C. C.T.D. b. 
The operation of forming balls in a pud- 
dling furnace. C.T.D. 

balling formation. Rock or formations that, 
when drilled, produce cuttings and sludge, 
which tend to collect on, and adhere to, 
borehole walls and drill-stem equipment in 
sticky or gummy masses. Compare gummy ; 
sticky. Long. 

balling furnace. a. A kind of reverberatory 
furnace used in alkali works. Fay. b. A fur- 
nace in which piles or fagots of wrought 
iron are placed to be heated preparatory 
to rolling. Fay. 

balling head. An appliance on a carding ma- 
chine by which the wool sliver is balled. 
Standard, 1964. 

balling tool. A tool used in collecting the iron 
in a puddling furnace into a mass prepara- 
tory to taking it to the hammer or squeezer ; 
a rabble. Fay. 

ball ironstone. a. Nodular iron ore. Webster 
2d. b. S. Staff. Strata containing large 
argillaceous nodules of ironstone. Fay. 

ballistic effect. The throwing of rock to a dis- 
tance from the exploded charge, a thing 
to be avoided in rock blasting. Stauffer. 

ballistic mortar. Heavy pendulum mortar in 
which a standard explosive charge is fired 
and the angle of recoil is measured; test- 
ing device for explosive power. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

ballistic pendulum test. A test for measuring 
the strength of explosives. It consists of 
measuring the swing of a pendulum pro- 
duced by the explosion of a weighed charge 
of material. Higham, p. 56. 

ballistite; balistite. A smokeless powder con- 
sisting essentially of soluble cellulose ni- 
trates and nitroglycerin approximately in 
equal parts. Webster 3d. 

ball jasper. Jasper showing a concentric 
banding of red and yellow. C.M.D. 

ball joint. A connection in which the end 
of one member is partly spherical and fits 
into a corresponding spherical cavity in 
the other, thus permitting relative angular 
movement. C.T.D. 

ball mill. A rotating horizontal cylinder with 
a diameter almost equal to the length sup- 
ported by a frame or shaft in which non- 
metallic materials are ground using various 
types of grinding media such ag quartz 
pebbles, porcelain balls, etc. Ball mill is 
used for grinding materials for whiteware, 
electrical insulators, etc., has a suitable 
ceramic lining to reduce contamination 
and the material may be ground wet or 
dry. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

ball mill grindability test. A test in which a 
crushed specimen of a given size range of 
particles is placed in a ball mill, and the 
reduction in size of particles for a given 











76 


number of revolutions of the mill is inter- 
preted in terms of a grindability index. 
Lewis, p. 574. 

ball milling. A method of grinding and mix- 
ing material, with or without liquid, in a 
rotating cylinder or conical mill partially 
filled with grinding media such as balls 
or pebbles. ASTM C242-60T. 

ball mill method. A grindability method 
based on the principle that all coals are 
ground to the same fineness, about that 
required for pulverized fuels, and then 
using the relative amounts of energy re- 
quired for this reduction in size as a meas- 
ure of grindability. Mitchell, p. 42. 

ball mill operator. See grinder-mill operator. 
PrOviEie 

ball mine. Same as ball ironstone, b. Fay. 

Ball-Norton magnetic separator. Dry separa- 
tor for coarse ore, in which one or two 
nonmagnetic drums rotate outside series 
of fixed magnets alternating in polarity. 
Pryor, 3. 

ballon. a. The metal prolong fixed to a zinc 
condenser. Fay. b. Fr. A form of geological 
upheaval resulting in rounded dome-shaped 
mountains. Standard, 1964. 

balloon bricks. Bricks about 16 percent 
larger than standard bricks but perforated 
to reduce their weight. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 260. 

ballot. Clay. Hess. 

ballotini. Transparent glass spheres less than 
about 1.5 millimeter diameter; presumably 
a derivative of the Italian ballotta, a small 
ball used for balloting. Dodd. 

ball porphyry. A variety of quartz porphyry 
in which balls of felsite are developed. Fay. 

balls. a. Common name for nodules, espe- 
cially of ironstone. Arkell. b. In fine grind- 
ing, crushing bodies used in a ball mill. 
Cast or forged iron or steel, or alloys of 
iron with molybdenum or nickel, are used. 
Spherical balls are mainly used, but vari- 
ous shapes are favored locally, for example, 
concaved. Pryor, 3. 

ball sizing. Sizing and finishing a hole by 
forcing a ball of suitable size, finish, and 
hardness through the hole or by using a 
burnishing bar or broach consisting of a 
series of spherical bands of gradually in- 
creasing size coaxially arranged. Also called 
ball burnishing, and sometimes ball broach- 
ing. ASM Gloss. 

ball stamp. A stamp for crushing rock, oper- 
ated directly by steampower, the stem of 
the stamp being at the same time the 
piston rod of a steam cylinder. Fay. 

ballstone. a. Same as woolpack. Standard, 
1964. b. N. Staff. An ancient term for 
ironstone. Fay. c. Shrop. A large crys- 
talline mass of limestone containing coral 
in position of growth, surrounded by shale 
and impure bedded limestone. See also 
caballa balls; iron balls; crog balls. Arkell. 

ball structure. A primary structure charac- 
teristic of some limestones and sandstones; 
also applied to the ball structure of coal, 
called ball coal. See also ball-and-pillow 
structure; armored mud balls; lake balls; 
sea balls. Pettijohn. 

ball test. See Kelly ball test. Dodd. 

ball tiff. See tiff, b. Fay. 

ball valve. A device allowing liquids to flow 
unimpeded in one direction, consisting of 
a ball or sphere of steel or other suitable 
material held against a circular opening of 
smaller diameter than the ball by gravity 
or a spring. When liquid flow is from the 
direction of the ball toward the opening, 
the ball is forced against the seat and 








bandaite 


seals the opening. If flow is from the open- 
ing toward the sphere, the ball is pushed 
away from the opening allowing the liquid 
to pass. Long. 

ball vein. A stratum in which siderite con- 
cretions occur; also, the ore itself. Hess. 

bally seating. Underclay with nodular con- 
cretions. Arkell. 

balmaiden. Corn. A girl employed in the 
mines. Standard, 1964. 

balnstone. Eng. Stone in the roof of a coal 
seam; roof stone. Arkell. 

balsa. a. Mex. A movable platform suspended 
from a cable, used in timbering shafts. Fay. 
b. Mex. A pool of stagnant water in a 
mine. Fay. 

Baltic amber. a. In the jewelry trade, a name 
usually confined to succinite, which is 
found on the shores of all the countries on 
the Baltic Sea. Shipley. b. According to 
some authorities, it is succinite and geda- 
nite, which are the only Baltic fossil resins 
often seen in the jewelry trade. Shipley. 

baltimorite. A grayish-green, silky, fibrous, 
splintery serpentine. Standard, 1964. 

baly. Corn. To cast up; to shovel out. Hess. 

bamboo. Cane-colored porcelain biscuit used 
in making domestic utensils. Standard, 
1964. 

bamboo ware. See Wedgewood ware. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

banakite. A variety of alkalic andesite con- 
sisting of plagioclase, sanidine, and biotite 
with minor augite and olivine. Small 
amounts of either quartz or leucite may be 
present, and analcime is also a common 
accessory. Banakite, in a series with sho- 
shonite and absarokite, is transitional into 
shoshonite with decreasing amounts of 
sanidine and biotite, and _ increasing 
amounts of olivine and augite. A.G.I. 

banalsite. A barium feldspar with sodium, 
BaNavAl.SisO1s, as orthorhombic crystals 
from Benallt mine, Wales. Named from 
the chemical formula. Spencer 17, M.M., 
1946. 

banatite. A name describing the dioritic 
rocks connected with a series of ore de- 
posits in the Austrian Province of the 
Banat. Accurate microscopical study has 
shown them to be of such varying min- 
eralogy, that the name has now slight defi- 
nite significance. The rocks are largely 
qupartz diorites. Fay. 

bancal. A sandbank, bed, terrace, or stratum. 
Hess. 

banco. a. Sp. B. de piedra, any one bed 
or stratum of stone in a quarry. Fay. b. 
Mex. A hard rock which narrows a vein 
or makes it change its course. Fay. 

band. a. Slate or other rock interstratified 
with coal. Commonly called middle band 
in Arkansas; also, dirt band, sulfur band, 
or other band, as the case may be. Fay. 
b. Applied to a stratum or lamina con- 
spicuous because it differs in color from 
adjacent layers; a group of layers display- 
ing color differences is described as being 
banded. A.G.I. c. Corn. A bed or seam 
of coal. Fay. d. S. Staff. A winding rope 
or chain, Fay. e. Any well-defined and 
widespread thin rock deposit which may 
or may not be fossiliferous, and is of value 
in correlation. Nelson. f. Synonym for 
brake band. Long. g. A flexible ribbon of 
steel. Long. 

banda. Mex. Bank of a river. Fay. 

bandaite. A general term for labradorite 
dacites, that is, for quartz basalts which in 
texture, resemble dacites or andesites; from 
Bandai San, Japan. Holmes, 1928. 





band brake 


band brake. A flexible, circular ribbon of 
steel lined with wooden blocks or asbestos- 
impregnated material that, through a 
hand-actuated or mechanically actuated 
lever, can be brought to bear on the sur- 
face of a projecting flange on a hoisting 
drum, capstan, or wheel and, through fric- 
tion, control the rotation of the drum, cap- 
stan, or wheel. Long. 

band chain. A steel or invar tape of a mini- 
mum length of 100 feet used for accurate 
surveying, graduated in feet. Ham. 

band conveyor. A belt conveyor. See also 
steel conveyor band. Nelson. 

bandeada. Mex. Banded structure of veins. 
Fay. 

banded. The property of rocks having thin 
and nearly parallel bands of different tex- 
tures, colors, or minerals. Johannsen, v. 1, 
2d, 1939, p. 203. Banded coal has alter- 
nating bands of different type. Pryor, 3. 

banded agate. Agate with colors usually dis- 
posed in parallel bands, which are more 
or less wavy. Most agate in the trade is 
dyed and bands are of differing tones due 
to their varying ability to absorb dye. See 
also agate; onyx; chalcedony onyx. Shipley. 

banded coal. a. The common variety of bitu- 
minous and subbituminous coal. It consists 
of a sequence of irregularly alternating 
layers or lenses of homogeneous black ma- 
terial having a brilliant vitreous luster, 
grayish-black, less brilliant, striated mate- 
rial usually of silky luster, and generally, 
thinner bands or lenses of soft, powdery, 
and fibrous particles of mineral charcoal. 
The difference in luster of the bands is 
greater in bituminous than in subbitumi- 
nous coal. Also called bright-banded coal; 
common-banded coal. ASTM D493-39. 
b. Usually means a banded bituminous 
coal, but it may well apply to other varie- 
ties of coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. c. Coal com- 
posed of roughly parallel, dull and bright 
layers. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

banded coal types. Banded bituminous coal 
consists of bands made from various types 
of coal, formerly known as bright coal, 
dull coal, and mother of coal. In 1919, 
Stopes proposed the names vitrain, clarain, 
durain, and fusain for the four principal 
coal types. At the International Congress 
at Heerlen in 1935, it was proposed to 
adopt the termination -ite (in Germany, 
the termination -it) instead of -ain for 
coal types and the termination -inite for 
macerals. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

banded constituents. Samc as banded coal 
types. Tomketeff, 1954. 

banded differentiates. Igneous rocks which 
are made up of bands of different composi- 
tion, frequently alternating between two 
varieties. They have been attributed to 
crystal settling during convection, with 
rhythmic effects due to cooling and injec- 
tion. A.G.I. 

banded ingredients. a. The four distinctive 
and visibly differing portions forming the 
mass of an ordinary bituminous coal which 
can be recognized and separated macro- 
scopically by hand, and microscopically in 
thin section, and which are not, in them- 
selves, chemical entities, that is, vitrain, 
clarain, fusain, and durain. See also rock 
type; primary type; type variety. A.G_I. 
b. The same as banded coal types. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 

banded ironstone. S. Afr. A rock consisting 
essentially of iron oxides and cherty silica, 
and possessing a prominent layered or 
banded appearance in shades of brown or 











77 


red and black. Beerman. 

banded jasper. Jasper banded like agate, fre- 
quently in distinct colors. Shipley. 

banded obsidian. Obsidian with differently 
colored irregular bands. Shipley. 

banded ore. Ore composed of bands as layers 
that may be composed of the same min- 
erals differing in color, textures, or pro- 
portions, or they may be composed of dif- 
ferent minerals. Synonym for banded tex- 
ture. A.G.I. 

banded peat. Peat composed of bands of veg- 
etable debris alternating with bands of 
sapropelic matter. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

banded quartz-hematite ore. Braz. In the 
Itabria Region of Minas Geraes, schistose, 
specular hematite forming alternate bands 
with sugary quartz. Some of the beds are 
auriferous and contain gold-palladium al- 
loys with manganese oxides, native copper. 
and talc. Writers have given the rocks var- 
ious names, such as iron-glance schist, ja- 
cutinga, quartz itabirite, and bandererz. 
Hess. 

banded structure. a. A term applied to veins 
having distinct layers or bands. This may 
be due to successive periods of deposition 
or replacement of some earlier rock. Fay. 
b. A structure developed in many igneous 
and metamorphic rocks owing to layers 
which differ noticeably in mineral com- 
position or texture. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. A segregated structure of nearly parallel 
bands alined in the direction of working. 
ASM Gloss. 

banded texture. See banded ore. A.G_I. 

banded vein. A vein made up of layers of 
different minerals parallel with the walls. 
Also called ribbon vein. Fay. 

bandful. S. Staff. A cage, or strictly speak- 
ing, a rope load; for example, bandful of 
men. Compare bant. Fay. 

banding. The application, by hand or ma- 
chine, of a band of color to the edge of a 
plate or cup. Dodd. 

band saw. An endless saw running on revolv- 
ing pulleys, used for cutting work in 
wood. Crispin. 

band scale. An arrangement under which col- 
liers are paid an agreed sum for removing 
a dirt band, in addition to the usual ton- 
nage rate. The payment varies with the 
thickness of the band. Nelson. 

band screen. In hydraulics, an endless band 
of wire mesh. Its purpose is to remove 
solids from the water at the intake point 
in hydroengineering schemes. Ham. 

bandsman. a. A man in charge of the band 
or rope to hoist cages. Standard, 1964. b. 
A hoistman. Webster 2d. c. A loader or 
filler of coal, etc., underground. Fay. 

bandstone. White Cliff, N.S.W. Balt bands 
of a usually harder nature than the adjoin- 
ing strata, containing more or less opal, 
but found either just above or below the 
workable seams of opal. Fay. 

band wonder. In concentration on shaking 
table, the movement of a segregated band 
of mineral so that it no longer discharges 
from the table deck at the desired point 
and therefore is not correctly collected. 
Pryor, 3. 

band wheel. A large flat pully over which 
runs the main drive belt transmitting pow- 
er from the engine to the main crankshaft 
on a churn or cable-system drill. Long. 

bandylite. Hydrated borate-chloride of cop- 
per, CuBzO,-CuCle-4H2O, as dark blue tet- 
tragonal crystals from Chile. Spencer 15, 
M.M., 1940. 

bandy metal. Shale with thin sandstone 








bank boss 


bands. Arkell. 

bang-bang control. A method of operating a 
control system in such a way that cor- 
recting signals always provide actuation of 
the servomechanism to the full extent. 
NCB. 

bangerts. Eng. A coarse stopping for holding 
earth in place. Fay. 

banging piece. Eng. A catch or rest to hold 
a cage when stopped at any landing. Hess. 
See also catches, a. 

banjo. Scot. An iron frame for carrying a 
false clack or valve. Fay. 

bank. a. The top of the shaft, or out of the 
shaft. Zern. b. The surface around the 
mouth of a shaft Zern. c. To manipulate 
coals, etc., on the bank. Zern. d. The 
whole or sometimes only one side or one 
end of a working place underground. 
Zern. e. A large heap of mineral on the 
surface. Zern. f. Derb. The face of the 
coal at which miners are working. Fay. 
g. An ore deposit or coalbed worked by 
surface excavations or drifts above water 
level. Fay. h. Staff. A bank (stratum) 
of greystone. Also used for the coal face or 
ore deposit. Arkell. i. A small country coal 
mine, particularly one entering a coalbed 
outcropping on a hillside. A coal bank; 
country bank. Bureau of Mines Staff. j. 
A hill or brow. Mason. k. A road along 
the coal face formed by the coal on one 
side and the waste or packs on the other; 
thus, a double-unit face has a right and 
left bank. Mason. |. Specifically, a usually 
steeply sloping mass of any earthly or 
rock material rising above the digging 
level from which the soil or rock is to be 
dug from its natural or blasted position in 
an open-pit mine or quarry. Also called 
bench face. Bureau of Mines Staff. m. 
Terracelike bench from which ore is ob- 
tained in an open-pit mine. Long. n. That 
part of the footage of a borehole drilled 
but not reported for purpose of reporting 
the footage as having been drilled at some 
later date. Also called lay-by. Long. o. 
Several like pieces of drilling equipment 
set close together in a row; for example, 
several diesel-powered generators would be 
called a power bank. Compare battery, 1. 
Long. p. To cover fire in a steam boiler 
with ashes to keep the fire burning low but 
alive for several hours. Long. q. Gr. 
Brit. To place in a bog where peat is 
dug. Webster 3d. r. The rising ground 
bordering a lake, river, or sea; on a river 
designated as right or left as it would ap- 
pear facing downstream. A.G.J. s. An ele- 
vation of the sea floor of large area, sur- 
rounded by decper water, but safe for sur- 
face navigation; a submerged plateau or 
shelf, a shoal, or shallow. A.G.J. t. In flo- 
tation, a line of cells. Pryor, 3. u. In ura- 
nium leaching, rubber-lined steel tanks 
with baffles in which baskets containing 
resin are raised and lowered through the 
pregnant solution. Pryor, 3. 

Banka drill. A portable, manually operated 
system comprising 4-inch pipes in 5-foot 
lengths, a platform, sandpumps, chisels, 
augers, etc., worked by rods inside the 
pipes. Used in prospecting alluvial de- 
posits to depths of 50 feet or more. Pryor, 3. 

Banka method. A manual method of boring 
used for sampling alluvial deposits. Also 
called empire method (undesirable usage). 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

bank atoll. See pseudoatoll. Schieferdecker. 

bank boss. In anthracite and bituminous coal 
mining, a foreman who is in charge of sur- 


bank boss 


face or underground operations at a mine. 
D.O.T. 1. See also foreman; mine foreman. 

bank chain. A chain that includes the bank 
of a river or creek. Zern. 

bank claim. A mining claim on the bank of 
a stream. Fay. 

bank coal. Coal contained in and sometimes 
salvaged from, the bank. B.C_I. 

bank engine. Eng. An engine at the mouth 
of a mine shaft. Standard, 1964. 

banker. A stonecutter’s workbench. Crispin. 

banker off. Aust. The man who attends to 
taking skips off the cage. Fay. 

banket. a. Originally applied by the Dutch 
settlers to the gold-bearing conglomerates 
of the Witwatersrand. It is now used more 
widely for similar conglomerates and con- 
glomeratic quartzites. C.T.D. b. Eng. A 
stonemasons’ or bricklayers’ bench, on 
which to trim stone or brick. Standard, 
1964. 

bank gravel. Gravel found in natural de- 
posits, usually more or less intermixed with 
fine material, such as sand or clay, or 
combinations thereof; gravelly clay, grav- 
elly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel 
indicate the varying proportions of the 
materials in the mixture. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

bank head. a. The upper end of an inclined 
plane, next to the engine or drum, made 
nearly level. Zern. b. The mouth and im- 
mediate environs of a coal mine. Webster 
3d. 

bank head machinery. Eng. The hoisting, 
dumping, and screening equipment at a 
coal mining shaft. Fay. 

bank head  screenman. 
Di Qyinals 

bank height; bench height; digging height. 
The vertical height of a bank as measured 
between its highest point or crest and its 
toe at the digging level or bench. Compare 
berm. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bank hook. Mid. An iron hook with which 
the banksman pulls the full cars off the 
cage. Fay. 

banking. a. The bringing of a cage to a 
stop at the rail level (the pit top or 
bank) and the replacement of loaded mine 
cars by empty ones and the release of the 
cage for its return journey. b. The tilting 
of a rail track to counteract the effect of 
centrifugal force. See also superelevation. 
Nelson. c. Mid. Sorting and loading coal 
at the bank. Fay. d. Cumb. Heaping up 
minerals on the surface for future sale. 
Fay. e. Closing down a blast furnace which 
is still full of burden. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

banking level; pit bank. The level at which 
the full cages or skips come to rest and are 
discharged after being wound up the 
shaft. B.S, 3552, 1962. 

banking out. The operation of changing the 
tubs in the cages at the surface. Peel. 

banking transformers. The grouping of trans- 
formers to form a group or bank. Crispin. 

bank-insert reef. See bank reef. Schiefer- 
decker. 

bank kiln. A primitive type of pottery kiln 
used in the Far East; it is built on a bank, 
or slope, which servs as a chimney. Dodd. 

bank level. York. The level heading from 
which the bank is worked. See also bank, 
f. Fay. 

bankman. a. In the brick, tile, and nonclay 
refractories industry, one who performs 
general laboring duties in and about a 
claypit or claybank. Also called a pit 
shoveler. D.O.T. 1. b. Eng. A workman 


See 


screenman. 








78 


about the surface property of a coal mine. 
Standard, 1964. 

bank measure. a. The quantity of an exca- 
vation measured in place in the bank be- 
fore being disturbed. Carson, p. 46. b. 
Volume of soil or rock in its original place 
in the ground. Nichols, 2. 

bank mining. Surface mining in which the 
material mined is removed from above the 
surrounding land surface. American Insti- 
tute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi- 
neers, Technical Publication No. 604, 
1935, p. 6. 

bank of cells. A row of flotation cells in 
line. Pryor, 4. 

bank of ovens. A row of ovens for converting 
coal into coke. Fay. 

bank out. N. of Eng. To store coal at the 
surface when short of wagons, or cars. 
Fay. 

bank-plates. Eng. Cast-iron sheets with which 
a landing is floored for the more expeditious 
manipulation of cars. A turnsheet. Fay. 

bank protection. Devices for minimizing 
scour. These include brushwood held in 
place by wooden pegs, embankments, grass 
and withy planting, groins, mattresses, re- 
vetments, and riprap. Ham. 

bank pump. An auxiliary pump placed on 
the bank of a stream or a lake and used to 
pump water to a distant drill. Also called 
supply pump. Long. 

bank reef; bank-insert; platform reef. Reef 
situated on locally unrimmed continental 
or island shelves or offshore banks and 
well inside the outer edge of these sub- 
marine flats. Schieferdecker. 

bank right. The right to divert water for 
working a bank claim. Pryor, 3. 

banks. The sloping parts between the hearth 
of an open-hearth steel furnace and the 
back and front walls. They are con- 
structed of refractory bricks covered with 
fritted sand (acid open-hearth furnace) or 
burned-in magnesite or dolomite (basic 
open-hearth furnace). See also breasts. 
Dodd. 

bank slope; bench slope. The angle, meas- 
ured in degrees of deviation from the 
horizontal, at which the earthy or rock 
material will stand in an excavated, ter- 
racelike cut in an open pit mine or quarry. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bank slope stability. A slope is subject to the 
influence of gravity and possible pressure 
of ground water which tend to cause 
sliding or caving. It is also subject to 
surface erosion from running water, wind, 
and alternate freezing or thawing, or wet- 
ting and drying. Weathering causes 
changes in particle size and composition. 
Bank slope stability can be attained by 
benching, by growth of vegetation, and by 
artificial protections, such as masonry 
walls, drainage systems to intercept or 
remove ground water, and fences to catch 
rolling pieces. See also slope failure; sta- 
bility. Nichols, 3, pp. 8-12. 

banksman. The person in charge of the 
shaft and cage or skip at the surface of 
a colliery; the person at the surface who 
operates the signals from the cage or skip 
to the winding engineman. Mason. See 
also cager, a. 

banks of a stream. See right bank of stream; 
left bank of a stream. Seelye, 1. 

bank storage. Water absorbed by the bed 
and banks of a stream and returned in 
whole or in part as the ground-water level 
falls. Seelye, 1. 

bankswomen. Eng. A woman employed at 








bar 


the mine to pick rock from, and clean 
the coal for the market. Fay. 

bank to bank. The length of time (1) dur- 
ing which a miner is below ground es- 
timated from the time he leaves the bank 
until he returns to same, or (2) taken 
by a mine car from the time it enters 
the cage, taken underground and to the 
face, loaded and returns again to bank. 
A period often used in time studies of the 
haulage, loading and winding efficiency at 
a mine. Nelson. 

bank water. In placer mining, applied to 
streams brought to the pit in ditches, not 
under pressure. Hess. 

bankwork. Eng. A system of working coal 
in South Yorkshire. Fay. 

bank yards. Yards of soil or rock measured 
in its original position, before digging. 
Nichols, 2. 

banner bank. See tail. Schieferdecker. 

bannering. Truing the rim of a saggar (be- 
fore it is fired) by means of flat metal or 
a wooden board, to ensure that the rim lies 
in one horizontal plane and will in conse- 
quence carry the load of superimposed 
saggar uniformly. Dodd. 

bannocking dirt. See bannock. Nelson. 

bannock. a. S. Staff. To hole on the top 
of a seam. Fay. b. Shrop. A brownish-gray 
clay suitable for making into firebrick. Fay. 
c. Eng. Any argillaceous rock forming the 
roof of a coal seam, Yorkshire and North 
Staffordshire. Arkell. d. Eng. A seam of 
dirt running in between the coal is:some- 
times bannocked, or taken out before the 
coal, Yorkshire. Arkell. e. To overcut coal 
by hand. Mason. f, Can. Large sourdough 
pancake used as a bread substitute. Hoff- 
man. 

banos. Mex. Water collected in old mine 
workings. Fay. 

banox. An amorphous metaphosphate com- 
pound, used as a preliminary treatment 
before wire drawing. It is found to have 
excellent rust-resisting properties, and to 
act as a lubricant; when wire is coated, 
by dipping with banox before liming, it 
is found that the amount of lime applied 
is no longer critical. It can also be used 
with wire flash-coated with copper, where 
it assists rust proofing. Osborne. 

banqueria. Bol. In alluvial mining, a thick 
bed of blocks of granite, schists, and 
quartz. Fay. 

bant. Derb. A certain number of men, 
usually three or four, who, prior to the 
introduction of cages, used to ride up and 
down a shaft sitting in short loose pieces 
of chain attached to a hemp rope, with 
their knees pointing inward toward the 
center of the shaft. There were usually two 
bants, the lower or bottom bant which was 
composed of men, and the upper or foaley 
bant which was made up of lads a few 
feet above the heads of the men. Compare 
bont, a; tacklers. Fay. 

bantams. Small pebbles of a banded garnet- 
quartz rock, which usually are associated 
with diamond in the concentrate ob- 
tained when washing the diamond-bearing 
gravels from the Vaal River in the Repub- 
lic of South Africa. The occurrence of 
bantams in a gravel deposit is considered 
a good indicator of diamond. J.C. 8200, 
1964, p. 45. 

baotite. A silicate of barium, titanium, and 
columbium, with chloride; tetragonal. 
Found at Paotow, Inner Mongolia. Named 
from the locality. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

bar. a. A drilling or tamping rod. Fay. b. 








bar 


A vein or dike crossing a lode. Fay. c. A 
bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, es- 
pecially at the mouth of a river or harbor, 
often obstructing navigation. Webster 2d. 
d. A placer deposit, generally submerged, 
in the slack portion of a stream. Accumu- 
lations of gravel along the banks of a 
stream, and, which, when worked by the 
miners for gold, are called bar diggings. 
Fay. e. A length of timber placed hori- 
zontally for supporting the roof. Fay. f. 
See sinker bar. Fay. g. Any band of hard 
rock crossing a lode. Bar of ground, and 
intersecting vein. See also cross course. 
Arkell. h. A strap or beam used to sup- 
port the roof between two props or other 
supports. Mason. i. A length of steel pipe 
equipped with a flat cap at one end and 
a jackscrew on the opposite end by means 
of which the pipe may be wedged se- 
curely in a vertical or horizontal position 
across an underground workplace to serve 
as a base on which a small diamond or 
rock drill may be mounted. Also called 
drifter bar; drill bar; drill column. Long. 
j. A heavy steel rod with either pointed 
or flattened ends used as a pry or as a 
tool by miners to dislodge loose rock in 
roof or sidewalls of an underground work- 
place. Long. k. A piece of material thicker 
than sheet, long in proportion to its width 
or thickness, and whose width-thickness 
ratio is much smaller than sheet or plate, 
as low as unity for squares and rounds. 
ASM Gloss. 1. An offshore ridge or mound 
of sand, gravel, or other unconsolidated 
material submerged at least at high tide, 
especially at the mouth of a river or es- 
tuary, or lying a short distance from and 
usually parallel to, the beach. H&G. m. 
A unit of pressure equal to 1,000,000 
dynes per square centimeter, 1,000 milli- 
bars, or 29.53 inches of mercury. H&G. 


baraboo. A monadnock which has been 


buried by a series of strata and subse- 
quently re-exposed by the partial erosion 
of these younger strata. Fay. 

baralyme. A compressed pill consisting of a 
blended mixture of barium octohydrate 
and calcium hydroxide. It is used as a 
carbon dioxide absorbent in rebreathing 
(diving) systems. H&G. 

bararite. A hexagonal fluosilicate of ammo- 
nium, (NH,)2SiFs, occurring with crypto- 
halite [cubic (NH«)2SiFe], over a burning 
coal seam at Barari, Jharia coalfields, 
India. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

Barbados earth. A deposit consisting of the 
remains of radiolaria formed originally in 
deep water and later upraised above sea 
level. C.T.D. See also tripoli. Fay. 


Barbados tar. The dark green or black petro- 


leum of Barbados, West Indies, which was 
formerly used in medicine. Fay. 

Barbara beryl. A term applied to beryl from 
near Barbara in northeastern Transvaal, a 
source of African emerald. Shipley. 
bar-belt conveyor. A conveyor similar to a 
plate-belt conveyor but in which spaced 
steel rods arranged transversely are em- 
ployed in place of the steel plates. B.S. 
392, L962. 


bar bender. A skilled tradesman who cuts 


and bends steel reinforcement, and who 
binds it in the required position prior to 
the concrete being poured around it; a 
machine for bending reinforcement. Ham. 


Barber Greene finisher. A tamping and level- 


ing device which has an unladen weight 
of 10 tons, is 10 feet wide, and can tamp, 
level, and finish bituminous aggregate at 








79 


a rate of 80 tons per hour. It can lay such 
material in thicknesses ranging from a 
quarter of an inch to 6 inches and at 
speeds varying with thickness up to a 
maximum of 40 feet per minute. The fin- 
isher must have a fleet of lorries feeding 
it. Ham. 


barbertonite. A rose-pink to violet fibrous, 


hydrous basic carbonate of magnesium and 
chromium, CrsMgs(OH).0COs:.4H2O, as 
hexagonal scales dimorphous with the 
rhombohedral stichtite. Named from the 
locality, Barberton, Transvaal. Spencer 16, 
M.M., 1943. 


barbierite. A discredited term for a type ma- 


terial from Kragerd, Norway, that has 
been shown to be finely twinned micro- 
cline with about 20 percent of unmixed 
albite. The name monalbite is suggested 
for the high-temperature monoclinic mod- 
ification of NaAISisOs, not yet found in 
nature. American Mineralogist, v. 43, No. 
9-0, September-October 1958, p. 1,008. 


barboo quartzite. A quartzite of the Devil’s 


Lake region of Wisconsin, used in silica 
brick manufacture. A quoted analysis: 
98.2 percent SiOz, 1.1 percent AlsOs, 0.2 
percent FesOs, and 0.1 percent NasO + 
KO. Dodd. 


barbosalite. A hydrous ferrous ferric phos- 


phate, Fe”’Fe”’(POx)2(OH)s, as black 
grains from Brazil. Spencer 20, M.M.., 
1955. 


barbotine. a. A thin clay paste used in low 


relief ornamentation of pottery. Standard, 
1964. b. A term applied to vases and other 
pieces decorated with flowers, leaves, etc., 
in high relief and colored in different 
enamels, C.T.D. 


barchan; barkhan. a. A dune having crescen- 


tic ground plan, with the convex side fac- 
ing the wind; the profile is asymmetric, 
with the gentler slope on the convex side, 
and the steeper slope on the concave or 
leeward side. The term is of Turkestanic 
origin and is said to have been introduced 
into the European literature by Midden- 
dorff; it is now in common use in several 
different languages. A.G.IJ. b. The crescent 
or barchan type is most characteristic of 
the inland desert regions. It presents a 
gently convex surface to the wind, while 
the lee side is steep and abrupt. The horns 
of the crescent mark the lateral advance of 
the sand. Its wide distribution and all but 
universal presence in the sandy deserts of 
all continents make this type the normal 
one for sand hills formed on an open 
area. A.G.I. 


barchan dune. A moving sand dune, cres- 


centic in shape, with horns pointing in the 
direction of wind movement. A.G.I. 


bar channeler. A reciprocating drill mounted 


on a bar by means of which holes are 
drilled close together in line by shifting 


- the drill from point to point along the 


bar. Thereafter, the webs between the 
holes are removed with a reciprocating 
chisel-pointed broaching tool which is sub- 
stituted for the drill. This method of chan- 
neling is generally employed in the harder 
rocks, such as granites. Hess. 


bar coal cutter. A coal cutter in which the 


cutting member was a projecting rotating 
bar armed with picks throughout its length. 
The bar cut a kerf in the seam as the ma- 
chine traveled along the face. The first 
patent for a bar machine was taken out 
in 1856. The type is now obsolete. Nelson. 


bar diggings. Pac. Gold-washing claims lo- 





bargain work 


cated on the bars (shallows) of a stream, 
and worked when the water is low, or 
otherwise, with the aid of cofferdams. See 
also bar, d; diggings, a. Fay. 

bardiglio marble. An Italian stone obtained 
on Montalto, on the southern borders of 
Tuscany, Italy. Fay. 

Bardine process. A process used to rejuve- 
nate diamond-drill rods or rotary-drill pipe 
by relieving fatigue stresses. Long. 

bar drill. A small diamond- or other-type 
rock drill mounted on a bar and used-in 
an underground workplace. Also called 
bar and used in an underground work- 
bar rig. Long. 

bare. a. To cut coal by hand; to hole by 
hand. Mason. b. The uncased portion of 
borehole. Also called called barefoot; 
blank; naked; open; open hole. Long. c. 
To remove overburden. Arkell. d. Eng. 
To strip or cut by the side of a fault, 
boundary, etc.; to make bare. Fay. e. A 
wire or conductor not covered with in- 
sulating material. Also called bare wire. 
Nelson. 

bare electrode. A filler-metal electrode, used 
in arc welding, consisting of a metal wire 
with no coating other than that incidental 
to the drawing of the wire. Coal Age, v. 
66, No. 3, Mar. 1961, p. 91. 

barefoot. Said of an oil well without a liner 
in the oil-bearing rock. Hess. 

barelattograph. A French instrument for the 
automatic recording of the contraction and 
loss in weight of a clay body during dry- 
ing under controlled conditions. Dodd. 

bare motor. A motor without a pulley, belt- 
tightening base, or slide rails. NEMA 
MBI1-1961. 

barequear. Colom. In placer mining, to 
extract as much of the pay gravel as pos- 
sible, without method, leaving the over- 
burden untouched. Fay. 

barequeo. Colom. Extracting the rich ore 
by crude means. Fay. 

barequero. Colom. A placer miner who uses 
crude methods of alluvial washing. A 
spoiler. Fay. 

barer. A workman who removes surface soil 
or overburdens in a quarry. Arkell. 

barfe Saturday. N. of Eng. The Saturday 
upon which wages are not paid. Fay. 

bar flight conveyor. See drag-chain conveyor; 
flight conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bar folder. A machine in which a folding 
bar or wing is used to bend a metal sheet 
whose edge is clamped between the upper 
folding leaf and the lower stationary jaw 
into a narrow, sharp, close, and accurate 
fold along the edge. It is also capable of 
making rounded folds such as those used 
in wiring. A universal folder is more versa- 
tile in that it is limited to width only by 
the dimensions of the sheet. ASM Gloss. 

bargain. a. Portion of a mine worked by a 
gang on contract. Zern. b. N. of Eng. An 
inclusive price agreement made between a 
set of men and the management to com- 
plete a specified job; for example, remov- 
ing a small area of coal, driving a new 
roadway, winning out a new face, or tak- 
ing a caunch. Bargains are not subject to 
caviling. T vist. 

bargain men. Newc. Men who work by the 
bargain or contract. Fay. 

bargain work. a. N. of Eng. Underground 
work done by contract, for example, driv- 
ing headings, road laying, etc. Fay. b. 
Used to denote various forms of contract 
work done outbye, such as ripping, stow- 
ing, and cleaning of roadways. Nelson. 


barge loader 


barge loader. In the quarry industry, a la- 
borer who controls the movement of a 
barge in a river as it is loaded with crushed 
rock,.D. Ode Wa 

barges. Scot. Sheets of iron, zinc, or wood, 
used in wet shafts or workings for divert- 
ing the water to one side. Fay. 

bar grizzly. A series of spaced bars, rails, 
pipes, or other members used for rough 
sizing of bulk material passed across it to 
allow smaller pieces to drop through the 
spaces. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bar-heating furnace. A furnace to heat iron 
or steel bars preparatory to rolling. Hess. 

bar hook. S. Wales. Backstay. Nelson. 

barilla. An impure sodium carbonate and 
sulfate obtained by burning various species 
of land or marine plants; soda ash. Used 
in making glass, soap, etc. Standard, 1964. 

baring. a. A making bare; an uncovering. 
Webster 2d. See also strip, b. Fay. b. The 
surface soil and useless strata overlying a 
seam of coal, clay, ironstone, etc., which 
has to be removed preparatory to working 
the mineral. Fay. c. The small coal made 
in undercutting coal seams. Webster 3d. 

baring dirt. York. Similar to bannock but 
may occur above or below a coal seam or 
interstratified with the coal. Nelson. 

barite. A sulfate of barium, BaSO,.; ortho- 
rhombic; color, transparent to opaque, 
whitish; Mohs’ hardness, 3.0 to 3.5; spe- 
cific gravity, 4.5; and flame test, yellowish- 
green. Used in paints, as fillers for paper 
and textiles, and in oil-well drilling muds. 
As mined, it is conventionally called by 
original name, barytes. Pryor, 3. Also called 
heavy spar. Fay. 

barite dollars. Tex.; Okla. Small, flat barite 
concretions. Hess. 

barium. An element belonging to a group of 
metals, the oxides of which are the alka- 
line earths. Silvery-white ; somewhat malle- 
able; and burns easily when heated in air. 
Symbol, Ba; valence, 2; atomic number, 
56; atomic weight, 137.34; and _ specific 
gravity, 3.5 (at 20° C). Fay; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-101. Melting point, 850° C and boil- 
ing point, 1,140° C. Webster 3d. The 
commercial barium minerals are barite and 
witherite. Fay. 

barium aluminate. Gray pulverized mass; 
soluble in water and acids; 3BaO-A1:Os. 
Used in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. Melting 
point, 2,000° C. Has been recommended 
for use in glass batches as a means of in- 
troducing barium oxide. In vacuum tubes, 
cathodes coated with barium aluminate 
are good electron emitters. Lee. 

barium boride. BaB.; specific gravity, 4.32; 
melting point, 2,270° C; thermal expan- 
sion, 6.5 X 10°; and electrical resistivity, 
306 microhm centimeters (at 20°C). 
Dodd. 

barium carbonate; witherite. BaCO;; hex- 
agonal rhombohedral and orthorhombic; 
white; specific gravity, 4.275; insoluble in 
water; and soluble in acids but not in sul- 
furic acid, Occurs in nature as the mineral 
witherite. Used in optical glass; oil well 
drilling; ceramics; enamels for ironware; 
and in steel carburizing. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-154. Precipitated BaCOs 
is obtained from barite. Lee. 

barium chloride. A soluble salt of barium, 
(BaCle), sometimes used as a mill addition 
in acid-resisting enamels in place of cal- 
cium chloride. In some cases, barium chlo- 





80 


ride reduces scumming in enamels when 
added as a mill addition. Enam. Dict. 

barium chromate. A heavy, yellow, crystal- 
line powder; orthorhombic; BaCrO,. Used 
in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. Decomposes 
at temperatures above 1,000° C. Prepared 
by the interaction of barium chloride and 
sodium chromate. Lemon yellow is the 
color usually produced by barium chro- 
mate and its use is chiefly in overglazes. A 
pale green may be made with barium 
chromate, whiting, and boric acid. Lee. 

barium crown glass. An optical crown glass 
containing a substantial quantity of barium 
oxide. ASTM C162-66. 

barium cyanide. A white, crystalline powder; 
Ba(CN)e. Used in metallurgy and in elec- 
troplating. CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium flint glass. An optical flint glass con- 
taining a substantial quantity of barium 
oxide. ASTM C162-66. 

barium fluoride. BaF.; colorless; isometric; 
and melting point, 1,280° C. A flux and 
an opacifier in enamel frits. Lee. 

barium fluosilicate; barium  silicofluoride. 
White; orthorhombic; BaSiFs. Used in 
ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium glass. A glass in which barium oxide 
(BaO) replaces part of the calcium oxide 
of ordinary lime soda glass. CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium hydroxide monohydrate. A white 
powder; Ba(OH)>-H:O. Used as a sulfate- 
controlling agent in ceramics and as a 
steel-carbonizing agent. CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium manganate. A gray to green powder, 
BaMnO:; poisonous; and specific gravity, 
4.85. Also called manganese green; Cas- 
sel’s green; Rosenstiehl’s green. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

barium metaphosphate. A white, crystalline 
powder; Ba(POs)s. Used as a constituent 
of glasses, porcelains, and enamels. CCD 
6d, 1961. Molecular weight, 295.4; melt- 
ing point, 850° C; and insoluble in water. 
Used as an opacifying agent in glazes and 
glass. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

barium minerals. The principal industrial 
ores are barytes or barite (BaSO:) and 
witherite (BaCO;). Used mainly for white 
paints, extenders, and fillers. Also used as 
muds in oil-well drilling, in pyrotechnics, 
and in explosives. Pryor, 3. 

barium molybdate. White powder; tetrag- 
onal; BaMoO,; melting point, above 
1,300° C. When smelted in porcelain 
enamel frits, it provides for good opacity 
and good adherence. Also, a good mill ad- 
dition for porcelain enamel frits because 
of its low solubility in water. Lee. 

barium monohydrate. See barium hydroxide 
monohydrate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium monoxide. See barium oxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

barium nitrate; nitrobarite. a. Ba(NOs)>. 
Has been used in small amounts in certain 
barium optical glasses when nitrates of so- 
dium or potassium could not be employed. 
It has also been used in enamels to replace 
alkali nitrates, and is said to give better 
homogeneity and opacification. Being a 
weaker base, it attacks the melting vessels 
much less than the carbonate. Lee. b. Lus- 
trous; white; isometric; Ba(NOs)»s. Used 
My eerie glazes and explosives. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

barium oxide; barium monoxide. BaO; mo- 
lecular weight, 153.34; colorless; white to 
yellowish powder; isometric or hexagonal; 
specific gravity, (isometric), 5.72, (hexag- 
onal), 5.32; melting point, 1,923°; boiling 


barium titanate 


point, about 2,000° C; and soluble in 
water and in alcohol. Used in glass manu- 
facture. Bennett 2d, 1962. When freshly 
obtained from calcined barium carbonate, 
it is even more reactive with water than 
calcum oxide and forms barium hydroxide. 
GeT.D: 

barium oxyapatite. The compound, Baw 
(PO.)0O. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

barium phosphuranylite. Artificial Ba(UOz). 
(PO;)2(OH).8H:O, the barium analogue 
of phosphuranylite. Named from the com- 
position. See also bergenite. Hey, M.M., 
1964. 

barium silicide. BaSi, (variable) ; molecular 
weight, 193.54; metallic gray lumps; melts 
at white heat; and the composition varies 
considerably through alloying in varying 
proportions. Used as a deoxidizing and a 
desulfurizing agent for steel. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

barium silicofluoride. See barium fluosilicate. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium stannate. A white crystalline powder; 
BaSnO;-3H2O. Used in the production of 
special ceramic insulations requiring high 
dielectric properties. CCD 6d, 1961. It is 
prepared by precipitation from the aqueous 
reaction. It loses water upon heating to 
280° C or higher and becomes anhydrous 
barium stannate. It is used as an additive 
to barium titanate bodies in ceramic capac- 
itors. This addition produces a shift in the 
Curie peak (point of maximum dielectric 
constant in a graph of this property versus 
temperature) to lower temperatures, the 
amount of shift being a linear function of 
the molar addition. Bodies of very high 
dielectric constant at room temperature 
may be obtained with compositions con- 
sisting of approximately 91 mole-percent 
BaTiO; and 9 mole-percent BaSnOs. 
Barium stannate has also been recom- 
mended for use in glass enamel composi- 
tions to impart improved resistance to at- 
tack by alkali. Lee. 

| barium sulfate; barite. BaSO:; molecular 
weight, 233.40; white; orthorhombic be- 
coming monoclinic at 1,149° C3; specific 
gravity, 4.50 (at 15° C); melting point, 
1,580° C; and practically insoluble in 
water. Bennett 2d, 1962. It is formed as 
a heavy white precipitate when sulfuric 
acid is added to a solution of a barium 
salt. Its low solubility makes it useful in 
analytical chemistry for the detection and 
estimation of both barium and _ sulfuric 
acid. Used in paint manufacture and in 
the preparation of lake pigments. C.T.D. 

barium sulfide; barium monosulfide. Color- 
less; isometric; BaS; melting point, above 
1,660° C. Barium sulfide crucibles have 
been used for melting cerium and ura- 
nium. Lee. 

barium titanate. BaTiO;; melting point, 
above 1,400° C. The high dielectric con- 
stant of barium titanate makes it excep- 
tionally suitable for miniature electronic 
and communication equipment, the de- 
mand for which arose during World War 
II and has increased greatly since. Bulky 
capacitors have been replaced in many 
instances by smaller titanate capacitors. 
Most condensers in electronic equipment, 
such as television and radio receivers, are 
ceramic types. Barium titanate ceramics 
are used in underwater sonar, guided mis- 
siles, dielectric amplifiers, digital calcula- 
tors, ultrasonic cleaning, measuring instru- 
ments, accelerometers, and filters. Lee; 














barium titanate 


CCD 6d, 1961. 

barium uranophane. A silicate of barium and 
uranium. X-ray data resembles that of 
cuprosklodowskite. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

barium zirconate. BaZrO:; melting point, 
above 1,500° C. Used as an additive to 
titanate or zirconate ceramics to obtain 
dielectric bodies with special electrical 
properties. Lee. 

barium-zirconium silicate. White; BaZrSiO;; 
a complex of BaO, ZrOz, and SiOz. Used 
in the production of electrical resistor 
ceramics; glaze opacifiers; and as a sta- 
bilizer for colored ground coat enamels. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

barkan. See barchan. 

Barker-Truog process. A process described by 
G. J. Barker and E. Truog for the treat- 
ment of brickmaking clays with alkali, 
this being claimed to facilitate shaping 
and to reduce the amount of water neces- 
sary to give optimum plasticity. According 
to their patent (U.S. Patent 2,247,467) 
the clay is mixed with alkali to give pH 
7—9 if it was originally acid, or pH 8—10 
if originally nonacid; it is also stipulated 
that the total amount of alkali added shall 
be limited by the slope of the curve re- 
lating the pH to the quantity of alkali 
added, this slope being reduced to half its 
original value. Dodd. 

barkevikite. A variety of amphibole near 
arfvedsonite in composition. Fay. 

Barkhausen effect. Observed result of mag- 
netizing a ferromagnetic substance by 
means of a slow magnetic field increase. 
Orientation of domains proceeds in abrupt 
steps. Pryor, 3. 

Barkston distributor. A stone duster consist- 
ing of a drum filled with stone dust in 
which a steel piston slowly descends as 
dust is blown out by a compressed-air jet. 
The jet delivers a small, continuous stream 
of dust into the air current. Sinclair, I, p. 
260. 

barley; barley coal. A stream size of anthra- 
cite known also as buckwheat No. 3, sized 
on a round punched plate. It passes 
through %4-inch holes. At some mines, it 
has to pass over %9-inch holes and at 
others over %¢-inch holes. The American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers has rec- 
ommended that with a screen with circular 
holes, barley shall pass through %¢-inch 
holes and pass over %9-inch holes. Fay. 
See also anthracite coal sizes; bird’s-eye, a. 

bar loosener. Se roof trimmer. D.O.T. 1. 

barman. See roof trimmer. D.O.T. 1. 

barmaster. Derb. A mining official who 
collects the dues or royalties, presides over 
the barmote, etc. From the German word, 
bergmeister. Fay. 

bar mining. The mining of river bars, usu- 
ally between low and high waters, al- 
though the stream is sometimes deflected 
and the bar worked below water level. 
Se also bar diggings. Fay. 

barmote. Derb. A hall or court in which trials 
relative to lead mines are held. Fay. 

barn. a. A surface structure or place in the 
mine where animals or locomotives are 
kept. Also called motor barn; stable. 
Hess. b. A very small unit of area for 
measuring the cross sections of atoms, 
nuclei, electrons, and other particles. One 
barn equals 10° square centimeters. Barn 
is a measure of the probability that a given 
nuclear reaction will occur. L@L. 

Barnach stone. A famous building stone ob- 
tained from the Lincolnshire limestone 





81 


(Middle Jurassic). C.T.D. 

barn boss. The man in charge of the mule 
barn on the surface or underground. Kor- 
son. 

Barnes’ formula. Used to determine flow in 
sewers, and states that the velocity of flow 
in feet per second is: 107m? \/i, where 
m is the hydraulic mean depth in feet and 
i is the slope of the sewer. See also Crimp 
and Bruges’ formula. Ham. 

barnesite. The unnamed sodium analogue of 
hewettite. Much metahewettite is barne- 
site. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

Barnesite. Trademark for a rare earth oxide 
containing about 45 to 48 percent CeOr. 
we in glass polishing. £.C.T., v. 11, p. 
520. 

barney. A small car, or truck, attached to a 
rope and used to push cars up a slope or 
an inclined plane. Also called bullfrog; 
donkey; groundhog; larry; ram; mule; 
truck. Fay. 

barney pit. A pit at the bottom of a slope or 
plane, into which the barney is lowered 
to allow the mine car to run over it to the 
foot of the plane. Fay. 

barnhardtite. A massive orange-yellow copper 
and iron sulfide. Standard, 1964. 

bar of ground. Eng. An intersecting vein of 
different mineral substances; a horse. Fay. 

barograph. A barometer which makes a con- 
tinuous record of barometric changes. Baro- 
graphs may be of the mercurial or aneroid 
variety, but are generally of the latter 
type. In most cases the changing tempera- 
ture to which a barograph is subjected 
introduces small errors. It is impossible 
even with the best instruments to record 
the absolute pressure with a precision 
equal to that of an eye reading of a stand- 
ard mercurial barometer. In general, there- 
fore, the indications of automatic instru- 
ments are checked and corrected by 
reference to occasional eye readings of a 
standard barometer. See also aneroid 
barometer. A.G.I. 

Baroid. Brand name for a weighting mate- 
rial manufactured from selected barytes 
(barium sulfate ore). Baroid is added to 
drilling muds to increase the unit weight 
of the mud, thus increasing the hydrostatic 
head on the formations being drilled in 
deep wells, to prevent the walls of the 
hole from caving. C.C.D. 6d, 1961. 

barolite. Wadsworth’s name for rocks com- 
posed of barite or celestite. Fay. 

barometer. An instrument for measuring at- 
mospheric pressure. There are two general 
types: (1) mercury, a U-shaped tube con- 
taining a liquid (commonly mercury), one 
end closed, the other exposed to the air. 
Displacement of the mercury in the tube 
is a measure of atmospheric pressure; and 
(2) aneroid (without liquid), a corrugated 
vacuum box sensitive to external pressure 
whose expansion or contraction is indi- 
cated on a graduated dial by means of 
mechanical devices. The dial may be grad- 
uated in terms of inches of mercury or 
elevation in feet or meters, or both. A.G.I. 

barometer holiday. Derb. Any day on 
which no work is carried on underground, 
owing to the very low state of the barom- 
eter (for instance, when it drops below 
29 inches), as much firedamp may be ex- 
pected to be given off in the mine. Fay. 

barometric leg. In filtering system, use of a 
loop more than 30 feet high between re- 
ceiving vessel and vacuum pump, to pro- 
tect latter against carryover of liquid. 








Barratt-Halsall firemouth 


Pryor, 3. 

barometric leveling. The density of the at- 
mosphere varies with altitude, hence by 
suitable graduation of barometer can be 
used to record difference in height. Two 
instruments should be used, one recording 
the change in pressure at the datum point 
and the other taking levels at the required 
positions. These levels are later corrected 
by comparison with the first barometer. 
The barometer cannot be used directly for 
the determination of levels underground 
owing to the artificially reduced air pres- 
sure. The readings taken with a barometer 
when used underground for ventilation 
surveys must be corrected for differences 
in level. These have to be taken with a 
level or theodolite. Mason, V. 2, p. 738. 

barometric pressure. The barometric pressure 
of the air at any point is that exerted by 
the weight of the atmosphere above that 
point. It therefore varies with the eleva- 
tion of the point above or the depth below 
sea level. Barometric pressure is measured 
by the mercury barometer, and is of the 
order of 30 inches of mercury at sea level. 
Spalding, p. 241. 

baromil. The unit length used in graduating 
a mercury barometer in the ccntimeter- 
gram-second system. If the barometer is 
located at 45° latitude at sea level and its 
temperature is 0° C, a length increment 
of one baromil will correspond to a pres- 
sure increment of one millibar. Corrections 
must be applied at other locations. H&G. 

baroque. Any pearl of very irregular form. 
Shipley. 

baroque pearl. Any pearl of very irregular 
form, including slug pearl. Shipley. 

barotrauma. A generic term for injury caused 
by pressure. Although squeeze is a collo- 
quialism, it is an excellent descriptive term 
for all of the phenomena which occur 
when a rigid closed space within the body 
or on its surface fails to equalize with 
external pressure during descent, or is for 
some reason vented to lower pressure than 
that acting at the depth. H&G. 

barra. Mex. A share in a mine. (The an- 
cient Spanish laws considered a mine as 
divided into 24 parts, each of which was 
called a barra.) Barra viudas or aviadas 
are nonassessable shares which participate 
in the profits, but not in the expense of 
mining. Fay. 

barracks shale. One of the principal oil shale 
seams of Scotland. Fay. 

barrage. A low dam, with sluice gates along 
its whole length, erected in a river so that 
its level can be controlled. Ham. 

barranca. A deep break or hole made by 
heavy rain; a ravine; a precipice; used in 
some parts of Spanish America as the 
equivalent of canyon; as used in New 
Mexico, it is practically equivalent to cliff. 
USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 86. 

barrandite. A bluish, reddish, greenish, or 
yellow-gray hydrous ferric aluminum phos- 
phate, (Al-Fe) (PO.+2H:O), found in 
spheroidal concretions. Standard, 1964. 

Barratt-Halsall firemouth. A design for a 
stoker-fired firemouth for a pottery bottle 
oven; a subsidiary flue system links all the 
firemouths around the oven wall to assist 
in temperature equalization. The design 
was patented by W. G. Barratt and J. Y. 
M. Halsall (British patent 566,838; 16-1- 
45). Also known as the Gater Hall device 
because it was first used at the factory of 
Gater Hall & Company, Stoke-on-Trent, 


Barratt-Halsall firemouth 


England, where J. Y. M. Halsall was Gen- 
eral Manager and which was at the time 
associated with the Parratt pottery. Dodd. 

barrel. a. A piece of small pipe inserted in 
the end of a cartridge to carry the squib 
to the powder. Fay. b. A vessel used in 
amalgamation. Fay. c. The cylindrical 
part of a pump from which the movement 
of the piston causes a liquid or gas to be 
forcibly ejected. Also, the cylindrical part 
of a hydraulic jack or of a hydraulic-feed 
mechanism on a diamond drill. Long. d. 
The drum of a hoist. Long. e. Commonly, 
although incorrectly, used as a synonym 
for core barrel. Long. f. A cylindrical con- 
tainer having a capacity of 55 gallons. 
Also called drum. Long. g. A crude- 
petroleum measure of quantity equal to 
42 gallons. Long. h. The water passage in 
a culvert. Nichols. 

barrel amalgamation. Batch wet grinding of 
auriferous mineral or concentrate followed 
by gentle churning with mercury in order 
to trap the bullion metal. Pryor, 3. See 
also barrel process; pan amalgamation. 

barrel chlorination. See barrel process. Fay. 

barrel cleaning. Mechanical or electrolytic 
cleaning of metal in rotating equipment. 
ASM Gloss. 

barrel copper. Native copper in lumps small 
enough to be picked out of the mass of 
rock, and sent to the furnace without 
dressing. Standard, 1964. See also barrel 
work. Fay. 

barrel-day valuation. An older method of ap- 
proximate valuation of oil properties 
which, in each barrel of settled daily pro- 
duction, is valued at the selling price per 
barrel multiplied by one-thousand. Also, it 
has been known as the Pennsylvania 
method where it was first used. A.G.I. 

barrel finishing. Improving the surface finish 
of metal objects or parts by processing 
them in rotating equipment along with 
abrasive particles which may be suspended 
in a liquid. ASM Gloss. 

barreling. The removal of surface excres- 
cences and the general cleaning of metal 
castings by placing them in a revolving 
drum, or barrel, together with coarsely 
crushed abrasive material, such as broken 
biscuit-fired ceramic ware. Dodd. 

barrel, oil. A volumetric unit of measure- 
ment equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons. A.G.I. 

barrel plating. Plating articles in a rotating 
container, usually a perforated cylinder 
that operates at least partially submerged 
in a solution. ASM Gloss. 

barrel process. A process of extracting gold 
or silver by treating the ore in a revolv- 
ing barrel with mercury, chlorine, cyanide 
solution, or other reagent. Webster, 3d. 

barrel quartz. Applied to certain corrugated 
veinlets of gold-bearing quartz found in 
Nova Scotia. Fay. 

barrel vault. A plain arch of semicircular 
cross section which is generally much 
longer than its diameter. Reinforced con- 
crete barrel vaults are used for shell roofs 
of factories where open floor space is essen- 
tial. Traditional barrel vaults are also con- 
structed in brickwork or masonry. Ham. 

barrel washer. A washer comprising a cyl- 
inder rotating slowly about an axis which 
is slightly inclined to the horizontal, and 
into which the raw coal, with a current of 
water or of a suspension, is fed near its 
upper end. The clean coal is carried by 
the water or suspension to the lower end 
of the cylinder over a scroll which con- 








82 


veys the reject to the upper end of the 
cylinder. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

barrel work. In the Lake Superior region, 
native copper occurring in pieces of a size 
to be sorted out by hand in sufficient 
purity for smelting without mechanical 
concentration. Also called barrel copper. 
Fay. 
Barremian. Lower Cretaceous, between 
Hauterivian and Aptian. A.G.J. Supp. 
barren. a. In leaching ores, chemical solu- 
tion from which valuable solute has been 
removed by precipitation or ion exchange 
(IX) before reuse. See also Merrill Crowe 
process. Pryor, 3. b. Said of rock or vein 
material containing no minerals of value, 
and of strata without coal or containing 
coal, in seams too thin to be workable. 
Also, pertains to land that is extremely 
rugged or otherwise unproductive. Also 
called barren ground. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

barrena. Mex. a. A hand drill for blasting. 
B. viva, a sharp drill; b. muerta, a dull 
drill. Fay. 

barrenar. Mex. To drill; to fire a round of 
holes. Fay. 

barrenarse. Mex. To connect with each other 
(as two mines or workings). Fay. 

barren block. The block bounded by the ver- 
tical planes passing through the traces of 
the fault plane, In an oilfield such a block 
is barren of oil, the oil sand being faulted 
out. Schiefrdcker. 

barren contact. A contact vein, or a place in 
the contact vein, which has no mineral. 
Fay. 

barren ground. Strata containing seams of 
coal that are not of a workable thickness. 
In metal mining, ground that does not 
contain ore. Fay. Compare dead ground. 
See also disturbed ground. 

barren hole. Synonym for blank hole. Long. 

barren measures. Coal measures without 
workable seams. Standard, 1964. 

barren mine. A mine may be fully developed 
and yet, owing to the barrenness of the 
ore, it would be impossible to work it 
with profit. Ricketts, I. 

barren solution. A solution in hydrometal- 
lurgical treatment from which all possible 
valuable constituents have been removed. 
See also cyanide. Pryor, 4. 

barren trap. One that is devoid of oil or 
gas but may contain water. A.G.I. 

barreta. a. Mex. A crowbar. Fay. b. B. 
perdida (Peru), dead work in unprofitable 
prospecting. Fay. 

barricade. a. Asphyxiating gases are formed 
when there has been a fire in any mine or 
an explosion in a coal mine. If men are 
unable to escape, they should retreat as 
far as possible, select some working place 
with plenty of space, short-circuit the air 
from this place, build a light barricade or 
stopping, and remain behind it until 
rescued. von Bernewitz. b. An artificial 
mound of earth, usually as high as the 
eaves of a magazine roof, erected to de- 
flect the force of an explosion upward and 
to protect the inclosed building from flying 
objects. Fay. c. Timber formwork to con- 
tain the material during hydraulic flush- 
ing in steep ore workings. Nelson. 

barricading. a. Enclosing part of a mine to 
prevent inflow of noxious gases from a 
mine fire or an explosion. This may be 
done by doors or by building one or more 
airtight walls across mine workings using 
any available material, such as rock, coal, 








barrier reef 


timber, brattice cloth, mud, clothing, etc., 
so as to enclose a maximum quantity of 
good air. Records of the U.S. Bureau of 
Mines show that more than 800 trapped 
coal and metal miners have been saved by 
barricading, and that in several cases, 
those that refused to enter or to remain 
behind barricades were asphyxiated. Hess. 
b. The building or utilization of earthen 
walls, mounds, or other suitable obstruc- 
tions around explosives magazines or man- 
ufacturing plants to obstruct or divert the 
force of an explosion upward, thus pro- 
tecting the surrounding area from damage. 
Hess. 


barrier. a. Blocks of coal left between the 


workings of different mine owners and 
within those of a particular mine for safety 
and the reduction of operational costs. It 
helps to prevent disasters of inundation by 
water, of explosions, or fire involving an 
adjacent mine or another part of a mine 
and to prevent water running from one 
mine to another or from one section to 
another of the same mine. Mason, v. 1, p. 
312. See also barrier pillar. b. A low ridge 
by wave action near the shore. Fay. 


barrier bar. Barrier bars are ridges usually 


composed of waterworn gravel, deposited 
by currents in shallow water at some dis- 
tance from land. Their crests are hori- 
zontal and mark the storm limit of the 
waves and currents that built them. In 
cross section, they exhibit anticlinals of 
deposition. A.G_I. 


barrier beach; offshore barrier. A bar essen- 


tially parallel to the shore, the crest of 
which is above high water. H&G. 


barrier gate. Eng. See tailgate. SMRB, Paper 


No. 61. 


barrier island. A detached portion of a bar- 


rier beach between two inlets. Schiefer- 
decker. 


barrier materials. Materials such as lead and 


concrete which are used for protection 
from X-rays or gamma rays in radio- 
graphic installations. Osborne. 


barrier pillar. a. A solid block or rib of coal, 


etc., left unworked between two collieries 
or mines for security against accidents 
arising from an influx of water. Zern. b. 
Any large pillar entirely or relatively un- 
broken by roadways or airways that is left 
around a property to protect it against 
water and squeezes from adjacent property, 
or to protect the latter property in a simi- 
lar manner. Zern. c. Incorrectly used for 
a similar pillar left to protect a roadway 
or airway, or group of roadways or air- 
ways, or a panel of rooms from a squeeze. 
Zern. 


barrier reef. a. The term barrier has been 


generally applied to that vast reef which 
fronts the northeast shore of Australia, and 
by most voyagers likewise to that on the 
western coast of New Caledonia. At one 
time, it was thought convenient to restrict 
the term but since these reefs are similar 
in structure and position relative to the 
land, like a wall with a deep moat within, 
encircling many smaller islands, they have 
been classed together. A.G.I. b. The name 
given to those coral reefs that run parallel 
(barrierlike) to the shores of the islands 
and continents but separated from them 
by a lagoon channel, more or less exten- 
sive. A.G.J. c. A reef which runs more or 
less parallel with the coast but at some 
distance from it, so as to leave a broad 
channel between the two. A.G.J. d. A coral 





barrier reef 


reef separated from the coast by a lagoon 
that is too deep for coral growth. Gen- 
erally, barrier reefs follow the coasts for 
long distances, often with short interrup- 
tions termed passes. A.G.I. 

barrier system. N. of Eng. An approved 
method of working a colliery by pillar 
and stall, where solid ribs or barriers of 
coal are left in between working places. 
Fay. : 

bar rig. A small diamond or other rock drill 
designed to be mounted and used on a bar. 
Also called bar drill. Long. 

barrilla. Colom. In gold mining, wooden 
divisions in blanket strakes, copperplates, 
etc. Fay. 

barring. a. The end and side timber bars 
used for supporting a rectangular shaft. 
The bars are notched into one another to 
form a rectangular set of timber. Gommon 
sizes are from 9 to 12 inches deep and 
from 3 to 6 inches thick and may be made 
from larch, white pine, or red pine. See 
also steel rectangular shaft supports. Nei- 
son. b. Eng. The timbers in -the workings 
for keeping up the roof. Fay. c. Scot. The 
timber walling or casing of shafts. Fay. 
d. York. Using an iron bar to remove loose 
rocks after blasting. Fay. 

barring-down. a. N.S.W. Removing, with 
a bar, loose rock from the sides and roof 
of mine workings. New South Wales. b. 
Loosening ore in a bin by means of a bar, 
so it will flow through the chute. Fay. c. 
Prying off loose rock after blasting, to 
prevent danger of fall. Pryor. 

barrings. A general term for the setting of 
bars of timber for supporting underground 
roadways or shafts. Nelson. 

barring scrap. Prying adhering scrap metal 
from runners, ladles, or skimmers. Fay. 

barro. a. Sp. Clay, loam, mud, or earth. Fay. 
b. Sp. B. de olleros, potters’ clay. Fay. c. 
Sp. Argillaceous marl. Fay. d. Colom. Over- 
burden of auriferous alluvial deposits. Fay. 
e. Braz. A layer of fine sand mixed with 
clay. Fay. 

barroisite. A dark green amphibole inter- 
mediate between hornblende and glauco- 
phane. English. 

barrow. a. A box with two handles at one 
end and a wheel at the other. Zern. b. A 
wicker basket in which salt is put to drain. 
Webster 2d. c. A vehicle in which ore, 
coal, etc., is wheeled. Fay. d. Corn. A 
heap of attle or rubbish; a dump. Fay. 
e. Eng. A mountain or hill. Webster 3d. 

barrowman. In mining, one who pushes shal- 
low-bodied cars (barrows) or wheel- 
barrows used for transporting coal or ore 
along underground haulageways that are 
too low for ordinary mine cars. Also called 
buggyman. D.O.T. 1. 


| barrow tram. A shaft or handle of a wheel- 


barrow. Webster 2d. 
barrowway. a. Newc. A level through which 
coal or ore is wheeled. Fay. b. Eng. Rails 
laid between the flat or siding and the coal 
face. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 
Barry mining. See Nottingham 
Nelson. 
bars. Eng. Strong timbers placed horizon- 
tally for supporting boards by which the 
faces of the excavation for a tunnel are 
supported. The “crownbars” support the 
upper part of the excavation; the “side- 
bars’, the lateral portions. Fay. 
| bar salt. Bars weighing 18 to 20 pounds, 
formerly made in England by pouring wet 
grainer salt into molds, draining, and then 


system. 











83 


drying. Kaufmann. 

barsanovite. A mineral, (Ca,Na)o(Fe,Mn). 
(Zr,Nb) 2Sie(O,Cl)s7; monoclinic; in a 
pegmatite from Petrelius, Khibina Massif, 
Kola peninsula, U.S.S.R. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

bar screen. A stationary inclined scrcen, com- 
prising longitudinal bars, spaced at inter- 
vals, onto which the material to be 
screened is fed at the upper end. B.S. 
3552, 1962. See also grizzly; stationary bar 
screen. 

barshawite. A pinkish, even-grained igneous 
rock containing 16.8 percent orthoclase, 
9.8 percent andesine, 17.3 percent nephe- 
line, 11.1 percent analcite, 2.4 percent 
apatite, 12.5 percent titanaugite, 26.0 per- 
cent barkevikite, a trace of aegirite, and 
4.2 percent iron oxides; found at Barshaw, 
Scotland. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, pp. 283- 
284, 

Barstovian. Upper Miocene. A.G.I. Supp. 

bar timbering. A method of timbering mine 
roadways by means of horizontal and up- 
right bars. See also double timber; timber 
set. Nelson. 

bar tin. See block tin. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Bartlett table. A three-shelf table driven by 
an eccentric that gives it a vanning mo- 
tion. Ore and water are fed on the upper 
shelf giving two products, heads and tail- 
ings. The latter are retreated on the sec- 
ond shelf, and the tailings go to the third 
or lower shelf for retreatment. Liddell 2d, 
p. 385. 

bartolina. Mex. A watchman’s house at the 
mine entrance. Fay. 

Barton clay. A clay of the Eocene period 
used for brickmaking near the coast of 
Hampshire and in the Isle of Wight. Dodd. 

Bartonian. Upper Upper Eocene. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Barvoys process. A sink-float process in 
which the medium is a suspension of clay 
from the raw coa! and minus 200- or 300- 
mesh barite in water, with the volume of 
the clay usually equal to about twice that 
of the barite. Barite clay and coal sus- 
pensions can be regulated to get effective 
washing gravities from 1.2 to 1.8. Sizes 
from run-of-mine to one-eighth inch may 
be cleaned by this process, which has been 
widely adopted in Europe. Also known as 
the Sophia-Jacoba process in German 
publications. Mitchell, p. 495. 

barybiotite. A variety of biotite containing 
barium. Standard, 1964. 

barysphere. The central or deep interior por- 
tions of the earth, presumably composed 
of heavy metals or minerals. It is con- 
trasted with lithosphere, the outer stony 
shell. Fay. Also called pyrosphere; centro- 
sphere. A.G.I. 

baryta. Barium oxide; BaO. A.G_I. 

barytes. See barite. Barger. 

baryto-. A combining form denoting the 
presence of barium, as in barytocalcite 
and barytocelestite. Standard, 1964. 

barytocalcite. A carbonate of barium and 
calcium, BaCOs-CaCOs. Fay. 

basal. Parallel to the basal pinacoid of a 
crystal; a direction perpendicular to the 
principal axis of a prism. Shipley. 

basal arkose. Slightly reworked feldspathic 
residuum in the lower part of a sandstone. 
A.GI. Supp. 

basal cleavage. Pinacoidal cleavage; cleavage 
parallel to the basal pinacoid, that is, per- 
pendicular to the long axis of a crystal. 
Hess. 

basal conglomerate. A coarse, usually well- 








basalt ware 


sorted and lithologically homogeneous sedi- 
mentary deposit that is found just above 
an erosional break. The initial © strati- 
graphic unit overlying an unconformity, 
formed by a rising sea level or encroach- 
ing sea. A.G.I. 

basal metabolism. The amount of heat liber- 
ated by a person at rest in a comfortable 
environment (about 40 Btu per hour). 
Hartman, p. 297. 

basal pinacoid. In crystallography, a form 
consisting of two parallel plane faces on 
a crystal, so oriented as to cut only the 
vertical axis c, and to be parallel with the 
plane of the lateral axes a and b. A.G.I. 

basal plane. a. A plane perpendicular to the 
c, or principal, axis in a tetragonal or 
hexagonal structure. ASM Gloss. b. Syno- 
nym for basal pinacoid. A.G.I. 

basal. reef. S. Afr. A gold-bearing reef re- 
garded as the principal carrier of gold in 
the Orange Free State. It has been asso- 
ciated with the Elsburg series of the cen- 
tral Witwatersrand and occurs below what 
has become known as the leader reef. 
Beerman. 

basalt. An extrusive rock composed primarily 
of calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, with or 
without olivine. The plagioclase is nor- 
mally zoned and usually ranges in compo- 
sition from bytownite to labradorite but 
less calcic varieties are known. Augite, 
pigeonite, and hypersthene or bronzite are 
the common pyroxenes. Apatite and mag- 
netite are almost always present as acces- 
sories. Basalts rich in olivine and calcic 
augite are generally classified as olivine 
basalts; those poor in olivine and contain- 
ing orthopyroxene and/or pigeonite are 
generally classified as tholeiitic basalts or 
tholeiites. The groundmass of tholeiitic 
basalts is commonly glassy, or if crystal- 
lized, usually contains quartz and alkalic 
feldspar. A.G.I. More generally, any fine- 
grained, dark-colored igneous rock. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

basalte. Fine-grained black unglazed stone- 
ware. Also called black Egyptian ware. 
C.T.D. 

basalt glass. A black, glassy form of basalt. 
Webster 3d. 

basal thrust plane. The basal plane under- 
lying a pile of overthrusts. Synonym for 
sole. Schieferdecker. 

basaltic. Pertaining to, formed of, containing, 
or resembling basalt; as, basaltic lava. 
Webster 3d. 

basaltic hornblende. A variety of hornblende 
found in volcanic rocks. Fay. 

basaltic rock. A fine-grained, dark-colored 
igneous rock, including basalt, diabase, 
dolerite, and andesite if dark colored. 
Compare felsitic rock; granitic rock. A.G.I. 

basaltiform. In the form of basalt; columnar. 
Obsolete. Webster 3d. 

basaltine. Same as basaltic; augite. Standard, 
1964. 

basalting. a. A pavement made of blast-fur- 
nace slag. Standard, 1964. b. The process 
or operation of covering, as a road, with 
slag. Standard, 1964. 

basaltite. Basalts without olivine. Holmes, 
1928. 

basalt ware. a. A black unglazed, highly 
vitreous stoneware made from a high-iron 
body, fired in a reducing atmosphere hav- 
ing the appearance of basalt rock; hence 
the name. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A 
black stoneware made in Staffordshire, 
England, which was improved, named, 
and made popular by ‘“Wedgewood”’. 


basalt ware 


(Often called Egyptian black or balaltese 
ware). Bureau of Mines Staff. 

basaluminite. Hydrous basic aluminum sul- 
fate, 2AlsO3-SO3-10H2O, as white compact 
material lining crevices in ironstone from 
Irchester, Northamptonshire. Felsobanyite 
with the same formula has a different 
X-ray pattern. So named because more 
basic than aluminite. See also hydroba- 
saluminite. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

basanite. An extrusive rock composed of 
calcic plagioclase, augite, olivine, and a 
feldspathoid (nepheline, leucite, or anal- 
cime). Essentially, a feldspathoidal olivine 
basalt. A.G_J. 

basanitoid. Nepheline-free alkali basalts con- 
taining a soda-rich isotropic base. Also, a 
basaltic rock having the chemical compo- 
sition of basanite, but free from feldspa- 
thoids. Holmes, 1928. 

base. a. Foundation or supporting structure 
on which a drill is mounted. Long. b. The 
point or line from which a start is made. 
As used by drillers, a line of stakes set 
by an engineer or drill foreman to be used 
as a guide to line up and point the drill 
in a specific compass direction. Long. c. 
The minimum price used as a basis for 
determining the total cost when drilling 
is done on contract. Long. d. The most 
abundant metal in an alloy. Long. e. The 
basal pinacoid of a crystal. Webster 3d. 
f. The groundmass or magma of a rock. 
Standard, 1964. See also basis. Fay, g. A 
line in a survey which, being accurately 
determined, in length and position, serves 
as the origin for computing the distances 
and relative positions of remote points and 
objects by triangulation. Webster 3d. h. In 
petroleum technology, a substance precipi- 
tated by chilling (paraffin wax) or left 
after the distillation of both light and 
heavy oils from petroleum. In the latter 
case, the residue has usually been called 
asphalt, but is now referred to by the U.S. 
Bureau of Mines as naphthene. There are 
also intermediate petroleums containing 
both paraffin and naphthene. BuMines 
R.I. 3279, 1935, pp. 1-2. i. Readily tar- 
nishing or oxidizing; as, base metal. Stand- 
ard, 1964. j. Of comparatively little value; 
not precious. Compare base metal. Web- 
ster 3d. k. The surface on which a single- 
point tool rests when held in a toolpost. 
Also known as heel. ASM Gloss. |. The 
bottom of a bottle. ASTM C162—-66. m. A 
compound, such as lime, ammonia, a caus- 
tic alkali, or an alkaloid, capable of re- 
acting with an acid to form a salt either 
with or without the elimination of water. 
Its aqueous solutions (if it is water-soluble) 
have an acrid brackish taste and turn 
litmus blue. Webster 3d. 

base box. A unit of quantity in the tinplate 
trade consisting of 112 sheets measuring 
14 by 20 inches or the equivalent in area; 
consequently 31,360 square inches of tin- 
plate. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

base bullion. Crude lead containing recover- 
able silver, with or without gold. ASM 
Gloss. 

base charge. a. The charge or tariff made by 
the smelter for smelting and roasting the 
concentrate, refining, and transport of 
metals or products. There may be pre- 
miums for easy ore and penalties for im- 
pure ore. Nelson. b. The charge loaded into 
the bottom of vertical holes in quarrying, 
usually applicable to 3-inch-diameter holes 
and over. Nelson. c. The detonating com- 
ponent in a detonator, initiated by the 








84 


priming charge. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

base coat. A fired coating over which another 
coating is applied. Bryant. 

base code. Alternative name for punt code. 
See also punt code. Dodd. 

base course; base. a. A layer of specified or 
selected material of planned thickness con- 
structed on the subgrade or subbase for 
the purpose of serving one or more func- 
tions, such as distributing load, providing 
drainage, minimizing frost action, etc. 
ASCE P1826. b. The first or lowest course 
of a wall (as of a foundation wall or of 
the wall of a building above the basement). 
Webster 3d. c. The bottom layer of mate- 
rial laid down in the construction of a 
pavement. Webster 3d. 

base exchange. a. The clay particle with its 
cations may be regarded as a kind of salt 
in which the colloidal clay particle is the 
anion. Certain cations may replace others, 
making the clay more flocculent. The cation 
replacement is known as the base exchange. 
Synonym for ion exchange. A.G.J, b. The 
physicochemical process by which one 
species of ions adsorbed on soil particles 
is replaced by another specie. ASCE 
P1826. 

base-exchange capacity. The number of mill- 
equivalents of NaOH required to neutral- 
ize the exchangeable H+ ions adsorbed 
onto 100 gm of colliodal material. VV. 

base exchange (Permutit or zeolite) process. 
This process removes both temporary and 
permanent hardness of water, and it is 
used by householders, water authorities, 
and in industry. In the household the re- 
agents are contained in a special metal 
cylinder which is connected to the tap: 
the chemical reagents are called zeolites, 
the most common of which is sodium alu- 
minum silicate (Permutit) either in nat- 
ural form or specially prepared. The arti- 
ficial zeolites are prepared by mixing solu- 
tions of sodium silicate and sodium alumi- 
nate NazO.A1.03.28i02.6H2O. Cooper, p. 
wills 

base failure. Same as rotational failure. See 
slope failure. Lewis, p. 627. 

base flow. Water entering drainage system 
from underground sources. Pryor, 3. 

base fracture. In quarrying, used to describe 
the condition of the base after a blast. It 
may be a good or bad base fracture. 
Streefkerk, p. 16. 

base goods. Generally used to denote a ma- 
terial made by treating phosphate rock 
and some nitrogenous substance with sul- 
furic acid. Hair, leather, scrap fur, wool 
waste, feathers, shoddy, etc., are the nitro- 
genous materials most often used. Base is 
made with the same machinery that is 
used for making acid phosphate, and the 
methods of operation are about the same. 
Fay. 

baselevel. a. The lowest level to which a land 
surface can be eroded by running water. 
Mather. b. To reduce by erosion to or 
toward a baselevel. Standard, 1964. 

baseleveled plain. A baseleveled surface is 
any land surface, however small, which 
has been brought approximately to a base- 
level, either general or local, by the pro- 
cess of gradation. When such a surface has 
considerable extent, it becomes a baselevel 
plain. Synonym for peneplain. A.G.J. 

baselevel plain. A flat, comparatively fea- 
tureless area or lowland, the elevation of 
which cannot be materially reduced by the 
erosive force of running water. A.G.J. 

base line. A line taken as the foundation of 





base price 


operations in trigonometrical and geologi- 
cal surveys. See also base, g. Fay. 

base map. A map on which information may 
be placed for purposes of comparison or 
geographical correlation. Base map was at 
one time applied to a class of maps now 
known as outline maps. It may be applied 
to topographic maps, also termed mother 
maps, which are used in the construction 
of many types of maps by the addition of 
particular data. A.GJ. 

basement. In geology, an underlying com- 
plex that behaves as a unit mass and does 
not deform by folding. AIME Trans., v. 
144, 1941, p. 63. 

basement complex. A series of rocks gener- 
ally with complex structure beneath the 
dominantly sedimentary rocks. In many 
places, they are igneous and metamorphic 
rocks of either Early or Late Precambrian, 
but in some places they may be much 
younger, as Paleozoic, Mesozoic, or even 
Cenozoic. A.G.I. 

basement rock (complex). a. A name com- 
monly applied to metamorphic or igneous 
rocks underlying the sedimentary sequence. 
A.G.I. b. Metamorphic and igneous Pre- 
cambrian rocks. A.G.J. c. See base rock, b. 
Long. 

base metal. a. Any of the nonprecious metals. 
Weed, 1922. b. A metal inferior in value 
to gold and silver (commonly restricted 
to the ore metals). A.G.J. c. A metal more 
chemically active than gold, silver, and 
the platinum metals. A.G.J. d. The. metal 
present in the largest proportion in an 
alloy; brass, for example, is a copper-base 
alloy. ASM Gloss. e. The metal to be 
brazed, cut, or welded. ASM Gloss. f. 
After welding, that part of the metal 
which was not melted. ASM Gloss. g. A 
metal or alloy (as zinc, lead, or brass) of 
comparatively low value and relatively 
inferior in certain properties (as resist- 
ance to corrosion) ; opposite of noble metal. 
Webster 3d. h. The metal to which a 
coating or plating is applied; the metal 
existing underneath a coating or plating. 
Webster 3d. i. The metal to which porce- 
lain enamel is applied. ASTM C286-65. 

baseness. a. Liability to rust. Standard, 1964. 
b. Inferiority, due to alloy. Standard, 1964. 

base, oil. The residuum from the distillation 
of petroleum. When paraffin is obtained 
from the petroleum, the original oil is said 
to have a paraffin base; when the residue 
is entirely asphaltic, the original petroleum 
is said to have an asphaltic base. Some 
petroleums have both an asphaltic and a 
paraffin base. API Gloss. 

base ore. Ore in which the gold is asso- 
ciated with sulfides, as contrasted to free- 
milling ores in which the sulfides have 
been removed by leaching. Newton, p. 19. 

base plate; bedplate. a. The foundation plate 
or support of a piece of machinery. Cris- 
pin. b. The steel or cast-iron plate on 
which a column rests. Webster, 3d. c. A 
metal plate used to provide a stable meas- 
uring point of a temporary nature. B.S, 
S618, 1963s8ec. 71. 

base plug. A tapered cylinder, generally of 
wood, placed in a borehole and into which 
a delection drive wedge may be driven in 
a random or oriented position. Also called 
deflecting plub; deflection plug. Long. 

base price. There is a minimal market price 
for each metal below which it cannot fall 
without putting the average producer out 
of business; this price has been called the 
base price. Hoov, p. 187. 




















base price 


base price (of pearls). The price of a single 
pearl is computed by squaring its weight 
in grains and multiplying the result by 
the base rate. This scheme of establishing 
the price of a pearl takes into considera- 
tion the fact that small pearls are many 
times more common than large ones and 
that their value therefore increases as the 
square of their weight. Expressed as a 
formula, it is the average size, times the 
total weight, times the base rate equals the 
price of a group of pearls. Shipley. 

base rock. a. As used by some drillers, the 
solid rock immediately underlying the over- 
burden material. Long. b. As used by drill- 
ers in the Midwestern United States, the 
igneous rock formations underlying the 
sedimentary rocks. Also called basement; 
basement rock; pavement. Long. 

base station. Station belonging to the wide- 
meshed net of stations where the accelera- 
tion of gravity is determined with parti- 
cular care and to which the field stations 
are tied in. Schieferdecker. 

bash. S. Wales. To fill with rubbish the 
spaces from which the coal has been mined. 
Fay. 

bashing. To build walls and nonporous stop- 
pings for the complete isolation of a 
district of a mine in which a fire has 
occurred; the complete stowing of old 
workings or roadways after all equipment 
has been removed. Nelson. 

basic. a. In furnace practice, a slag in which 
the earthy bases are in excess of the 
amount required to form a neutral slag 
with the silica present. Fay. b. In geology, 
a general descriptive term for those igne- 
ous rocks that are comparatively low in 
silica. About 50 or 55 percent in the su- 
perior limit. Compare acidic. Fay. c. In 
chemistry, (1) performing the office of 
a base in a salt; having the base in 
excess, and (2) having more than one 
equivalent of the base for each equivalent 
of acid. Fay. d. Alkaline. ASTM STP No. 
148-D. 

basic Bessemer steel. See Thomas steel. 

basic bismuth nitrate. See bismuth subnitrate. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

basic bottom and lining. The inner bottom 
and lining of a melting furnace consisting 
of materials like crushed burnt dolomite, 
magnesite, magnesite bricks, or basic slag 
that give a basic reaction at the operating 
temperature. ASM Gloss. 

basic converter. See basic-lined converter. 

basic fiber. Unprocessed glass fibers directly 
from the forming equipment. ASTM 
C162-66. 

basic flowsheet. A diagram of the various 
stages in the treatment of the raw coal 
in a preparation plant, usually either a 
process flowsheet or an equipment flow- 
sheet. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

basic flux. Metallurgically basic material, 
such as limestone or dolomite, used as a 
flux. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

basic front. A zone enriched in basic con- 
stituents which are expelled from country 
rocks undergoing granitization. The in- 
troduced elements (mainly iron and mag- 
nesium but commonly including aluminum, 
calcium, potassium, hydrogen, titanium, 
phosphorus, and manganese) are those 
that are either incompatible with a granite 
composition or in excess of the appropriate 
amounts. Schieferdecker. 

basic grade. Used to define steel produced by 
the basic open-hearth process. Ham. 

basic hornfels. A hornfels derived from a 











85 


basic igneous rock, See also beerbachite; 
hornfels. A.G.I. 

basic hydroxide. A metallic oxide which will 
react with an acid to form salt and water 
only; for example, calcium hydroxide. 
Cooper. 

basicity. Of an acid, the number of hydro- 
gen atoms per molecule of it which can 
be replaced by a metal. Cooper. 

basic lavas. The lavas poor in silica, less 
than 52 percent. The rocks are typically 
dark in color and heavy, and are well 
represented by the familiar-type basalt. 
CRED 

basic lead carbonate; white lead; hydro- 
cerussite. 2PbCO;-Pb(OH):2; molecular 
weight, 775.60; white; hexagonal; specific 
gravity, 6.14; decomposes at 400° C; in- 
soluble in water; and slightly soluble in 
aqueous carbon dioxide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
Used in glazing pottery. 

basic lead chloride; Turner’s yellow. PbCle. 
.7PbO; molecular weight, 1840.58; yel- 
low; used as a pigment. Also called Cassel 
yellow; Verona yellow. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

basic lead sulfate; lanarkite. PbSO..PbO; 
molecular weight, 526.44; white; mono- 
clinic; specific gravity, 6.92; melting point, 
977° C; and slightly soluble in water. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

basic-lined converter. In smelting, the Pierce- 
Smith copper converter, which has a mag- 
nesite (basic refractory) lining. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

basic lining. A lining for furnaces, converters, 
etc., formed of nonsiliceous material, usu- 
ally limestone, dolomite, lime, magnesia, 
or iron oxide. Fay. 

basic lining process. An improvement of the 
Bessemer process in which, by the use of 
a basic lining in the converter and by the 
addition of basic materials during the 
blow, it is possible to eliminate phosphorus 
from the pig iron and keep it out of the 
steel. Fay. 

basic magmas. Those rich in iron, magnesium, 
and calcium. Bateman. 

basic open-hearth furnace. An open-hearth 
furnace used in the refining of basic pig 
iron. The hearth is built of basic refractory 
bricks covered with burned dolomite or 
magnesite. Dodd. 

basic ores. Another name for non-Bessemer 
ores. Newton, p. 11. 

basic oxide. A metallic oxide which will react 
with an acid to form salt and water only; 
for example, calcium oxide. Cooper. 

basic oxygen process. A steelmaking process 
in which oxygen is forced at supersonic 
speed through a retractable water-cooled 
lance, accelerating the burning off of un- 
wanted elements in a charge of molten iron 
and scrap. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Bri- 
tannica Book of the Year, 1964, p. 469. 

basic price. a. As used by the drilling and 
mining industries, a guaranteed price to be 
paid for a specific quantity of materials, 
or type of service. Long. b. As applied to 
the price of metals, it is that figure at 
which the price is a minimum. See also 
normal price. Fay. 

basic process. A steelmaking process, either 
Bessemer, open-hearth, or electric, in which 
the furnace is lined with a basic refractory, 
a slag rich in lime being formed and phos- 
phorus removed. C.T.D. See also basic- 
lining process. Fay. 

basic refractories. Refractories which consist 
essentially of magnesia, lime, chrome ore, 
or forsterite, or mixtures of two or more 


of these. HW. 





basining 


basic refractory lining. A furnace lining, 


especially for a copper converter or for an 
open-hearth steel furnace, composed of 
material low in such acidic minerals as 
silica and high in such basic minerals as 
lime, chromite, dolomite, magnesite, or 
magnesia. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

basic rock. A term rather loosely used in 
lithology generally meaning one of the 
following: (1) an igneous rock containing 
less than 55 percent of silica, free or com- 
bined; (2) an igneous rock in which min- 
erals comparatively low in silica and rich 
in the metallic bases, such as the amphi- 
boles, the pyroxenes, biotite, and olivine, 
are dominant; or (3) an igneous rock 
composed chiefly of dark-colored minerals. 
In all three senses contrasted with acid. 
The term is misleading, undesirable, and 
becoming obsolete. As used in the first 
sense above, it is being replaced by sub- 
silicic and as used in the second sense, it 
should be replaced by mafic or by some 
term denoting the dominant mineral] or 
minerals. See also basic. Fay. 

basic salt. A salt in which the acid part of 
the compound is not sufficient to satisfy 
all the bonds of the base. Fay. 

basic scale. See effective temperature. 

basic schist. A schistose rock resulting from 
the metamorphism of a basic igneous rock. 
Also used for rocks of similar composition 
and texture even if origin is doubtful. See 
also beerbachite; cucalite; epidiorite; fer- 
ruginous schist; greenschist; greenstone; 
magnesian schist; metabasite; ophiolite; 
prasinite; schist. A.G.I. 

basic slag. Slag rich in bases, such as metallic 
oxides; specifically, slag rich in lime, made 
during the basic Bessemer or basic open- 
hearth steel processes, and, from the quan- 
tity of phosphorus contained in it, valuable 
as an artificial fertilizer. Standard, 1964. 

basic solvent. One which accepts protons 
from solute. Pryor, 3. 


basic steel. Steel melted in a furnace with a 


basic bottom and lining and under a slag 
containing an excess of a basic substance, 
such as magnesia or lime. ASM Gloss. 

Basifrit. Quick-setting magnesite; refractory. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

basil. The beveled edge of a drill or chisel. 
Crispin. 

basimesostasis. In diabase, the partial or en- 
tire enclosure by augite of plagioclase crys- 
tals. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 168. 

basin. a. The lowest part of a mine or area 
of coal lands. Hudson. b. A general region 
with an overall history of subsidence and 
thick sedimentary section. Wheeler. c. A 
large or small depression in the surface of 
the land, the lowest part often being occu- 
pied by a lake or pond. Webster 3d. d. A 
broad area of the earth beneath which the 
strata dip usually from the sides toward 
the center. Webster 3d. e. A natural de- 
pression of strata containing a coalbed or 
other stratified deposit. Fay. f. The deposit 
itself. Fay. g. A depression of the sea floor 
more or less equidimensional in form. When 
the length is much greater than the width, 
the feature is a trough. H&G. h. An area 
in a tidal region in which water can be 
kept at a desired level by means of a gate. 
Also called tidal basin. H&G. i. A rela- 
tively small cavity in the bottom or shore, 
usually created or enlarged by excavation, 
large enough to receive one or more vessels 
for a specific purpose. H&G. j. Same as 
pouring basin. ASM Gloss. 

basining. In geology, a settlement of the 


basining 


ground in the form of basins, usually due 
to the removal by water of soluble under- 
lying strata; also, deformation of strata 
into a basin or syncline in which the beds 
dip from all sides toward the center; oppo- 
site of doming. Standard, 1964. 
basin peat. Same as local peat. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 
basin range. A kind of mountain range char- 
acteristic of the Great Basin province and 
formed by a faulted and tilted block of 
strata. Standard, 1964. 
basis; base. A term used to describe that part 
of a fused rock magma that in cooling fails 
to crystallize as recognizable minerals, but 
chills as a glass or related amorphous ag- 
gregate. It differs from groundmass, which 
is the relatively fine portion of a porphy- 
ritic rock, as distinguished from the pheno- 
crysts. Fay. 
basis metal. The original metal to which one 
or more coatings are applied. ASM Gloss. 
basite. Synonymous with basic rock. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 
basker. Eng. Old cloth used to cover wet 
bei to prevent splashing while drilling. 
ay. 
basket. a. A type of single-tube core barrel 
made from thin-wall tubing with the lower 
end notched into points, which are intended 
to pick up a sample of granular or plastic 
rock material by bending in on striking the 
bottom of the borehole or a solid layer. 
Also used as a fishing tool to recover an 
article lost or dropped into a borehole. Also 
called basket barrel; basket tube; saw- 
tooth barrel. Long. b. Wire-mesh strainer 
in the top of a core barrel to strain out bits 
of debris, which might clog up the water 
ports in the core barrelhead. Long. c. Syn- 
onym for basket core lifter. Long. d. S. 
Staff. A shallow pan into which small coal 
is raked for loading into cars. Fay. e. Leic. 
A measure of weight (2 hundredweight) 
occasionally used in east Lancashire. Fay. 
f. A group of several wooden stakes placed 
in the form of a small circle to mark and 
_protect a point used in surveying. Fay. 
basket barrel. a. Same as basket, a. Long. 
b. A core barrel fitted with a basket core 
lifter. Long. 
basket centrifuge. A device for dewatering 
in which wet coal is thrown by centrifugal 
force against a perforated containing-sur- 
face which permits the outward passage of 
water and retains the coal. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
basket core. A sample of rock or rock mate- 
rial recovered by using a basket tube or 
core barrel. See also basket, a. Long. 
basket core lifter. A type of core lifter con- 
sisting of several fingerlike springs brazed 
or riveted to a smooth-surfaced ring hav- 
ing an inside diameter slightly larger than 
the core size being cut, Also called basket; 
basket lifter; finger lifter. Long. 
basket man. See chute puller (anth & bit coal 
mining). D.O.T. 1. 
basketware. Articles formed of plaited or 
woven strips of clay, to represent straw or 
oisters. C.T.D. 
basket weave checker. A pattern for checker- 
work such that the plan view resembles 
a basket weave. A.J.S.I. No. 24. 
basket weave checkerwork. An arrangement 
of checker brick such that the ends of each 
checker brick are placed at right angles to 
the center of adjacent brick to form con- 
tinuous vertical flues. The plan view re- 
sembles the weave of splints of a basket. 
A.RI. 
basonomelane. A variety of hematite contain- 











86 


ing titanium oxide. Fay. Synonym for ilme- 
nite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

basque. Mixture of clay and charcoal dust; 
used as lining for furnaces and crucibles. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bass. Eng. A _ black carbonaceous shale, 
Yorkshire, Lancashire, South and North 
Staffordshire. Nelson. 

bassanite. A white anhydrous calcium sulfate, 
CaSO,.. Crystals with form of gypsum. 
Differs from anhydrite, but is transformed 
into it at a red heat. Monoclinic. Ejected 
blocks from Vesuvius, Italy. English. 

basset. a. The outcropping edge of a geologi- 
cal stratum. Webster 3d. b. To appear at 
the surface; crop out. Webster 3d. c. The 
shallow or rise side of a working. Fay. 
d. Coal outcrop. Pryor, 3. 

basse-taille. Vitreous enameled artware in 
which a pattern is first cut in low relief on 
the metal backing, usually silver; the hol- 
lows are then filled with translucent enamel, 
which is subsequently fired on. Dodd. 

basset edge. An old miners’ term for outcrop. 
Nelson. 

basseting. a. Outcropping. Fay. b. The crop- 
ping out or the appearance of rock on the 
surface of a stratum, or series of strata.Fay. 

bassetite. A rare, yellow, hydrous phosphate 
of uranium and calcium, probably Fe- 
(UOsz)2(POx)2nHeO; does not fluoresce in 
ultraviolet light (difference from autunite). 
Monoclinic. Tabular crystals. American 
Mineralogist, v. 26, No. 3, March 1941, 
p. 235; English. 

basset process. For the simultaneous produc- 
tion of hydraulic cement and pig iron by 
the treatment, in a rotary kiln, of a mix- 
ture of limestone, coke, and iron ore. Dodd. 

bassy mine. Eng. Ironstone, North Stafford- 
shire. Arkell. 

bast. a. A black, banded carbonaceous shale. 
Nelson. b. S. Wales. A thin band of cannel- 
like coal in the seam. Nelson. 

bastard. a. Of unusual make or proportion; 
of abnormal shape. Webster 3d. b. A hard, 
massive boulder or rock. Fay. 

bastard amber. Cloudy amber. Shipley. 

bastard asbestos. Miner’s term for picrolite, 
the mineral sometimes associated with 
chrysotile asbestos. Sinclair, W. E., p. 483. 

bastard cauk. Eng. Inferior baryte, Derby- 
shire lead mines. Arkell, 

bastard coal; bait; bat. An impure coal some- 
times found in the lower portion of the 
roof beds over a coal seam. It represents 
vegetation and muddy water and was 
formed during the final submergence of 
the coal forest; any coal with a high ash 
content, Nelson. 

bastard emerald. Peridot. Shipley. 

bastard fire clay. An inferior or impure fire 
clay; an underclay that does not have 
enough refractoriness for firebricks, but can 
be used for building bricks and salt-glazed 
ware. Nelson. 

bastard freestone. Eng. Any inferior or im- 
pure rock, the Inferior Oolite. Bath. Arkell. 

bastard ganister. A silica rock having many 
of the superficial characters of a true ganis- 
ter such as color and the impression of 
rootlets, but differing from it in essential 
details, for example, an increased propor- 
tion of interstitial matter, variable texture, 
and incomplete secondary silicification. 
Dodd. 

bastard granite. A quarry term for gneissic 
granites. Fay. 

bastard jet. A soft variety of Canadian jet. 
Shipley. 

bastard post. Eng. 


Impure sandstone, 





batch distillation 


Northumberland and Durham. Nelson. 

bastard quartz. a. A miner’s term for a white, 
glassy quartz without other mineralization. 
Fay. b. A round or spherical-shaped boul- 
der or quartz embedded in a soft or de- 
composed rock. Long. 

bastard rock. Eng. Impure sandstone which 
may contain thin layers of coal or shale, 
North Staffordshire. Nelson. 

bastard shale. Coal miners’ term for canneloid 
shale. A.G.I. Supp. 

bastard whin. Eng. Very hard rock, but 
not so flinty as to be called whin. Fay. 

bast coal. A fibrous, bastlike variety of lig- 
nite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bastimento. Mex. Miner’s luncheon. Fay. 

bastite. A variety of serpentine, an essentially 
hydrated silicate of magnesium, resulting 
from the alteration of orthorhombic pyrox- 
enes, Occurs in the serpentine of baste in 
the Harz Mountains, Germany, and in 
other serpentines. See also schiller spar. 
CAD, 

bastnasite; bastnaesite. A greasy, wax-yellow 
to reddish-brown weakly radioactive min- 
eral, (Ce,La)(COs)F, most commonly 
found in contact zones, less often in peg- 
matites; found associated with allanite, 
cerite, tysonite, fluorite, and tornebohmite; 
hexagonal; obtained from Ryddarhyttan 
and Finbo, Sweden; Pikes Peak, Colo., and 
Mountain Pass, Calif., U.S. Crosby, pp. 
66-67. 

bastonite. A. greenish-brown mica that is 
closely related to phlogopite. Standard, 
1964. : 

bat. a. A brick or other ceramic shape which 
is rejected because of defects, such as warp- 
ing, black coring, chipping, cracking, etc. 
HPH. b. A broken, burned brick or shape. 
A.RJI. c. A slab or disk of plaster or fired 
clay used for drying clay or as a platform 
for work in clay. ACSG, 1963. d. A plate 
of gelatin used in printing on pottery or 
porcelain over the glaze. Webster 2d. e. Any 
part of a brick intentionally or accidentally 
broken off; a piece of broken brick. A.J.S.I. 
No. 24. f. (Leic.; S. Staff.) Batting out gas 
was formerly a regular though unsafe thing 
to do. See also baffle, a. Fay. g. Eng. A 
compact black bituminous shale which 
splits into fine laminae. It is often inter- 
stratified in layers with coal. Also spelled 
batt; bass. Fay. 

batavite. A hydrous silicate of magnesium and 
aluminum, approximately 4H.2O-4MgO.-.- 
AleOz-4S8iOe, Micaceous scales of hexagonal 
outline. A decomposition product perhaps 
related to the micas or chlorites. From Pas- 
sau, Bavaria, Germany. English. 

batch. a. Corn. The quantity of ore sent 
to the surface by a pair of men. Also called 
batch of ore. Fay. b. A quantity of material 
destined for one operation. Webster 3d. 
c. A quantity of material produced at one 
operation. Webster 3d. d. The mixture of 
raw materials from which glass is produced 
in the furnace. A proportion of cullet is 
either added to the mixture or placed in 
the furnace previous to the charge. C.T.D. 

batch cakes. Eng. Rounded masses of coral, 
Wenlock limestone, Daw End, Wallsall. 
Arkell. 

batch charger. A mechanical device for in- 
troducing batch to the furnace. ASTM 
C162-66. 

batch distillation. A distillation in which a 
given quantity of material is charged into 
a still, and the distillation is conducted 
without additional charge to the still. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

















bateh drier 


batch drier. A drier in which ware remains 
stationary while air conditions change as 
ware becomes heated. ACSG, 1963. 

batch feeder. See batch charger. ASTM 
C162-66. 

batch furnace. One in which each charge is 
placed, heated and withdrawn on comple- 
tion of work. Pryor, 3. 

batch grinding. In laboratory, paint, and ce- 
ramic work and in other special applica- 
tions, the grinding of a charge of mineral 
(dry or wet) in a closed ball mill. Pryor, 3. 

batch house. The place where batch mate- 
rials are received, handled, weighed, and 
mixed for delivery to melting units. ASTM 
C162-66. 

batching plant. A concrete mixing plant 
which measures accurately the different 
ingredients of a concrete mix. Ham. 

batch mill. A grinding mill,-usually cylindri- 
cal, into which a charge of ore and 
water (or paint material and liquid) is 
placed, and ground to completion of the 
required comminution. Pryor, 3. 

batch mixer. One who dumps various kinds 
of dry clay, according to formula, into a 
tank which mixes clay before addition of 
water. Also called clay puddler; mixer 
man. See also mixer. D.O.T. 1. 

batch of ores. The quantity of ore sent to 
bank by any pair of workmen, Nelson. 

batch oil. A pale, lemon-colored neutral oil 
having a viscosity of about 80 Saybolt at 
70° F. Used to keep molded materials 
from sticking to the molds and as a lubri- 
cant in cordage manufacture. Porter. 

batch process. A process in which the feed is 
introduced as discrete charges, each of 
which is processed to completion sepa- 
rately. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

batch sintering. Presintering or sintering in 
such a manner that the products are 
furnace treated in individual batches. 
Osborne. 

batch smelter. Any smelter that operates as 
a periodic unit being charged, fired, and 
discharged according to a predetermined 
cycle. ASTM C286-65. 

batch test. A laboratory test on a small quan- 
tity of mineral under close control. Pryor, 3. 

batch treatment. Treatment of a parcel of 
material in isolation, as distinct from the 
treatment of a continuous stream of ore. 
Pryor, 4. 

batch-type mixer. See mixer. Dodd. 

batch variation. One found when examining 
a set of products or batches. Pryor, 3. 

bate. a. To enlarge a colliery road by lower- 
ing the floor. Pryor, 3. See also dinting. 
b. Eng. Cleavage in slates, especially in 
the Sheerbate stone. Arkell. c. Grain, hem, 
secondway in other rocks. Arkell. Also 
spelled bait. 

batea. Mex. A wide and shallow vessel, usu- 
ally of wood, used for panning ore. Fay. 

bate barrel. Leic. After drawing. a number 
of barrels of water out of a sump, the 
first barrel for which there is not sufficient 
water to fill it. Fay. 

bateque. Lower Calif. Deposits formed by 
spring water, as in a ravine or at the 
foot of a hill. Fay. 

batework. Newc. Short work. Fay. 

bath. a. A medium as water, air, sand, or oil 
for regulating the temperature of some- 
thing placed in or on it; also, the vessel 
containing such a medium. Webster 3d. 
b. The molten material in a reverberatory 
furnace. Standard, 1964. c, Any solution, 
or the vessel containing it, in which ar- 
ticles of any kind are immersed to expose 


264-972 O-68—7 





87 


them to its effects; as, the baths used in 
electroplating. Standard, 1964. 

Bath brick. An abrasive made from a very 
fine-grained, quartzose clay found along 
the banks of the Parrett River in South- 
west England. Used for scouring steel 
utensils. AIME, p. 17. 

batholite. A term applied by Suess to an 
older massive protrusion of magma solid- 
ified as coarse crystalline rock in the deep 
horizons of the crust. See also batholith. 
A.Gele 

batholith. A huge, domed, intrusive igneous 
body of at least 40 square miles in extent 
whose sides slope gently outward, enlarg- 
ing downward. It presumably has no 
bottom. Bateman. 

batholithic. Pertaining to, originating in, or 
derived from a batholith. Fay. 

Bathonian. Upper Jurassic, below Callovian. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

Bath Oolite. A subgroup of the Lower Oolite 
(Jurassic) of England. Standard, 1964. 
See also Bath stone. Fay. 

bathotonic reagent. A substance tending to 
diminish surface tension. See also depres- 
sant. Nelson. 

Bath stone. A creamy limestone from the 
Bath Oolite, soft and easily worked. It was 
used for building in England as early as 
the 12th century. Standard, 1964. 

bathvillite. A fawn-brown mineral resin found 
in torbanite at Bathville, Scotland. Stand- 
ard, 1964. See also torbanite. Fay. 

bathyal. a. Pertaining to the benthonic en- 
vironment on the continental slope, rang- 
ing in depth from 200 to 2,000 meters. 
A.G.J. b. Pertaining to the bottom and 
overlying waters between 100 and 1,000 
fathoms (600 to 6,000 feet). A.GJI. c. Of 
or pertaining to the deeper parts of the 
ocean; deep sea. Webster 3d. 

bathyal zone. In oceanography, the slope 
from the continental shelf at 100 fathoms 
to the abyssal zone at 1,000 fathoms. Also 
called bathyal district. Webster 3d. 

bathybic; bathybial. In oceanography, of, 
relating to, or living in the deepest parts 
of the sea. Webster 3d. 

bathybius. A gelatinous substance precipi- 
tated by alcohol from mud dredged from 
the Atlantic and originally regarded as 
free-living protoplasm but now recognized 
as a form of calcium sulfate. Webster 3d. 

bathyclinograph. In oceanography, an instru- 
ment for measuring vertical currents in 
the deep sea. Webster 3d. 

bathyconductograph. A device to measure 
the electrical conductivity of seawater at 
various depths from a moving ship. Ab- 
breviation, be. Hy. 

bathydermal deformation. Generally more or 
less plastic deformations in the lower part 
of the sialic crust, which is made mobile 
by physicochemical processes, such as 
migmatization. Schieferdecker. 

bathygram. In oceanography, a record ob- 
tained from sonic sounding instruments. 
Webster, 3d. 

bathylite. See batholith. Fay. 

bathylith. N.S.W. A large crystalline mass of 
igneous rock. New South Wales. 

bathymeter. This instrument measures tem- 
perature, pressure, and sound velocity to 
depths up to 7 miles. The device is com- 
pletely transistorized and uses frequency 
modulation for telemetering. H&G. 

bathymetric; bathymetrical. a. Relating to 
the measurement of depths of water in 
oceans, seas, and lakes. Webster 3d. b. Re- 
lating to the contour of the bottoms of 








batisite 


oceans, seas, and lakes. Webster 3d. c. Re- 
lating to the distribution in depth of ma- 
rine or lacustrine organisms. Webster 3d. 

bathymetric chart. Chart showing depths of 
water by means of contour lines or by 
color shading. Hy. 

bathymetry. In oceanography, the measure- 
ment of depths of water in oceans, seas, 
and lakes; also, the information derived 
from such measurements. Webster 3d. 

bathyorographical. In oceangraphy, of or 
relating to ocean depths and mountain 
heights. Webster 3d. 

bathypelagic. In oceanography, of, relating 
to, or living in the deeper waters of the 
ocean, especially those several hundred 
feet below the surface—distinguished from 
abyssal and pelagic. Webster 3d. 

bathypitotmeter. In oceanography, an instru- 
ment designed to record the current veloc- 
ity and water temperature at indicated 
depths below the surface of a sea or lake. 
Compare bathythermograph. Webster 3d. 

bathyscaph arm. A movable arm, attached to 
submersibles, that can reach out and pick 
up materials from the ocean floor. Hy. 

bathyscaphe. In oceanography, a navigable 
submersible ship that is used for deep-sea 
exploration, has a spherical watertight 
cabin attached to its underside, and uses 
gasoline and shot for ballast. Webster 3d. 

bethyseism. In oceanography, an earthquake 
of deep origin recordable at seismographic 
stations the world over. Webster 3d. 

bathysmal. In oceanography, of or relating 
to the bottom of the deeper parts of the 
sea, especially those parts between 100 
and 1,000 fathoms deep. Webster 3d. 

bathysophical; bathysophic. In oceanography, 
of or relating to a knowledge of the depths 
of the sea or of the things found there. 
Webster 3d. 

bathysphere. In oceanography, a spherical 
diving apparatus, made large enough to 
contain two men and instruments; capable 
of resisting tremendous pressure, and there- 
fore of descending to great depths; it is 
used in oceanography for the investigation 
of deepwater faunas. C.T.D. 

bathysystem. A coined word for a permanent 
sea floor installation. H&G. 

bathythermogram. In oceanography, a record 
obtained with a bathythermograph. Web- 
ster 3d. 

bathythermograph. An instrument, which 
may be lowered into the sea from a vessel 
at anchor or underway, to record temper- 
ature as a function of depth. The tem- 
perature sensing device is a Bourdon tube, 
the depth finder is a bellows system. Ac- 
curacy of temperature is + 0.1° F; depth 
+ 10 feet. Abbreviation, bt. Hy. 

bathythermosphere. In oceanography, a 
bathythermograph. Webster 3d. 

bathyvessel. In oceanography, a ship (as a 
submarine or bathysphere) designed for 
exploration of or navigation in water far 
below the surface of a sea or lake. Webster 
3d. 

batiboleo. Mex. A company of miners work- 
ing a stope of high-grade ore. Fay. 

batice. An inclination or bevel given to the 
upper timbers of a shaft; as the shaft has 
a downward and outward batice of one 
inch to the foot. Standard, 1964. See also 
batter, e. Fay. 

bating. Eng. Lowering a drift or road. See 
also bate, a. Fay. 

batisite. Dark brown orthorhombic crystals 
from the Inaglina pegmatite, Central 
Aldan, NazBaTie(SizO7) 2. Isostructural with 


batisite 


shcherbakovite, but contains no niobium. 
Named from the composition, Ba-Ti-Si. 
Hey, M.M., 1961. 

bat printing. A former method of decorating 
pottery; it was first used, in Stoke-on- 
Trent, England, by W. Baddeley in 1777. 
A bat of solid glue or gelatin was used to 
transfer the pattern, in oil, from an en- 
graved copper plate to the glazed ware, 
color then being dusted on. The process 
was still in use in 1890 and has now been 
developed into the Murray-Curvex ma- 
chine. See also Murray-Curvex machine. 
Dodd. 

batt. a. Thin partings of coal sometimes 
occurring in the lower part of shale strata 
immediately overlying a coalbed. See also 
bastard coal. Ratstrick and Marshall, p. 
32. b. Eng. Shale; hardened clay, but 
not fire clay. Same as bend; bind. See 
also bat, g. Fay. 

battage. Fr. The operation of pulverizing or 
incorporating the ingredients of gunpow- 
der by the old method of stamping with 
pestles. Fay. 

batten. a. A strip of wood used for nailing 
across two other pieces (as to hold them 
together or to cover a crack). Webster 3d. 
b. A piece of square-sawn converted tim- 
ber, between 2 and 4 inches in thickness 
and from 5 to 8 inches in width. Used 
for flooring or as a support for laths. 
C.T.D. c. A bar fastened across a door, 
or anything composed of parallel boards, 
to secure them and to add strength and/ 
or reduce warping. C.T.D. 

batter. a. To reduce the width of brickwork 
with succeeding courses. A.RJ. b. Re- 
cessing or sloping a wall back in succes- 
sive courses; opposite of corbel. ACSG. 
c. A paste of clay or loam. Webster 2d. 
d. A mallet for flattening wet clay on the 
batting block. Fay. e. The inclination of 
a face of masonry or of any inclined por- 
tion of a frame or metal structure. Zern. 
Also called batice. Fay. f. A workman who 
makes bats. Webster 2d. g. A plaster block 
with a handle, used in making bats. 
Webster 2d. h. The inward slope from 
bottom to top of the face of a wall. 
Nichols. i. A pile driven at an angle to 
widen the area of support and to resist 
thrust. Nichols. 

batter boards. Horizontal boards placed to 
mark a line and a grade of a proposed 
building. Nichols. 

battered set. A set of mine timbers in which 
the posts are inclined. Fay. 

batter legs. Sloping legs. Sandstrom. 

batter level. An instrument for measuring 
inclination from the vertical. Standard, 
1964. 

batterman. A worker who makes batter for 
slip casting. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

batter-out I. One who prepares bat (flat 
piece of pliable clay) to be formed into 
dish, plate, or similar ware by jiggerman. 
Also called batter. D.O.T. 1. 

batter-out II. One who prepares ball of wet 
clay for jiggerman in making of wares, 
such as bowls and cups. Also called baller; 
baller-out; ballmaker; batter; cup baller. 
ID OWI Eells 

batter pile. A pile driven at an angle to the 
vertical. Ham. 

batter rule. An instrument consisting of a 
rule or frame and a plumbline and bob 
and used to regulate the batter of a wall 
in building. Webster 3d. 

battersea. Brand of cupels, scorifiers, cru- 
cibles, muffle sleeves, and similar assay 








88 


equipment. Pryor, 3. 

battery. a. A bulkhead or structure of timber 
for keeping coal in place. Hess. b. A 
wooden piatiorm for miners to stand upon 
while at work, especially in steeply dip- 
ping coalbeds. Fay. c. The plank closing 
the bottom of a coal chute. Fay. d. In 
steeply pitching seams, a wooden structure 
built across the chute to hold back blasted 
coal. Korson. e, A blasting machine or ex- 
ploder. Nelson. f. A number of stamps for 
crushing and pulverizing ores. Nelson. g. 
A series of stamps, usually five, operated 
in one box or mortar, for crushing ores; 
also, the box in which they are operated. 
Hess. h. A stamper mill for pulverizing 
stone. Gordon. i. A series or row of coke 
ovens. Mersereau, 4th, p. 363. j. Section 
of ore dressing (reduction) plant. Pryor, 3. 
k. Timbering in which the sticks are 
placed from foot to hanging, touching 
each other, in a solid mass of from three 
to twelve or more. The battery may be 
further strengthened by binding around 
with wire. Spalding, p. 110. 1. A number 
of similar machines or similar pieces of 
equipment placed side by side on a single 
or separate base and operated by means 
of common connections as a unit. Long. 
m. A combination of chemically activated 
accumulators, which, after charging, may 
be used for a considerable time as a source 
of direct-current electricity. Also called 
storage battery. Long. 

battery amalgamation. Amalgamation by 
means of mercury placed in the mortar 
box of a stamp battery. Nelson. 

battery assay. An assay of samples taken from 
ore as crushed in a stamp battery. Hess. 

battery charger. See lampman. D.O.T. 1. 

battery charging station. See battery locomo- 
tive; charging station; locomotive garage. 
Nelson. 

battery locomotive. A locomotive that is 
powered by a storage battery. The term 
“battery” is also applied to other machin- 
ery so powered, in contrast to machinery 
power by conducted electricity. It is a 
somewhat more flexible haulage device in 
that it requires no electrical conductor 
installation. B.C.I. See also electric mine 
locomotive. 

battery of holes. A number of charges, in 
drill holes, fired simultaneously with an 
electric current. Also called multiple shot. 
Fay. 

battery of ovens. A row or group of ovens 
for making coke from coal. See also bank 
of ovens. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

battery ore. See manganese dioxide. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

battery solution. A cyanide, or plain alkaline 
solution added to the ore when being 
crushed in a stamp mill. Fay. 

battery starter. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, one who charges and sets off 
explosives in large lumps of coal or where 
these lumps have accumulated and blocked 
the flow of coal down chutes from the stor- 
age structures (batteries). Also called bat- 
teryman; chute tender; starter. D.O.T. 1. 

battery wall. The wall between two furnaces, 
both of which are exposed to the heat. 
AJI.S.I., No. 24. 

batting block. A plaster slab on which plastic 
clay is flattened and shaped before going 
to the throwing or jiggering machine. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

batting out. The process of making a disk of 
prepared pottery body for subsequent 
shaping in a jigger. See also jigger. Dodd. 





Bauschinger effect 


battledore. A tool used in the handmade 
glass industry for shaping the foot of a 
wine glass. Also known as a pallette. Dodd. 

battu-uji. Malayan term for touchstone. Fay. 

batty beds. Shrop. Nodular shaly beds in the 
Wenlock limestone. Arkell. 

batty vein. Shrop. A coal seam, Clee Hill. 
Arkell. 

batu kawi. In Sumatra, a red stone supposed 
to be an infallible sign of gold. Fay. 

batukite. A dark leucite basalt containing 
phenocrysts of augite and fewer of olivine, 
in a groundmass of augite, magnetite, and 
leucite; from Batuku, Celebes, Indonesia. 
Holmes, 1928. 

Baudelot cooler. An arrangement of pipes 
one above another through which refrig- 
erant flows and is vaporized as it absorbs 
heat from the water being cooled by 
trickling over the tubes. Strock, 10. 

baulk. a. A beam. Mason. b. See balk, a. Fay. 

Baumann print. Sulfur print, made to test 
concentration of sulfur on metal surfaces. 
The metal is dampened with dilute sul- 
furic acid, and pressed against photo- 
graphic bromide paper. A staining of sil- 
ver sulfide is produced by HeS liberated 
from the test piece. Pryor, 3. 

Baumé gravity. Designating or conforming to 
either of the scales used by the French 
chemist, Antoine Baumé (1728-1804). 
One scale, which is used with liquids 
heavier than water, sinks to 0° (B or Bé, 
symbols for Baumé) in pure water and to 
15° (B or Bé) in a 15 percent salt solu- 
tion. The other scale for liquids lighter 
than water, sinks to 0° (B or Bé) ina 
10 percent salt solution and to 10° (B 
or Bé) in pure water. See also Baumé 
scale. Webster 2d. 

Baumé scale. A device for determining the 
specific gravity of liquids, particularly pe- 
troleum products. It has been superseded 
to a considerable extent by the American 
Petroleum Institute scale (° API, instead 
of ° B or Bé). Crispin. See also Baumé 
gravity. 

baumhauerite. A lead- to stecl-gray sulfar- 
senide of lead, 4PbS.3As2eS3; complex crys- 
tals; monoclinic; metallic luster; perfect 
cleavage; conchoida] fracture. From Bin- 
nenthal, Switzerland. English. 

Baum jig. A washbox in which the pulsating 
motion is produced by the intermittent 
admission of compressed air to the surface 
of the water following a principle intro- 
duced by: Baum. Also called Baum box; 
Baum-type washbox. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

balm pot. A cavity left in roof strata over 
coal as a result of the dropping downward 
of a cast of a fossil tree stump after re- 
moval of the coal. A.G.J. 

baum pots. Eng. Nodules in the roof of the 
Halifax hard bed coal. Compare crog 
balls; potlids. Arkell. 

Baum washer. See Baum jig. 

Bausch and Lomb dust counter. See koni- 
meter. Osborne. 

Bauschinger effect. Usually refers to the 
phenomenon by which plastic deformation 
of a polycrystalline metal, caused by stress 
applied in one direction, reduces the yield 
strength where the stress is applied in the 
opposite direction, Sometimes used in a 
broad sense to include all changes in the 
stress-strain characteristics of both single 
crystalline and polycrystalline metals that 
may be ascribed to changes in the micro- 
scopic stress distribution within the metals, 
as distinguished from those caused by 
strain hardening. ASM Gloss. 











bauxite 


bauxite. a. A rock composed of aluminum 
hydroxides. Essentially, AleOs.2H.O. The 
principal ore of aluminum; also used col- 
lectively for lateritic aluminous ores. Fay. 
b. Composed of aluminum hydroxides and 
impurities in the form of free silica, clay, 
silt, and iron hydroxides. It is seemingly 
formed in tropical and subtropical lati- 
tudes under conditions of good surface 
drainage. A clay containing much bauxite 
should be termed bauxitic. A.G.I. 

bauxite brick. A firebrick composed essen- 
tially of hydrated alumina and _ ferric 
oxide. Such bricks are used for the lining 
of furnaces where a neutral material is re- 
quired. Osborne. 

bauxite cement. A cement made from bauxite 
and lime in an electric furnace; hardens 
rapidly. Sometimes called ciment fondu, 
Nelson. 

bauxitic clay. a. A clay consisting of a mix- 
ture of bauxitic minerals, such as gibbsite 
and diaspore, with clay minerals, the 
former constituting not over 50 percent of 
the total. The opposite of this would be 
an argillaceous bauxite. ACSB-1. b. A 
natural mixture of bauxite and clay, con- 
taining not less than 47 percent nor more 
than 65 percent alumina on a calcined 
basis. HW. 

bauxitization. The development of bauxite 
from either primary aluminum silicates or 
secondary clay minerals. A.G.I. Supp. 

bauxitland cement. See Kiihl Cement. Dodd. 

Bavarian cat’s eye. Quartz cat’s eye, from 
Hof, Bavaria, Germany which produces 
only a few stones of fine quality. Other 
qualities are usually sold as Hungarian 
cat’s eye. The quartz cat’s eye from the 
Harz Mountains of Germany is sometimes 
sold as Bavarian cat’s eye. Shipley. 

bavenite. a. A white hydrous silicate of 
aluminum, calcium, and beryllium, 9SiO.-- 
AlzOs-BeO-4CaO-H:0; orthorhombic; 
earthy, radiating fibrous; platy prismatic 
crystals. From Baveno, Italy; Mesa 
Grande, Calif. English. b. A metallic, lead 
colored to steel gray sulfide of lead and 
copper, 4PbS.AsSs. Hess. 

Baveno law. Twinning in the monoclinic 
crystal system in which the clinodome acts 
as the twinning plane. Hess. 

Baveno twin. A twinned crystal, a common 
form of orthoclase, in which the twinning 
plane is the clinodome, the resulting form 


having a nearly square cross section. 
Standard, 1964. 
bavin. Eng. Impure limestone. Standard, 


1964. 

bawke. Eng. A bucket for raising coal in 
mines. Standard, 1964. See also bowk, a 
and b. Fay. 

bawn. A variety of drab-colored lowland peat 
found in Ireland. Tomkeiff, 1954. 

bay. a. An open space for waste between two 
packs in a longwall working. See also 
bord. Zern. b. A recess in the shore or 
an inlet of a sea or lake between two 
capes or headlands, not as large as a gulf, 
but larger than a cove H&G. c. A portion 
of the sea which penetrates into the interior 
of the land. It is usually wider in the 
middle than at the entrance. It may be 
similar to a gulf, but smaller. H@G. d. A 
portion of the sea partly surrounded by 
ice. See also bight, b. H&G. 

bayate. A local name for a brown ferruginous 
variety of jasper from Cuba. English. 

bay barrier. A sandy beach, built up across 
the mouth of a bay, so that the bay is no 
longer connected to the main body of 














89 


water. Leet. 

Bayer charcoal. Ger. Trade name for acti- 
vated charcoal. Hess. 

bayerite. A dimorph of gibbsite, long known 
as a synthetic product, now found as a 
naturally occuring mineral; contains main- 
ly AleOs and SiOz; from Portole, Istria. 
The naturally occurring bayerite from 
Fenyoro, Hungary, was found by X-ray 
study to be gibbsite. American Mineral- 
ogist, v. 41, No. 11-12, November-De- 
cember 1956, p. 959; American Mineral- 
ogist, v. 43, No. 5-6, May-June 1958, p. 
626. 

Bayer process. A process for extracting alu- 
mina from bauxite ore before the electro- 
lytic reduction. The bauxite is digested in 
a solution of sodium hydroxide, which 
converts the alumina to soluble aluminate. 
After the red mud residue has been filtered 
out, aluminum hydroxide is precipitated, 
filtered out, and calcined to alumina. 
ASM Gloss. 

bayldonite. A grass green to blackish-green 
hydrous lead-copper arsenate, 4(Pb,Cu)- 
O-As2O5-2H20; Mohs’ hardness, 4.5; spe- 
cific gravity, 5.35; in minute mammillary 
masses; from Cornwall, Eng.; parabayl- 
donite has less water. Larsen, p. 143. 

bayle hill. An ancient smelting place. Hess. 

bayleyite. A very rare, strongly radioactive, 
yellow mineral, Mg2(UO2z) (COs3)3.18H:O; 
monoclinic, occurring as minute, short 
prismatic crystals; found as an effloresc- 
ence with schroeckingerite, andersonite, 
schwartzite, and gypsum. Rapidly breaks 
down upon exposure to a lower hydrate 
with a strong green florescence. Crosby, 
pp. 7-8. 

baymouth bar. A bar extending partially or 
entirely across the mouth of a bay. A.G.I. 

baymouth barrier. See baymouth bar. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

bayou. a. A sluggish or stagnant inlet or 
outlet from a lake or bay, or one connect- 
ing two bodies of water; also, a branch of 
the stream flowing through a delta; a gut. 
Standard, 1964. b. See oxbow. Fay. 

bay salt. A coarse-grained variety of common 
salt obtained by evaporating seawater in 
shallow bays or pits by the heat of the 
sun. Standard, 1964. 

bayshon. Som. An air stopping. Fay. 

Bazaruto pearl. See African pearl. Shipley. 

Bazin’s formula. Discharge of water over a 
sharp-edged weir, neglecting approach 
velocity v is 3 


3 
O = KbH’ c. ft/sec. 


b being length of weir (feet) and H head 
of water over crest. Bazin’s formula for 


K is 
0.0789 
H 





K=3.25 = 


Pryor, 3. 

BB Abbreviation for ball bearing. Also ab- 
breviated bb. Zimmerman, p. 14. 

B bit. A nonstandard core bit no longer in 
common use except in drilling deep bore- 
holes to sample gold-bearing deposits in 
South Africa. The set outside and inside 
diameters of a B bit are plus or minus 
2146 and 13 inches respectively. Long. 

bbl Abbreviation for barrel. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

B Blasting powder; soda blasting powder. 
A mixture of nitrate of soda, charcoal, 
and sulfur. Used in coal mines. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

bbl d“ Abbreviation for barrels per day. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

















beach mining 


BC Abbreviation for between centers. Zim- 
merman, p. 16. 

BD Abbreviation for blowing dust. Zimmer- 
man, p. 17. 

bdellium. A substance variously translated by 
different authorities to be pearl, a red 
stone, a resin, or no stone at all but 
manna. Shipley. 

Bé Abbreviation for Baumé. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

Be Chemical symbol for beryllium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

beach. a. The zone of unconsolidated mate- 
rial that extends landward from the low- 
water line to the place where there is 
marked change in material or physio- 
graphic form, or to the line of permanent 
vegetation (usually the effective limit of 
storm waves). The seaward limit of the 
beach, unless otherwise specified, is the 
mean low-water line. A beach includes 
foreshore and backshore. H&G. b. Some- 
times, the material which is more or less 
in active transport, alongshore or on-and- 
off shore, rather than the zonc. H&G. c. 
Eng. Pebbles and shingle or gravel, 
Kent and Sussex. Beachy land is stony 
land, sometimes denoting cinders. Also 
spelled beech. Arkell. 

beach berm. A nearly horizontal portion of 
the beach or backshore formed by the de- 
posit of material by wave action. Some 
beaches have no berms, others have one 
or several. H&G. 

beachcombing. Working the sands 
beach for gold, tin, or platinum. Fay. 

beach concentrate. Natural concentration of 
heavy minerals in beach sand. A.G.I. Supp. 

beach cusp. A frequent feature of our New 
England beaches is a succession of stony 
or gravelly cusps with sharp points toward 
the water, situated on the upper part of 
the beach where the waves play only at 
high stages of the tide. Among the minor 
forms of the shore zone none has proved 
more puzzling than the cuspate deposits 
of beach material built by wave action 
along the foreshore. Sand, gravel, or coarse 
cobblestones are heaped together in rather 
uniformly spaced ridges which trend at 
right angles to the sea margin, tapering 
out to a point near the water’s edge. These 
beach cusps have attracted the attention 
of many students. A.G.I. 

beach deposits. Alluvial concentrations of 
mineral formed by the grinding action of 
natural forces (wind, wave, or frost) and 
the selective transporting action of tides 
and winds. Pryor, 3. 

beach drift; shore drift; longshore drift; lit- 
toral drift; beach drifting. The movement 
of material along the shore by the action 
of the uprush and backwash of waves 
breaking at an angle with the shore. 
Schieferdecker. 

beach drifting. See beach drift. Schiefer- 
decker. 

beach face. The section of the beach nor- 
mally exposed to the action of the wave 
uprush. The foreshore zone of a beach. 
H&G. 

beaching. Stones from 3 to 8 inches in size, 
laid in a layer from 1 to 2 feet thick for 
revetting below the level of stone pitching 
on an embankment or on the side of a 
reservoir. See also revet. Ham. 

beach mining. The exploitation of the cono- 
mic concentrations of the heavy minerals 
rutile, zircon, monazite, ilmenite, and 
sometimes gold which occur in sand dunes, 


on a 


beach mining 


beaches, coastal plains, and deposits located 
inland from the shoreline. High-grade con- 
centrate is usually obtained from low-grade 
material by the use of suction dredges and 
spiral concentrators. Nelson. 

beach ore. A concentration of heavy min- 
erals on a beach by selective action of the 
surf. See also black sands. A.G.I. 

beach placers. Placer deposits either on a 
present or ancient sea beach. There are a 
series of these at Nome, Alaska, known as 
first, second, or third beach, etc., due to 
change of shoreline. Fay. See also black 
sand; placer deposit. 

beach profile. The intersection of the ground 
surface with a vertical plane; may extend 
from the top of the dune line to the sea- 
ward limit of sand movement. H@G. 

beach ridge. An essentially continuous mound 
of beach material behind the beach that 
has been heaped up by wave or other ac- 
tion. Ridges may occur singly or as a 
series of approximately parallel deposits. 
In England, they are called fulls. A.GJ. 

beach scarp. An almost vertical slope: along 
the beach caused by erosion by wave ac- 
tion. It may vary in height from a few 
inches to several feet, depending on wave 
action and the nature and composition of 
the beach. H&G. 

beach width. The horizontal dimension of 
the beach as measured normal to the 
shoreline. H&G. 

bead. a. The globule of precious metal ob- 
tained by the cupellation process in as- 
saying. Webster 3d. b. A glassy drop of 
flux (as borax) used as a solvent and a 
color test for several metallic oxides and 
salts (as of iron or manganese) that is 
formed by fusion in the loop of a usually 
platinum wire. Webster 3d. c. Prill. Pryor, 
3. d. An enlarged, rounded edge of a 
tumbler or other glass article, or any 
raised section extending around the article. 
ASTM C162-66. e. A small piece of glass 
tubing used around a lead wire. ASTM 
C162-66. 

bead catalyst. Spheroids of silica ge] contain- 
ing activated alumina; diameter about 3 
millimeters. Used in petroleum cracking. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

beaded flange. A flange reinforced by a low 
ridge, used mostly around a hole. ASM 
Gloss. 

beaded section. An angle or channel section 
of light alloy which is extruded to have 
bulbs at the extremities. These bulbs can 
easily be formed by extrusion, whereas 
they are difficult to form by rolling; they 
increase bending strength, with economy 
of metal. Ham. 

beader. An operator applying beading enamel. 
Bryant. 

beader off. An operator removing enamel 
from bead or smoothing enamel at edges. 
Bryant. 

bead furnace. A furnace in which small cylin- 
ders of glass are rounded into beads. 
Webster 2d. The cylinders are heated to 
softening and revolved in a drum. Fay. 

beading. a. The application of porcelain 
enamel, usually of a ccntrasting color, to 
the edge or rim of porcelain enameled 
articles. ASTM C286-65. b. Removal of 
excess slip from the edge of dipped ware. 
ASTM C286-65. c. In dry process enamel- 
ing, a bead of porcelain enamel along the 
edge of ware. ASTM C286-65, d. Raising 
a ridge or projection on sheet metal. 
ASM Gloss. 

beading enamel. A special type of porcelain 











90 


enamel used for beading purposes. Hansen. 


beading off. Wiping off enamel on bead 


preparatory to applying beading. Bryant. 


beads. In ion-exchange, sized resin spheres, 


usually ++ 20 mesh so constituted as to 
capture ions from pregnant solutions under 
stated loading conditions, and to relin- 
quish them under other (eluting) condi- 
tions. Two types are anionic and Cationic. 
See also permutite; resin. Pryor, 3. 


bead tests. In mineral identification, borax 


is fused to a transparent bead by heating 
in a blowpipe flame, in a small loop 
formed by platinum wire. When suitable 
minerals are melted in this bead, char- 
acteristic glassy colors are produced in an 
oxidizing or reducing flame, and serve to 
identify elements. Pryor, 3. 


bead weld. A weld composed of one or more 


string or weave beads deposited on an 
unbroken surface. ASM Gloss. 


beaker. A glass container for chemical work. 


It is generally round, flat-bottomed, with 
parallel sides, somewhat taller than wide, 
has a flared rim and a pouring lip, and 
ranges in capacity from a few milliliters 
(cubic centimeters) to 4 liters. Hess. 


beaker decantation. A method of sizing finely 


ground, insoluble, homogenous material or 
classifying ore particles. Weighed quantity 
is dispersed in liquid and allowed to settle 
for a timed period, a liquid fraction then 
being decanted. Treatment repeated sev- 
eral times, the settled fraction now repre- 
senting one size group (if homogenous) or 
settled group (if minerals of various densi- 
ties are present). Decanted fluid is simi- 
larly treated for progressively lengthened 
settling periods. Pryor, 3. 


beam. a. A bar or straight girder used to 


support a span of roof between two sup- 
port props or walls, Mason. b. The walking 
beam; a bar pivoted in the center, which 
rocks up and down, actuating the tools in 
cable-tool drilling or the pumping rods in 
a well being pumped. Hess. 


beam action. In crushing, seizure of rock slab 


between approaching jaws so as to present 
crushing stress above unsupported parts of 
the rock, thus inducing shear failure rather 
than failure under compression. Pryor, 3. 


Beaman arc. See Beaman stadia arc. A.G.I. 
beam and slab floor. A reinforced-concrete 


floor system in which the floor slab is 
supported by beams of reinforced concrete. 
This form of construction which corre- 
sponds to the double floor in timber con- 
struction is widely used for bridge decks 
and factories. Ham. 


Beaman stadia arc; Beaman are. An auxiliary 


attachment on an alidade consisting of a 
stadia arc, mounted on the outer side of 
the ordinary vertical arc, and enabling 
the observer to determine differences in 
elevation of the instrument and the stadia 
rod without the use of vertical angles. 
A.G.I. 


beam bender. A machine for bending or 


straightening rolled steel joints. Ham. 


beam building. A process of rock bolting in 


flat-lying deposits where the bolts are in- 
stalled in bedded rock to bind the strata 
together to act as a single beam capable of 
supporting itself and thus stabilizing the 
overlying rock. Bolts should be long 
enough to form a monolithic beam which 
will be self-supporting and not be sus- 
pended from the stratum in which the 
bolts are anchored. For beam building, 
the function of bolts is only to increase 
friction between layers to resist shear. 








bearer bar 


Lewis, pp. 63, 66. 

beam compass. An instrument for describing 
large arcs. It consists of a beam of wood 
or metal carrying two beam heads, adjust- 
able for position along the beam, and serv- 
ing as the marking points of the compass. 
Also called trammel. C.T.D. 

beam conveyor. See reciprocating beam con- 
veyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

beam dust. Very fine airborne particles re- 
sulting from crushing and screening rock 
salt, which have settled on structural 
members in the breaker building. Kauf- 
man. 

beam engine. An early type of vertical steam 
engine. It operated the Cornish pump. 
Nelson. 

beam hanger. An attachment at the end of 
a walking beam above a well casing to 
lift the pump rods or sacked rods. Hess. 

beam hole. A hole through a reactor shield 
and, generally, through the reactor reflec- 
tor which permits a beam of radiation to 
escape. The beam is then used for nu- 
clear experiments outside the reactor. 
L@&L. 

beam test. A method of measuring the modu- 
lus of rupture of concrete or mortar by 
casting a standard beam without rein- 
forcement. The beam is supported and 
loaded in a standard way, the bending 
moment at the point of failure being re- 
corded; from this the maximum tensile 
stress is calculated. It is a cheap and effec- 
tive test. Ham. ‘s 

beam well. A well pumped by a walking 
beam. Porter. 

bean. A plug bored with a hole of reduced 
diameter and inserted in the pipeline from 
a flowing well to restrict the rate of flow. 
Hess. 

bean iron ore. A coarse pisolitic iron ore, 
the pisolites consisting of hydrated per- 
oxide of iron. Schiieferdecker. 

bean ore. A name for limonite, when found 
in lenticular aggregations. Also called pea 
ore, when found in small, rounded masses. 
A coarse-grained pisolitic iron ore. Fay. 

bean rock. Eng. Shingle cemented by tufa, 
Ventnor. Compare pea grit. Arkell. 

beans. a. N. of Eng. All coal which will 
pass through a ¥-inch screen or mesh. 
Fay. b. A cleaned and screened anthracite 
product 7% by 3% inch. Nelson. 

bean shot. Copper granulated by pouring 
into hot water. Fay. 

bear. a. To bear in; underholing or under- 
mining; driving in at the top or at the side 
of a working. Fay. b. One who sells bor- 
rowed shares in the hope that the market 
will decline and he can then replace the 
shares at a lower price than that for which 
he sold them. This practice is known as 
selling short. Hoov, p. 285. c. Eng. A 
calcareous or clay ironstone nodule, Der- 
byshire. Arkell. d. The mass of iron which, 
as a result of wear of the refractory brick- 
work or blocks in the hearth bottom of a 
blast furnace, slowly replaces much of the 
refractory material in this location. Also 
known as salamander. Dodd. 

bearer. a. Eng. A band of hard limestone 
consisting of numerous Stromatoporoids, 
mainly a ramose species, Wenlock lime- 
stone, Dudley. Arkell. b. In mechanics and 
architecture, a bearer is a girder, a support 
to a bridge or other building. Arkell. c. A 
runner beam or girder used to carry the 
ends of other beams or girders. Mason. 

bearer arch. See rider arch. ASTM C162-66. 

bearer bar. One of the bars that support the 

















bearer bar 


grate bars in a furnace. Fay. 

bearers. a. S. Staff. Women formerly em- 
ployed to carry coal out of the mines. 
Fay. b. Heavy timbers placed in a shaft 
at intervals of 30 to 100 feet to support 
shaft sets. They are usually put beneath 
the end plates and dividers, and rest in 
hitches cut in the wall. Also used to sup- 
port pumping gear. Fay. c. Porters, such 
as those used on prospecting trips in many 
countries. Hess. 

bearers’ way. Scot. An underground road 
or passage along which the bearers carry 
coal. Fay. 

bearing. The part of a beam or girder which 
actually rests on the supports. C.T.D. 

bearing arbor-support collar. An arbor collar 
which fits over an ‘arbor and in an arbor- 
support bearing of a milling machine. 
ASM Gloss. 

bearing beds. Quick, or bearing, beds as op- 
posed to dead beds. Beds that contain or 
are likely to contain ore, minerals, etc.; 
productive as opposed to barren. Arkell. 

bearing capacity. a. The load per unit area 
which the soil or solid rock can support 
without excessive yield. See also founda- 
tion investigation. Nelson. b. See ultimate 
bearing capacity. ASCE P1826. 

bearing capacity (of a pile). The load per 
pile required to produce a condition of 
failure. ASCE P1826. 

bearing door. A door so placed as to direct 
and regulate the amount of air current 
necessary for the proper ventilation of a 
district of a mine. See also separation door. 
Nelson. 

bearing-in. The depth of an undercut, or 
holing, from the face of the coal to the 
end of the undercut. Fay. 

bearing-in shots. Boreholes tending to meet 
in the body of the rock; intended to un- 
key the face when charged and fired. 
Stauffer. 

bearing load. A compressive load supported 
by a member, usually a tube or collar, 
along a line where contact is made with 
a pin, rivet, axle, or shaft. ASM Gloss. 

bearing metal. Metal employed for axle bear- 
ings. Bateman. 

bearing partition. An interior wall, one story 
or less in height, which supports any load 
in addition to its own weight. ACSG. 

bearing piles. Piles to transmit the load of a 
structure to the bedrock or subsoil without 
detrimental settlement. They can func- 
tion either as friction piles or as end- 
bearing piles. Friction piles derive their 
carrying capacity mainly from the friction 
and adhesion between their surfaces and 
the surrounding soil, which is likely to be 
soft or medium clay or silt. End-bearing 
piles derive their carrying capacity from 
the resistance at the pile points in firm 
ground such as gravel, hard clay or hard 
rock. See also piled foundation. Nelson. 

bearing pit. Scot. A shaft up which coal was 
(in former years) carried by bearers. Fay. 

bearing plate. A plate of the thickness and 
area required to distribute a given load, 
such as a plate under a beam flange rest- 
ing on a wall. If the plate is 2 inches or 
more in thickness, it is called a slab. 
Crispin. 

bearing pressure. The load on a bearing sur- 
face divided by the area upon which it 
rests. Ham. 

bearing road. Scot. See bearers’ way. Fay. 

bearing seal. A device on the outer side of 
a bearing, the function of which is to 
prevent the leakage of lubricant from the 











v1 


bearing or the entry of dirt into it. Nelson. 

bearing set. In a mine shaft, a specially sub- 
stantial set of timbers used at intervals to 
support the linings and ordinary bearers. 
They are tied into the surrounding rock to 
give extra strength. Pryor, 3. 

bearing stake. A stake set on a line to indi- 
cate the horizontal direction an inclined 
borehole is to be drilled. Long. 

bearing stratum. The earth formation which 
has been selected as the most suitable to 
support a given load. Ham. 

bearing strength. The maximum bearing load 
at failure divided by the effective bearing 
area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the ef- 
fective area is calculated as the product 
of the diameter of the hole and the thick- 
ness of the bearing member. ASM Gloss. 

bearing system. Eng. The employment of 
women to carry coal out of the mine. Fay. 

bearing test. Same as azimuth test. Long. 

bearing-up pulley. A pulley wheel fixed in a 
frame and arranged to tighten or take up 
the slack rope in endless-rope haulage. Fay. 

bearing-up stops. a. Partitions or brattices of 
plank that serve to conduct air to a face. 
Fay. b. Keps or catches used to support 
a cage at the end of a hoist during load- 
ing or unloading. C.T.D. 

bearing wall. A wall which supports a vertical 
load in addition to its own weight. ACSG. 

bears. Derb. Calcareous ncdules of clay iron- 
stone. Fay. 

bears’ grease. Eng. Term used in Lincolnshire 
for mud peat. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bearsite. The arsenic analogue of moraesite, 
Bee(As0s) (OH) .4H20; monoclinic; in the 
oxidation zone of an ore deposit in 
Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 

bears’ muck. Eng. Soft, bluish earth. Used 
by well sinkers in Cambridgeshire and 
Huntingdonshire. Compare caballa balls. 
Arkell. 

beat. a. Eng. The surface outcrop of a lode 
or bed. Fay. b. Corn. To stope. Fay. c. The 
cutting away of a lode. Nelson. 

beat away. A process of working hard ground 
by wedges and sledge hammers. Fay. 

beat diseases. The beat diseases derive their 
name from the local throbbing or “‘beat- 
ing” of the part affected. These are the 
hand, knee, and elbow in the order of 
incidence and the diseases are known as 
subcutaneous cellulitis or acute bursitis of 
these parts. Included also is synovitis of 
the wrist which is inflammation -of the 
synovial lining of the wrist joint and ten- 
don sheaths. The symptoms of these dis- 
eases are deep pain, inflammation, and 
swelling. They are caused by repeatedly 
applied or continuous pressure, or a sud- 
den strain or repeated jarring, such as 
when using a pick or pneumatic pick 
against hard rock or coal. Sinclair, I, p. 
194. 

beat elbow. Acute bursitis over the elbow. 
A disability similar to beat hand caused 
by miners lying on their side to undercut 
the coal. See also mining diseases. Nelson. 

beater. a. N. of Eng. A tool for packing 
tamping on a charge of powder in a 
blasthole. Webster 3d. b. Mid. A wooden 
mallet for consolidating, or packing, the 
clay in building a wall or dam to make it 
airtight. Fay. c. A laborer who shovels or 
dumps asbestos fibers and sprays with 
water to prepare them for the beating 
process that reduces fibers to pulp for 
making asbestos paper. D.O.T. 1. 

beater mills. Mills used for impact crushing 











beche; biche 


of easily broken minerals. An armature 
carrying swinging hammers, plates, or 
disks hits the falling stream of rock, 
dashing particles against one another and 
against the casing of the mill. Pryor, 3. 
See also hammer mill. 

beat frequency oscillator. A device by which 
the output of a variable frequency oscil- 
lator is combined with that of a fixed 
frequency oscillator in a rectifier or de- 
tector. The output will then contain, 
among other constituents, a current of a 
frequency equal to the difference in fre- 
quency of the two oscillators, that is, a 
beat frequency. AM, 1. 

beat hand. Subcutaneous cellulitis of the 
hand. A disability caused by the friction 
of the pick in the hand and its inoculation 
with an infective poison through an abra- 
sion. See also mining diseases. Nelson. 

bearing. a. Undercutting the coal face by 
holing. Nelson. b. The direction of a mine 
drivage usually given in terms of the 
horizontal angle turned off a datum direc- 
tion, such as the true north and south line. 
Nelson. c. The horizontal angle between 
the meridian (true or magnetic) and any 
specified direction. The angle is measured 
from either the north or the south point, 
as may be required to give a reading of 
less than 90°, and the proper quadrant is 
designated by the letter N or S, preced- 
ing the angle, and the letter E or W, 
following it; as, N. 80° E. Seelye, 2. d. 
In Texas land surveys, a reference point 
to identify a land corner or a point on a 
survey line. Seelye, 2. e. A part in which 
a shaft or pivot revolves. Nichols. f. The 
points of support of a beam, shaft, or axle. 
Fay. g. A friction-reducing device. See also 
ball bearing. Long. 

beat knee. Subcutaneous cellulitis over the 
patella. A swelling over the knee due to 
an enlargement of the bursa in front of 
the kneepan; sometimes suffered by min- 
ers working upon their knees in thin seams, 
See also mining diseases. Nelson. 

beat out the gas. A practice widely used in 
coal mines, prior to the 17th century and 
much later, of swinging a miner’s jacket 
or brattice sheet to dilute and remove a 
local accumulation of firedamp. See also 
deflector sheet; hurdle sheet. Nelson. 

Beau de Rochas cycle. The old name for 
the four-stroke cycle engine. A power 
stroke is performed every second revolu- 
tion, or in every four strokes of the piston. 
Porter. 

Beaufort scale. A scale, graded from 0 to 12, 
devised by Admiral Beaufort in the 19th 
century to indicate wind strength. Thus, 
zero on this scale represents a calm, 12 
represents a hurricane, in which the wind 
velocity exceeds 75 mph. This scale has 
been adopted internationally. Ham. 

beaverite. A canary-yellow hydrous sulfate 
of copper, lead, ferric iron, and aluminum, 
CuO-PbO-Fe2O0s-:2SOs-4H2O. Earthy, but 
consisting of minute hexagonal plates. 
From Frisco, Beaver County, Utah. Eng- 
lish. 

bebedourite. An igneous rock composed es- 
sentially of diopside and biotite with ac- 
cessory perofskite, apatite, and titanmag- 
netite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 452. 

beccarite. An olivine-green alpha zircon from 


Ceylon; specific gravity, 4.7; refractive 
index, 1.93 to 1.98; biaxial positive. 
Shipley. 


beche; biche. Eng. A deep conical instru- 
ment about 25 inches long, and weighing 


beche; biche 


6 pounds. The hollow part extends 16 
inches up into the tool, and is 1% inches 
in diameter at the lower end and tapers 
to five-eighths of an inch at the upper 
end, It is used for extracting the bottom 
portion of a broken set of rods from a 
borehole. Fay. 

bechilite. An incrustation of hydrous calcium 
borate, HsCaBsOu, found as a deposit at 
the boric acid lagoons of Tuscany, Italy. 
Standard, 1964. 

Becke line. See Becke method. Hess. 

beckelite. A very rare, yellow to brown, 
weakly radioactive, isometric mineral, 
Cas(Ce,La,Di)4SisOi5, with crystals re- 
sembling pyrochlore. Found in nepheline 
syenite. From Mariupol, U.S.S.R. Crosby, 

. 99. 

Becke method; Becke test. In optical mine- 
ralogy, a method or test for determining 
relative indices of refraction. A method 
for determining microscopically the index 
of refraction of a mineral compared with 
that of an oil or another substance, such 
as Canada balsam, in which it is immersed, 
or of two adjacent minerals in a micro- 
scopic thin section. If the mineral grain 
under investigation has an index of re- 
fraction lower than that of the enclosing 
medium or that of an adjacent mineral 
grain with which it has a nearly vertical 
contact, a line of light (called the Becke 
line) will move outward into the medium 
or into the adjacent mineral grain of 
higher refractive index as the barrel of the 
microscope is moved upward from the 
position of focus, and it will move into 
the mineral grain being investigated if the 
barrel of the microscope is moved down- 
ward. If the mineral grain under investi- 
gation has an index of refraction that is 
higher than that of the enclosing mediuin 
or that of the adjacent mineral grain with 
which it has nearly a vertical contact, the 
Becke Jine will move inward into the min- 
eral grain under investigation from the 
boundary with the enclosing medium or 
inward from its nearly vertical contact 
with the adjacent mineral grain of lower 
refractive index as the barrel of the micro- 
scope is moved upward from the position 
of focus, and it will move outward from 
the boundary of the mineral grain being 
investigated if the barrel of the microscope 
is moved downward. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

beckerite. A brown resin, occurring with 
amber. English. 

Becket loop. A loop of small rope fastened 
to the end of a large wire rope to facili- 
tate installation. Ham. 

beckite. See beekite. C.T.D. 

Becorit system. An overhead monorail sys- 
tem. Sinclair, III, p. 209. 

becquerelite. A mineral, CaO.6UO3.11H:O, 
occurring in small, yellow crystals and 
crusts on  pitchblende. Orthorhombic; 
strongly radioactive; an alteration product 
of uraninite and ianthinite. Found in 
Katanga, Republic of the Congo. Ameri- 
can Mineralogist, v. 42, No. 11-12, No- 
ale Pee Uae 1957, p. 920; Webster 

Becquerel rays. A term formerly used to 
include the three types of rays (alpha, 
beta, and gamma) emitted by radioactive 
substances. C.T.D. 

bed. a. The smallest division of a stratified 
series and marked by a more or less well- 
defined divisional plane from its neigh- 
bors above and below. Fay. b. A deposit, 
as of ore, parallel to the stratification, 











92 


later in origin than the rock below, and 
older than the rock above, thus consti- 
tuting a regular member of the series of 
formations, and not an intrusion. Stand- 
ard, 1964. c. That portion of an outcrop 
or face of a quarry which occurs between 
two bedding planes. Fay. d. The level sur- 
face of rock upon which a curb or crib is 
laid. Fay. e. The bottom of a watercourse 
or of any body of water. Webster 3d. f. A 
mass or heap of anything (as ore), ar- 
ranged in the form of a bed. Webster 3d. 
g. All the coal, partings, and seams which 
lie between a distinct roof and floor. Bed 
is preferred by the U.S. Geological Survey, 
state geologists, coal authorities, and the 
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Seam or vein 
should not be used to mean bed. If a coal 
bed is worked in benches, use the term 
bench (upper, middle, or lower), not 
seam, because seams divide beds into 
benches. Hess. h. S, Afr. The hard solid 
rock underlying alluvial deposits. Also 
called bedrock. Beerman. 1. Perhaps the 
most common term in geology meaning 
layer or stratum. Quarrymen usually mean 
by beds not the stone beds in the geol- 
ogist’s sense but the partings between 
them. Arkell. j. A stockpile, as of ores, con- 
centrates, and fluxes, built up of succes- 
sive longitudinal layers so that transverse 
cutting yields a uniform mixture for fur- 
nace feed until the material is all con- 
sumed. Bureau of Mines Staff. k. The sta- 
tionary portion of a press structure which 
usually rests on the floor or foundation, 
forming the support for the remaining 
parts of the press and the pressing load. 
The bolster and sometimes the lower die 
are mounted on the top surface of the bed. 
ASM Gloss. |. In mineral processing, a 
heavy layer of selected oversized mineral 
or metal shot maintained on screen of jig. 
Pryor, 3. m. That part of a conveyor upon 
which the load or carrying medium rests 
or slides while being conveyed. ASA 
MH4.1-1958, n. In bulk material con- 
veyors, the mass of material being con- 
veyed. ASA MH4.1-1958. 0. A base for 
machinery. Nichols. 


bed charge. The deep load of coke in the 


bottom of a cupola. The first charge of 
iron is also called a bed charge. Crispin. 


bed claim. Aust. A mining claim lying on the 


bed of a stream. Fay. 


bedded. Applied to rocks resulting from con- 


solidated sediments and accordingly ex- 
hibiting planes of separation designated 
bedding planes. Fay. 


bedded deposit. a. A term usually applied 


to mineral deposits that are found paral- 
lel with the stratification of sedimentary 
rocks and usually of contemporaneous 
origin. The term is used by some writers 
to describe layerlike deposits of replace- 
ment origin. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
See also bedded formation. Fay. b. In eco- 
nomic geology, a synonym for blanket 
deposit. A.G.I. Supp. 


bedded formation. A formation which shows 


successive beds, layers, or strata due to 
the manner in which it was formed. A 
bedded deposit. Fay. 


bedded ore deposit. Ore aggregations occurr- 


ring between or in sedimentary rocks. 
Schieferdecker. 


bedded ores. Ores which occur as beds or 


layers. The chief bedded ores in Great 
Britain are the iron ores of the Jurassic. 
Another bedded ore is that of manganese, 
found in the Cambrian and Ordovician 











bedding joint 


rocks of North Wales. See also Froding- 
ham ore; marlstone ore; Northampton 
sand ironstone. Nelson. 

bedded rock. One of the two subdivisions of 
competent rock. To be classed as bedded 
rock the rock within each bed, in addi- 
tion to being elastically perfect, isotropic, 
and homogeneous, must have a bed thick- 
ness that is small compared with the roof 
span, and the bond between beds must 
be weak. Most sedimentary rocks and 
some stratified metamorphic rocks fall in 
this group. Bu Mines Bull. 587, 1960, p. 5. 

bedded vein. Properly bed vein (Lagergang 
of the Germans); a lode occupying the 
position of a bed, that is, parallel with the 
stratification of the enclosing rocks. See 
also bed, b. Fay. 

bedded volcano. A volcano whose crater 
consists of layers of tuffs and lava sheets. 
Fay. 

bedder. One who sets green ware in piles 
(bungs) with sand and clay between 
pieces to support and separate them dur- 
ing bisque-kiln firing. Also called claying- 
up man; sander-up. D.O.T. 1. 

bedding. a. The arrangement of rock in lay- 
ers, strata, or beds. Some writers treat 
bedding and stratification as strictly syn- 
onymous, some use bedding in a somewhat 
wider sense to include not only sediments 
but also the structure of igneous or meta- 
morphic rocks when these occur in layers, 
and others restrict the term to layers of 
sedimentary rock more than 1 centimeter 
thick. See also bed. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. b. Used to describe rock layering; 
for example, thin-bedded, cross-bedder, 
thick-bedded, or massive. Wheeler. c. 
Pieces of soft metal placed under or 
around a handset diamond as a cushion 
or filler, Also called backing; calking. 
Long. d. Ground or supports in which 
pipe is laid. Nichols. e. Mixing on stock- 
pile of ore or concentrate in layers, in 
order to blend them more uniformly. 
Pryor, 3. f. The layer of heavy and over- 
sized material placed above the screen in 
jigging. Also called ragging. Pryor 4. g. 
Method of placing flatware employed by 
china makers. Noke. 

bedding cave. A passage usually wide and 
low formed along a bedding plane in 
horizontal or slightly tilted rocks. Schifer- 
decker. 

bedding cleavage. Cleavage that is parallel 
to the bedding. Billings, 1954, p. 343. 

bedding down. Formation of layer of value- 
less and inert rock at points in a new flow- 
line where material will settle from the 
stream of ore being treated, for example, 
between bottom of thickener and its rakes. 
Pryor, 3. 

bedding fault. A fault that is parallel to the 
bedding. A.G.I. 

bedding fissility. A term generally restricted 
to primary foliation parallel to the bedding 
of sedimentary rocks; that is, it forms while 
the sediment is being deposited and com- 
pacted, It is the result of the parallelism 
of the platy materials to the bedding plane, 
partly because they were deposited that 
way and partly because they were rotated 
into this position during compaction. A.G.I. 

bedding glide. Overthrusting in which a bed, 
such as a coal seam, is disrupted and thrust 
laterally along the roof or floor parting, 
giving a duplication of coal. Nelson. 

bedding joint. a. A thin layer differing in 
composition with the beds between which 
it occurs. Schieferdecker. b. A joint paral- 





bedding joint 


lel to the bedding planes formed by tectonic 
processes. Schieferdecker. 

bedding plane. a. In sedimentary or stratified 
rocks, the division planes that separate the 
individual layers, beds, or strata. A.G.I. 
b. Surface on which rockforming mineral 
has been deposited. Pryor, 3. c. A separa- 
tion or weakness between two layers of 
rock, caused by changes during the build- 
ing up of the rockforming material. 
Nichols. 

bedding thrust. A thrust fault that is parallel 
to the bedding. Billings, 1954, p. 181. 

bede. A miner’s pick. Pryor, 3. 

Bedford limestone. One of the finest and 
best known building stones to be found in 
the United States. It gets its name from 
its shipping point, Bedford, Ind. Crispin. 

bed joint. a. A horizontal crack or fissure in 
massive rock. Webster 3d. See also bedding 
plane. Fay. b. One of a set of cracks or 
fissures parallel with the bedding of a 
rock. Webster 3d. c. A horizontal joint 
between courses of brick. A.R.J. d. The 
horizontal of mortar on (or in) which a 
masonry unit is laid. ASCG. 

bedload. Sediment that moves on or very 
near the streambed, in almost continuous 
contact with the bed. It moves by skipping, 
sliding, and rolling. Motion is derived from 
tractional and gravitational forces. USGS 
Prof. Paper 462-F, 

bed material. The material composing the 
channel bed. USGS Prof. Paper 462-F. 

Bedoulian. Lower Aptian. A.G.I. Supp. 

bedplate. a. An iron plate forming the bot- 
tom for a furnace. Webster 2d. b. The 
heavy foundation framing or plate giving 
support and stability to the lighter parts 
in a machine. Webster 3d. 

bedrock. a. Any solid rock exposed at the 
surface of the earth or overlain by uncon- 
solidated material. A.G.J. Supp. b. In Aus- 
tralia, the stratum upon which the wash 
dirt rests is usually called bedrock. It usu- 
ally consists of granite or boulder clay 
(glacial) and, much more rarely, basalt. 
When the strata consists of slates or sand- 
stones (Silurian or Ordovician), it is usu- 
ally called reef rock. Engineering and 
Mining Journal, v. 139, No. 4, April 1938, 
p. 55. 

bedrock (ledge). Rock of relatively great 
thickness and extent in its native location. 
ASCE P1826. 

bedrock test. A borehole drilled to determine 
the character of bedrock, and the charac- 
ter and depth of overburden overlying 
such bedrock. Long. 

bed rubber. In the concrete products and 
stonework industry, one who rubs down 
rough-sawed surfaces of marble, slate, soap- 
stone, sandstone, or rough surfaces of con- 
crete blocks or slabs to smooth, even finish, 
using a bed rubbing machine. Also called 
bed rubber operator; rubber; rubbing bed- 
man; rubbing bed polisher. May be desig- 
nated according to use for which stone is 
intended, as rubbing bedman, interior; or 
according to kind of stone, as marble rub- 
ber D. Ole: 

bed separation. The thin cavities formed 
along bedding planes due to differential 
lowering of strata over mine workings; 
for example, a shale with its greater bend- 
ing capacity will subside and separate from 
a higher bed of sandstone. Roof supports 
are so set as to keep bed separation to a 
minimum. Nelson. 

bed setter. In the stonework industry, one 
who arranges blocks of granite on a bed 

















93 


of wooden beams into a compact, level 
unit preparatory to the polishing of the 
top surfaces by the granite polisher. Also 
called setter. D.O.T. 1. 

beds of passage. Beds in which the fossils or 
rocks, from their resemblance to those 
contained either in the bed above or the 
bed below, indicate the transition charac- 
ter of the deposit. Standard, 1964. 

bed stone. In milling, the lower or stationary 
millstone. Fay. 

bed vein. A vein following the bedding 
planes in sedimentary rocks or a mineral- 
ized permeable stratigraphic horizon de- 
veloped below an impervious bed. Synonym 
for blanket vein; manto; sheet ground. 
Schieferdecker. 

bedway. A horizontal marking in granite re- 
sembling stratification. Standard, 1964. 

beech coal. Charcoal made from beechwood. 
Fay. 

beeches. Scot. Strips of hardwood fastened 
to pump rods to save them from wear at 
the collars. Fay. 

beechleaf marl. Eng. Finely laminated brown 
marl of glacial origin, Lancashire. Com- 
pare toadback marl. Arkell. 

beef. Eng. Fibrous carbonate of lime, so 
called by the Purbeck quarrymen and now 
in general use. In Portland it is called 
bacon and horseflesh. Arkell. 

beegerite. a. A light to dark gray, metallic 
lustered mineral, PboBioSs. Dana 7, v. 1, 
p. 392. b. A discredited species since it is 
a mixture of schirmerite and matildite. 
American Mineralogist, v. 28, No.3, March 
1943, p. 214. 

beehive coke. Coke manufactured in beehive 
rectangular, or similar forms of ovens in a 
horizontal bed, where heat for the coking 
process is secured by combustion within 
the oven chamber. ASTM D121-62. 

beehive coke oven. One with a brick bottom, 
side walls, and a domed roof. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

beehive kiln. See round kiln. Dodd. 

beekite. a. A concretionary form of calcite, 
occurring commonly in small rings on the 
surface of a fossil shell (coral, sponge, 
etc.), which has weathered out its matrix. 
A.G.JI. b, Chalcedony occurring in the 
form of subspherical discoid, rosette-like 
or doughnut-shaped accretions, generally 


intervoluted as bands or layers and com- — 


monly found on silicified fossils and on 
joint planes. A.G.I. 

Beekmantown limestone. A magnesian lime- 
stone, 1,800 feet in thickness and charac- 
terized by curved nautiloid cephalopods, 
occurring in the Canadian series of North 
America; of Arenig age; equivalent to part 
of the Durness limestone of the Highlands 
of Scotland. C.T.D. 

beele. Prov. Eng. A mining pickax with both 
ends sharp. Standard, 1964. 

beerbachite. This rock was originally de- 
scribed as a basic igneous rock but it is 
now known to be a hornfels with large 
poikiloblastic crystals of olivine. See also 
hornfels. A.G.I. 

beer stone. Eng. An argillaceous and _sili- 
ceous freestone dug from quarries at Beer, 
10 miles west of Lyme Regis, at the pass- 
ing of the chalk into the greensand. Fay. 

beeswax. Wax obtained from bees’ honey- 
comb. Shell Oil Co. 

Beethoven exploder. A machine for the 
multishot firing of series-connected deto- 
nators in tunneling and quarrying. See 
also exploder, c. Nelson. 

beetle. a. A powerful rope-hauled propulsion 








bekko ware 


unit, operated under remote control, for 
moving a train of wagons at the mine 
surface. A beetle runs on a narrow-gage 
track set within the main track, and moves 
wagons by passing beneath them and exert- 
ing pressure with idler rollers on arms 
which are extended by a forward pull on 
the rope to engage the wheel treads. See 
also charger. Nelson. b. Eng. A small com- 
pressed-air locomotive. Fay. 

beetle stone. A nodule of coprolitic ironstone, 
so named from the resemblance of the en- 
closed coprolite to the body and limbs of 
a beetle. Fay. 

beetling stones. Flat stones on which clothes 
were beetled. Arkell. 

before breast. Rock or vein, which still lies 
ahead. Zern. 

beginners. Points (and, may be, crossings) in 
railway track. Mason. 

behead. In geology, to cut off and capture 
by erosion an upper portion of (a water- 
course); said of the encroachment of a 
stronger stream upon a weaker one. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

beheaded stream. The lower section of a 
stream that has lost its upper portion 
through stream piracy. Leet. 

beidellite. A white, reddish, or brownish-gray 
component of bentonite; an aluminum 
montmorillonite clay, Als(SisO1)s(OH) 2 
12H:O. Minute plates, probably ortho- 
rhombic. Previously described as leverrier- 
ite. Found in Beidell, Colo., and Owyhee 
County, Idaho. English; Dana 17; A.G.I. 

Beien kep gear. An improved type of keps in 
which the kep shoes are withdrawn with- 
out previously raising the cage and thus 
reducing the decking time. The operation 
may be automatic, except for cage release, 
because the arrangement allows the kep 
shoes to trip without the position of the 
hand lever being altered. Nelson. 

Beien machine. A pneumatic stowing ma- 
chine which consists of a paddle wheel 
with six compartments working inside an 
adjustable airtight casing. This wheel is 
driven at a speed of 15 to 30 revolutions 
per minute by means of an air turbine 
through gearing. Two sizes of Beien ma- 
chine are used having capacities of 30 and 
60 cubic yards of stowing material per 
hour respectively. The dirt falls from the 
paddle wheel into the airstream in the 
pipe underneath the paddle box and passes 
along 6-inch-diameter pipes to the outlet, 
where a detachable deflector guides the 
stream of dirt into the required place in 
the pack hole. Mason, V. 2, p. 568. 

Beilby layer. a.Flow layer resulting from in- 
cipient fusion during polishing of mineral 
surface, and therefore not characteristic 
of true lattice structure. Pryor, 4. b. The 
mirrorlike surface layer, on all well-pol- 
ished stones other than diamond, which 
seems to be caused by a fusion of tiny 
surface projections on the stone during 
the polishing operation. In corundum and 
quartz this layer is crystalline; in zircon 
and spinel, it is amorphous and pits more 
easily than other stones. Shipley. 

be in. An oil well is said to “be in” when it 
begins to produce. Hess. 

bekinkinite. A feldspar-free granular igne- 
ous rock composed of barkevikite, nephe- 
line, and olivine. Found on Mount Bekin- 
kina, Malagasy Republic. Johannsen, v. 1, 
2d, 1939, p. 243. 

bekko ware. A yellow-brown splashed pottery 
made in Japan. It resembles tortoise shell. 


Fay. 


bel 


bel. A unit of level when the base of the 
logarithm is 10. Use of the bel is restricted 
to levels of quantities proportional to 
power. Hy. 

belemnite. An extinct type of cephalopod 
known from cigar-shaped fossils. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Belemnite marls. Calcareous clays character- 
ized by the occurrence of plentiful belem- 
nites, occurring in the English Chalk. See 
also Plenus marls. C.T.D. 

Belfast truss. A bowstring design of girder 
fabricated entirely from timber compo- 
nents. Ham. 

Belgian coke oven. A rectangular variation 
of the beehive coke oven. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

Belgian effective temperature. A temperature 
scale used in Belgium for measuring the 
environmental confort in mines. Roberts, 
Wop. Loe: 

Belgian kiln. A type of annular kiln patented 
by a Belgian, D. Enghiens. It is a longi- 
tudinal arch kiln with grates at regular 
intervals in the kiln bottom; it is side-fired 
onto the grates. Such kilns have been pop- 
ular for the firing of fire clay refractories 
at 1,200° to 1,300° C. Dodd. 

Belgian oven. A rectangular oven with end 
doors and side flues for the manufacture 
of coke. Fay. 

Belgian process. A process most commonly 
employed in the smelting of zinc. Roasted 
zinc ore, mixed with a reducing material, 
as coal or coke, is placed in retorts which 
consist of cylindrical pipes of refractory 
material closed at one end, of a length and 
diameter convenient for charging and 
cleaning them. A number of these retorts 
are placed slightly inclined in a properly 
constructed furnace. The open ends of the 
retorts are covered with a sheet-iron hood 
to which are connected short, conical, 
sheet-iron pipes discharging the molten 
zinc downward. Fay. 

Belgian silex. A very hard, tough, more or 
less cellular quartzite resembling French 
buhrstone and the most favored natural 
mill-lining material for most purposes. It 
is imported in rectangular blocks that are 
more or less shaped to fit the curve of a 
mill. ATME, p. 14. 

Belgian zinc furmace. A furnace in which 
zinc is reduced and distilled from calcined 
ores in tubular retorts. These furnaces may 
be classified as direct-fired and gas-fired, 
but there is no sharp division between 
these systems, which merge into one an- 
other by difficultly definable gradations. 
Each class of furnace may be subdivided 
into recuperative and nonrecuperative, but 
heat recuperation in connection with direct 
firing is rare. Fay. 

belgite. Same as willemite. English. 

belite. a. A constituent of portland cement 
clinkers, English. b. A synonym for larnite. 
Hey, 2d, 1955. 

belith. Original spelling of belite. Hey, 2d, 
1955. 

Belknap chloride washer. This coal washer 
uses a calcium chloride solution of a com- 
paratively low density and depends on 
mechanically induced upward currents to 
obtain a separation at the desired specific 
gravity. It produces a clean, dustless, non- 
freezing coal. Mitchell, p. 474. 

Belknap process. Old method of coal clean- 
ing, in a bath of heavy liquid, produced 
by dissolving calcium chloride in water. 
The shale sinks and the coal floats. Pryor, 3. 

bell. a. A cone-shaped mass of ironstone or 











94 


other substance in the roof of a coal seam. 
Bells are dangerous as they tend to collapse 
suddenly and without warning. Nelson. 
b. Pot is the common Arkansas term. Fay. 
c. A gong used as a signal at mine shafts. 
Fay. d. An expanded part at one end of 
a pipe section, into which the next pipe 
fits. Nichols. e. See cone. C.T.D. 

bellan; belland; bellund. 2. Eng. Dusty lead 
ore. Arkell. b. A form of lead poisoning to 
which miners are subject. Fay. 

belland. See bellan. 

bell and hopper. See cup and cone. Fay. 

bell-and-spigot joint. The usual term for the 
joint in cast-iron pipe. Each piece is made 
with an enlarged diameter or bell at one 
end into which the plain or spigot end of 
another piece is inserted when laying. The 
joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, 
lead, rubber, or other suitable substance 
which is driven in or calked into the bell 
and around the spigot. Fay. 

bellarmine. Salt-glazed bottle or jug first 
made in Germany in the 15th century, 
usually having a bearded face stamped or 
engraved on the neck as a decoration. 
ACSG, 1963. 

bellcrank. A triangular or L-shaped lever 
used to change the direction of motion of 
cables or rods. Hess. 

bellcrank drive. A device used to drive an 
auxiliary shaker conveyor without chang- 
ing the direction of the main conveyor. It 
consists essentially of two driving arms, 
placed at right angles to each other and 
supported at their pivot point by a ful- 
crum jack. When these driving arms are 
attached to the main and auxiliary con- 
veyors, the reciprocating motion of the 
main conveyor is transmitted to the auxil- 
lary conveyor which can then discharge its 
load onto the main conveyor. Jones. 

bell damper. A damper of the sand-seal type, 
and bell-shaped. Such dampers are used, 
for example, in annular kilns. Dodd. 

bell dolphin. Often referred to as a Baker 
bell dolphin after the inventor. It com- 
prises a steel or concrete fender of bell 
shape, mounted on a cluster of driven piles 
in the open sea for mooring ships, the first 
example having been installed at Heysham, 
England. Ham. 

Bell dresser. See dresser. ACSG, 1963. 

belled. Eng. Widened; said of the enlarged 
portion of a shaft at the landing for run- 
ning the cars past the shaft, and for caging. 
Fay. 

Belleek china. A highly translucent white- 
ware composed of a body containing a sig- 
nificant amount of frit and normally hav- 
ing a luster glaze. Produced commercially 
at Belleek, Ireland. ASTM C242-60T. 

Belleek porcelain. An extremely thin ware, 
decorated with a pearly luster laid over 
the glaze, suggesting the interior of shells; 
named from Belleek, Ireland, where it was 
originally made. Standard, 1964. 

bell holes. a. Holes dug or excavations made 
at the section joints of a pipeline for the 
purpose of repairs. Fay. b. A conical cavity 
in a coal mine roof caused by the falling 
of a large concretion; or, as of a bell mold. 
Fay. 

bellies. Widenings in a vein. See also belly, 
a. Fay. 

bellingerite. A hydrous copper iodate, 3Cu- 
(IOs) »2H2O, as bluish-green triclinic crys- 
tals from Chuquicamata, Chile. Spencer 
16, M.M., 1943. 

bellite. a. An explosive consisting of five parts 
of ammonium nitrate to one of metadini- 








bell tap 


trobenzene, usually with some potassium 
nitrate. Fay. b. A lead chromo-arsenate in 
delicate velvety, red to orange tufts. Web- 
ster 2d. 

bell jar. Synonym for jar collar. Long. 

bell metal. High tin bronze, containing up 
to 30 percent tin and some zinc and lead; 
used in casting bells. C.T.D. 

bell-metal ore. a. Corn. An early name for 
tin pyrite, so called because of its bronze 
color. Fay. b. Synonym for stannite. Hey 
2d 1955: 

bell mold; bell mould; bellmouth. Som. A 
conical-shaped patch of a mine roof, prob- 
ably originating with the fossils called 
sigillaria, or the roots of trees. See also 
bell, a; caldron; caldron bottom. Fay. 

bellmouth overflow. Overflow from a reser- 
voir through a tower which is erected from 
the bed to the overflow level, the water 
being taken from the reservoir to a dis- 
charge tunnel. Ham. 

bellmouth socket. A horn socket equipped 
with a bell-like flaring mouth. See also 
horn socket. Long. 

bellows. a. An instrument with an air cham- 
ber and flexible sides, used for directing 
a current of air. In a foundry, small hand 
bellows are used for blowing parting sand 
away from the faces of patterns, etc. Cris- 
pin. b. An expansible metal device con- 
taining a fluid that will volatilize at some 
desired temperature, expand the device, 
and open or close an opening or a switch, 
as in controls and steam traps. Strock, 10. 

bell pearl. A bell- or pear-shaped pearl. 
Shipley. 

bell pit. Derb. A mine working argillaceous 
ironstone by a system called bell work. See 
also bell work, a. Fay. 

bell pit mining. Obsolete method of winning 
coal or bedded iron from shallow deposits, 
in which mineral was extracted and 
dragged to a central shaft. Pryor, 3. 

Bell process. See Bell’s dephosphorizing proc- 
ess. Fay. 

bellringer. In anthracite and bituminous coal 
mining, a laborer, who signals the hoist- 
man by means of an electric bell or a 
buzzer system from the shaft, slope bot- 
tom, or intermediate level in a mine to 
raise or lower the cage (elevator) or the 
skip (large metal container for hoisting 
coal). D.O.T. 1. 

bells. a. Signals for lowering and hoisting the 
bucket, skip, or cage in a shaft usually are 
given by bells, the number of strokes in- 
dicating the nature of the load, the place 
for stopping, etc. Weed, 1922. b. Devices 
used to eliminate the escape of gases, dur- 
ing charging of an iron blast furnace. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bell screw; screw bell. An internally threaded 
bell-shaped iron bar, for recovering broken 
or lost rods in a deep borehole. See also 
biche. Fay. 

Bell’s dephosphorizing process. The removal 
of phosphorus from molten pig iron in a 
puddling furnace, lined with iron oxide 
and fitted with a mechanical rabble to 
agitate the bath. Red-hot iron ore is added. 
See also Krupp’s washing process. Fay. 

bell sheave. Aust. A sheave in the shape of 
a truncated cone, used in connection with 
the main-and-tail system cf rope haulage 
at curves, so as to keep the rope close to 
the ground. Fay. 

bell socket. Synonym for bell tap. Long. 

bell tap. A cylindrical fishing tool having an 
upward-tapered inside surface provided 
with hardened threads. When slipped over 











bell tap 


the upper end of lost, cylindrical, down- 
hole drilling equipment and turned, the 
threaded inside surface of the bell tap cuts 
into and grips the outside surface of the 
lost equipment. Also called bell; bell screw; 
bell socket; box bill; die; die collar; die 
nipple. Long. 

bell top. Term used to describe a good roof 
that has a clear ringing sound. Kentucky, 
p. 133. 

bellund. See bellan. 

bell work. a. Derb. A system of working 
an ironstone measure by upward under- 
ground excavations, around the shafts 
(raises) in the form of a bell or cone. 
Compare milling, a. Fay. b. A method used 
in working salt deposits. Standard, 1964. 

belly. a. A bulge, or mass of ore in a lode. 
Fay. b. Widened places in a borehole caused 
by sloughing of loose material from the 
borehole sidewalls. Long. c. The wide part 
of a pot. ACSG. 

bellybuster. a. A safety rope or belt used by 
a driller’s helper or derrickman while 
working in the drill derrick or tripod. 
Long. b. A railing placed at belt height 
around an elevated work platform, as in 
a drill tripod or derrick. Long. 

belly helve. Eng. A forge hammer, lifted 
by a cam which acts about midway be- 
tween the fulcrum and the head. Fay. 

belly pipe. A flaring-mouthed blast pipe in 
an iron furnace. Standard, 1964. 

Belomorite. Trade name for moonstone from 
the White Sea. Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 

belonesite. A white, transparent magnesium 
molybdate, MgMoOs,, crystallizing in the 
tetragonal system. Fay. 

belonite. A rod- or club-shaped microscopic 
embryonic crystal in a glassy rock. Fay. 
Longulites, clavalites, and spiculites are 
included under this term. A.G.J, 

belonosphaerite. A spherule consisting of 
more or less determinable substances in 
radially arranged crystals. Johannsen, v. 
1, 2d ed., 1939, p. 169. 

belovite. a. Arsenate-belovite is the mineral 
reported by E. I. Nefedov, 1953, with the 
formula, Cas(Ca,Mg) (AsOs) 2.2H2O. Near 
roselite. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955; Spencer 
21, M.M., 1958. b. Phosphate-belovite is 
an apatitelike mineral from pegmatite, re- 
ported by L. S. Borodin and M. E. Kaza- 
kova, 1954, with the formula, (Sr,Ce,Na,- 
Ca)10(PO:)«6(O,OH)2; hexagonal. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955; Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

belt. a. Can. Regional surface zone along 
which mines and prospects occur. Hoff- 
man. b. A continuous strap or band for 
transmitting power from one wheel to an- 
other, or (rarely) to a shaft, by friction. 
Standard, 1964. See also conveyor belt; 
interwoven conveyor belt; rubber conveyor 
belt; solid woven conveyor belt; steel band 
belt; steel cable conveyor belt; stitched 
canvas conveyor belt; wire mesh conveyor 
belt. ASA MH4.1—1958, c. A zone or band 
of a particular kind of rock strata exposed 
on the surface. Compare zone. Fay, d. An 
elongated area of mineralization. A.G.I. 
e. See segmented belt. ASCG, 1963. 

Belt (Beltian) series. A great thickness (per- 
haps 40,000 feet) of younger Precambrian 
rocks occurring in the Little Belt Moun- 
tains, Mont.; Idaho; and British Columbia, 
Canada. Argillaceous strata predominate, 
accompanied by algal limestones. Com- 
parable with the Grand Canyon series in 
Colorado and the Uinta Quartzite series 
in the Uinta Mountains, Utah. C.T.D. 

belt boy. See setoff man. D.O.T. 1. 








95 


belt capacity. The load which a belt conveyor 
is able to carry. It depends upon (1) area 
of cross section of load on belt, and (2) 
speed of belt. The carrying capacity can 

60 AVM 
be expressed as: P = tons, where 
2,240 

P equals tonnage of material carried per 
hour, A equals area of cross section of 
load in square feet, V equals speed of belt 
in feet per minute, and M equals weight 
in pounds per cubic foot of loose material. 
This assumes no rolling nor slippage of 
material on the belt. The carrying capac- 
ity in an incline is rather less than that 
when operating on the level, due to the 
tendency of coal or ore to roll and slide 
back on the belt. On inclinations up to 
10°, the difference is not pronounced. See 
also conveyor; maximum belt slope. Nelson. 

belt cleaner. A device attached to a belt con- 
veyor to clean or remove dirt or coa] dust 
from the belt surface. Rotary bristle brushes 
are sometimes used, driven either by gear- 
ing from the conveyor or by an independ- 
ent high-speed motor. Another device 
consists of a short scraper conveyor with 
rubber-faced scrapers attached at intervals. 
The scraper belt is driven via a chain drive 
from the main conveyor drum. Nelson. 

belt conveyor. A moving endless belt that 
rides on rollers and on which coal or other 
materials can be carried for various dis- 
tances. The principal parts of a belt con- 
veyor are (1) a belt to carry the load and 
transmit the pull, (2) a driving unit, (3) 
a supporting structure and idler rollers 
between the terminal drums, and (4) ac- 
cessories, which include devices for main- 
taining belt tension, loading and unloading 
the belt, and equipment for cleaning and 
protecting the belt. See also balata belt; 
cord belt. Kentucky, pp. 231-234; Nelson. 

belt conveyor, flat. See flat belt conveyor 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belt conveyor, multiple-cord. See multiple- 
cord belt conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belt conveyor structure. The framework for 
supporting the bottom strand of a belt con- 
veyor. Two types of conveyor structures 
are in general use, namely the covered 
type where the bottom belt is covered by 
metal trays, and the open type in which 
the bottom belt is completely exposed. The 
former is by far the more common as coal, 
stone, timber, etc., cannot fall onto it. 
Nelson. 

belt conveyor, troughed. See troughed belt 
conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belt course. A narrow, vertically faced course 
of masonry, sometimes slightly projected, 
such as window sills which are made con- 
tinuous; also used to divide walls into 
stories and stages. Sometimes called string 
course or sill course. ACSG. 

belt cover. A cover which is placed on the 
framework of a belt conveyor so as to pre- 
vent materials from falling on the return 
belt. Jones. 

belt creep. Gentle slip. Pryor, 3, p. 43. 

belt dressing. A compound used to improve 
adhesion or flexibility. Pryor, 3, p. 43. 

belt elevator. See bucket elevator. 
MH4.1-1958. 

belteroporic. Describes crystals in rocks whose 
growth was determined by direction of 
easiest growth. A.G.J. Supp. 

belt fastener. A device for joining conveyor 
and elevator belting. Jones. 

belt feeder. Short loop of conveyor belt, or 
articulated steelplate, used to draw ore at 


ASA 











belt slip 


a regulated rate from under a bin or stock- 
pile; length of belt conveyor loaded with 
dry reagent, which can be fed slowly into 
flow line as the belt is inched forward. 
Pryor, 3. 

belt flotation. A method sometimes used to 
recover diamond particles 1 millimeter or 
smaller. The equipment used is a 24-inch 
belt conveyor made of 80-mesh wire screen, 
about 30 feet between centers, set in a 
tank, and sloping so that one end is under- 
water. Wet feed is applied in a thin layer 
at the upper (or dry) end of the conveyor 
and advances toward the water at a speed 
that allows for drainage. As the feed 
touches the water the diamond particles 
float on the surface and are carried over 
a weir into a box. The nonfloating particles 
fall off the underwater end of the con- 
veyor and are collected in a sump. Flota- 
tion is done with clear water, and a con- 
centration ratio of 1,000 to 1 and an 
efficiency of 98 percent is claimed. I.C. 
8200, 1964, p. 73. 

belt friction. See friction. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belt grinding. Grinding with an abrasive belt. 
ASM Gloss. 

belt horsepower. That power developed with 
all auxiliary equipment (such as pump 
and fans) attached and is consequently 
lower than flywheel horsepower. Carson, 
p. 68. 

belt idler. A roller, usually of cylindrical 
shape, which is supported on a frame and 
which, in turn, supports or guides a con- 
veyor belt. Idlers are not powered but turn 
by reason of contact with the moving belt. 
Jones. 

belting. One of the main parts of a belt con- 
veyor. The belting consists of plies of cot- 
ton duck impregnated with rubber, and 
with top and bottom covers of rubber. The 
carrying capacity of the belt will vary de- 
pending on the running speed and the 
width of the belt. Sinclair, V, p. 286. 

belt kilm. A tunnel kiln through which ware 
is carried on an endless belt made of a 
wire-mesh woven from heat-resisting alloy. 
In the pottery industry such kilns have 
found some use for glost- and decorating- 
firing. Dodd. 

belt, link-plate. See link-plate belt. 
MH4.1-1958. 

belt loader; elevating grader. A machine 
whose forward motion cuts soil with a 
plowshare or disc and pushes it to a con- 
veyor belt that elevates it to a dumping 
point. Nichols. 

beltman. See conveyor man. D.O.T. 1. 

belt marks. See chain marks. ASTM C162-66. 

belt of soil moisture. Subdivision of zone of 
aeration. Belt from which water may be 
used by plants or withdrawn by soil evap- 
oration. Some of the water passes down 
into the intermediate belt, where it may 
be held by molecular attraction against 
the influence of gravity. Leet. 

belt of variables. The belt of marine deposi- 
tion extending from the coast (high water- 
mark) to a depth of about 100 fathoms, 
that is, corresponding roughly with the 
continental shelf (in the wide sense, to 
include the shore) ; passing into the mud 
belt at the inner mud line. Challinor. 

belt protection device. A device fitted to a 
belt conveyor to give an alarm or to cause 
the conveyor to stop in the event of a de- 
fect, such as belt slip, breakage, tearing, 
mualenmeny or overload. B.S. 3618, 1965, 
sec. 7. 

belt slip. The difference in speed between 


ASA 


belt slip 


the driving drum and the belt conveyor. 
Belt slip at the drivehead can cause heat- 
ing of the driving drum. Devices are avail- 
able which measure the belt slip and which 
cut off the power when a predetermined 
amount of slip takes place. See also slip, 
k. Nelson. 

belt-slip device. A device fitted to a belt con- 
veyor to give an alarm or to cause the 
conveyor to stop in the event of belt slip 
exceeding a predetermined amount. B.S. 
3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

belt-slip protection device. An assembly which 
causes the power to be disconnected if the 
belt slips excessively on the drive pulley. 
NEMA MB1-1961. 

belt table. A table incorporating a belt con- 
veyor so arranged as to provide working 
space on one or both sides of the belt. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belt takeup. A mechanism which operates 
and includes a takeup pulley carrying one 
end of a belt loop in such a way as to 
provide suitable operating tension. It may 
also serve as a means for storing extra belt. 
NEMA MB1-1961. 

belt tensioning device. A mechanism which 
operates on a takeup pulley carrying one 
end of a belt loop in such a way as to 
provide suitable operating tension. It is 
commonly known as a belt takeup. NEMA 
MB1-1956. 

belt trainer. A device used for training a belt 
or to assist it in running in a central posi- 
tion. It consists of a roller, either of metal 
or hard wood, supported at one of the 
frames which likewise supports the trough- 
ing idlers, and held vertically so the edge 
of the belt will come against the roller 
surface. Also called guide idler; self-align- 
ing idler. Jones. 

belt tripper. A device or mechanism which 
causes the conveyor belt to pass around 
pulleys for the purpose of discharging ma- 
terial from it. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

belugite. A name based upon the Beluga 
River, Alaska, and suggested by J. E. Spurr 
for a transition group of plagioclase rocks 
between his diorites and diabases, Spurr 
restricts the name diorite to those plagio- 
clase rocks (without regard to the dark 
silicate) whose plagioclase belongs in the 
andesine-oligoclase series. The diabase 
group, on the other hand, contains those 
whose plagioclase belongs in the labrador- 
ite-anorthite series. Belugites with a por- 
phyritic texture and a fine-grained or 
aphanitic groundmass are called aleutites. 
Fay. 

Belugou imperfection coefficient. In coal 
testing, a parameter, B, applied to the ash 


p75 — p25 
curve: B = — 


2 (p50 — 1) 
the specific gravity of particles of which 
the fraction separated is X percent; (p75 
— 25) is the statistical intermediate or 
inquartile range and 50, the effective 
density of separation in a process in which 
a dense medium, vertical current, or jig- 
ging action is used. Equation is used to 
define shape of a Tromp curve. Pryor, 3. 

belyankinite. Platy yellowish-brown masses, 
2CaO- 12TiOs- %Nb2Os-ZrOz-SiOz-28H20, 
optically biaxial, in nepheline-syenite-peg- 
matite, from Kola peninsula, Russia. 
Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

Belynskis reagent. A 1 percent copper sul- 
fate solution recommended as an etchant 
for revealing dendritic structures in high 
carbon steels. Osborne. 


, where pX is 











96 


bemenite. a. A light gray or grayish-brown, 
common manganese mineral, 8MnO;-H2O,- 
SiOz. E.C.T., v. 8, p. 722. b. An erroneous 
name for danburite. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bemiscite. A salmon-colored feldspar from 
Bemis, Me. Schaller. 

ben. a. Scot. Inward; toward the workings; 
the workman’s right to enter the pit. Fay. 
b. The day’s work of a youth, indicating 
the proportion of a man’s task which he 
is able or allowed to put out, is called 
quarter-ben, half-ben, three-quarter ben. 
Fay. c. The live or productive part of a 
lode. Arkell, d. A mountain peak; a word 
occurring chiefly in the names of many of 
the highest summits of the mountains of 
Scotland, as Ben Nevis. Fay. 

benbond. A finely ground plastic clay pre- 
pared from a deposit in Essex, England, 
used as a bond in foundry sand mixtures. 
Osborne. 

bench. a. One of two or more divisions of a 
coal seam, separated by slate, etc., or sim- 
ply separated by the process of cutting the 
coal, one bench or layer being cut before 
the adjacent one. Fay. b. To cut the coal 
in benches. Fay. c. A terrace on the side 
of a river or lake having at one time 
formed its bank. See also benches. Fay, d. 
A small tram or car of about 7 cubic feet 
capacity used for carrying coal from the 
face to the chute down which it is dumped 
to the gangway platform for reloading into 
larger cars. Fay. e. To wedge the bottoms 
up below the holing. Fay. f. A level layer 
worked separately in a mine. Fay. g. A 
group of retorts in an oven or furnace; 
also, the complete oven or furnace con- 
taining a set or group of retorts for gen- 
erating coal gas. Webster 3d. h. Eng. A 
ledge left in tunnel construction work, on 
the edge of a cutting in earth or in rock. 
Fay. i. Scot. A landing place. Fay. j. 
The horizontal step or floor along which 
coal, ore, stone, or overburden is worked 
or quarried. See also benching; opencast. 
Nelson. k. A stratum of coal forming a 
portion of the seam; also, a flat place on 
a hillside indicating the outcrop of a coal 
seam. B.C\I. |. In tunnel excavation, where 
a top heading is driven, the bench is the 
mass of rock left, extending from about 
the spring line to the bottom of the tun- 
nel. Stauffer. m, In a metal mine, a long 
horizontal face or ledge of ore in a stope 
or working place. C.T.D. n. A ledge, 
which in open-pit work forms a step from 
which excavation will take place at con- 
stant level. Austin. o. A part of the face 
of a large excavation which is not ad- 
vanced as part of the round but as a sepa- 
rate operation. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 
p. A ledge, which, in open-pit mines and 
quarries, forms a single level of operation 
above which mineral or waste materials are 
excavated from a contiguous bank or bench 
face. The mineral or waste is removed in 
successive layers, each of which is a bench, 
several of which may be in operation simul- 
taneously in different parts of, and at dif- 
ferent elevations in an open-pit mine or 
quarry. Compare berm, a. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. q. A working level or step in a cut 
which is made in several layers. Nichols. 
r. A band of coal forming a part of the 
bed. Hudson. s. A shelf or ledge made in 
a mine tunnel or working when an upper 
section is cut back. Webster 3d. t. An 
elongated area of mineralization usually 
marked by a characteristic mineralogy or 
structure. A.G.J. u. A level or gently slop- 








benching 


ing erosion plane inclined seaward. H&G. 
v. A nearly horizontal area at about the 
level of maximum high water or the sea- 
side of a dike. H&G. w. See siege. ASTM 
C162-66. 

bench-and-bench. Ark. That plan of min- 
ing coal in a room which requires the 
blasting of the two benches of coal alter- 
nately, each a little beyond the other. Also 
called bench working. Fay. 

bench blasting. A mining system used either 
underground or in surface pits whereby a 
thick ore or waste zone is removed by 
blasting a series of successive horizontal 
layers called benches. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

bench claim. A placer claim located on a 
bench above the present level of a stream. 
Hess. 

bench coal. A coal seam cut in benches or 
layers. Tomketeff, 1954. 

bench cut. a. In vertical shaft sinking, blast- 
ing of drill holes so as to keep one end of 
a rectangular opening deep (leading), 
thus facilitating drainage and removal of 
blasted rock. Pryor, 3. b. Benches in tun- 
nel driving are often drilled from the top 
with jackhammers. The vertical shotholes 
are generally spaced 4 feet apart in both 
directions, fired by electric delay detona- 
tors, one row at a time. When bench shot- 
holes are drilled horizontally, with the 
drifter drills mounted on a bar, the charges 
are fired in rotation, starting from the 
upper center. In some cases a bench may 
be drilled both vertically and horizontally, 
particularly where the benches are excep- 
tionally high or when the headroom above 
the bench is inadequate for handling drill 
steels long enough to bottom the shotholes 
to grade. The lifters are drilled by ma- 
chines mounted on a bar across the bottom 
of the tunnel, in which case the upper 
vertical holes will all be fired before the 
horizontal charges. Ham. 

bench diggings. River placers not subject to 
overflows. See also bench placers. Fay. 

benched foundation. Foundation excavated 
on a sloping stratum of rock, which is cut 
in steps so that it cannot slide when under 
load. Ham. 

benchers. Eng. Men employed in the mine 
at the bottom of inclined planes. Fay. 

benches. A name applied to ledges of all 
kinds of rock that are shaped like steps 
or terraces. They may be developed either 
naturally in the ordinary processes of land 
degradation, faulting, and the like; or by 
ae excavation in mines and quarries. 

ay. 

bench face. See bank, 1. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

bench flume. A conduit on a bench, cut on 
sloping ground. Seelye, 1. 

bench gas. See coal gas. CCD, 6d, 1961. 

bench gravel. Yukon & Alaska. Gravel beds 
which occur on the sides of the valleys 
above the present stream bottoms, repre- 
senting parts of the bed of the stream when 
it was at a higher level. Fay. 

bench grinder; bench stand. An offhand 
grinding machine supported on a bench 
and mounting one or two wheels on a 
horizontal spindle. ACSG, 1963. 

bench height. The average height of that 
part of the rock to be detached by the 
charge. Langefors, p. 164. See also bank 
height. 

benching. a. A method of working small 
quarries or opencast pits in steps or benches, 
and rows of blasting holes are drilled 


ee a i ee 











benching 


parallel to the free face. The benching 
method has certain dangers as the quarry- 
men must work on ledges at some height. 
It is possible to work benches up to 30 
feet high using tripod or wagon drills. 
Nelson. See also bottom benching; top 
benching. b. The breaking up of a bottom 
layer of coal with steel wedges in cases 
where holing is done above the floor. Nel- 
son. c. Ches. The lower portion of the 
rock salt bed worked in one operation. Fay. 
d. See bench, h. Fay. e. Benches collec- 
tively, as in a mine. Webster 2d. See also 
bench, f. Fay. 

benching iron. An item of surveying equip- 
ment, comprising a triangular steel plate 
with pointed studs at the corners. These 
studs are driven into the ground in the 
desired position. The plate is used either 
as a temporary bench mark or as a change 
point in running a line of levels. Ham. 

benching shot. Scot. A shot placed in a 
hole bored vertically downward in an open 
face of work. Fay. 

benching-up. Newc. Working on the top of 
coal. Fay. 

bench mark. a. permanently fixed point of 
known elevation used as a reference for 
elevations. A primary bench mark is one 
close to a tide station to which the tide 
staff and tidal datum originally are re- 
ferred. Hy. b. A permanent mark of a 
suitable character for preserving and trans- 
ferring vertical elevations in a tunnel. 
Stauffer. 

bench of timbers. A term used to describe 
the header when it is complete with legs. 
Also called a set. Kentucky, p. 140. 

bench placer. A tin- or gold-bearing terrace 
of gravel on one or both sides of a river 
valley. Nelson. 

bench placers. Placers in ancient stream de- 
posits from 50 to 300 feet above present 
streams. Fay. 

bench press. Any small press that can be 
mounted on a bench or table. ASM Gloss. 

bench scrap. The scrap mica resulting from 
rifting and trimming hand-cobbed mica. 
Skow. 

oe See bank slope. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

bench stone. A rectangular stone measuring 
from 4 to 8 or 9 inches long by approxi- 
mately 2 inches wide and varying in thick- 
nesses. In use, it generally rests on the 
artisan’s bench, whence its name. Some 
bench stones are made circular for those 
who prefer the rotary motion in sharpen- 
ing chisels and similar instruments. Fay. 

bench terrace. A more or less level step be- 
tween steep risers, graded into a hillside. 
Nichols. 

bench vise. The ordinary machinist’s vise, 
either plain or swivel. Crispin. 

bench working. The system of working one 
‘or more seams or beds of mineral by open 
working or stripping, in stages or steps. 
Zern. Also called bench-and-bench. Fay. 

benchy. Forming frequent benches; said of a 
lode. Standard, 1964. 

bend. Corn. Indurated clay; applied by the 
miner to any hardened argillaceous sub- 
stance. Fay. 

bend allowance. The length of the arc of the 
neutral axis between the tangent points 
of a bend. ASM Gloss. 

bend angle. The angle through which a bend- 
ing operation is performed. ASM Gloss. 

bend away. See away. 

Bendelari jig. A jig fitted with a flexible rub- 
ber diaphragm which is worked by an ec- 











el 


centric motion, thus producing a jigging 
cycle (pulsion suction). Pryor, 3. 

bender. Eng. An iron loop on pump cylin- 
ders for attaching a hoisting rope. Fay. 

bending brake. A press brake used in bend- 
ing. ASM Gloss. 

bending formula. The formula used to cal- 
culate the bending of beams, made of any 
homogeneous material, under load, M=fz, 
where M equals bending moment, f equals 
stress, and z equals modulus of section, 

M= 


P I, A 
from which where I is the moment 


y 

of inertia of the section and y is one-half 
its depth. Ham. 

bending moment. The algebraic sum of the 
couples or the moments of the external 
forces, or both, to the left or to the right 
of any section on a member subjected to 
bending by couples or transverse forces, 
or both. ASM Gloss. 

bending moment diagram. A diacram giving 
the amount of bending moment at any 
point along a beam, for one loading. The 
position and amount of the maximum 
bending moment is clearly revealed by this 
diagram. Ham. 

bending moment envelope. A diagram show- 
ing the worst bending moment at any point 
for all possible loadings on a beam, con- 
sisting of several bending moment diagrams 
superimposed one upon another. Ham. 

bending of strata. See folding. C.T.D. 

bending rolls. Two or three rolls with an 
adjustment for imparting a desired curva- 
ture in sheet metal. ASM Gloss. 

bending schedule. A list of steel reinforce- 
ment prepared by the designer of a rein- 
forced concrete structure, showing the 
shapes and dimensions of every bar and 
the number of bars required. The bar 
bender prepares the bars in accordance 
with this schedule. Ham. 

bending stress. The stress produced in the 
outer fibers of a rope by bending over a 
sheave or drum. Zern. 

bend radius. The inside radius of a bent sec- 
tion. ASM Gloss. 

bend pulley. An idler pulley which is used 
solely for the purpose of changing the 
direction of travel of the belt other than 
at the terminals of the conveyor. NEMA 
MBI-1961. 

bends. Caisson disease, brought on by too 
sudden return to normal pressure after 
working in a pressurized shaft or tunnel. 
Pryor, 3. 

bend shaft. A shaft which supports a bend 
wheel or pulley. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bend tangent. A tangent point where a bend- 
ing arc ceases or changes. ASM Gloss. 

bend test. A test for determining relative 
ductility of metal that is to be formed, 
usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire, and for 
determining soundness and toughness of 
metal. The specimen is usually bent over 
a specified diameter through a specified 
angle for a specified number of cycles. 
ASM Gloss. 

bend up; bend up a bit. Eng. An order to 
raise the cage slowly, so that it may be 
instantly stopped on the order ‘‘hold” 
being given. Fay. 

bend wheel. A wheel used to interrupt and 
change the normal path of travel of the 
conveying or driving medium. Most gen- 
erally used to effect a change in direction 
of a conveyor travel from inclined to 
horizontal or a similar change. ASA MH4. 
1-1958. 

beneficiate. a. To improve the grade by re- 








bent 


moving gangue material; to upgrade. Bal- 
lard, b. Originally, the reduction of ores 
to metal; now employed, especially in the 
case of iron ore, to mean improving the 
chemical and/or physical properties of the 
ore. Barger; Bureau of Mines Staff. 

beneficiated iron ores. Usable ores that have 
been treated to improve either their physi- 
cal or chemical characteristics. BuMines 
Bull. 630, 1965, p. 459. 

beneficiation. a. The dressing or processing 
of ores for the purpose of (1) regulating 
the size of a desired product, (2) removing 
unwanted constituents, and (3) improving 
the quality, purity, or assay grade of a 
desired product. Pryor, 3. b. Concentration 
or other preparation of ore for smelting 
by drying, flotation, or magnetic separation. 
ASM Gloss. 

beneficio. a. Sp. The working of mines. 
Fay. b. Sp. Profit derived from working 
a mine. Fay. c. Sp. Metallurgical proc- 
esses: B. de cazo, the caldron or hot 
amalgamation process; b. de hierro, amal- 
gamation reduction with the addition of 
fragments of iron; b. de colpa, the patio 
process with colpa in lieu of magistral; 
b. de pella de plata, amalgamation reduc- 
tion with the addition of silver amalgam; 
b. de patio, the patio or cold amalgama- 
tion process; b. de toneles, the Freiberg 
or barrel amalgamation process; b. por 
cianuraciOn, the cyanide process; b. por 
cloruracién, the chlorination process; and 
b. por fuego, reduction by smelting, Fay. 
d. Sp. B. de metales, mechanical prepa- 
ration of ores; ore dressing. Fay. 

Benfield process. See hot-carbonate process. 

Bengal amethyst. Purple sapphire. Shipley. 

Bengal fire. A mixture of realgar, potassium 
nitrate, and sulfur. Used in pyrotechnics. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

ben heyl. Corn. A stream, where tin ore is 
found. Fay. 

benitoite. A blue barium-titanium silicate, 
BaTiSisOs, so far found only in California. 
Used as a gem. Hexagonal. Sanford; Dana 
7? 

benjaminite. A rare sulfosalt for which the 
formula, Pb2(Ag,Cu)2BisSo, has been sug- 
gested. American Mineralogist, v. 38, No. 
5-6, May-June 1953, pp. 550-552. 

benk. Eng. The working face of a coalbed. 
A variation of bench. Fay. 

benn. A queue of workmen waiting their turn 
at the pit top to enter the cage for descend- 
ing or at the pit bottom for ascending the 
shaft. Nelson. 

Benphosil grout. Trade name for a clay sili- 
cate grout to which has been added wet 
ground Trief slag, to provide a grout of 
increased strength and stability. This ma- 
terial was used in the shafts at Bevercotes, 
Great Britain. See also bentonite; Joosten 
process. Nelson. 

benstonite. A rhombohedral carbonate having 
unit-cell contents, 3[Ca7(Ba,Sr)«o(COs):3]. 
Obtained from a baryte mine in Hot 
Springs County, Ark. The name is un- 
fortunately near bentonite. Hey, M.M., 
1961. 

bent. a. Scot. The subsidence of roof near 
the working face, for example, a bent roof. 
Fay. b. A framework transverse to the 
length of a structure (as a trestle, bridge, 
or long shed) usually designed to carry 
lateral as well as vertical loads. Webster 3d. 
c. Derb. An offshoot from a vein. Fay. 
d. A transverse structure consisting of legs, 
bracing, and feet used for the purpose of 
supporting a gallery or conveyor frame at 


bent 


a fixed elevation. ASA MH4.1—1958. e. In 
tunnel timbering, two posts and a roof 
timber. Nichols. 

bent glass. Flat glass that has been shaped 
while hot into cylindrical or other curved 
shapes. ASTM C162-66. 

Benthic division. A primary division of the 
sea which includes all of the ocean floor. 
The Benthic Division is subdivided into 
the Littoral System (the ocean floor lying 
in water depths ranging from the high 
watermark to a depth of 200 meters or 
the edge of the continental shelf), and the 
Deep-Sea System (ocean floor lying in 
water deeper than 200 meters). The sys- 
tems are further subdivided into the Eulit- 
toral Zone (0 to 50 meters), Sublittoral 
Zone (50 to 200 meters), Archibenthic 
Zone (200 to 1,000 meters), and the 
Abyssal-Benthic Zone (1,000 meters and 
greater). Hy. 

benthonic. Refers to the bottom of a body 
of standing water. Compare pelagic. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

benthos. All plants and animals living on the 
ocean bottom. Hy. 

bentonite. A montmorillonite-type clay formed 
by the alteration of volcanic ash. It varies 
in composition and is usually highly colloi- 
dal and plastic. Swelling bentonite, for 
example, is so named because of its capa- 
city to absorb large amounts of water ac- 
companied by an enormous increase in 
volume. Bureau of Mines Staff. Occurs in 
thin deposits in the Cretaceous and Terti- 
ary rocks of the Western United States. 
It is used for making refractory linings, 
water softening, decolorizing of oils, thick- 
ening drilling muds, and the preparation 
of fine grouting fluids. As a mud flush, 
bentonite is used at a concentration of 
about 3 pounds per cubic foot of water. 
Nelson. 

bentonitic arkose. See arkosic bentonite. 
A.G.I. 

bentonitic clay. A clay derived from decom- 
posed volcanic ash having a high content 
of the mineral montmorillonite, and usu- 
ally characterized by high swelling or wet- 
ting. ASCE P1826. 

bent sieve. A stationary screen constructed 
in the form of an arc of a circle, and is 
arranged as a chute over which the clean 
coal from a cyclone washer passes to the 
orthodox rinsing screen. It is claimed to 
have a considerably higher screening ca- 
pacity than the vibratory screen. In the 
United States, the bent screen is used in 
magnetite recovery from cyclone washers. 
Nelson. 

benzene; benzol; phene. Clear; colorless; ex- 
tremely flammable; liquid; CsHs; molec- 
ular weight, 78.11; characteristic odor; 
narcotic; toxic; vapor harmful; specific 
gravity, .8790 (at 20° C, referred to 
water at 4° C); melting point, 5.5° C; 
boiling point, 80.1° C; flash point, closed 
cup, —11° C; slightly soluble in water; 
and soluble in all proportions in alcohol, 
in ether, in acetone, in chloroform, in 
acetic acid, in carbon tetrachloride, and in 
carbon disulfide. An important solvent. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-146. 

benzine. This term is archaic and misleading 
and should not be used. The term petro- 
leum benzin has appeared in the U.S. 
Pharmacopoeia for many years designating 
a refined light naptha used for extraction 
purposes. This term should only be used 
for material meeting the U.S. Pharmaco- 








98 


poeia specifications. The term  benzin 
should never be used without the prefix 
petroleum. ASTM D288-57. 

benzol. The general term which refers to 
commercial or technical (not necessarily 
pure) benzene. API Glossary. 

benzol indicator. This is a portable instru- 
ment designed specifically for measuring 
low concentrations of benzol potentially 
dangerous to the health of personnel. Ca- 
pable of indicating the concentrations 
quickly and easily on a dial. Used for 
byproduct coke, rubber, paint, varnish and 
chemical plants or wherever toxic quanti- 
ties of benzol might be encountered. Bests, 
p. 584. 

benzol stillman helper. In the coke products 
industry, one who assists a benzene still op- 
erator in the distillation of benzol by ma- 
nipulating valves to control, charge, or 
drain stills, oil cooler, pumps, and auxiliary 
equipment. Also called stillman helper. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

beraunite. A foliated and columnar, red to 
reddish-brown, hydrous ferric phosphate. 
Fay. 

berdan. A circular, revolving, inclined iron 
pan in which concentrates are ground with 
mercury and water by an iron ball. Gordon. 

Berea sandstone. Berea grit. A rock formation 
consisting of fine-grained sandstone and 
grit, generally considered as the base of 
the Carboniferous system in Ohio. It is 
much used as a building stone and for 
grindstones, and is one of the principal 
oil-bearing formations of the state. Fay. 

berengelite. A dark brown, resinous, asphalt- 
like mineral, soluble in cold alcohol but 
nearly insoluble in potassium hydroxide. 
Found near Arica, Peru. Fay. 

beresite. A name coined by Rose for a musco- 
vite granite that forms dikes in the gold 
district of Beresovsk, in the Ural Moun- 
tains, U.S.S.R. It is, therefore, practically 
a synonym for aplite, as earlier defined but 
some of the beresites have since been shown 
to be practically without feldspar and to 
form a very exceptional aggregate of quartz 
and muscovite. Fay. 

berg. a. A hill or mountain. Local in the 
Hudson River Valley. A.G.I, b. An iceberg. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

bergalite; bergalith. A pitchy black dike rock 
containing small phenocrysts of haiiyne, 
apatite, perovskite, melilite, and magnetite 
in a groundmass of the same minerals with 
nepheline, biotite, and brown interstitial 
glass; from Kaiserstuhl, Oberbergen, Ba- 
den, Germany. Holmes, 1928; Johannsen, 
v. 4, 1938, p. 379. 

bergbutter. a. Ger. An impure alum or 
copperas efflorescence, of a butter-like 
consistency, oozing from alum slates. Hess. 
b. Various salts, commonly halotrichite. 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

bergenite. Occurs naturally at Bergen an der 
Trieb, Saxony, with other uranium mine- 
rals; named from locality, the older name 
being rejected as implying a barian phos- 
phuranylite rather than the barium analo- 
gue. Synonym for barium-phosphuranylite. 
Hey, M.M., 1961. 

Bergius process. Manufacture of liquid fuels 
from coal by mixing powdered coal with 
oil and hydrogen under moderately high 
temperatures and high pressures. Bennett 
2d, 1962. See also hydrogenation of coal; 
Lurgi gasifier. Nelson. 

Berglof process. A method of direct reduc- 
tion of iron ore. The reduction of the ore 
was carried out in interchangeable con- 








berl saddle 


tainers. The ore was heated to the reduc- 
tion temperature in one container, and 
then this container was moved into the 
reducing zone. Osborne. 


bergmehl; bergmeal. a. An infusorial earth, 


sometimes eaten mixed with meal or bark. 
Also called mountain meal. Standard, 
1964. b. A white efflorescence of calcite, 
like cotton. Also called rock meal; fossil 
farina. Standard, 1964. 


Berg method. See diver method. Dodd. 
bergschrund. A large crevasse or serics of 


closely spaced open fissures at the upper 
end of a valley glacier between the main 
mass of the ice and the rock walls of the 
confining cirque. In some cases, the berg- 
schrund lies between the ice that is of 
sufficient depth and consistency to begin 
movement and the névé or snowfield which 
is not moving. Stokes and Varnes, 19595. 


berg till. When icebergs bearing till or boul- 


ders floated out into lakes which bordered 
the ice sheet, deposits were made in the 
water which bear resemblances both to till 
and to lacustrine clays. If the icebergs 
bore till, this might be deposited intact 
if the icebergs grounded. If the bergs bore 
only boulders and stones, these were 
dropped into the lacustrine clay. The 
stones and the clay or mud might be in 
the relative proportions appropriate to till. 
Such deposits would be, in some respects, 
unlike ground moraine, both in physical 
constitution and in topography; but the 
two classes of deposits may so closely re- 
semble each other that their local differen- 
tiation is no simple matter. Deposits of 
berg till are quite certainly existent in 
New Jersey. A.G.I. 


berigem. A chrysolite-colored synthetic spi- 


nel. Shipley. 


beringite. A dark variety of soda trachyte 


rich in barkevikite; from Bering Island, 
Kamchatka Peninsula. Holmes, 1928. 


Berkeley clay. A plastic, refractory kaolin 


from South Carolina. Dodd. 


berkelium. The element having atomic num- 


ber 97, the discovery of which was an- 
nounced by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Sea- 
borg in 1950. They produced an isotope 
of 4.5 hours half-life, berkelium 243, by 
helium ion bombardment of americium 
241. Symbol, Bk; valences, 3 and 4; and 
the mass number of the most stable isotope, 
249. NRC-ASA NI1.1-1957; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
pp. B-90, B-101. 


berkeyite. A blue gemstone from Brazil, after- 


wards identified as lazulite. English. 


Berlin blue. In optical mineralogy, an anom- 


alous interference color of the first order. 
Fay. 


Berlin iron. A soft iron, containing phos- 


phorus, making very fine smooth castings 
and used for ornaments and jewelry. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 


berlinite. A colorless to grayish or rose-red, 


compact, massive hydrous phosphate of 
aluminum, 2A1,O3-2P20;-H2O ; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 6-7; specific gravity, 2.64; from 
Westana, Scania, Sweden. Dana 7, v. 2, 
p. 697. 


Berlin porcelain. A German laboratory porce- 


lain, particularly that made at the Berlin 
State Porcelain factory. A quoted body 
composition is 77 percent purified Halle 
clay and 23 percent Norwegian feldspar, 
all finer than 10 microns, The ware is 
fired at 1,000° C, and is then glazed and 
refired at 1,400° C. Dodd. 


berl saddle. A chemical stoneware shape for 





berl saddle 


the packing of absorption towers; it is 
saddle-shaped, size about 1 inch and ap- 
proximately 2,000 pieces are required per 
cubic foot. A packing of berl saddles pro- 
vides a very large contact surface and is a 
most efficient type of ceramic packing. 
Dodd. 

berm. a. A horizontal shelf or ledge built into 
an embankment or sloping wall of an open 
pit or quarry to break the continuity of 
an otherwise long slope for the purpose 
of strengthening and increasing the sta- 
bility of the slope or to catch or arrest 
slope slough material. A berm may also 
be used as a haulage road or serve as a 
bench above which material is excavated 
from a bank or bench face. This berm is 
sometimes used as a synonym for bench. 
Compare bench, p. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. The space left between the upper edge 
of a cut and the toe of an embankment. 
Seelye, 1. c. An artificial ridge of earth 
Nichols, 2. d. A term agreed upon by 
M. R. Campbell, L. La Forge, and F. 
Bascom to distinguish those terraces which 
originate from the interruption of an ero- 
sion cycle with rejuvenation of a stream 
in the mature stage of its development and 
renewed dissection, leaving remnants of 
the earlier valley floor above flood level. 
A.G.I, e. A nearly horizontal portion of 
the beach or backshore formed by the 
deposit of material by wave action. Some 
beaches have no berms, others have one 
or several. A.G.I. 


bermanite. A reddish-brown, basic hydrous 


phosphate, chiefly of manganese, iron, and 
magnesium, R”;R” ’s ( PO, ) 8 ( OH ) iol 5H2O 
with (RY =oMnike =: Geli: R’o= Mn. 
Mg:(Ca+Na) = 19:6:2. Orthorhombic ; 
minute tabular crystals. Obtained near 
Hillside, Ariz. English. 


berm interval. Vertical distance from crest 


of berm to its underlying toe, as in a bank 
or bench. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
Bermudez asphalt; Bermuda asphalt. A nat- 
ural asphalt from Bermudez, Venezuela, 
used as a road binder and for sheet-asphalt 
pavements. Hess. 


bermudite. A dark lava containing abundant 


small biotite crystals with accessory iron 
minerals and apatite in an obscure anal- 
citic base, brown to colorless augite may 
also be present; the effusive form of biotite 
monchiquite or ouachitite. Found in the 
Bermuda islands. Holmes, 1928. 
bernardinite. Originally described by Stillman 
as fossil resin, but later shown by Stanley- 
Brown to be a fungus impregnated by 
resinous material. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
Bernardo’s process. A method for the elec- 
tric welding of iron. Fay. 


Bernoulli’s assumption. This states that in 


any beam subjected to bending, sections 
which are plane before bending will re- 
main plane after bending. Ham. 


Bernoulli’s theorem. A law of hydrodynamics 


that states that in a stream of liquid the 
sum of the elevation head, the pressure 
head, and the velocity head remains con- 
stant along any line of flow provided no 
work is done by or upon the liquid in the 
course of its flow and decreases in propor- 
tion to the energy lost in viscous flow. 
Webster 3d. 


bernstein. a. A fossil resin found in and in 


association with lignite beds of Eocene age. 
Commonly occurring in many European 
’ localities, and is especially abundant in 
areas bordering the Baltic coast. A.G.I. 
b. German name for amber. Tomkeieff, 














99 


1954. 


berondite. A type of theralite characterized 


by the presence of elognated crystals of 
brown hornblende associated with titani- 
ferous augite. Compare luscladite. Holmes, 
1928. 


Berry machine. See soft-mud process. Dodd. 


berthierite. A sulfide of antimony and iron, 
FeS.Sbe2Ss3; dark steel-gray color. Fay. 

berthing impact. The force imposed on piers 
and jetties when ships are being berthed. 
This force is generally estimated from the 
kinetic energy of a large vessel, assuming 
a velocity of about 6 inches per second. 
Ham. 


berthonite. A discredited species equal to 


bournonite. American Mineralogist, v. 28, 


No. 3, March 1943, p. 214. 


bertrandite. A brilliant transparent, colorless 


hydrous glucinum silicate, HsGliSisOs, 
crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. 
Standard, 1964. 

Bertrand lens. In optical mineralogy, a small 
lens inserted in the microscope tube to 
magnify the interference. Fay. 

Bertrand process. A heavy-fluid coal cleaning 
process which utilizes a calcium chloride 
solution as separating medium and is ap- 
plicable only to deslimed feed. It differs 
from the Lessing process in that the raw 
coal is introduced into the system counter- 
current fashion, from water to separating 
solution, the purified coal and the waste 
being withdrawn in a similarly counter- 
current fashion. Coal containing less than 
1 percent ash is said to be obtained by 
this process. Gaudin, pp. 242-243. 

beryl. A beryllium-aluminum silicate, BesAls- 
(SisOis). Used as a gem when clear and 
well-colored. The grass green variety is 
known as emerald; light green, beryl; 
blue-green, aquamarine. Contains 14 per- 
cent beryllium oxide. Hexagonal. A.G.I.; 
Dana 17; Sanford. 


beryl cat’s-eye. Beryl with a cat’s-eye effect. 


Extremely rare. Shipley. 

beryl glass. Same as beryllium glass, or fused 
beryl. It includes emerald glass colored 
with chrome oxide, and a blue glass used 
for imitation gems. Mohs’ hardness, 6.5; 
specific gravity, 2.44; and refractive index, 
1.51 to 1.52. Shipley. 


berylite. A rose-colored synthetic spinel of 


the same color as balas ruby. Shipley. 

beryllia. a. A refractory material with a melt- 
ing point of about 2,570° C. It possesses 
high electrical resistance and it is claimed 
that articles made from it have excellent 
resistance to thermal shock. Merriman. 
b. Beryllium oxide, BeO. Also called glu- 
cina. A.G.I. 

beryllides. A group of intermetallic com- 
pounds of potential interest as special 
ceramics. Cell dimensions and types of 
structure have been reported for the beryl- 
lides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, 
zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, 
and tantalum. Dodd. 

berylliosis. An occupational disease caused 
by the inhalation of fumes liberated dur- 
ing the reduction of beryllium. Beryllium 
is thought to play the principal role, ag- 
gravated by fluorine and to affect all 
organs, particularly the larger protective 
glands, rather than the respiratory appara- 
tus alone. Hess. 

beryllite. A hydrous silicate of beryllium, 
BesSiO.(OH)2:H2O, as an alteration prod- 
uct of epididymite, Spencer 20, M.M., 
1955. 

beryllium. A light, steely, silvery-white metal- 











beryllium oxide; beryllia 


lic element in group II of the periodic 
system. Symbol, Be; valence, 2; hexagonal; 
atomic number, 4; atomic weight, 9.0122; 
specific gravity, 1.85; melting point, 1,280° 
to 1,300° C; and hardness, 55 to 60 
Brinell. The pure metal is difficult to 
prepare. Used as windows in X-ray tubes 
and in copper alloys where high elasticity 
and resistance to stresses are required. 
C.T.D. It occurs only in a few minerals, 
such as beryl and chrysoberyl. Webster 2d. 
Used in nuclear reactors because it reflects 
neutrons. C.T.D. Supp. 

beryllium aluminate; chrysoberyl. a. Be- 
(AlOz)2; molecular weight, 126.97; orthor- 
hombic; and specific gravity, 3.76. Bennett 
2d, 1962. b. Source of beryllium and used 
as a gem. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

beryllium bronze. Alloy of copper with 2% 
percent beryllium. Pryor, 3 

beryllium carbide. BesC; decomposes above 
2,950° C. Used as a moderator in nuclear 
application. Lee. Molecular weight, 30.04; 
yellow; hexagonal; and specific gravity, 
1.90 at 15° C). Bennett 2d, 1962. 

beryllium copper. The standard alloy con- 
tains 2.25 percent beryllium; sometimes 
up to 0.5 percent nickel is added to re- 
strict grain size during annealing. In the 
annealed condition, the standard beryllium- 
copper alloy has a tensile strength of 
70,000 pounds per square inch, while by 
cold rolling and heat treatment, its tensile 
strength can be still further increased. 
Springs of this alloy show remarkable en- 
durance. Used for nonsparking tools. 
Camm. 

beryllium disilicate; bertrandite. 2Be.(SiO,)- 
H:O; molecular weight, 238.23; orthor- 
hombic; and specific gravity, 2.6. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

beryllium glass. Consisting either of the same 
chemical composition as that of the mine- 
ral beryl, or so closely approaching it as 
to be analysis proof, but not crystalline. 
See also beryl glass. Shipley. 

beryllium gold. An alloy of beryllium and 
gold said to contain from 0.5 to 5.0 per- 
cent beryllium which strongly hardens the 
gold. Used as dental inlays and gold 
solders. Camm. 

beryllium metaphosphate. A white powder or 
granular material; Be(POs)»2. Used as raw 
material for special ceramic composition. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

beryllium minerals. The gemstones emerald 
and aquamarine are compound silicates. 
Chrysoberyl is a compound oxide. Indus- 
trially, a 2 percent alloy of beryllium 
metal with copper confers great strength 
and fatigue resistance. Among other im- 
portant users of this scarce element are 
nuclear power and the secondary metal 
industries. Pryor, 3. 

beryllium monitor. Samples are collected on 
continuous filter strip, one sample being 
evaluated while the next is being collected. 
Recording is on strip chart. Concentrations 
above preset maximum levels may be made 
to activate alarm. Bests, p. 584. 

beryllium nitride. BesN2; molecular weight, 
55.05; colorless; isometric; and melting 
point, 2,200° + 100° C. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

beryllium orthosilicate; phenacite. Be2SiO:; 
molecular weight, 110.11; triclinic; and 
specific gravity, 3.0. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

beryllium oxide; beryllia; bromellite. A white 
powder; hexagonal; BeO. Used in the 
preparation of beryllium compounds and 
in ceramics and refractories. CCD 6d, 
1961. Melting point, 2,570° C; and spe- 


beryllium oxide; beryllia 


cific gravity, 3.02. Bodies high in BeO 
have extremely high thermal conductivity 
(in the range of metals) and also pos- 
sesses high mechanical strength. Used in 
nuclear reactors because of its refractori- 
ness, high thermal conductivity, and _ its 
ability to act as a moderator for fast neu- 
trons, reducing them to thermal speeds. 
Beryllia ceramics are used for electronic 
components and for crucibles for melting 
uranium and thorium. Lee. 

beryllium silver. An alloy of silver and beryl- 
lium containing 0.41 percent to 0.90 per- 
cent beryllium. It is claimed to remain 
untarnished in atmospheres charged with 
sulfur compounds. Camm. 

beryllonite. A rare mineral, found at Stone- 
ham, Maine, in decomposed granite, oc- 
curring as orthorhombic crystals. Phosphate 
of beryllium and sodium. C.T.D. 

beryloid. In crystallography, the dihexagonal 
pyramid, common in crystals of beryl. 
Standard, 1964. 

berylometer. An instrument, often portable, 
that detects the presence of beryllium in 
any mixture or mineral. The device con- 
tains radioactive antimony, which pro- 
duces gamma rays; these convert ordinary 
beryllium into a lighter isotope, releasing 
neutrons which are counted by a scin- 
tillator. Pearl, p. 62. 

beryloscope. A color filter, same as the Emer- 
ald glass. Shipley. 

beryl preferential stain process. A quick, 
simple method developed by the U.S. Bu- 
reau of Mines for determining the amount 
of beryl in a mineral sample. The sam- 
ples are placed in a hot solution of sodium 
hydroxide; this etches the beryl grains in 
the sample, which then are stained an in- 
tense blue with another chemical, so they 
can be easily counted under a microscope. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

beryl triplet. Correct name for a genuine 
triplet made from two portions of green- 
ish or colorless beryl] with a cemented layer 
of green coloring matter between them. 
Often incorrectly called emerald triplet. 
Shipley. 

berzelianite. A mineral, Cu2Se, consisting of 
copper selenide, having a silver-white color 
when freshly broken; specific gravity, 6.7. 
Webster 3d. 

berzeliite. A massive, bright, yellow, brittle, 
calcium-magnesium-manganese arsenate, 
(Ca,Mg,Mn):AszOs. Fay. 

beschtauite. A soda-rich variety of quartz 
porphyry from Mount Beschtau, Cauca- 
sia, U.S.S.R.; synonym for quartz kerato- 
phyre. Holmes, 1928. 

Bessemer. Any product of the Bessemer proc- 
ess, as Bessemer stee!, iron, etc.; named 
from Henry Bessemer, who patented the 
process in 1855; used also attributively as, 
Bessemer converter, flame, or method. 
Standard, 1964. 

Bessemer afterblow. In the basic Bessemer 
process of steelmaking, the continuation 
of the blowing cycle after the oxidation of 
the silicon, manganese, and carbon con- 
tent of the charge is complete, and during 
which the phosphorus and sulfur content 
of the charge is reduced. Henderson. 

Bessemer blow. In the Bessemer process of 
steelmaking, that period of the blowing 
cycle during which the oxidation of the 
silicon, manganese, and carbon content of 
the charge takes place. Henderson. 

Bessemer converter. A pear-shaped steel shell 
lined with a refractory material containing 
a number of holes or ports in the bottom 











100 


or side through which air is blown through 
the molten pig iron charge. The converter 
is mounted on trunnions about which it 
may be tilted to charge or tap. Molten pig 
iron is charged into the converter and air 
blown through the molten metal to oxidize 
the impurities, thus making steel. Hen- 
derson. 

Bessemer iron ore. See Bessemer ore. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

Bessemer matte. In the extraction of copper 
from sulfide ores, the liquid that remains 
in the converter at the end of the blow. 
It is essentially molten nickel sulfide or a 
solution of copper and_ nickel sulfides. 
Newton, p. 351. 

Bessemer ore. Iron ore very low in phospho- 
rus and thus suitable for use in the Besse- 
mer process. Standard, 1964. 

Bessemer pig iron. Pig iron with sufficiently 
low phosphorus (0.100 percent maximum) 
to be suitable for use in the Bessemer 
process. ASM Gloss. 

Bessemer process. One for refining molten 
pig iron by blowing air up through it in 
a Bessemer converter. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Bessemer steel. Steel made by the Bessemer 
process. Zern. 

best. One of several terms used to designate 
high quality drill diamonds. Long. 

best cokes. See coke tinplate. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

best gold. See burnish gold. Dodd. 

bestowing. The cover of fired bricks (usually 
three courses) for the setting of a clamp. 
See also clamp. Dodd. 

best patent wire. Wire having a tensile 
strength of 80 to 90 tons per square inch 
(125 to 140 kilograms per square milli- 
meter). Ham. 

best plough wire. Wire with a tensile strength 
of 100 to 110 tons per square inch (160 
to 175 kilograms per square millimeter). 
Ham. 

best selecied copper. Metal of a lower purity 
than high-conductivity copper. It general- 
ly contains over 99.75 percent copper. 
GALD: 

beta-. The convention alpha- for low-temper- 
ature, beta- for high-temperature phases 
of a compound, adopted by most min- 
eralogists and X-ray workers, is exactly 
reversed by the Geophysical Laboratory, 
in Washington, D.C. Hey 2d, 1955. 

beta alumohydrocalcite. A mineral having 
the composition of alumohydrocalcite, 
(CaAls(COs)2(OH)«3H2O, but the fibers 
give straight extinction. From the shales 
at Nowa Ruda, Dolny Slask, Poland. Hey, 
M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

beta antimony; black antimony. An allo- 
tropic form of antimony. A black powder 
obtained by oxidizing antimony hydride 
at low temperatures. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

beta brass. Copper-zinc alloys containing from 
46 to 49 percent zinc, which consist (at 
room temperature) of the intermediate 
constituent (or intermetallic compound) 
known as beta. C.T.D. 

beta carnegieite. A sodium anorthite, NaAl- 
SiOx; triclinic. It is produced from alpha 
carnegieite at temperatures below 690° C., 
English. 

beta cristabolite. The high-temperature form 
of silica, SiOz, stable between 1,470° and 
1,710° C, but it may persist in a metastable 
condition down to about 230° C. Octa- 
hedral crystals, often spinel twins. Isomet- 
ric. Occurs in Australian opals. English. 

beta fergusonite. Natural, light yellow mono- 
clinic fergusonite crystals; from microcline 











beta zircon 


granite stocks, Central Asia. American 
Mineralogist, v. 46, No. 11-12, November- 
December 1961, pp. 1516-1517. 

betafite. An isometric, strongly radioactive 
mineral, (U,Ca) (Cb,Ta,Ti)sOo.nH2O, 
found in granite pegmatites with other 
rare-earth minerals; greenish-brown to 
black when fresh, but yellow to yellow- 
brown by alteration. It is suggested that 
the name betafite be reserved for mem- 
bers of the pyrochlore group containing 
15 percent uranium or more (2.5 percent 
or more, uranium atoms per unit cell). 
Hatchettolite and ellsworthite then become 
intermediate members of the pyrochlore- 
betafite series and these names can be 
dropped. Crosby, p. 9; American Min- 
eralogist, v. 46, No. 11-12, November- 
December 1961, p. 1519. 

beta jaulingite. A brownish-yellow resin, ob- 
tained from the residue of jaulingite, by 
the action of ethyl ether, after treatment 
with carbon disulfide. Fay. 

beta pen A variant of mullite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

beta particle. An elementary particle emitted 
from a nucleus during radioactive decay. 
It has a single electrical charge and a mass 
equal to 1/1837 that of a proton. Beta 
particles are easily stopped by a thin sheet 
of metal. A negatively charged beta par- 
ticle is physically identical to the electron. 
If the beta particle is positively charged, 
it is called a positron. Beta radiation may 
cause skin burns, and beta emitters are 
harmful if inhaled or ingested. L@GL. 

beta quartz. Quartz formed at a temperature 
between 573° and 870° C. The common- 
est examples are the bipyamidal quartz 
crystals found as phenocrysts in quartz 
porphyries. Hess. 

beta ray. A ray of electrons emitted during 
the spontaneous disintegration of certain 
atomic nuclei. ASM Gloss. 

beta-ray spectrometer. An instrument for de- 
termining the energy distribution of beta 
particles and secondary electrons. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

beta structure. A Hume-Rothery designation 
for structurally analogous body-centered 
cubic phases (similar to beta brass) or 
electron compounds that have ratios of 3 
valence electrons to 2 atoms. Not to be 
confused with a beta phase on a constitu- 
tion diagram. ASM Gloss. 

beta tin. Metallic tin in its common, massive 
form. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

betatron. A doughnut-shaped accelerator in 
which electrons are accelerated by chang- 
ing magnetic field. Energies as high as 
340 million electron volts (340 mev) have 
been attaimed. L@L. 

beta uranium. An allotropic form of uranium 
that is stable between approximately 667° 
and 775° C; it is tetragonal. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-143. 

beta uranophane. The monoclinic polymorph 
of orthorhombic uranophane, Ca(UOz)e- 
(SiOs)2(OH)25H2O. Synonym for beta 
uranotile. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

beta uranotile. Synonym for beta uranophane. 
Frondel, p. 176. 

beta wollastonite. Same as pseudowollaston- 
ite. English. 

beta zircon. Mineralogical name for any zir- 
con with properties intermediate between 
alpha and gamma zircons. In the heat 
process used to change zircon colors, the 
properties are converted into those of 
alpha zircon. See also alpha zircon; gamma 











beta zircon 


zircon. Shipley. 

betekhtinite; betechtinit. Orthorhombic nee- 
dles, CusPbSe, in ores from Mansfeld, 
Germany. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

Bethell’s process. A process for creosoting 
timber (such as track sleepers) to extend 
its useful life. The timber is first dried, 
then placed in a cylinder and subjected to 
partial vacuum, and finally impregnated 
with creosote under pressure. Nelson. 

B.E.T. method. See Brunauer, Emmett, and 
Teller method. Dodd. 

beton. Fr. Concrete made after the French 
fashion by mixing gravel or other material 
with a mortar of cement and sand. Web- 
ster 2d. 

betpakdalite. Near CaO-Fe203-As2O5-5 MoOs:- 
14H:.O; perhaps essentially an arsenomo- 
lybdate of calcium and iron, as minute 
lemon-yellow crystals in a muscovite-quartz 
greisen from the oxidation zone of the 
Karaoba tungsten deposit, Central Kazakh- 
stan, U.S.S.R. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

betrunked. Deprived of its trunk or main 
body; said of certain river systems, whose 
tributaries in the dry season, for lack of 
sufficient water, fail to unite in a main 
trunk, but are dissipated in the arid 
ground. Standard, 1964. 

betrunked valley. A valley that has lost its 
lower course by the retreat of the cliffs, 
often resulting in the formation of a hang- 
ing valley. Schieferdecker. 

Better Bed fireclay. A siliceous fireclay occur- 
ring under the Better Bed coal of the 
Leeds area, England. Dodd. 

betterness. Fineness of gold and silver above 
the standard. Standard, 1964. Obsolete. 
A.G.I. 

betteroperic fabric. Texture depending on the 
shapes and arrangement of rock minerals 
in which grain growth from interstitial 
solution is determined by a direction of 
easiest movement. Hess. 

Betterton-Kroll process. A process for obtain- 
ing bismuth and for purifying desilverized 
lead that contains bismuth. Metallic cal- 
cium or magnesium is added to the molten 
lead to cause the formation of high-melt- 
ing-point intermetallic compounds with 
bismuth. These compounds separate as a 
surface scum and are skimmed off. The 
excess calcium and magnesium are re- 
moved from the lead by chlorine gas as 
mixed molten chlorides of lead or zinc. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

Betts process. An electrolytic process in which 
pure lead is deposited on a thin cathode 
of pure lead, from an anode containing 
as much as 10 percent of silver, gold, bis- 
muth, copper, antimony, arsenic, selenium, 
and other impurities. The electrolyte is 
lead fluosilicate and fluosilicic acid. The 
scrap anodes and the residues of impurities 
associated with them are either recast into 
anodes or treated to recover antimonial 
lead, silver, gold, bismuth, etc. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

betty mapper. Beds of fine-grained compact 
sandstone in the Coal Measures which are 
extremely hard to drill or blast. Arkell. 

betun. Sp. Bitumen or asphaltum; b. marga, 
bituminous marl. Fay. 

between-laboratory tolerance. The maximum 
acceptable difference between the means 
of two determinations carried out by two 
different laboratories on representative 
samples taken from the same bulk sample 
after the last stage of the reduction process. 
BS LO Low 961 bb, LO 

beudantite. A ferric lead sulfate or arsenate 














101 


occurring in green to black rhombohedral 
crystals. Fay. 

beuheyl. Corn. A live stream (vein), that 
is, one rich in tin. Also spelled ben hey]. 

ay. 

bevy The abbreviation for billion electron 
volts, or 10° electron volts (ev). NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. 

bevel. a. The angle that one surface or line 
makes with another when they are not at 
right angles. Webster 3d. b. An instrument 
consisting of two arms joined together and 
opening to any angle, for drawing angles 
or adjusting the surfaces of work to a 
given angle. Webster 3d. c. To slope or 
slant. Webster 3d. 

bevel angle. The angle formed between the 
prepared edge of a member and a plane 
perpendicular to the surface of the mem- 
ber. ASM Gloss. 

bevel bit. Synonym for bevel-wall bit. Long. 

bevel brick. A brick having one edge re- 
placed by a bevel. Dodd. 

bevel cut. Applied to any style of cutting 
with a very large table, joined to the 
girdle by one or sometimes two bevels, and 
a pavilion which may be step cut, brilliant 
cut, or any style. Used mostly for opaque 
stones, and often intaglios. Bevel cut 
shapes include round, square, cushion, 
rectangular, oblong, oval, pendeloque, na- 
vette, heart, diamond, horseshoe, shield, 
pentagon, and hexagon shapes. The style 
is used predominantly for less valuable 
gems. Also known as table cut. Shipley. 

beveled end. In concrete and similar pipe, 
terminal surfaces inclined at such an angle 
with the axis of the pipe that the end of 
one pipe will closely fit in the alternate 
end of another. Hess. 

beveled joint. In sewer or drain pipe, a joint 
formed between pipes with beveled ends. 
Hess. 

beveler. In the stonework industry, one who 
finishes slabs of slate for building purposes 
by beveling and smoothing edges. D.O.T. 1. 

bevel flanging. Same as flaring. ASM Gloss. 

bevel gear. a. A cone-shaped gear encircling 
the drive rod in a diamond-drill swivel 
head, which meshes with a matching gear 
attached to the drive shaft from the drill 
motor. By means of these gears the drill- 
string equipment can be made to rotate. 
Also called miter gear. Long. b. Any gear, 
the teeth of which are inclined to the shaft 
axis of the gear. Long. c. A gearwheel that 
transmits power between two shafts which 
meet at an angle. If at a right angle, and 
the wheel is of the same size, it is called 
a miter gear. Crispin. 

beveling. The process of edge finishing flat 
glass to a bevel angle. ASTM C162-66. 

bevelment. The replacement of an edge of 
a crystal by two planes equally inclined 
to the adjacent faces. Standard, 1964. 

bevel-wall bit. A core bit having the inside 
surface of the shank cut to a taper into 
which a tapered-wall (split-ring) core 
lifter may be fitted. Also called bevel bit; 
taper-wall bit. Sometimes incorrectly called 
standard bit; standard core bit. Long. 

bevel-wall core shell. Synonym for bevel-wall 
reaming shell. Long. 

bevel-wall reaming shell. A reaming shell, 
the inside wall of which is tapered and 
into which a split-ring core lifter may be 
fitted. Also called bevel-wall core shell; 
taper-wall core shell. Long. 

bevel wheel. See bevel gear. Fay. 

bewaarplaatsen. S. Afr. Depositing sites, 
without mining rights, generally involving 








biaxiality 


the payment of certain sums to the owners. 
Beerman. 

beyerite. A carbonate of bismuth (and cal- 
clum) as minute teragonal crystals and 
earthy masses from Schneeberg, Saxony, 
Germany; Pala, Calif. Not to be confused 
with bayerite. Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 

bezel. a. All that part of a faceted gem stone 
lying above the girdle. Shipley. b. The 
sloping surface of the crown between the 
table and the girdle. Shipley. c. A small 
part of that sloping surface just above the 
girdle; the so-called setting edge. Shipley. 
d. The groove made in a setting to receive 
the girdle and the immediately adjacent 
section of a gem stone. Shipley. 

bezel facets. The eight facets on the crown 
of a round brilliant-cut gem, the upper 
points of which join the table and the 
lower points, the girdle. If the stone is a 
cushion-shaped brilliant, four of these bezel 
facets are called corner facets. Shipley. 

BG Abbreviation for Birmingham gage; hoop 
and sheet. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-97. 

bhara. A Malayan unit of weight equal to 
3 piculs or 400 pounds avoirdupois. Hess. 

B.H. bit. a. A noncoring or blasthole bit. 
Long. b. A CDDA standard-size noncoring 
bit having a set outside diameter of 14% 
inches. Normally referred to as a 1% B.H. 
bit. Long. 

Bhn Brinell hardness number. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

B-horizon. The layer of a soil profile in 
which material leached from the overlying 
A-horizon is accumulated. ASCE P1826. 

BHP Abbreviation for boiler horsepower; 
brake horsepower; bottom hole pressure. 
Also abbreviated bhp. Zimmerman, pp 17, 
18; BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

BHT Abbreviation for bottom-hole tempera- 
ture. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

Bi Chemical symbol for bismuth. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

bianchite. A white hydrous double sulfate of 
zinc and iron, FeZne(SO,)3-18H2O. Later 
shown to be an isomorphous mixture of 
zinc and iron sulfates, (Zn,Fe)SO.6H:2O, 
belonging to the hexahydrate series of salts 
of Zn,Ni, Co and Mg. Crystalline crusts. 
Probably monoclinic. English. 

biard. See bearers, b. Fay. 

bias. The tendency to obtain a value that is 
either persistently higher or persistently 
lower than the correct value. Alternatively, 
the numerical value of the difference be- 
tween the true value and the average result 
obtained from a large number of determi- 
nations using a biased method. B.S. 1017, 
1960, Pt. 1. 

biased error; constant error; systematic error. 
Series which are always wrong in the same 
way, thus producing cumulative distortion. 
Pryor, 3, p. 159. 

biased result. In sampling, survey measure- 
ment, etc., systematic errors due to a fault 
in technique or in the instrument. Such 
errors are cumulative (antonym random 
error). Pryor, 3. 

biat; byat. Eng. A timber stay or beam in 
a shaft. See also bearers, b. Fay. 

biaxial. The optical character of crystals be- 
longing to the rhombic, monoclinic, and 
triclinic system, which exhibit double re- 
fraction, but have two directions of single 
refraction, that is, two optic axes. Anderson. 

biaxiality. In a biaxial stress state. the ratio 
of the smaller to the larger principal stress. 
ASM Gloss. 


biaxiality 


biaxial stone. A stone having two directions 
of single refraction. Shipley. 

biaxial stress. A state of stress in which only 
one of the principal stresses is O, the other 
two usually being in tension. ASM Gloss. 

bibble. Staff. Pebble. Arkell. 

bibbles. Derb. A soft, water-bearing stratum 
encountered during shaft sinking. Fay. 

bibbly rock. S. Staff. A conglomerate or peb- 
bly rock. Fay. 

bible clay. Eng. Contorted Pleistocene de- 
posits in valley bottoms, buckled by valley 
bulging, Burn Valley, Leighton. Arkell. 

bibliolite. A laminated schistose rock; a book- 
stone. Standard, 1964. 

bicable. An aerial ropeway using stationary 
track ropes along which carriers are hauled 
by an endless haulage rope. The carriers 
disengage from the haulage rope at the 
loading station, and negotiate all other 
angle and terminal points automatically. 
Though expensive to install, its running 
costs are low as little labor is required. 
See also normal monocable. Nelson. 

bicarbonate. A salt of carbonic acid in which 
only one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced 
by a base; for example, bicarbonate of 
soda, NaHCOs; also called monocarbonate. 
Standard, 1964. 

biche. N. of Eng. A hollow, conical-headed 
tool for extricating broken rods from bore- 
holes. See also beche. Fay. 

Bicheroux process. An intermittent process 
for making plate glass, in which the glass 
is cast between rolls onto driven conveyor 
rolls or a flat moving table. ASTM C162-— 
66. 

bichloride. A salt containing two chlorine 
atoms; for example, bichloride of mercury, 
HegCle. Standard, 1964. 

bichloride of mercury; mercuric chloride; 
corrosive sublimate. HgCl.; orthorhombic ; 
colorless or white powder. An antiseptic 
used for washing wounds and in surgery. 
It is virulent poison. The antidote is albu- 
men (white of an egg). Crispin. 

bichromate; dichromate. A dichromate or a 
salt of dichromic acid. Specifically, potas- 
sium dichromate (KzCrzO;) or sodium di- 
chromate (NazCr2O;7.2H.O). Webster 3d. 

bichromate cell. a. A zinc-carbon cell having 
an acid bichromate (dichromate) solution 
as the electrolyte and developing an elec- 
tromotive force of about 2 volts. Webster 
3d. b. A primary cell with a zinc negative 
electrode and one or more carbon positive 
electrodes. The electrolyte is dilute sulfuric 
acid with potassium dichromate (potas- 
sium bichromate) as a depolarizer. C.T.D. 

bicycle tires. Brilliant-cut diamonds with 
girdles which are too thick. Shipley. 

bicylindroconical drum. A winding drum 
with a cylindrical middle portion and two 
conical outer portions; used sometimes 
where the weight of the winding rope is 
large compared with the coal or mineral 
load. The heavily loaded upgoing rope 
winds on the small diameter, while the 
downgoing rope winds off the large diam- 
eter. The effect is to compensate for the 
heavy torques due to rope unbalance and 
acceleration. See also winding drum. Nel- 
son. 

bid. To make a price on anything; a propo- 
sition, either verbal or written, for doing 
work and for supplying materials and/or 
equipment. Nichols. 

biddix. Corn. A double pick, with spoon- 
bill points, used for excavating alluvial or 
surface earth. Standard, 1964. 

bideford black. A black ocher or earth occur- 











102 


ring as a seam in the culm measures of 
north Devonshire, England. This ocher has 
long been used as a pigment. Mining 
Magazine, London, v. 44, January 1931, 
p. 60. 

bidet. A French word meaning an item of 
ceramic sanitary ware designed to facili- 
tate personal hygiene; bidets are used more 
particularly in France, Spain, and South 
America. Dodd. 

bidri. a. An Anglo-Indian process of dam- 
askeening with silver on a ground consist- 
ing of an alloy of copper, lead, and tin, 
blackened by the application of a solution 
of sal ammoniac, saltpeter, and copper sul- 
fate. Standard, 1964. b. Articles made by 
the foregoing process; bidri ware. Also 
called biddery; biddery ware; bidery; bidri 
work; bidry. Standard, 1964. 

bieberite. A vitreous, flesh-red to rose-red, 
hydrous cobalt sulfate, HuCoSou, crystal- 
lizing in the monoclinic system. Fay. 

bielenite. A fine-grained, blackish-gray igne- 
ous rock composed of various pyroxenes 
and olivine. It differs from lherzolite in 
containing less olivine than pyroxene. Jo- 
hannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 437. 

bielzite. A brittle, resinous, brownish-black 
hydrocarbon mineral from Romania; it 
has a specific gravity of 1.249, and dis- 
solves in considerable part in carbon disul- 
fide and chloroform. Fay. 

bifurcate. To branch or separate into two 
parts; sand of an ore vein. Webster 3d; Fay. 

bifurcating feeder. One which separates ob- 
jects moving in a single Jane and delivers 
them to two lanes of movement. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

bifurcation gate. A structure that divides the 
flow between two conduits. Seelye, 1. 

Big Coal D. Nongelatinous permissible explo- 
sive; used in coal mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bigging. N. of Eng. A built-up pillar of 
stone or other debris in a working place 
or heading to support the roof, for example, 
“bigging the gob” means building a pack 
in a worked-out place. Fay. 

bight. a. A curve or loop, especially in a rope, 
hose, or chain. Webster 3d. b. A slight 
indentation in the shoreline of an open 
coast or of a bay, usually crescent shaped. 
H&G. 

Big Injun sand. A driller’s name for the Bur- 
goon sandstone, an oil and gas producing 
bed of the Mississippian Pocono formation 
in Pennsylvania. Hess. 

Big Lime. A driller’s term for thick limestone 
in several eastern and western fields, in- 
cluding the eastern Ohio fields; Clay 
County, W. Va.; Westbrook and Petrolia 
fields, Tex.; and the Yates Pool, Pecos 
County, Tex. Hess. 

big-stone bit. See large-stone bit. Long. 

bigwoodite. A medium-grained plutonic rock 
composed essentially of microcline, micro- 
cline microperthite, sodic plagioclase, and 
hornblende, aegerine-augite, or biotite. A 
variety of alkalic syenite. A.GJ. 

Bikalith. Trademark for a series of lithium 
ores including lepidolite, petalite, spodu- 
mene, and amblygonite. Found in the Re- 
public of South Africa, Used in glassmak- 
ing, ceramics, and coatings. CCD 6d, 1961. 

bikitaite. A hydrous silicate, LiAlSizOs.H2O, 
monoclinic, as white granular aggregates 
with eucryptite in lithia-pegmatite from 
Bikita, Southern Rhodesia. Named from 
locality. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

bilateral transducer; reversible transducer. A 
transducer capable of transmission in either 
direction between its terminations. Hy. 








bimaceral 


bildar. Hind. A digger; an excavator. Web- 
ster 3d. 

bildas; buildhouse. S. Staff. The shift 
working from 6 a.m. till 9 o’clock, and 
sometimes 10 o’clock, is termed a bildas. 
This was originally denominated build- 
house, from the fact of the butty (contract 
miner) making so much money that he 
was able to build many houses from the 
exactions thus made upon the poor men, 
who received inadequate remuneration. 
Fay. 

bildlos. Ger. Amorphous, structureless. 
Holmes, 1928. 

bildstein. Ger. A soft stone; agalmatolite. 
Standard, 1964. 

bilharzia; bilharziasis. A waterborne disease 
due to flukes. Liable to affect people in 
the subtropics. Endemic and increasing 
over large areas in Africa. Pryor, 3. 

Bilharz table. A side-bump table having a 
surface made of a plane endless traveling 
belt. The Corning, Luhrig, and Stein tables 
are similar. Liddell 2d, p. 385. 

bilinite. A white to yellow hydrous sulfate of 
iron, FeSOu-Fee(SO:z)s-22H2O. Radially 
fibrous masses. The iron analogue of halo- 
trichite. From Schwaz, Bilin, Bohemia. 
English. 

biliong. The Malayan adz. Hess. 

bill day; account day. The day in each week 
or fortnight when the appointed official 
takes particulars of work done at the face 
or elsewhere and thus to assess the amounts 
to be paid to the miners and contractors 
for the period since the previous account 
was taken. See also measuring day. Nelson. 

billet. a. Som. A short timber prop. Fay. 
b. A solid, semifinished, round or square 
product that has been hot-worked by forg- 
ing, rolling, or extrusion. An iron or steel 
billet has a minimum width or thickness 
of 1% inches and the cross-sectional area 
varies from 244 to 36 square inches. For 
nonferrous metals, it may also be a casting 
suitable for finished or semifinished rolling 
or for extrusion. ASM Gloss. 

billeting roll. Set of rolls used to turn iron 
billets into bar. Pryor, 3. 

billet mill. A primary rolling mill used to 
make billets. ASM Gloss. 

billietite. a. Hydrous barium uranate as an 
amber-yellow mineral, BaO-6UO;-11H2O, 
orthorhombic plates resembling becquere- 
lite; from Katanga, Republic of the Congo. 
Spencer, 18, M.M., 1949; Crosby, p. 10. 
b. A discredited term equal to a variety of 
becquerelite. American Mineralogist, v. 34, 
No. 3-4, March-April 1949, p. 339. 

billitonite. East Indian tektite. A.G.I. Supp. 

billy. a. (Forest of Dean) A box for holding 
ironstone, carried by a boy in the mine. 
Fay. b. See billy playfair. Fay. c. Aust. 
A name used in the Clermont district of 
Queensland for a bed of quartzite that 
caps the coal measures. Fay. 

aes boy. A boy who attends a billy playfair. 

ern. 

billy coal. Staff. Miners’ term for a thin, 
unworkable coal seam occurring above or 
below a workable seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

billy cups. Whiskey rations served to laborers 
in Jim Thorpe (Mauch Chunk), Pa., in 
the 1820’s. Named for Billy Speers, the 
dispenser. Korson. 

billy playfair. A coal-weighing device that 
carries off the small coal through a trough, 
to be weighed separately. Standard, 1964. 

bimaceral. Coal microlithotype consisting of 
a mixture of two macerals, that is, clarite, 
durite, and vitrinertite. A.G.I. Supp. 








bimaceral 


bimagmatic. The texture of porphyritic rocks 
having minerals of two generations. Jo- 
hannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 203. 

bimetallism. The concurrent use of both gold 
and silver as money at a fixed relative 
value, established by law. Also, the doc- 
trine advocating such use. Standard, 1964. 

bimetal strip. A strip consisting of two metals 
which have different coefficients of expan- 
sion, one metal forming each side of the 
strip. The strip will curve, with change of 
temperature, one way or the other by an 
amount which can be calculated. This de- 
vice is widely employed in thermostats and 
relays. Ham. 

bimssand. Pumice sand. Hess. 

bin. A container for storing material. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

bina. Eng. Hard, clayey substance. A variety 
of bind. Fay. 

binary. Composed of two chemical elements, 
of an element and a radical that acts like 
an element, or of two such radicals; thus, 
NaCl, NazO, NazSO., and (NH:)2SOu, are 
all binary compounds. Webster 3d; A.G.I. 

binary alloy. An alloy containing two com- 
ponent elements. ASM Gloss. 

bimary cycle. A cycle in which two different 
media are employed, one superimposed on 
and augmenting the cycle of the other. 
Strock, 10. 

binary diagrams. Phase diagrams of two-com- 
ponent systems. VV. 

binary digit; bit. Digit of a binary number; 
in a binary-numbered system such a digit 
has only one of two values instead of one 
of ten. Usually abbreviated to bit; signal 
rates are often expressed in bits per sec- 
ond. NCB. 

binary granite. a. A granite consisting of 
quartz and feldspar only. A.G.J. b. A gran- 
ite containing both biotite and muscovite 
mica. A.G.J. 

binary system. A system consisting of two 
components, for example, the system MgO- 
SiOz. A.GTI. 

binary system and diagram. The alloys 
formed by two metals constitute a binary 
alloy system, which is represented by the 
binary constitutional diagram for the sys- 
tem. C.T.D. 

binching. Som. The stone upon which a bed 
of coal rests. Fay. 

bind. a. Shale or mudstone occurring in coal 
measures. Obsolete. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 
b. To prevent normal operation of drill- 
string equipment in a borehole, such as by 
constriction or friction created by swelling 
or Caving ground, settlement or balling of 
cuttings, an obstruction, or an offset or 
crooked hole, or as the result of insufficient 
clearance cut by use of undergage bits or 
reaming shells. Long. c. To cause to co- 
here; to give consistency to by means of 
an agent, such as by drilling mud in a 
loose, sandy, or fragmented formation. 
Long. 

binder. a. In mining, an iron piece attached 
to a truck or barrel, to which to secure the 
pit rope. Standard, 1964. b. Any substance 
that when added to ceramic raw materials 
will bond the particles together. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. c. In the case of plaster 
and stucco, etc., a fibrous material, which 
will increase their cohesiveness while they 
are in a plastic state. ASTM C11-60. d.A 
substance used in ceramic mixes to increase 
the wet and dry strengths of the shapes. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. e. A substance used 
to effect cohesion in separated particles, as 
the crushed stones in a macadam road. 


264-972 O-68—8 








103 


Standard, 1964. f. In founding, a material, 
other than water, added to foundry sand 
to bind the particles together, sometimes 
with the use of heat. ASM Gloss. g. In 
powder metallurgy, a cementing medium; 
either a material added to the powder to 
increase the green strength of the compact 
that is expelled during sintering, or a ma- 
terial (usually of relatively low melting 
point) added to a powder mixture for the 
specific purpose of cementing together 
powder particles which alone would not 
sinter into a strong body. ASM Gloss. h. A 
material added to the coal during the 
process of briquetting to facilitate adhesion 
between the particles. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
i. Corn. Beds of grit in shale, slate, or 
clay. Fay. j. Streak of impurity in a coal 
seam, usually difficult to remove. Fay. k. 
Corn. An underground carpenter. Fay. 
1. A wood or metal guide on a haulage 
road bend or curve. Mason. m. A deposit 
check that makes a contract valid. Nichols. 

binder course. Coarse bituminous aggregate 
containing a small percentage of asphalt, 
and used as an intermediate connecting 
link between the concrete foundation and 
the top wearing course of an asphalt pave- 
ment. Petroleum Age, v. 11, April 15, 
1923, p. 37. 

binderless briquetting. The briquetting of 
coal by the application of pressure without 
the addition of a binder. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

bindheimite. A hydrous antimonate of lead; 
an oxidation product of jamesonite. San- 
ford. 

binding. N. of Eng. Hiring of men for pit- 
work. Fay. 

binding bolts. a. Scot. Bolts used to secure 
machinery to the foundations. Fay. b. An- 
chor bolt. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

binding coal. S. Wales. Miners’ term for 
coal, the small of which will bind or cake. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

binding energy. The birding energy of a 
nucleus is the minimum energy required 
to dissociate it completely into its com- 
ponent neutrons and protons. Neutron or 
proton binding energies are those required 
to remove a neutron or a proton, respec- 
tively, from a nucleus. Electron binding 
energy is that required to remove an elec- 
tron completely from an atom or a mole- 
cule. L@L. 

binding gravel. Eng. Gravel with enough 
loam or fine material to bind or set on 
paths. Arkell, p. 7. 

bindings. York. Scale from coal, used for 
road repairs. Arkell. 

bin feeder. A man who rods or bars ore that 
sticks as it passes through the bin door. 
Fay. 

bing. a. N. of Eng. A pile or heap of any- 
thing; specifically: (1).a heap of metallic 
ore, alum, etc.; (2) eight hundredweight 
of lead ore; or (3) the kiln of a furnace 
for making charcoal in metal smelting. 
Standard, 1964. b. Eng. The best quality 
of lead ore. Fay. c. Scot. A place where 
coal is stocked, or debris is piled at the 
surface. Fay. d. To put coal in wagons or 
in stacks at the surface. Fay. 

bin gate. A device for complete shutoff or 
control of gravity impelled flow of mate- 
rials from a bin, bunker, hopper, or other 
container. May be hand- or power-oper- 
ated and if powered can be arranged for 
automatic operation. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

Bingham plastometer. A device for the meas- 
urement of the rheological properties of 
clay slips by forcing the slip through a 








biogeochemistry 


capillary under various pressures; a curve 
is drawn relating the rate of flow or ex- 
posure. Dodd. 

bing hole. Derb. A hole or chute through 
which ore is thrown. Fay. ' 

bing ore. The purest lead ore and with th 
largest crystals of galena. Hess. 

bing place. Derb. The place where ore is 
stored for smelting. Fay. 

bingstead. a. Eng. The place where lead ore 
is dressed. Fay. b. Eng. A place for storing 
ore, coal, etc. Compare bing, a and e. Fay. 

ee tale. N. of Eng. Synonym for tribute. 

ay. 

binkstone. York. Knockstone, the stone bench 
on which lead ore is buckered or broken 
small for the hotching tubs. Arkell. 

binman. A laborer who keeps ore moving in 
storage bins by poking it with a pole so 
that it will flow through chutes into cars 
in which it is carried to a furnace to be 
melted. D.O.T. 1. 

binnite. Same as tennantite. Standard, 1964. 

binocular hand level. A hand level with two 
sighting tubes. Porter. 

biochemical deposit. A precipitated deposit 
resulting directly or indirectly from vital 
activities of an organism, such as bacterial 
iron ores and limestones. A.G.I. 

biochemical prospecting. Prospecting by 
means of vegetation. The root systems of 
trees are actually powerful sampling mech- 
anisms which bring representative samples 
of solutions from a large volume of earth. 
Much of the mineral content from these 
solutions is found in the leaves. Analysis 
of leaves may serve as a guide to prospec- 
tors. Lewis, p. 303. 

bioclastic. Refers to rocks consisting of frag- 
mental organic remains. A.G.I. Supp. 

biodegradable. Used in sewage disposal and 
water pollution to describe those substances 
that can be quickly broken down by the 
bacteria used for this purpose at sewage 
disposal plants. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

biofacies. a. A rock unit composed of one or 
more biotopes differing in biologic aspects 
from laterally equivalent biotic assem- 
blages. G.S.A. Memo. 39, 1949, p. 96. 
b. Lateral variations in the biologic aspects 
of a stratigraphic unit. A.G.J. c. Assem- 
blages (of animals or plants) formed at 
the same time under different conditions. 
A.G.I, 

biogenic. Pertaining to a deposit resulting 
from the physiological activities of orga- 
nisms. The rock thus formed is designated 
a biolith. A.G.TJ. 

biogenic dispersion pattern. Dispersion where 
the patterns are the result of biological 
activity. Hawkes, 2, p. 144. 

biogenous deposits. Deposits having more 
than 30 percent material derived from 
organisms. H&G. 

biogeochemical anomaly. An area where the 
vegetation contains an abnormally high 
concentration of metals. Hawkes, 2, p. 296. 

biogeochemical prospecting. The chemical 
analysis of plants as a prospecting method. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 4. See also biogeochemistry. 
Compare geobotanical prospecting. Synony- 
mous with geochemical plant survey. 

biogeochemistry. A buried ore body may 
give the soil above it an abnormal amount 
of the metal or metals it contains. The soil, 
in turn, may provide a large amount of 
the same metals to the plant cover. If the 
plants are systematically collected and ana- 
lyzed, the results may indicate the possi- 
bility of an ore body by the abnormally 
high concentration of the metal correspond- 


biogeochemistry 


ing to that of the deposit. The technique 
is called biogeochemical prospecting. See 
also geochemistry. Nelson. 

bioglyph. A hieroglyph of biologic origin. 
Pettijohn. 

bioherm. a. A moundlike or circumscribed 
mass built exclusively or mainly by seden- 
tary organisms, such as corals, stromatopo- 
roids, algae, etc., and enclosed in normal 
rock of different lithological character. 
A.G.I. b. An organic reef or mound built 
by corals, stromatoporoids, gastropods, 
echinoderms, foraminifera, molluscs, and 
other organisms. A.G.I. 

biolite. a. A group name for minerals formed 
by biological action. Hey, M.M., 1964. 
b. A concentration formed of concentric 
layers through the action of living orga- 
nisms as distinguished from pisolites, which 
are formed by inorganic agencies. Hess. 

biolithe. Ger. Sediments of organic origin. 
Holmes, 1928. 

biolithite. Inclusive term for organic lime- 
stone. A.G.JI. Supp. 

biological shield. A mass of absorbing mate- 
rial placed around a reactor or a radio- 
active source to reduce ionizing radiation 
to levels that are not hazardous to per- 
sonnel. See also thermal shield. L@L. 

biology. The science of life; the branch of 
knowledge which treats of organisms; in- 
cludes fishes and pearls. Shipley. 

bioluminescence. The emission of visible light 
by living organisms. Hy. 

biomechanical deposit. A deposit due to the 
detrital accumulation of organic material, 
as in the cases of limestones and coal. 
A.G.I. 

biomicrite. Limestone similar to biosparite 
except that microcrystalline calcite matrix 
exceeds calcite cement. A.G.I. Supp. 

biopelite. Synonym for black shale. A.G-J. 

biopelmicrite. Limestone similar to biopel- 
sparite except that microcrystalline matrix 
exceeds calcite cement. A.G.I. Supp. 

biopelsparite. Limestone similar to biosparite 
except that the ratio of fossils and fossil 
fragments to pellets ranges between 3:1 
and 1:3. A.GJ. Supp. 

biophile. An element which is required by or 
found in the bodies of living organisms. 
The list of such elements includes carbon, 
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, 
sulfur, chlorine, iodine, bromine, calcium, 
magnesium, potassium, sodium, vanadium, 
iron, manganese, and copper. All may be- 
long also to the chalcophile or lithophile 
groups. Hess. 

biophile elements. Chemical elements accu- 
mulated by plants or animals. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

biosparite. Limestone consisting of less than 
25 percent intraclasts, less than 25 percent 
oolites, with volume ratio of fossils and 
fossil fragments to pellets more than 3:1, 
and calcite cement exceeding microcrystal- 
line calcite. A.G.J. Supp. 

biosphere. a. Zone at and adjacent to the 
earth’s surface where all life exists. A.G.J. 
Supp. b. All living organisms of the earth. 
A,.G.I. Supp. 

biostrome. For purely bedded structures, 
such as shell beds, crinoid beds, coral beds, 
etc, consisting of and built mainly by sed- 
entary organisms, and not swelling into 
moundlike or lenslike forms, the name bio- 
strome was proposed; from the Greek stem 
bio and the Greek word stroma, which 
means a layer or bed. A.G.I. 

biotite. A magnesium-iren mica, K (Mg,Fe)s- 
(AlSisO10) (OH) 2, widely distributed in 








104 


igneous rocks. Monoclinic; perfect basal 
cleavage; dark brown to green. Often used 
as a prefix to many names of rocks that 
contain it, such as biotite andesite. Fay; 
A.G.1I.; Dana 17. 

biotite gneiss. A gneiss in which biotite is 
a prominent mineral. Sinkankas. 

biotitite. A jet black igneous rock consisting 
essentially of biotite. Near Libby, Mont., 
such a rock has been altered to vermicu- 
lite by hot waters. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, 
p. 441. 

Biot number. The heat-transfer ratio hr/k, 
where h is the heat-transfer coefficient, 
r is the distance from the point or plane 
under consideration to the surface, and 
k is the thermal conductivity. The Biot 
number is a useful criterion in assessing 
thermal-shock resistance. Dodd. 

bipolar electrode; intermediate electrode. An 
electrode that is not mechanically con- 
nected to the power supply but is so placed 
in an electrolyte, between the anode and 
cathode, that the part nearer the anode 
becomes cathodic and the part nearer the 
cathode becomes anodic. ASM Gloss. 

bipolar field. A longitudinal magnetic field 
that creates two magnetic poles within a 
piece of material. ASM Gloss. 

bipyramid. In crystallography, 
ended pyramid. Fay. 

biquartz. A quartz plate made up of a dex- 
trorotatory and a levoratatory half. Used 
in detecting polarization. Webster 3d. 

bird. A bomb-shaped unit, weighing about 
70 pounds, containing the electromagnetic 
detector coil, used in aerial geophysical 
prospecting. The bird is trailed approxi- 
mately 250 feel below the aircraft, at the 
end of 500 feet of cable. See also electro- 
magnetic detector. Nelson. 

birdcage. An imperfection occassionally oc- 
curring in bottle manufacture, a glass 
thread (or threads) spanning the inside 
of the bottle. Dodd. 

Bird centrifuge; Bird coal filter. A fine-coal 
dewatering machine that consists of a tank 
or truncated conical shell, which is re- 
volved at the desired speed by means of 
a drive sheave. A screw conveyor rotates 
inside the cone or bowl at a slightly lower 
speed in the same direction of rotation. 
The feed entrance, in the center of the 
large end of the truncated cone, is high 
enough to allow formation of a pool of 
slurry. Adjustable effluent-discharge parts 
are so located in the large end of the 
bowl that the level of liquid is maintained 
at the desired height. The solids are steadily 
moved forward by the screw conveyor as 
fast as deposited, being carried above the 
level of the pool for an interval before 
leaving the bowl. Discharge of both solids 
and effluent is continuous. Mitchell, p. 
662-665. 

Bird coal filter. See Bird centrifuge. 

bird-foot delta. A delta formed by the out- 
growth of fingers or pairs of natural levees 
at the mouths of river distributaries mak- 
ing the digitate or bird-foot form typified 
by the Mississippi delta. A.G.J. 

Bird reef. S. Afr. A gold-bearing reef, or 
group of reefs, occurring above the Main 
reef series. Beerman. 

bird’s beak. A special type of wall tile. Dodd. 

bird’s-eye. a. Mixed screened anthracite pass- 
ing a Y2-inch screen but retained on a 
Y-inch screen. May be subdivided into 
buckwheat, rice, and barley. C.T.D. See 
also anthracite coal sizes. b. Eng. Ap- 
plied to various rocks with small spots, in 


a double- 








Birtley contraflow separator 


some places to a concretionary slate, and 
in Guernsey to a spotted variety of diorite 
or gabbro. Arkell. 

bird’s-eye coal. Sometimes applied to anthra- 
cite coal when very small fractures are 
numerous and freshly broken surfaces dis- 
play rounded or oval eyelike forms, many 
of which have convex surfaces. A.G.J. See 
also anthracite coal sizes. 

bird’s-eye limestone. A very fine-grained 
limestone containing spots or tubes of crys- 
talline calcite. A.G.I. Supp. 

bird’s-eye marble. A local name given to 
several varieties of marble in which the 
markings assume the appearance of a 
bird’s-eye. Fay. 

bird’s-eye porphyry. A name given by pros- 
pectors and miners to a fine-grained igne- 
ous rock having small phenocrysts, particu- 
larly if they are quartz, from a fancied 
resemblance to bird’s-eyes. Hess. 

bird’s-eye quartz. Jasper containing minute 
spherulites of usually colorless quartz. 
Shipley. 

bird’s-eyes. A term applied by fishermen to 
pearls which have slight imperfection on 
the best surface. Shipley. 

bird’s-eye slate. A quarryman’s term for slate 
containing abundant deformed or squeezed 
concretions. Holmes, 1928. 

bird’s-nest rock. Eng. Argillaceous lime- 
stone full of black pseudo-oolitic grains. 
Arkell. 

birefringence. a. The property possessed by 
crystals belonging to other than the iso- 
metric system of splitting a beam of ordi- 
nary light into two beams which traverse 
the crystal at different speeds, and as they 
pass out of it, produce characteristic opti- 
cal effects that are recognizable with the 
proper instruments or, in some cases, by 
the eye alone. Also known as double re- 
fraction. Fay. b. The numerical difference 
between the indices of a mineral. The dif- 
ference between the indices results in a 
display of colors in biaxial minerals when 
thin sections of rocks are placed between 
crossed polarizers. As isotropic and _iso- 
metric minerals have the same index in 
every direction, they have no birefringence 
and show no colors. Hess. 

birefringent. Exhibiting double refraction. 
Stowell. 

biringuccite. A mineral, NazBiO1-4H.0; 
monoclinic; found in recent incrustations 
at Larderello, Tuscany, Italy. Hey, M.M., 
1964; Fleischer. 

Birkeland and Eyde process. Obsolete method 
of nitrogen fixation, using electric arc to 
produce NOs from air. Pryor, 3. 

Birmingham gage. See Stub’s gage. Crispin. 

birmite. Same as burmite. English. 

birne. Se boule. Hess. 

birnessite. A manganese oxide, near (Nao-z,- 
Caos) Mn;O.u-2-8H2O, optically uniaxial 
negative. From manganese pan in gravel 
at Birness, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Named 
from locality. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

Birtley coal picker. An electric picker that 
distinguishes between good coal and slate 
by their different electrical conductivities. 
It is said to be more unerring than the 
human slate picker, who, when fatigued, 
may fail to remove all the impure material. 
Mitchell, pp. 602-603. 

Birtley contraflow separator. A pneumatic 
table for the dry cleaning of coal. It con- 
sists of perforated deck plates arranged in 
a series of lateral steps with a longitudinal 
inclination. A centrifugal fan provides a 
constant upward blast of air through the 




















Birtley contraflow separator 


deck. The usual layering takes place, the 
refuse sinking to the deck plates. The ca- 
pacity of the table ranges from 6 tons per 
hour per foot width for sizes 1% to 2 
inches, down to 2 tons per hour per foot 
width for fines below %4¢ inch. They are 
built in any width up to a maximum of 
about 8 feet. See also dry cleaning. Nelson. 

bischofite. A  crystalline-granular, foliated, 
colorless to white, hydrous magnesium 
chloride, HizMgClsOc. Fay. 

biscuit. a. Unglazed ceramic ware that has 
been fired in a biscuit or bisque oven or 
film. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. See bisque. 
ACSG. c. An upset blank for drop forging. 
ASM Gloss. d. A small cake of primary 
metal, such as uranium, made from ura- 
nium tetrafluoride and magnesium in a 
bomb reduction. See also derby; dingot. 
ASM Gloss. 

biscuit-board topography. Topography char- 
acterized by a rolling upland out of which 
cirques have been cut like big bites and 
which represents an early or partial stage 
in glaciation. A.G.J. 

biscuit cutter. A short core barrel, 6 to 8 
inches long, sharpened at the bottom and 
forced into the rocks by the jars. Hess. 

biscuit firing. The process of kiln firing pot- 
tery ware before it has been glazed. Earth- 
enware is biscuit fired at 1,100° to 1,150° 
C; bone china is biscuit fired at 1,200° to 
1,250° C. Dodd. 

biscuit oven. A kiln in which ceramic ware 
is fired before glazing. C.T.D. 

biscuit ware. Pottery that has been fired but 
not yet glazed. Biscuit earthenware is 
porous and readily absorbs water; vitreous 
ware and bone china are almost nonporous 
even in the biscuit state. Dodd. 

biscuit-ware stopper. One who fills in cracks 
of fired pottery or porcelain ware with 
stopping compound, using biscuit peg 
(hand tool). Also called bisque-ware stop- 
per DI0.T il. 

bisectrix. A line bisecting the angle between 
the optic axes of a biaxial crystal. Webster 
3d. See also acute bisectrix; obtuse bisec- 
trix. Fay. 

bishops’ stones. Bunter pebbles. Arkell. 

bisilicate. In metallurgy, a slag with a silicate 
degree of 2. Newton, Joseph. Introduction 
to Metallurgy, 1938, p. 399. 

bismite. It is proposed to restrict the name 
bismite to the alpha polymorph of Bi.Os. 
American Mineralogist, v. 28, No. 9-10, 
September-October 1943, p. 521. 

bismoclite. A pale grayish or creamy white 
bismuth oxychloride, BiOCI. Platty fibrous. 
Tetragonal (?). From Namaqualand, Re- 
public of South Africa. English. 

bismuth. A silvery-white metallic element in 
group V of the periodic system. Used as 
a component of fusible alloys with lead. 
Hexagonal rhombohedral; symbol, Bi; val- 
ences, 3 and 5; atomic number, 83; atomic 
weight, 208.98; specific gravity, 9.72 to 
9.88; and melting point, 271° C. C.T.D. 

bismuth blende. Same as culytite. Standard, 
1964. 

bismuth brass. A copper-nickel-zinc alloy 
containing only a little bismuth, such as 
(1) 47.0 percent copper, 21.0 percent zinc, 
30.9 percent nickel, 1.0 percent tin, and 
0.1 perecent bismuth, or (2) 52.0 percent 
copper, 12.0 percent zinc, 30.0 percent 
nickel, 5.0 percent lead, and 1.0 percent 
bismuth. Campbell. 

bismuth bronze. An alloy of bismuth with 
tin. Standard, 1964. 

bismuth flux. A mixture of 1 part potassium 








105 


iodide, 1 part acid potassium sulfate, and 
2 parts sulfur. Also, a mixture of equal 
parts of potassium oxide and sulfur. Fay. 

bismuth glance. See bismuthinite. 

bismuth gold. A pinkish-white native alloy of 
bismuth and gold, approximately AupBi; 
contains 65.5 percent gold. Hess. 

bismuthinite. Bismuth trisulfied, BisS;, com- 
monly occurring in shapeless, lead-gray 
masses with a yellowish tarnish. Also called 
bismuth glance. C.T.D. 

bismuth minerals. Bismuth occurs free, in 
association with gold, silver, or copper. 
Main sources are native bismuth and bis- 
muthinite. Used medicinally, in the glass 
industry, and for fusible alloys. Pryor, 3. 

bismuth oxide; bismuth trioxide. a. Bi.O;; 
melting point, 820° to 860° CG, and is de- 
rived from the ignition of bismuth nitrate. 
A constituent of optical glasses, providing 
greater durability and higher refractive 
indices than corresponding lead glasses. 
Used as an ingredient in fluxes for fired-on 
conductive silver paints. The calcined ma- 
terial can be used alone to bond metallic 
silver flake to ceramic bodies. Lee. b. A 
heavy, yellow powder; orthorhombic; and 
specific gravity, 8.8. Used in ceramic colors 
and in producing bismuth salts. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

bismuth oxychloride; pearl white. BiOCl; 
molecular weight, 260.46; crystals or white 
powder; specific gravity, 7.72; insoluble in 
water; soluble in acid. Also called basic 
bismuth chloride; bismuthyl chloride; bis- 
muth subchloride; blanc d’Espagne. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

bismuth oxynitrate. See bismuth subnitrate. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

bismuth selenide; bismuth triselenide. Bi.Se;; 

’ black; orthorhombic; and melting point, 
706° C. Of some interest for thermoelec- 
tric applications. Lee. 

bismuth silver. Same as chilenite; schapbach- 
ite. Standard, 1964. 

bismuth stannate. A light-colored crystalline 
powder; Bis(SnOs)s-5H2O. CCD 6d, 1961. 
Melting point, above 1,300° C. Used as an 
additive to barium titanate ceramic ca- 
pacitor compositions to produce bodies 
with an intermediate level of dielectric 
constants which show little variation with 
temperature. Lee. 

bismuth subnitrate; basic bismuth nitrate; 
bismuth oxynitrate. A white, heavy, slightly 
hygroscopic powder; 4BiNO;(OH) »:BiO- 
(OH) ; and shows acid to moistened litmus 
paper. Used for ceramic enamels; for 
burning gold on ceramic ware; for bismuth 
luster on metals; and for producing bis- 
muth salts. CCD 6d, 1961. Specific grav- 
ity, 4.928 (at 18° C) and decomposes at 
260° C. It gives a pearly luster to glasses 
and glazes, and is also used in glasses to 
give a high index of refraction. Lee. 

bismuth telluride; bismuth tritelluride; tetra- 
dymite. BizTe:; hexagonal rhombohedral ; 
gray; and a thermoelectric material. Be- 
cause it loses its semiconducting properties 
above 100° C, it is of value chiefly in 
cooling devices. Lee. 

bismutite. An amorphous form of bismuth 
carbonate, occurring as a rare natural min 
eral. ©. 71D: 

bismutospherite. a. A yellow, dark gray or 
blackish-brown, sphcrical, fibrous bismuth 
carbonate, BixXOs-COs, usually found as an 
alteration product of bismuthinite. Fay. 
b. Preferred spelling for bismutospharite. 
English. 

bismutotantalite. A black bismuth tantalate 





bit core 


and niobate, probably BisOs.(Ta,Nb)2Os. 
Large, rough crystals. Orthorhombic. From 
Kampala, Uganda, East Africa. English. 

bisphenoid. In crystallography, a form ap- 
parently consisting of two sphenoids placed 
together symmetrically. Fay. 

bisque. a. A coating of wet-process porcelain 
enamel that has been dried, but not fired. 
ASTM C286-65. b. Biscuit, biscuit ware, 
as in statuettes, dolls, etc.; ware baked 
once but not glazed. Standard, 1964. c. 
Ceramic ware that is fired to a tempera- 
ture which is adequate to produce the 
necessary strength for glazing and decorat- 
ing. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bisque fire. The process of kiln firing ceramic 
ware prior to glazing. ACSG, 1963. 

bisque-kiln drawer. One who removes saggers 
from kiln after ware has been fired and 
has cooled, and removes ware from saggers. 
When removing glazed ware from kiln, 
known as glost-kiln drawer. Also called 
kiln drawer; round-kiln drawer. D.O.T. 1. 

bisque-kiln placer. One who packs greenware 
in saggers with sand and refractory clay 
ready for firing, and sets saggers in bisque 
kiln. Also called bisque placer; kiln hand. 
DO: Deak 

bisque oven. The same as biscuit oven. 
C.T.D. 

bisque placer. See bisque-kiln placer. D.O.T. 1. 

bisque-ware stopper. See biscuit-ware stop- 
per. D.O.T. 1. 

bisulfate. Acid sulfate, containing the mono- 
valent radical HSOx:, for example, NaHSQi. 
Pryor, 3. 

bisulfide; disulfide. Binary compound with 2 
sulfur atoms. Pryor, 3. 

bisulfite. Acid sulfite, containing monovalent 
HSOs:. Pryor, 3. 

bit. a. Any device that may be attached to, 
or is, an integral part of a drill string and 
is used as a Cutting tool to bore into or 
penetrate rock or other materials by utiliz- 
ing power applied to the bit percussively 
or by rotation. Long. See also detachable 
bit; drag bit. b. A pointed hammer for 
dressing hard stone. Webster 2d. c. The 
blade of an ax, hatchet or like tool. Web- 
ster 2d. d. The copper head of a soldering 
iron. Webster 2d. 

bit blank. A steel bit in which diamonds or 
other cutting media may be inset by hand 
peening or attached by a mechanical proc- 
ess such as casting, sintering, or brazing. 
Also called bit shank; blank; blank bit; 
shank. Long. 

Bitburg group. A group of the pallsite mete- 
orites that are mostly nickel iron with 
olivine crystals in a fine brecciated trass. 
Hess. 

bitches. Scot. A set of three chains for sling- 
ing pipes in a mine shaft. Fay. 

bit clearance. a. Technically, the difference 
between the outside diameter of a set bit 
and the outside set diameter of the ream- 
ing shell. Loosely, the term is used to de- 
note the clearing action of a bit, which is 
a function of the waterways and the mode 
in which the diamonds or other cutting 
media are set in the cutting face of the 
bit, and also the difference between the 
outside set diameter of a bit and the out- 
side diameter of the bit shank. Long. b. In- 
correctly and loosely used as a synonym 
for diamond exposure. See also diamond 
exposure. Long. 

bit contour. The configuration of the crown 
or cutting face of a bit as seen in cross 
section. Long. 

bit core. The central, removable, and re- 


bit core 


placeable portion or pilot of a noncoring 
or other type of bit. Compare core, x and y. 
Long. 

bit cost. Bit-use cost generally expressed in 
monetary units per foot or per hundred 
feet of borehole drilled. For a specific dia- 
mond bit the bit cost per foot drilled usu- 
ally is calculated in the manner shown as 
follows: 
(R—S)Z + (CO+BL+ST—SC) x 

Y rcis > 

where R equals diamonds in original bit, 
in carats; S equals resettable diamond 
salvaged, in carats; Z equals diamond cost 
per carat, in dollars; CO equals cutout 
charge, in dollars; BL equals cost of bit 
blank in dollars; ST equals setting charge 
in dollars; SC equals credit value of scrap 
diamonds in dollars; Y equals number of 
feet bit drilled; and X equals bit costs in 
dollars, per foot drilled. Long. 

bit count. Synonym for diamond count. Long. 

bit crown. Synonym for crown. See also 
crown, d. Long. 

bit-crown metal. Synonym for diamond ma- 
trix. Long. 

bit die. Synonym for bit mold. Long. 

bit disc. A bit with two or more rolling discs 
which do the cutting. Used in rotary drill- 
ing through certain formations. Porter. 

bit drag; drag bit. A bit with serrated teeth 
used in rotary drilling. Hess. 

bit, drilling. The cutting device at the lower 
end of cable drilling tools or rotary drill 
pipe, the function of which is to accom- 
plish the actual boring or cutting. A.G.J. 

bit end. The end of a reaming shell to which 
the bit is attached. Long. 

bit face. That part of the bit crown that 
comes in contact with the bottom of a bore- 
hole. It does not include that part of the 
bit crown that contacts the walls of the 
borehole. Long. 

bit feed. See feed rate. Long. 

bit gage. The inside and/or outside diameter 
of a set bit; also, a tool or device used to 
measure such diameters. Compare gage 
ring; setting gage. Long. 

bit gatherer. The man whose job is to gather 
small quantities of glass for use in decorat- 
ing hand-blown glassware. Dodd. 

bit grinder. In metal mining, one who oper- 
ates bit grinding machine that shapes and 
sharpens cutting edges of detachable drill- 
ing bits by abrasive action of grinding 
wheels. Also called bit sharpener operator. 
DIO. FAL. 

bit hook. A tool for straightening a lost bit 
in the hole. Porter. 

bit insert. A shaped hard-metal piece, which 
is inserted in a slot or hole in a bit by 
brazing or peening to serve as a cutting 
edge or abrasion-resistant point or plane. 
Compare insert bit. Long. 

bit life. The average number of feet of bore- 
hole a bit may be expected to drill in a 
specific type of rock under normal operat- 
ing or specified conditions. Long. 

bit load. The weight or pressure applied to 
a bit in drilling operations expressed as the 
number of pounds or tons of weight ap- 
plied. Also called bit pressure; bit weight; 
drilling pressure; drilling weight; drill 
pressure. Long. 

bit matrix. Synonym for diamond matrix. See 
also diamond matrix, a. Long. 

bit mold. A steel, carbon, or ceramic die in 
which the shape of a bit crown is incised 
and provided with pips, grooves, or holes 
in which diamonds are set and held by 
suction or an adhesive. Filling the die with 











106 


a matrix alloy by a casting or a powder 
metal-sintering process affixes the shank to 
a diamond-inset bit crown having a shape 
conforming to that incised in the die. Also 
called bit die; crown die; crown mold. 
Long. 

bit performance. The achievement of a bit 
as gaged by the overall cost of using a 
specific bit per a unit measure of borehole 
drilled, or by the total number of feet of 
borehole drilled per bit. Long. 

bit pilot. The small cylindrical portion that 
is of smaller diameter and projects beyond 
the main body of a pilot-type noncoring 
bit. Long. 

bit pressure. Synonym for bit load. Long. 

bit reaming shell. Obsolete name for reaming 
shell. Long. 

bit ring. a. See setting ring. Long. b. Obso- 
lete name for core bit. Long. 

bit rpm. See bit speed. Long. 

bit setter. Formerly an individual skilled in 
the art of setting diamonds in a bit blank 
by a hand-peening and calking technique 
to produce a complete bit: currently an 
individual who places diamonds in pips 
provided in a bit die or mold used in pro- 
ducing a diamond bit by mechanical meth- 
ods. See also mechanical-set bit. Long. 

bit shank. a. The threaded part of a bit. 
Long. b. Sometimes incorrectly used as a 
synonym for bit blank. Long. 

bit slug. See bit insert. Long. 

bit speed. a. The number of revolutions a bit 
is rotated per minute. Long. b. Sometimes 
incorrectly used to express the number of 
bit revolutions required to advance the bit 
1 inch with a screw-feed diamond-drill 
machine. Long. 

bitstone. In ceramics, carefully sized frag- 
ments of quartz used to prevent the stick- 
ing of glazed ware to the bottom of saggers. 
Sizes range from 30 to 40 mesh to 3 or 
4 mesh. Hess. 

bit taper. The inside conical bevel or seat in 
a bevel-wall bit in which a core lifter is 
carried. Long. 

bitter. Applied to minerals having the taste 
of Epsom salts. Fay. 

bitter earth. Magnesia. Fay. 

bitten. The bitter mother liquor that re- 
mains in saltworks after the salt has crys- 
tallized out. Webster 3d. 

bitter spar. A pure, crystalline dolomite that 
consists of 1 part or equivalent of calcium 
carbonate and 1 part of magnesium car- 
bonate. Also called pearl spar. Fay. 

bit thrust. The hydraulic pressure applied to 
a drill bit when drilling, as shown in 
pounds per square inch by the pressure 
gages on the hydraulic-feed cylinders of 
a diamond drill or the total pressure in 
pounds as calculated by multiplying the 
recorded hydraulic pressure by the square- 
inch area of the piston in the hydraulic- 
feed cylinder. Also called drilling thrust. 
Long. 

bitulithic. Composed of broken stone and 
bitumen or asphalt; as, bitulithic pave- 
ment, a protected proprietary name. 
Standard, 1964. 

bitumen. a. A general name for various solid 
and semisolid hydrocarbons. In 1912, the 
term was used by the American Society 
for Testing Materials to include all those 
hydrocarbons which are soluble in carbon 
disulfide, whether gases, easily mobile 
liquids, viscous liquids, or solids. See also 
asphalt. Fay. b. A native substance of dark 
color, comparatively hard and nonvolatile, 
composed principally of hydrocarbon. The 














bituminous emulsion 


nonmineral constituents are fusible and 
largely soluble in carbon disulfide. A.G.I. 
c. Originally, a native mineral pitch, tar, 
or asphalt. The term is generally applied 
to any of the flammable viscid, liquid, or 
solid hydrocarbon mixtures, soluble in car- 
bon disulfide; often used interchangeably 
with hydrocarbons. A.G.I. 

bitumen cable. A cable notable for its resist- 
ance to moisture, but not suitable for high 
temperatures. The wires are tinned to pre- 
vent reaction with the sulfur in the bitu- 
men. Outside the bitumen are layers of 
tape, jute, and one or two layers of steel 
armoring; outside each layer of steel ar- 
moring are layers of serving compound. 
Mason, V. 2, p. 433. 

bitumenite; bituminite. Same as _ torbanite. 
English. 

bitumenize. To change into, cover with, or 
mix with bitumen. Hess. 

bitumen judaicum. Jew’s pitch as obtained 
from the region of the Dead Sea. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

bitumen lapideum. An old name for mineral 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bitumenol. A high-rank bitumiol. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

bitumicarb. Bituminous matter of low rank 
in coal derived from resins, waxes, spores, 
exines, etc. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bituminate. a. To cement or cover with bitu- 
men. Standard, 1964. b. To charge or mix 
with bitumen. Standard, 1964. 

bituminiferous. Yielding or containing bitu- 
men. Standard, 1964. 

Bituminite. High explosive used in mines. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bituminization. a. Same as coalification. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. b. The process of enrich- 
ment in hydrocarbon compounds. Tom- 
keieff, 1954, 

bituminoso. Mex. Bituminous. Fay. 

bituminous. a. Containing much organic, or 
at least carbonaceous matter, mostly in 
the form of the tarry hydrocarbons which 
are usually described as bitumen. Fay. b. 
Having the odor of bitumen; often applied 
to minerals. Fay. c. Yielding volatile bitu- 
minous matter on heating (for example, 
bituminous coal). A.G.I. 

bituminous brown coal. Same as pitch coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bituminous cement. A bituminous material 
suitable for use as a binder, having ce- 
menting qualities which are dependent 
mainly on its bituminous character. Fay. 

bituminous coal. a. A coal which is high in 
carbonaceous matter, having between 15 
and 50 percent volatile matter. Soft coal. 
BCI. b. A general term descriptive of coal 
other than anthracite and low-volatile coal 
on the one hand and lignite on the other. 
B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. c. A coal with a 
relatively high proportion of gaseous con- 
stituents; dark brown to black in color and 
burns with a smoky luminous flame. The 
coke yield ranges from 50 to 90 percent. 
The term does not imply that bitumen or 
mineral pitch is present. See also coking 
coal; flaming coal; gas coal. Nelson. 

bituminous concrete. A pavement composed 
of aggregates, such as crushed stone, gravel, 
sand, or slag, combined with a bituminous 
binder, the latter taking the place of the 
cement ordinarily used in concrete. Petro- 
leum Age, v. 11, April 15, 1923, p. 37. 

bituminous earth. Asphalt laid without an 
appreciable addition of sand or rock. 
Petroleum Age, v. 11, April 15, 1923, p. 37. 

bituminous emulsion. a. A suspension of mi- 














bituminous emulsion 


nute globules of bituminous material in 

water or in an aqueous solution. Urquhart, 

Sec. 2, p. 81. b. A suspension of minute 

globules of water or of an aqueous solution 

in a liquid bituminous material. Urquhart, 

| Sec. 2, p. 81. 

| bituminous fermentation. A fermentation pe- 

culiar to vegetable matter placed in such 
situations, as not only to exclude the ex- 
ternal air and to secure the presence of 
moisture, but to prevent the escape of the 
more volatile principals; and which termi- 
nates in the formation of those substances 
termed bitumens, which in this case in- 
cludes peat and coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

| bituminous grout. A mixture of bituminous 
material and sand finer than one-fourth 
inch, which, when heated, will flow into 
place without mechanical manipulation. 
ASTM D1079-54. 

| bituminous lignite. a. Term used in coal lit- 
erature to apply to a certain kind of lig- 
nite. A.G.J. b. Lignite of a pitch black 
color with a conchoidal fracture. It is 
sometimes known as pitch coal. Nelson. 

| bituminous limestone. A dark-colored lime- 
stone impregnated with bituminous matter 
and emitting a fetid odor when rubbed. 
Standard, 1964. Also called stinkstone; 
swinestone. Fay. 

| bituminous macadam. Asphalt made arti- 
ficially from grit or crushed stone and 
bonded with bitumen. See also tar mac- 
adam; asphalt, b. Nelson. 

| bituminous mastic. A bituminous material 
mixed with a very fine aggregate. Petro- 
leum Age, v. 11, April 15, 1923, p. 37. 

| bituminous materials. Materials containing 
bitumen as an essential constituent. In a 
broad sense, the term applies to materials 
containing mixtures of native or pyroge- 
nous hydrocarbons and their nonmetallic 
derivatives, which may be gases, liquids, 
viscous liquids, or solids, and which are 
soluble in carbon disulfide. This definition 
is still a matter of controversy, but has the 
sanction of technical use. Hess. 

| bituminous ores. Iron ores in which the 
gangue consists principally of coaly matter, 
as for example, black band ironstone. 
Osborne. 

| bituminous pavement. A pavement composed 
of stone, gravel, sand, shell, or slag, or 
combinations thereof, and bituminous ma- 
terials thoroughly incorporated. Fay. 

bituminous rock. Natural or rock asphalt, 

but the term is sometimes used to describe 
a rock in which the percentage of impreg- 
nation is comparatively low. See also arti- 
ficial rock asphalt. Nelson. 

| bituminous sand. A sand naturally impreg- 
nated with bitumen or petroleum residue. 
Petroleum Age. v. 11, April 15, 1923, p. 37. 

| bituminous sandstone. Sandstone containing 
bituminous matter. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

\ bituminous shale. a. A shale containing hy- 
drocarbons or bituminous material; when 
rich in such substances, it yields oil or gas 
on distillation (for example, oil shale). 
Standard, 1964. b. Shaly sandstone or blae. 
C.T.D. 

bituminous stabilization. The mixing of a 
bituminous material with soil to act either 
as a binder or as a waterproofing agent. 
The type and quantity of bituminous ma- 
terial depend on its required function, the 
soil type and the climatic conditions. The 
bituminous material increases the effective 
fluid content of the soil and the treatment 
is particularly efficient with soils whose nat- 
ural moisture content is below that needed 





107 


for compaction. See also soil stabilization. 
Nelson. 

bituminous surface. In paving, a superficial 
coat of bituminous material, with or with- 
out the addition of stone or slag chips, 
gravel, sand, or material of similar char- 
acter. Fay. 

bituminous wood. A variety of brown coal 
resembling wood. Fay. 

bitumiol. Bituminous matter of low rank 
found in oil shales, shales, marls, and lime- 
stones; derived from waxes, fats, and resins. 
Tomketeff, 1954. 

bitumogene. Organic matter, soluble in or- 
ganic solvents, and present in various 
types of little altered or unaltered sedi- 
mentary rocks, including coal, peat, etc. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Bituyia. Road-treating tar. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bit wall. That portion of the bit between the 
crown and the shank of the bit. Long. 

bit weight. a. Total weight, in carats, of the 
diamonds set in a diamond bit. Long. b. 
Weight or load applied to a diamond bit 
during drilling operation. See also bit load. 
Long. 

bityite. A yellowish-white hydrous orthosili- 
cate of aluminum and calcium, with small 
amounts of beryllium, lithium, etc., 10Si- 
Oz - 8Al2O3 - 5% (Ca,Be,Mg)O - 114(Li,- 
Na,K )20-7H2O. Minute hexagonal plates. 
Pseudohexagonal. From Mt. Bity, Mala- 
gasy Republic. English. 

bivalent; divalent. a. Having a valence of 2. 
Webster 3d. b. Having two valences; for 
example, cobalt which has valences of 2 
and 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
1¢s, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-107. 

bivalve. A mollusc having two shells. See also 
univalve. Shipley. 

bixbite. A gooseberry-red beryl found to the 
southwest of Simpson Spring, Utah. English. 

bixbyite. A black oxide of iron and manga- 
nese, (Fe,Mn)2O;3. Isometric; cubes, often 
modified. Also interpreted as a manganate 
of iron, analogous to perovskite. English. 

bizardite. A nepheline-bearing alnoite. Hess. 

Bizen. A hard, unglazed pottery, usually 
grayish-white ; made in Bizen, Japan. Web- 
ster 2d. 

bizet. In gem cutting, the part of a brilliant 
(diamond) between the table and the 
girdle, occupying one-third of its depth 
and having 32 facets. Standard, 1964. 

bjerezite. A compact porphyritic igneous rock 
containing numerous reddish nepheline 
phenocrysts; consists of 15 percent ortho- 
clase, 25 percent andesine, 26 percent 
nepheline, 17 percent analcite and other 
zeolites, 8 percent biotite and pyroxene, 
and 6 percent iron ore. Johannsen, v. 4, 
1938, pp. 292-293. 

Bk Chemical symbol for berkelium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

BL Abbreviation for base line. Zimmerman, 
p. 15. 

black alta. a. Shale or sandstone containing 
a little bituminous material. USGS Bull. 
922, 1940, p. 40. b. An argillaceous schist, 
found in the New Almaden quicksilver 
mine, Santa Clara County, Calif. Fay. 

black amber. A name given by amber diggers 
to jet that is found with amber. It becomes 
faintly electric when rubbed. Fay. 

black and gold marble. A black siliceous 
Italian marble with golden-yellow veins. 
See also porto marble. Hess. 

black andradite garnet. Melanite. Shipley. 

black and white onyx. Onyx with alternate 
black and white bands, from which many 








black chondrite 


cameos are cut. The black bands are some- 
times produced (permanently) by artificial 
process. Shipley. 

black annealing. Box annealing or pot an- 
nealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, or wire. 
See also box annealing. ASM Gloss. 

black antimony. See beta antimony. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

black arsenic. An allotropic form of arsenic 
obtained by condensing arsenic vapor 
under controlled conditions. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

black ash. a. Any of various dark-colored 
products obtained in industrial processes, 
as: (1) crude sodium carbonate obtained 
in the Leblanc process and (2) crude ba- 
rium sulfide. Webster 3d. b. A black mass 
containing chiefly soda in the form of 
sodium carbonate and usually also sodium 
sulfide with some carbon and produced 
especially for recovery of its soda content 
by concentrating and burning black liquor 
in rotary furnaces. Webster 3d. 

blackband; blackband ironstone. An earthy 
iron carbonate associated with coal beds. 
Mined as an iron ore in the United King- 
dom. Fay. 

blackband_ ironstone. 
band. A.G.I. 

black bat. A piece of bituminous shale em- 
bedded in the rock immediately over the 
coal measure and liable to fall of its own 
weight when the coal beneath it has been 
removed. Compare kettle bottom; bell 
mold. Fay. 

black bear. Eng. Marly shales with iron 
pumice Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. Arkell, 


Synonym for black- 


Ants 

Blackbird black burning clay. Natural and 
refined clay used in manufacturing ceram- 
ics. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

blackboard enamel. See chalkboard enamel. 
ASTM C286-65. 

black body. As applied to heat radiation, this 
term signifies that the surface in question 
emits radiant energy at each wavelength 
at the maximum rate possible for the tem- 
perature of the surface, and at the same 
time absorbs all incident radiation. Only 
when a surface is a black body can its 
temperature be measured accurately by 
means of an optical pyrometer. Dodd. 

black box. A separate and _ self-contained 
electronic unit or element of an electronic 
device which can be treated as a single 
package. The name comes from the fact 
that the housings of such units are often 
black. NCB. 

black brick. A loose term, commonly applied 
to all basic brick. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black butts. Discolored and imperfect coke, 
usually found at the bottom or side of the 
oven because of excessive moisture existing 
there; may also result from improper 
manipulation of the oven. Also called black 
ends. Fay. 

black cat. Eng. Used among North Stafford- 
shire miners for a coaly shale. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

black chalcedony. Correct designation for 
most of the so-called black onyx. Shipley. 

black chalk. a. A variety of bluish-black clay 
containing carbon. Fay. b. A slate suffi- 
ciently colored by carbonaceous particles 
to answer the purpose of black lead in 
pencils for coarse work, such as marking 
stone. Fay. 

black chondrite. A black chondritic stony 
meteorite composed of bronzite and olivine 
with chondri of various shapes, which 
break with the matrix; if cut by veins, it 


black chondrite 


is a black chrondite, veined. Hess. 

black clay. Eng. Decayed Derbyshire toad- 
stone. Arkell. 

black coal. Scot. Coal slightly burned by 
igneous rock. See also natural coke; blind 
coal, a. Fay. b. Bituminous coal or anthra- 
cite, as distinct from brown coal. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. c. Coal altered by an igneous 
intrusion. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

black concentrate. The mixture of amalgam 
gold and magnetite obtained from behind 
the riffles in a gold sluice. C.T.D. 

black copper. A name given to the more or 
less impure metallic copper produced in 
blast furnaces when running on oxide ores 
or roasted sulfide material. It is always an 
alloy of copper with one or more other 
metals generally containing several percent 
of iron, often lead, and many other impuri- 
ties; it also contains from 1 to 3 percent 
sulfur. Fay. 

black copper ore. An earthy, black, massive 
or scaley form of copper oxide, CuO. Hess. 
See also melaconite ; tenorite. Fay. 

black copper oxide. See copper oxide. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

black coral. A corallike, intense black to dark 
brown, horny substance, distinct from pre- 
cious coral; hardness, 2.5 to 3; specific 
gravity, 1.5. Used in beads, bracelets, art 
objects, etc., and highly regarded by na- 
tives of the East Indian Islands. Found in 
Malaya; the Red Sea; Bermuda; and the 
Mediterranean. Some pieces are 24% feet 
long. See also king’s coral. Shipley. 

black core. The interior of a ceramic shape 
which is black in color, (that is, in most 
cases due to incomplete oxidation of car- 
bonaceous material, sulfur, etc. In general, 
accompanied by bloating or expanding). 
Also called black heart. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

black coring. A condition usually resulting 
from the premature vitrification of the ex- 
terior of a ceramic shape which prevents 
the oxidation of carbonaceous material, 
sulfur compounds, etc., and the interior 
remains in a reduced state; hence the 
black color. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black cotton; black cotton soil. In India, soil 
from 6 to 10 feet in thickness overlying 
the coal measures, which in dry weather, 
shrings and produces mud cracks. Fay. 

blackdamp. Generally applied to carbon diox- 
ide. Strictly speaking, a mixture of nitro- 
gen and carbon dioxide. The average 
blackdamp contains 10 to 15 percent car- 
bon dioxide and 85 to 90 percent nitrogen. 
It is formed by mine fires and the explo- 
sion of firedamp in mines, and hence forms 
a part of the afterdamp. An atmosphere 
depleted of oxygen rather than containing 
an excess of carbon dioxide. Fay. Being 
heavier than air it is always found in a 
layer along the floor of a mine. It extin- 
guishes light and suffocates its victims. 
Hence, it is sometimes known as choke- 
damp. Korson. 

black diamond. a. A variety of crystalline 
carbon, related to diamond, but showing 
no crystal form. Highly prized as an abra- 
sive because of its hardness. Occurs only 
in Brazil. Also called carbonado. C.T.D. 
b. A term frequently applied to coal. Fay. 

Black Diamond Nu-Gel. Permissible explo- 
sive used in mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

black durain. Durain rich in spore exines, 
with little fusinite. It resembles cannel coal 
in spore content and oil yield. Francis, 
1965, v. 1, p. 42. 

black earth. a. A general term including 





108 


chernozem and dark plastic clays of tropics. 
Schieferdecker. b. A kind of coal which 
is pulverized and used by painters in fres- 
coe. Fay. 

black edge. The dark enamel exposed at the 
edge of a light-colored panel. The enamel 
used to produce the black. Bryant. 

black edging. A black porcelain enamel ap- 
plied over the ground coat and exposed in 
specified areas by brushing the cover coat 
bisque prior to firing. See also edging. 
ASTM C286-65. 

black Egyptian ware. See basalte. C.T.D. 

black ends. Eng. See black butts. Fay. 

biackening. In founding, the process of coat- 
ing the faces of a mold with graphite or 
similar fine powder, or with a mixture 
thereof with water; facing. Standard, 1964. 

Blackett barrel washer. A coal cleaner, con- 
sisting of a barrel (partly perforated) 30 
feet long and 4 feet in diameter. The axis 
of the barrel is inclined at 6° off the hori- 
zontal and revolves at about 11 revolutions 
per minute. The water and raw coal feed 
enter at the elevated end and the clean 
coal products leave at the lower end. It is 
a two-product washer and cleans graded 
sizes between 5 inches and three-fourths 
of an inch. On account of its cheapness, 
there has been a revival in the use of 
Blackett washers, which were developed 
some 50 years ago. See also coal-prepara- 
tion plant. Nelson. 

Blackett conveyor. A chain conveyor. Nelson. 

black flux. A reducing flux composed of pow- 
dered carbon and alkali-metal carbonate. 
Webster 3d. 

black garnet. See andradite. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

black glass. Manganese or ferric oxides are 
added to ordinary glass. CCD 6d, 1961. 

black gold. a. N.S.W. Free gold coated 
with a film of black oxide of manganese. 
New South Wales, p. 115. b. A slang 
American term referring to crude oil. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. c. Placer gold coated 
with a black or dark brown substance so 
that the yellow color is not visible until 
the coating is removed. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. d. Synonym for maldonite. Hey, 2d, 
1955. 

black granite. Diorite and other coarse- 
grained igneous rocks. Arkell. 

black heart. See black core. Dodd. 

black heart castings. Malleable castings, an- 
nealed in non-oxidizing packaging. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

blackheart malleable. See malleable cast iron. 
ASM Gloss. 

black heat. Any temperature below visible 
color. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black hematite. See psilomelane. Osborne. 

black horse. Used by quarrymen in Rhode 
Island to denote a dark biotite gneiss in 
contact with the granite. Fay. 

blacking. Carbonaceous materials, such as 
plumbago, graphite, or powdered carbon, 
used in coating pouring ladles, molds, run- 
ners, and pig beds. ASM Gloss. 

black iron. Malleable iron untinned; distin- 
guished from tinned or white iron. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

black iron ore. Synonym for magnetite. Fay. 

black iron oxide; ferrosoferric oxide; mag- 
netic iron oxide; magnetite. FesO.; molecu- 
lar weight, 231.54; isometric; black crystals; 
reddish-black powder; specific gravity, 
5.18; insoluble in water; and soluble in 
hot hydrochloric acid. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-183. 

blackjack. a. Crude black oil used to lubri- 














black oil 


cate mine-car wheels. Fay. b. Ark. Soft, 
black carbonaceous clay or earth associated 
with coal. Fay. c. Derb. A kind of cannel 
coal. Fay. d. Ill. A thin stratum of coal 
interbedded with layers of slate. A poor, 
bony coal. Fay. e. A dark variety of zinc 
blende or sulfide of zinc. It has a resinous 
luster and yields a light-colored streak or 
powder. See also blende; sphalerite. Fay. 

black knots. Textural defects found in gran- 
ites caused by dark incluisons or segrega- 
tions. AIME, p. 326. 

black latten. Milled sheet brass as used by 
braziers and wiredrawers. Standard, 1964. 

black lava glass. See obsidian. C.M.D. 

black lead. a. An old and obsolete name for 
graphite, still used in naming lead pencils, 
which are really made of graphite. Also 
called plumbago. Tomkeieff, 1954. b. 
Graphite, in impure crystalline form. Pryor, 
3. c. Used for coating patterns and the 
faces of cast-iron chilling molds. Crispin. 

blacklead ore. An early name for the black 
variety of cerussite. Fay. 

blackleg. a. A worker hostile to trade union- 
ism or acting in opposition to union poli- 
cies; a strikebreaker. Webster 3d. b. A 
swindler; a professional gambler. Web- 
ster 3d. 

black light. a. Used by miners and prospec- 
tors for ultraviolet light. See also fluores- 
cence. Ballard. b. Electromagnetic radia- 
tion not visible to the human eye. The 
portion of the spectrum generally used in 
fluorescent inspection falls in the ultra- 
violet region between 3,300 and 4,000 ang- 
stroms with the peak at 3,650 angstroms. 
ASM. Gloss. 

black lignite. Lignite higher in rank than 
brown lignite. Defined by Grout as having 
a fixed carbon content ranging from 35 to 
60 percent and a total carbon content of 
from 73.6 to 76.2 percent. A.G.J. 

black liquor. The alkaline spent liquor from 
the digesters in the manufacture of sulfate 
or soda pulp. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black liquor recovery furnaces. Smelting or 
recovery furnaces in which evaporated 
black liquor is burned to a molten chemi- 
cal smelt. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black list. a. Any list of persons who are for 
any reason deemed objectionable by the 
makers or users of the list, as for political 
or social misconduct, for joining in or assist- 
ing a strike, etc. Fay. b. (York.) Miners’ 
term for impure fusain bands in the Barns- 
ley seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

blacklung. See anthracosis. Fay. 

black magnetic rouge. A polishing material 
consisting of 99 percent FesOx.. Osborne. 

black manganese. See hausmannite. Osborne: 

black men’s buttons. Small pieces of rounded 
glass found in various parts of Australia 
and Tasmania; thought to be probably of 
meteoric origin. Hess. 

black metal. See black shale, b. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

black mob. Eng. Slang for workmen who 
refuse to join a trade union. Fay. 

blackmorite. A yellow variety of opal from 
Mount Blackmore, Mont. Hess. 

black muck; black mold. Lanc. A dark- 
brown powdery substance, consisting of 
silica, alumina, and iron; found in iron 
mines, Fay. 

black mud. A mud formed in lagoons, sounds, 
or bays, in which there is poor circulation 
or weak tides. The color is black because 
of iron sulfides and organic matter. A.G.I. 

black ocher. Wad; bog manganese ore. Fay. 

black oil. A residue from petroleum or from 











black oil 


its distillates. It varies widely in character 
and is used as a cheap lubricant. Fay. 

black oil shale. Oil shale in the Eastern 
United States particularly common around 
the bituminous coal and petroleum regions. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

black onyx. Incorrect name for black single- 
colored agate or chalcedony which is usu- 
ally colored artificially. Properly called 
black chalcedony. See also onyx. Shipley. 

black opal. An opal of dark tint is so called, 
though it is rarely black; the fine Austra- 
lian blue opal, with flame-colored flashes, 
is typical. C.M.D. 

black ore. a. Eng. Partly decomposed py- 
rite containing copper. Fay, b. In uranium 
mining, the term may mean ore contain- 
ing a high percent of pitchblende, urani- 
nite, coffinite, or vanoxite. Ballard. c. 
Cumb. A variety of hematite in hard 
pieces, some kidney-shaped, reaching the 
size of one’s hand; found in a moderately 
soft, dark-red, brown, or nearly black mass 
of smit clay and manganese oxide, the 
whole having a most confused appearance. 
Hess. 

black oxide of cobalt. See earthy cobalt. 

pac oxide of manganese. See pyrolusite. 

ay. 

Black pearl. A trade name which in the 
narrowest usage refers to a black or almost 
black pearl, or sometimes to a gray pearl; 
in its broadest sense, it refers to a brown 
or a dark blue, blue-green, or green pearl 
with a pronounced metallic sheen. Shipley. 

black pigment. Lampblack obtained by burn- 
ing common coal tar. Fay. 

black plate. Sheet iron before tinning. Fay. 

black post. Impure earthy limestones. Arkell. 

blackpot. Eng. A variety of coarse unglazed 
pottery. Standard, 1964. 

blackpowder. An explosive mixture of potas- 
sium nitrate, powdered charcoal, and sul- 
fur. See also gunpowder, black. Nelson. 

blackprint. See blueprint. Hess. 

black-red heat. Lowest visible red heat. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

Black reef. S. Afr. A gold-bearing reef occur- 
ring in limited patches at the base of the 
Transvaal system. Beerman. 

black ring. S. Staff. A thin bed of coal as 
seen in the shaft sides, having the appear- 
ance of a black circle or ring. Fay. 

Blackriverian. Lower Mohawkian. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

black roast. In fluidization roasting (fluo- 
solids process), the conversion of iron sul- 
fide to magnetite. Pryor, 3. 

black rouge. A precipitated black magnetic 
iron oxide. Used mainly in plate printing 
inks and in paints, but has small abrasive 
applications. AIME, p. 20. 

blacks. a. Highly carbonaceous black shale. 
An impure cannel. TIME. b. Used among 
British miners for dark clay, coaly shale, 
or mudstone. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

black sand. a. Local deposits of heavy min- 
erals concentrated by wave and current 
action on beaches. The heavy minerals 
consist mainly of magnetite, ilmenite, and 
hematite, and they are associated with 
other minerals, such as garnet, rutile, zir- 
con, chromite, amphiboles, and pyroxenes. 
A.G.I, b. Same as asphaltic sand. Tomkei- 
eff, 1954. 


| black-sand beach. A beach, the sand of which 


i! 
H 


contains a large percentage of dark min- 
erals which are concentrated by the wash 
of the surf. Hess. 

black satin gloss. Lampblack. Porter. 


| black seed pearl. Very small blackish pearl 








109 


from the Pinna mollusc. Shipley. 

black shale. a. Usually a very thin bedded 
shale, rich in sulfides (especially pyrite 
which may have replaced fossils) and rich 
in organic material, deposited under barred 
basin conditions causing anaerobic accu- 
mulation. A.G.I. b. Generally, a fine- 
grained, finely laminated carbonaceous 
shale, sometimes canneloid, often found 
as a roof to a coal, or, in place of a coal, 
resting on a fire clay. Also called black 
stone; black metal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

black shape. Fabricated shape prior to por- 
celain enameling operations. Bryant. 

black silicon carbide. See silicon carbide. 
ACSG, 1963. 

black silver. a. A nonmetallic, sulfur-bearing 
ore of silver and antimony, approximating 
AgsSbSz in composition. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
b. Same as stephanite. Also called: brittle 
silver ore. Standard, 1964. 

blacksmith; smith. A man skilled in the craft 
of working and shaping red-hot iron with 
a hammer on the anvil. See also forging. 
Nelson. 

blacksmith drill. A drill made with a shank 
one-half inch in diameter, to fit a certain 
kind of holder. The shank has a flat for a 
setscrew. Crispin. 

black solder. An alloy for brazing black iron, 
composed of copper, zinc, and a small 
quantity of tin. Standard, 1964. 

black speck. A defect that appears in the 
fired cover coat as a small dark spot. 
ASTM C286-65. 

black spit. In coal mining much of the 
coarser dust that is inhaled is arrested in 
the nose and bronchial tubes and is swept 
out by the action of the fine hairlike lining 
of these, known as the ciliated epithelium, 
which acts as a conveyor and transports 
the coarser dust back in the reverse direc- 
tion to form the basis of the “black spit” 
of the miner. Sinclair, I, pp. 172-173. 

Black spring brake. A brake applied in emer- 
gency and not under normal conditions of 
winding. It consists of a series of springs 
mounted between plates attached to a di- 
vided tension rod connected to brake posts. 
A toggle joint normally holds the springs 
in compression against the plates and the 
divided rod then acts as a rigid bar. When 
the automatic contrivance trips on a po- 
tential overwind, the toggle joint is with- 
drawn, the springs expand and draw the 
brake posts together in a period of 0.09 to 
0.13 second, thus applying the brakes with 
a force depending upon the strength of 
the spring. By applying the normal brake, 
the springs are again compressed and the 
toggle point reset. Sinclair, V, pp. 201-202. 

black stone. a. N. of Eng. Highly carbo- 
naceous shale. Fay. b. Eng. Another name 
for toadstone (basalt lava) in Derbyshire. 
See also black shale, b. Tomketeff, 1954. 

blackstrap. A black heavy oil sometimes used 
as a drill-rod dope or lubricant and as 
a mine-car-wheel lubricant. Also called 
blackjack. Long. 

black taggers. Thin sheet iron uncoated with 
tin. Standard, 1964. Black iron. Fay. 

black telluride. See nagyagite. Fay. 

black tellurium. A rare gray metallic mineral, 
a sulfotelluride of gold and lead with some 
antimony. C.T.D. 

blacktery. S. Staff. Miners’ term for black 
clay found in association with coal. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 

black tin. Eng. Dressed tin ore ready to be 
smelted; from Cornwall. Standard, 1964. 

black truck. Aust. A box-shaped truck or 








Blaisdell loading machinery 


car with an end door, so called because 
it is made black with tar. Fay. 

black turf. An Irish name for the lowest layer 
of a peat deposit which is a well-matured 
compact organic mass. Also called stone 
turf. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

black wad. An early name for several min- 
erals, including graphite and the softer 
manganese oxides. Fay. 

blackwork. a. Iron wrought by blacksmiths. 
Fay. b. Metal products (as forgings or 
rolled work) that have not undergone a 
process (as pickling or machining) that 
gives a bright finish. Webster 3d. 

black-zone. A typical black section (adjacent 
to the gray zone) of used silica brick from 
steel furnace roofs, composed largely of 
tridymite and magnetite. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

blade. a. Usually, a part of an excavator 
which digs and pushes dirt but does not 
carry it. Nichols, 2. b. The shape of a 
solid, defined by Zingg as one in which 
the ratio of breadth to length is less than 
two-thirds and the ratio of thickness to 
breadth is less than two-thirds. A.G.I, c. 
Having the appearance of blades; mineral 
crystals that are strongly elongated in one 
direction. A.G.I. 

bladed. Decidedly elongated and flattened; 
descriptive of some minerals. Fay. 

bladed structure. Consisting of individual 
minerals flattened like a knife blade. Hess. 

blade mill. Trommel washer with lifting 
blades which aid in disintegration and 
scrubbing of passing feed. Pryor, 3. 

blae. a. Scot. A hard sandstone free from 
joints, also an underclay with balls of iron- 
stone. See also bind. Also called blaes; 
blaize. Fay. b. A soft shale or slate of 
bluish color. See also kingle. Fay. 

blaes. A Scottish name for carbonaceous 
shales, of a blue-gray color, associated in 
the Lothians with oil shales but differing 
from these in having a much lower pro- 
portion of bituminous matter, in being 
brittle rather than tough, and in producing 
when weathered a crumbling mass which, 
when wetted, is plastic. Dodd. 

Blagden’s law. For a given salt, the depres- 
sion of the freezing point is proportional 
to the concentration of the solution. C.T.D. 

Blaine test. A method for the evaluation of 
the fineness of a powder on the basis of 
the permeability to air of a compact pre- 
pared under specified conditions. The 
method was proposed by R. L. Blaine and 
is chiefly used in testing the fineness of 
Portland cement. Dodd. 

blairmorite. A porphyritic extrusive rock con- 
sisting predominantly of analcite pheno- 
crysts in a groundmass of analcite, sani- 
dine, alkalic pyroxene with accessory 
sphene, melanite, and nepheline. A variety 
of analcite phonolite. A.G.J. 

Blair process. An improved form of the Che- 
not process for making sponge iron by 
heating crushed iron oxide and coal in 
retorts. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Blaisdell excavator. An apparatus for auto- 
matically discharging a sand tank having 
a central bottom opening. It consists of a 
central vertical shaft carrying four arms 
fitted with round plow disks. Sand is plowed 
toward a central opening and discharged 
on a conveyor belt. Liddell 2d, p. 389. 
Also called Blaisdell vat excavator. Fay. 

Blaisdell loading machinery. An apparatus 
for loading sand tanks. It consists of a 
rapidly revolving disk with curved radial 
vanes. The disk is hung on a shaft in the 


Blaisdell loading machinery 


tank center and the sand dropped on the 
disk is distributed over the entire tank 
area. Liddell 2d, pp. 389-390. 

Blaisdell sand distributor. An apparatus for 
loading sand tanks. It consists of a rapidly 
revolving disk with curved radial vanes. 
The disk is hung on a shaft in the center 
of the tank, and as sand is dropped on the 
disk it is distributed over the entire area. 
Fay. 


blaize. Scot. See blaes. Fay. 


Blake breaker. A jaw breaker or particular 
kind of jaw crusher. Nelson. 

Blake furmace. A furnace, the hearth of 
which consists of terraces rising from the 
outer edge to the center. The hearth is 
circular and revolves when in operation. 
Fay. 

blakeite. a. Anhydrous ferric tellurite as red- 
dish-brown microcrystalline (cubic?) crusts 
from Goldfield, Nev. Spencer 17, M.M., 
1946, b. Titanozirconate of thorium, ura- 
nium, calcium, iron, etc., described as 
zirkelite from Ceylon, but differing in 
chemical composition and also apparently 
in crystalline form from the original zir- 
kelite from Brazil. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 
Blake jaw crusher. The original crusher of 
jaw type. A crusher with one fixed jaw 
plate and one pivoted at the top so as to 
give the greatest movement on the small- 
est lump. Fay. Motion is imparted to the 
lower end of the crushing jaw by toggle 
joint operated by eccentric. Liddell 2d, 
p. 355. This machine, or some modifica- 
tion of it, is used for reducing run-of-mine 
ore to a size small enough to be taken by 
the next crusher in the series during the 
first stage of crushing. Newton, p. 53. 


Blakely test. See tuning-fork test. Dodd. 

Blake Morscher separator. Electrostatic sep- 
arator. Dry particles of ore are fed thinly 
to an electrically charged roll, which re- 
volves slowly. Particles of relatively high 
conductivity lose charge and are thrown 
clear, while nonconductors cling and are 
carried further around. Pryor, 3. 

blanc. A piece of plain pottery. Standard, 
1964. 

blanc de chine. A brilliant white glaze, over 
a fine white porcelain body. C.T.D. 

blanc fixe; permanent white. Precipitated 
barium sulfate; white powder; specific 
gravity, 4.476; used in paint industry and 
as filler for textiles, rubber, etc. Also called 
artificial heavy spar; terra ponderosa. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

blanch. Eng. Lead ore, mixed with other 
minerals. Fay. 

blanched copper. An alloy of copper and 
arsenic. Fay. 

blandine. Liquid petroleum. Hess. 

blank. a. A parison or preliminary shape 


110 


powder metallurgy, a pressed, presintered, 
or fully sintered compact, usually in the 
unfinished condition and requiring cut- 
ting, machining, or some other operation 
to produce the final shape. ASM Gloss. 
h. Blooms in short lengths are sometimes 
called blanks. Camp, 6th ed., 1951, p. 680. 
i. An interval in a borehole from which 
core either was not recovered or was lost, 
or in which no minerals of value were en- 
countered. Long, j. Synonym for bit blank. 
Lone. 


blank bit. Synonym for bit blank. Long. 
blank carburizing. Simulating the carburizing 


operation without introducing carbon. This 
is usually accomplished by using an inert 
material in place of the carburizing agent, 
or by applying a suitable protective coat- 
ing to the ferrous alloy. ASM Gloss. 


blanket. a. A textile material used in ore- 


treatment plants for catching coarse free 
gold and sometimes associated minerals, 
for example, pyrite. The blanket is taken 
up periodically and washed in a tub to 
remove the gold concentrate from which 
the gold is recovered by amalgamation in 
a rotating barrel. Nelson. b. See blanket 
deposit; blanket vein. Fay. c. A bituminous 
surface of appreciable thickness generally 
formed on top of a roadway by the appli- 
cation of one or more coats of bituminous 
material and sand. Also called carpet. Fay, 
d. Soil or broken rock left or placed over 
a blast to confine or direct throw of frag- 
ments. Nichols. e. A layer of fertile ura- 
nium 238 or of thorium 232 placed around 
the fissionable material in a reactor. When 
these fertile materials absorb neutrons, they 
are partially converted into fissionable plu- 
tonium 239 or uranium 233, respectively. 
L&L. 


blanket deposit. A flat deposit of ore, the 


length and breadth of which are relatively 
great compared with the thickness. More 
or less synonymous terms are flat sheets, 
bedded veins, beds, or flat masses. See also 
blanket vein. Fay. 


blanket feed. A method for charging batch 


designed to produce an even distribution 
of batch across the width of the furnace. 
ASTM C162-66. 


blanketing. a. The material caught upon the 


blankets used in concentrating gold-bear- 
ing sands or slimes. Webster 2d. b. The 
process involved in definition a. Fay. c. 
Can. Staking but not recording claims. 
Hoffman. 


blanket moss. A type of peat deposit formed 


at low altitudes under the influence of 
cold-temperate climate and an abundant 
rainfall. It is comparatively thin and shows 
little variation from top to bottom. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 








from which a finished article is further 
formed, or mold for producing same. 
ASTM C162-66. b. Any article of glass 
on which subsequent forming or finishing 
is required. ASTM C162—66. c. The piece 
cut from metal sheet that is to be used in 
forming the finished article. ASTM C286— 
65. d. A ceramic object to be decorated. 
ACSG, 1963. e. A quartz plate with ap- 
proximately, or exactly, the correct edge 
dimensions but not yet finished to final 
thickness (frequency). Ordinarily applied 
to pieces of quartz that are in the process 
of being machine lapped or that are diced 
out but not yet lapped. AM, J. f. In form- 
ing, a piece of sheet material produced 
in cutting dies, that is usually subjected to 
further press operations. ASM Gloss. g. In 





blanket sand. A body of sand or sandstone 
that covers a considerable two-dimensional 
area. Often called a sheet sand. A.G.I. 

blanket shooting. Applied to a method of 





blasting on a face not exceeding 30 or 35 
feet in height. It involves leaving at the 
quarry face a mass of shattered rock sev- 
eral feet in thickness that serves as a buffer, 
preventing the rock from being thrown far 
from its source, and also rendering the 
shot more effective. Also called buffer 
shooting; shooting against the bank. Fay. 


blanket sluice. A sluice in which coarse blan- 


kets are laid, to catch the fine but heavy 
particles of gold, amalgam, etc., in the 
slime passing over them. The blankets are 
removed and washed from time to time, 
to obtain the precious metal. Fay. 





blast 


blanket strake. A trough over which gold 
pulp flows. It is lined with blanket for 
catching coarse gold and associated min- 
erals. Nelson. 

blanket vein. A horizontal vein or deposit. 
A sheet deposit. A vein in which the ore 
body covers the entire area within the 
limits of the surface lines of a mining 
location. The apex of a blanket vein is 
coextensive with the space between the 
sidelines of a mining location. See also 
blanket deposit. Fay. 

blanket washer. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who cleans flannel blan- 
kets over which a mixture of finely ground 
gold ore and cyanide solution from Chilean 
mills is passed to collect free particles of 
gold not dissolved by the cyanide. D.O.T. 1. 

blank flange. A flange which has not been 
drilled for bolts. Ham. 

blank holder. The part of a drawing or form- 
ing die that holds the workpiece against 
the draw ring to control metal flow. ASM 
Gloss. 

blank hole. a. A borehole in which no min- 
erals or other substance of value were 
penetrated. Also called barren hole; dry 
hole. Long. b. The uncased portion of a 
borehole. Also called bare; barefoot; bare- 
footed ; naked. Long. 

blanking. Cutting desired shapes out of metal 
to be used for forming or other manufac- 
turing operations. ASM Gloss. 

blank mold. The metal mold which first 
shapes the glass in the manufacture of 
hollowware. ASTM C162-66. ; 

blank nitriding. Simulating the nitriding op- 

eration without introducing nitrogen. This 

is usually accomplished by using an inert 

material in place of the nitriding agent 

or by applying a suitable protective coat- 

ing to the ferrous alloy. ASM Gloss. 


blankoff. To line a specific portion of a bore- 


hole with casing or pipe for the purpose 
of supporting the sidewalls or to prevent 
ingress of unwanted liquids or gas. Also 
called case; case off; seal off. Long. 


blank pipe. Unperforated pipe or casing set 


in a borehole. Long. 


blank reaming shell. A reaming shell in 


which no reaming diamonds or other cut- 
ting media are inset on the outside surface. 
Long. 


blank repairman. A laborer who prepares 


copper starting blanks for use in electro- 
lytic refining tanks. D.O.T. Supp. 


blanks, pressing. Optical glass formed by 


pressing into the rough shape and size re- 
quired in the finished article, ASTM 
C162-66. 


Blanton cam. A device used for locking the 


‘cam on the camshaft in a stamp mill. A 
wedging action is insured by means of a 
brass taper bushing. Fay. 


Blasjo cut. This is a cut with a single V 


where all the holes on one side are parallel 
and meet the holes from the other side at 
an angle that may be as low as 30°. 
Langefors, p. 194. 

blast. a. The ignition of a heavy explosive 
charge, particularly a large one in open- 
cast or quarry work. See also blasting, a. 
Nelson. b. A miner’s terms for compressed 
air underground. Nelson. c. The operation 
of blasting, or rending rock or earth by 
means of explosives. Fay, d. An explosion 
of gas or dust in a mine. Webster 3d. e. 
Scot. A fall of water in the downcast 
shaft to produce or quicken ventilation. 
Fay. f. Synonymous with shot. Rice, George 
S. g. The operation of increasing the dia- 

















blast 


mond exposure on a bit face by removing 
some of the matrix metal through the abra- 
sive action of grains of sand carried in a 
high-pressure stream of air. Also called 
sandblast. Long. h. A crystal formed dur- 
ing metamorphism, such as a porphyro- 
blast. Webster 3d. i. A syllable indicating 
the process of recrystallization during the 
metamorphism of rocks. It is used as a 
suffix in idioblast and porphyroblast to in- 
dicate the form or relations of individual 
crystals. The two-syllable termination blas- 
tic is used in words like granoblastic and 
poikiloblastic to denote the textures of the 
rocks produced by metamorphism and 
recrystallization. The two- syllable prefix 
blasto appears in words such as blasto- 
granitic, blastophitic, and blastoporphyritic 
to denote a relict structure, veiled but not 
destroyed entirely by recrystallization. 
Holmes, 1920. j. An increase in firing tem- 
perature of a kiln immediately before end- 
ing the firing operation. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. k. The period during which a blast 
furnace is in blast, that is, in operation. 
Fay. 

blast box. A chamber into or through which 
the air of a blowing engine passes. Fay. 


‘blast coil. Heat transfer surface, most fre- 


quently of an extended surface arrange- 
ment, over which air is blown to be heated 
or cooled, depending on the temperature 
of the fluid within the pipelike surface. 
Strock, 10. 


| blast draft. The draft produced by a blower, 


as by blowing in air beneath a fire or draw- 
ing out the gases from above it. A forced 
draft. Fay. 


| blasted. a. A term applied to a miner who 


has been injured by an explosion of dyna- 
mite or gunpowder. Weed, 1922. b. Rent 
by an explosive. Webster 2d. 


| blaster. a. A device for detonating an explo- 


sive charge. The blaster usually consists of 
a machine by which an operator may, by 
pressing downward or otherwise moving a 
handle of the device, generate a powerful 
transient electric current which is trans- 
mitted to an electric blasting cap. Also 
called blasting machine. A.G.I. b. One who 
sets off blasts in a mine or quarry. A shot 
firer. Hess. c. See blasting unit. 


' blaster helper. See powder monkey. D.O.T. 1. 
| blasters. Used in the anthracite industry to 


describe many anthracite workers who are 
certified miners, but who do not use their 
past training, common sense, or instruc- 
tions while drilling their holes and in 
choosing the amount and kinds of explo- 
sives used, with the result that much of 
the coal is unnecessarily blown to bits. 
Michell, p. 211. 


| blast furnace. A shaft furnace in which solid 


fuel is burned with an air blast to smelt 
ore in a continuous operation. Where the 
temperature must be high, as in the pro- 
duction of pig iron, the air is preheated. 
Where the temperature can be lower, as 
in smelting copper, lead, and tin ores, a 
smaller furnace is economical, and pre- 
heating of the blast is not required. ASM 
Gloss. 


‘blast furnace dust. A dust recovered from 


blast furnace gases, some of which is valu- 
able for its potash content. Hess. 


\ f blast furnace gas. A low-grade producer gas, 


made by the partial combustion of the coke 
used in the furnace and modified by the 
partial reduction of iron ore. The gas con- 
tains more carbon dioxide, and less hydro- 
gen, than normal producer gas made from 








Lid 


coke, and has a lower calorific value. Fran- 
Cis, 1965, vs 25 pv3s3. 

blast furnace slag. The nonmetallic product, 
consisting essentially of silicates and alu- 
minosilicates of lime and of other bases, 
which is developed in a molten condition 
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. 
ASTM C125-66. 

blast gas furmace. A gas-burning furnace with 
forced draft. Hess. 

blast hearth. A hearth in connection with 
which a blast is used, as in reducing lead 
ore. Fay. 

blasthole. a. A hole for a blasting charge. 
Standard, 1964. b. The holes through 
which the water enters the bottom of a 
pump. See also snorehole. Fay. c. An open- 
cast or quarry blasting hole that takes a 
heavy charge of explosive. Nelson. 

blasthole bit. In diamond drilling, a non- 
coring bit. A plug bit. Pryor, 3. 

blasthole charger. A portable unit consisting 
of a prilled explosive reserve tank feeding 
into an air-activated loading tube. The 
equipment should be grounded to guard 
against buildup of static electricity. and 
possible accidental explosive detonation. 
The blasthole charger permits rapid load- 
ing of prilled explosives into blastholes 
drilled in any direction. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

blasthole drill. Any rotary, percussive, fusion- 
piercing, churn, or other type of drilling 
machine used to produce holes in which 
an explosive charge is placed: Also called 
shothole drill. Long. 

blasthole driller. See churn-drill operator. 
DEORTAGE. 

blasthole machine. Synonym for blasthole 
drill. Long. 

Blastine. Explosive consisting of TNT, am- 
monium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, and 
paraffin wax. Used in mining. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

blasting. a. The operation of breaking coal, 
ore, or rock by boring a hole in it, inserting 
an explosive charge, and detonating or 
firing it. Also called shot firing. See also 
explosive, b. Nelson. b. Cleaning or finish- 
ing metals by impingement with abrasive 
particles moving at high speed and usually 
carried by gas or liquid, or thrown from 
a centrifugal wheel. ASM Gloss. 

blasting agent. A commercial blasting agent 
is a cap insensitive chemical composition 
or mixture which contains no explosive in- 
gredient and which can be made to deto- 
nate when initiated with a high strength 
explosive primer. DuPont, 1966, p. 47. 

blasting barrel. A piece of iron pipe, usually 
about one-half inch in diameter, used to 
provide a smooth passageway through the 
stemming for the miner’s squib. It is re- 
covered after each blast and used until 
destroyed. Fay. 

blasting cap. a. A copper shell closed at one 
end and containing a charge of detonating 
compound, which is ignited by electric 
current or the spark of a fuse. Used for 
detonating high explosives. Fay. b. A small 
sensitive charge placed in the larger ex- 
plosive charge by which the larger charge 
is detonated. B. C. J. See also electric 
detonator. 

blasting cap, waterproof electric. See water- 
proof electric blasting cap. 

blasting cartridge. A cartridge containing an 
explosive to be used in blasting. Fay. 

blasting circuit. A blasting circuit is a shot- 
firing cord together with connecting wires 
and electric blasting caps used in prepara- 











blasting switch 


tion for the firing of a blast in mines, 
quarries and tunnels. ASA C42.85: 1956. 

blasting compounds. Explosive substances 
used in mining and quarrying. Hess. 

blasting cord, shot-firing. See shot-firing blast- 
ing cord. 

blasting curtain. A screen erected to prevent 
damage to equipment and supports in the 
vicinity of the blasting point. It consists of 
round timbers about 6 inches in diameter 
and suspended from a cable or chain across 
the roof. The curtain is erected a short 
distance from the shothole. See also shot- 
firing curtain. Nelson. 

blasting fuse. a. A slow-burning fuse used in 
blasting operations. Standard, 1964. b. A 
fine core of gunpowder enclosed in the 
center of jute, yarn, etc., for igniting an 
explosive charge in a shothole. See also 
safety fuse. Nelson. 

blasting galvanometer. An instrument that 
provides a simple means for testing elec- 
tric blasting circuits, enabling the blaster 
to locate breaks, short circuits, or faulty 
connections before an attempt is made to 
fire the shot. With its use, misfires may 
be prevented to a great extent. To test a 
circuit one wire should be placed on one 
terminal of the instrument and the other 
wire on the other terminal. If the needle 
is not deflected, it indicates that the circuit 
is broken; if it is an electric blasting cap 
that is being tested, this should be dis- 
carded. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, sec. A, p. 85. 

blasting gelatin. A high explosive, consisting 
of nitroglycerin and nitrocotton. It is a 
strong explosive, and a rubberlike, elastic 
substance, unaffected by water. Fay. Taken 
as a standard of explosive power. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

blasting hole well driller. See churn-drill 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 

blasting machine. A portable dynamo that 
generates enough electric current to deto- 
nate electric blasting caps when the ma- 
chine rack bar or handle is given a quick, 
downward push. Also called battery. Long. 
See also dynamo exploder; M.E. 6 ex- 
ploder; one-shot exploder. Nelson. 

blasting mat. a. A tightly woven covering of 
heavy manila rope or wire rope, or chain, 
made in various sizes, for spreading over 
material to be blasted for preventing blast- 
ed fragments from flying. Fay. b. A com- 
monly used mat that consists of discarded 
heavy-duty tire casings cut into pieces 
which are then laced together with dis- 
carded wire cable. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

blasting needle. A pointed instrument for 
piercing the wad or tamp of a charge of 
explosive, to permit introducing a blasting 
fuse. Standard, 1964. 

blasting oil. Same as nitroglycerin. Fay. 

blasting powder. a. A powder containing less 
nitrate, and in its place more charcoal than 
blackpowder. Its composition is 65 to 75 
percent potassium nitrate, 10 to 15 percent 
sulfur, and 15 to 20 percent charcoal. In 
the United States, sodium nitrate is used 
largely in place of the potassium salt. 
Compare blackpowder. Fay. b. A low ex- 
plosive. See also gunpowder, black. Nelson. 

blasting reflection mechanism. See reflection 
mechanism, blasting. Lewis, p. 146. 

blasting sitck. A simple form of fuse. Fay. 

blasting supplies. A term used to include 
electric blasting caps, ordinary blasting 
caps, fuse, blasting machines, galvanom- 
eters, rheostats, etc., in fact, everything 
used in blasting, except explosives. Fay. 

blasting switch. A switch used to connect a 


blasting switch 


power source to a blasting circuit. It is 
sometimes used to short-circuit the leading 
wires as a safeguard against premature 
blasts. ASA C42.85; 1956. 

blasting timer. An instrument that utilizes 
a powerline as a source of electrical cur- 
rent and which closes the circuits of suc- 
cessive blasting caps with a delay time 
interval, The timer provides for the circuits 
of 15 charges and affords positive control 
of the duration of intervals. Streefkerk, 
pp. 46-47. 

blasting tube. A tube of explosives, as nitro- 
glycerin, for blasting. Standard, 1964. 

blasting unit. A portable device including a 
battery or a hand-operated generator de- 
signed to supply electric energy for firing 
explosive charges in mines, quarries, and 
tunnels. Also called blaster; exploder; 
shot-firing unit. ASA C42.85: 1956. ad 

blasting unit, single-shot. See single-shot 
blasting unit. 

blasting unit, multiple-shot. See multiple-shot 
blasting unit. 

blast meter. An instrument to show the ve- 
locity of discharge from the nozzle of a 
blowing engine. Standard, 1964. 

blast nozzle. A fixed or variable sized outlet 
usually tapered of a blast pipe. Fay. 

blastogranitic. A metamorphosed granitic 
rock in which remnants of the original 
granitic texture remain. Johannsen, v. 1, 
2d, 1939, p. 204. 

blastometer. See Nobel blastometer. Nelson. 

blastophitic. A metamorphosed rock which 
originally contained lath-shaped crystals 
partly or entirely enclosed in augite and 
in which part of the original texture re- 
mains. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 204. 

blastoporphyritic. Applied to the textures of 
metamorphic rocks derived from porphy- 
ritic rocks and in which the porphyritic 
character still remains as a relict feature, 
veiled but not obliterated by subsequent 
recrystlalization. Holmes, 1928. 

blast pipe. A pipe for supplying air to fur- 
naces. Zern. 

blast roasting. Roasting conducted in a 
Dwight-Lloyd machine, in which roasting 
is accompanied by sintering. The charge 
is placed in small boxes, ignited, and air 
drawn through to burn off sulfur. C.T.D. 

blatterkohle. Ger. Brown coal. Hess. 

blaugas (blue gas). Synonym for bottle gas. 
Long. 

blauschlamm. Ger. Blue mud. Holmes, 1928. 

blauw grond. S. Afr. Blue ground; the un- 
oxidized part of the filling in diamond 
pipes. Often misspelled blaauw grond. Hess. 

blavierite. An earlier name for the rocks now 
called mylonites in Black Mountain, south 
Cavennes, France. They resemble soapstone 
but are pinitized feldspars and quartz; 
thought to be altered arkoses. Hess. 

blaze. a. Can. Cutting a long thin section 
on both sides of a tree as a marker. Hoff- 
man. b. A survey mark, for example, a 
slash on a tree trunk, to guide an explora- 
tion party. Pryor, 3. 

blazer. Eng. Siliceous clay suitable for mak- 
ing firebricks, Stourbridge. Arkell. 

bleached sand. Sand that has become pale 
because of bleaching. Schieferdecker. 

bleacher. A settling tub for refining petro- 
leum. Standard, 1964. 

bleaching clay. A clay that possesses superior 
decolorizing characteristics. Used in the 
refining of mineral oils, petroleum, vege- 
table oils, and animal oils. CCD 6d, 1961. 

bleaching powder; chloride of lime; chlori- 
nated lime. A nearly white powder made 





112 


by passing chlorine over hydrated lime. 
Believed to consist chiefly of compounds 
or mixtures of calcium hydroxide, calcium 
chloride, and calcium hypochlorite with 
varying contents of available chlorine and 
water. Used as a bleaching agent, a disin- 
fectant, and a deodorant. Webster 3d. 

bleb. a. A small, usually rounded inclusion 
of one mineral in another, for example, 
blebs of olivine poikilitically enclosed in 
pyroxene. A.G.J, b. A bubble especially in 
water or glass. Also, a small bit or particle 
of distinctive material (as of mercury ore 
in quartzite). Webster 3d. c. A ceramic 
blister. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

blebbing. Formation of blisters on decorated 
ceramics; also known as frizzling. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

bled ingot. In steelmaking, an ingot which 
has lost its molten center while cooling. 
Standard, 1964. 

bleed. a. To drain off water or entrapped air 
from a piping system or container. Com- 
pare bleeder, a. Long. b. To give off or 
exude small amounts of droplets of water 
or gas, such as from a stratum of rock or 
coal. Long. c. To remove unwanted air 
or fluid from passages. Nichols. 

bleeder. a. A connection located at a low 
place in an airline or gasoline or container 
so that by means of a small valve the con- 
densed water, or other liquid, can be 
drained or bled off from the line or con- 
tainer without discharging the air or gas. 
Long. b. A fine adjustment valve (needle 
valve) connected to the bottom end of a 
hydraulic feed cylinder in swivel head of 
a diamond drill. By means of the bleeder 
the speed at which the hydraulic piston 
travels can be minutely controlled. Long. 
c. A pipe on top of an iron blast furnace 
through which gas escapes. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bleeder entries. Widely used for draining 
methane in coal mines in the United 
States where the room-and-pillar method 
is employed. Hartman, p. 33. They are 
panel entries driven on a perimeter of 
block of coal being mined and maintained 
as exhaust airways to remove methane 
promptly from the working faces to pre- 
vent buildup of high concentrations either 
at the face or in the main intake airways. 
They are maintained, after mining is com- 
pleted, as recommended by the U.S. Bu- 
reau of Mines in preference to sealing the 
completed workings, Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bleeder pipe. A pipe inserted in a seal to 
relieve gas pressure from a sealed area. 
Grove. 

bleeder turbine. A steam turbine arranged 
so that low-pressure steam for heating pur- 
poses can be taken out between intermit- 
tent stages. Thus, the high-pressure boiler 
steam does some work before it is taken 
out for low-pressure heating service. Petro- 
leum Age, v. 11, April 15, 1923, p. 39. 

bleeding. a. Giving off of oil or gas from pore 
spaces or fractures. Wheeler. b. Draining 
liquid from a gasline, or water and sludge 
from a tank of oil. Porter. c. The exuda- 
tion of bituminous material on the road- 
way surface after construction. Fay. d. The 
exudation of water from unhardened con- 
crete. Taylor. 

bleeding rock. Sandstone containing water. 
T.1.M.E. 

bleeding surface. Any face, such as the walls 
of a well or borehole or the sides of a 
fracture, that traverses a reservoir rock or 
aquifer permitting the stored liquid or gas 


blind 


to seep (or to bleed) into the opening. 
A.G.I, 

bleeding valve. A cock, as in an airbrake 
mechanism, the opening of which releases 
air. Standard, 1964. See also bleeder. Fay. 

bleed off. A coal mining term used when 
feeders or blowers act as the means by 
which gas is “bled off” or dissipated to 
the adjoining strata or to the surface. 
Kentucky, p. 24. 

Pee furnace. See Carinthian furnace. 
ay. 

bleke. A calcareous earth found on the Isle 
of Gothland in the Baltic Sea. Hess. 

blemish. In dry process enameling, an insig- 
nificant imperfection in the porcelain 
enamel surface. ASTM C286-65. 

blend coal. Term used among British miners 
for cannel coal interstratified with ordi- 
nary coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

blende. Without specific qualification, it 
means zincblende or the sulfide of zinc 
(sphalerite), which has the luster and 
often the color of common resin and yields 
a white streak and powder. The darker 
varieties are called blackjack by the Eng- 
lish miners. Other minerals having this 
luster are also called blendes, such as anti- 
mony blende, ruby blende, pitchblende, and 
hornblende. Sphalerite (blende) is often 
found in brown shining crystals, hence its 
name among the German miners, from 
the word blenden, meaning to dazzle. Fay. 

blended unconformity. An unconformity that 
is not sharp because the original™erosion 
surface was covered by a thick residual 
soil that graded downward into the under- 
lying rock. Moreover, the younger rocks 
above the unconformity may have incor- 
porated some of the residual soil, making 
the contact more vague. Billings, 1954, 
p. 248. 

blending. a. Mixing in predetermined and 
controlled quantities to give a uniform 
product. B.S, 3552, 1962. b. In powder 
metallurgy, the thorough intermingling of 
powders of the same nominal composition 
(not to be confused with mixing). ASM 
Gloss. 

blending-batch. Stepwise changes in batch 
composition to arrive at final change in 
finished glass. ASTM C162-66. 

blending conveyor. A conveyor running be- 
neath a line of ore bins or stockpiles, and 
so set that each bin or stockpile can de- 
liver onto the conveyor at a controllable 
rate from individual feeders. Pryor, 3. See 
also paddle-type mixing conveyor; screw- 
type mixing conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

blending system. A coordinated system of 
conveyors and allied equipment for the 
purpose of blending bulk materials to ob- 
tain a product which will be uniform and 
homogeneous having physical and chemi- 
cal properties equal to the average of the 
entire raw input. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bleu persan. A form of pottery decoration 
in which a white pattern was painted over 
a dark blue background; the name derives 
from the fact that the pattern generally 
had a Persian flavor. Dodd. 

blibe. A fault, in glassware, in the form of 
an elongated bubble intermediate in size 
between a seed and a blister. Gray blibe 
consists of undissolved sodium sulfate. 
Doda. 

blick. Ger. Bright glow or flash, on gold 
prill at end of cupellation. Pryor, 3. 

blikhuis. S. Afr. A house of galvanized iron. 
Standard, 1964. 

blind. a. Not appearing in an outcrop at the 


ee ee 






| 





i 
} 





blind 


surface, such as a blind veneer. Webster 3d. 
b. Forest of Dean. See afterdamp. Fay. 
c. Scot. To erect a stopping in a cross- 
cut or other underground roadway. Fay. 
d. To drill with the circulation medium 
(water or drill mud) escaping into the 
sidewalls of the borehole and not overflow- 
ing the collar of the drill hole. Long. e. An 
underground opening not connected with 
other workings nearby and at about the 
same elevation. Long. 


} blind apex; suboutcrop. The upper edge of 


a lode or vein reef, near the surface but 
covered by superficial deposits. Nelson. 


|\blind bit. Synonym for noncoring bit. Long. 
| blind borehole process. A new method in the 


underground gasification of coal. A bore- 
hole is drilled to a blind end having no 
outside connection, A tube of smaller di- 
ameter is inserted nearly the full length 
through which air is passed to supply a 
gasification reaction at the far end of the 
hole. The hot gases return around the 
outside of the tube. Nelson. 


| blind coal. a. Eng. Coal altered by the heat 


of a trap dike so as to resemble anthracite. 
Fay. b. Eng. Anthracite and other kinds of 
coal that burn without flame. Fay. See also 
black coal; natural coke. A.G.I. 


| blind creek. Aust. A creek that is dry, except 


in wet weather. Fay. 


| blind deposit. A deposit that does not extend 


to the surface of bedrock. Hawkes. 


‘blind drain. See rubble drain. Ham. 
\blind drift. a. A horizontal passage, in a 


mine, not yet connected with the other 
workings. See also blind level. Fay. b. An 
inverted siphon for water in a mine. C.T.D. 


‘blinde. Same as blende. Standard, 1964. 
blinded. Scot. Not opposite. Two ends (drifts 


or entries) driven from opposite sides of 
a plane and not opposite each other, but 
nearly so, are said to be blinded. Fay. 


| blind flange. a. A flange which closes the end 


of a pipe and produces a blind end (dead 
end). Porter. b. A steel plate inserted 
between flanges of a pipeline, thus cutting 
off the line. Porter. 


| blind header. A concealed brick header in 


the interior of a wall, not showing on the 
faces. ACSG. 


\ blind heading. See dead end. B.S. 3618, 1963, 


SEC 2: 


\blind hole. A borehole in which the circu- 


lating medium carrying the cuttings does 
not return to the surface. Long. 


‘blinding. a. In uranium leaching, reduced 


permeability of ion-exchange resins due to 
adherent slimes. In sieving, blocking of 
screen apertures by particles. Pryor, 3. b. 
A matting of, or stoppage by, fine materials 
during screening which interferes with or 
blinds the screen mesh. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. Compacting soil immediately over 
a tile drain to reduce its tendency to move 
into the tile. Nichols. d. A layer of lean 
mix concrete from 2 to 4 inches thick, 
laid on soil in the bottom of a foundation 
to provide a base on which to place rein- 
forcement. Ham. e. A glaze fault revealed 
by a reduction in gloss, and caused by 
surface devitrification. Dodd. 


blind joint. An obscure bedding plane. Zern. 
‘ blind lead; blind lode. A vein having no out- 


crop. Fay. 


\ blind level. a. One not yet holed through to 


connect with other passages. Pryor, 3. b. A 
cul-de-sac or dead end. Pryor, 3. c. A level 
for drainage, having a shaft at either end, 
and acting as an inverted siphon. Fay. 


a lode. a. A blind lead or blind vein. 











113 


Hess. b. A lode showing no surface outcrop, 
and one that cannot be found by any sur- 
face indications. See also blind lead. Fay. 

blind outcrop. An outcrop buried under the 
surface soil or sedimentary rock, only ex- 
posed by stripping overburden or pitting. 
Pryor, 3, p. 283. 

blind pig. Can. Illicit distillery. Hoffman. 

blind pit. Lanc. An interior shaft from one 
coalbed to another below. Hess. See also 
drop staple. 

blind riser. A riser which does not extend 
through the top of the mold (as opposed 
to an open riser which extends through 
the sand to the surface of the mold). ASM 
Gloss. 

blind road; blind way. Mid. Any under- 
ground roadway not in use, having stop- 
pings placed across it. Fay. 

blind roaster. A muffle furnace for roasting 
ore out of contact with the products of 
combustion. Standard, 1964. 

blind seams. Incipient joints. Fay. 

blind shaft. A sublevel shaft, connected to 
the main (daylight to depth) shaft by a 
transfer station. A winze. Pryor, 3. 

blind shearing. Scot. A side cutting without 
undercutting. Fay. 

blind splicing. Joining ropes or cables by lay- 
ing out alternate strands of one and laying 
in the corresponding strands of the other 
so that the splice is smooth and of the 
same size as other sections. Hess. 

blind stope. Secret working place under- 
ground, not marked on plans. Pryor, 3. 

blind vein. A vein that does not continue to 
the surface. See also blind, a; blind lode; 
blind lead. Fay. 

blind washer. An unperforated metal washer, 
used in pipelines. Standard, 1964. 

blip. Echo trace on radar or sonar indicator 
screen. Hy. 

Bliss sandstone. Massive, compact, fine-tex- 
tured, fossiliferous gray sandstone varying 
from almost white to brown. It may be 
either Cambrian or Ordovician, or both, 
at any given locality. It represents a period 
of slow inetrmittent deposition of sandy 
material. Found in New Mexico and in 
Texas. Hess. 

blister. a. In quarrying, an unconfined charge 
of explosive used to bring down dangerous 
ground that cannot be made safe by bar- 
ring and that is too inaccessible to bore. 
South Australia, p. 170. b. A protrusion, 
more or less circular in plan, extending 
downward into a coal seam. It represents 
the filling of a streambed pothole worn 
into the upper surface of the coal forming 
material. Some blisters may have origi- 
nated through differentially greater com- 
paction of compressible mud surrounding 
a lens of incompressible sand directly over- 
lying the coal. A.G.J. c. A defect in metal, 
on or near the surface, resulting from the 
expansion of gas in a subsurface zone, Very 
small blisters are called pinheads or pepper 
blisters. ASM Gloss. d. Can. Copper as 
a smelter product before it is refined. Hoff- 
man. e. A defect consisting of a bubble 
that forms during fusion and remains when 
the porcelain enamel solidifies. ASTM 
C286—65. f. An unbroken blister is usually 
called a glass eye. ACSB, 3. g. A defect 
on the surface of ceramic ware that occurs 
during vitrification appearing as an en- 
closed or broken bubble. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

blister bar. A wrought-iron bar impregnated 
with carbon by heating in charcoal. Used 
in making crucible steel. C.T.D. 





bloating phenomena 


blister copper. An impure intermediate prod- 
uct in the refining of copper, produced by 
blowing copper matte in a converter, the 
name being derived from the large blisters 
on the cast surface that result from the 
liberation of SO. and other gases. ASM 
Gloss. 

blistered copper ore. A reniform variety of 
chalcopyrite. Fay. 

blister furnace. A furnace for smelting ore 
to blister copper. Hess. 

blister hypothesis. A hypothesis proposed by 
J. L. Rich (1951) as an explanation of 
compressional mountains. Radiogenic heat 
expands and melts a limited portion of 
the crust and subcrust causing a domed 
regional uplift (or blister) on a foundation 
of molten material having no permanent 
strength. Erosion and isostatic transfer 
initiates a marginal downwarp which is 
gradually filled with sediments (a geosyn- 
cline). Sliding of the crust away from the 
center of the dome causes crumpling and 
thrusting of the marginal geosynclinal 
sediments. Repeated sliding produces ten- 
sion across the top of the dome and block 
faulting and copious emissions of lavas re- 
sult. Finally, as the magma beneath the 
dome cools and congeals, sliding of the 
crust ceases and the upwarped area sub- 
sides. A.G.I. 

blistering. a. The development during firing 
of enclosed or broken macroscopic vesicles 
or bubbles in a body, or in a glaze or other 
coating. ASTM C242-60T. b. See second- 
ary blasting; mudcap. Fay. 

blister pearl. Pearly concretion attached to 
the shell and therefore not true pearl. 
Flattened, irregular, and sometimes con- 
tains clay, water, etc., and occasionally a 
true pearl. Shipley. 

blister rubber. One who removes blisters (air 
pockets) from inside of green sewer pipes 
by cutting them with knife. D.O.T. 1. 

blister steel. Raw steel which has been cooled 
very slowly and which has a blistered ap- 
pearance. The blisters having been formed 
by the efforts of gas to escape from within 
the metal. Camm. 

blister wax. Same as blower wax. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

blitzrohren. Ger. A fulgurite; a mass of 
sand or rock, usually tubular, melted by 
lightning. Hess. 

blixite. A basic lead chloride, PbsClz:O; or 
PbieCls(O,OH) se-x with x about 2.6% Oc- 
curring as a fissure mineral at Langban, 
Sweden. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

bloach. Roughened low spot on surface of 
ground plate glass. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

bloat. A hammer swelled at the eye. Fay. 

bloating. a. The expanding or swelling of 
a ceramic shape during firing. Results in 
defective ware and is generally caused by 
overfiring or black coring. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. Expanding nonmetallic raw ma- 
terials such as clays, shales, perlite, slates, 
etc., by rapid heating to produce a light- 
weight vesicular structure. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. Swelling of a refractory when in 
the thermoplastic state caused by a tem- 
perature in excess of that for which the 
material is intended, an exception being 
the use of this property in one type of 
ladle brick. See also secondary expansion. 
VA) Feale 

bloating of refractories. Substantial swelling 
produced by a heat treatment that causes 
the formation of a vesicular structure. 
ASTM C71-64. 

bloating phenomena. The expansion of cer- 


bloating phenomena 


tain nonmetallic materials by heating until 
the exterior of the particle or shape be- 
comes sufficiently pyroplastic or melted to 
entrap gasses generated on the interior by 
the decomposition of gas-producing com- 
panies. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

blobby veins. Eng. Veins carrying ore in 
blobs, Yorkshire lead mines. Arkell. 

block. a. A division of a mine, usually 
bounded by workings but sometimes by 
survey lines or other arbitrary limits. Fay. 
b. A short piece of timber placed between 
the mine roof and the cap of a timber set 
and directly over the cap support. A wedge 
driven between the roof and the timber 
holds the set in place. See also blocking 
and wedging. Bureau of Mines Staff. c. 
A pillar or mass of ore exposed by under- 
ground workings. See also blocking out, a. 
Nelson. d. The frame holding the pulleys 
of a lifting tackle. Nelson. e. A short tim- 
ber piece placed across the rails at the top 
of an incline to prevent mine cars running 
down uncontrolled. Nelson. f. Portion of 
an ore body blocked out by drives, raises, 
or winzes, so that it is completely sur- 
rounded by passages and forms a rectangu- 
lar panel. If its character, volume, and 
assay grade are thus established beyond 
reasonable doubt it ranks as proved ore in 
the mine’s assets. Pryor, 3. g. A block- 
shaped device used in haulage to stop cars, 
wagons, or tubs, or to hold them against 
a gradient. Mason. h. A pulley and its 
case. Nichols, 2. i. The wedging of core 
or core fragments or the impaction of cut- 
tings inside a bit or core barrel, which 
prevents further entry of core into the 
core barrel, thereby producing a condition 
wherein drilling must be discontinued and 
the core barrel pulled and emptied to fore- 
stall loss of core through grinding or the 
serious damage of the bit or core barrel. 
Also called core block. See also grind, a. 
Long. j. An obstruction in a_ borehole. 
Long. k. A grooved pulley or sheave en- 
cased in a frame or shell, which is provided 
with a hook, eye, clevis, or strap by which 
it may be attached to an object. It is used 
to change the direction of a pull applied 
by a rope or cable, or, when used in pairs, 
to exert increased force. Blocks are classed 
as single, double, triple, etc., according to 
the number of pulleys contained in a single 
shell. Long. 1. A sheave. Long. m. A mas- 
ter mold, made from an original pattern, 
from which case molds are produced. See 
also rubbing stone. ACSG, 1963. 

block amber. Natural amber, as it has been 
found; as distinguished from pressed am- 
ber. Shipley. 

block and fall. Synonym for block and tackle. 
Long. 

block and tackle. Two blocks with reeved 
rope or cable. See also block, k. Long. 

block bond. A style of bricklaying in which 
the bricks are laid crosswise and length- 
wise alternately. Standard, 1964. 

block brazing. Brazing with heat from hot 
blocks. ASM Gloss. 

block brick. A brick used to bond two ad- 
joining or intersecting walls; larger than 
standard or jumbo-size brick. ACSG, 1963. 

block caving. a. A method of caving in which 
a thick block of ore is partly cut off from 
surrounding blocks by a series of drifts, one 
above the other, or by boundary shrinkage 
stopes; it is then undercut by removing a 
slice of ore or a series of slices separated 
by small pillars underneath the block. The 
isolated, unsupported block of ore breaks 











114 


and caves under its own weight. The 
broken ore is drawn off from below, and 
as the caved mass moves downward, due 
to continued drawing of broken ore from 
below, it is broken further by pressure and 
attrition. The overlying capping caves and 
follows the broken ore downward. In the 
earliest applications of the caving method 
the block was undercut on or immediately 
above the haulage level, and the caved 
ore was shoveled into cars in drifts driven 
under the cave or spiled through it. This 
system entailed the driving and mainte- 
nance of a large number of drifts to re- 
cover the ore and has been superseded by 
caving to chutes or branched raises. At 
present the block of ore is usually under- 
cut some distance above the haulage level, 
so that by driving a number of inclined 
branched raises a large undercut area can 
be tapped at closely spaced points from 
relatively few main-level haulage drifts, 
which may be placed well below the in- 
fluence of the pressure induced by the 
caving block. With this system hand shov- 
eling is virtually eliminated. BuMines Bull. 
390, 1936, pp. 12-15. Also called caving 
system; Cumberland method of mining. 
Fay. b. An underground mining method 
introduced into the kimberlite mines in 
the Republic of South Africa in 1955 re- 
quiring little or no timbering. Cone-shaped 
spaces are excavated in the kimberlite and 
connected with concrete or steel-lined 
haulage drifts below them. A_ horizontal 
slice of the ore above these spaces is then 
removed, As the roof falls it breaks. The 
broken rock accumulates in these spaces 
and is drawn off through the drifts by a 
scraper, dumped into cars, and taken to 
an underground crushing station. By this 
method the ore is broken by gravity, hand 
shoveling is eliminated, and the number 
of working levels and loading stations is 
reduced. J.C’. 8200, 1964, p. 62. 

block caving into chutes. See chute caving. 

block claim. Aust. A square mining claim 
whose boundaries are marked out by posts. 
Fay. 

block coal. a. A bituminous coal that breaks 
into large lumps or cubical blocks; also, 
coal passing over certain sized screens in- 
stead of through them, such as a 5-, 6-, 
and 8-inch block. It is used raw, or with- 
out coking, in the smelting of iron. Found 
in the Indiana coalfield. Fay; B.C.I. b. A 
variety of tough coal, usually semisplint, 
that breaks into crudely shaped blocks. 
A.G.I, 

block diagram. A view of an imaginary rect- 
angular block of the earth’s crust. It is, 
as if, upon a rectangular block of wood— 
two geologic sections had been drawn on 
two adjoining sides and a map on the 
top face, while the block itself had been 
sketched in a position, such that these 
three faces were visible. Stokes and Varnes, 
L950% 

blocked-out ore. a. Ore, the amount, content, 
and mineability of which have been proven 
by development work or by drilling de- 
veloped ore. A.G.J. b. A body of ore ex- 
posed, explored, and sampled for valuation 
purposes on all four sides of the panel 
formed by driving, winzing, and raising. 
Pryor, 3. 

blocker. In bituminous coal mining, a laborer 
who places wooden blocks under the wheels 
of mine cars to prevent their movement 
at the tipple or the bottom of a shaft or 
a incline before they are run onto the 





blocking out 


cage or attached to the haulage cable, 
DD OVD 

block faulting. See fault block. A.G.I. 

block fields. See felsenmeer. A.G_I. 

block furnace. Same as bloomery. Fay. 

block grease. Moderately stiff grease, pre- 
pared in blocks which fit into apertures 
above bearings (tunnel lubrication). Pryor, 3. 

block handle. A cup handle of the type that 
is attached to the cup by a solid bar of 
clay (which is, of course, integral with 
the handle). See also open handle. Dodd. 

block hole. a. A small hole drilled into a 
rock or boulder into which an anchor 
bolt or a small charge or explosive may be 
placed. Long. b. Used by drillers, miners, 
and quarrymen for a method of breaking 
undesirably large blocks of stone or boul- 
ders by the discharge of an explosive load- 
ed into shallow holes drilled into the blocks 
or boulders. Long. c. A relief hole, designed 
to remove part of the burden from a sub- 
sequent shot, used in coal mining. Fay. 

blockholer. a. A person whose duty it is to 
break up and reduce to safe and convenient 
size, by blasting or otherwise, any large 
blocks or pieces of rock that have been 
blown down by the miners. Fay, b. See 
jackhammer operator. D.O.T. 1. 

block holing. The operation of drilling and 
blasting a detached boulder or mass of 
rock; the purpose being to reduce the mass 
to dimensions more easily handled or trans- 
ported, or cut for building purposes. 
Stauffer. n 

block-in-course. Large stone blocks laid in 
courses in dock walls, having bush-ham- 
mered faces and smooth beds; such stones 
are generally of varied lengths but con- 
stant depth, often 12 inches. Ham. 

blocking. a. The process of shaping a gather 
of glass in a cavity of wood or metal. 
ASTM C162-66. b. The process of stirring 
and fining glass by immersion of a wooden 
block or other source of bubbles. ASTM 
C162-66. c. The process of reprocessing 
to remove surface imperfections. ASTM 
C162-66. d. The mounting of optical glass 
blanks in a shell for grinding and polish- 
ing operations. ASTM C162-66. e. The 
process wherein a furnace is idled at re- 
duced temperatures. ASTM C162-66. f. 
The process of setting refractory blocks in 
a furnace. ASTM C162-—66. g. A method 
of bonding two adjoining or intersecting 
walls, not built at the same time, by means 
of offsets and overhanging blocks. ACSG. 
h. Obstruction of crushing zone by clayey 
material or rock which refuses to break 
down and pass to discharge. Pryor, 4, i. In 
forging, a preliminary operation performed 
in closed dies, usually hot, to position 
metal properly so that in the finish opera- 
tion the dies will be filled correctly. ASM 
Gloss. j. In radiography, using diaphragms 
made of lead or other dense material to 
limit the cross section of the X-ray beam 
so as to prevent excessive fogging of the 
film because of secondary or scattered 
radiation. Masks mounted over or around 
the object being radiographed are some- 
times employed. ASM Gloss. 

blocking and wedging. A method of holding 
mine timber sets in place. Blocks of wood 
are set on the caps directly over the post 
supports and have a grain of block parallel 
with the top of the cap; wedges are driven 
tightly between the blocks and the roof. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

blocking out. a. Exposing an ore body by 
means of development openings, on at 








blocking out 115 bloomery; bloomary 


least three sides, in preparation for contin- 
uous extraction; the opening of a deep lead 
deposit. Nelson. b. As applied to coal re- 
serves, to acquire coal and mining rights 
in contiguous areas to form a continuous 
area and in a desirable shape for planned 
future mining. Bureau of Mines Staff. c. 
Aust. Laying or staking out gold-bearing 
gravel deposits in square blocks in order 
to facilitate systematic washing. Fay. 
‘block insulation. Insulating black composed 
| of mineral wool, fiber asbestos, and a high 
| temperature binder. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
‘block lava. Lava flows occurring as a tumul- 
tuous assemblage of angular blocks. Con- 
trasted with pahoehoe, a lava with a com- 
paratively smooth or ropy surface. Also 
called aphrolithic lava; aa. Holmes, 1928. 
\block layer; roadman; platelayer. A man 
employed on the maintenance of rail 
tracks underground. He is also responsible 
for the laying of turnouts and junctions. 
Nelson. 

\)blocklehm. Ger. Boulder clay; drift. Hess. 

| blockmaker. See paving block cutter. 


. ees of ordinary riffle scantling. Griffith, 
p. 6 

Block’s alloy. A high cobalt alloy containing 
54 percent cobalt, 45 percent nickel, and 
0.9 percent silicon. Campbell. 

block sequence. A longitudinal welding se- 
quence in which blocks of weld metal are 
built to a desired thickness with the inter- 
vening, longitudinal space between them 
being filled subsequently. ASM Gloss. 

block spar. Feldspar ore requiring only hand 
cobbing, grinding, sizing, and often mag- 
netic treatment to be prepared for market. 
AIME, p. 341. 

block structure. Used in quarrying to describe 
granite which has three sets of joints oc- 
curring at right angles to each other. 
Streefkerk, p. 30. 

block system. a. A pillar mining system in 
which a series of entries, panel entries, 
rooms, and crosscuts are driven to divide 
the coal into blocks of approximately equal 
size which are then extracted on retreat. 
Development openings are most commonly 
driven between 15 and 20 feet wide, Pillars 


It is held in position by straps attached to 
a head harness. The mouthpiece can be 
replaced by a full-face mask. This appara- 
tus is fitted with an equalizing device 
which enables the wearer to continue 
breathing comfortably, even should the 
Lott blower stop. Mason, v. 1, pp. 326- 

blondin. A to-and-fro aerial ropeway, per- 
haps spanning an excavation. May be 
equipped with rope system which allows 
loads to be lifted from quarry and then 
carried to side for discharge, the ropeway 
then reversing its motion and returning 
the carrier to the loading point. Pryor, 3. 

blond metal. Staff. A variety of blond, 
light-colored clay ironstone from the Coal 
Measures. Arkell. 

blood agate. a. Flesh-red, pink, or salmon- 
colored agate from Utah. Shipley. b. Hem- 
achate. Shipley. 

blood coral. A name sometimes applied to 
intense red coral. Shipley. 

blood ironstone. Hematite. Shipley. 

blood jasper. Bloodstone. Shipley. 












1D: 0.1.31. 


| blockmaking. Applied to the various proc- 


esses involved in roofing slate manufacture 
which include drilling and wedging, cut- 
ting, sawing, etc. AIME, p. 796. 


| block mica. Mica with a minimum thickness 


of 0.007 inch and a minimum usable area 
of 1 square inch, full-trimmed unless 
otherwise specified. Skow. 


liblock mil. See pan mill. Dodd. 
|) block mold. A one-piece mold. ASTM C162- 


66. 


block mountain. A mountain carved by ero- 


sion from a large, uplifted earth block 
bounded on one side or both sides by fault 
scarps. A.G.I. 


|) block movement. A general failure of the 


hanging wall. In the gold mines of the 
Union of South Africa and the Michigan 
copper mines, block movements have been 
experienced. Nelson. 


)block off. a. To fill and seal undesirable 


openings, fissures, or caving zones in a 
borehole by cementation or by lining the 
borehole with pipe or casing. Also called 
blank off; case off; seal off. Long. b. To 
secure a mine opening against the flow or 
escape of gas, air, or liquid by erecting 
rock, concrete, steel, wood, or cloth bar- 
riers. Long. c. To erect barriers to prevent 
men from entering unsafe areas in under- 
ground workings. Long. 


\)block ore. A local term in Wisconsin for 


large, cubical crystals of galena. Fay. 


|\block out. To delineate the area in which 


a desirable mineral occurs by systematic 
core drilling or by underground openings. 
Long. 


)block pavement. The wearing surface of a 


road formed of rectangular blocks of stone 
or wood. Ham. 


| block rake. A surface blemish, having the 


appearance of a chain, sometimes occur- 


ring on plate glass. Dodd. 


)block reef. Aust. A reef that shows frequent 


' block reek (rake). 


contractions and bulges. A wavy vein. Fay. 
A scratch imperfection 
caused by cullet lodged in the felt in the 
polishing operation. ASTM C162-66. 


' block riffles. These consist of timber blocks, 





8 to 12 inches square, set in transverse 
rows in the sluicebox; they are so arranged 
that in contiguous rows the joints are 
broken, the idea being to prevent the de- 
velopment of longitudinal cracks, and is 
is usual to separate the rows by means of 


are most commonly 40 to 60 feet wide and 








from 60 to 100 feet long. Woodruff, v. 3, 
p. 21. b. A system of control in which a 
number of units, for example, powered 
supports, are operated as a group. NCB. 

block system of stoping and filling. See over- 
hand stoping; Brown panel system. 

block test. A shop giving power output, effi- 
ciency, and fuel consumption of a motor. 
Hess. 

vege eae Solid, commercial tin. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

block-tin lining. Copper vessels are lined or 
coated with tin by the application of 
molten tin upon clean copper with the aid 
of fluxing. Such coatings are sometimes 
called hot dippings. Tin is sometimes used 
for coating lead sheet or lining lead pipe, 
and owing to the method of fabrication, 
these articles may be called two-ply metal. 
Frequently tin is the metal chosen for mak- 
ing, holding, and conveying distilled water 
and it is used in contact with some chemi- 
cals. CCD 6d, 1961. 

block truer. See green truer. D.O.T. 1. 

blockwork. Masonry employed in the con- 
struction of breakwaters or similar marine 
structures, consisting of blocks weighing 
from 10 to 50 tons, their function being 
to absorb the impact of waves. See also 
rubble mound breakwater. Ham. 

blocky. a. Rock formations in which the core 
produced tends to break and block or jam 
inside the bit or core barrel. Long. b. Rock 
that breaks away in thick blocks from the 
roof of a mine working. Long. 

blockyard. An area on a construction site 
set apart for casting precast concrete com- 
ponents, which are then allowed to mature 
and harden before use. Ham. 

blocky rock. Rock ore that breaks into large 
blocks. Sandstrom. 

blodite. See bloedite. 

bloedite. A colorless, water-soluble, magne- 
sium-sodium hydrous sulfate, NaxO-MgO-- 
2SO3+4H:O; no cleavage; occurs in saline 
deposits. Also called blodite; astrakanite; 
simonyite. Dana 6d, p. 946; English. 

Bloman tube breathing apparatus. This dif- 
fers from the smoke helmet in that there 
is neither helmet nor bellows. Fresh air is 
passed to the wearer through a corrugated 
reinforced rubber tube by means of a 
rotary blower. A mouthpiece having an 
inhalation valve, an exhalation valve, and 
a noseclip takes the place of the helmet. 








blood poisoning. A morbid state of the blood 
‘caused by the introduction of poisonous 
or infective matter from without, or the 
absorption or retention of such matter pro- 
duced in the body itself. Occasionally 
caused by injuries, particularly in dirty 
mines or mills. Fay; Hess. 

blood-red heat. A term almost as indefinite 
as red heat. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bloodstone. A variety of chalcedony or jas- 
per, dark green in color, inetrspersed with 
small red spots. Used as a gem. Sanford. 
Also called heliotrope. 


bloodwipe. Derb. To draw blood, at a mine, 


by any act of violence that one man can 
inflict upon another. Fay. 

blooey line. A pipe or flexible tube conduct- 
ing cuttings-laden air or gas from the col- 
lar of a borehole to a point far enough 
removed from drill rig to keep the air 
around the drill dust free. Long. 

bloom. a. A mineral that is frequently found 
as an efflorescence, cobalt bloom, for ex- 
ample. Also called blossom. Webster 3d. 
b. To form an efflorescence; as, salts with 
which alkali soils are impregnated, bloom 
out, on the surface of the earth in dry 
weather following rain or irrigation. Web- 
ster 2d. c. The fluorescence of petroleum 
or its products. Webster 3d. d. A semifin- 
ished hot-rolled product, rectangular in 
cross section, produced on a blooming mill. 
For iron and steel, the width is not more 
than twice the thickness, and the cross- 
sectional area is usually not less than 36 
square inches. Iron and steel blooms are 
sometimes made by forging. ASM Gloss. 
e. A surface film resulting from attack by 
atmosphere or from the deposition of 
smoke or other vapors. See also smoked. 
ASTM C162-—66, f. A lump or mass of 
molten glass. Webster 2d. 

bloomer. The mill or equipment used in re- 
ducing steel ingots to blooms. ASM Gloss. 

bloomery; bloomary. a. A forge for making 
wrought iron, usually direct from the ore. 
The sides are iron plates; the hair plate 
at the back, the cinder plate at the front, 
the tuyere plate (through which the tuyere 
passes) at one side (its upper part being 
called in some bloomeries the merrit 
plate), the forespar plate opposite the 
tuyere plate (its upper part being the skew 
plate), and the bottom plate at the bot- 
tom. Fay. b. A machine for making blooms 
out of puddle balls; an establishment con- 


bloomery; bloomary 


taining such machines. Standard, 1964. 

bloom hook. A tool for handling metal 
blooms. Also called blocm tongs. Fay. 

blooming. The process of manufacturing 
blooms of iron from the ore or from puddle 
balls. Standard, 1964. 

blooming mill. A primary rolling mill used 
to make blooms. ASM Gloss. 

blossom. The oxidized or decomposed out- 
crop of a vein or coal bed, or any indi- 
cating traces of a coal bed or a mineral 
deposit, visible at the surface. Fay; B.CI. 

blossom of coal. See coal smut. Fay. 

blossom rock. Rock detached from a vein 
but which has not been transported. Fay. 

blotched. Spotted effects, especially on stone 
and other marble. Mersereau, 4th, p. 301. 

blotter. In grinding, a disk of compressible 
material, usually blotting-paper stock, used 
between the grinding wheel and its flanges 
to avoid concentrated stresses. ASM Gloss. 

blout. A mass of quartz, often mineralized, 
that is frequently isolated and not con- 
nected with a vein. Fay. 

blow. a. Aust. A large mass of quartz or 
other gangue, isolated or forming a sudden 
enlargement on a lode. Fay. b. Eng. To 
blast with powder. Fay. c. The escape of 
gas through a dam or stopping. Fay. d. 
York. The breaking or falling of a mine 
roof. Fay. e. Aust. The outcrop of the 
top of a vein. Standard, 1964. See also 
ironstone blow. Fay. f. A sudden escape 
of gas from the strata or the coal into mine 
workings. See also outburst, b. Nelson. g. 
A large outcrop of ore, frequently low 
grade. Nelson. h. In blasting, a shot which 
blows part of the unfired explosive out of 
the hole. Pryor, 3. See also blown-out shot. 
i. To fire shots. Mason. j. To lift; said of 
a floor which lifts due to gas or strata 
pressure. Mason. k. The blast of air forced 
through molten metal to refine it (as in a 
Bessemer or other converter). The time 
during which air is being forced through 
molten metal to refine it. The quantity of 
metal refined during that time. Webster 3d. 

blow-and-blow machines. Machines in which 
the glass is shaped in two stages, but each 
time by blowing, as opposed, for example, 
to pressing or sucking. C.T.D. 

blow-and-blow process. The process of form- 
ing hollowware in which both the prelimi- 
nary and final shapes are formed by air 
pressure. ASTM C162-66. 

blow count. The number of blows that must 
be delivered by a specific-weight, freely 
falling drive hammer dropping a specific 
distance to force a drive sampler 12 inches 
into a soil material. Long. 

blowdown. a. Eng. To bring down coal or 
stone with explosives. Fay. b. To release 
water from a fire-tube boiler at the begin- 
ning of a workshift thereby disposing of 
sediment that may have accumulated. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

blowdown fan. A fan that forces air into a 
mine. Zern. 

blower. a. A fan employed in forcing air 
either into a mine or into one portion of 
a mine. A portable blower, also known as 
a tubing blower or room blower, is used 
in ventilating small dead-end places like 
rooms and entries or gangways. Jones. b. 
The sudden emission of firedamp from the 
coal seam or surrounding rock. Blowers 
very considerably in violence and magni- 
tude from small emissions which make a 
hissing noise to severe outbursts. Nelson. 
c. Eng. A man who blasts or fires shots 
in a mine, or who drills the holes and 





116 


charges them, ready for firing. Fay. d. One 
who forms glass by blowing. ASTM C162- 
66. See also glassblower; gaffer. D.O.T. 1. 

blower fan. A fan to direct part of an air 
circuit through a tubing to a particular 
working face. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

blower system. A system in which the pres- 
sure generating source is located at the 
entrance and raises the pressure of the air 
above atmospheric. Hartman, p. 80. 

blower wax. A pale yellow soft variety of 
ozokerite which is squeezed out of the 
veins under the influence of pressure of 
the surrounding rocks. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Blow-George. Eng. A small hand-driven 
fan operating in an iron case, introduced 
in the Midland Counties about 1850. It 
was used for auxiliary ventilation. Nelson. 

blow head. Part of a forming machine serv- 
ing to introduce air under pressure to blow 

. any hollow glass article. ASTM C162-66. 

blowhole. a. An air bubble or void in a bit 
crown or casting. See also airhole. Long. 
b. A minute crater formed on the surface 
of thick lava flows. Fay. c. A hole in a 
casting or a weld caused by gas entrapped 
during solidification. ASM Gloss. 

blow in. To put a blast furnace in operation. 
See also blowing in. Fay. 

blowing. a. The bursting of pots from too 
rapid heating. ACSG, 1963. b. The shap- 
ing of hot glass by air pressure. ACSG. 
c. Oxidation of molten metal or matte in 
a converter furnace, to remove carbon and 
sulfur and convert impurities to slag. 
Pryor 3. d. Eng. Blasting. Fay. 

blowing cave. A cave from which air is 
blown out at the entrance. Schieferdecker. 

blowing engine. An engine for forcing air 
into blast furnaces under pressure, often 
about 1 pound avoirdupois per square 
inch. Weed, 1922. 

blowing fan. A fan which forces or blows air 
into the mine workings either through the 
airways (a main fan) or through inbye air 
pipes (an auxiliary fan). Nelson. 

blowing furnace. A furnace in which glass- 
ware is held to soften it when it becomes 
stiff in working. Also called glory hole. 
Webster 2d. 

blowing house. Eng. An establishment in 
which blast furnaces are operated. Used 
specifically for smelting tin ore. Fay. 

blowing in. Starting a blast furnace. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

blowing in cartridges. In Germany and Aus- 
tria, a method has been developed for 
blowing in the cartridges of explosives with 
compressed air through a metal tube which 
is inserted in the drill hole. The cartridges 
are given a great velocity so that they are 
crushed when striking the bottom. The 
method was originally employed for load- 
ing the chambers of sprung drill holes. In 
recent years it has become adopted to a 
certain extent for loading deep drill holes, 
especially in fissured rock. Langefors, p. 88. 

blowing iron. See blowpipe. C.T.D. 

blowing machines. Machines for forming 
molten glass into articles by the use of 
air under pressure. C.T.D. 

blowing on taphole. Blowing air through the 
hole at casting, to clean the hearth of iron 
and cinder. Fay. 

blowing on the monkey. A flame blowing 
sees the cinder notch of a blast furnace. 

ay. 

blowing pipe. A glassblower’s pipe. Fay. 

blowing pot. In pottery works, an apparatus 
for distributing color over the ware before 
burning. Fay. 








blowout 


blowing road. S. Staff. An intake, or fresh- 
air road in a mine. Fay. 

blowing tools. A small set of blasting imple- 
ments. Standard, 1964. Compare blasting 
supplies. Fay. 

blowing-up furnace. A furnace used for sin- 
tering ore and for the volatilization of lead 
and zinc. Fay. 

blowing ventilation. Mine ventilation in 
which the air flows from the fan at the 
portal towards the working face. Fraenkel, 
we 35 Ari T8201 pals 

blowlamp. A portable apparatus for applying 
intense local heat, used by painters, elec- 
tricians, and plumbers. Also called blow- 
torch. G.T.D. 

blow mold. The metal mold in which a blown 
glass article is finally shaped. ASTM 
C162-66. 

blown asphalt. A hard, friable solid obtained 
by blowing air at high temperature through 
mineral residual oils. Also known as oxi- 
dized asphalt, condensed asphalt, and 
mineral rubber. CCD 6d, 1961. 

blown away. See hollow neck. Dodd. 

blown bitumen. A special type of bitumen 
produced by blowing air, under controlled 
conditions, through hot bitumen. Ham. 

blown enamel. Ridges produced when porce- 
lain enamel is blown while wet, during 
spraying. Bryant. 

blown glass. Glassware shaped by air pres- 
sure, as by mouth blowing or by compressed 
air. ASTM C162-66. 

blown metal. Pig iron purified by blowing 
air through it. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

blown-out shot. A shot which dissipates the 
explosive force by blowing out the stem- 
ming instead of breaking down the coal. 
It may be caused by insufficient stemming, 
overcharging with explosive or a burden 
which is too much for the charge to dis- 
lodge. Nelson. 

blown petroleums. In roadbuilding, the semi- 
solids or solids produced by blowing air 
through heated native liquid bitumens. 
Hess. 

blown (or eolian) sand. Sand which has 
been produced, carried, deposited, or erod- 
ed by wind action. The mineral compo- 
sition of blown sand depends, to a large 
extent, on the rocks from which it was 
derived. Blown sands are not well sorted. 
Webster 3d; A.G.I. 

blowoff. a. A valve or drain connection on 
a steam or hot-water boiler so arranged to 
draw off water and steam with any accu- 
mulated oil, grease, and dirt. Crispin. b. 
Removal of dust and dirt from the surface 
of dry (bisque) enamel, prior to firing. 
Bryant. 

blowout. a. A large outcrop beneath which 
the vein is smaller is called a blowout. Fay. 
b. A shot or blast is said to blowout when 
it goes off like a gun and does not shatter 
the rock. A blown-out or windy shot. Fay. 
c. A sudden or violent uncontrolled escape 
of gas, oil, or water from the well due to 
(1) the formation pressure being greater 
than the hydrostatic head of the fluid in 
the hole, and (2) the failure or lack of 
mechanical means, such as blowout pre- 
venters, to control such an occurrence. 
Brantly, 1. d. A great mass of quartz found 
in gold quartz veins that may show as a 
hill perhaps a hundred feet wide, but de- 
velopment may reveal a vein only a few 
feet wide. Hoov, p. 101. e. The high- 
pressure, sometimes violent, and uncon- 
trolled ejection of water, gas, or oil from 
a borehole. Long. f. Used by prospectors 





blowout 


and miners for any surface exposure of 
strongly altered discolored rock associated, 
or thought to be associated, with a min- 
eral deposit. A.G.J. g. In drilling a well by 
the rotary method, an unexpected volume 
of gas under pressure sometimes “blows” 
the mud-laden drilling fluid from the hole, 
thus putting an end to drilling until con- 
trolled. The term is also used in standard 
tool drilling when the flow of gas is suffi- 
cient to interfere with the drilling opera- 
tion. A.G.J. h. Used by miners and pros- 
pectors for a large, more or less isolated, 
usually barren quartz outcrop. Known in 
Australia as blow. Hess. i. A basin, scooped 
out of soft, unconsolidated deposits by the 
process of deflation. It ranges from a few 
feet to several miles in diameter. Leet. j. 
The cleaning of boiler flues by a blast of 
steam. Fay, k. The rupture of a boiler 
tube, steampipe, pneumatic tire, or other 
container through faulty construction, ex- 
cessive pressure, or other cause. Fay. |. To 
put a blast furnace out of blast, by ceasing 
to charge fresh materials, and continuing 
the blast until the contents of the furnace 
have been smelted. Fay. m. To smelt the 
iron-bearing materials in the furnace, add- 
ing domestic coke so that the stockline is 
; about normal. Camp, 6th ed., 1951, p. 336. 
} blowout plug. A sub (adapter) by means of 
j which the upper end of an inner tube of 
a double-tube core barrel can be coupled 
to the fluid-circulation system of a drill. 
Long. 
blowout preventer. A rotatable or stationary 
device attached to drivepipe or casing at 
the collar of a borehole, consisting of an 
assemblage of bypass and gate or disk 
valves which may be closed around the 
drill rods, or which can be closed com- 
pletely if the drill rods are withdrawn 
from the borehole. Used to contain and 
control the flow of liquids or gases under 
high pressure encountered while drilling a 
} borehole. Long. 
| blowout shot. An improperly placed or over- 
charged shot of black blasting powder in 
coal (where used) which frequntly results 
in a mine explosion. von Bernewitz. 
|| blow-over. The thin-walled bubble formed 
above a blow mold in a hand shop opera- 
tion to facilitate bursting off. ASTM 
C162-66. 
|| blowpipe. a. A welding or cutting torch. 
| ASM Gloss. b. A small laboratory appa- 
ratus using a mixture of air under pressure 
and utility gas in order to give a hot local- 
ized flame. Used in the blowpipe analysis 
of minerals and for laboratory glassblow- 
ing and glass bending. C.T.D. See also 
blowpipe reaction. c. A metal tube, some 
4 to 5 feet long, with a bore of %4 to % 
inch and a thickened nose which is dipped 
into molten glass and withdrawn from the 
furnace. The glass is subsequently manipu- 
lated on the end of the blowpipe and 
blown out to shape. Also called blowing 
iron. C.7 .D. 
blowpipe furnace. A furnace fired by having 
powdered fuel blown through a pipe. Hess. 
blowpipe reaction. a. The decomposition of 
a compound or mineral when heated by 
the blowpipe, resulting in some charac- 
teristic reaction, as a coloring of the flame 
or a colored crust on a piece of charcoal. 
Standard, 1964. b. A method of analysis 
in mineralogy. Fay. 
| blowpipe spray welding. See spray welding. 
i Dodd. 
blowpiping. A rapid method for the determi- 











117 


nation of the approximate composition of 
minerals and ores. Blowpipe tests are mere- 
ly qualitative, that is, they indicate the 
presence of the different constituents, but 
not the proportions. It consists of a plain 
brass tube capable of producing a flame 
of intense heat which may either be oxi- 
dizing or reducing. Illuminating gas from 
a Bunsen burner is the fuel commonly 
used. The color, nature, and smell of the 
encrustations suggest the nature of the 
elements present. See also borax bead test. 
Nelson. 

blowpit. A refractory-lined tank into which 
pulp is blown after cooking. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

blows. Leic. Frequent and sudden risings 
of quicksand in sinking through water- 
bearing ground. Fay. 

blow sand. See dune sand. Carson, 2, p. 82. 

blowtorch; blowlamp; blast lamp. A small, 
portable blast burner supplied either with 
gaseous fuel and air or oxygen through 
tubes or including a fuel tank (as for 
kerosine or gasoline) that is pressurized 
by a hand pump. Webster 3d. 

blowtube. See blowpipe. Webster 3d. Also 
called blowiron. 

blowup. a. Eng. An explosion of firedamp 
in a mine. Fay, b. To allow atmospheric 
air access to certain places in coal mines, 
so as to generate heat, and ultimately to 
cause gob fires. Fay. 

blow well. Eng. A local term for artesian 
well, in the eastern coast of Lincolnshire, 
so called because the water often rushes 
up violently. Fay. 

blue. a. An assayer’s term for a solution of 
copper sulfate. Fay. b. Eng. Shale of a 
bluish color, Northumberland and Dur- 
ham. Also called bluestone. Nelson. 

blue alexandrite. Incorrect name for alexan- 
dritelike sapphire. Shipley. 

blue amber. Osseous amber with a bluish 
tinge which is probably due to the pres- 
ence of calcium carbonate. Tomkeieiff, 
1954. 

blue annealing. Heating hot-rolled ferrous 
sheet in an open furnace to a temperature 
within the transformation range and then 
cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. 
The formation of a bluish oxide on the 
surface is incidental. ASM Gloss. 

blue asbestos. Crocidolite. Pryor, 3. 

blue band. A thin, persistent bed of bluish 
clay that is found near the base of the 
No. 6 coal throughout the Illinois-Indiana 
coal basin. A.G.I. 

blue billy. a. Eng. The residuum of cupreous 
pyrite after roasting with salt. Hess. b. Eng. 
Calcium sulfide formed as a byproduct in 
the Leblanc soda process. Hess. c. Eng. 
The cinder left from burning pyrite for 
sulfuric acid. Also called purple ore. Hess. 

blue bind; bind. York. A rock usually smooth 
to the feel; largely composed of indurated 
clay whereas gray binds are more sandy. 
Nelson. 

blue-black ore. Corvusite, extremely high- 
grade vanadium ore with blue-black color. 
Ballard. 

blue. brick. See engineering bricks. Dodd. 

blue brittleness. Brittleness exhibited by some 
steels after being heated to some tempera- 
ture within the range of 300° to 650° F, 
and more especially if the steel is worked 
at the elevated temperature. Killed steels 
are virtually free of this kind of brittle- 
ness. ASM Gloss. 

blue cap. The characteristic blue halo, or tip, 
of the flame of a safety lamp when fire- 











blue lias 


damp is present in the air. See also cap, e. 
Fay. 

hey: carbonate of copper. Same as azurite. 

ay. 

blue chalcedony. See sapphirine. Shipley. 

blue chrysoprase. Chalcedony colored by in- 
clusions of chrysocolla. Same as chryso- 
colla quartz; azurlite; azurchalcedony. 
Shipley. 

blue coal. a. In anthracite mining, impurities 
occurring as bands of a bluish slaty color 
with a carbon content almost as high as 
that of good anthracite, but not acceptable 
because of a dull appearance. It is gen- 
erally gobbed. Mitchell, pp. 209-210. b. A 
metaphorical expression used to designate 
windpower. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

blue copper. Synonym for azurite and cove- 
line. Hey, 2d, 1955. 

blue copper carbonate. Same as blue car- 
bonate of copper. See also azurite. Fay. 

blue coral. A variety of akori. Shipley. 

blue dust. A byproduct of zinc reduction, 
containing about 90 percent metallic zinc 
and 5 to 8 percent zinc oxide; a fine 
bluish-gray powder. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

blue earth. S. Afr. The partly decomposed 
kimberlite from the diamond-bearing pipes. 
Also called blue ground. Hess. b. Ger. A 
bluish Tertiary clay in which amber is 
found on the Baltic coast. Hess. 

blue elvan. Corn. Usually, a basaltic rock. 
Arkell. Synonym for greenstone. Fay. 

blue gas. Synonym for bottle gas. Long. 

blue glass. Cobalt oxide is added to a soda- 
lime glass. Cupric oxide gives a green blue. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

blue gold. a. A gold-iron alloy containing 
25 to 33.3 percent iron. Camm. b. A blu- 
ish collodial solution of gold prepared by 
reducing a solution of gold chloride with 
hydrazine hydrate. Camm. 

blue ground. a. S. Afr. A miner’s name for 
the decomposed peridotite or kimberlite 
that carries the diamonds in the South 
African mines. Fay. b. S. Staff. Strata 
of the coal measures, consisting principally 
of beds of hard clay or shale. See also 
bind, a; bluestone, a. Fay. c. A material 
of a bluish-green color that underlies the 
yellow ground in kimberlite deposits. This 
material is less altered than the yellow 
ground, Usually the diamond is embedded 
in the blue ground without much adhe- 
sion. I.C. 8200, 1964, p. 31. 

blue iron earth. See vivianite. Fay. 

blue iron ore. See vivianite. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

blue ironstone. Synonym for crocidolite. Blue 
asbestos. Fay. 

bluejack. Same as blue vitriol; copper sulfate. 
Webster 2d. See also chalcanthite. Fay. 

blue jasper. See Swiss lapis. Shipley. 

blue john. A fibrous or columnar variety of 
fluorite found in Derbyshire, England. 
Used especially for vases. Webster 3d. 

blue lead. A term for metallic lead in the 
lead industry to distinguish it from lead 
compounds with color designations, such 
as white lead, orange lead, and red lead. 
Cue Dy 

blue lead (pronounced like the verb to lead). 
a. The bluish auriferous gravel and cement 
deposit found in the ancient river chan- 
nels of California. Fay. b. The Tertiary 
gold-bearing gravel deposits of the Sierra 
Nevada mounatins. Webster 3d. 

blue lead ore (pronounced like the verb led). 
An old name for a compact variety of 
galena of a bluish-gray color. Fay. 

blue lias. Limestones of the Lower Lias of 
the Rhaetic beds, West of England. Arkell. 


blue malachite 


blue malachite. Same as azurite. Standard, 
1964. 

blue marl. Lower Lias clays. Arkell. 

blue metal. a. A name commonly applied to 


the common fine-grained, bluish-gray mud- 
stone which forms the roots of many of the 
coalbeds of England. A.G.J. b. A copper 
matte containing approximately 60 percent 
copper. See also bind; bluestone. Fay. c. 
See blue powder, a 


blue moonstone. a. Bluish chalcedony. Ship- 


ley. b. A term frequently applied to fine 
quality precious moonstone of bluish tinge; 
also incorrectly applied to chalcedony 
artificially colored blue. Shipley. 


blue mud. a. An ocean-bottom deposit con- 


taining up to 75 percent terrigenous ma- 
terials of dimensions below 0.03 millimeter. 
The depth range occurrence is about 750 
to 16,800 feet. Colors range from reddish 
to brownish at the surface, but beneath 
the surface, the colors of the wet muds are 
gray to blue. A.G.J. b. A common variety 
of deep-sea mud having a bluish-gray color 
due to presence of organic matter and 
finely divided iron sulfides. Calcium car- 
bonate is present in amounts up to 35 
percent. A.G.J. 

blue needles. Applied in the grading of quartz 
crystals to needlelike imperfections, often 
definitely oriented, which show up with a 
bluish-white color under the carbon arc. 
The color is due to the selective scatter- 
ing of blue light by the minute imperfec- 
tions. AM, 1. 


blue ocher. Same as vivianite. Fay. 


blue oil. a. A mixture of heavy oils and paraf- 
fin, obtained in the distillation of ozocerite; 
also a similar product from shale oil. 
Webster 2d. b. The oil produced from the 
heavy oil and paraffin of the Scottish shales 
by cooling and pressing for separation of 
hard paraffin scale; it is refined and frac- 
tionated into lubricating oils. Fay. 


blue onyx. Incorrect name for single-colored 


blue agate or chalcedony which is dyed 
blue. Shipley. 


blue opal. Synonym for lazulite. Fay. 
blue peach. Corn. A slate-blue, very fine- 


grained tourmaline. Fay. 


blue pearl. Dark-colored pearl of opaque 


slate-blue color sometimes caused by a 
layer of conchiolin near the surface. Also 
may be caused by a center of mud or silt, 
although recent investigation indicates that 
the color is usually caused by various im- 
purities in the aragonite (or calcite). See 
also pearl. Shipley. 

blue powder. A mixture of finely divided and 
partly oxidized metallic zinc formed by 
the condensation of zinc vapor into drop- 
lets; also, any similar zinc byproduct (as 
dross, skimmings, or sweepings). Webster 
3d. 

blueprint. Ordinarily refers to copies of maps, 
plans, or tests made by passing light through 
the object to be copied while in contact 
with sensitized paper which on develop- 
ment shows the pattern in white lines on 
a blue background. This is the blueprint. 
If a blueprint is used as the original, blue 
lines on a white ground, known as a white- 
print, is obtained. Frequently a very thin 
sensitive paper giving white lines on a 
black or dark-brown ground is used, giv- 
ing a blackprint. Owing to the thinness of 
the paper and the greater contrast between 
lines and ground, better whiteprints with 
either black or blue lines are obtained. 
Hess. 

blue rock, Lapis lazuli from California. 








118 


Schaller. 

blue-rock phosphate. The hard, bluish-gray, 
Ordovician bedded phosphates of central 
Tennessee. Hess. 

blue room. The first room in a baghouse. Fay. 

blues. Eng. Limestones in the Purbeck 
beds of Battle, Sussex. Also called bastard 
blues; main blues. Arkell. 

blue schorl. a. The earliest name for octa- 
hedrite. Fay. b. Blue tourmaline. Fay. 

blue shale. See blaes. Hess. 

blue-sky law. a. A law enacted to provide for 
the regulation and supervision of invest- 
ment companies, in order to protect the 
public against companies that do not in- 
tend to do a fair and honest business. Fay. 
b. A state law making it a criminal offense 
to sell stock without a license from a 
public official, who is charged with re- 
fusing to grant this license if he believes 
the plan of incorporation to be illegal, 
fraudulent, or unfair. Hoov, pp. 263-264. 

blue slipper. Same as slipper. Arkell. 

blue spar. Lazulite; azure spar. Fay. 

bluestone. a. S. Wales. Hard clay or shale. 
See also bind. Fay. b. Same as copper 
vitriol; copper sulfate. Fay. c. Also called 
Amherst stone because it is quarried near 
Amherst, Ohio. A.G.IJ. d. A dense, hard, 
indurated, fine-grained feldspathic sand- 
stone, most of which splits easily into thin, 
smooth slabs. It is commonly dark, or 
slate-gray, but the term is applied to all 
varieties irrespective of color. A.S.T.M. 
C119-50. e. Eng. See blue, b. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. £. Synonym for chalcanthite. 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

blue talc. Synonym for cyanite. Fay. 

blue tops. Grade stakes whose tops indicate 
finish grade level. Nichols. 

blue vitrol. Copper sulfate; chalcanthite. Also 
called copper vitriol. Fay. 

blue water gas. Obtained by passing steam 
over red-hot coke, in a cyclic process com- 
prising two main stages: (1) gasmaking, 
which reduces the temperature of the 
coke; and (2) blowing with air, which 
raises the temperature of the coke. It is 
called blue water gas because of its blue 
flame, a characteristic of the combustion 
of carbon dioxide. Francis, 1965, v. 2, 
pp. 386-387. 

blue whistler. Ark. A local term for a very 
hard, dark-gray sideritic rock, so tough 
that when stray pieces reach the rolls of 
the bauxite, crusher fragments are thrown 
out with such violence as to make a whis- 
tling sound. Hess. 

blue-white diamond. A diamond which ap- 
pears blue or bluish in transmitted white 
light or against a white background; it 
relects white light when viewed edge up 
at right angles to the table. Hess. 

blue zircon. Zircon which, by heating, has 
been changed from a naturally occurring 
color, usually grayish or brownish, to some 
hues or tones of blue. No natural occur- 
rence of zircon of any pronounced blue 
color has even been authenticated, al- 
though it was once reliably reported that 
very pale blue, almost white, zircon had 
been found in Ceylon. Shipley. 

bluff. a. Any high headland or bank present- 
ing a precipitous front. A.G.J. b. A bold 
bank of deposits along the shore of rivers 
and lakes, inclining steeply on the water 
side. A.GI. c. A high vertical bank along 
a river. A.G.J. d. A cliff or headland with 
a broad precipitous face. A.G.I. e. A high, 
steep bank or cliff. A.G.J. f. Altered coun- 
try rock filling a lode. Analogous to mul- 








B.M.A.G.A. apparatus 


lock. Fay. 


bluing. a. Subjecting the scale-free surface 


of a ferrous alloy to the action of air, 
steam, or other agents at a suitable tem- 
perature, thus forming a thin blue film of 
oxide and improving the appearance and 
resistance to corrosion. This term is ordi- 
narily applied to sheet, strip, or finished 
parts. Used also to denote the heating of 

springs aiter fabrication in order to im- 

prove their properties. ASM Gloss. b. A 

process for whitening yellow lead glazes 

by adding a small quantity of cobalt. Also 

spelled blueing. C.T.D. 

bluing salts. A solution containing 9 pounds 
of sodium hydroxide and 3 pounds of 
sodium nitrate per gallon, used at 150° C, 
to form an oxidized blue surface on steel. 
Pryor, 3. 

blunge. To mix thoroughly, as slip. ACSG. 

blunger. a. A wooden implement shaped like 
a spatula, but larger than a shovel, used 
in mixing clay with water; also a machine 
for a similar purpose. Compare pug mill. 
Standard, 1964. b. A cylindrical vessel 
containing a rotating shaft with fixed 
knives, used for amalgamating clay with 
water in making slips. C.T.D. 

blunger loader. One who shovels feldspar, 
flint, and various types of clay from bins 
into weighing trucks or carts, setting lever 
of each scale for its material, and pushes 
carts to blunger (mixing machine) or to 
conveyor hoppers, Also called cart hand; 
clay worker; mill loader; trucker. D.O.T. 1. 

bunger-machine operator. See clay maker. 
DOIN, Hh 

blunging. The wet process of blending, or 
suspending ceramic material in liquid by 
agitation. ASTM C242-60T. 

blunging machine. A pottery machine used 
for mixing clays. Crispin. 

blunt-edge stones. See blunt stones. Long. 

blunted stones. See blunt stones. Long. 

bluntin. Derb. A dark tough vein filling that 
dulls the drills readily. Fay. 

blunting. Slightly rounding a cutting edge 
to reduce the probability of the edge 
chipping. ASM Gloss. 

blunt stones. Rounded, waterworn carbon, 
or carbon whose sharp edges have been 
rounded by repeated use, grinding, tum- 
bling in a ball mill, or other artificial 
means. Long. 

blurring-highlight test. A test to determine 
the degree of attack of a vitreous enameled 
surface after an acid-resistance test. Dodd. 

blushing. A pink discoloration sometimes oc- 
curring during the glost-firing of pottery; 
it is caused by traces of chromium in the 
kiln atmosphere arising, for example, from 
chrome-tin pink fired in the same kiln. 
See also chrome-tin pink. Dodd. 

Blyth elutriator, Laboratory apparatus in 
which mineral particles suspended in water 
are syphoned through vertical tubes of in- 
creasing cross section, the fraction failing 
to rise under determined conditions of up- 
ward flow reporting as a subsieve fraction. 
Pryor, 3. 

BM Abbreviation for board measure; bench 
mark. Also abbreviated bm. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
pb. F-97; Zimmerman, p. 16. 

B.M.A.G.A. apparatus. Used in the United 

States for obtaining additional information 

on the yields of coke, tar, and gas that 

can be expected in high temperature prac- 

tice. This is a vertical cylinder of mild 

steel holding up to 2 hundredweight of 

coal and operated at temperatures up to 





: 


B.M.A.G.A. apparatus 









} 1,000° C. Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 152. 
BN Abbreviation for blowing sand. Zimmer- 
| man, p. 17. 
‘90am. Scot. A boom, as in a derrick. Hess. 
jpoard. a. The Federal Coal Mine Safety 
| Board of Review. U.S, BuMines Federal 
| Mine Safety Code—Bituminous Coal and 
| Lignite Mines, Pt. I Underground Mines, 
October 8, 1953. b. See bord, a. Fay. c. 
Lumber less than 2 inches thick and 4 or 
more inches wide. Bennett 2d, 1962. d. 
|) See workboard. Dodd. 

\board-and-pillar. Same as pillar-and-breast. 


ay. 

})board-and-wall. Same as bord-and-pillar; pil- 

lar-and-breast. Fay. See also Brown panel 

system, b. Hess. 

|\poard coal. Eng. Coal having a fibrous or 

| woody appearance. Fay. 

|\board foot. The amount of lumber in a sized 
plank designated as 1 by 12 inches and 
1 foot long. Actual width of 1 by 12 inches 
is 114% inches; thickness is three-fourths 
of an inch. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

jpoard gates. York. Headings driven in 
pairs generally to the rise, out of which 
banks or stalls are opened and worked. 
Hess. 

}\board hammer. A type of forging hammer 

in which the upper die and ram are at- 

tached to boards that are raised to the 

striking position by power-driven rollers 

and let fall by gravity. See also dropham- 

} mer. ASM Gloss. 

\poarding. Eng. A bed of stone in the Chil- 

mark quarry, Wiltshire. Arkell. 

|\p0ardman I. One who segregates glazed and 

baked tile according to pencil markings 

(indicating shade variations) made by 

boardman II. Also called tile segregator. 

ie OT. 7. 

\iboardman II. One who sorts and marks 

| glazed tile according to shade, to guide 

boardman I in subsequent segregation of 

tile. Also called shade classifier; tile classi- 

i@eer. D.O.T. 7. 

jpoard of trade unit; B.O.T. unit. The work 

done when a rate of working of 1 kilowatt 

is maintained for 1 hour. The British unit 

| of electrical energy; kilowatt-hour. Nelson. 

)poard rule. A graduated scale used in check- 

ing lumber for quantity. Crispin. 

}\poard run. The amount of undercutting that 

can be done at one setting of a coal mining 

machine, usually about 5 feet, without 

moving forward the board upon which 

the machine works. Fay. 

-|(oard runner. One who carries boards of 

ware which have been dipped in liquid 

glaze and dried from drying room to glost- 

kiln placer. D.O.T. 1. 

|oards. Eng. Laminated shale over a coal 

seam, Bristol and Somerset coalfield. Re- 

corded since 1760 for coal shaped or 

grained like boards. Also called boardstuff ; 

boardy clift. Arkell. 

|oard-way’s course. Eng. At right angles 
to the cleat of the coal. Workings parallel 
to the cleat are face-on. Hess. 

oar’s back. Synonym for horseback. A.G.I. 

poart. Synonym for bort. Long. 

poartz. Synonym for bort. Long. 

oasting. The rough dressing of stone with 
a boasting chisel. Standard, 1964. 

oasting chisel. A flat chisel with an edge 
2 inches wide, used in dressing stone. 

_ Standard, 1964. 

oat. A gold dredge. Fay. 

oat coal. Penn. Coal which is loaded into 

| boats on canals, rivers, etc. Fay. 

oat level. In Wales, a navigable adit. Fay. 





264-972 O-68—9 


iS) 


bob; balance bob; pump bob; rocking bob. 
A triangular or four-sided frame of heavy 
timber or of iron by which the horizontal 
motion communicated by the engine (con- 
necting rod) is altered to the inclined or 
vertical motion of pump rods or a man 
engine. Used in connection with a Cornish 
pump. Fay. 

bobbin. a. Aust. A catch placed between 
the rails of the upline of an incline to stop 
any runaway trucks. It consists of a bent 
iron bar, pivoted in such a manner so that 
the downhill end is slightly heavier than 
the uphill end, which is capable of being 
depressed by an upcoming truck, but rises 
above the level of the truck axle as soon 
as the truck is past. Also called monkey 
chock. Fay. b. A spool or reel. Fay. 

bobbing John. Scot. An appliance formerly 
used in pumping, the motive power being 
water run into a box at the end of a beam 
working on a center, the pump rods being 
attached to the other end. Fay. 

bobbin man. One who winds bobbins with 
wire, which is used to weave wire nettings 
for embedding in sheet glass, using elec- 
trically powered winding machine. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

bobby prop. a. Eng. A short prop nicked 
into the roadside to support a bar. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. b. Eng. See breaking-oft 
timber. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

bob pit. An excavation in which the balance 
box, attached to the pump rods, works. Fay. 

Bobrowka garnet. Classified in some gem 
references as grossularite and in others as 
demantoid, with the latter classification 
predominating. Shipley. See also Uralian 
emerald. 

bob station. See station. Fay, p. 646. 

bobtail check. A slip of paper which informed 
the miner that he had no money coming 
to him at the end of a month’s work. See 
also snake statement. Korson. 

bobtail rig. One in which the standard end, 
that is, the end comprising the machinery 
supports, belt house, and standard engine- 
house for cable tool drilling or beam pump- 
ing, is omitted and in its place a shorter 
structure is built. Hess. 

bocarte de mineral. Sp. Ore crusher. Hess. 

bocca. a. A volcanic crater or vent. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. The round hole in a glass 
furnace by which the fused glass is taken 
out. Fay. 

bocearela. It. A small mouth in a glass 
furnace on either side of the bocca; a 
nosehole. Standard, 1964. 

bocco de fogo. Braz. Crystals of green 
tourmaline with pink centers. Shipley. 

bock kiln. See Bull’s kiln. Dodd. 

bod; bott. Clay plug used to seal tap hole 
of cupola and stop flow of molten iron. 
Pryor, 3. 

BOD Abbreviation for biochemical oxygen 
demand. Zimmerman, p. 17. 

bo d* Abbreviation for barrels of oil per day. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

bodger. A lever, tommy bar, or poker. Mason. 

body. a. An ore body, or pocket of mineral 
deposit. Zern. b. Synonym for bit blank. 
Long. c. The fluidity of a drilling mud 
expressed in the number of seconds in 
which a given quantity of mud flows 
through a given aperture, such as the aper- 
ture in a Marsh funnel. Long. d. Synonym 
for clinometer case. Long. e. A term used 
to indicate the viscosity or fluidity of a 
lubricating oil; for example, a heavy-body 
oil is thick and viscous and a light-body 
oil is thin and fluid. Long. f. The load- 





boghead coal 


carrying part of a truck or scraper. Nichols. 
g. A mixture of ceramic raw materials that 
has been compounded to produce a definite 
ceramic product. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
h. The structural portion of a ceramic 
article, or the material or mixture from 
which it is made. ASTM C242-60, i. The 
attribute of molten glass, associated with 
viscosity and homogeneity, which is con- 
ducive to workability. ASTM C162-66. 

body appearance (of a stone). The optical 
effect produced by internal structure, such 
as laminations or numerous small and 
widely distributed inclusions or fractures. 
Often called sheen in translucent to opaque 
stones. Shipley. 

body mold. In the pressing of glass, that part 
of the mold which gives shape to the outer 
surface of the ware. Dodd. 

body of coal. A term frequently used to indi- 
cate the ‘‘fatty,” flammable property in 
coal, which is the basis of the phenomenon 
called combustion. Fay. 

body waves. Either transverse or longitudi- 
nal seismic waves transmitted in the interior 
of an elastic solid or fluid and not related 
to a boundary surface. A perfectly sharp 
distinction between body waves and surface 
waves is difficult to make unless the waves 
are plane or spherical. A.G.J. 

Boehme hammer. A device for the compac- 
tion of test pieces of cement or mortar 
prior to the determination of mechanical 
strength; it consists of a hammer, pivoted 
so that the head falls through a definite arc 
on the test piece mold to cause compaction 
under standard conditions. Dodd. 

boehmite. An aluminum hydroxide, AlO- 
(OH), orthorhombic; grayish, brownish, 
or reddish color; microscopic plates. In 
bauxites of France. A dimorph of diaspore. 
English; Dana 17, p. 317; A.G.I. 

Boetius furmace. An early gas-fired Belgian 
furnace with Boetius regenerators. Fay. 

Boetius producer. A furnace used for the 
manufacture of producer gas. Fay. 

boffin. Originally applied to civilian scientists 
carrying out research for the Royal Air 
Force; now loosely applied to any research 
scientist. NCB. 

bog. Celtic for soft. A wet, spongy morass 
chiefly composed of decayed vegetal matter. 
Fay. 

bog butter. A substance found in Irish peat 
bogs and formerly believed to be a natural 
hydrocarbon termed butyrite or butyrellite 
but know known to be butter that had been 
buried for safe keeping and forgotten. Also 
called fossil butter. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bog coal. Earthy brown coal. A.G.J. Supp. 

bog earth. A soil composed mostly of fine 
siliceous matter and partially decomposed 
vegetal fiber. Webster 3d. 

bogen structure; bogenstruktur. The structure 
of glassy tuffs, composed largely of curved 
shards of glass, formed by vesicular explo- 
sions in lavas or by the breaking of pumice 
or other spongy, glassy rocks. Holmes, 1928. 

boggildite. A fluoride, NasSreAl,(POx) Fo, 
from the Greenland cryolite deposit. Spen- 
cer 20, M.M., 1955. 

boghead cannel. Cannel coal rich in algal 
remains. See also torbanite. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

boghead cannel shale. A coaly shale rich in 
fatty or waxy algae. A.G_I. 

boghead coal. a. A variety of bituminous or 
subbituminous coal resembling cannel coal 
in appearance and behavior during combus- 
tion. It is characterized by a high percent- 
age of algal remains and volatile matter. 


boghead coal 


Upon distillation it gives exceptionally 
high yields of tar and oil. A.S.T.M. D 
493-39. See also torbanite; boghead mine- 
ral; parrot coal; kerosine shale. b. A non- 
banded coal with the translucent attritus 
consisting predominately of algae, and 
having less than 5 percent anthaxylon. 
A.G.I. 

boghead mineral. See boghead coal; torban- 
ite. Fay. 

boghedite. Synonymous with torbanite, Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

bogie; bogey; bogy. a. A rail truck or trolley 
of low height, used for carrying timber or 
machine parts underground, or for con- 
veying the dirt hoppit from a sinking pit 
to the dirt heap. It may also be used as 
a wagon spotter. Nelson. b. York. A 
small truck or trolley upon which a bucket 
is carried from the shaft to the spoil bank. 
Fay. c. A weighted truck run foremost or 
next to the rope in a train or trip. Fay. 
d. A two-axle driving unit in a truck. Also 
called tandem drive unit; tandem. Nichols. 

bogie engine. An engine having its cylinders 
and driving wheels on a pivoted truck. 
Standard, 1964. 

bogie kiln; truck chamber kiln. An intermit- 
tent kiln of the box kiln type distinguished 
by the fact that the ware to be fired is 
set on a bogie which is then pushed into 
the kiln; the bogie has a deck made of 
refractory material. See also box kiln; 
shuttle kiln. Dodd. 

bog iron ore. a. Loose, porous form of limo- 
nite occurring in wet ground, often mixed 
with vegetable matter, FeszOs.nH2O. Pryor, 
3, b. A deposit of hydrated iron oxides 
found in swamps and peat mosses. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

boglime. a. A white powdery, calcareous de- 
posit, precipitated through plant action on 
the bottom of many ponds and used in 
Portland cement manufacture. It is often 
erroneously called marl, a term which 
properly belongs to a calcareous clay. Fay. 
b. See lake marl. Nelson. 

bog manganese. Synonym for wad. Fay. 

bog muck. A vernacular name for peat. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bog oak. Oak immersed in peat bogs, semi- 
fossilized and blackened to resemble ebony 
by iron from the water combining with 
the tannin of the oak. C. M. D. 

bog ore. A spongy variety of hydrated oxide 
of iron and limonite. Found in layers and 
lumps on level sandy soils which have been 
covered with swamp or bog. Includes bog 
iron ore, bog manganese ore, and bog lime, 
a calcareous deposit of similar origin. See 
also brown iron ore. A.G.I. 

bogoslovskite. Chrysocolla carrying carbon 
dioxide as an impurity; from the Bogo- 
slovsk mine, Perm, Russia. Weed, 1918. 

bog peat. Peat consisting mainly of mosses. 
Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 12. 

bogue. Same as bayou. A.G_I. 

bogusite. A grayish, fine, granular to por- 
phyritic intrusive rock containing plagio- 
clase, augite, more or less hornblende, a 
little biotite, and interstitial analcite. Jo- 
hannsen, v. 4, 1938, pp. 220-228. 

bogwood. Eng. The trunks and _ larger 
eigen of trees dug up from peat bogs. 

ay. 

Bohemian chrysolite. Moldavite. Shipley. 

Bohemian diamond. Rock crystal. Shipley. 

Bohemian garnet. Yellowish-red crystals of 
the garnet pyrope. Occurs in large num- 
bers in the Mittelgebirge, in Bohemia, 
Czechoslovakia, C.T.D. 








120 


Bohemian gem stones. Includes the follow- 
ing: garnet, ruby, topaz, pyrope, ros 
quartz (gem-cut), and yellow quartz (gem: 
cut). Pryor, 3. 

Bohemian glass. Potash-lime glass; used for 
hollowware. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Bohemian ruby. A jeweler’s name for ros¢ 
quartz when cut as a gem. Fay. 

Bohemian topaz. A jeweler’s name for yellow 
quartz when cut as a gem. Fay. 

bohr magneton. The net mag:netic moment 
arising from electron spins. VV. 

boil. a. The sudden generation of steam 
when molten iron runs over a cold ox 
damp spot or object in a runner. It often 
causes an explosion whereby molten iron 
is scattered about. Fay. b. Bubbling reac- 
tion between carbon and oxygen dissolved 
in steel, necessary in making clean, high 
quality steel. Camp, 6th ed., 1951, p. 519. 
c. An imperfection; a gaseous inclusion 
larger in size than seed; small bubbles. 
ASTM C162-66. d. The commotion caused 
by gases escaping from the melting batch. 
ASTM C162-66. e. In making plaster of 
Paris the point at which the heated gyp- 
sum powder gives off part of its water as 
steam and the mass moves like boiling 
water. Hess. 

boiler. a. Portion of a steam generator in 
which water is changed to steam. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. A sunken coral reef 
where the sea breaks. Schieferdecker. c. A 
skid- or wheel-mounted closed vessel, usu- 
ally cylindrical, used to generate steam 
for operating steampowered machines, such 
as pumps and drills. Long. d. A vessel in 
which water is converted to pressurized 
steam, (1) Cornish, a horizontal cylinder 
with one longitudinal furnace, (2) flash, 
coil of tube in which passing water is 
evaporated, (3) Lancashire, a cylinder 
with two furnace tubes and further tubes 
for hot gases, and (4) water-tube, having 
numerous tubes set slantwise in a heating 
system, between a water-holding drum 
below, and a steam-separating drum above. 
Capacity is pound per hour of steam evap- 
orated at full load. Efficiency is ratio of 
heat emitted to that in fuel. Plate, mild 
steel. Scale, calcium, and other salts de- 
posited on surfaces of plates and tubes. 
Test, hydraulic-pressure test for water- 
tightness. Pryor, 3. See also steam boiler. 

boiler availability. The number of days per 
year that a boiler remains in service with- 
out shut down for cleaning or overhaul. 
Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 135. 

boiler burner unit. A boiler designed espe- 
cially for gas or oil and sold integrally 
with the burner. Strock, 10. 

boiler circulating pump. A pump usually of 
the single-stage, single-entry, overhung 
type that must have low suction loss and 
high-temperature features since it draws 
water directly from the boiler drums at 
high saturation pressure and temperature. 
Sinclair, IV, pp. 125-126. 

boiler coalman. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who pushes coal-loaded cars from 
tipple to boiler plant to maintain fuel 
supply. D.O.T. 1. 

boiler efficiency. Ratio of heat absorbed by 
the water in the boiler to the total heat 
supplied to the boiler. Brantly, 2. 

boiler feed. The water supplied to a boiler. 
Hess. 

boiler furnace. A furnace under a boiler for 
heating water. Hess. 

boiler heating surface. That part of the in- 
terior surface of a boiler subjected to heat 





bojite 


on the one side and transmitting the heat 
to water (or steam or other fluid) within 
the boiler. Direct surface is that subjected 
to direct radiant rays of the burning fuel; 
other heating surface is termed indirect. 
Strock, 10. 

pouer uworsepower. Boiler horsepower repre- 
sents the conversion of 34.5 pounds of 
water per hour to steam at a pressure of 
14.7 pounds per square inch (normal at- 
mospheric pressure at sea level), and at a 
temperature of 212° F. Brantly, 2 

boiler plate. Steel sheets or plates rolled for 
boiler or tank construction. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 426. 

boiler rating. The heating capacity of a 
steam boiler expressed in British thermal 
units per hour. Nelson. 

boilerroom. Can. Office from which tele- 
phone calls are made to solicit stock sales. 
Hoffman. 

boiler tube. One of the tubes by which heat 
from the furnace is transferred to the 
water in a boiler. Fay. 

boilery; boilary. In law, water proceeding 
trom a salt well belonging to one not the 
owner of the land. Standard, 1964. 

boiling. a. A defect visible in the fired porce- 
lain enamel that may take the form of 
numerous blisters, pinholes, black specks, 
dimples, or a spongy surface. ASTM 
C286-65. b. Heated to the boiling point; 
bubbling from the action of heat. Webster 
3d. c. See puddling. Webster 2d. 

boiling furnace. A water-jacketed reverbera- 
tory furnace for decarbonizing iron by a 
process in which the carbonic oxide escapes 
with an appearance of boiling. Standard, 
1964. 

boilmg point. a. The temperature at which 
a liquid begins to boil or to be converted 
into vapor by bubbles forming within its 
mass; abbreviation, bp. It varies with the 
pressure. In water, under ordinary con- 


ditions, it is 212° F or 100° C, but it | 


becomes lower with lowered atmospheric 
pressure. In ascending a mountain it is 
lowered about 1° F for every 550 feet of | 
ascent. Standard, 1964. b, The tempera- 
ture at which crude oil, on being heated, 
begins to give forth its different distillates. 
The boiling points of crude oils and the 
quantities of distillates obtained at speci- 
fied temperatures differ considerably. Fay. 
c. The temperature at which a cooling gas 
becomes a liquid. Hurlbut. 

boiling spring. A spring or fountain which 
gives out water at the boiling point, or | 
at a high temperature. Fay. 


boiling through. Describes the appearance of \ 
small black specks on the surface of the qf 


cover coat enamel after firing; this condi- 


tion is often caused by the liberation of q 


gases from an unsatisfactory enameling - 
steel. Hansen. 
boiling-water reactor. A nuclear reactor in| 


which water, used as both coolant and | 


moderator, is allowed to boil in the core. 


The resulting steam generally is uses 


directly to drive a turbine. L@L. 
boilum. Hard calcareous or siliceous nodules | 
of irregular shape, found in the shales and © 


underclays of the Coal Measures. Arkell, 


bojite. A name given by E. Weinschenk to 












: 


a variety of gabbro, which occurs in asso- ' 


ciation with the graphite of northern’ 


Bavaria, Germany. It differs from normal: 


gabbro in containing hornblende, in addi-— 
tion to augite, and the name is intended | 
to indicate a group of hornblendic gab- 
bros just as norite implies those with | 






bojite 


hypersthene. The original bojite contained 
brown hornblende, colorless pyroxene, and 
reddish-brown biotite. Fay. 

\)}boke. a. Derb. A small stringer of ore 

| which soon dwindles out. Fay. b. Derb. 

' A break or split in a vein. Fay. 

) bokite. A mineral, KAIsFes Voet*V 20° O73 OH2- 
O; black, massive material from shales in 
the Balasauskandyk area, Kara-Tau, Kaz- 
akhstan, U.S.S.R. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
| Fleischer. 

')bold coast. A prominent land mass that rises 

| steeply from the sea. H&G. 

|)Bolderberg beds. Belg. The sands and 

| gravels of the Bolderberg Hill, representa- 
tives of the middle or Eocene Tertiaries, 
and often referred to by geologists. Fay. 

tbole. a. Any of several varieties of friable 
earthy clay usually colored red by iron 
oxide and consisting essentially of hydrous 
silicates of aluminum and less often of 
magnesium. Webster 3d. b. Claylike min- 
erals used in medicine; some have been 
identified as halloysite. Holmes, 1928. c. A 
bright red, waxy or unctuous decomposi- 
tion product of basaltic rocks, having the 
variable composition of lateritic clays. 
Holmes, 1928. d. Any cylindrically shaped 

| object or mass. Webster 3d. 

\\boleite. A deep blue pseudoisometric hydrous 
oxychloride of lead, copper, and silver 
from Boleo, Lower California. A tetrago- 
nal form of percylite. Fay. 

|Boley gage. A vernier slide gage. Shipley. 

\Boliden gravimeter. Lindblad-Malmiquist 

_ gravity meter, for measuring variations in 
magnitudes of earth’s gravitational field. 
Pryor, 3. 

)Bolivian jasper. A red jasper from Bolivia. 
Shipley. 

j)boll. N. of Eng. An ancient measure for 

_ coal containing 9676.8 cubic inches. Fay. 
|"bollard. A cast-iron post anchored securely 

into the masonry or concrete of a guay 
wall as a mooring for vessel, or fixed to a 

_ curb as a protection against traffic. Ham. 

\Bolley’s gold purple. A color that has been 
used on porcelain. A solution of stannic 
ammonium chloride is left for some days 
in contact with granulated tin and is then 
treated with dilute gold chloride solution. 
The gold purple is precipitated. Dodd. 

(bollito. It. The frit or calcined ingredients 
| from which glass is made. Standard, 1964. 
|Bologna spar. See Bologna stone. 

{Bologna stone; Bolognian stone. The mineral 
barite when found in roundish masses 
composed of radiating fibers, being phos- 
phorescent when calcined with charcoal. 
Webster 3d. 

\(boloretin. A variety of hydrocarbon similar 

to fichtelite and found in peat. Tomkeieff, 

| 1954. 

})bolson. a. Sp. A flat-floored desert valley 

that drains to a central evaporation pan 
or playa. Fay. b. Mex. A pocket of ore. 
| Fay. 

|\Bolsover experiment. Applied to a method 

| of working by single panels. Single 100- 

yard panels are advanced, leaving 100- 
yard-wide coal pillars between them. The 
pillars are then worked on the retreat after 
the advancing faces have reached a limit 
| line. Nelson. 

_ (bolster. A plate to which dies may be fas- 
tened, the assembly being secured to the 
top surface of a press bed. In mechanical 

| forging, such a plate is also attached to 

| the ram. ASM Gloss. 

jbolt. a. A nearely horizontal cylinder or pris- 
moidal frame, usually rotating, covered 











121 


with silk or other fabric with very regular 
meshes, for sifting and separating flour of 
wheat from the hull or bran. Usually dif- 
ferent sections of its length are covered 
with gradually decreasing sizes of mesh. 
Standard, 1964. b. To sift or separate by 
passing through a bolt. Standard, 1964. 
c. In glassblowing, a cylindrical mass, as 
a bolt of melted glass. Standard, 1964. 
d. S. Staff. A short narrow heading con- 
necting two others. Also called bolthole. 
Fay. e. A mild steel rod used in roof bolt- 
ing. See also slot-and-wedge bolt; wedge- 
and-sleeve bolt. Nelson. 

bolted cable coupler. Two cable coupling 
units with connecting pins, bolted together 
to form a straight through connecting box. 
BS oOlar 1960) S66. 7. 

bolted cable plug and socket. A plug and 
socket designed to be held together by one 
or more bolts or screws, or studs and nuts, 
in such a way that they cannot be disen- 
gaged without the use of a tool. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 

bolthole. S. Staff. A short narrow opening 
made to connect the main workings with 
the airhead or ventilating drift of a coal 
mine. Also called bolt. Fay. 

bolthole brush A special round brush used 
to remove bisque from small openings in 
the ware. ASTM C286-65. 

bolting. Separation of particles of different 
sizes by means of vibrating sieves. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

bolting silk. a. In oceanography, a silk cloth 
of very fine and regular mesh, used in the 
construction of tow nets for the smaller 
members of the surface fauna. C.T.D. b. 
Also used to cover a lap for polishing rock 
and mineral specimens for microscopic 
examination. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

boltonite. A colored variety of forsterite, 
Mg2SiOu, crystallizing in the orthorhombic 
system. Fay. 

Bolton’s reagent. An etching reagent for cast 
iron which contains 78 volumes picric acid, 
2 volumes nitric acid, and 20 volumes 
water. Osborne. 

bolt sleeve. A tube of asbestos cement, steel, 
or manufactured board material, surround- 
ing a bolt in a concrete wall, preventing 
concrete from sticking to the bolt and act- 
ing as a distance piece for keeping shutter- 
ing in its correct position. Ham. 

boltwoodite. A hydrous potassium urany] sili- 
cate, K2(UOz)2(SiOs)2(OH) 25H:O; anal- 
ogous to sklodowskite with potassium in 
place of magnesium; orthorhombic or 
monoclinic; as yellow fibers from Utah. 
Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

BOMAEC-30. An inexpensive, easy-to-build 
incinerator developed by the U.S. Bureau 
of Mines for the Atomic Energy Commis- 
sion, that permits safe burning of solid 
waste materials contaminated with low- 
level radioactivity. The incinerator has a 
combustion chamber fed with air from 
ports near the top. Flowing in a rapid 
circular motion around the inner wall, the 
air descends to the bottom where it com- 
bines with the material to be burned. Com- 
bustion is initiated, and sometimes supple- 
mented, with a gas-firing system. Gases 
formed as the wastes are burned are drawn 
through a pipe at the top of the chamber 
and cooled with a water spray. Then they 
are passed through two filter systems to 
remove traces of radioactive particles. The 
clean gas is discharged and the ashes, 
where most of the radioactivity has been 
concentrated, are removed and hauled 











bond 


away in metal containers for disposal. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

bomb. a. more or less rounded mass of lava 
from a few inches to several feet in diam- 
eter, generally vesicular, at least inside, 
thrown from the throat of a volcano dur- 
ing an explosive eruption. Fay. b. An el- 
lipsoidal, discoidal, or irregularly rounded 
mass of lava ejected at a high temperature 
during a volcanic eruption. Bombs range 
upwards in size from the largest lapilli. 
They are characterized by a well-defined 
crust and are often cellular or even hollow 
internally. Holmes, 1928. c. The combus- 
tion chamber of a bomb calorimeter. Web- 
ster 3d. d. A missile containing an explo- 
sive, as dynamite. Fay. e, A heavy-walled 
reaction vessel or autoclave. Used to carry 
out reactions at high pressure and high 
temperature. Hurlbut. 

bomb calorimeter. A strong steel vessel used 
for determining the heat produced during 
combustion, for example, for determining 
the calorific value of a fuel. Nelson. 

bombiccite. A transparent, colorless mineral, 
found in lignite in Tuscany, Italy; it fuses 
at 75°C, volatilizes at a higher tempera- 
ture, and is soluble in carbon disulfide, al- 
cohol, and ether. Fay. 

bombillo. Mex. Cartridge (as of dynamite). 
Fay. 

bombite. An amorphous, blackish-gray rock 
from Bombay, India. It resembles Lydian 
stone. Hess, 

bonamite. A jeweler’s trade name for an 
apple-green smithsonite, resembling chryso- 
prase in color, from Kelly, New Mexico. 
Shipley. 

bonanza. a. In miners’ phrase, good luck, or 
a body of rich ore. A mine is in bonanza 
when it is profitably producing ore. Fay. 
b. Part of a precious mineral deposit that 
is especially rich. Bateman. 

Bonaril. Trademark for a hydrolyzed poly- 
acrylamide for use in foundry sands. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

bonattite. A mineral, CuSo..3H:O, mono- 
clinic, Partly dehydrated chalcanthite, 
(CuSor:5H:O), from Elba. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 

bond. a. The cohesion or adhesion that de- 
velops between particles of ceramic mate- 
rials in the unfired or fired state. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. The overlapping of 
brick in various ways in a structure so as 
to provide strength. A.R.J. c. Tying the 
various parts of a masonry wall by lapping 
one unit over another; the pattern formed 
by the exposed faces of the unit. The ad- 
hesion of the mortar to the units is also 
referred to as the bond. ACSG. d. See ad- 
herence. ASTM C286-65. e. In grinding 
wheels and other relatively rigid abrasive 
products, the material that holds the abra- 
sive grains together. ASM Gloss. f. In weld- 
ing, the junction of joined parts. Where 
filler metal is used, it is the junction of 
the weld metal and the heat-affected base 
metal. ASM Gloss, g. The link between 
two atoms due to an electron pair resonat- 
ing or rotating between them. If each atom 
contributes an electron the bond is atomic, 
and also homopolar (nonpolar). If held 
unequally, it is heteropolar (polar), for 
example, H2O. If one atom contributes 
both electrons, the bond is molecular. In 
a coordinate bond each of two atoms con- 
tributes one electron to form a semicoval- 
ent bond, or to a shared pair (covalent). 
In a dative bond, one atom supplies both 
electrons of bonding pair (also called a 


bond 


semipolar bond). In the electrostatic bond, 
atoms lose or gain an electron, becoming 
charged and bound. In a heteropolar bond, 
the link is provided by valence electrons 
so displaced as to set up polarity. In a 
hydrogen bond, an H-atom links two elec- 
tronegative atoms (a resonance effect). In 
a hydroxyl bond, an H-atom links two oxy- 
gens resonantly. In a metallic bond, valence 
electrons move freely in the elmental lat- 
tice. Pryor, 3. h. The cage used for lower- 
ing and raising men in a shaft. Also called 
bont. Nelson. i. N. of Eng. Agreement 
for hiring workmen. Fay. j. Forest of 
Dean. A turn made by a winding engine. 
Fay. k. N. Staff. A bed, band, or seam 
of ironstone. Fay. 1. An electrical connec- 
tion between any two consecutive rails of 
an electric railway using the rails as a part 
of the return circuit. Fay. m. To give or 
cure an option upon (as a mine or other 
property) by a bond tying up the property 
till the option has expired. Webster 3d. 
n. The material which holds or binds to- 
gether the crystals that make up a sharp- 
ening stone or grinding wheel, more com- 
monly spoken of in connection with arti- 
ficial abrasives. Fay. 

bondage system. See miner’s bond. Nelson. 

bond and lease. An agreement between a 
mine owner and tributor which gives the 
latter the option of buying the mine before 
the lease expires. Nelson. 

Bond and Wang theory. A theory of crushing 
and grinding; the energy (h) required for 
crushing varies inversely as the modulus 
of elasticity (E) and specific gravity (S), 
and directly as the square of the compres- 
sive strength (C) and as the approximate 
reduction ration (n). The energy in horse- 
power hours (hp h) required to crush a 
short ton of material is given by the fol- 
lowing equation, in which all quantities 
are in feet per second (fps) units: 


a me) [ n+ 2) (n— ) 


The theory is due to F. C. Bond ance eels 
Wang. Dodd. 

Bondaroy’s yellow. An antimony yellow de- 
veloped by Fourgeroux de Bondaroy in 
1766: 12 parts white lead; 3 parts potas- 
sium antimonate; 1 part alum; 1 part sal 
ammoniac. Dodd. 

bond cast; bonked. Arrival at colliery pit 
bank too late to go down for shift work. 
From bond, a name sometimes given to 
winding cage. Pryor, 3. 

bond clay. A clay of high plasticity and high 
dry strength used to bond nonplastic ma- 
terials; it may or may not be refractory. 
AG 

bond course. The course consisting of units 
which overlap those below. ACSG. 

bonded abrasives. Abrasive grains that are 
closely sized, bonded, and pressed or mold- 
ed into a wide variety of bonded abrasives, 
such as grinding wheels. There are five 
main types: (1) vitrified or ceramic shapes, 
with a clay-feldspar bond, which is vitri- 
fied in ceramic kilns; (2) silicate wheels, 
in which sodium silicate is the binder; 
(3) resinoid wheels with hard synthetic 
resin binders; (4) rubber or elastic wheels 
with a hard rubber bond; and (5) shellac 
bond wheels. AIME, p. 4. 

bonded products. Products in which the ab- 
rasive and a bonding agent have been inter- 
mixed and processed into a relatively in- 
flexible unit body. ACSG, 1963. 

bonded refractories. Refractories in which 
the constituents are held together by a 











122 


suitable bonding material, as distinguished 
from fused refractories. Henderson, p. 264. 

bonded roof. A term for the roof of a fur- 
nace when the transverse joints in the roof 
are staggered. See also ringed roof. Dodd. 

bonder. a. A brick that is half as wide again 
as a standard square (rectangular or arch); 
such bricks are sometimes used to begin 
or end a course of bonded brickwork. Dodd. 
b. In mining, one who welds copper con- 
nections in place between the joints of 
track rails, used for trolley locomotives, to 
complete the electrical circuit between the 
sections of rails. Also called bondman; rail 
bonder. D.O.T. J. 

bonderizing. Phosphatic protective coating of 
steel, produced by phosphoric acid and a 
catalyst. Pryor, 3. 


bond failure. Same as adherence failure. 
Bryant. 

bond fire clay. See plastic fire clay. ACSG, 
1963, 


bonding. a. The act of improving the electric 
current carrying capacity of bolted rail 
joints by welding a short piece of flexible 
copper cable, or bond, to the end of each 
rail at the joint, thus providing a low- 
resistance detour around the bolted rail 
joint. See also crossbond, a. Kentucky, p 
246. b. The act of applying a bond. Jones. 

bonding layer. A layer of cement mortar, 
Y% to Y2 inch thick, which is spread on a 
moist and prepared, hardened concrete 
surface prior to placing fresh concrete. 
Taylor. 

bond length. The length of grip of a rein- 
forcing bar. See also grip length. Ham. 

Bondiey process. See metallizing. Dodd. 

bondman. See bonder, b. D.O.T. 1. 

bond, metallic. The linkage between atoms 
in metals, characterized by fairly mobile 
electrons not firmly held to particular 
atoms. A.G.I. 

bond minder; rolley man; roadman. Eng. 
A man in charge of the rolley way, or 
main gangway. Fay. 

bond (porcelain enamel). See adherence. 
ACSG, 1963. 

Bond’s third theory. In crushing, the total 
work useful in breakage that has been ap- 
plied to a stated weight of homogeneous 
broken material is invariably proportioned 
to the square root of the diameter of the 
product particles. Pryor, 3. 

bond strength. The strength of bond devel- 
oped in a brick-mortar joint after drying 
or heating. A.R_J, 

bond stress. Shear stress at the surface of a 
reinforcing bar, preventing relative move- 
ment between the bar and the concrete 
surrounding it. Bond stress is helped by 
adhesion, permissible bond stress normally 
being about one-tenth of the compressive 
stress in the concrete. Ham. 

bone. a. A hard coallike substance high in 
noncombustible mineral matter; often 
found above or below, or in partings be- 
tween layers of relatively pure coal. Hess. 
b. In the anthracite-coal trade, a carbona- 
ceous shale containing approximately 40 to 
60 percent of noncombustible materials. 
Also called bone coal; bony coal. Hess. c. 
A tough, fine-grained, gray, white, or red- 
dish quartz. Hess. d. A layer of hard, im- 
pure coal which sometimes grades uniform- 
ly into the adjacent softer coal and some- 
times is sharply separated from it. Bone is 
usually a mixture of clay shale particles 
with the coal, the clay particles being well 
distributed. Kentucky, p. 26. 

bone amber. See osseous amber. Tomkeieff, 











boninite 


1954. 

bone ash. The white porous residue contain- 
ing chiefly tribasic calcium phosphate from 
bones calcined in air and used especially 
in making cupels, pottery, and glass and 
in cleaning jewelry; also, synthetic tribasic 
calcium phosphate used similarly. Webster 
3d. 

bone bed. Applied to strata or layers that 
contain innumerable fragments of fossil 
bones, scales, teeth, coprolites, and other 
organic remains. See also fishbed. Fay. 

bone black; bone char; bone charcoal; ani- 
mal black; animal charcoal. Black pigment 
made by carbonizing bones. Used in a ce- 
mentation reagent; an absorptive medium 
in gas masks; a paint and varnish pigment; 
and in clarifying shellac. CCD 6d, 1961. 
Contains chiefly tribasic calcium phosphate 
and carbon, into which crushed defatted 
bones are converted by carbonization in 
closed vessels, and which is used especially 
as a black pigment and decolorizing ab- 
sorbent. Compare activated carbon; carbon 
black; ivory black. Webster 3d. 

bone breccia. A deposit (as in limestone 
caves) of fragments of bones of vertebrates 
often mixed with earth, sand, and calcium 
carbonate. Webster 3d. 

bone cave. A cave yielding fossil bones, an 
ossiferous cave. Challinor. 

bone china. a. A translucent china made from 
a ceramic whiteware body composition 
containing a minimum of 25 percent bone 
ash. ASTM C242-60. b. Soft porcelain of 
high translucency having 0.3 to 2 percent 
absorption, made with bone ash as a flux. 
ACSG. 

bone coal. a. Term used by British miners 
for hard, compact canneloid coal. Also ap- 
plied to shale partings in coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. b. The translation of the German 
word, knabbenkohle. Tomkeieff, 1954. c. 
Coal with a high ash content, almost rock. 
B.C.I. See also bone. 

bone earth. Eng. The earthy or mineral 
part of bones which consists chiefly of 
calcium phosphate. Fay. 

bone phosphate. The calcium phosphate of 
bones and of phosphatic rocks, as of North 
Carolina; so called in Commerce. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

bone picker. See slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

bone porcelain. A body formed of china 
stone, china clay, and bone ash. C.T.D. 

bone seeker. A radioisotope that tends to 
lodge in the bones when it is introduced 
into the body; for example, strontium 90, 
which behaves chemically like calcium. 
L&L. 

Bone Spring limestone. The basal dark lime- 
stone series found in the Guadalupe Moun- 
tains, N. Mex., 
tains, Tex. Hess. 

bone turquoise. Fossil bone or tooth, colored © 
blue with phosphate of iron; widely used | 


in the past and at the present as a gem | 
stone. It is not true turquoise, and loses | 


its color in the course of time. Also called | 
odontolite. C.M.D. 

boning. The procedure of setting out a slope 
with the aid of boning rods; a check on 
the amount of twist or winding on the | 
surface of timber or stone. Ham. 


long made in the form of a letter T. The | 
shorter piece, held uppermost, is employe I 
for sighting and lining up with exactly) 
similar rods, to obtain the formation level | 
in excavation work. Ham. 

boninite. A glass-rich basaltic rock containing — 


and the Delaware Moun- | 








} 
boning rod. A staff of timber about 4 feet — 








boninite 


abundant phenocrysts of bronzite and 

fewer phenocrysts of olivine and augite. 

The glass has the chemical composition 

of labradorite and quartz. From the Bonin 

| Islands, Japan. A.G.I. 

Ihbonito. Mex. First-class silver ore, that is, 

| assaying over 1,000 ounces per ton. Fay. 

\bonked. See bond cast. Pryor, 3. 

\bonnet. a. A covering over a mine cage 

which serves as a roof to shield it from 

objects falling down the shaft, thereby pro- 
tecting the riders. Also called cage cover. 

Fay; B.C.I. b. A cap piece for an upright 

timber. Zern. c, See bell mold. Fay. d. 

Scot. Gas coal or shale overlying and 

worked along with a coal seam. Fay. e. 

Scot. A portion of a coal seam left for 

a roof. Fay. f. The metal casing of a 

miner’s flame safety lamp, with openings 

at the top and a hook for carrying the 
lamp. The bonnet protects the inner gauze 
from damage and from the impact of high- 
velocity air. See also safety lamp. Nelson. 

g. Synonym for air dome. Long. h. The 

access cover on the valve chest of a pump 

or the steam chest on a steam engine. Long. 

i. The bell-shaped dome extending above 

the main body of a steam boiler. Also 

called pressure dome. Long. j. A cover 
used to guide and inclose the tail end of 
a valve spindle. Strock, 3. k. A cap over 

- end of a pipe. Strock, ah 

| bonnet hip. See hip tile. Dodd. 

\\bonnett roller. Eng. A vertical roller with a 

] rim like a hatbrim for guiding haulage 

ropes. Also called bonnet pulley; bonnet 

| sheaf. Hess. 

|)bonney. Corn. An isolated body of ore. See 

|| also bonny. Fay. 

{Bonnot de-airing machine. An apparatus in 
which by a combination of working, dis- 
integration, exposure to a vacuum and 
pressure, the air is largely removed from 
a mass of clay in order to increase strength, 
density and freedom from flaws. Hess. 

|\\bonny; bonney; bunny. Corn. A mass of 
ore adjacent to a vein, but not distinctly 
connected with it; a great collection of 
ore without any vein coming into or going 
from it. Fay. 

|| Bonnybridge fireclay. A fireclay occurring in 
the Millstone Grit in the Bonnybridge dis- 
trict of Scotland. A typical analysis (fired) 
is: 56 to 57 percent SiOz; 36 percent 
AleOs; 3 to 4 percent FezOs; 0.75 percent 
alkalies. Dodd. 

{Bononian. Lower Portlandian. A.G.J. Supp. 

\bont. a. Eng. The cage and winding rope 
with attachments. Fay. b. Derb. A_nar- 
rowing of a mineral vein. Fay. c. N. Staff. 
One of the iron hoops used to brace the 
outside brickwork of a bottle oven. See 
also bottle oven. Dodd. 

\bontle. Mid. A hoisting cage full of men. 
Fay. 

\bonus. As applied to an oil lease, a sum of 
money paid by a lessee to the lessor in 
consideration for the execution of a lease 
as distinguished from the return or royalty 
reserved by the lessor to be paid by the 
lessee through the term of the lease. Rick- 
etts, II. 

\bonus payment. Extra payment for work 
done beyond a certain tonnage or yardage 
set as being a reasonable task or standard. 
A bonus payment is an incentive to speedy 
advance of development work or increased 
production. See also allowance; contract 
work. Nelson. 

\bony. Coal containing slaty material in its 

composition. Korson. 
























123 


bony coal. See bone, b. Fay. 

bony motorman. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who operates a mine locomotive (mo- 
tor) to haul cars of bony (coal with a 
high percentage of slate) to dump from 
the picking tables where it has been segre- 
gated from coal of commercial value. 
DOA the 

bonze. Undressed or untreated lead ore. 
Nelson. 

boobey. Som. A box holding 6 to 8 hun- 
dredweight of coal in which waste rock is 
sent to the surface. Fay. 

book clay; leaf clay. Clay deposited in thin 
leaflike laminae. Fay. 

booked mica. Lumps of mica in which lami- 
nae have not been separated into thin 
sheets. Pryor, 3. 

book fashion. A method of arranging core 
in a box. Core representing the shallowest 
depth is placed in the first groove starting 
at the left end of the box with the core 
from the progressively deeper portions of 
the borehole arranged as one would read 
the words and lines in a book. Long. 

book form; book-packed splittings. Splittings 
arranged and supplied in the form of indi- 
vidual books or bunches, each book com- 
prising consecutive splittings obtained from 
the same piece of block mica or thins. Book 
form splittings are generally dusted with 
mica powder to offset residual cohesive 
forces. Skow. 

book mica. Crystals of crude mica obtained 
from the mine in various shapes and sizes. 
Also called books. Skow. 

book mold. A split mold hinged like a book. 
ASM Gloss. 

bookstone. A laminated schistose rock. Syno- 
nym for bibliolite. Hess. 

book structure. a. A peculiar rock structure 
resulting from numerous parallel sheets of 
slate alternating with quartz. Fay. b. Alter- 
nation of parallel slabs or slivers of rock 
with quartz or other gangue mineral in 
a vein. A.G.I, 

book tiles. Flat, hollow shapes having two 
segmental edges and resembling a book in 
section. Fay. 

book value. The sum at which the total 
assets of a company stand in the books, 
less the sum of the external liabilities. 
Trukscott, p. 274, 

boolies. N. of Eng. A miner’s term for 
brothers. Fay. 

boom. a. A spar or beam projecting out over 
the drill floor from the tripod or derrick, 
by means of which heavy drill tools and 
equipment may be moved and safely han- 
dled. Generally installed only when deep 
or large diameter boreholes, requiring heavy 
tools, are drilled. Long. b. A long, adjust- 
able steel arm on a drill jumbo on which 
drifter, or other type, pneumatic drills are 
mounted. Long. c. A cantilevered or over- 
hanging member or structure that supports 
or contains the component parts of a con- 
veyor. It may be fixed, hinged, or pivoted. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. d. Any beam attached 
to lifting or excavating equipment. See 
also dragline. Nelson. e. A pipe fixed across 
the last supports in a tunnel face to anchor 
the tail sheave of a scraper loader installa- 
tion. Nelson. f. In a revolving shovel, a 
beam hinged to the deck front, supported 
by cables. Nichols. g. Any heavy beam 
which is hinged at one end and carries a 
weight-lifting device at the other. Nichols. 
h. Eng. A long beam which can be swung 
laterally and vertically above its pivot. At 
the far end of the pulley, the digging 








booster 
bucket, etc., is mounted. Pryor, 3. 
boom cat. See stripping-shovel operator. 
DD On wae 
boom conveyor. Any type of conveyor 


mounted on a boom. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

boom ditch. a. The ditch from the dam used 
in booming. Fay, b. A slight channel cut 
down a declivity into which is let a sudden 
head of water to cut to the bedrock and 
prospect from the apex of any underlying 
lode. Fay. 

boomer. a. In placer mining, an automatic 
gate in a dam that holds the water until 
the reservoir is filled, then opens auto- 
matically and allows the escape of such a 
volume of water that the soil and upper 
gravel of the placer are washed away. 
When the reservoir is emptied the gate 
closes and the operation is repeated. On a 
smaller scale it may be used merely to 
furnish water periodically for sluicing. Also 
called automatic dam; flop gate. Hess. b. A 
device, usually a pole resting on a fulcrum, 
used to tighten a chain or line about a 
loaded truck or wagon to load in place 
while being hauled over rough roads. Hess. 
c. Originally, an oilfield worker who mi- 
grated from one boom field to another; 
now, commonly, a member of a drill crew 
who works on one job a short time, quits, 
and moves on to another locality to seek 
employment. Also called drifter. Long. d. 
A combination ratchet and lever device 
used to tighten a chain or line about a 
loaded truck or wagon to hole the load in 
place. Long. e. A new sonar transducer, 
expected to be especially helpful in the 
exploration of bottom substrata. Hy. 

boomerang sediment corer. This (free-instru- 
ment type) device can be dropped over 
the side of a moving ship where it will 
sink rapidly to the ocean floor, take a core 
of sediment, release ballast and automati- 
cally return to the surface for retrieval. 
It is designed for nighttime recovery. H&G. 

booming. The accumulation and sudden dis- 
charge of a quantity of water (in placer 
mining, where water is scarce). In Cali- 
fornia, the contrivances for collecting and 
discharging water are termed “‘self-shoot- 
ers,’ an idea suggested by the sudden and 
violent manner in which the water makes 
its escape. See also hushing. Fay. 

boom man. In bituminous coal mining, one 
who manipulates the controls of a loading 
boom (conveyor) to regulate the height of 
the loading end of a boom, thus controlling 
the flow of coal from shaking screens or 
picking tables into railroad cars at the 
tipple. Also called boom operator; loader 
headman. D.O.T. 1. 

boom operator. See boom man. D.O.T. 1. 

boort. Synonym for bort. Long. 

boose; booze. a. Eng. Lead ore which sep- 
arates easily from its matrix and does not 
have to be buddled, Durham, Yorkshire, 
and Derbyshire. Hooson defines it as vein- 
stuff and ore mixed. See also bowse. Arkell. 
b. Derb. Gangue rock mixed with ore. 
See also bouse. Fay. 

boosework. York. Miners’ name for lumps 
of lead ore which are found there both in 
the perpendicular fissures and in the bellies. 
See also boose. Arkell. 

booster. a. An explosive of special character 
used in small quantities to improve the 
performance of another explosive, the latter 
forming the major portion of the charge. 
Nelson, b. A pump or compressor inserted 
in the column near the outbye end to in- 
crease the pressure. Nelson. c. Any device 


booster 


or substance to augment or improve per- 
formance, volume, or force. See also boost- 
er fan. Nelson. 

booster conveyor. Any type of powered con- 
veyor used to regain elevation lost in 
gravity roller or wheel conveyor lines. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

booster drive. An auxiliary drive at an inter- 
mediate point along a conveyor. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

booster fan. A fan installed underground to 
improve or augment the ventilation in a 
district. A booster fan is installed when 
other means of improving the ventilation 
would be very costly, or too slow or per- 
haps ineffective. A ventilation survey is a 
legal obligation in Great Britain before 
installing a booster fan. See also fan. 
Nelson. 

booster pump. a. A pump used to increase 
the pressure of fluids, such as to increase 
the pressure of water delivered to a drill 
when the source pressure is too low to be 
used for drilling operations. Compare line 
pump. Long. b. A pump that operates in 
the discharge line of another pump, either 
to increase pressure, or to restore pressure 
lost by friction in the line or by lift. 
Nichols. 

boosters. Those people who, as local property 
owners, have a stake in the prosperity of 
their town. Legends grow rapidly on min- 
ing soil, and information advanced by 
boosters should be looked upon with sus- 
picion. Hoov, p. 221. 

booster station. In long-distance pumping of 
liquids or mineral slurries, an intermediate 
pump station. Pryor, 3. 

boost melting. See electric boosting. ASTM 
C162-66. 

boot. a. A projecting portion of a reinforced 
concrete beam, acting as a corbel to sup- 
port the facing material, such as brick or 
stone; the lower end of a bucket elevator. 
Ham. b. A leather or tin joint connecting 
the blast main with the tuyere or nozzle 
in a bloomery. Fay. c. A suspended en- 
closure in the nose of a tank protecting 
a portion of the surface and serving as a 
gathering opening. ASTM C162-66. d. 
Eng. A short pipe of leather through 
which the water is drawn from a sump 
into a sinking pump. Fay. e. The bottom 
of a bucket elevator that receives feed for 
delivery into elevating bucket. Pryor, 3. 
f. Sheet-metal transformation pieces used 
in warm air heating and connected to 
horizontal round leaders on one end and 
to vertical rectangular stacks on the other. 
Strock, 10. 

‘boother. A boulder from the boulder clay. 
Blue boother is a boulder of limestone, 
andesite, or similar rock. Arkell. 

boothite. A blue, lighter than chalcanthite, 
hydrous sulfate of copper, CuSO.7H2O, 
differing from chalcanthite in its larger 
percentage of water. Monoclinic; usually 
massive. From Leona Heights, Alameda 
County, and Campo Seco, Calaveras 
County, Calif. English. 

booting. The ejection of balled drill cuttings 
from the collar in long, tubelike masses. 
Long. 

bootit. Derb. A term used by miners for 
loss, as “last reckoning I bootit it thirty.” 
Fay. 

bootjack. a. A fishing tool used in drilling 
wells, Hess. b. A piece of 1- by 4-inch 
lumber that is 12 to 14 inches long with 
a notched end that is elevated from the 
floor. This jack, usually found in miners’ 











124 


changehouses, is used by the miner to pull 
off his boot. The miner stands with one 
foot on the jack and places the heel of 
the boot of the other foot in the notch 
and pulls to take off the boot. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bootleg. a. A hole, shaped somewhat like the 
leg of a boot, caused by a blast that has 
failed to shatter the rock properly. See 
also gun, a. Hess. b. That portion or re- 
mainder of a shothole found in a face 
after a blast has been fired. Also called 
socket. Nelson. 

bootlegger. One engaged in coal bootlegging. 
Applies to the worker in bootleg holes as 
well as the man who cleans the coal in 
a small, impermanent breaker, and the 
trucker who conveys the coal to market. 
Bootleggers call themselves independent 
miners. Korson. 

bootlegging. The mining and/or selling of 
coal produced from coal owned by others 
and without permission or knowledge of 
the owner. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bootleg packer. To shut off water between 
the lowest upper water sand and the first 
oil sand, a truncated cone is made of can- 
vas or leather, the small end of which fits 
the outside of the tubing and is wired to 
it with the large end of the cone turned 
upward. The material caving off of the 
walls above catches on it and forms a 
packer. Porter. 

bopd Abbreviation for barrels of oil per day. 
Also abbreviated BOPD. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

boracic acid. See boric acid. Hansen. 

boracite. The cubic, or pseudocubic, borate 
and chloride of magnesium, MgsB;O:sCl, 
occurring in hard glassy crystals, and softer 
white masses. It is strongly pyroelectric. 
Found in beds of gypsum and anhydrite 
at Stassfurt, Germany. C.T.D.; Dana 17; 
A.G.I.; Fay. 

boral. A sandwich of boron carbide crystals 
in aluminum, with a cladding of commer- 
cially pure aluminum. Concentrations of 
up to 50 percent boron carbide can be 
obtained, Used as a shielding material 
against the passage of thermal neutrons, 
as in reactor shields; neutron curtains; 
shutters for thermal curtains; safety rods; 
and containers for fissionable material. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

Borascu. Borate ore. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

borate. A salt or ester of boric acid; a com- 
pound containing the radical BOs”. A.G.I. 

borate glass. A glass in which the essential 
glass former is boron oxide instead of 
silica. ASTM C162-66. 

borates. See boron minerals. 

borax. A mineral deposited by evaporation of 
the waters of alkaline lakes, notably in 
California, Nevada, and Tibet, China. A 
hydrated sodium borate, NazBsO;-10H:O, 
occurring as a surface efflorescence, or as 
monoclinic crystals embedded in the lacus- 
trine mud. Dana 17; A.G.I.; Pryor, 3. 
Main sources are borax and kernite. Chief 
uses are for porcelain enamel work, glass, 
laundering, dyeing, metal fluxing, welding, 
brazing, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and 
agriculture. Pryor, 3. 

borax, anhydrous. See borax, dehydrated. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

borax bead. In blowpipe analysis, a drop of 
borax which when fused with a small 
quantity of a metallic oxide will show the 
characteristic color of the element; for 
example, a blue borax bead indicates the 
presence of cobalt. Standard, 1964. 








bord-and-pillar method 


borax bead test. A chemical test to disclose 


the presence of certain metals in a sample. 
A clear glassy bead of borax fused in a 
wire loop will react chemically with the 
salts of certain metals and yield colors that 
help to identify the metal, for example, 
manganese compounds produce a violet 
bead, cobalt produces a deep blue, etc. 
See also blowpiping. Nelson. 


borax, dehydrated; borax, anhydrous; sodium 


tetraborate. White; free-flowing crystals; 
Na2B.O;; hygroscopic; and it forms a par- 
tial hydrate in damp air. Used in the manu- 
facture of glass, enamels, and other ceramic 


products. CCD 6d, 1961. 


borax glass. Vitreous anhydrous sodium tetra- 


borate, NasB:O;. ASTM C162-66. See also 
borax. 


borax, octahedral. See octahedral borax. 


English. 


Borazon. Synthesized boron nitride that is 


reported to be as hard as diamond and 
capable of withstanding higher tempera- 
tures. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 307. 


Borcher’s process. An electrolytic method 


for refining silver. The anode consists of 
granulated alloys containing about 60 per- 
cent pure silver, The cathode of sheet 
silver is suspended in a cell with perforated 
double walls on each side. The electrolyte 
is dilute nitric acid or a solution of nitrates, 
preferably copper nitrate. Fay. 


bord. a. Newc. A passage or breast, driven 


up the slope of the coal from the gangway, 
and hence across the grain of the coal. A 
bord 4 or more yards wide is called a wide 
bord, and one less than 4 yards in width 
is called a narrow bord. Also spelled board. 
Fay. b. A side gallery parallel with the 
main road or drift. Standard, 1964. c. A 
road with solid coal sides. Mason. d. A 
narrow coal drivage in the pillar-and-stall 
method of working. Nelson, e. A joint in a 
coal seam. See also cleat, g. Nelson. f. 
Eng. A road driven at right angles to 
the main cleavage planes of the coal. 
SMRB, Paper. No. 61. 


bord-and-pillar; _pillar-and-stall; post-and- 


stall; board-and-wall; stoop-and-room. A 
method of working coal seams. First bords 
are driven, leaving supporting pillars of 
coal between. Next, cross drives connect 
the bords, leaving supporting coal as rec- 
tangular pillars. Finally, the pillars are 
mined (extracted, won, robbed) and the 
roof allowed to cave in. The bordroom is 
the space from which bord coal has been 
removed. Pryor, 3. 


bord-and-pillar method. A system of mining 


in which the distinguishing feature is the 
winning of less than 50 percent coal on 
the first working. It is more an extension 
of the development work than mining. 
The second working is similar in principle 
top top slicing. The remainder of the coal 
is won by a retreating system, the cover 
being caved after each unit has’ been 
worked. The term bord-and-pillar is not 
used to any great extent in American 
mining literature, but has a place in Eng- 
lish literature. Various names have been 
applied to this method, such as checker- 
board system; Brown panel system; follow- 
ing up the whole with the broken; Lan- 
cashire bord-and-pillar system; modified 
room-and-pillar working; narrow working; 
North Staffordshire method; rearer method 
of working inclined seams; rock-chute 
mining; room system; room system with 
caving; Warwickshire method of working 
contiguous seams; wide or square work; 





bord-and-pillar method 


| and pillar-and-breast. Fay. 

| }oord-and-pillar working. N. of Eng. A sys- 

| tem of mining in which interlacing road- 

|| ways are driven at right angles into the 
seam, leaving small square or rectangular 
pillars of coal of from 30 to 50 yards side 
length, which are then wholly or partly 
extracted by a small group. Also called 
| yroom-and-pillar; tub-and-stall; bord-and- 

\| wall. Trist. 

\bord-and-wall. See bord-and-pillar. Pryor, 3. 

|\bord cleat. a. Eng. The main cleavage planes 

|| or joints in a coal bed. SMRB, Paper No. 

| 61. b. See main cleat. Mason, V. I, p. 8. 

‘bord course. Aust. A direction at right angles 

to the main cleat or facing, that is, the 

|. length of a bord. Fay. 

‘\bord drivage. A coal drivage in the pillar- 
and-stall method of working. Nelson. 

border facies. The outer or border zone of an 
igneous rock mass that has a different tex- 
ture or composition from the interior owing 

| to more rapid cooling and possibly to 
| assimilation of substances from the enclos- 
| ing rock. Hess. 

York. A heading driven generally to the 

main cleats. Also called bord on face. Nel- 

son. b. A coal face having a bearing co- 
incident with the bord line. TIME. See 
| also bordways. 

\\bord gate. a. A main gate leading and at 
right angles to a bord face. TIME. b. 
York. A heading driven generally to the 
rise, out of which stalls are opened and 
worked. Fay. 

bord on face. See bord face. Nelson. 

\bordroom. a. A heading driven parallel to 
the natural joints. Fay. b. The space exca- 
vated in driving a bord. Used in connec- 
tion with the ridding of the fallen stone 
in old bords when driving roads across 

“them in pillar working; thus, “ridding 
across the old bordroom.” Zern. c. Eng. 
| The width across an old bord. Fay. 

\\bordroom man. A repairer who cleans and 

| erects supports in old workings in the bord- 

and-pillar method of coal mining. Nelson. 

\\bords and longwork. York. A system of 
working coal. First, the main levels are 

| started on both sides of the shaft and car- 

ried toward the boundary. Second, the 
bord gates are worked in pairs to the rise 
and continued as far as the boundary, or 
to within a short distance of a range of 
upper levels and other bord gates. Lastly, 
the whole of the pillars and remaining 

| coal are worked out downhill to within a 

| few yards of the levels, and ultimately, all 

the coal between the levels is removed. 
| Fay. 

\(bordways. Eng. The direction of a place or 

| a face being taken at right angles to the 

‘main cleavage planes of a seam. SMRB, 

| Paper No. 61. 

|\bordways course. The direction at right 

angles to the main cleavage planes. In 

some mining districts it is termed “on 
face.” Zern. 

\)bore. a. To cut a circular hole by the rotary 

| motion of a cutting tool. Long. b. A circu- 

lar hole made by boring. Long. c. A tunnel, 
especially during the time it is being exca- 

-vated. Long. d. The inside diameter of a 

cylinder, such as the inside diameter of 
piston cylinders on a pump or reciprocat- 
ing engine. Long. e. A hole or cylindrical 
cavity produced by a single-point or multi- 
point tool other than a drill. ASM Gloss. 
f. A tidal flood that regularly or occasion- 
ally rushes with a roaring noise into the 
mouths of certain rivers or into bays of 


a 










































125 


peculiar configuration or location, and 
proceeds in one or more waves that often 
present a very abrupt front of considerable 
height dangerous to shipping. Webster 3d. 

bore bit. a. An obsolete name for core bit. 
Long. b. As used by soil and foundation 
testing engineers, any type of cutting head 
or bit that is rotated to cut through or 
take a sample of soil, overburden, or bed- 
rock materials. Long, c. A_ rock-boring 
chisel. Standard, 1964. 

bored pile. A pile formed by pouring con- 
crete into a hole formed in the ground by 
an auger, into which a framework of light 
steel reinforcement is generally lowered 
before the concrete is poured. Ham. 

borehole. A hole with a drill, auger, or other 
tools for exploring strata in search of min- 
erals, for water supply, for blasting pur- 
poses, for proving the position of old 
workings, faults, and for releasing accumu- 
lations of gas or water, See also oil well. 
Fay. 

borehole cable. A borehole cable is one de- 
signed for vertical suspension in a borehole 
or shaft and is used for power circuits in 
the mines. (A borehole cable in mining 
may also be a cable containing signal, tele- 
phone, or control circuits). ASA M2.1- 
1963. 

borehole casing. A steel pipe lining used in 
a borehole, particularly when passing 
through loose, running ground. Flush- 
jointed casing, that is smooth inside and 
outside may be either screwed or welded. 
The Swedish diamond core drill casing is 
flush-jointed, whereas that of the United 
States is usually coupled. A coupling adds 
one-half inch on the 4'2-inch-diameter 
casing, to an inch on that of 20 inch 
diameter. Nelson. 

borehole deformation gage. A device for 
measuring the change in diameter of a 
hole. R.P.5978; 1962, p. 3: 

borehole logging. The determination of the 
physical, electrical, and radioactive prop- 
erties of the rocks traversed by a borehole. 
BS. 3618; 1963, sec. 3. 

borehole logs. A record, made by the driller 
or geologist, of the rocks penetrated in the 
borehole. In the laboratory, a more de- 
tailed log is prepared giving particulars 
relating to lithology, paleontology, water 
analysis, etc. See also electric logs. Nelson. 

borehole mining. The extraction of minerals 
in the liquid or gaseous state from the 
earth’s crust by means of boreholes and 
suction pumps. Boreholes are used for min- 
ing petroleum, and for the extraction of 
liquid solutions of salt, sulfur, etc. Nelson. 

borehole pump. a. Strictly, any pump which 
can be suspended in a borehole; usually a 
centrifugal pump suspended in a borehole 
by its pipe range and driven by a shaft 
inside of the pipe. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 
b. A centrifugal pump, electrically driven, 
and designed in the form of a vertical 
narrow chamber. It may be used to provide 
water, for dewatering purposes; or for 
borehole mining. See also sinking pump; 
submersible pump. Nelson. 

borehole samples. The samples of the rocks 
obtained during boring. The diamond and 
shot drill yield cores, while percussive drills 
yield sludge and chippings which are 
examined to determine the nature of the 
rocks passed through. Borehole samples 
may also be required during site investiga- 
tions. See also exploratory drilling; soil 
core. Nelson. 

borehole sealing. a, The sealing or closing 











boric acid; orthoboric acid 


of borehole walls where drilling fluid is 
lost. Quick-setting gypsum cement, with a 
30- or 60-minute set, may be used. See 
also mud flush, b. Nelson. b. The complete 
filling of a borehole with cement to pre- 


vent the entry of water into mine workings. 
Nelson. 


borehole spacing. The distance between bore- 


holes drilled for exploration or sampling 
purposes. With bedded minerals, the holes 
may be positioned at the intersection points 
of coordinates or at the corners of equi- 
lateral triangles with sides from 100 to 500 
feet apart. The spacing is closer with 
patchy deposits. With metallic ores follow- 
ing belts across country, the holes are 
spaced along lines crossing the ore body 
in order to yield cross sections of the ore 
at definite intervals. In the case of known 
and semiproved coalfields, boreholes at 4- 
to Y%-mile intervals may suffice. Nelson. 


borehole survey. a. The process of determin- 


ing the course of, and the target point 
reached by, a borehole, using one of several 
different azimuth and dip recording ap- 
paratus small enough to be lowered into 
a borehole; also, the record of the infor- 
mation thereby obtained. Also called drill- 
hole survey. Long. b. The process of de- 
termining the mineralogical, structural, or 
physical characteristics of the formations 
penetrated by a borehole using electrical 
logging apparatus small enough to be low- 
ered into a borehole; also, the record of 
the information thereby obtained. Long. 
c. Measurement of deviation from straight 
line in diamond drilling. Made simply by 
observing etch pattern of glass bottle con- 
taining hydrofluoric acid or consolidation 
angle of cooling liquid wax; more accu- 
rately, by a photographic record of plumb- 
lines, magnets, or by a gyroscope. Pryor, 3. 
d. A survey to determine the precise posi- 
tion of various points on the central axis 
of a borehole. B.S: 3618, 1963, sec. 1. e. 
A survey to obtain information about the 
strata intersected by a borehole. B.S. 3618, 
UOC SEG le 


borehole surveying. Instrumental tests to de- 


termine the amount and direction of deflec- 
tion of a borehole from vertical and hori- 
zontal planes. The instrument is lowered 
into the hole and tested approximately 
every 100 feet or so of depth. The data 
obtained may be used to construct a scale 
model showing the actual course taken by 
the hole. See also crooked hole; Oehman 
and Payne-Gallwey instrument; oriented 
core. Nelson. 


bore journal. A tabular record of the charac- 


teristics and thicknesses of strata inter- 
sected by a borehole. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 


bore meal. a. Eng. Mud or fine cuttings 


from a borehole. Fay. b. In rock drilling, 
the sludge from a borehole. Pryor, 3. 


borer. a. A tool (as a drill) used for boring. 


Webster 3d. b. Eng. A piece of round 
iron with a steel point, which is driven 
into the rock to make holes for the purpose 
of blasting. See also drill. Fay. 


bore rod; boring rod. Term used primarily 


by soil and foundation testing engineers 
for the equipment customarily called a drill 
rod by drillers and miners. Long. 


Borgenet furnace. Belgium-type zinc furnace 


with a single combustion chamber. Bennett 


Ho ay hel 


boric acid; orthoboric acid; boracic acid. 


White; triclinic; HsBOs; and very soluble 
in water. Used as a flux in the manufac- 
ture of cast-iron and sheet-steel porcelain- 


boric acid; orthoboric acid 


enamel frits. Hansen. On heating it loses 
water and forms metaboric acid, H2B.O,; 
on further heating it forms tetraboric acid 
or the so-called pyroboric acid, H2BiO;; 
on heating at a still higher temperature, 
it forms B2Os, anhydrous boron trioxide 
or boric oxide. It occurs as tabular tri- 
clinic crystals deposited near fumeroles, 
and it also occurs in solution in the hot 
lagoons of Tuscany, Italy. C.T.D. 

boric oxide glass; boron oxide glass. A color- 
less, transparent glass or noncrystalline 
powder; hard and brittle; slightly bitter; 
BOs; specific gravity, 1.83 to 1.88; boiling 
point, above 1,500° C; soluble in alcohol 
and in acids; slightly soluble in cold water 
with decomposition; and soluble in hot 
water, Used in the production of boron; in 
the chemical analysis of silicates; in heat- 
resistant glassware; and as a fire-resistant 
additive for paints. CCD 6d, 1961. 

borides. A group of special ceramic materials. 
Typical properties are great hardness and 
mechanical strength, high melting point, 
low electrical resistivity and high thermal 
conductivity; impact resistance is low but 
the thermal-shock resistance is generally 
good. For the properties of specific borides 
see under the borides of the following ele- 
ments: aluminum borides; barium borides; 
calcium borides; chromium borides; haf- 
nium borides; molybdenum borides; nio- 
bium borides; silicon borides; strontium 
borides; tantalum borides; thorium bor- 
ides; titanium borides; uranium borides; 
vanadium borides; tungsten borides; zir- 
conium borides. Dodd. 

borier. Corn. A drill, An instrument of iron 
that is steel-pointed to bore holes within 
large rocks, in order to blow them with 
gunpowder. Hess. 

boring. a. The cutting or drilling of a hole 
for blasting, water infusion, exploration, or 
water or firedamp drainage. See also per- 
cussive boring; rotary boring. Nelson. b. 
The drilling of deep holes for the exploi- 
tation or exploration of oilfields. The term 
drilling is used similarly in connection 
with metalliferous deposits. C.T.D. c. Ma- 
terial removed by boring. Standard, 1964. 
d. A machining method using single-point 
tools on internal surfaces of revolution. 
ASM Gloss. 

boring bar. a. A rod, made in various lengths, 
usually with a single chisel cutting edge, 
for hand drilling in rock. The blows are 
given by a sledge hammer. Nelson. b. A 
revolving or stationary bar carrying one 
or more cutters or drills for boring. Fay. 

boring bit. Derb. A sharp piece of steel at 
the end of an auger stem or drill for cut- 
ting rock or other material by rotation of 
the auger. See also bit, a; bore bit, b. Fay. 

boring contract. An agreement entered into 
between a producer and a contractor for 
the sinking of oil or gas wells on a prop- 
erty. Fay. See also drill contract. 

boring contractor. Synonym for drill con- 
tractor. Long. 

boring head. a. The part of a drill machine 
more commonly called swivel head by per- 
sons associated with the diamond-drilling 
industry. See also swivel head, a. Long. 
b. Synonym for drill bit. Long. c. The 
cutting end of a boring tool, especially the 
cutter head of a diamond drill. Webster 
Bids “ See drill head, a. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 3. 

boring journal. A book which contains an ac- 
curate record of the progress of the boring 
work, day by day. It is usually kept by the 








126 


drilling master. See also log, e. Fay. 

boring log. Synonym for drill log. Long. 

boring master. A man in charge of a well- 
boring outfit. Fay. 

boring rod. A rod made up of segments, 
carrying at its lower end a tool for earth 
boring or rock drilling. Webster 3d. 

borings. Used by the soil and foundation 
testing profession as a synonym for bore- 
holes and/or the materials removed from 
a borehole. Compare cuttings, a; sample, 
b. Long. 

Borium. Hard-facing welding rod, consisting 
principally of tungsten carbide. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Born equation. The free energy of solvation 
of an ion is 


oaINZ-e4 1 
cement [1 - oa 


N is the Avogadro number, z the ionic 
valency, e its electronic charge, D the di- 
electric constant of the electrolyte and r 
the ionic radius. Pryor, 3. 

bornhardtite. A cobalt selenide, CosSe:, cubic 
(linnaeite group); from Trogtal, Hartz 
(Harz) Mountains, Germany. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 

bornite. A valuable copper ore; a sulfide of 
copper and iron, CusFeS,, crystallizing in 
the cubic system. Also called erubescite; 
horseflesh ore; peacock ore; variegated 
copper ore; purple copper ore. Sanford; 
Dana 17. 

boroaluminate. See aluminum borate. Dodd. 

Borod. Hard-facing welding rod composed 
principally of tungsten carbide. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

borolanite. A  hypabyssal rock, having a 
granitoid texture and consisting essentially 
of orthoclase and melanite with subordi- 
nate nepheline, biotite, and pyroxene. A 
variety of melanite-nepheline syenite found 
at Loch Borolan, Scotland. A.G.I. 

Borolon. Alumina, AlsO3, prepared by fus- 
ing bauxite; specific gravity 4; used as an 
abrasive and refractory. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

boron. Element of atomic number 5, of group 
III in the periodic system, A very soft, 
brown, amorphous powder or yellow crys- 
tals; ignites in air; symbol, B; atomic 
weight, 10.81; valence, 3; specific gravity, 
2.45; melting point, 2,300° C; hardness 
of monoclinic crystals, 9.3 Mohs’ scale; 
soluble in concentrated nitric acid and 
sulfuric acid; and insoluble in water, in 
alcohol, and in ether. Used as a catalytic 
agent; in ceramics and in heat-resistant 
glassware (a glass in which boric oxide, 
BOs, replaces the calcium oxide in ordi- 
nary lime-soda glass) ; in metallurgy (alloy 
steels, comentation of iron); in semicon- 
ductors; and in abrasives (crystals). CCD 
6d 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-103. 

boronatrocalcite. See ulexite. Fay. 

boron carb:de; tetraboron carbide. Probably 
not a true compound, but instead a solu- 
tion of varying amounts of carbon in a 
slightly distorted boron lattice; BsC; black; 
hexagonal rhombohedral crystals; ranking 
next to diamond in hardness, 9.3 Mohs’ 
scale; and melting point, 2,350° C. Used 
in powder form as an abrasive and in 
molded form as an abrasion resister. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-158. 

boron-edenite. A mineral, artificial NaCas- 
Mgs(Sis,sBo,sO11) oF 2, containing 3.91 per- 
cent BoO;. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

boron hydride indicator. Unit tests for up to 
0.1 parts per million (ppm) of penta- 














borosilicate glass 


borane or decaborane in air and 0.1 parts 
per million (ppm) of diborane. Detector 
comprises a positive displacement hand 
pump, reagent solution, a dry reagent, col- 
or comparison card and a calibration chart. 
The number of pump strokes required to 
produce on filter paper a color to match 4 
reference standard is the index of borane 
concentration. Bests, p. 584. 

boron metasomatism. The replacement of 
minerals, as of a granite, by boron-bearing 
minerals, such as tourmaline, axinite, or 
rarely, datolite and danburite. A.G.I. 

boron minerals. Many known minerals con- 
tain boron, but only a few are commer- 
cially valuable as a source of boron. The 
principal boron minerals are borax (tincal), 
NaeB.O,7-10H20; kernite (rasorite), Nas- 
B.O;-4H:O; colemanite (borocalcite), Cae- 
BseOu-5H20; ulexite (boronatrocalcite), 
CaNaB;O,-8H20; priceite (pandermite), 
5CaO-6B:O0s-9H2O; boracite (stassfurtite), 
Mg-Cl2BicOz0; and sassolite (natural boric 
acid), HsBOs. Today the United States 
furnishes the bulk of world production 
from deposits of sodium boron minerals. 
Boron and boron compounds have numer- 
ous uses, including applications in glass, 
ceramics, welding compounds, soaps and 
detergents, plasters and paints, starches, 
fertilizers, steel, nonferrous metals, atomic 
reactors, radio tubes, solar batteries, abra- 
sives, refractories, chemicals, plastics, motor 
fuel, antifreeze, insulation materials, ad- 
hesives, drugs, and cosmetics. BuMines 
Bull, 630, 1965, pp. 149, 151, 

boron nitride. White; BN; hexagonal rhom- 
bohedral, crystals or powder; the powder 
has a hardness of 2, Mohs’ scale; sublimes, 
about 3,000° C; and is anisotropic and 
some properties vary according to the 
method of preparation and the crystal 
form. Used as a refractory; a high-tem- 
perature lubricant, as in glass molds; in 
furnace insulation; and in molten-metal 
pump parts. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-158. 

boron, oxide. See boric oxide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

boron-phlogopite. A mineral, artificial KMg;- 
BSisOwF 2. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

boron phosphate. BPO,; specific gravity, 
2.81; vaporizes at 1,400° C; related struc- 
turally to high-cristobalite. It has been 
used as a constituent of a ceramic body 
that fires to a translucent porcelain at 
1,000° C. Dodd. 

boron phosphide. Symbol, BP; melting point, 
greater than 2,000° C but readily oxidizes, 
which limits its potential use. Dodd. 

boron silicides. See silicon borides. Dodd. 

boron steel. The addition of about 0.003 
percent of boron confers increased harden- 
ability to steels in the quenched and tem- 
pered condition. The addition of this 
percentage of boron to low carbon, 0.50 
percent molybdenum steel in the normal- 
ized condition gives double yield strength 
and a 30-percent increase in tensile 
strength, but boron has only a very slight 
advantage when molybdenum is less than 
0.35 percent. In amounts greater than 
0.03 percent, boron causes difficulty in 
forging. As much as 2 percent may be 
added to steels used in nuclear engineering. 
Ham. 

borosilicate crown glass. An optical crown 
glass containing substantial quantities of 
silica and boric oxide. ASTM C162-66. 

borosilicate glass. Any silicate glass having 
at least 5 percent of boron oxide, (B2Os). 











borosilicate glass 


| ASTM C162-66. 

\boroto metal. Said to be a tin-lead-antimony 

white metal in which colloidal graphite is 

incorporated. Used as a self-lubricating 
| bearing metal. Camm. 

||) borotungstic acid; boronotungstic acid. A yel- 

lowish liquid above 45° to 51° C; BO;- 

(WOs:)o-24H2O; specific. gravity, 3.00. 

Used in mineralogic assays. CCD 6d, 1961; 

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 

|| ed., 1964, p. B-158. 

|) borrow pit. A special classification usually 

applied to material taken from some pit 

near an embankment when there is in- 
sufficient excavation nearby on the job to 
form the embankment. Borrow-pit excava- 
tion is therefore a special classification, 
usually bid upon as a special item in con- 
tracts. It frequently involves the cost of 
land, or a royalty for material taken from 
the land, where the borrow pit is located; 

it also often requires the construction of a 

suitable road to the pit. This type of exca- 

vation therefore usually runs higher in 
cost than ordinary excavation. Hess. 

| \borsella. An instrument for stretching or con- 

tracting glass in its manufacture. Standard, 

1964. 

)bort. a. Diamond material unsuitable for 
gems because of its shape, size, or color 
and because of flaws or inclusions. It also 
occurs in finely crystalline aggregates and 
is usually crushed into finer material. Also 
spelled boart; bortz; boort; boartz; borts; 
bowr. I.C. 8200, 1964, p. 149. b. Origi- 
nally the term was used as a name for all 
crystalline diamonds not usable as gems; 
later it was used to designate those dia- 
monds not usable as gems or toolstones. 
Currently the term commonly is applied 
to. low-grade industrials suitable only for 
use in a fragmented form. See also frag- 
mented bort. Long. c. Inferior, coarsely 
crystalline diamonds, many of which con- 
tain black carbon or other minerals; used 
for core drilling, cutting, and polishing 
hard materials. Various types are: (1) 
Stewartite bort and magnetic bort—bort 
picked up by a magnetic separator and 
containing no visible iron; (2) hailstone 
bort—cement-colored bort that looks like 
and has a concentric structure like a hail- 
stone. The layers may be coarsely or finely 
crystalline diamond; (3) framesite bort— 
bort somewhat more granular than com- 
mon bort and has little trade value; it is 
exceedingly difficult to saw; and (4) shot 
bort—bort in spherical form, and said to 
be very hard and especially useful in drill- 
ing machinery. Hess. d. Formerly used to 
mean the Brazilian carbonado or black 
diamond. Hess. e. Industrial diamond. 
ASM Gloss. f. Very hard, flawed or dis- 
colored diamonds used in drilling and 
glasscutting. Gordon. g. S. Afr. Rounded 
forms of diamond with rough exterior and 
radiated or confused crystalline structure, 
but hardness equal to that of diamond. 

| Beerman. 

\bort bit. Synonym for diamond bit. Long. 

\borts. Synonym for bort. Long. 

|bort-set bit. Synonym for diamond bit. Long 

\bortz. Synonym for bort. Long. 

\bortz bit. Synonym for diamond bit. Long. 

bortz-set bit. Synonym for diamond bit. Long. 

feesh. a. A tank or tub from which horses 
drink. Fay. b. The section of the blast 
furnace extending upward from the tuyeres 
to the plane of maximum diameter. ASM 
Gloss. c. A lining of quartz that builds up 
during the smelting of copper ores and 











127 


that decreases the diameter of the furnace 
at the tuyeres. ASM Gloss. d. A trough in 
which bloomery tools (or in copper smelt- 
ing, hot ingots) are cooled. Fay. 

bosh breakouts. Breakouts of the blast, gas, 
or coke through the bosh brickwork of an 
iron blast furnace. Fay. 

bosh brick. See hearth and bosh brick. ACSG. 

bosh jacket. A water jacket used for cooling 
the walls of a shaft furnace. Fay. 

bosh plates. A wedge-shaped, flat bottom, 
oval top, hollow, water-cooled casting ex- 
tending from inside to the outside face of 
the bosh walls of a blast furnace to cool 
and protect the brickwork. Camp, 6th ed., 
1951 ;<p. BOL. 

bosh tank. A water tank which receives newly 
cast copper shapes for rapid cooling. 
Pryor, 3. 

boss. a. A person in immediate charge of 
a piece of work, as a mine foreman. Fay. 
b. A master workman or superintendent; 
a director or manager. Ricketts, I. c. Ark. 
A coal mine employee not under the juris- 
diction of the miner’s union. Fay. d. The 
enlarged part of a shaft on which a wheel 
is keyed. Webster 3d. e. A cast-iron plate 
secured to the back of a traveling forge 
hearth. Fay. f. A swage or die used for 
shaping metals. Webster 2d. g. A heavy 
cylindrical piece of iron (usually cast or 
steel) into the top of which the stamp 
stem fits and into the bottom of which the 
shoe is inserted. It is the body of the ham- 
mer into which the handle fits and which 
also gives heft to the blow. Also called 
top head. Fay. h. Scot. Hollow. The 
waste or exhausted workings of any min- 
eral. To hole or undercut. Fay. i. A pro- 
turberant and often dome-shaped mass of 
igneous rock congealed beneath the surface 
of the earth and laid bare by erosion. 
Webster 3d. 

boss driver. One in charge of men or boys 
who are driving horses or mules for haul- 
ing coal, rock, or ore at mines. Fay. 

bossing. a. Scot. The holing or undercut- 
ting of a thick seam, as of limestone, the 
height of the undercutting being sufficient 
for a man to work in. Fay. b. In ceramics, 
the process of making a coat of color uni- 
form, by dusting the color in boiled oil, 
or applying it plentifully mixed with oil, 
and tapping to smoothness with a boss; 
ground laying. Standard, 1964. c. A coat- 
ing of oil to be employed as above. Stand- 
ard, 1964. d. A boss, or bosslike part. 
Standard, 1964. 

boss miner. a. A contract miner. Fay. b. In 
Ohio, in 1883, a mine boss. Fay. 

Boss process. Modification of the pan-amal- 
gamation process; ore slurry flows contin- 
uously through a series of pans and settling 
tanks. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bostonite. A rock occurring in dikes and hav- 
ing the mineralogical and chemical com- 
position of trachyte, except anorthoclase 
(and thcrefore soda) is abnormally abun- 
dant and dark silicates are few or lacking. 
Named from Boston, Mass.; also found 
around Lake Champlain and in neighbor- 
ing parts of Canada. Fay. 

bostonitic. Having the texture of a bostonite; 
that is, laths of feldspar are so arranged 
that they have little parallelism. Johann- 
sen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 204. 

bostrichites. An early synonym for prehnite. 
Hey, M.M., 1964. 

B.O.T. See Board of Trade unit. Pryor, 3. 

botallackite. Formerly thought to be ataca- 
mite, but has been shown to be a distinct 








bottle gas 


species. Its major constituents are copper, 
chlorine, and hydrogen oxygen. Its for- 
mula is Cus(OH)6Cle3H:O. American 
Mineralogist, v. 36, No. 3-4, March-April 
1951, p. 384; Mineralogical Magazine, v. 
29, No. 211, December 1950, p. 280. 

botanical anomaly. A geochemical anomaly 
in which the chemical composition, eco- 
logical assemblage, or morphology of plants 
indicates the presence of a mineral deposit. 
Hawkes. 

bontanical prospecting. Prospecting in which 
differences in plant growth or family plant 
serve as a Clue to the presence of metals 
beneath barren rock or a covering of sand 
and gravel. Pearl, p. 40. 

botch. A worthless opal. Fay. 

botryogen. A vitreous hyacinth-red, translu- 
lent, hydrous magnesium ferroferric sulfate, 
crystallizing in the monoclinic system. Fay. 

botryoid. A form in the shape of grapes. 
Synonym for clusterite; grape formation. 
A.G.I. 

botryoidal. Having the form of a bunch of 
grapes; usually applied to mineral aggre- 
gates. Webster 3d; Fay. 

botryoidal stalactite. Round or semiround, 
smooth nodular growths of calcium car- 
bonate, usually occurring in clusters on 
cavern walls. Synonym for botryoid; clus- 
terite ; grape formation. Schieferdecker. 

botryolite. A radiated, columnar datolite 
with a botryoidal surface. Standard, 1964. 

bott. A plug of clay for closing the taphole 
of a cupola or a blast furnace. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

Bottger ware. Dark red stoneware. ACSG, 
1963. 

botting. Thrusting a bott into the taphole to 
stop a run of slag or metal. Fay. 

botting clay. Prepared plastic refractory ma- 
terial for use in the stopping of the tap- 
holes in cupolas. A typical composition 
would be 50 to 75 percent fireclay, up to 
50 percent black sand, 10 percent coal 
dust, and up to 5 percent sawdust. Dodd. 

bottle blower. See glassblower. D.O.T. 1. 

bottle-blowing-machine operator. See bottle- 
machine operator. D.O.T. 1. 

bottle brick. A hollow clay building unit 
shaped like a bottomless bottle 12 inches 
long, 3 inches outside diameter (o.d.), 2 
inches inside diameter (i.d.), and weigh- 
ing 2% pounds. The neck of one unit is 
placed in the end of another to build 
beams, arches, or flat slabs; steel reinforce- 
ment can be used. Bottle bricks have been 
used in France (where they are known as 
Fusées Céramiques’), in Switzerland, the 
Netherlands, and in South America. Dodd. 

bottle chock. A pulley with a wide-grooved 
face for guiding a cable around a turn in 
the track, an angle sheave. Zern. 

bottle coal. Scot. Gas coal. Fay. 

bottled gases. The liquefied petroleum gases 
propane and butane. These gases are lique- 
fied at normal atmospheric temperature 
(70° F) at pressures of 125 pounds per 
square inch and 30 pounds per square inch 
respectively and they are sold in cylinders 
or tank cars in liquid form at about these 
pressures. Liquid propane is sold mainly 
for industrial use, because of its higher 
pressure, and butane mainly for domestic 
use. Francis, 1965, v. 2, p. 420. 

bottle gas. A gas consisting of volatile hydro- 
carbons, from propane to pentane, mixed 
with hydrogen and methane under pres- 
sure. It withstands pressure and hence 
may be transported in steel tanks under 
pressure in liquefied form. May be used as 


bottle gas 


a fuel to operate combustion-type engines 
in lieu of gasoline. Sold under various 
trade names but more commonly known 
as propane, butane, LP gas, blau gas (or 
blue gas). Long. 

bottle glass. Glass used for the manufacture 
of common bottles, made from a batch 
comprising essentially sand, limestone, and 
alkali. A typical glass composition may be 
taken as 74.0 percent SiOz, 0.6 percent 
Al,Os, 9.0 percent CaO, and 16.3 percent 

bottleite. Ir. Tachylyte or glassy basalt. 
Arkell. 

bottle jack. Eng. An appliance for raising 
heavy weights in a mine. Fay. 

bottle-machine operator. One who tends auto- 
matic machine which forms bottles from 
molten glass. Also called bottle-blowing- 
machine operator; forming-machine oper- 
ator; press-and-blow-machine operator. 
DO bee 

bottlemaking machines. These may operate 
in various ways, the bottle being formed 
in two stages, that is, the parison and the 
finished bottle. Widemouth ware may be 
formed by pressing the parison and then 
blowing, narrow-mouth by blowing and 
blowing or sucking and blowing. In the 
last method, the glass is gathered by suc- 
tion into the parison mold, in the other 
two, it is dropped by hand or more prob- 
ably by a feeding device, hence the terms 
suction-fed device, suction-fed, feeder-fed 
machines. C.T.D. 

bottle oven. A type of intermittent kiln, usu- 
ally coal-fired, formerly used in the firing 
of pottery; such a kiln was surrounded by 
a tall brick hovel or cone, of typical bottle 
shape. Dodd. 

bottle rock. An old name for olivine and 
obsidian. Arkell. 

bottle, specific gravity. A bottle designed to 
determine the specific gravity or density 
of a liquid, as compared to an equal 
amount of water at the same temperature. 
Hansen, See also pycnometer. 

bottle stone. a. An old name for chrysolite, 
or any other mineral, which can be melted 
directly into glass. See also bouteillenstein. 
Fay. b. Pitchstone. Arkell. 

bottom. a. The floor in any underground 
mining cavity. Fraenkel. b. To construct 
the bottom of or for; said specifically of 
underdraining a level. Standard, 1964. c. 
To strike bedrock or clay when sinking a 
shaft. Standard, 1964. d. Penn. The 
stratum, rock, or floor on which a coal 
seam lies. Standard, 1964. e. The landing 
at the bottom of the shaft or slope. Fay. 
f. The lowest point of mining operations. 
Fay. g. To underrun (as a gold deposit 
that is to be worked by the hydraulic 
method) with a level for drainage. Webster 
3d. h. To break the material and throw it 
clear from the bottom or toe of the bore- 
hole. Fay. i. Surface in a borehole parallel 
to the face of a drill bit. Long. j. To place 
a drill bit in contact with the bottom of a 
borehole. Long. k. To complete a borehole. 
Long. |. A mass of impure copper formed 
below the matte, in matting copper ores. 
Weed, 1922. m. In metal melting furnaces, 
this is usually the hearth or crucible. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. n. The footwall of a 
metalliferous deposit. Nelson. o. Barren 
bedrock. Nelson. p. The rock formation 
below the alluvium on which the gold or 
tin wash dirt is met with. Gordon. q. Low- 
lying land; especially, low-lying grassland 
and fields along a watercourse. Webster 











128 


3d. r. The continuous and gently curved 
or somewhat flat surface (as of earth, sand, 
or rock) on which a body of water (river, 
lake, or sea) lies. Webster 3d. s. In gem 
stones, the pavilion. Shipley. 

bottom bed. Eng. Universally applied to 
the lowest bed in a quarry; for example 
Doulting, Somerset. Also used in Southeast 
England for the basal bed of the Tertiary, 
whether Thanet sand or Reading beds, 
resting on an eroded surface of the Chalk. 
Arkell. 

bottom belt conveyor; bottom loading belt. 
A belt conveyor which carries the coal or 
ore on the lower strand, and often used 
where height is limited. Nelson. 

bottom benching. The method by which the 
bench is removed from below as with a 
power shovel. American Institute of Min- 
ing and Metallurgical Engineers. Technical 
Publication No. 604, 1935, p. 7. 

bottom board. a. Eng. The bottom of a 
wagon or truck which is unfastened by 
knocking off a catch when the wagon is 
required to be discharged. Fay. b. A flat 
base for holding the flask in making sand 
molds. ASM Gloss. c. A board placed on 
the underside of a mold during ramming. 
GaigD: 

bottom bounce. Technique by which sonar 
impulses are reflected off the ocean bottom 
one or more times before reaching the 
target. Hy. 

bottom break. The break or crack that sepa- 
rates a block of stone from a quarry floor. 
Hess. 

bottom cager. A man at the bottom of a 
stope or shaft in a mine to superintend 
the operation of the raising and lowering 
of the cage. See also cager. Fay. 

bottom canch. In leveling an underground 
roadway, a part taken out below a bed. 
Hess. See also canch, b. 

bottom captain. Corn. An undereground boss. 
Hess. 

bottom coal. Coal below the undercut; it 
may or may not be removed. Fay. 

bottom cut. a. A machine cut made in the 
bottom or floor of a seam before shot 
firing. See also middle cut; top cut, a. Nel- 
son. b. A drill hole pattern. See also drag 
cut, b. Nelson. c. In drilling and blasting 
a tunnel, lower of two converging lines of 
horizontally spaced holes. Upper line is 
draw cut. When blasted simultaneously a 
wedge of rock is removed. Pryor, 3. 

bottom cutter. A dinter; a coal cutter for 
making floor cuts. Nelson. 

bottom diameter. The diameter of a circle 
tangent to the seating curve at the bottom 
of the tooth gap of a roller chain sprocket. 
Equal to the pitch diameter minus the 
chain-roller diameter. /@M. 

bottom digger. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, a laborer who digs out clay, 
earth, or rock from the bottom of haulage- 
ways with a pick and shovel and lowers 
track to give sufficient height for the haul- 
ageway. Also called groundman. D.O.T. 1. 

bottom discharge bit; face discharge bit. A 
diamond coring bit with inner tube of the 
core barrel coming close to the crown of 
the bit. A series of holes drilled longitudi- 
nally through the wall of the bit provides 
a straight flow of the flushing medium 
past the core and directly to the face of 
the bit. B.S, 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

bottom-discharge bucket conveyor. A con- 
veyor for carring bulk materials in a hori- 
zontal path consisting of an endless chain 
to which roller-supported, cam-operated, 








bottom filler 


bottom-discharge conveyor buckets are at- 
tached continuously. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bottom-discharge conveyor bucket. A vessel 
generally rectangular or square in plan 
and having a bottom consisting of an un- 
dercut gate. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bottom drill. A flat-ended twist drill used to 
convert a cone at the bottom of a drilled 
hole into a cylinder. ASM Gloss. 

ey car. See mine cars. Lewis, p. 
Be. 

bottom-dump scraper. A carrying scraper 
that dumps or ejects its load over the cut- 
ting edge. Nichols. 

bottom-dump semitrailers. Suitable for trans- 
porting free-flowing materials over a rea- 
sonably level haul route that permits a 
high travel speed. They can be used where 
the maximum flotation of a large single 
tire is required and where dumping in 
windrows over a wide area is practical. 
Carson, p. 348. 

bottom dump truck. A trailer or semitrailer 
that dumps bulk material by opening doors 
in the floor of the body. Also called dump 
wagon. Nichols. 

bottomed. a. A completed borehole, or the 
point at which drilling operations in a 
borehole are discontinued. Long. b. Said 
of shafts and slopes on being driven to 
completion when reaching base of coal 
seam. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bottom emptying skip. A skip equipped with 
a bottom discharge gate. This gate con- 
sists of a hinged flat which in its closed 
position stands practically vertical to the 
flow of the material. It is operated by 
means of two sets of levers forming a 
toggle joint, one set fixed to the body of 
the skip and the other set to the gate in 
such a manner that when the gate is closed 
the set holding the gate is turned over 
the dead center, thus preventing the coal 
load opening the gate. On arrival at the 
surface, the skip is automatically discharged 
by a roller on the link mechanism engag- 
ing with curved guides, so opening the 
bottom discharge gate and allowing the 
coal to flow into the receiving pocket. 
Sinclair, V., pp. 68-69. 

bottom equipment. a. The tools or equipment 
attached to the lower end of a drill string 
and normally used at or near the bottom 
of a borehole. Also, the nondrilling equip- 
ment placed and operated at or near the 
bottom of a borehole, such as a pump unit 
or strainer. Long. b. Mine equipment used 
solely for work at the mine bottom, such 
as rotary dump and switch motor (if used 
to spot cars in rotary dump). Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bottomer. a. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, one who is stationed at the 
shaft bottom or at an intermediate shaft 
station in a mine; runs loaded cars into 
position near the shaft and pushes them 
on a Cage when it is lowered to his level; 


and pulls empty cars from the cage and | 


runs them onto station sidings for distri- 
bution in mine. Also called bottom cager; 
bottom man; footman; foot tender; sta- 
tionman; station tender. D.O.T. 1. b. 


Eng. The man stationed at the bottom | 


of a shaft in charge of the proper loading 
of cages, signals for hoisting of cages, ete. 


A cage or skip tender. Also called bottom | 


cager. Fay. 


bottom filler. A man who fills a barrow with | 


ore, coke, or stone, weighs it, and then 
places it on the cage or elevator to be 
hoisted to the top of the furnace. Fay. 








| 


| 
| 
| 
| 












bottom filler 


bottom floor. Eng. The lowest bed of Lias 
limestone in the quarry, Barnstone lime 
works, also at Stamford quarries, North- 
ampshire. Arkell. 

bottom gate. The gate road at the lower end 
of an inclined coalface. See also main 
gate; tailgate; top gate. Nelson. 


| bottom heading (overhand bench). Method 


of excavating tunnels, drifts, or other mine 
openings. The bottom heading, which may 
either be driven in successive stages or 
holed through, is subsequently enlarged 
by excavating the top section. Fraenkel. 

| bottom hole. A point at, or near, the bottom 
of a borehole. Long. 


| bottom-hole contribution. Sum of cash pay- 


able upon reaching total depth under 
terms of contract whether productive or 
dry hole. Wheeler. 

| bottom-hole pressure. a. The load, expressed 
in pounds or tons, applied to a bit or 
other cutting tool while drilling. Long. 
b. The pressure, expressed in pounds per 
square inch (psi), produced at the bottom 
of a borehole by the weight of the column 
of circulation or other liquid in a bore- 
hole. Long. c. The pressure, expressed in 
pounds per square inch (psi), exerted by 
gas or liquids ejected from the rocks at or 
near the bottom of a drill hole. Long. 
d. Pressure measured in a well opposite 
the producing formation. If the well is 
flowing, the flowing bottom-hole pressure” 
will be obtained; if the well is not and has 
not been producing for a sufficient time, 
the pressure will be the “fully built-up”, or 
“static” bottom-hole pressure. Institute of 
Petroleum, 1961. 

| bottom-hole temperature. The temperature 
of the rock and/or other media encoun- 
tered at or near the bottom of a borehole. 
Long. 


| bottom ice. Anchor ice. Webster 3d. 


| bottoming. a. The thinning out or ending of 
an ore body. Bottoming of an ore body 
may occur either with a structural thin- 
ning out or with a dimunition of valuable 
minerals with depth. So-called mineralogi- 
cal bottoming may be due to the tempera- 
ture or pressure gradients that existed 
when the minerals were deposited. Certain 
minerals which are sensitive to these fac- 
tors may often be used as indicators. Struc- 
tural changes, such as the steepening of a 
fault, may cause mineralogical changes. 
Structural bottoming may be caused by a 
weakening of fracturing with depth. Frac- 
tures and the compaction of breccia are 
seldom single control factors. In cases 
where the minable ore is coextensive with 
intense fracturing, the lower limit of the 
ore is of characteristic shape, ending in 
blunt prongs with depth. Where a fault 
intersects an ore body at depth, its influ- 
ence on bottoming depends on its age rela- 
tive to the mineralization. Pinching or 
swelling of replacement beds, pinching out 
with folding or termination of syngenetic 
sedimentary deposits are all of a structural 
nature. Lewis, p. 295. b. The ballasting 
material for making a roadbed; ballast. 
Standard, 1964. c. The act of fitting with 
a bottom or performing some basal opera- 
tion. Standard, 1964. d. The lowest layer 

__ of foundation material for a road. C.T.D. 

) bottoming hole. The opening at the mouth 

| of a furnace, before which a flint-glass 
article, in process of manufacture is ex- 
posed for softening. Standard, 1964. 

) bottoming tap. A tap with a chamfer of 1 to 
1% threads in length. ASM Gloss. 

} bottom joint. A joint or bedding plane, hori- 


129 


zontal or nearly so. Zern. 

bottom lift. a. The deepest columns of a 
pump. Zern. b. The lowest or deepest lift 
or level of a mine. Zern. c. The deepest 
of a mining pump, or the lowest pump. 

ay. 

bottom lifter. One who digs up the bottom 
of a drift, entry, or other haulageway to 
gain headroom. Also called brusher; dirt 
a abba groundman; ripper; stoneman. 

ay. 

bottom loading belt. A bottom belt conveyor. 
Nelson. 

bottom maker. A laborer who relines bottoms 
of ingot soaking pits with coke dust to 
retard formation of oxide scale on hot 
ingots. D.OT. .1. 

bottom man. See bottomer, a and b. D.O.T. 1. 

bottom peat. Peat found near lakes, rivers, 
and smaller streams consisting of hypnum 
and similar plants. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bottom pillar. A large block of solid coal left 
unworked around the shaft. See also shaft 
pillar, a. Fay. 

bottom plate. A plate supporting a foundry 
mold. Webster 3d. 

bottom pouring; uphill teeming. A method 
of teeming molten steel from a ladle into 
ingot molds. The steel passes through a 
system of refractory fireclay tubes and 
enters the molds at the bottom; the refrac- 
tory tubes are of various shapes—trumpet, 
guide-tube, center brick, and runner brick. 


See also trumpet; guide tube; center brick; 


runner brick. Dodd. 

bottom-pour ingot assembly. One comprising 
hot tops, wood blocks, ingot mold, mold 
stool, lateral outlet bricks, lateral bricks, 
king brick, fountain bricks, funnel brick 
and suitable metal supporting devices. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

bottom-pour ladle. One poured through a 
refractory nozzle in the bottom. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bottom reverberation. See reverberation. Hy. 

bottom rock. Bedrock. Austin. 

bottom roller. See return roller. Nelson. 

bottoms. a. Corn. The deepest mine work- 
ings. Fay. b. Eng. The bottom portion 
of a coal seam, Lancashire. Arkell. c. Used 
in connection with the Orford process for 
separating nickel and copper as sulfides. 
When the mixed sulfides are fused with 
sodium sulfide, the nickel sulfide separates 
to the bottom. C.T.D. d. The material 
drawn off from the bottom of a tower or 
still, Any residue accumulating in the bot- 
ys a process vessel. NRC-ASA NI1.1- 
1 ej 

bottom sample. A sample obatined by collect- 
ing a portion of material on the bottom 
of a container or pipeline. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bottom sampler. In oceanography, one of 
various types of apparatus which, when 
lowered, are capable of piercing the sea 
bottom and retaining a sample of the de- 
posit when brought to the surface. See also 
ocean depths. C.T.D. 

bottomset bed. A layer of finer material car- 
ried out farther and deposited on the bot- 
tom of the sea or lake in front of a delta. 
As the delta grows forward, the bottomset 
beds are covered by the foreset beds. See 
also foreset bed; topset bed. Fay. 

bottom settlings. Earthy matter, inert organic 
matter, or, in the case of Pennsylvania 
petroleum, an emulsion of amorphous par- 
affin wax and water, which accompanies 
crude oil. Fay. 

bottom sheets. a. The steel plates forming 
the bottom of an oil still or a steam boiler. 


boulder; bowlder 


Hess. b. Steel sheets about three-eighths of 
an inch thick formerly used at small mines 
on wood beams spanning a sump where 
water-gathering sump is below coal level 
at mine bottom. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bottom slopeman. See bottomer, b. D.O.T. 1. 

bottom steam. The steam admitted to the 
bottom of a still to prevent overheating 
and decomposition of the heavier com- 
ponents or to increase the yield of light 
hydrocarbons. Hess. 

bottom stewards. York. Underground mine 
officials. Fay. 

bottom stone. See fire clay, d. Fay. 

bottom sediments. In unconsolidated bottom 
materials, all naturally occurring uncon- 
solidated matter which comprises the sea 
bottom and which consists of discrete par- 
ticles of any size or origin. Hy. 

bottom tile. One of several sizes of beehive 
coke-oven fire clay floor tile. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bottom water. In oil wells, the water that lies 
below the productive sand and is separated 
pom it. Compare top water; edgewater. 

ay. 

bott plug. A clay ball used for stopping the 
taphole in a cupola furnace. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 479. 

bott stick. A long stick used for inserting the 
bott plug into the taphole to stop the flow 
of metal. Mersereau, 4th, p. 479. 

boucharde. Fr. A marble worker’s tool with 
which the surface of marble may be rough- 
ened or furrowed. Standard, 1964. 

boudin. One of a series of sausage-shaped 
segments in a boudinage structure. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

boudinage. a. A French term for a linear 
structure in which beds set in a yielding 
matrix are divided by cross-fractures into 
pillowlike or sausage-shaped segments. 
Schieferdecker. b. Refers to disruption of 
a once continuous layer by stretching and 
flowage. See also pull-apart structure. 
Pettijohn. 

bougard marble. A dark gray and white mot- 
tled marble with streaks and clouds of 
yellow, brown, and pink; from Nassau, 
Germany. Fay. 

Bouguer anomaly. The gravity value existing 
after the Bouguer corrections to a level 
datum have been applied. A.G.J. 

Bouguer correction. See Bouguer reduction. 
A.G.I. 

Bouguer gravity. Gravity values after lati- 
tude, elevation, and Bouguer corrections 
have been applied. Used in gravitational 
method of geophysical prospecting. Nelson. 

Bouguer reduction; Bouguer correction. The 
correction made in a gravity survey to 
take account of the altitude of the station 
and the rock between the station and sea 
level. A.G.I. 

bouking. a. Scot. Segments of wood or other 
material used for increasing the diameter 
of a drum. Fay. b. Scot. To coil unevenly 
on a drum; as, the rope or cable is not 
bouking well. Fay. 

boulangerite. A massive, metallic, bluish-gray, 
lead-sulfur-antimony mineral, Pb;Sb.Su; 
orthorhombic. Dana 17. 

boulder; bowlder. a. The word connotes a 
sense of size and boulders probably may 
be considered to be, in general, worn rocks 
a foot or more in diameter. Hess. b. A frag- 
ment of rock brought by natural means 
from a distance (this concept of transpor- 
tation from a distance is not always in- 
volved in later usage) and usually large 
and rounded in shape. Fay. c. A detached 


boulder; bowlder 


and rounded or much-worn mass of rock, 
from 8 to 10 inches to 10 or more feet in 
diameter. It is typically carried some dis- 
tance from the parent rock by natural 
forces and worn by a stream, ocean waves, 
or a glacier, or by weathering in situ. 
Webster 3d. d. A large rock fragment, 
usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, 
having an average dimension of 1 foot or 
more. ASCE P1826, e. A large rock which 
must be broken down by blasting into 
smaller pieces (secondary blasting) suit- 
able for further handling. Fraenkel. f. In a 
general sense, any large, usually rounded, 
fragment of rock lying on the surface or 
embedded in soil or overburden or in gla- 
cial water-deposited materials. Long. g. A 
rock that is too heavy to be lifted readily 
by hand. Nichols. 

boulder belt. A belt of glacial boulders lying 
transverse to the direction of glacial move- 
ment. Standard, 1964. 

boulder blasting. a. The breaking down of 
large stones at quarries by small explosive 
charges. See also secondary blasting. Nel- 
son. b. Secondary blasting of rocks too big 
to be moved conveniently in the mine’s 
transport system. Pryor, 3. 

boulder buster. a. A heavy, pyramidical- or 
conical-point steel tool, which may be at- 
tached to the bottom end of a string of 
drill rods and used to break, by impact, 
a boulder encountered in a borehole. Also 
called boulder cracker. Long. b. An explo- 
sive used to break rock fragments by block- 
holing or mudcapping methods. Long. 

boulder clay. a. The stiff, hard, and usually 
unstratified clay of the drift or glacial 
period that contains boulders scattered 
through it. Also called till; hardpan; drift 
clay; drift. See also till; ground moraine. 
Fay. b. Glacial drift that has not been 
subjected to the sorting action of water 
and therefore, contains mixed particles 
ranging from boulders to clay sizes. ASCE 
P1826. 

boulder cracker. A heavy iron rod to be 
dropped upon a rock encountered by 
thercnl in a deep well boring. Standard, 
1 : 

boulderet. Suggested by Chamberlin for 
rounded erratics from 6 to 15 inches in 
diameter. See also cobble. A.G.I. 

boulder fan. A boulder train, the width of 
which increases with the distance to which 
the boulders have been transported. Stand- 
ard, 1964, 

boulder flat. A level tract strewn with boul- 
ders. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

boulder gravel. A deposit of uncemented 
boulders. A.G.J. Supp. 

boulder head. A fence of piles driven in to 
resist the encroaching of the tide and 
waves upon a dike, or similar construction. 
Standard, 1964. 

bouldering stone. Smooth, translucent flint 
pebbles, found in gravel pits, and used to 
smooth the faces of emery wheels and 
glazers by abrading any large grains of 
Bey or other powder on their surface. 

ay. 

boulder motion. A surface quarry worked 
only in detached masses of rock overlying 
the solid rock; sometimes contracted to 
motion. Standard, 1964. 

boulder opal. A term used by miners for 
nodules of siliceous ironstone of concre- 
tionary origin containing precious opal and 
occurring in the opal-bearing sandstone 
and clay of Queensland, Australia. Shipley. 

boulder pavement. a. Surface of boulder-rich 








130 


till abraded to flatness by glacier move- 
ment. A.G.J. b. Boulders in till when 
grouped in an approximately horizontal 
plane and striated on their upper surfaces 
in a common direction. A.G.J. c. A strand 
thickly set with boulders released from the 
till by wave erosion. A.G.I. d. A sheet of 
boulders on a beach or on the bottom of 
shallow water; derived from deposits of 
boulder clay, destroyed by the waves. 
Standard, 1964. 

boulder pop. An alarm given when a boulder 
is to be broken up by a pop shot. Fay. 

boulder quarry. A quarry in which the joints 
are numerous and irregular, so that the 
stone has been broken naturally into com- 
paratively small blocks. A local term ap- 
plied to certain marble quarries in the 
region of Knoxville, Tenn., where erosion 
has formed many large cavities and cracks, 
between which the rock stands up as pin- 
nacles: The cavities are now filled with 
clay. Fay. 

boulder rampart. See gravel ridge. Schiefer- 
decker. 

boulder ridge. A beach ridge composed of 
boulders. A.GJI. Supp. 

boulder stone. It is well known to geologists 
that the surface of the earth in all coun- 
tries is strewed with loose fragments of 
rock—they are collected into extensive de- 
posits, filling up hollows in the subjacent 
strata, or forming low ridges of hills, and 
are then called gravel beds—they are also 
spread out into detached masses over the 
surface, and are then denominated boul- 
der stones. A.G.J. 

boulder till. See boulder clay. Pryor, 3. 

boulder train. A train or line of glacial boul- 
ders of the same sort of rock, extending 
from the source or parent ledge, perhaps 
for many miles, in the direction the ice 
moved. Fay. 

boulder wall. A glacial moraine built chiefly 
of boulders. Standard, 1964. 

boule. A fused mass of material, pear-shaped, 
particularly as produced by the Verneuil 
process. Sapphire (99.9 percent Al2Os) 
boules, about 2 inches long, are produced 
in this way, and are used, for example, in 
making thread guides, bearings, and gram- 
ophone needles. See also Verneuil process. 
Dodd. 

boulet. A small ovoid. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

bouleur. Belg. A small girl who collects 
coal into heaps in the working places 
underground. Fay. 

boulevard gas fluid. Highest gasoline of 76° 
B used for street lamps. Hess. 

Boulton process. A process for creosoting 
timber under pressure, in which the timber 
is dried, subjected to a vacuum at a tem- 
perature ranging from 140° to 200° F 
(60° to 93° C), and then put under pres- 
sure with creosote. This process is particu- 
larly suitable for impregnating Douglas fir. 
Ham. 

bounce. a. A sudden spalling off of the sides 
of ribs and pillars due to excessive pres- 
sure; a bump. Zern. b. A heavy sudden 
often noisy blow or thump; also, the sound 
of an explosion. Webster 3. c. The rapid 
up-and-down reciprocating motion induced 
in a drill string by rod vibration, drill 
string wrap-up, excessive volume or pres- 
sure of circulation media, or the running 
of a bit on and over small, loose materials 
on the bottom of a drill hole. Long. 

bounce cast. Casts of short grooves (up to 
5 centimeters) widest and deepest in mid- 
dle and fading out at both ends; presum- 








Bourdon pressure gage 


ably formed by objects grazing against 
bottom and rebounding. Pettijohn. 

bound. Corn. An area taken up for tin 
mining; a tin bound. Standard, 1964. 

boundary. a. A line between areas of the 
earth’s surface occupied by rocks or forma- 
tions of different type and age; especially 
used in connection with geologic mapping; 
also, a line between two formations or 
cartographic units on a geologic map. Fay. 
b. That which indicates or fixes a limit 
or extent, or marks a bound, as of a terri- 
tory. Webster 3d. c. A plane separating 
two formations or other rock units. A.G.I. 
Supp. d. The limit, border, or the termi- 
nation of a coal or mineral take; a line 
along which workings must stop in the 
vicinity of a fault or old waterlogged work- 
ings. Also called march. Nelson. e. The 
limit of working a mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
seconds 

boundary conditions. As used in strength of 
materials, the term usually refers to the 
condition of stress, displacement or slope 
at the ends or edges of a member, where 
these conditions are apparent from the cir- 
cumstances of the problem. Thus for a 
beam with fixed ends, the zero slope at 
each end is a boundary condition; for a 
pierced circular plate with freely supported 
edges, the zero radial stress at each edge 
is a boundary condition. Ro. 

boundary fault. A major fault with a con- 
siderable displacement. A number of col- 
lieries and coalfields are limited along one 
side by such a fault. Nelson. 

boundary films. Films of one constituent of 
an alloy surrounding the crystals of an- 
other constituent. C.T.D. 

boundary layer. The velocity of the fluid at 
the surface of a solid boundary is zero. 
There is, therefore, a region adjacent to 
the boundary in the fluid across which the 
velocity of flow will vary from zero to 
maximum stream velocity. This region is 
termed the boundary layer, the thickness 
of which is dependent upon the viscosity 
and velocity of the fluid. Roberts, I, p. 2. 

boundary map. A map for the purpose of 
delineating a boundary line and the adja- 
cent territory. A.G.I. 

boundary pillar. a. A pillar left in mines be- 
tween adjoining properties. Fay. b. A pillar 
of coal left unworked along the limit of 
a colliery take. Since nationalization in 
Great Britain, the former boundaries to 
colliery takings have been rendered obso- 
lescent. Nelson. 

boundary plane; interface. Plane separating 
two media with different elastic properties. 
Schieferdecker. 

bound charge. An induced electrostatic 
charge, held by attraction of inducing 
charge, which has opposite polarity. 
Pryor, 3. 

bounder. a. Corn. The owner of a small 
patch of ground called a “bound”. Fay. 
b. Corn. One who, in early times, yearly 
fixed or marked the bounds of tin mines. 
Standard, 1964. 

bound gravel. Hard, lenticular masses of 
gravel surrounded by soft gravel. These 
masses may occur in the zone of the water 
table and are sometimes mistaken for bed- 
rock. Nelson, 

bounds. A track of tin ore ground. Nelson. 

Bourdon pressure gage. A tube, oval in cross | 
section, which tends to straighten as the 
pressure inside is increased. In civil engi- 
neering it is very useful as an instrument 
for measuring pore water pressure in soil. 





Bourdon pressure gage 


\ Ham. 
|| Bourdon tube. Pressure gage, made from 
elliptical curved tube which straightens 
somewhat under pressure, and is made to 
move a measuring needle over a dial. 
| .» Pryor, 3. 
|| bourne. Springs which only flow at certain 
times of the year, or only after a prolonged 
spell of rainy weather, form temporary 
streams, which are known as bournes, nail- 
bournes, winterbournes, woe-bournes, lev- 
ants, and gypsies. Some of them break out 
every year at the same spot; these may be 
called regular bournes, and are generally 
winterbournes. Others only come into ex- 
istence after a season of great and pro- 
longed rainfall, and these may be termed 
occasional bournes. Challinor. 
| bournonite. A sulfide of lead, antimony, and 
copper, approximately PbCuSbS;; ortho- 
rhombic. Also called wheel ore. Dana 17. 
|) boury ugo’. Russian name for brown coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 
|) bouse. N. of Eng. Ore mixed with vein- 
stone; second-class ore which must undergo 
further preparation before going to the 
smelter. Also spelled boose. Fay. 
|| bouse team. N. of Eng. The place where 
bouse is deposited outside of a mine, ready 
“4 be dressed or prepared for the smelter. 
ay. 
| Boussinesq equation. This is used to calculate 
the influence of a concentrated load on 
the back fill behind a retaining wall. The 
3x Px d?xh, 
2x R* 
where P is the vertical! load, d is the hori- 
zontal distance of P from the back of 
the wall, h is the depth at which hori- 
zontal pressure is being considered, and 


R = Vd? + h?. The effect of a concen- 
trated load diminishes rapidly with in- 
creased depth. Ham. 

| bout. a. Mid. A coil of rope upon a drum. 
Fay. b. (Leic.) A dinner or other jollifica- 
tion given by the owners or lessees of a 
colliery to their workmen in honor of some 
special event. Also called do. Fay. c. 
Derb. A method of measuring lead ore. 

Nelson. 

|) bouteillenstein; bottle stone. A peculiar green 
and very pure glass, found as rolled peb- 
bles. Also called moldavite and pseudo- 
chrysolite, the latter from its resemblance 
to olivine. It is not solely a rock, as it may 
be prehistoric slag or glass. Fay. 

| boutgate. a. Scot. A road by which the 
Miners can reach the surface. Fay. b. A 
passage around a shaft at a landing. Fay. 
c. A traveling road from one seam to 

| another. Fay. 

| bouton. a. Scot. a mass of roof consisting of 
stone or shale. Fay. b. Scot. A projecting 
stone in a shaft or underground road. Fay. 

|| Bovey asphalt. A light-yellow, yellowish- 
brown, green, reddish, or striped resinous 
hydrocarbon; gives off a resiny odor at 
100° C; begins to melt at 121° C; is 
liquid at 160° C; and is soluble in alcohol 
and more readily soluble in ether. Found 
in Tertiary coal at Bovey, England. Hess. 

' Bovey coal. A kind of brown coal, or lignite 
(of the Miocene period), burning with a 
weak flame and generally a disagreeable 
odor, It is found at Bovey, England. Web- 
ster 2d. 

\ bow. a. Eng. The bent iron bar or handle 
of a mine bucket. Fay. b. A short, stout, 
bowed piece of wood with a cutting wire 
stretched between its ends; used in work- 
ing clay in brickmaking. Standard, 1964. 






horizontal pressures: 6 = 


131 


Bowditch’s rule. Used in surveying to adjust 
a closed traverse, which has been made by 
compass. Angles and sides are assumed to 
be equally liable to error. The correction 
applicable to any line for an error in lati- 

length of line 


perimeter of traverse 
in latitude. Correction for errors in de- 
parture is made in the same way. Ham. 

bow drill. A small drill operated by twisting 
a bowstring around it and pushing the bow 
back and forth. Used for perforating glass 
and gems. Hess. 

bowels; bowel stones. Eng. Quarrymen’s 
name for large, coarsely botryoidal con- 
cretions in the Lower Cretaceous sands at 
Stone, near Aylesbury. Also called doctor’s 
bowels, deadmen’s bowels. Arkell. 

bowenite. A fine-grained massive variety of 
serpentine resembling nephrite (jade) in 
appearance and sometimes sold as such; 
hardness, 5 to 5.5; specific gravity, 2.6 to 
2.8; mean refractive index varies from 
1.50 to 1.55. From China; New Zealand; 
India; and Rhode Island. Shipley. 

bowenite jade. Same as bowenite. Shipley. 

Bowen’s reaction series. A series of minerals, 
in which any early formed, high-tempera- 
ture mineral phase tends to react with the 
melt, later in the differentiation, to yield 
a new lower temperature mineral further 
down in the series. Thus, early formed 
crystals of olivine react with later liquids 
to form pyroxene crystals; these in turn 
may further react with still later liquids 
to form amphiboles. There are two differ- 
ent series, a continuous reaction series and 
a discontinuous reaction series. A.G.I. 

bowing. a. Deviation from flatness. ASM 
Gloss. b. A tendency in a length of coated 
abrasive to curve, caused by excess mois- 
ture (expanding) or lack of moisture 
(shrinking) on one side of the strip. Usu- 
ally prevented by proper storage condi- 
tions. ACSG, 1963. 

bowk. a. S. Staff. A small wooden box in 
which iron ore is hauled underground. 
Fay. b. (Aust.) An iron bucket used for 
raising rock, etc., while sinking. Fay. c. A 
noise made by the cracking of the strata 
Owing to the extraction of the coal be- 
neath. See also thud. Fay, d. The noise 
made by the escape of gas under pressure. 
Fay. e. Bucket; kibble; hoppit, as used in 
sinking. Mason. f. A large iron barrel used 
for men’s tools and debris when sinking 
a shaft. C.T.D. 

bowl. a. The bucket or body of a carrying 
scraper. Nichols. b. Sometimes, the mold- 
board or blade of a dozer. Nichols. c. Sta- 
tionary part of the Symons crusher, which 
surrounds the cone (the grating member). 
Pryor, 3. d. Synonym for spider, c. Long. 
e. See spout, d. ASTM C162-66. 

ped and slips. Synonym for spider and slips. 

ong. 

bowl centrifuge. A centrifugal device for de- 
watering, usually conical or bowl-shaped, 
in which the containing surface is imper- 
forated. The greater density of the solid 
particles causes them to collect preferen- 
tially in contact with the inside of the 
containing surface where they are dis- 
charged mechanically; the water usually 
overflows from a position nearer to the 
axis. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

bowl classifier. In ore dressing, a hydraulic 
classifier similar to a thickener. but differs 
in that the current carries the fine material 
into the overflow; used to make separa- 
tions at very fine particle size. Newton, 


tude is, x total error 








box 


p. 81. 

bowlder. Variant and archaic spelling of 
boulder. Long. 

bowlers. a. The common paving stones. The 
expression paving stones here clearly means 
cobbles. Arkell. b. Large stonés scattered 
on the heaths. Arkell. 

bowl metal. The impure antimony obtained 
from doubling, that is, from the fusion of 
antimony ore with iron or other antimony 
containing iron, so as to form iron sulfide, 
the removal of which eliminates both iron 
and sulfur. Hess. 

bow! mill. Grinding unit for soft material, 
such as coal. A bowl rotates about its verti- 
cal axis, the feed being crushed between 
its wearing ring and spring-loaded rollers. 
Products are air-classified. Pryor, 3. 

bowls. Small concretionary nodules of impure 
limestone in the Silurian of the Usk River, 
Wales and England. Arkell. 

bowl scraper. A steel bowl hung within a 
fabricated steel frame, running on four or 
two wheels. Its bottom edge digs into the 
ground, the bowl being filled as it is drawn 
forward by a tractor; soil is ejected at the 
dump by a tailgate, moved by wire ropes 
or hydraulically. Towed scrapers transport 
soil, in addition to spreading and leveling 
it. Ham. 

Bowmaker test. A method of forecasting the 
durability of refractory glasstank blocks 
proposed by E. J. C. Bowmaker. The loss 
in weight of a sample cut from the tank 
block is determined after the sample has 
been immersed for 3 hours in HF/H2SO,. 
at 100° C; the acid mixture is 3 parts by 
volume HF (commercial 50 to 60 percent 
HF) and 2 parts by volume pure concen- 
trated H2SQ,. The test is no longer con- 
sidered valid. Dodd. 

bowr. Synonym for bort. Long. 

bowralite. A pegmatoid rock consisting of 
crystals of sanidine with subordinate soda 
amphibole (arfvedsonite) and aegirine 
from Bowral, Wales. Hess. 

bowse. a. Lead ore as extracted from the 
vein. Nelson. b. Eng. Medium-quality 
lead ore, Staffordshire. Vein matter which 
has been worked out or wrought and which 
carries ore, bowse, or booze, Yorkshire lead 
mines. See also boose. Arkell. 

bowstring girder. A girder shaped in the 
form of a bow and string, which may be 
of steel, concrete, or timber construction. 
Modern laminated timber girders can be 
prefabricated up to a maximum span of 
150 feet and have been developed from 
the Belfast truss. Ham. 

box. a. The part of a wheel which fits the 
axle. Fay. b. The threaded nut for the 
screw of a mounted auger drill. More com- 
monly called boxing. Fay. c. A flask or 
frame for sand molding. Webster 2d. d. 
Eng. A vehicle in which coal is con- 
veyed from the working places along the 
underground roadways and up the shaft; 
a hutch. Fay e, Tub, wagon, tram, or 
corve. Mason. f. N. of Eng. See tension 
end. Trist. g. A transmission. Nichols. h. A 
dump body. Nichols i. The _ internal- 
threaded portion of a coupling or con- 
nector. The DCDMA accepted standard 
synonym for female thread. Long. j. To 
place core samples in a lidded, traylike, 
partitioned container for safekeeping after 
they have been removed from the core 
barrel; also, the container in which core 
samples are placed after they have been 
removed from a core barrel. Also called 
core box; core tray. Long. k. To drill bore- 


box 


holes at the four corners of a square area 
at equal distances from a centrally located 
and already completed borehole. Long. 1. 
A unit in a sluice for washing gravel; a 
suicebox. Hess. m. Eng. See let into. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

box and pin. The female and the male mem- 
bers of a tool joint or a sucker rod joint 
which form a screwed coupling. Porter. 

box annealing. Annealing a metal or alloy 
in a sealed container under conditions that 
minimize oxidation. In box annealing a 
ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated 
slowly to a temperature below the trans- 
formation range, but sometimes above or 
within it, and is then cooled slowly; this 
process is also called close annealing or 
pot annealing. See also black annealing. 
ASM Gloss. 

box barrow. A large wheelbarrow with up- 
right sides. Webster 2d. 

box bell. See bell screw. Hess. 

box bill. a. A tool used in deep boring for 
slipping over and recovering broken rods. 
Fay. b. See bell tap. Long. 

box bottoms. Leic. The small coal or slack 
produced by breakage in transit under- 
ground, and by sorting at the surface, Fay. 

box caisson. A large box of steel or concrete 
with an open top, built on shore and 
launched into.a river or seaway to be 
floated and towed to the site chosen for 
a foundation. This box will form an inte- 
gral part of the permanent structure; it is 
used for bridge piers, because it enables 
excavation to be done under reasonably 
dry conditions. Ham. 

box canyon. A canyon from the bottom of 
which four almost vertical walls appear 
on all four sides, as the result of the zigzag 
course of the canyon. Fay. 

boxcar loader. a. Any of several types of 
conveyors adapted by portable or hinged 
mounting for use in loading bulk materials 
into boxcars. Some types operate at high 
speeds and throw the materials to the ends 
of the car. ASA MH4.1-1958. b. In an- 
thracite and bituminous coal mining, one 
who loads coal into railroad. boxcars by 
mechanical shovel or conveyor loader. Also 
called boxcar loader operator; loader engi- 
neer; loader runner. D.O.T. 1. 

boxcar roof. Popular name for the Kreutzer 
roof. See also Kreutzer roof. Dodd. 

boxcar shoveler. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who shovels coal into far corners of 
boxcars that cannot be reached by me- 
chanical shovel. D.O.T. 1. 

box condenser. See box. Hess. 

box culvert. A culvert square or rectangular 
in cross section. Ham. 

box cut. The intial cut driven in a property, 
where no open side exists; this results in a 
highwall on both sides of the cut. Austin. 

box-cut method. A method of opencast min- 
ing of coal where the dip of the seam is 
relatively steep. A boxlike excavation is 
made to the dip, or at an angle to it, and 
the coal seam worked to the right and left. 
Nelson. 

box dam. A cofferdam which completely sur- 
rounds a given area. Ham. 

box drain. A small brick or concrete drain, 
rectangular in section. Ham. 

boxed off. Inclosed or protected by a wooden 
pipe or partition. Fay. 

boxer. In the stonework industry, one who 
cleans and crates finished monumental and 
building granite and marble for shipping. 
Also called boxmaker. D.O.T. 1. 

boxes. a. Penna. Woodea partitions for con- 


132 


ducting the ventilation from place to place. 
Fay. b. More or less hollow cuboids! limo- 
nitic concretions. Arkell. c, Eng. Pebbles 
of hard brown sandstone at the base oi 
the Red and Coralline Crags in East 
Anglia, containing remains of a fossil; so 
called by the Suffolk phosphate diggers. 
Arkell. 

box feeder. A device for feeding clay to prep- 
aration machines. It consists of a large 
metal box, open-topped, with the bottom 
usually formed by a steel-band conveyor 
or by a conveyor of overlapping steel slats; 
for plastic clay the feeding mechanism may 
be a number of revolving screw shafts. 
Dodd. 

box filling. The use of metal trays, instead 
of shovels, for hand filling coal into trams. 
The collier scooped the lumpy coal into 
the box and discarded the small material 
which had little market value. The use of 
a box was compulsory at many collieries 
until a few decades ago. See also fork- 
filled. Nelson. 

box-flue checkerwork. See basket weave 
checkerwork. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

box frame construction. A modern method 
of building flats, offices, and similar struc- 
tures, using concrete slab floors supported 
by load-bearing walls across the shortest 
span of the building. It has been developed 
to economize in steel or reinforced con- 
crete framework. Ham. 

box furmace. a. A furnace in which, peri- 
odically, a load of ware is introduced, 
fired, and removed. ASTM C286-65. b. 
The term refers to the batch-type furnace 
for firing enamelware, or smelting enamel 
glass. Enam. Dict. 

box girder. A hollow steel beam with a square 
or rectangular cross section. Nichols. 

box groove. A closed groove between two 
rolls, formed by a collar on one roll, fitting 
between collars on another. Fay. 

box hardening. A process of case hardening 
by cementation in an iron box. Webster 2d. 

box heading. A heading driven through very 
loose ground with close timbering. Nelson. 

boxhole. Corn. A short raise. Hess. 

boxing. a. A method of securing shafts solely 
by slabs and wooden pegs. Zern. b. Con- 
tinuing a fillet weld around a corner as an 
extension of the principal weld. Also called 
an end return. ASM Gloss. 

boxing-in. A method of setting in a kiln so 
that, for example, special refractory shapes 
can be fired without being stressed and 
deformed; also known as pocket setting. 
Dodd. 

boxing up. Packing ballast under sleepers to 
raise a track which has subsided. Ham. 

box kiln. A relatively small industrial kiln 
of boxlike shape and intermittent in opera- 
tion. Dodd. 

box loader. In the quarry industry, one who 
loads broken rock into a large box, placed 
on a small truck running on a narrow 
gauge track, to be hoisted out of the 
quarry pit. Also called grouter; rock 
loader. D.O.T. 1. 

boxmaker. See boxer. D.O.T. 1. 

box metal. A brass, bronze, or antifriction 
alloy used for the journal boxes of axles 
or shafting. Fay. 

box pile. A steel pile made from a pair of 
steel sheet piles, channels, angle sections, 
or rolled steel joists welded along their 
lines of contact. Ham. 

box scraper. See scraper. Lewis, p. 198. 

box sextant. A compact type of sextant con- 
tained in a small metal box. Ham. 


BPL 


Box’s formula. a. In hydraulics, the increased 
head (hs) needed to overcome fluid fric- 
tion in delivering G gallons per minute 
over L yards through fa yee of diameter D 


(inches) is: he = ————. Pryor, 3. b. See 


(3D)* 
friction loss, b. 

box shear test. See shear box test. Ham. 

box sluice. An open wooden channel or flume 
for conveying placer sand. The gold or 
heavy minerals settle at the bottom. The 
method is cleaner and requires less water 
than ground sluicing. Nelson. 

box stones. Eng. Masses of brown ferrugi- 
nous or phosphatic sandstone, rounded or 
flattened in form and generally a little 
larger than the fist. Some enclose fossil 
remains; hence the name. Holmes, 1928. 

box tap. See bell tap. Long. 

box thread. The thread on the inside surface 
of a coupling or tubular connector. Ac- 
cepted by the DCDMA as the standard 
term to be used in lieu of female thread. 
Long. 

box-thread bit. A bit having threads on the 
inside of the upper end or shank of the bit 
by means of which the bit may be coupled 
to a reaming shell, core barrel, or drill rod. 
Long. 

box timbering; plank timbering. Use of rec- 
tangular close frame for lining shafts or 
drives. Pryor, 3. 

box to box. The two internal-threaded ends 
of a sub, coupling, or tubular connector 
piece. See also box, 1. Long. 

box to pin. The internal- and external- 
threaded ends of a sub, coupling, or tubu- 
lar connector piece. Long. 

box-type bit. Synonym for box-threaded bit. 
Long. 

boxwork. Limonite and other minerals which 
originally formed as blades or plates along 
cleavage or fracture planes and then the 
intervening material dissolved leaving the 
intersecting blades or plates as a network. 
Usually found on the ceilings of caves. 
A.G.I. See also limonite boxwork. 

boxwork texture. A texture showing a porous 
aggregate with plates or septa which inter- 
sect at various angles leaving open boxlike 
spaces. Schieferdecker. 

boydite. Local name for probertite. English. 

Boyle’s law. States that at a constant tem- 
perature, the volume of a gas varies in- 
versely as the absolute pressure while the 
density varies directly as the pressure. 
(That is, if the pressure on a gas is dou- 
bled the density is also doubled, but the 
volume is decreased to one-half of the 
original volume.) H&G. 

boylom. Staff. A bluish iron ore. See also 
boilum. Arkell. 

Boylston’s reagent. A 5 percent solution of 
nitric acid in absolute ethyl or methyl alco- 
hol, used for the general etching of normal 
carbon steels. Osborne. 


Bozsin box. A box, with heat-insulated walls, . 


containing a temperature recorder; it was 
designed by M. Bozsin to travel with the 
ware through a vitreous-enameling fur- 
nace. Dodd. 

bp Abbreviation for boiling point. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

BP Abbreviation for back pressure. Zimmer- 
man, p. 14. 

bpd Abbreviation for barrels per day. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

BPL. Abbreviation for bone phosphate of 
lime, the anhydrous calcium phosphate or 
tricalcium orthophosphate, Cas(PO,)s, in 













BPL 


which form are calculated most determina- 

tions of phosphorus in rocks to be used for 

making fertilizer. The determination is 

made of P.O; and multiplied by the factor 

eps to convert it to the equivalent BPL. 
ess. 


r Chemical symbol for bromine. Handbook 


of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 


Pep. B-1. 
\Brabender Plastograph; Brabender Plasti- 


Corder. Trade names; instruments designed 
in the United States to assess the plasticity 
of clays and other materials on the basis 
of stress measurement during a continuous 
shearing process. Dodd. 


|braccianite. a. A variety of leucite tephrite, 


having the chemical composition of certain 
leucitites. Holmes, 1928. b. A dense basaltic 
rock with rare phenocrysts and composed 
of nearly 50 percent leucite, 8 percent 
augite and nepheline, olivine, 4 percent 
anorthite, magnetite, and apatite. Johann- 
sen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, pp. 245-246. 


brace. a. Corn. The mouth of a shaft. 


Webster 2d. b. A rigid piece, as of timber, 
to hold something, as parts of a frame, 
firmly in place; especially, (1) a framed 
diagonal piece in an angle; (2) a strut; 
and (3) a latent support acting in com- 
pression. Standard, 1964. c. Scot. An old 
measure of weight. The Hurlet brace was 
equal to 4 hundredweight. Fay. d. A plat- 
form or landing at the top of a shaft. The 
upper brace is the platform built in the 
headgear above the shaft collar. Nelson. 
e. A timber member in square-set stopes. 
Nelson. f. A stiffening member running at 
an angle, in the vertical plane, between 
two legs of a drill tripod or derrick. Some- 
times improperly used to designate a stiff- 
ening member running in a_ horizontal 
plane between two legs of a drill tripod 
or derrick, which properly should be called 
a grit. Long. g. A small handtool to which 
may be attached a metal- or wood-boring 
bit and by means of which the attached 
bit may be rotated. Long. h. To shore up, 
or to strengthen with planks or heavy tim- 
ber. Long. 


\brace head. a. A cross handle attached at 


the top of a column of drill rods by means 
of which the rods and attached bit are 
turned after each drop in chop-and-wash 
operations while sinking a borehole through 
overburden. Also called brace key. Long. 


'b. A long handle used to turn the drill 


string in percussive drilling. Also called 
tiller. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. c. An appli- 
ance for giving the blows to the chisel in 
hand boring. It may consist of two arms 
(single type) or four arms (double type) 
made of oak or ash 2% to 3% feet in 
length and secured together by bolts at 
the center. Two or more men hold the 
arms, lift and drop the rods and chisel 
and while doing so gradually move around 
in a circle to prevent the chisel from jam- 
ming and to cut a circular hole. See also 
hand boring. Nelson. 


\brace key. Synonym for brace head. Long. 
brachiopods. The predominant bivalve shell- 


fish of the Paleozoic, but they are still rep- 
resented by modern species. Mason, v. 1, 


tbrachy axis, The shorter lateral axis in the 


crystals of the orthorhombic, monoclinic, 
and triclinic systems. Webster 3d. 


\brachydiagonal. a. Of, or pertaining to the 


shorter lateral crystallographic axis in the 
orthorhombic and-triclinic systems. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. The shorter lateral axis. 


133 


Standard, 1964. c. See brachy axis. Fay. 

brachypinacoid. A pinacoid parallel to the 
vertical axis and the _ brachydiagonal. 
Standard, 1964. 

brachypyramid. A pyramid, the intercept of 
which on the brachyaxis is more than 1. 
Standard, 1964. 

brachytypous. In crystallography, compara- 
tively short. Standard, 1964. 

bracing. a. Diagonal or horizontal members 
used to prevent swaying in conveyor-sup- 
porting structures. ASA MH4.1-1958. b. 
Eng. See lacing, d. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

brackebuschite. A black to reddish hydrated 
lead-iron-manganese vanadinite, (Pb,Fe,- 
Mns(VQ,)-H2O, crysatllizing in the mono- 
clinic system. Standard, 1964. 

Brackelsberg process. A process by which fine 
Ores are moistened with water to which 
a binding medium is added and the wet 
mass, without any heating, is rotated in a 
drum till it forms into spherical lumps of 
varying size. The moisture is then dried 
out by evaporation and the product re- 
mains in the form of hard and very porous 
balls of ore which are of great reducibility 
as compared with sintered ore or briquettes. 
Osborne. 

bracken glass. Old English glassware made 
from a batch in which the ash from burnt 
bracken supplied the necessary alkali. Dodd. 

bracket. A platform over a shaft entrance. 
Standard, 1964. 

brackish water. Water in which salinity values 
range from approximately 0.50 to 17.00 
parts per thousand (% 9). Hy. 

Bracklesham beds. Pale-colored clays inter- 
mingled with glauconite sand occurring in 
parts of Southern England and worked 
for brickmaking to the Southwest of Lon- 
don and near Southampton. Dodd. 

brackly stone. Eng. Stone that is brittle, 
broken, or full of cracks, Northampton- 
shire. Arkell. 

braddisher. See brattice man. D.O.T. 1. 

braddish man. See brattice man. D.O.T. 1. 

bradenhead. In oil-well drilling, an iron or 
steel head screwed into the top of the 
casing. The inner pipe projects up through 
it and is packed with some pliable sub- 
stance, preferably rubber. The bradenhead 
is used to confine gas between the tubing 
and casing, or between two strings of cas- 
ing, and has an outlet through which gas 
may be piped away. More commonly called 
stuffing-box casing head. Fay. 

bradenhead gas. In oil wells, natural gas in- 
closed or confined by a bradenhead. It ap- 
plies to all the gas that lies above the oil 
and through which the drill must go to 
reach the lower and more profitable oil 
sands. Fay. 

Bradford breaker. A machine which combines 
coal crushing and screening. It consists of 
a revolving cylindrical screen 8 to 14 feet 
in diameter and 15 to 22 feet in length. 
It breaks the coal by gravity impact, which 
on reaching the desired size, is discharged 
through the plates. It can deal with run- 
of-mine coal up to 12 inches at a rate of 
500 to 600 tons per hour, to give a product 
size of below 1% inches, or according to 
the screen plates used. See also breaker; 
screen. Nelson. 

Bradfordian. Uppermost Devonian, may be 
transitional to Mississippian. A.G.I, Supp. 

Bradford preferential separation process. A 
flotation process for the treatment of mixed 
sulfides, in which certain mineral salts are 
added such as thiosulfates, to the water 
used in the flotation cells. The addition of 








brake band 


the salt causes the zinc sulfide to be wetted 
while the lead sulfide and pyrite float. The 
separation of the zinc mineral from the 
ganguc is effected later. Fay. 

bradleyite. A double salt of sodium phosphate 
and magnesium carbonate, NasPO.-MgCOs, 
as very fine-grained material in saline oil 
shale from Wyoming. Spencer 16, M.M., 
1943. 

bradyseism. Slow movement of the ground 
especially recognizable by an upheaval, 
subsidence, or a shifting of shoreline. 
Schieferdecker. 

brae. a. Scot. A hillside, a slope, a bank, 
a hill. Fay. b. Scot. An inclined roadway, 
more commonly used in the compound 
form, for example, pulley brae, cuddy brae. 
Fay. c. Insufficiently charred wood, as in 
charcoal burning. Standard, 1964. 

Bragg angle. In crystallography, an identify- 
ing angle measured by placing crystals in 
narrow X-ray beam, when its lattice layers 
reflect the incident ray on to photographic 
plate. This produces series of lines Nh=2d 
sin 9. @ is the glancing angle, d the spacing 
apart of atomic or lattice planes, and A the 
wavelength. nis the basic reflection. Pryor, 3. 

braggite. A steel-gray sulfide of platinum and 
palladium, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, with 3 to 5 per- 
cent nickel. Tetragonal; minute grains. 
Found in concentrates from the Bushveld 
norite of the Transvaal, South Africa. This 
is the first mineral to be discovered by 
X-ray methods. English. 

braided sling. A sling consisting of eight sep- 
arate ropes plaited in pairs to form a braid. 

am. 

braided stream. a. A stream flowing in sev- 
eral dividing and reuniting channels resem- 
bling the strands of a braid, the cause of 
division being the obstruction by sediment 
deposited by the stream. A.G.J. b. Where 
more sediment is being brought to any part 
of a stream than it can remove, the build- 
ing of bars becomes excessive, and the 
stream develops an intricate network of 
interlacing channels. See also anastomos- 
ing, a. A.G.J. 

braird. Scot. To increase the height of the 
holding or undercutting. Fay. 

brairding. Scot. The height of holing or 
undercutting at front. Fay. 

brait. A rough diamond, Fay. 

braize. A variant of breeze. The dust of char- 
coal which accumulates around the fur- 
naces of charcoal works; coal dust; coke 
dust. Fay. 

brake. a. A device, either hand- or power- 
operated, for applying resistance to the 
drum or pulley and thus controls the move- 
ment of mine cars or cages. A common 
form is a brakeshoe, lined with friction 
material, which is applied to the surface of 
a wheel or drum, and thus retards or even 
stops its movement. See also winder brake. 
Nelson. b. Eng. A stout, wooden | lever 
to which boring rods are attached, It is 
worked by one or more men. Fay. c. N. 
Staff. To lower trams on dips by means 
of a wheel and rope, Fay. d. A device (as 
a block or band applied to the rim of a 
wheel) to arrest the motion of a vehicle. 
a machine, or other mechanism and usually 
employing some form of friction. Webster 
3d e. A device for slowing, stopping, and 
holding an object. Nichols. 

brake-and-stope feeder. One that utilizes a 
brake-and-stope mechanism to effect sepa- 
ration and delivery of objects. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

brake band. The flexible steel-ribbon part of 


brake band 


a band brake. See also band brake. Long. 

brake beam. A horizontal beam or rod on 
a wagon or railroad car that operates the 
brakeshoes. Webster 3d. 

brake block. a. A device for checking by 
friction the speed of a rope (as in a hoist). 
Webster 3d. b. The part of a brake that 
holds the shoe. Webster 3d. 

brake brow. Eng. A_ self-acting 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

brakedrum. A rotating cylinder with a ma- 
chined inner or outer surface upon which 
a brake band or brakeshoe presses. Nichols. 

brake hanger. One of the bars or links sus- 
pending a brake beam. Webster 3d. 

brake holder. See brakeman. D.O.T. 1. 

brake horsepower. a. The power of an engine 
or other motor as calculated from the force 
exerted on a friction brake or absorption 
dynamometer applied to the flywheel or 
the shaft. Webster 3d. b, Actual power out- 
put delivered by the crankshaft of an 
engine. It is equal to the theoretical or 
indicated horsepower multiplied by the 
mechanical efficiency. Abbreviation, bhp. 
Brantly, 2. 

brake incline. a. An incline in which the full 
trucks descend by gravity and pull up the 
empty ones. C.T.D. See also gravity haul- 
age. b. Gravity plane. Pryor, 3. 

brake-lining finisher. In the asbestos products 
industry, one who performs the finishing 
operation on asbestos lining stock. D.O.T. 1. 

brake linings. See friction elements. Dodd. 

brake magnet. One that (1) induces eddy 
currents in a rotating drum, and (2) mag- 
netically applies a friction load. Pryor, 3. 

brakeman. a. One who attends to a brake or 
brakes, as on a railroad car. Standard, 
1964. b. Eng. The man in charge of a 
winding (hoisting) engine for a mine. 
Brakeman is usually used in the United 
States; brakesman is the British usage. The 
man in charge of hoisting engines, espe- 
cially in the United States, is usually called 
a hoisting engineer. Fay. c. In mining, a 
laborer who rides on trains on trips of cars 
hauled by locomotive or hoisting cable or 
chain, and assists in their transportation to 
surface of shaft bottom for hoisting; oper- 
ates or throws switches; couples and un- 
couples cars, or attaches and detaches cars 
to and from the cable; opens and closes 
ventilation doors in mines; directs move- 
ment of the train by signaling motorman. 
May be designated according to type of 
hauling machine, as dinkey operator helper. 
Also called brake holder; car rider; con- 
ductor; dukey rider; gang rider; motorman 
helper; nipper; patcher; rider; rope con- 
ductor; rope rider; set rider; snapper; tail- 
end rider; trailer; train conductor; train- 
man; transfer car helper; trip rider; tub 
rider. D.O.T. 1. 

brakepower. See brake horsepower. Fay. 

brakeshoe. a. A wooden block or asbestos- 
impregnated lining attached to the surface 
of a bandbrake brought to bear on a flat 
projecting surface on a hoisting drum, cap- 
stan, or wheel. See also band brake. Long. 
b. A stationary portion of the brake capable 
of being pressed against the brakedrum for 
stopping the wheel. Shell Oil Co. 

brake sieve. A jigger, operated by a hand 
lever. Fay. 

brakesman. Eng. See brakeman, b. Fay. 

brake staff. Eng. See brake, b; break staff. 
Fay. 

brake stick. A stick of wood to provide lever- 
age in operating the brake wheel of a rail- 
road car. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


incline. 








134 


brake wheel. a. A hand wheel for operating 
a brake, as on a vehicle. Webster 2d. b. A 
wheel or pulley on which a friction brake 
acts. Webster 2d. c. A heavy wheel pro- 
vided with cams for controlling the move- 
ment of a triphammer. Webster 2d. 

braking. N. of Eng. Working a winding en- 
gine. Hess. 

braking distance; stopping distance. The dis- 
tance the train will travel after the appli- 
cation of the brakes. It depends on the 
speed, the weight of locomotive and train, 
and the gradient. Sinclair, V, p. 226. 

brale. A diamond penetrator of specified 
spheroconical shape used with a Rockwell 
hardness tester for hard metals. This pene- 
trator is used for the A, C, D, and N scales. 
ASM Gloss. 

brammallite. A micaceous mineral differing 
from illite because it contains soda in ex- 
cess of potash. Found in crevices in coal 
measure shales from Llandebie, South 
Wales. Also called sodium-illite. Spencer 
16, M.M., 1953. 

brances. See brasses, a. Fay. 

branch. a. Som. An underground road or 
heading driven in coal measures. Fay. 
b. An underground roadway turned from 
a level, etc. Fay. c. Corn. A small] vein 
departing from the main load, and in 
some cases returning. Fay. d. A turnout 
where miners congregate to wait for empty 
cars. In mines where the seams lie flat, a 
spur track into a chamber from the gang- 
way or heading. Korson. e. A borehole 
drilled at an angle diverging from a previ- 
ously drilled borehole. See also wedging. 
Long. f. An underground working place 
or passageway leading away from a major 
work area or main passageway. Long. g. In 
ventilation surveys, a road between two 
junctions. Roberts, I, p. 296. h. Part of a 
ventilation circuit from which no splits are 
made. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. i. The out- 
let or inlet of a fitting not in line with the 
run, but which may make any angle. 
Strock, 3. j. In petrology, a subdivision of 
an igneous rock series, A.G.J. Supp. 

branch coal. Term used among British miners 
for cannel coal interstratified with bitumi- 
nous coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

branch ell. a. Designates an elbow having a 
back outlet in line with one of the outlets 
of the run. Also called a heal outlet elbow. 
Strock, 3. b. Incorrectly used to designate 
side outlet or back outlet elbow. Strock, 3. 

branch fault. A minor fault that branches 
from a larger fault. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

branch headings. Headings which are turned 
off the main level at intervals for develop- 
ment purposes. They may proceed to the 
rise or dip and are adopted in longwall 
and pillar methods of working. See also 
opening out. Nelson. 

branch hole. See branch, e. Long. 

branching. See deflecting. Long. 

branching veins. Veins extending from the 
main vein either into the hanging wall or 
the footwall. Lewis, p. 411. 

branchite. A variety of hydrocarbon found in 
lignite. According to Hintz it is identical 
with hartite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

branch maker. See junction maker. D.O.T. 1. 

branch rattler. Term used among British 
miners for an impure cannel coal. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

branch rope. Aust. A district rope, used for 
hauling skips in one section of a coal mine. 
Hess. 

branch tee. A tee having many side branches. 





brass 


See also manifold. Strock, 3. 

branchwork. A branched system of cave pas- 
sages in one level. Schieferdecker. 

brandbergite. A granular igneous rock (de- 
scribed as aplitic) with aggregates of 
biotite, minor arfvedsonite, and large ortho- 
clase twins in a fine-grained micropegma- 
titic groundmass. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 
1939, p. 245. 

brandisite. A leek-green to dark green brittle 
mica, 7H:O-7CaO-16MgO-12A12Os-95i102; 
Mohs’ hardness, 5; specific gravity, 3.0; 
closely related to seybertite and xantho- 
phyllite; occurs as monoclinic hexagonal- 
shaped prisms in metamorphosed limestone. 
Dana 6d, pp. 636, 638, 639. 

brandric. Derb. An iron guide at the foot 
of a pump to make the chain enter and 
prevent wearing. Fay. 

brands. The leading (usually primary) pro- 
ducers of metallic antimony, copper, lead, 
tin, and zinc register their products in 
terms which show class, quality, or other 
specified standard of interest to a pur- 
chaser. Pryor, 3. 

brandschiefer. Ger. Oil shale. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

brannerite. A complex, black, opaque titanate 
of uranium and other elements in which 
the weight of uranium exceeds that of 
titanium. Except for pitchblende, it is the 
most radioactive opaque mineral known. 
It contains approximately 43.8 percent 
uranium oxides, 39 percent titanium oxide, 
3.9 percent yttria earths, 4.1 percent thoria, 
and small quantities of several other oxides, 
Found in the placers of Stanley Basin, 
Idaho. A monoclinic mineral, possibly 
(U,Ca,Fe,Y,Th)sTisO:s; generally altered 
externally and internally to brown, yellow- 
brown, and olive-green. Fay; Crosby, pp. 
10-11. 

Brard’s process. A method of testing the 
weathering properties of stone by boiling 
a sample in a solution of sodium sulfate 
and then allowing it to dry in the air. The 
amount of disintegration due to the effllo- 
rescence of the salt is a measure of the 
rock’s resistance to weathering. Hess. 

brash. a. A mass of loose or broken fragments 
of rocks resulting from weathering or dis- 
integration on the spot. Fay. b. Brittle. Fay. 

brash ice. Small fragments of sea or river ice 
less than 6 feet in diameter. Hy. 

brashings. Brittle shale (the coal miner’s 
“slate”) interbedded with thin coalbeds; 
also, the roof of the Pittsburgh coal in 
western Maryland. Also called rashings; 
wild coal. Hess. 

brashy. Same as brash. Webster 3d. 

brasque. Fr. A paste made by mixing pow- 
dered charcoal, coal, or coke with clay, 
molasses, tar, or other suitable substance. 
Used for lining hearths, crucibles, etc. Also 
called steep. Webster 2d. 

brasqued crucible. A crucible lined with 
charcoal or lampblack, and used for the 
reduction of oxides of metals to the metal- 
lic state. The crucible is prepared by ram- 
ming it full of lampblack or charcoal, and 
then excavating a portion of its contents 
and polishing the lining with a burnisher. 

ay. 

brasqueing. A process sometimes used for the 
preparation of the interior of a fireclay 
crucible prior to its use as a container for 
molten metal. The crucible is lined with 
a carbonaceous mixture, it is then covered 
with a lid and heated to redness. Dodd. 

brass. Primarily an alloy of copner and zinc, 
but other eJements such as aluminum, iron, 




















| 





brass 


manganese, nickel, tin, and lead are fre- 
quently added. C.T.D. See also brasses. 


| brassage. The minting fee for coining; now 


commonly called seigniorage. Hess. 

brass balls. Nodular pyrite. Fay. 

brass binder. Corn. A thin pyritous grit. Fay. 

brassel; brassil; brazil; brazzle. Miners’ term 
for iron pyrites; applied to coal seams con- 
taining pyrites. Also used for hard nodules 
elsewhere, as at the base of the Totternhoe 
stone, and sometimes applied to the Tot- 
ternhoe stone itself or other hard rock 
bands. Compare ratchel; raddle; rubble. 
Arkell. 


||| brasses. a. Term used among British miners 


for iron pyrites found in coal and other 
strata, as well as for pyritous coal Tom- 
keieff, 1954. Also called brass; brassyn; 
brazil. b. Mineral impurities in coal, of 
yellow metallic appearance, consisting 
mainly of iron sulfides B.S. 3323, 1960. 
c. Fittings of brass in bearing blocks, etc., 
for diminishing the friction of revolving 
journals that rest upon them. Fay. 


||| brassfounder’s disease. A disease affecting the 


general system, characterized by chronic 
poisoning from inhalation of metallic 
fumes, with symptoms like those of mala- 
rial fever. Standard, 1964. 

brass furmace. One of two kinds of furnaces 
for the making and founding of brass, 
such as (1) a reverberatory furnace for 
large quantities of the alloy, or (2) a cru- 
cible furnace for small quantities. Fay. 

| brass ore. a. An early name for a mixture of 
spahlerite and chalcopyrite. Hess. b. Syn- 
onym for aurichalcite, a basic carbonate 
of copper and zinc. Hey 2d, 1955, 


|| brass powder. a. A pulverized mixture of 


copper fillings and ocher. Standard, 1964. 
b. Pulverized brass fillings. Standard, 1964. 


|) brass rod. A drill rod made entirely OL a 


nonmagnetic alloy consisting essentially of 
copper and zinc in variable proportions. 
See also nonmagnetic rod. Long. 


| | brassy bed. Eng. A bed in the Purbeck stone. 


Arkell. 


||! brassy top. Aust. The top part of the Greta 


coal seam, in which there are large quan- 
tities of sulfide of iron. Fay. 


} brassyn. See brasses. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
|| brat coal. Thin seam of impure coal usually 


containing carbonates and pyrites and fre- 
quently found at the roof of a seam of 
coal, Scotland and North England, Prob- 
ably means rubbish coal. Arkell. 
brattice. a. A board of plank lining, or other 
partition, in any mine passage to confine 
the air and force it into the working places. 
Its object is to keep the intake air from 
finding its way by a short route into the 
return airway. Temporary brattices are 
often made of cloth. Also spelled brettice; 
brettis; brattish. See also brattice cloth. 
Fay. b. Mid. A built-up pillar or cord- 
wood sometimes like a large chock, and 
serving a similar purpose, Fay. c. Planking 
to support a wall or roof. Webster 2d. d. 
To provide with a brattice for separation 
or support; often used with up. Webster 
2d. e. An airtight partition in a mine 
shaft to separate intake from return air. 
Also called screen. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 2. 
f. Used as jumpers for removing gas from 
a roof cavity. Nelson. g. Ventilating parti- 
tion, usually of tarred cloth, used to move 
air through gassy or dusty underground 
workings. Pryor, 3. 
| brattice cloth. a. Fire-resistant canvas or duck 
used to erect a brattice. B.C.J. b. A heavy 
canvas, often covered with some water- 


264-972 O-68—10 








135 


proofing material, for temporarily forcing 
the air into the face of a breast or heading; 
also used in place of doors on gangways; 
then known as “sheets”. Fay. 

brattice man. In mining, one who builds 
doors and brattices (ventilation walls or 
partitions in underground passageways) of 
canvas or wood by rough carpentry, or 
erects by rough masonry or cement work, 
partitions of stone, brick, or concrete to 
control proper circulation of air through 
passageways and to working places. Also 
called airman; braddisher; braddish man; 
canvasman; doorman; ventilation man. 
DIO; Tel 

brattice road. A road through the goaf sup- 
ported by chocks or timber packs. Fay. 

brattice sheeting. A curtain or screen of flex- 
ible material used to direct or control the 
flow of ventilating air. Also called brattice 
cloth; sheets. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

brattice trick. Aust. A trick played on in- 
spectors when measuring the air in a mine, 
the quantity of air being reduced in some 
districts below its normal amount, in order 
to increase it in the district being tested. 
Usually effected by placing a piece of 
brattice cloth across one of the return 
airways. Fay. 

brattice up. See brattice, d. Hess. 

brattice wall. The bratticed side of an air 
course or roadway. Fay. 

bratticing; brattishing. A partition in a mine 
to form an air passage. Fay. 

brattish. A variation of brattice. Fay. 

braunite. A somewhat variable manganese 
silicate, approximately 3Mn2OsMnSiQOs. 
Sanford. 

braunkohle. Ger. Brown coal. Hess. 

bravaisite. A clay mineral containing mag- 
nesium and potassium (Mg and K) and 
of doubtful structure; it has variously been 
stated to be a mixture of kaolinite and 
illite or of montmorillonite and illite. Dodd. 

Bravais lattices. The 14 frameworks on 
which crystals are built. Hurlbut. 

Bravais law. See Bravais rule. Pryor, 3. 

Bravais rule; Bravais law. In a crystal, the 
faces which occur most frequently and are 
best developed conform to the lattice 
planes with the highest reticular density. 
Pryor, 3. 

bravoite. Yellow, paler than pyrite, of which 
it is a highly nickeliferous variety (18 per- 
cent nickel). Possibly (Fe,Ni)S2; isometric 
(?). Grains and crystal fragments, dis- 
seminated through vanadium ores. Possibly 
a mixture. From Minasragra, Peru; Mech- 
ernich, Germany. English; Dana 17. 

braze. To solder with brass or other hard 
alloys. Nichols. 

braze-jointed. United by a brazed joint or 
joints. Webster 2d. 

brazen dish. Eng. The brass gage, or stand- 
ard, used in the Low Peak district, Derby- 
shire, about 1,500. The miners formerly 
measured lead ore in this dish, It had a 
capacity of 8 quarts, and was chained at 
a certain public place. Fay. 

braze welding. Welding in which a groove, 
fiHet, plug, or slot weld is made using a 
nonferrous filler metal having a melting 
point lower than that of the base metal 
but higher than 800° F. The filler metal 
is not distributed by capillarity. ASM 
Gloss. 

brazier. a. A large pan or tray for holding 
burning charcoal, coal, etc. Haggar. b. 
One who works in brass. Webster 3d. 

brazil. Iron pyrites; also, coal containing 
much pyrites. Webster 3d. See also brass; 





Brazil twin 


brassel; brasses. 
Brazilian aquamarine. a. A greenish topaz. 
Shipley. b. Aquamarine from various gem- 
earing districts of Minas Geraes, Brazil. 
Many are of very large size, but until the 
discovery of the process of heat treatment 
to improve color, were not as fine blue as 
Madagascar aquamarine. Shipley. 

Brazilian cat’s-eye. Chrysoberyl cat’s eye from 
Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is inferior to 
Ceylon cat’s-eye, in that cat’s-eye formerly 
found in Ceylon was less translucent and 
more gray brown to yellowish. Shipley. 

Brazilian chrysoberyl. Chrysoberyl from near 
Minas Novas, Brazil. It is often of large 
size and finest greenish-yellow color. 
Shipley. 

Brazilian chrysolite. A jeweler’s name for 
yellowish-green tourmaline, cut as a gem. 
Fay. 

Brazilian diamond. a. Rock crystal from 
Brazil. Shipley. b. A trade term for gem 
diamonds from Brazil, which are in general 
of better color than those from South 
Africa. Shipley. 

Brazilian emerald. a. Green tourmaline. Ship- 
ley. b. A light yellowish-green beryl from 
Bahia and Minas Geraes, Brazil. The one 
from Bahia is probably too light to be 


gemmologically classed as emerald; spe- 
cific gravity, 2.67 to 2.72. Shipley. 
Brazilian gems. Include chrysolite, yellow- 


green tourmaline; emerald, green tour- 
maline; ruby, rose spinel; and sapphire, 
blue tourmaline. Pryor, 3. 

brazilianite; brasilianite; brasilianita. Hy- 
drous phosphate of aluminum and sodium, 
AlsNa(Po.z)2(OH)., as yellow-green mono- 
clinic crystals of gem quality, from Brazil. 
Named from the locality. (Not the brazil- 
ianite of J. Mawe, 1818 (=wavellite). 
Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 

Brazilian onyx. An incorrect trade term for 
onyx marble of superior color, from Ar- 
gentina. Shipley. 

Brazlian pebble. A _ colorless transparent 
quartz, such as is used for optical pur- 
poses. Fay. 

Brazilian peridot. Green crystals obtained 
from Brazil, having the typical color of 
peridot (olivine) ; they are probably speci- 
mens of chrysoberyl. C.M.D. 

Brazilian ruby. A light rose-red spinel, or a 
topaz approaching a red color. Fay. 

Brazilian sapphire. A blue variety of tour- 
maline. Fay. 

Brazilian test; indirect test. A method for 
the determination of the tensile strength 
of rock, concrete, ceramic, or other ma- 
terial by applying a load vertically at the 
highest point of a test cylinder or disk 
(the axis of which is horizontal), which 
is itself supported on a horizontal plane. 
The method was first used in Brazil for 
testing of concrete rollers on which an old 
church was being moved to a new site. 
Compare brittle-ring test. Dodd. 

Brazilian topaz. True topaz varying in color 
from pure white to blue and yellow; 
mined chiefly in the state of Minas Ge- 
rais, Brazil. C.J.D. 

brazilite. A variety of baddeleyite. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

brazilly coal. Coal rich in pyrites. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

Brazil twin. A type of twin found in quartz 
in which the two crystalline individuals 
are of opposite kinds, one being right- 
handed, the other left-handed, with a face 
of the trigonal prism of the second order 
as twinning plane. Since one is not de- 


Brazil twin 


rivable from the other by any rotation, 
there is no twinning axis. Hess. 


brazing. Joining metals by flowing a thin 


layer, capillary thickness, of nonferrous 
filler metal into the space between them. 
Bonding results from the intimate contact 
produced by the dissolution of a small 
amount of base metal in the molten filler 
metal, without fusion of the base metal. 
Sometimes the filler metal is put in place 
as a thin solid sheet or as a clad layer, 
and the composite is heated as in furnace 
brazing. The term brazing is used where 
the temperature exceeds some arbitrary 
value, such as 800° F; the term soldering 
is used for temperatures lower than the 
arbitrary values. ASM Gloss. 


brazinga alloy. The same as brazing filler 


metal. ASM Gloss. 


brazing filler metal. A nonferrous filler metal 


used in brazing and braze welding. ASM 
Gloss. 
brazing sheet. Brazing filler metal in sheet 
form or flat-rolled metal clad with braz- 
ing filler metal on one or both sides. ASM 
Gloss. 


brazing solders. Alloys used for brazing. They 


include copper zinc (50 to 55 percent 
copper), copper-zinc-silver (16 to 52 per- 
cent copper, 4 to 38 percent zinc, and 10) 
to 80 percent silver), also nickel-silver 
alloys. C.T.D. 


brea, A viscous asphalt formed by the evap- 


oration of petroleum from oil seeps; 
maltha, or mineral tar. Webster 2d. 


breach. a. An opening made by breaking 


down a portion of a solid body, as a wall, 
a dike, or a riverbank; a break; a gap. 
Fay. b. The face of a level or drift. Fay. 
c. A large cave hole caused by under- 
mining. Korson. 


breached anticline. An anticline that has 


been more deply eroded in the center; 
consequently, erosional scarps face in- 
ward toward the center of the anticline. 
A.G.I, 


breached cone. a. When lava rises in a cinder 


cone without an explosion ocurring, the 
cone is at once broken through on one 
side by the outwelling of the lava near 
the base, creating the characteristic horse- 
shoe form of the breached cone. A.G.I. 
b. A cinder cone in which lava has broken 
through the side and carried away the 
broken materials. A.GI. 

breaching. The breaking through of a bar. 
Schieferdecker. 


bread-crust structure. The compact crust 


around a spongy center in certain vol- 
canic bombs. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, 
p. 204. 

breadth. Eng. A set of coal pillars formed 
by rearer workings, North Staffordshire. 
Nelson. 

break. a. A plane of discontinuity in the coal 
seam such as a slip, fracture, or cleat. 
The surfaces are in contact or slightly 
separated. See also break detector. Nelson. 
b. A fracture or crack in the roof beds as 
a result of mining operations. See also 
induced fractures. Nelson. c. To split into 
pieces or smash into parts or fragments 
typically by a blow or stress and with 
suddenness or violence; to separate; to 
burst. Webster 3d. d. Scot. A  reduc- 
tion of the day's wage. Fay. e. Can. 
Local shear zone within which mines are 
found. Hoffman. f. A jointing plane in 
a coal seam. C.T.D. g. To unscrew, as 
rods, casing, drill pipe, etc. Long. h. To 
separate core from solid rock at the bot- 





136 


tom of a borehole by a tensional pull 
applied to the drill string. Long. i. A fault 
rupture, fracture, or discontinuity in rock 
formations. Long. j. To twist open or 
disconnect. Nichols. k. A short rest pe- 
riod. Nichols. 1. In mineral processing, 
optimum mesh of grind (m.o.g.), the 
practical size range to which ore is re- 
duced before concentration. Not synony- 
mous with liberation mesh. Pryor, 3. 
m. Eng. A fracture in the strata induced 
by the working of the coal. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. 

breakage. a. Voluntary or involuntary divi- 
sion of a solid. B.S, 3552, 1962. b. Small 
material produced by involuntary break- 
age during mechanical handling or proc- 
essing. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

breakage clause. Eng. A clause inserted in 
some mining leases providing for an abate- 
ment of royalty or allowance on weight 
for certain weight of small coal or break- 
age sent out in every ton of large coal, 
for example, 120 pounds in every collier’s 
ton of 2,640 pounds. Fay. 

breakage of coal. See degradation. Nelson. 

breakaway chain. A chain that holds a trac- 
tor and a towed unit together if the regu- 
lar fastening opens or breaks. Also called 
safety chain. Nichols. 

breakback. The fractures caused by the shat- 
tering of a solid rock ledge back of the 
drill holes in which the charge is placed. 
Fay. 

break circulation. To resume the moyement 
of drilling fluid down the drill pipe, 
through the eyes of the bit, and upwards 
through the annulus. Brantly, 1. 

break detector. A scraper capable of detecting 
breaks in a shothole. Nelson. 

breakdown. a. Of an emulsion, the reunion 
of the finely dispersed particles and their 
separation from the medium which they 
form an emulsion. C.T.D. Supp. b. The 
sudden passage of current through an in- 
sulating material, as soon as the voltage 
exceeds a certain definite value called 
the breakdown voltage. C.T.D. c. An ini- 
tial rolling or drawing operation, or a se- 
ries of such operations, for the purpose 
of reducing a casting or extruded shape 
prior to the finish reduction to desired 
size. ASM Gloss. d. A preliminary press 
forging operation. ASM Gloss. e. Mechani- 
cal failure. Pryor, 3. 

breakdown of emulsion. The separation of 
an emulsion into its constituents; in a 
bituminous emulsion, these are bitumen 
and water. Ham. 

breakdown voltage. The voltage at which an 
insulator or dielectric ruptures; or the 
voltage at which ionization and conduc- 
tion begin in a gas or vapor. H&G. 

breaker. a. In anthracite mining, the struc- 
ture in which the coal is broken, sized, 
and cleaned for market. Also known as 
coalbreaker. Fay. b. N. of Eng. A large 
crack formed in the roof next to the goaf. 
Fay. c. Som. A coal miner or hewer. 
Fay. d. In Italy, a collier who wedges 
down coal and fills it into cars. Fay. ec. A 
slight furrow across a road for drainage 
Webster 3d. f. In the quarry industry, 
one who inserts plug and feathers (wedge 
and two metal strips on each tapering 
side) in each hole drilled in stone, or along 
a channel. Also called ledgeman. D.O.T. /. 
g. A machine used for the primary reduc- 
tion of coal, ore, or rock. Crushing gen- 
erally refers to the finer reduction of the 
material. Nelson. h. A wave breaking into 











breaking capacity 


foam against the shore. Synonym for 
breaking wave. Schieferdecker. 

breaker boss. A foreman who is in charge of 
operations in an anthracite breaker where 
coal is crushed, sized, and cleaned for 
market. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker boy. a. Now largely obsolete, for- 
merly a boy employed in the breaker to 
pick impurities from the coal. B.C.I. b. 
See slate picker, a. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker, castings. See breaker, sprues. 
D Odes Le 

breaker engineer. In anthracitc coal mining, 
one who operates and maintains a power 
unit and mechinery for crushing, sizing, 
and cleaning coal in a breaker. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker hand. See slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker picker. See slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker props. Strong rigid props set along 
the sides of roadways, in longwall mining, 
to cause the explosives to shear the rock 
square with the roadway sides, rather than 
allow the force to spread over the waste 
area. See also waste edge support. Nelson, 

breaker repairman. In anthracite coal min- 
ing, a maintenance mechanic who adjusts 
and repairs machinery in a breaker where 
coal is crushed, sized, and cleaned for 
market. D.O.T. I. 

breakers. a. The row of drill holes above the 
mining holes in a tunnel face. Stauffer. 
b. Eng. See breaking-off timber. SMRB 
Paper No. 61. 

breaker, sprues. In the glass manufacturing 
industry, one who removes sprues, from 
bottom of molded and cast articles and 
breaks apart castings, using chisel-shaped 
steel mallet. Also called breaker, castings; 
crack-off man; knocker-off. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker worker. See slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

breaker zone. See surf zone. Schieferdecker. 

breakes. Eng. Fissures in old coal workings. 
See also break, c. Fay. 

break-even point. a. Production level at which 
total cost equals revenue. Pryor, 3. b. 
Value or selling price of ore, metal, or 
mined material which just balances total 
cost of operations; conversely, maximum 
unit costs above which there is no profit 
at given market values. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

break facets. The triangular facets which 
adjoin the girdle of a brilliant cut; the 
16 above are called top break facets and 
the 16 below, the bottom break facets. 
Shipley. 

break-in. a. Som. To commence to hole, 
that is to undercut a coalbed. Fay; Hess. 
b. To start drilling operations with a new 
bit by rotating the bit slowly under a 
light load for a short period of time before 
full speed and load are applied to the bit. 
Long. c. To round off sharp corners and 
points on a carbon through use and re- 
peated resetting in a bit. Long. d. To 
operate any new machine at less than full 
capacity for a short time. Long. 

breaking. a. Eng. The breaking of poor or 
dradgy ore by hand with flatirons, called 
breaking hammers. Fay. b, Can. The poor 
part of ore ready for crushing. Fay. c. Size 
reduction of large paritcles. Also called 
cracking. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

breaking band. Scot. A method of setting 
or fixing props in the workings, in lines 
running diagonally to the line of the face 
or wall. Compare breaking prop. Fay. 

breaking capacity. The capacity of a switch, 
circuit breaker, or other similar device to 
break an electric circuit under certain 
specified conditions. C.T.D. 








breaking-down machine 


}\ breaking-down machine. Eng. A mechani- 

} cal appliance, worked by compressed air 

or by tvdbantic power, for bringing down 

the coal after holing. Fay. 

})\ breaking-down rolls. A rolling mill unit used 

| for breaking-down operations; a rolling 

mill used for reducing the sectional dimen- 

sions, mainly the thickness, of ingots, 

billets, and other rough, semifinished prod- 
ucts, as a preliminary step to subsequent 

} rolling operations. Henderson, p. 273. 

}\ breaking ground. a. The breaking and loos- 

| ening of rock as a preparatory step to its 

loading and removal. See also excavation. 

Nelson. b. Attrition of ore deposit by hand, 

explosive, or mechanical breaking methods 

to reduce it to pieces of ore suitable for 

transport and treatment. Pryor, 3. 

|| breaking im. N. of Eng. See hewing. Trist. 

| breaking-in shot. a. The first borehole fired 

| in “blasting off the solid” to provide a 

space into which material from subsequent 

shots may be thrown. Also called opening 

shot; buster shot. Fay. b. In blasting a 

solid face, the first hole or group of holes 

of a round to be fired simultaneously. 

| See also burn cut. Pryor, 3. 

| breaking joint. a. The laying of brick in a 

/ wall so that no two vertical joints in 

adjacent courses are in alinement. A.R.I. 

b. The arrangement of masonry units so 

as to prevent continuous vertical joints 

in adjacent courses. ACSG. 

| breaking joints. Unscrewing drill rods, cas- 

ing, etc., at points where they are joined 

by threaded couplings. Compare breakout, 
| a. Long. 

| breaking lag. As applied to electric blasting 

caps, the time elapsing between the bridge 

wire receiving the firing impulse and the 

breaking of the circuit. Fraenkel, v. 3, 

Art. 16; 10, p. 5. 

|! breaking load. Stress or tension steadily ap- 

plied and just sufficient to break or rup- 

ture. Webster 3d. 

|| breaking-off timbers; breakers; bobby props. 

Eng. Props, or props and planks, set to 

prevent a charge of explosive spreading, 

or set to break the roof off at a pre- 
arranged line when withdrawing supports 

in the goaf. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

| breaking piece. Part of a machine designed 
to fail if overloaded, thus providing easily 
replaceable safeguard. Pryor, 3. 

| breaking point. In rock crushers, a deliberate 
weak link that yields if excessive strain 
is developed. May be a scarfed toggle, 
weak cap bolts on pitman, a shearpin in 
drive, or a clutch designed to fail at a 

given load. Pryor, 3. 

|| breaking prop. Ark. One of a row of props 

| of sufficient strength to cause the rock 

above the coal to break and so limit the 
area of top brought down by brushing 
shot. Compare breaking band. Fay. 

|’ breakings. Inferior ores arranged ready for 
crushing. Nelson. 

' breaking strain; breaking strength; breaking 
stress. The least load that will break a 
rope. These terms are used indiscriminately 
to mean the load that will break a rope. 
The stress on a rope at the moment of 
breaking is the breaking stress, and the 
strain or deformation produced in the 
material by this stress is the breaking 
strain. Zern. 

\ breaking stress. Same as fracture stress, a. 
ASM Gloss. 

\ breaking up. Clev. A. system of employ- 
ment under which a skilled miner engages 
an unskilled man, the former paying the 








137 


latter a mere laborer’s wage until he 
becomes an experienced miner. Fay. 

breaking wave. See breaker. A.G.I. 

break in lode. A fault. Fay. 

break in the reef. Aust. A fault in a vein. 
Hess. 

break line. a. The line in which the roof of 
a coal mine is expected to break. Fay. b. 
The line of complete extraction of coal. 
Fay. c. A line roughly following the rear 
edges of the pillars that are: being drawn 
or mined. Fay. 

breakoff. a. Eng. A short narrow heading 
driven from one road to another; a 
breakthrough. Fay. b. Derb. An altera- 
tion in the vein due to an intrusion of 
barren rock, or to a fault. Fay. 

breakout. a. To pull drill rods or casing from 
a borehole and unscrew them at points 
where they are joined by threaded cou- 
plings to form lengths that can be stacked 
in the drill tripod or derrick. Compare 
breaking joints. Long. b. An accidental 
flow of metal through a hole in a furnace 
lining. Bureau of Mines Staff. c. In dry 
process enameling, a defect characterized 
by an area of blisters with well-defined 
boundaries. ASTM C286-65. 

breakout block. A block of steel made to fit 
the square section of a drill bit and to 
hold it with the rotary table while break- 
ing the joint. Porter. 

breakout gun. A hydraulic or compressed-air 
actuated device attached to breakout tongs 
used to couple or uncouple drill rods, drill 
pipe, casing, or drivepipe. Also called 
makeup gun. Long. 

breakout tongs. A heavy wrench, usually me- 
chanically actuated, used to couple or 
uncouple drill rods, drill pipe, casing, or 
drive pipe. Also called makeup tongs. 
Compare chain tongs. Long. 

break-pressure tank. A series of small open 
tanks located at the level of the hydraulic 
gradient of a gravity water main in un- 
dulating country in order to reduce maxi- 
mum pressure on the main. Ham, 

breakrow. A row of timbers erected for the 
purpose of breaking the roof in pillar 
mining. Hess. 

break staff. The lever for blowing a black- 
smith’s bellows, or for working bore rods 
up and down. Zern. 

breakthrough. a. A passage cut through the 
pillar to allow the ventilating current to 
pass from one room to another. Larger 
than a doghole. Also called crosscut; 
room crosscut. Fay. b. The point at which 
a drill bit leaves the rock and enters either 
a natural or a manmade opening. Long. 
c. An opening made, either accidentally 
or deliberately, between two underground 
workings. Long. d. In an ion-exchange 
column used in leaching, the arrival of 
traces of uranium in the final column 
during the loading (adsorption) cycle. 
Pryor, 3. e. See stenton, c. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2. 

break thrust. A thrust fault that cuts across 
one limb of a fold. A.G.I. 

breakup. a. Eng. An excavation commenced 
from the bottom of a tunnel heading and 
carried upward, so as to form two interior 
working faces. Fay. b. Mid. To cut 
away and remove the floor of an entry or 
other opening. Fay. c. The thawing and 
breaking of ice on a river or other body 
of water with the advent of spring. Fay. 

breakup, latest. Latest reported date that 
landfast and pack ice begin to disintegrate 
prior to final clearance. H&G. 





breast eyes 


breakup of matt glaze. The term breakup is 
applied more particularly to the glazes 
containing rutile used on wall tiles. Some 
of the added rutile dissolves in the glaze, 
the yellow or brown titanates thus formed 
subsequently collecting around the undis- 
solved rutile crystals to give the marbled 
effect known as the rutile break or break- 
up. Dodd. 

breakup value. On exhaustion of an ore de- 
posit or cessation of an exploitation, the 
value on site of buildings, equipment, 
stockpiles, untouched remanants of ore, 
concentrates, etc., in foundations of plant 
and any other assets still having value 
apart from their original use. Pryor, 3. 

breakwater. A structure or contrivance, as 
a mole, mound, or wall serving to break 
the force of waves and protect a harbor 
or anything exposed to the force of the 
waves. Fay. 

breakway. The running back downslope of 
a tram or trams (usually loaded) on an 
inclined haulage plane, due to the break- 
age of the rope or a coupling. Nelson. 

breast. a. The face of a working. Fay b, In 
coal mines, a chamber driven in the seam 
from the gangway, for the extraction of 
coal. Fay. c. In Italy, a stall in a steep 
seam from 12 to 18 yards wide. The stalls 
are carried one above another from the 
lowest level to the rise. Fay. d. Leic. To 
take down or get a buttock (face) of coal 
end on. Fay. e. That part of the bedplate 
which is back of the crossheads in engines 
of the Corliss type. Fay. f. The end, in 
unmined rock, of an underground excava- 
tion, sometimes called the face; the verti- 
cal end surface of a block. Nelson. g. An 
anthracite term for a place where coal 
is mined; in the soft coal regions, it is 
called a room. B.C.I. h. The side of the 
hearth containing the taphole in a blast 
furnace; the rammed material in which 
the taphole 's installed in a coupla. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

breast-and-pillar. Penna. A system.of work- 
ing anthracite coal by bords 10 yards in 
width, with narrow pillars 5 yards wide 
between them, holed through at certain 
intervals. The breasts are worked from 
the dip to the rise. See also bord-and- 
pillar. Fay. 

breast auger. An auger supported by a breast- 
plate against the miner’s body. Used for 
drilling holes in soft coal. Fay. 

breast board. a. Planking placed between the 
last set of timbers and the face of a gang- 
way or heading which is in quicksand or 
loose ground. Fay. b. The timber or boards 
placed horizontally across the face of an 
excavation, or heading, to prevent the 
inflow of gravel or other loose or flowing 
material. Stauffer. 

breast bore. Scot. A borehole put in parallel 
with the seam, made and kept in advance 
of a working place, for the purpose of 
ascertaining the position of old works, 
tapping water, letting off gas, etc. Fay. 

breast coal. The face of the middle or main 
layer of coal in a composite seam. Nelson. 

breast drill. A small, portable hand drill cus- 
tomarily used by handsetters to drill the 
holes in bit blanks in which diamonds are 
to be set. The upper end of the drill is 
provided with a plate against which the 
breast of the operator is pressed to force 
the bit into the work. Compare brace, g. 
Long. 

breast eyes. Lanc. Openings leading from 
a working face to the surface. Hess. 


breast heads 


breast heads. Natural joints in rock, coal, etc. 
Fay. 

breast holes. In driving a tunnel, holes blasted 
after the bottom cut. Pryor, 3. 

breasting. a. N. Staff. A short leading stall, 
worked at right angles to and forming the 
face of the main levels. Fay. b. A wide 
heading or level. Fay, c. Eng. Taking 
ore from the face or head of a drift. Fay. 
d. In drift mining, breaking down the 
gravel underground, and retreating to- 
wards the crosscut from which the drifts 
were driven. von Bernewitz. e. Eng. In 
Cumberland, a place driven to open out 
a longwall face. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

breast machine. A machine used for under- 
cutting coal in which the main frame and 
carriage are held stationary by roof jacks 
while the cutter frame advances into the 
kerf during the cutting operation. Since 
cuts do not exceed 44 inches along the 
face, it is necessary to relocate the machine 
several times before the entire face can 
be cut. Jones. 

breastplate. A slightly curved iron plate fas- 
tened to the end of a coal auger to enable 
the miner to press the auger forward with 
his body. Fay. 

breasts. The sloping parts joining the hearth 
of an open-hearth furnace to the furnace 
ends below the ports and adjoining brick- 
work. See also banks. Dodd. 

breast stoping. A method of stoping em- 
ployed on veins where the dip is not suffi- 
cient for the broken ore to be removed 
by gravity. The ore remains close to the 
working fac2 and must be loaded into cars 
at that point. See also overhand stopping. 
Fay. 

breast timber. A leaning brace from the floor 
of an excavation to a wall support. Nichols. 

breast wall. a. Eng. A wall built to prevent 
the falling of a vertical face cut into the 
natural soil. Zern. b. The sidewall of a 
glass tank furnace above the tank blocks. 
Also called casing wall; casement wall; 
jamb wall. Dodd. c. The refractory wall 
between the pillars of a glassmaking pot 
furnace and in front of the pot. Dodd. 

breast wheel. A waterwheel onto which the 
water is led at about axle height and 
which acts partly by impulse and partly 
by the weight of the descending water 
in the buckets. Compare overshot wheel; 
undershot wheel. Webster 3d. 

breastworker. In the construction industry, 
one who works in a tunnel heading. 
DEORE S 

breather. a. Eng. An apparatus enabling a 
man to enter and explore underground 
workings filled with noxious gases. Fay 
b. A device fitted in the wall of an explo- 
sion-proof compartment, or connected by 
piping thereto, which permits relatively 
free passage of air through it, but which 
will not permit the passage of incendive 
sparks or flames in the event of gas ignition 
inside the compartment. ASA C42.85: 
1956. 

breathing. Alternate expansion and contrac- 
tion of air in breaks which allows fresh 
oxygen to be drawn in and oxidation to 
proceed. Sinclair, I, p. 284. 

breathing apparatus. An appliance that en- 
ables mine rescuers to work in irrespir- 
able or poisonous gases. It contains a 
supply of oxygen and a regenerator which 
removes the carbon dioxide exhaled from 
the supply. See also Gibbs apparatus; 
Proto apparatus; Simbal breathing appara- 
tus; Weg rescue apparatus. Nelson. 





138 


breathing cave. a. A cave in which air is 
alternately blown out and sucked in at the 
entrance. Schieferdecker. b. A narrow part 
in a passage through which air blows. 
Schieferdecker. 

breccia. a. It. A fragmental rock, the com- 
ponents of which are angular, and there- 
fore, it is distinguished from a conglome- 
rate in that its components are not water- 
worn. There are friction or fault breccias, 
talus breccias, and eruptive breccias. Fay. 
b. Any rock formation essentially com- 
posed of uncemented, or loosely con- 
solidated, small, angular-shaped fragments- 
Compare broken ground. Long. 

breccia marble. Any marble composed of 
angular fragments. Fay. 

brecciated. a. Rock composed of angular 
fragments held together in a matrix. It 
produces very beautiful effects when 
polished. Applied to certain figures in 
marble. Mersereau, 4th, p. 301. b. Frag- 
mental rock, often a sign of favorable ore 
conditions. Hoffman. c. Converted into, 
resembling, or marked by a breccia. Web- 
ster 3d. 

brecciated structure. Characterized by agglom- 
eration of angular fragments. May be a 
primary sedimentary structure related to 
desiccation, slump, etc., also produced by 
tectonic movement and other causes. 
Pettijohn. 

brecciated texture. A texture showing rock or 
mineral fragments without notable round- 
ing; the displacement usually is not great. 
Schieferdecker. 

brecciated vein. A fissure filled with frag- 
ments of rock and in the interstices of 
which vein matter is deposited. Fay. 

bredigite. The form of calcium orthosilicate 
that is stable from about 800° to 1,477° C 
on heating, presisting down to 670° C on 
cooling. See also calcium orthosilicate. 
Dodd. 

breeching. a. Mid. Drawing loaded trams 
downhill underground. Fay. b. The part 
of a harness that passes around the breech 
of a draft animal and enables him to 
hold back a vehicle. Webster 3d. c. A 
sheet-iron or sheet-steel casing at the end 
of boilers for conveying the smoke from 
the flues to the smokestack. Webster 3d. 

breeder reactor. Usually a reactor that cre- 
ates more fissionable fuel than it consumes. 
In some usages, a reactor that produces 
the same kind of fissionable fuel that it 
consumes, regardless of the amount. The 
additional fissionable material is created 
when neutrons are absorbed in fertile 
materials. The process in both usages is 
known as breeding. See also converter 
reactor. L@L. 

breeding. See breeder reactor. L@L. 

breeding fire. S. Staff. Spontaneous combus- 
tion in a mine. See also gob fire, a. Fay. 

breeding gain. See breeding ratio. L@L. 

breeding ratio. The ratio of the number of 
fissionable atoms produced in a_ breeder 
reactor to the number of fissionable atoms 
consumed in the reactor. Breeding gain 
is the breeding ratio minus 1. See also 
conversion ratio. L@L, 

breedingstone. Pebbles joined by a sparry 
cement. Arkell. 

breese. See breeze. Fay. 

breeze. a. Coke of small size; the undersize 
remaining after separating the smallest 
size of graded coke. B.S. 1017, 1960, Pt. IT. 
b. Scot. Fine or slack coal. Fay. c. The 
dust from coke or coal. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 364, d. An indefinite term that usually 








brianchone luster 


means clinker, but it may refer to coke 
breeze. Taylor. 

breeze concrete. A concrete made of 3 parts 
coke breeze, 1 part sand, and 1 part port- 
land cement. It has poor fire-resisting 
qualities but it is cheap and nails can be 
driven into it. Nelson. 

breeze oven. a. An oven for the manufacture 
of small coke. Fay. b. A furnace designed 
to consume breeze or coal dust. Fay. 

breezing. Buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse 
sand spread on seige before setting of pots. 
ASTM C162-66. 

breithauptite. Nickel antimonide, NiSb. See 
also niccolite. Fay. 

bremsstrahlung. Literally, breaking radiation 
in German. Electromagnetic radiation 
emitted by charged particles when they 
are slowed down by electric fields in their 
passage through matter. L@L. 

brenner. Eng. A smelter, an old variant de- 
rived from the word burn; a burner. Fay. 

Brenner gage. An instrument for the non- 
destructive determination of the thickness 
of a coating of various enamel; it depends 
on the measurement of the force needed 
to pull a pin from contact with the enamel 
surface against a known magnetic force 
acting behind the base metal. Dodd. 

brenston. See brimstone. Fay. 

Bretonian. The Upper Cambrian strata of 
the Atlantic seaboard of North America 
(Cape Breton district); of the same age 
as the Croixian of central and Western 
United States. C.T.D. ™ 

Bretonian orogeny. Post-Devonian diastro- 
phism. A.G.J. Supp. 

Breton pan. Large steel mortar, in which 
rolled a heavy steel pestle. Once used in 
grinding and amalgamation of gold ores. 
Pryor, 3. 

brettice; brettis. Derb. A crib of timber filled 
with slack or waste. Fay. 

brettice cloth. See brattice cloth, b. Fay. 

brettis way. Derb. A road in a coal mine, 
supported by brattices built on each side 
after the coal has been worked out. See 
also brattice, c. Fay. 

brettys. See british. 

breunnerite. A variety of magnesite contain- 
ing iron carbonate; found in Canada, 
central Europe, and India. Used in the 
manufacture of magnesite bricks. C.T.D. 

brevium. Occasional name for protactinium 
234 (protoactinium 234) in the uranium 
series. C.T.D. Supp. See also uranium Xz. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

brewster. Unit of photoelasticity; 1 brewster 
is equivalent to a relative retardation of 
10°“cm*dyn*. Named after Sir D. Brew- 
ster who, in 1816, demonstrated that glass 
becomes birefringent when stressed. Dodd. 

brewsterite. A silicate mineral belonging to 
the tectosilicate group. E.C.T., v. 12, p. 277. 

brewsterlinite. A liquid found in cavities in 
chrysoberyl, some quartz, and _ topaz; 
thought to be a hydrocarbon; will expand 
and fill the cavities under the warmth of 
the hand. Hess. 

Brewster’s law. The index of refraction of a 
crystalline substance is equal to the tangent 
of its angle of polarization. Pryor, 3. 

brianchone luster. A luster decoration for 
pottery ware distinguished by the fact that 
the reducing agent necessary to form the 
thin deposit of metal is incorporated with 
the color so that a reducing atmosphere 
in the kiln is not needed. The usual proce- 
dure is to apply the metal as its resinate 
dissolved in an organic solvent. Although 
the easiest luster to apply, it is less durable 











|| brick, 


brianchone luster 


than lusters produced in a reducing fire. 
Dodd. 


| Briancon diamond. Quartz crystal from south- 


| 


eastern France, cut in Briancon. Schaller. 


|| brick. a. A molded block of clay or other 


material, usually fired and sintered together 
to form a coherent mass. The standard 
size building brick unit is 842 X 444 X2%4 
inch, while the standard size firebrick unit 
is 9X4¥%.X2™% inch. However, many 
firebrick consumers now prefer to use a 
9X4¥%2X%3 inch brick as the standard 
unit. AJ.S.I. No. 24. b. A solid masonry 
unit of clay or shale, usually formed 
while plastic into a rectangular prism and 
burned or fired in a kiln. ASTM C43-65T. 
c. A block of bonded abrasive used for 
rubbing down castings, scouring chilled 
iron rolls, polishing marble, and work of 
like nature. ACSG, 1963. 
| brick, alumina; high-alumina brick. A_re- 

fractory brick of a higher alumina content 
than ordinary fire clay brick. It is made 
from several alumina materials, such as 
diaspore, bauxite, kaolin, etc. A large use 
of brick of this type is in the hot zone 
portion of rotary lime, cement, or dolo- 
mite kilns as well as in the firing zone 
of shaft lime kilns. High-alumina brick 
is also used in certain portions of large 
boiler settings and in ceramic kilns of 
both the continuous and the periodic types; 
in brief, it finds application under certain 
types of conditions where the service is 
very severe. See also refractories. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

| brick and brick. A method of laying brick so 
that the units touch each other with only 
enough mortar to fill the surface irregulari- 
ties. ACSG. 


|| brick ax. A double-ended ax for chopping off 


bricks. Standard, 1964. 


| brickbat. A piece, rae half, of a brick. 


Mersereau, 4th, p. 260 


|| brick bed; brick ledge. a. Eng. Blocks of 


hard stone used for walls. Arkell. b. Eng. 

Limestones and shales with pig’s dirt or 

soft bed, and brick ledge. Arkell. 

chemical. See chemical stoneware. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

brick clamp. A stack of bricks for burning, 
in layers alternating with layers of breeze, 
or fine coal and cinders. See also brickkiln. 
Standard, 1964. 

brick clay. An impure clay, containing iron 
and other ingredients. In industry the term 
is applied to any clay, loam, or earth suit- 
able for the manufacture of bricks or 
Seiad pottery. Also called brick earth. 
C.T 


brick coal. Eng. Small, dirty coal suitable 
for brickkilns and similar purposes. Fay. 

brick coffering. A thick brick lining, formerly 
much used in circular shafts as a support 
and to exclude water. See also coffering. 
Nelson. 

brick cutter. See brick-cutting machine oper- 
ator. D.O.T. 1. 

brick-cutting machine operator. One who 
cuts bricks from column of moist clay, 
using power-driven or hand-operated cut- 
ting machine. This machine is frequently 
operated in conjunction with an auger 
mill and a pug mill, the same worker 
tending the operation of all three machines 
simultaneously ( auger-mill operator; pug- 
mill operator). When cutting tile is known’ 
as tile-cutting-machine operator. Also called 
Pere cutter; cut-off man; _ tableman. 


I brick Mane An oven for drying green bricks, 


139 


so as to prepare them for burning. C.T.D. 

brick earth. a. Loam used for making bricks. 
A.G.I. Supp. b. Brownish loam consisting 
of quartz and flint sand mixed with fer- 
ruginous clay. A.G.I. Supp. c. Any mate- 
rial of an earthy nature suitable for 
making bricks. Most brick earths consist 
of an irregular mixture of pure clay with 
sand and other minerals. Nelson. 

brickerite. A light-yellowish, colorless, white 
arsenate of zinc and calcium, 4ZnO.3CaO.- 
2As2Os. It was later shown to contain 
water and to be identical with austinite. 
Minute, prismatic crystals, fibrous (re- 
sembling gypsum), and nodular. English. 

bricker-up man. In the coke products indus- 
try, a laborer who seals beehive oven 
doors halfway after coke has been re- 
moved by a coke-drawing machine, using 
firebricks and loam. D.O.T. J. 

brickfield; brickyard. A field or yard where 
bricks are made. Fay. 

brick fuel. In Wales, patent fuel; synonym 
for briquette. Fay. 

recat The walling or casing of a shaft. 

ay. 

bricking curb. A curb set in a circular shaft 
to support the brick walling. Nelson. 

bricking scaffold; walling scaffold. A staging 
or platform suspended in a sinking shaft 
on which the masons stand when building 
the brick walling. See also sinking and 
walling scaffold. Nelson. 

brickkiln. a. A structure of unburned brick 
built into flues and chambers through 
which heat passes from a fire below, burn- 
ing the brick. Standard, 1964. b. A per- 
manent structure, having stacks or chim- 
neys, in which unburned bricks are burned 
by heat from a central source. Standard, 
1964. c. A pile of green bricks arched to 
receive underneath the fuel for burning 
them. Webster 3d. 

bricklayer. a. One who lays firebrick in walls, 
arches, and partitions of new glass tanks 
or furnaces, or rebuilds old tanks from 
blue prints or drawings, spreading mortar 
on bricks, cutting bricks, and checking 
accuracy of wall with level and plumb bob. 
Also called furnace repairman. D.O.T. 1. 
b. One who repairs and rebuilds brickkilns 
and fireboxes. Also called brickmason. 
DO Teer 

bricklayers’ itch. An eruption of the skin of 
the hands, from the irritation of lime in 
laying bricks. Standard, 1964. 

brick machine. An apparatus for molding 
bricks. Fay. 

brick-machine operator. A genera] term used 
to to designate worker who operates an 
auger mill, brick-cutting machine, pug 
mill, or any combination of the three ma- 
chines (auger-mill operator; brick-cutting- 
Bee ta operator; pug-mill operator. 
DOW 

brick-machine tender. See 
DiOvIT 

brickmason. See bricklayer. D.O.T. 1. 

Brickmaster Periclase. Trademark for mag- 
nesium oxide, periclase. Used in the man- 
ufacture of refractories. CCD 6d, 1961. 

brick, porcelain. Hard porcelain blocks of 
special design, made for the lining of 
enamel-grinding mills. Hansen. 

brick press feeder. One who tends power 
press used for pressing moist cut brick into 
final shape. When pressing weathered 
bricks, known as dry-clay-press operator. 
Also called power-press feeder. D.O.T. 1. 

brick-red. a. A variable color averaging a 
moderate reddish-brown that is redder, 


takeoff man. 





bridge 


lighter, and stronger than mahogany, ox- 
blood, or rustic brown, paler than Tuscan 
red, redder and deeper than russet tan, 
and yellower, lighter, and stronger than 
roan. Webster 3d. b. A moderate brown 
that is redder, lighter, and stronger than 
chestnut brown, bay, coffee, or auburn, 
and deeper and slightly redder than toast 
brown. Webster 3d. 

brick saw. A mechanically driven abrasive 
disk used for cutting brick. ACSG, 1963. 

brick scratchers. A wire comb used for tex- 
turing brick as they are extruded in a 
column. ACSG, 1963. 

brick setter. See setter. D.O.T. 1. 

brick sorter. See sorter. D.O.T. 1. 

brickstone. Prov. Eng. A brick. Fay. 

brick walling. A permanent support for cir- 
cular shafts. On reaching the rockhead, 
a firm ledge is prepared to receive the 
first bricking curb or ring. The curb is 
fixed correctly with reference to the center- 
line of the shaft. The bricks are then 
built upwards from the curb, the space 
behind being firmly packed to the rock 
sides with bricks and mortar. Concrete 
is replacing brickwork as a shaft lining. 
See also permanent shaft support. Nelson. 

brickwork. Masonry of brick, either structural 
or paving. ACSG, 1963 

pes iay @ bond. See bond. Bureau of Mines 
taj. 

brickyard. A place where bricks are made 
and stored. Standard, 1964. 

bridal. Staff. A contrivance used in coal 
mining to prevent cars from overturning 
upon steep inclined planes having a rise 
of 1 foot in 3 or 4 feet. Hess. 

bride cake; bright cake. A black, highly 
carbonaceous slickensided shale with Car- 
bonicola shells, in the Adwalton stone or 
Flockton thick coal; also, dirty smudgy 
coal in the roof of the Stanley Main in 
the Snydale-don Pedro area. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

bridge. a. A device to measure the resistance 
of a wire or other conductor forming a 
part of an electric circuit. Fay. b. A piece 
of timber held above the cap of a set 
by blocks and used to facilitate the driv- 
ing of spiling in soft or running ground. 
Fay. c. See air crossing. Fay. d. Eng. A 
platform mounted on whels, for covering 
the mouth of a shaft when landing coal, 
rock, or men at the surface. Fay. e. Debris 
that plugs a borehole at a point above 
the bottom. Between the underside of the 
bridge and the bottom of the drill hole, 
the borehole is free of debris. Long. f. To 
deliberately plug a borehole at a point 
some distance above its bottom. Long. g. Re- 
fers to the overburden used for spanning 
the natural gap between the highwall and 
the spoil, when such is required to estab- 
lish a temporary machine surface standing 
area Closer to the disposal area than that 
provided by the virgin ground. Austin. 
h. In an electric blasting cap, the wire 
that is heated by electric current so as 
to ignite the charge. Nichols. i. Some- 
times, the shunt connection between the 
cap wires. Nichols. j. An obstruction in 
an oil well. Nelson. k. In a cave, a rock 
slab in its natural position spanning a 
passage from wall to wall and inclining 
less than 45° from the horizontal (not 
a fallen block). Schieferdecker. 1. A plank- 
way or elevator used in ironworking to 
convey fuel or ore to the mouth of a 
furnace. Webster 3d. m. A refractory bar, 
or member, of fire clay placed across the 


bridge 


surface of the batch in a tank furnace 
near the working end to hold back the 
scum, or gall. Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. n. 
The structure formed by the end walls of 
the adjacent melter and refiner compart- 
ments of a tank and the covers spanning 
the gap between the endwalls. ASTM 
C162-66. 

bridge bearing. The support at a bridge pier 
carrying the weight of the bridge. It may 
be fixed or seated on expansion rollers. 
Ham. 

bridge break. The time which elapses between 
the application of current and the fusion 
of the bridge wire when using instan- 
taneous blasting caps. Streefkerk, p. 44. 

bridge cap. The highest portion of a bridge 
pier upon which the bridge bearing is 
seated. Ham. 

bridge conveyor. A conveyor which is sup- 
ported at one of by a loading unit and 
at the other end by a receiving unit in 
such a way as to permit changes in the 
position of either end without interrupt- 
ing the operation of the loading unit. 
NEMA MBI1-1961. 

bridge cover. See bridge wall cover. ASTM 
C162-66. 

bridged. A borehole plugged by debris lodged 
at some point above the bottom of a hole. 
The hole may be bridged deliberately by 
introducing foreign material into the hole 
or accidentally by rock fragments slough- 
ing off the sidewalls of the borehole. Long. 

bridge deck. The load-bearing floor of a 
bridge, carrying and distributing the loads 
to the main beams. The present trend is 
to form such decks in prestressed concrete, 
welded steel, or aluminum alloy. Ham. 

bridge operator. One who operates an ore 
bridge of the Gantry crane type. Fay. 

bridge over. Collapse of well bore around 
the drill stem. Williams. 

bridge pier. The support for a bridge, which 
may be of masonry, concrete, steel, or tim- 
ber; it must be erected on a firm bearing 
stratum so as to provide the necessary 
stability, and therefore sometimes entails 
deep excavation. Ham. 

bridge rails. Aust. Rails made in the form 
of an inverted U, generally in short lengths, 
which are light to handle, and can be 
brought within easy shoveling distance of 
the face. Fay. 

bridge the hole. Deliberate plugging of a 
borehole at a point some distance above 
the bottom by introduction of some type 
of foreign material or a plug. See also, 
e and f. Long. 

bridge thrust. The horizontal force exerted 
by the arch of an arch bridge under load. 
This force is resisted by a horizontal re- 
action at the abutment, or in a bowstring 
girder by tension in the tie beam. Ham. 

bridge tramway. Consists of two steel bridge 
trusses braced together so as to form be- 
tween them a runway on which a bucket- 
carrying trolley runs. The bridge is car- 
ried at or near the ends on steel towers 
supported on wheels which operate on 
rails running lengthwise of the storage. 
The bridge thus spans the area over which 
material may be piled, and the length of 
this area is limited only by the length of 
the track. Either of each end of the bridge 
may have a hinged extension that may be 
lowered to permit the trolley to run out 
over a ship or barge. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, 
sec. C, p. 56. 

bridge truss. A truss designed to carry bridge 
loads, which differ from those in building 








140 


structures. Ham. 

bridge wall. A low separating wall usually 
of firebrick in a furnace; such a wall in 
a reverberatory furnace. Webster 3d. 

bridge wall cover. Refractory blocks spanning 
the space between the bridge walls. ASTM 
C162-66. 

bridge wire. The fine platinum wire which 
is heated by the passage of an electric 
current to ignite the priming charge of 
an electric blasting cap, an electric squib, 
or similar devices. Fay. 

bridging. a. In crushing practice, the ob- 
struction of the receiving opening by two 
or more pieces wedged together, each of 
which could easily pass through. Nelson. 
b. Formation of arches of keyed or jammed 
particles across direction of flow (of rock 
through aperture or of small particles 
through filter pores). Pryor, 3. c. Arch- 
ing of the charge across the shaft in a 
blast furnace or cupola. Bureau, of Mines 
Staff. d. Premature solidification of metal 
across a mold section before the metal be- 
low or beyond solidifies. ASM Gloss. e. So- 
lidification of slag within the cupola at or 
just above the tuyeres. ASM Gloss. f. Weld- 
ing or mechanical locking of the change in 
a downfeed melting or smelting furnace. 
ASM Gloss. g. In powder metallury, the 
formation of arched cavities in a powder 
mass. ASM Gloss. h. Closing of a section 
of a drill hole by loose blocks of rock or 
by squeezing of plastic shale, etc. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

bridging oxygen. An oxygen ion placed be- 
tween two silicon ions, for example, in the 
structure of a silicate glass. Dodd. 

Bridgman sampler. A mechanical device that 
automatically selects two samples as the 
ore passes through. Fay. 

bridle bar. See bridle rod. Fay. 

bridle cable. An anchor cable that is at right 
angles to the line of pull. Nichols. 

bridle chains. a. The chains used for support- 
ing the cage from the winding rope. Usu- 
ally four chains are used, one for each 
corner, and are gathered together at their 
upper ends to be connected to a detaching 
hook by a spreader plate. The plate is 
made large enough to receive the four D 
links to which the respective chains are 
attached. Nelson. b. Satety chains to sup- 
port the cage if the shackle should break, 
or to protect a train of cars on a slope 
should the shackle or drawbar fail. Fay. 

bridle hitch. A connection between a bridle 
cable and a cable or sheave block. Nichols. 

bridle iron. A strong, flat iron bar so bent 
as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of 
a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient 
bearing can be had. Webster 2d. 

bridle rod; bridle bar. A steel tie bar used 
to join the ends of two point rails to 
hold them to gage in the proper position. 
Webster 3d. 

bridle rope. A fixed rope supporting a jib or 
boom. Ham. 

brier. N. of Eng. A beam or girder fixed 
across a shaft top. Fay. 

brigadesman. Member of a Rand mine rescue 
team equipped with Proto breathing ap- 
paratus. Pryor, 3. 

Briggs clinophone. An instrument used in 
measuring borehole deviation which trans- 
mits electrical signals, communicating to 
the surface the position of a plumb bob 
fitted with a needle relative to four elec- 
trodes arranged N.S.E. and W., the needle 
and electrodes being immersed in the 
electrolyte. Signals are matched with a 





bright coal 


similar arrangement of needle and elec- 
trodes at the surface and the needle then 
reads the deviation and the direction of 
deviation. Sinclair, II, p. 243. 

Briggs equalizer. This consists of a head 
harness, mouthpiece, and noseclip, cor- 
rugated breathing tube, Briggs equalizing 
device, 120 feet of reinforced air tubes, 
and a strainer and spike. It has neither 
bellows nor rotary blower but depends en- 
tirely on the action of the equalizer for 
comfortable respiration. The resistance to 
breathing is so low that reasonably hard 
work can be done by the wearer over a 
period of 2 hours or more. The air sup- 
ply tube is attached to the waist by a 
strong leather body belt. Mason, v. 1, pp. 
327-328. 

Briggs stretcher carriage. A stretcher used as 
an ambulance trolley in transporting cas- 
ualties from underground workings. The 
stretcher has rests which are supported by 
coil and tension springs to protect the pa- 
tient from bumps, and also an adjustable 
wheel base which allows the carriage to 
be maneuvered around sharp corners or 
to remain firm and steady when attached 
to the mine haulage system. McAdam, pp 
105-106. 

bright annealing. Annealing in a protective 
medium to prevent discoloration of the 
bright surface. ASM Gloss. 

bright attritus. A field term to denote the 
degree of luster of attritul coal compared 
to the brilliant luster of associated vitrain. 
Compare moderately bright attritus; mod- 
erately dull attritus; dull attritus. A.G.J. 

bright-banded coal. Coal consisting of vitrain 
and clarain, more or less durain, and minor 
fusain. See also banded coal. Compare 
dull-banded coal. A.G.I. 

bright cake. See bride cake. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

bright-cherry-red heat. Division of the color 
scale generally given as about 815° C 
(1,499° F). Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bright coal. a. The constituent of banded coal 
which is of a jet black, pitchy appear- 
ance, more compact than dull coal, and 
breaking with a conchoidal fracture when 
viewed macroscopically, and which in 
thin section always shows preserved cell 
structure of woody plant tissue, either of 
stem branch, or root. Same as anthraxylon. 
A.G.I. b. A coal composed of anthraxylon 
and attritus, in which the translucent 
cell-wall degradation matter or translu- 
cent humic matter predominates. A.G.I. 
c. A banded coal containing less than 20 
percent opaque attritus and more than 5 
percent anthraxylon. Compare semisplint 
coal; splint coal. A.GJ. d. A type of 
banded coal containing from 100 percent 
to 81 percent pure bright ingredients 
(vitrain, clarain, and fusain), the remain- 
der consisting of clarodurain and durain. 
Compare semibright coal; intermediate 
coal; semidull coal; dull coal. A.G.J. e. An 
old mining term for lustrous coal. In 1931, 
R. Thiessen defined this coal as being 
composed of anthraxylon and attritus in 
which the translucent matter predomi- 
nates and thereby established the concept 
of bright coal on a microscopic basis. 
In 1948, B. C. Parks and H. J. O’Donnell 
provided a quantitative definition based 
on microscopical examination. According © 
to their definition, bright coal is a type — 
of banded coal composed microscopically — 

of more than 5 percent anthraxylon and 

less than 20 percent opaque matter, the 
measurements being made perpendicular — 
































bright coal 


to the bedding across the entire thin sec- 
tion (2 to 3 centimeters in width). This 
coal can consist entirely or in greater part 
of anthraxylon; it can also be attrital 
providing the content of opaque attritus 
remains below 20 percent and the content 
of translucent attritus may amount to 95 
percent. In the Stopes-Heerlen nomencla- 
ture bright coal corresponds to the micro- 
lithotypes vitrite, clarite, and in part to 
duroclarite and vitrinertite. Bright coal is 
the most abundant of the three types of 
coal. It occurs in all banded coals. JHCP, 
1963, part I. 

bright dip. A _ solution which produces, 
through chemical action, a bright surface 
on an immersed metal. ASM Gloss. 

brightener. An agent or combination of 
agents added to an electroplating bath to 
produce a fine-grained lustrous deposit. 
ASM Gloss. 

brightening. See blick. Fay. 

bright glaze. A colorless or colored ceramic 
glaze having high gloss. ASTM C242-60. 

bright head. a. York. A smooth parting or 
joint in coal; a plane of cleavage. Fay. 
b. The principal cleat in coal. Arkell. 

brightness; brilliance. The candlepower of a 
light source divided by the area of the 
source, and expressed in candles per square 
inch or candles per square foot. Sinclair, 
I, p. 200. 

brightmess meters. Visual-type portable pho- 
tometers operated by visual comparison 
of brightness. Since they can be calibrated 
to indicate the photometric brightness of 
the object viewed in the sighting telescope, 
they are often called brightness meters. 
Roberts, II, p. 51. 

Brighton emerald. Green bottle glass. Shipley. 

bright plate. An electrodeposit that is lustrous 
in the as-plated condition. ASM Gloss. 

bright range. The range of current densities, 
other conditions being constant, within 
which a given bath produces a bright plate. 
ASM Gloss. 

bright-red heat. Common term usually mean- 
ing about a cherry-red heat. See also 
cherry-red heat. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bright rope. Rope of any construction, whose 
wires have not been galvanized, tinned, or 
otherwise coated. Zern. 

brights; bright coal. a. Coal which reflects 
a large part of incident light, either in a 
definite beam or by scattering. Two kinds 
of bright coal are distinguished by M. 
Stopes vitrain, which reflects an incident 
beam in a definite direction and conse- 
quently appears light or dark according 
as the beam is or is not reflected into the 
eye; and clarain, which scatters the light 
and show a silky luster at whatever angle 
it is viewed. Tomkeieff, 1954. b. A com- 
mercial term for the larger sizes of bright 
coal. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

bright sulfur. Crude sulfur free of discoloring 
impurities and bright yellow in color. Bu- 
Mines Bull, 630, 1965, p. 903. 

briha. Belg. A local name in Liege for a 
coal closely resembling English cannel coal. 
Hess. 

brilliancy (of a gemstone). The amount of 
light reaching the eye as a result of (1) 
reflections from the internal surface of 
facets (called total internal reflection) ; 
and (2) reflections from the external sur- 
faces of the table and other facets of a 
gemstone. See also total reflection; luster; 
scintillation. Shipley. 

brilliant. a. The most effective form of cut- 
ting for diamond, and so usual for this 


141 


mineral that the term brilliant is equivalent 
to brilliant-cut diamond in trade parlance. 
Brilliant-cut is also used for zircons and 
other stones. The standard brilliant has 
58 facets; 33 in the crown and 25 in the 
base. Anderson. b. A relatively clear non- 
gem or industrial diamond having smooth 
crystal faces that readily reflect light rays. 
In a strict sense, brilliant is applied to a 
cut gem diamond on which the facets are 
so arranged as to refract and reflect the 
maximum amount of light. Long. 

brilliant-cut. The most popular cut for most 
stones; with round girdle outline and usu- 
ally 58 facets, sometimes less and often 
more. See also full-cut brilliant. Shipley. 

brimstone. A common name for sulfur. Fay. 

brimstone frit. A lead bisilicate frit for glazes 
made from 1913 until 1928 by Brimsdown 
Lead Works, Middlesex, England. The 
batch consisted of litharge, silica, and 
Cornish stone. Although the frit contained 
64 percent PbO its solubility, when tested 
by the Home Office method then used, 
was only 1 to 2 percent. Dodd. 

brindled brick. A building brick made from 
a ferruginous clay and partially reduced 
at the top firing temperature; it has a high 
crushing strength. Dodd. 

brine. a. Water saturated or strongly impreg- 
nated with common salt. Webster 3d. b. A 
strong saline solution (as of calcium chlo- 
ride used in refrigeration). Webster 3d. 
c. The water of an ocean, a sea, or a salt 
lake. Webster 3d. d. A secondary liquid 
cooled by refrigeration and circulated to 
heat transfer for absorbing heat from air, 
water, or other fluid. Strock, 10. e. A con- 
centrated solution, especially of chloride 
salts. ASTM STP No. 148—D. {. Sea water 
containing a higher concentration of dis- 
solved salt than that of the ordinary ocean. 
Brine is produced by the evaporation or 
freezing of sea water, for, in the latter 
case, the sea ice formed is much less saline 
than the initial liquid, leaving the adja- 
cent unfrozen water with increased salin- 
ity. The liquid remaining after sea water 
has been concentrated by evaporation until 
salt has crystallized is called bittern. H&G. 
g. A saturated solution of a soluble mineral 
in water, used either as a nonfreezing 
circulation medium or as a circulation 
medium, which, being already a saturated 
solution, will not dissolve a soluble min- 
eral being cored, such as a salt brine used 
as a circulation liquid when coring salt or 
potash solution when coring potash. Long. 

brine fields. The section of land under which 
quantities of rock salt or natural brine of 
usable strength have been discovered and 
a well or any number of wells, has been 
bored for raising the brine. Kaufman, 
p. 148. 

Brinell hardness test. A test for determining 
the hardness of a material by forcing a 
hard steel or carbide ball of specified di- 
ameter into it under a specified load. The 
result is expressed as the Brinell hardness 
number, which is the value obtained by 
by dividing the applied load in kilograms 
by the surface area of the resulting im- 
pression in square millimeters. ASM Gloss. 

Brinell hardness tester. a. In heat treating, 
one who determines hardness of pieces of 
metal by Brinell method; places piece on 
table of machine and causes machine to 
press accurately made steel ball against 
test surface with specified force; removes 
test piece from machine, measures inden- 
tation made by steel ball with special 








Bristol recorder 


microscope, and determines hardness num- 
ber of sample from chart that expresses 
hardness in terms of diameter of impres- 
sion produced under standard test condi- 
tions. Also called Brinell operator. D.O.T. 
1. b. The machine or instrument used to 
determine hardness, Burau of Mines Staff. 

brine pit. A salt spring or well from which 
water is taken to be boiled or to be evap- 
orated to produce salt. Fay. 

brine spring. A spring of salt water. Fay. 

brine well. A cased drill hole penetrating a 
salt formation through which water is in- 
troduced and brine pumped to the surface. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bring back. Eng. To work away the pillars 
of coal from the boundary toward the 
shaft bottom. Fay. 

bring in. Can. Develop a mine from prospect 
stage. Hoffman. 

bring‘ng in a well. The act of completing an 
oil well and bringing it into production. 
Nelson. 

briolette. A diamond or other gem in the 
shape of an oval or pear and having its 
entire surface cut in triangular facets. 
Webster 3d. 

briquette; briquet. a. A block of compressed 
coal dust, used as fuel; also, a slab or block 
of artificial stone. Standard, 1964. Also 
called coalette; eggette; boulet; carbonet. 
Fay. b. In powder metallurgy, briquette 
is synonymous with compact. Rolfe. 

briquetting. a. A process by which coke 
breeze, coal dust, iron ore, or other pul- 
verized mineral commodities is bound to- 
gether into briquettes, under pressure, with 
or without a binding agent such as asphalt, 
and thus made conveniently available for 
further processing or for commercial mar- 
kets. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A process 
or method of mounting mineral, ore, rock, 
or metal fragments in an embedding or 
casting material such as natural or artificial 
resins, waxes, metals, or alloys, to facilitate 
handling during grinding, polishing, and 
microscopic examination, Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

brisance. a. Shattering power developed per 
unit volume of an explosive. Bennett 2d, 
1962. b. The shattering effect of an ex- 
plosive. Hess. 

briscale. It. A. gypsiferous deposit occurring 
at the outcrop of the sulfur deposits of 
Sicily. Fay. 

Briska detonator. An aluminum tube con- 
taining a main charge of tetryl (tetranitro- 
methylaniline). On top of this are initiat- 
ing charges of lead azide, PbNe, and lead 
styphnate, which are more sensitive than 
the tetryl. A safety fuse fitted into an open 
space at the top is used to set off the 
detonator. Also called aluminum detonator. 
Higham, p. 61. 

brisket. Dev. Miners’ term for clay with 
bands of lignite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Bristol brick. Bricklike blocks of very fine 
sand used for polishing and scouring; 
scouring brick. Standard, 1964. 

Bristol diamond. A fine, transparent variety 
of crystallized quartz. Also called Irish 
diamond. Fay. 

Bristol glaze. A raw glaze containing zinc 
oxide, often used in terra cotta. ASCG, 
1963. 

Bristol metal. An alloy of copper and zinc 
in the proportion of approximately 16 
parts to 6. Standard, 1964. 

Bristol recorder. An instrument which sys- 
tematically records on a chart the per- 
formance of a hydraulic steel support, for 


Bristol recorder 


example, it will indicate when a support 
is operating with a faulty valve. Nelson. 

Bristol stone. a. Bricklike blocks of very 
fine sand used for polishing and scouring. 
Fay. b. Bristol diamonds—small, well-de- 
fined crystals of quartz from Bristol, Eng- 
land. Fay. 

Britannia cell. In mineral processing, a pneu- 
matic flotation cell 7 to 9 feet deep. See 
also southwestern cell. Pryor, 3. 

Britannia metal. Alloy of from 80 to 90 per- 
cent tin with antimony, copper, lead, or 
zinc or a mixture of these. Pryor, 3 

britching. Scot. See breeching, b. Fay. 

british; bretty. Scot. A variation of brattice. 
Fay. 

British amber. A term which has been used 
for amber washed ashore on the beaches 
of England, probably from the Baltic Sea. 
It is clear or cloudy, yellow or greenish 
yellow, and rarely wine color. Shipley. 

British barilla. Black ash. Standard, 1964. 

British equivalent temperature. See equiva- 
lent temperature. Strock, 10. 

British imperial gallon. A fluid gallon equal 
to 1.2 U.S. gallons, approximately ; contain 
277.42 cubic inches. There are 6.23 such 
gallons per cubic foot. Nichols. 

British Standard; British Standard Specifica- 
tion. A numbered publication of the British 
Standard Institution describing the quality 
or dimensions of a product. By their use 
engineers can reduce and define items in 
their specifications. Abbreviation, BS. Nel- 
son. 

British Standard Institution; BSI. The British 
authority for standardizing, by agreement 
between all parties concerned, the methods 
of testing, and dimensions of materials and 
products as well as nomenclature and codes 
of practice. There are similar organiza- 
tions in other countries. Nelson. 

British thermal unit. Heat needed to raise 1 
pound of water 1° F (equal to 252 cal- 
ories). Symbol, Btu. Pryor, 3. 

Britmag. Trade name; dead-burned mag- 
nesia made by the seawater process in 
Great Britain. Dodd. 

brittle. A mineralogical term meaning not 
flexible or ductile, that is, that a stone will 
crumble under a knife or hammer, but not 
necessarily that it is fragile. Shipley. 

brittle amber. Gedanite. Shipley. 

brittle crack propagation. A very sudden 
propagation of a crack with the absorption 
of no energy except that stored elastically 
in the body. Microscopic examination may 
reveal some deformation even though it is 
not noticeable to the unaided eye. ASM 
Gloss. 

brittle fracture. Fracture with little or no 
plastic deformation. ASM Gloss. 

brittle material. A nonductile material which 
fails catastrophically under dynamic load- 
ing conditions. Ceramics are an example of 
a Class of brittle materials. H&G. 

brittle mica. Group of micas having brittle 
laminae. Chief member is chloritoid, a 
basic silicate of aluminum, iron, and mag- 
nesium, H2(FeMg)AlSiOs. Pryor, 3. See 
also margarite. 

brittle mineral. a. An easily broken mineral; 
not tough or tenacious. Fay. b. If a min- 
eral breaks into fragments or powder under 
a light blow or crumbles into a dust when 
cut, it is brittle (for example, calcite and 
quartz). Stokes and Varnes, 1955, p. 149. 

brittleness. Of minerals, proneness to fracture 
under low stress. A quality affecting be- 
havior during comminution of ore, where- 
by one species fractures more readily than 








142 


others in the material being crushed. See 
also toughness. Pryor, 3. b. The quality of 
a material that leads to crack propagation 
without appreciable plastic deformation. 
ASM Gloss. 

brittle-ring test. A test to determine the be- 
havior of a ceramic material under tensile 
stress; a test piece in the form of an annu- 
lus is loaded along a diameter so that 
maximum tensile stresses develop on the 
inner periphery of the annulus in the plane 
of loading. Compare Brazilian test. Dodd. 

brittle silver ore. Synonym for stephanite. Fay. 

brittle substance. A substance for which the 
yield point and the point of rupture lie 
close together. Briggs, p. 188. 

broach. a. To restore the diameter of a bore- 
hole by reaming. Long. b. To break down 
the walls between two contiguous drill 
holes. Long. c. The perpendicular grooves 
machined into the bit mold in which in- 
side and outside gage stones are set. Long. 
d, A bar-shaped cutting tool provided with 
a series of cutting edges or teeth that in- 
crease in size or change in shape from the 
starting to finishing end. The tool cuts in 
the axial direction when pushed or pulled 
and is used to shape either holes or outside 
surfaces. ASM Gloss. e. A sharp-pointed 
chisel, used especially for rough-dressing 
stone. Webster 2d. f. A reamer. Fay. g. To 
shape (a block of stone) roughly by chisel- 
ing with a coarse tool. Webster 3d. 

broaching. a. Trimming or straightening a 
a mine working. Fay. b. A method of rock 
excavation employed where it is important 
that the adjacent rock formation should 
not be shattered by explosive. A line of 
closely spaced holes is drilled along the 
required line of breakage. The rock between 
the holes is knocked out with a broach 
and removed with the aid of wedges. Ham. 
See also channeler, a. c. Removing metal 
stock from a workpiece with a broach. 
ASM Gloss. 

broaching bit. A tool used to restore the di- 
mensions of a borehole which has been 
contracted by the swelling of the marl or 
clay walls; also used to break down the 
intervening rock betwen two contiguous 
drill holes. A reamer. Fay, 

broad coke oven. A special design of oven, 
used mainly for coking certain grades of 
coal. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

broad-flanged beam. A steel joist of specially 
designed cross section, both useful and 
economical as a unit in bridge design and 
in kindred situations in structures. The 
flanges are almost as wide as the web. Ham. 

broadgate. Eng. A main working. Fay. 

broad glass. Window glass made by the Lor- 
raine technique, for example, by slitting a 
blown cylinder of glass and flattening it 
onto an iron table. Haggar. 

broad irrigation. A system of sewage disposal 
without the use of piped drainage. The 
sewage flows over and soaks into the 
ground, which must be carefully leveled to 
avoid an accumulation of sewage at any 
point. This system is suitable only over 
agricultural land or wasteland. Ham. 

broad lode. Where two or more mining 
claims longitudinally bisect or divide the 
apex of a vein the senior claim takes the 
entire width of the vein on its dip, if it is 
in other respects so located as to give the 
right to pursue the vein downward out- 
side of the sideline. In other words, a 
broad lode bisected by the division sidelines 
between two mining claims belongs to the 
claim having the prior location. Ricketts, 








B rod 


p. 328. 


broad lode or zone. The term lode has be- 


come extensively used in the classification 
of ore deposits that are not comprehended 
by the definition of a vein. Such an occur- 
rence is called a broad lode or zone. Rick- 
etts, p. 129. 


broad salt. A name used in England for 


ground rock salt. Kaufmann. 


broadside shooting. A refraction type of seis- 


mic shooting used to determine the struc- 
ture across the strike. The broadside lines 
are ordinarily laid out in conjunction with 
the standard-type profiles that run along the 
strike. The shot points and detector spreads 
are laid out along parallel lines which are 
generally across the strike. The distance 
between each line of shots and the receiv- 
ing line is chosen so that it will always be 
greater than the double offset distance for 
the refractor being followed. Generally the 
distance should be only slightly greater so 


that the primary refracted event will be © 


received as a second arrival. When this 
spacing is used, the refracting point asso- 
ciated with the shot will be very close to 
that associated with the detector and each 
delay time will be approximately half the 
intercept time. A single depth point (based 
on half the intercept time) is then plotted 
midway between shot and receiver. All 
depth points are thus placed along the 
“control lines” which are located halfway 
between the shooting line and the receiving 
line. Dobrin, pp. 96-97. 


broadstone. A paving slab, so called because 


it is raised broad and thin from out of the 
quarries, not above 2 or 3 inches in thick- 
ness. Arkell. 


broadstone bind. Eng. Shale or clay that 


breaks up into large blocks or slabs. Fay. 


broad veins. Where a broad vein apexes so 


that the boundary line between two claims 
spits the apex, the extralateral rights go 
to the senior locator, who takes the entire 
width of the vein on the dip; that is, a 
broad load that is bisected by the division 
side line between two mining claims be- 
longs to the claim having the prior loca- 
tion. Lewis, p. 34. 


brob. a. A heavy spike, driven alongside the 


end of an abutting timber to prevent its 
slipping. Fay. b, Mid. A short, thick tim- 
ber propper or sprag for supporting the 
coal while it is being holed. Fay. c. An 
English term for a wrought-iron spike 
driven into bars and sills to steady the 
head or foot of a prop. Stauffer. 


brocade. A type of bronze powder consisting 


of coarse metal flakes prepared from the 
waste of metal-leaf factories. Camm. 


Brocatelle marble. A variety of marble from 


the French Pyrenees. The body of the stone 
is fine, compact, and of light yellow color 
traversed by veins and dull red blotches. 
The name is that of a coarse kind of 
tapestry, which the marble somewhat re- 
sembles. Fay. 


brochantite. A mineral, Cus(OH).sSOx4 com- 


mon in the oxidation zone of copper sul- 
fide deposits; monoclinic; emerald-green to 
dark green color; formed by the decompo- 
sition of chalcopyrite. A.G.I.; Dana 17. 


brockite. A mineral, (Ca,Th,Ce) Po. H2O, of 


the rhabdophane group. From the Wet 
Mountains, Colo. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 


brockram. Eng. Miners’ term for breccia, 


Cumberland. Arkell. 


B rod. A former standard diamond drill rod 


having an outside diameter of 129% inches. 




















B rod 


Superseded in 1954 by a new standard 
drill rod designated by the letter name 
BW. Long. 

B rod bit. A Canadian standard noncoring 
bit having a set diameter of 2.315 inches. 
More commonly called 254¢6B drill-rod bit. 
Long. 

| broggerite. A  thorium-bearing variety of 
uraninite, (U,Th)Os, occurring in octa- 
hedral crystals; specific gravity, 9.03. Web- 
ster 3d. Same as thorian uraninite. Crosby, 
p. 53. 
| broggite. a. A variety of asphalt from Peru. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. b. A variety of anthraxo- 
lite. Crosby, p. 66. 
broil. Corn. A collection of loose rock frag- 
ments usually discolored by oxidation, and 
indicating the presence of a mineral vein 


beneath; outcrop; gossan. Also spelled 
bryle; broyl. Fay. 
| broken. a. Eng. That part of a mine 


where the mineral has already been partly 
worked away, and where the remainder 
in course of being extracted. Fay. b. The 
dislocation of a vein by faulting. Weed, 
1922. c. Term used to describe a mixed 
sequence of deposits; a broken sand usu- 
ally has shaly layers in it. Wheeler. c. See 
| broken coal. 
| broken ashlar. Ashlar in which the stones are 
rectangular, but of different sizes and 
shapes. Webster 3d. 
| broken charge. A charge of explosive in a 
drill hole divided into two or more parts 
that are separated by stemming. Fay. 

broken coal. In anthracite only; coal that 
is small enough to pass through a 33% to 
4 inch (square) aperture, but too large to 
pass through a 234 or 2% inch mesh. 
Smaller than steamboat, and larger than 
egg coal. Fay. See also anthracite coal sizes. 

| broken ground. a. Eng. Faulty or unpro- 
ductive measures. Fay. b. A shattered rock 
formation, or a formation crisscrossed with 
numerous, closely spaced, uncemented 
joints and cracks. Compare loose ground, 
b; breccia, b. Long. c. Rock or mineral 
formations fragmented by blasting with 
explosives, such as the broken material in 
a shrinkage stope. Long. 

broken in. a. A newly set bit, which has been 
rotated slowly under a light load for a 
short period of time for the purpose of 
gradually removing the excess matrix and 
forcing the diamonds to seat themselves. 
See also break-in, b. Long. b. A carbon, 
the sharp points and edges of which have 
been rounded through use and repeated 
resetting in a bit. See also break-in, c. 
Long. 

| broken in stone. See broken in, b. Long. 

| broken-joint tile. A single-lap roofing tile of 

a size such that the edge of one tile, when 
laid, is over the center of the head of a 

if tile in the course next below. Dodd. 

\ broken jud. N. of Eng. A large block of 
coal in course of being worked loose from 
the bed. Hess. 
|) broken line. One which changes its direction 
one or more times in its entire length, or 
it is a line made up of two or more straight 
| lines. Jones, 2, p. 81. 
| broken rangework. Masonry work made of 
squared stones in courses of uneven heights. 
| Standard, 1964. 
|) broken rock. See broken ground. Long. 
| brokens; robbery; robbing pillars. Eng. The 
removal or extraction of pillars previ- 
ously formed in bord and pillar working. 
In Durham and Northumberland the terms 
robbery and robbing pillars imply incom- 











143 


plete extraction of the pillars. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

broken seed. See seed. Dodd. 

broken skip. Aust. A skip (car) from which 
some of the coal has fallen off in transit 
leaving only part of a skip load. Fay. 

broken stone. a. A diamond that has been 
shattered in use. Long. b. A diamond that, 
in use, has lost a portion of its mass by 
cleaving action. Long. c. A diamond, the 
siz2 and shape of which have been changed 
by deliberate cleaving. Long. d. See crushed 
stone. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 885. 

broken working. The working away or re- 
moval of blocks or pillars of coal formed 
by whole workings. Peel. 

broken workings. See working the broken. 
Nelson. 

brokes. Term used in the English ball-clay 
mines for clay that will not cut into balls; 
such clay is generally of low plasticity and 
poor fired color. Dodd. 

bromargyrite. A bromyrite resembling horn 
silver and is associated with it. E.C.T., v. 
12, p. 428. 

bromellite. A white, beryllium oxide, BeO. 
Hexagonal; dihexagonal-pyramidal crys- 
tals. From Langban, Sweden. English. 

bromine. A nonmetallic element in group VII 
of the periodic system, one of the halogens. 
At ordinary temperature, it is a deep red- 
dish-brown liquid; gives off a poisonous 
diatomic vapor (Brz) and has an irritating 
smell. It is derived in large quantities from 
sea water and underground brines. Used 
extensively in synthetic organic chemistry. 
Symbol, Br; atomic number, 35; atomic 
weight, 79.909; valences, 1, 3, 5, and 7; 
orthorhombic; specific gravity, 3.12; melt- 
ing point, —/7.2° C; and boiling point, 
58.78° C. C.T.D.; Fay; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-103. 

bromine compounds. Used chiefly in the pro- 
duction of antiknock gasolines. Derived 
from sea water at Wilmington, N.C., and 
from natural brine in Michigan. Barger. 

bromite. Same as bromyrite. Fay. 

bromlite. A mineral, BaCa(COs)2, midway 


between witherite and strontianite. Also 
called alstonite. Webster 3d. 
bromocyanide process. Recovering values 


from refractory or special gold ores, in 
which cyanogen bromide (CNBr), or a 
chemical mixture forming it, is used for 
treating the ore. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

bromoform; tribromomethane; metheny] tri- 
bromide. A colorless, heavy liquid; CHBrs;; 
odor and taste similar to those of chloro- 
form; and specific gravity, 2.8887. Used 
in mineralogic analysis and in assaying. 
CEDEGG LI IGI: 

bromyrite. A silver bromide, AgBr, contain- 
ing 57 percent silver. Sectile; isometric. 
Sanford; Dana 17. 

bronchitis. An inflammation of the bronchial 
tubes due, among other causes, to the in- 
halation of irritants, such as dusts. Com- 
mon among miners. J.C. 7146, 1941, p. 1. 

brongniardite. A lead-silver sulfantimonide, 
PbAg2Sb2Ss. It contains 26.2 percent silver. 
Sanford. 

Brongniart’s formula. A formula relating the 
weight (w, oz) of solid material in 1 pint 
of slip (or slop glaze), the weight (P, oz) 
of | pint of the slip, and the specific grav- 
ity (S) of the dry solid material: 

W = (P — 20) x S/ (S — 1) 
The formula was established for slop glazes 
by A. Brongniart. Dodd. 


bronquear. Mex. To hammer or to pry 





brookite 


with a hammer or a gad in rock that is 
loose and liable to fall. Fay. 

brontolith. A meteoric stone; a thunderstone. 
Standard, 1964. 

bronze. a. Any of the many copper-base 
alloys in which tin is the principal alloying 
element, with or without other alloying 
elements. Also called tin bronze. Hender- 
son. b. Any of the many copper-base alloys 
having as its principal alloying element 
any element other than zinc. The term 
usually is preceded by its principal alloy- 
ing element as, for example, aluminum 
bronze, silicon bronze, tin bronze, etc. 
Henderson. c. All copper-base alloys con- 
taining alloying elements other than zinc 
and in sufficient amounts to be predomi- 
nant over the zinc in the alloy. Henderson. 
d. An alloy composed mainly of copper 
and tin. Various other elements may be 
added in small amounts for certain specific 
purposes. A number of copper alloys are 
referred to as bronzes although they con- 
tain no tin. The American Society for 
Testing Materials has classified all copper- 
base alloys on a basis of composition ranges 
of the principal alloying elements. Hender- 
son. 

bronze gold. Any bronze resembling gold in 
color. Standard, 1964. 

bronze mica. Synonym for phlogopite. Fay. 

bronze pearls. ‘The variety of so-called black 
pearls with a bronzelike color and sheen. 
Shipley. 

bronze steel. An alloy of copper, tin, and 
iron; used as gunmetal. Standard, 1964. 

bronze tubes. Tubes of bronze or copper em- 
bedded in the lining of the bosh (princi- 
pally) for the circulation of water to coun- 
teract the intense heat. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 398. 

bronze welding. Gas welding of copper, steel, 
or other metals using a filler rod of silicon 
brass alloy. This process is easier than 
fusion welding because the temperature is 
lower, yet it generally exceeds 850° C, and 
the joint is therefore usually made under 
carefully controlled conditions in a factory. 
Ham. 

bronzite. a. A mineral consisting of a ferrifer- 
ous variety of enstatite often having a 
luster like that of bronze, (Mg,Fe)SiOs; 
orthorhombic. Webster 3d; Dana 17. b. It 
is often used as a prefix to the names of 
rocks containing the mineral. Rocks of the 
gabbro family are the most common ones 
having the prefix. Fay. 

bronzite cat’s-eye. Bronzite with a chatoyant 
effect. Shipley. 

bronzitite. An igneous rock composed en- 
tirely of bronzite. Standard, 1964. 

brooch. a. Corn. A mixture of various ores. 
Fay. b. Synonym for broach. Long. 

brooching. See broaching, a. Fay. 

brood. a. Impurities as extracted with the 
ore. Nelson. b. Corn. The heavier kinds 
of waste in tin and copper ores. A mixture 
of tin and copper ore. Fay. 

Brookfield viscometer. An electrically oper- 
ated rotating cylinder viscometer in which 
the drag is recorded directly on a dial; it 
has been used in the testing of vitreous- 
enamel slips. Dodd. 

Brookhill waffler. A coal cutter with the ordi- 
nary horizontal jib and also a shearing or 
mushroom jib. In some cases, a flight 
loader follows it along the face to load the 
cut coal onto the face conveyor (named 
after Brookhill colliery). Nelson. 

brookite. Titanium dioxide, TiOz. Identical 
in composition with rutile, but occurs in 


brookite 


brown translucent orthorhombic crystals. 
Fay. 

brooming. The crushing and spreading of the 
head of a timber pile not fitted with a 
driving band when driven into hard ground. 
Ham. 

brora. Eng. In Sutherland, the imperfect 
coal in the lower part of the oolite forma- 
tion. Fay. 

Broseley tile. An old name for a plain clay 
roofing tile; such tiles were made in the 
Brosley area of Shropshire, England. Dodd. 

brosing; brosing time. Scot. Mealtime. Fay. 

brothers. A rope or chain sling, the term 
applying to both two- or four-leg types. 
Ham. 

brouse. Derb. A sort of coarse stopping, 
made of small boughs of trees, and placed 
in back of shaft timbers to prevent rock 
from falling. Fay. 

brow. a. Lanc. An underground roadway 
leading to a working place, driven either 
to the rise or to the dip. Fay. b. A low 
place in the roof of a mine, giving insuffi- 
cient headroom. Fay. c. The highest mar- 
gin of a height as viewed in profile. Web- 
ster 3d, d. A fault plane. Arkell. e. A term 
used in Wales for landing, d. Nelson. f. A 
hill or bank. Mason. g. Top of a mine 
shaft. Also called pit brow. Pryor, 3. h. 
Eng. A road going to the rise. SMRB, 
Paper No, 61. i. Eng. In Durham and 
Northumberland, the edge of a canch. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. j. Eng. See gate, b. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

brow bar. Mid. A massive curb or beam 
of timber fixed in the wall of the shaft 
across the top of an inset or station. Also 
called browpiece. Fay. 

brow bin. An ore bin made by cutting away 
the floor of the station close to the shaft. 
Higham, p. 163. 

Brown agitator. See Pachuca tank. Pryor, 3. 

brown cannel. Another name for torbanite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

brown clay. a. York. Hessle boulder clay. 
Arkell. b. See red clay. H&G. 

brown clay ironstone. Compact, often nodu- 
lar masses of limonite with clay impurities. 
Fay. 

brown coal. a. A low-rank coal which is 
brown, brownish-black, but rarely black. 
It commonly retains the structures of the 
original wood. It is high in moisture, low 
in heat value, and checks badly upon dry- 
ing. A.G.I. b. A light brown to seal-brown 
substance intermediate between peat and 
bituminous coal; usually regarded as a 
variety of lignite, other varieties being 
darker or black. It may be distinguished 
from peat: (1) many tissues and fibers 
can be recognized in peat, but only a few 
fibers or none in brown coal; (2) water 
can be squeezed out of fresh peat by man- 
ual pressure, but not from brown coal; and 
(3) peat can be cut but brown coal cannot. 
These are rough distinctions. Actually, 
there is no sharp distinction between peat 
and coal. Some have attempted to assign 
it a higher rank by defining lignite as con- 
taining 20 or more percent water, brown 
coal between 10 and 20 percent water, 
and bituminous coal less than 10 percent 
water. Hess, c. A type of low-rank coal 
intermediate between bituminous coal and 
peat, and comparatively high in water con- 
tent. In English-speaking countries, the 
terms brown coal and lignite are synony- 
mous; whereas in Germany and other parts 
of Europe, brown coal is restricted to mega- 
scopically compact structural varieties, and 








144 


lignite is restricted to individual pieces of 
wood enclosed in brown coal. Brown coal 
may be subdivided into low-grade coal con- 
sisting of visible vegetable remains, and 
high-grade brown coal,'a compact, homo- 
geneous, and tough rock. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
d. Coal of the lowest rank, soft and friable, 
and having a high, inherent moisture con- 
tent. B.S. 3323, 1960. e. Unconsolidated 
lignitic coal having less than 8,300 British 
thermal units, (moist, mineral-matter-free) . 
ASTM D388-38. 

brown face. Gossan from the tin lodes of 
Tasmania. Fay. 

brown hematite. A misnomer; the mineral 
bearing this name is limonite, a hydrous 
iron oxide, whereas true hematite is an- 
hydrous. C.M.D. See also brown iron ore. 

brown henns. Eng. Base metal mixed with 
lead ore in a mineral vein, Derbyshire. 
Arkell, p. 59. 

Brown horseshoe furnace. A furnace of the 
annular turret type for calcining sulfide 
ores. Fay. 

brown hyacinth. Vesuvianite. Shipley. 

Brownian movement; pedesis. A continuous 
agitation of particles in a colloidal solution 
caused by unbalanced impacts with mole- 
cules of the surrounding medium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. F-33. 

brownies. See copperheads. Hansen. 

brown iron ore; limonite; brown hematite; 
bog iron ore. Its approximate formula is 
2Fe2O3-3H2O, equivalent to about 59.8 
percent iron. Probably a mixture of hy- 
drous oxides. Sanford. 

brown ironstone clay. Clayey limonite. Hess. 

brown lead ore. An early name for brown 
pyromorphite. Fay. 

brown lignite. a. Lignite lower in rank than 
black lignite. It has a fixed carbon content 
ranging from 30 to 55 percent and a total 
carbon content ranging from 65 to 73.6 
percent. A.G.I. b. Same as brown coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

brown matter. Brown matter is found in vary- 
ing amounts in the attrital matter of all 
splint and semisplint coals; it is occasion- 
ally present in the attritus of bright coals. 
Cell-wall degradation matter and the con- 
tents of cells which in thin section are 
brown and semitranslucent. The term has 
no exact equivalent in the Stopes-Heerlen 
nomenclature. Constituents with a reflec- 
tance between that of vitrinite and fusinite 
may correspond in part to brown matter. 
Some brown matter is identical with semi- 
fusinite and massive micrinite. Synonym 
for semiopaque matter; semitranslucent 
matter; brown cell-wall degradation mat- 
ter. JH GP,-1963;, pt; 1. 

brown metal coal. Eng. Term used among 
Yorkshire miners for bituminous coal 
which when broken gives much brown or 
red dust. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

brownmillerite. A tetracalcium aluminofer- 
rite, 4CaO-Al.Os-FesOs, first prepared by 
Hansen, Brownmiller, and Bogue, and 
afterwards detected in portland cement, 
and later in dolomite-silica firebricks. 
Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

Brown-Mills apparatus. A liquid-air breath- 
ing apparatus that weighs about 40 pounds 
when fully charged with 5% pounds of 
liquid air and 2 pounds of carbon dioxide 
absorbent. It consists of a liquid-air con- 
tainer or pack in a leather case enclosing 
three concentric cases of cupronickel. Can 
be used for a period of 2 hours. McAdam, 
pp. 37-38; Sinclair, I, pp. 319-321, 


Broxburn oil shale 


Brown muffle furnace. A mechanically raked 
roasting furnace of the straight-line type 
with a series of longitudinal combustion 
flues placed under the hearth. Fay. 

Brown-O’Hara furnace. A long, horizontal, 
double-hearth furnace for the treatment 
of lead ores. Fay. 

Brown panel system. a. Same as pillar-and- 
breast. Fay. b. Coal mining by long rooms 
opened on the upper side of the gangway. 
The breasts are usually from 5 to 12 yards 
wide and are separated by pillars (solid 
walls of coal broken by crossheadings for 
ventilation) 5 to 12 yards thick. The pil- 
lars are robbed by mining from them until 
the roof comes down and prevents further 
working. Hess. 

brown petroleum. A natural solid or semi- 
solid product produced by the action of 
air upon fluid bitumens. Fay. 

brown rock. A type of phosphate rock result- 
ing from the weathering of phosphatic 
limestones. Found in Tennessee, and used 
as raw material for fertilizer. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

brown sienna. See sienna. CCD 6d, 1961. 

brown soil. A zonal group of soils having a 
brown surface horizon which grad2s down- 
wards into lighter colored soil and finally 
into a layer of carbonate accumulation. 
It is developed under short grasses, bunch 
grasses, and shrubs in a temperate to cool, 
semiarid climate. A.G.I. 

brown spar. Any light carbonate that is col- 
ored brown by the presence of iron car- 
bonate, as ankerite, dolomite, magnesite, or 
siderite. Standard, 1964. 

brownstone. A ferruginous sandstone, the 
grains of which are generally coated with 
iron oxide. Applied almost exclusively to 
a dark brown sandstone derived from the 
Triassic formations of the Connecticut 
River Valley. A.G.J. Used as a building 
stone. See also sandstone. Fay, b. Eng. 
Toadstone. Arkell. 

Brown tank. A cylindrical tank or vat, tall 
in proportion to its diameter, with the 
bottom ending in a 60° cone. Within the 
tank is a hollow column extending from 
the bottom to within about 8 inches from 
the top. The apparatus works on the air- 
lift principle, the aerated pulp in the tube 
flowing upward, and discharging at the 
top while more pulp flows in at the bottom 
to take its place. It is in reality a pulp 
agitator. Also called Pachuca tank. Liddell 
2d, p. 390. 

brown tongs. A long-handled, plierlike device 
similar to a certain type of blacksmith 
tongs used to handle wash or drill rods in 
place of a safety clamp in shallow bore- 
hole drilling. Also called adjustable pipe 
tongs; extension tongs; lowering tongs. 
Long. 

brown turf. An Irish name for the layer of 
turf (peat) situated betwen the white turf 
and the black turf and in composition 
intermediate between these two. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

brown umber. A brown earthy variety of 
limonite. Fay. 

browpiece. A heavy upright timber used for 
underpinning in opening a station for a 
level in a mine. Webster 3d. See also brow 
bar. Fay. 

browse. Ore imperfectly smelted, mixed with 
cinder and clay. Fay. 

brow-up. Lanc. An inclined roadway driven 
to the rise. Also called brow; up-brow. Fay. 

Broxburn oil shale. A Scottish shale that 
yields 23 to 35 gallons of crude oil and 














Broxburn oil shale 


35 to 40 pounds of ammonium sulfate per 
ton. Fay. 
| broyl. Corn. See broil. Fay. 
| brucite. A hydrous magnesia;MgO-H,O or 
Mg(OH):2; which is one of many sources 


of dead-burned magnesite. Used in the 
production of basic refractories and in 


welding-rod ‘coatings. Lee. 

| brucite marble. A product of dedolomitiza- 

tion; a crystalline metamorphic rock 

formed by the action of intense heat on 

dolomite or magnesian limestone. C.M.D. 

| Bruckner cylinder. Pac. A form of revolv- 

ing roasting furnace. See also Bruckner 
furnace. Fay. 

| Bruckner furnace. Horizontal cylindrical fur- 

. nace revolving on end trunnions. Pryor, 3. 

' brugnatellite. A flesh-pink basic hydrous car- 
bonate of magnesium and iron, MgCOs- 
5Mg(OH):- Fe(OH)s-4H:O. Micaceous, 
lamellar. From Van Malenco, Lombardy, 
Italy; Iron Hill, Colo. English. 

|) bruise. A concentration of cracks in the sur- 
face of glassware caused by localized im- 
pact. Dodd. 

) Brulax system. An impulse system of oil 

| firing, particularly for the top-firing of 
annular kilns, developed by A. A. Niesper 

in Switzerland, in 1955. Dodd. 

|) brulee. Can. Windfall of daed trees and 

i brush. Also called slash. Hoffman. 

|| Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method. A pro- 

: cedure for the determination of the total 

surface area of a powder or of a porous 

solid by measurement of the volume of 
gas (usually Nz) adsorbed on the surface 
of a known weight of the sample. The 
mathematical basis of the method was de- 
veloped by S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett 
and E. Teller—therefore, the usual name 

B.E.T. method. Dodd. 

|) brunnerite. A blue to violet variety of calcite 
that is found both as cuboid crystals and 
massive. Standard, 1964. 

) Brunner’s yellow. An antimony yellow recipe 
given by K. Brunner in 1837; 1 part tartar 
emetic, 2 parts lead nitrate, 4 parts NcCL. 
The mixture is calcined and then washed 
free from soluble salts prior to its use as 
a ceramic color. Dodd. 

\|\bruno hand. See bruno man. D.O.T. 1. 
|brunoing. A term used in Arkansas and Miss 
souri for pulling fine ore down from the 
working place, especially with the hands. 
| From its similarity to the action of a bear. 
|| Fay. 

|) bruno man. a. A term used in Arkansas and 

| Missouri for one who removes fine ore 
from a working place, especially when the 
work is done with the hands. See also 
brunoing. Fay. b. In metal mining, one 
who loosens ore, blasted from the working 
face, with a pick or bar and pushes it 
down from a pile into contact with the 
scoop of a mechanical shovel or within 
reach of other muckers, to assist in loading 
cars. Also called bruno hand. D.O.T. 1. 

brunstone. A Scotch form of brimstone. Fay. 

)brunsvigite. An olive-green to yellowish-green 
hydrous silicate of aluminum, iron, and 
magnesium, 9(Fe,Mg) O-2A1.03-6SiOs-8H»- 
O. A chlorite near the metachlorite of the 
Buchenberg. Cryptocrystalline. Fine scaly 
masses. From Radauthal, Harz, Germany. 
English. 

Brunton. A small pocket compass with sights 
and a reflector attached, used in sketching 
mine workings, as in mine examinations, 
or in preliminarly surveys. Fay. 

runton compass. Synonym for Brunton. 
Long. 

































145 


Brunton oscillating sampler. Consists of an 
oscillating divider swinging back and forth 
in a vertical plane beneath the feed spout. 
This cutter or divider is suspended on a 
horizontal shaft and swings through a 120° 
arc. The size of the cut made by a Brunton 
sampler can be changed by changing the 
speed of the cutter. Newton, Joseph. In- 
troduction to Metallurgy, 1938, p. 467. 

Brunton sampler. a. A mechanical sampling 
device which automatically selects 1/625 
part of the ore passing through the sam- 
pler. Fay. b. An oscillating deHector which 
cuts through a falling stream of ore and 
separates a fraction of it. Pryor, 3. 

brush. a. N.S.W. To remove rock from the 
roof or floor of an opening to increase the 
height of working (coal mines) N.S.W. 
b. In a coal mine, a road through the goaf, 
gob, or worked-out areas packed with 
waste. C.7.D. c. To clean up fine coal from 
the floor. C.T.D. d. Mid. To mix gas with 
air in a mine by buffeting it with a jacket. 
Fay. e. Forest of Dean. A rich brown hema- 
tite. Fay. f. Mixed load into colliery tub of 
large and small coal. Pryor, 3. g. To rip; 
to enlarge. Mason. h. To remove bisque 
in a definite pattern by means of a brush. 
ASTM C286-65. i. A conductor arranged 
to make electrical contact between a sta- 
tionary and a moving surface. C.T.D. 

brush, bolthole. See bolthole brush. ASTM 
C286-65. 

brush cast. See brush mark, b. Pettijohn. 

brush cleaner. A device consisting of bristles 
set in a suitable backing used for cleaning 
a conveyor belt. It is usually of the rotary 
type. See also rotary belt cleaner. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

brush coating. Layer or refractory mortar 
applied to a brick wall with a brush. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

brush discharge. In high-intensity electrical 
fields, discharge from sharp points along a 
conductor. Electricity concentrates at these 
points and charges ambient molecules of 
air which are then repelled, carrying away 
charge. Phenomenon exploited in mineral 
processing in high-tension separation. 
Pryor, 3. 

brusher. In mining, one who pries down rock 
or slate from the roof of an underground 
passageway to increase its height by using 
a bar, or if easier, may dig up clay, rock, 
or earth to lower the tracks the required 
amount. Also called dirt scratcher; ripper; 
rockman; stoneman. D.O.T. 1. 

brushes. a. A small round brush used to 
remove bisque enamel from around bolt- 
holes prior to firing operation. ACSB, 3. 
b. In edging or margin, a stiff-bristle brush 
with metal guide used for the removal of 
bisque enamel along edges of ware before 
firing operation. ACSB, 3. c. In graining, 
a brush used for the application of grain- 
ing paste to an enameled surface to pro- 
duce a natural-wood grain effect. ASCB, 3. 
d. In stenciling, a flat hard-bristle brush 
used to remove bisque enamel from the 
stencil openings prior to firing operation. 
ACSB, 3. e. A power-driven circular brush. 
The article, from which the bisque enamel 
is to be removed, is guided across the front 
of the revolving brush. ACSB, 3. 

brush hook. A short, heavy hook with an ax 
handle, used by surveyors for cutting 
brush. Fay. 

brushing. a. Scot. That part of the roof 
or floor of a seam removed to form road- 
ways. Fay. b. Digging up the bottom or 
taking down the top of an entry or room 





BS; BSI 


for the purpose of admitting cars where 
the seam of coal is too thin or shallow for 
the admission of cars. See also brush, a. 
Fay. c. Cutting or blasting down the roof 
of a coal seam. Arkell. d. Ripping; nor- 
mally enlarging a road by taking down 
the roof, but extended to sides and floor 
as well. Mason. e. Eng. See canch, b. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. f. Removal of dry 
enamel by brushing through a stencil or 
along an edge to produce a design or 
edging. Bryant. g. See brush, h. ASTM 
C286-65. 

brushing bed. Scot. The stratum brushed or 
rippled. See also brush, a. Fay. 

brushing shot. a. A charge fired in the air 
of a mine to blow out obnoxious gases or 
to start an air current. Fay. b. A shot so 
placed as to remove a portion of the roof 
to increase the height of a haulageway. 
See also brush, a. Fay. 

brushite. A nearly colorless mineral, CaHPO.,.- 
2H:0, concisting of calcium hydrogen 
phosphate in slender crystals or massive. 
Webster 3d. 

brush mark. a. A surface imperfection found 
on the exterior of some bottles; the marks 
resemble a series of fine vertical laps and 
are also known as scrub marks. Dodd. b. 
Essentially a bounce cast with a crescentic 
depression on the downcurrent end. The 
depression is interpreted as the cast of a 
small ridge of mud pushed up by the im- 
pinging object. Also called brush cast. 
Pettijohn. 

brush ore. An iron ore in stalactitic forms 
resembling a brush. Webster 3d. See also 
brush, e. Fay. 

brush plating. Plating with a concentrated 
solution or gel held in or fed to an ab- 
sorbing medium, pad, or brush carrying 
the anode (usually insoluble). The brush 
is moved back and forth over the area of 
the cathode to be plated. ASM Gloss. 

brush rake. A rake blade having a high top 
and light construction. Nichols. 

brush treatment. A method of treating mine 
timber in which the timber is painted with 
a preservative or merely dipped into a 
tank of preservative. Preservatives used 
are creosote, zinc chloride, sodium fluoride, 
and other chemicals, Lewis, p. 71. 

bruskins. Mid. Lumps of coal weighing about 
1 pound each. Fay. 

brute. A rough or unpolished gem. Rarely 
used. Hess. 

bruting. A method of roughly shaping dia- 
monds by rubbing one against another. 
Hess. 

Bruxellian. Lower middle Eocene. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Bryanizing. A process in which 99.99 percent 
pure zinc is electrochemically deposited as 
a coating on wire. Sinclair, V. p. 9. 

Bryan mill. A three-roll (edge-roller) mill 
of the Chilean type. Liddell 2d, p. 355. 
bryle. a. Traces of a vein of ore in loose 
earth on or near the surface. Nelson. b. 

Corn. See broil. Fay. 

bryozoan. One of the Bryozoa or moss ani- 
mals. An exclusively colonial animal that 
secretes a calcareous, horny, or membra- 
nous covering in a multitudinous variety 
of forms and structures. A.G.I. 

BS Abbreviation for blowing snow. Zimmer- 
man, p. 17. 

BS; BSI Abbreviations for British Standard 
and British Standards Institution. The In- 
stitution is responsible for the preparation 
(through industry committees on which 
interested parties are represented) of na- 


BS; BSI 


tional standards for Great Britain; copies 
of these standards, and of any foreign 
standard, can be obtained from the Insti- 
tution at 2 Park Street, London, W. 1. 
Dodd. 

B-scope. A cathode ray oscilloscope indicator 
having a rectangular plot of (target) range 
versus bearing. Spot brightness indicates 
echo intensity. Hy. 

b. s. gang. The production crew, which, by 
maintaining pumping equipment, etc., in 
repair, keeps producing wells in operation. 
Hess. 

BSI See BS. Dodd. 

bte Abbreviation for brake thermal efficiency. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

B to B Abbreviation for back to back. Zim- 
merman, p. 14. 

Btu Abbreviation for British thermal unit. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

bu Abbrevation for bushel. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

bubble. a. Air bubble in spirit level mounted 
on theodolite or level. Pryor, 3. b. A glob- 
ule of air or other gas in a liquid; also, a 
vesicle of water or other liquid inflated 
with air or other gas. A term used in 
flotation. Fay. 

bubble brick. A lightweight brick developed 
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines that is use- 
ful for nonload-bearing applications in all- 
basic furnaces. This refractory is made by 
pressing and baking into bricks millions of 
tiny bubbles formed when molten refrac- 
tory materials are poured through an air- 
blast. They are lighter than standard re- 
fractory bricks and more resistant to the 
sudden, violent temperature changes known 
as thermal shock. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bubble cap. A small, hollow, chemical] stone- 
ware hemisphere with serrations around 
the bottom edge; used on stoneware trays 
in deacidifying towers in the chemical in- 
dustry. Dodd 

bubble chamber. A device that marks the 
paths of charged particles by photograph- 
ing the train of bubbles they produce as 
they move through certain superheated 
liquids. See also cloud chamber; spark 
chamber. L@L. 

bubble glass. Glassware containing gas bub- 
bles sized and arranged to produce a dec- 
orative effect. See also foam glass. Dodd. 

bubble hearth process. A process in which 
powdered iron ore is reduced with hydro- 
gen to sponge iron in a bubble hearth 
furnace. The furnace has a flat, circular, 
hollow hearth made of alloy steel which 
is supplied with hot hydrogen gas under 
pressure through small inlets that dot the 
hearth. Ore is placed on the hearth and 
hot hydrogen is bubbled through it. R.J. 
4092, June 1947, p. 3. 

bubble impressions. Small depressions, not 
marked by raised rim, formed by gas bub- 
bles; superficially resembling raindrop im- 
pressions. Pettijohn. 

bubble pickup. Method of testing small grains 
of minerals to ascertain their response to 
flotation collector agents. A bubble of air 
is pressed down on particles under water, 
and then raised and examined to find 
whether it has lifted any grains. Pryor, 3. 

bubble pipe. Tube inserted in pulp at regu- 
lated depth, through which compressed air 
is gently bubbled. The air pressure indi- 
cates the pulp density and provides a 
means of control. Pryor, 4. 

bubble-pressure method. A technique for the 
determination of the maximum size of pore 
in a ceramic product; this size is calcu- 








146 


lated from the pressure needed to force 
the first bubble of air through the ceramic 
when it is wetted with a liquid of known 
surface tension. The method is used, for 
example, in the testing of ceramic filters. 
Dodd. 

bubble pulse. A pulsation attributable to the 
bubble produced by a seismic charge fired 
produces an identical unwanted seismic 
times with a period proportional to the 
cube root of the charge; each oscillation 
produces an identical unwanted seismic 
effect. A.G.I. 

bubbles. Air introduced near bottom of flota- 
tion cell containing pulped ore forms cours- 
ing bubbles, which rise through the liquid 
and emerge as mineralized bubbles forming 
a semistable froth column. This depends 
for its continuity partly on the surface- 
active reagents borne by the mineral in 
the air/water interphase of each bubble 
and partly on the aid of frothing reagents. 
Pryor, 3. 

bubble structure. Size and spatial distribution 
of voids within the fired porcelain enamel. 
ASTM C286-65. 

bubble tower. A closed cylindrical tower ar- 
ranged with shelves on which is absorbing 
oil through which distilled gas is caused 
to bubble, and the heavier fractions of gas 
are absorbed. Porter. 

bubbly clay. A clay which, because it con- 
tains small amounts of organic matter, 
causes bubbles if used in vitreous enamels. 
Dodd. 

bubbly rock. Cavernous breccia with cavities 
between the fragments, Millstone grit, 
Bwlchgwyn quarries, Denbigh, Wales. Ar- 
kell. 

bucaramangite. A resin resembling amber but 
insoluble in alcohol and yielding no suc- 
cinic acid. Fay. 

buchite. A glassy rock resulting from the 
fusion of a clay or shale block engulfed in 
a magma. C.T.D. 

Buchner funnel. A porcelain filter shaped to 
support filter paper on a flat perforated 
disk. Much used for vacuum filtration of 
ore pulps. The residue on the filter is con- 
veniently displayed for nine-point sam- 
pling. Pryor, 3. 

buchnerite. A peridotite containing mono- 
clinic and orthorhombic pyroxenes and 
for which the name lherzolite has been 
used. Holmes,.1928. 

buchonite. An extrusive rock composed of 
labradorite, titanaugite, and _ titaniferous 
hornblende, with nepheline and sodic sani- 
dine, and accessory biotite, apatite, and 
opaque oxides. The nepheline is commonly 
altered to analcite. The mafic constituents 
compose about 50 percent of the rock. A 
variety of tephrite. A.G_I. 

buck. a. To break up or pulverize, as to buck 
ore samples. Webster 3d. b. To bring or 
carry, as to buck water. Webster 3d.c. A 
name given to large quartz reefs in which 
there is little or no gold. Gordon. d. In 
anthracite coal regions, to push coal down 
a chute toward a mine car. Zern. e. A 
dead plate. ASTM C162-66. f. A special 
support for ware during the firing of porce- 
lain enamel on heavy ware. ASTM C286— 
65. 

bucker. a. Derb. A flat piece of iron with 
a wooden handle, used for breaking ore. 
Fay. b. One who bucks or breaks ore. Fay. 
c. A laborer who pushes coal down a chute 
in pitching or inclined coal seams. Fay. 

bucker helper. One who breaks ore. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 








bucket elevator 


bucket. a. A typically round and wooden 
vessel for drawing up water from a well. 
Webster 3d. b. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) 
for hoisting and conveying material (as 
coal, ore, grain, gravel, mud, or concrete). 
Webster 3d. c. The dipper or scoop at the 
end of the arm of a bucket dredge. Web- 
ster 3d. d. One of the receptacles on the 
rim of a water wheel into which the water 
rushes causing the wheel to revolve. Web- 
Ster 3d. e. A float or paddle of a water 
wheel or of a boat’s side wheel or stern 
wheel. Webster 3d. f. One of the contain- 
ers of an endless-belt type of conveyor. 
Webster 3d, g. The piston of a well pump. 
It always contains a valve. It is connected 
to. and operated by the sucker rods. Fay. 
h. Synonym for bailer, a; calyx, a. Long. 
i. Tubular containers equipped with auger- 
or other-type cutting edges used to make 
borings in earthy or soft formation by 
rotary methods. Long. j. An open-top can, 
equipped with a bail, used to hoist broken 
rock or water and to lower supplies and 
equipment to men working in a mine shaft 
or other underground opening. Long. k. 
The top valve or clack of a pump. Zern. 
1. One of the conveying units on a bucket 
conveyor that lifts the material from a boot 
or bin when passing over the lower sprocket 
and is dumped on passing over the upper 
sprocket. The bucket is often made of per- 
forated metal so that water entrapped 
will pass through the perforations and back 
to the boot. Zern. m. A part of.an exca- 
vator that digs, lifts, and carries dirt. 
Nichols. 

bucket auger. A short helical auger incor- 
porating a steel tube to help hold the 
cuttings on the auger during withdrawal 
from the drill hole. See also auger, a. Long. 

bucket conveyor. A conveyor consisting of a 
continuous line of buckets attached by 
pivots to two endless roller chains running 
on tracks and driven by sprockets. The 
buckets are so pivoted that they remain in 
an upright position at all times except 
when tilted into a dumping position by a 
cam or other device placed at any required 
position on the track. B.S. 3552, 1962. See 
also bucket elevator; gravity discharge 
conveyor elevator; pivoted bucket con- 
veyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bucket dredge. A dredge having two pon- 
toons, between which passes a chain of 
digging buckets. These buckets excavate 
material at the bottom of the pond (pad- 
dock) in which the dredge floats, and 
deposit it in concentrating devices on the 
decks. Pryor, 3. 

bucket drill; bucket drilling. Originally de- 
veloped as an aid in making excavations 
for cesspools and septic tanks; now used 
mostly in drilling holes for concrete piers 
on construction jobs. The U.S. Bureau of 
Mines has found the bucket drill useful in 
obtaining samples of clay deposits and | 
contends that this type of equipment ex- 
cels in recovering fairly undisturbed sam- | 
ples of unconsolidated material and can | 
be used for drilling holes up to 200 feet 
deep. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bucket dumper. See lander. D.O.T. 1. 

bucket elevator. An appliance for elevating 
material, consisting of steel buckets fas- 
tened to an endless belt or chain. It is | 
usually set at steep angles, around 70°. 
The load is picked up by discharge from a | 
chute or by a dredging action in a boot. 
Its best application is in a plant where | 
space is restricted and the material is minus | 











| 


bucket elevator 


2 inches in size. Nelson. 


| bucket elevator belt. A belt fabricated for 


bucket elevator use, to which elevator 


bucket are attached. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


||| bucket elevator, centrifugal discharge. See 


centrifugal discharge bucket elevator. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 


|| bucket elevator, continuous. See continuous 


bucket elevator. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


|| bucket elevator, double leg. See double leg 


bucket elevator. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

| bucket elevator, gravity discharge. See grav- 
ity discharge conveyor-elevator. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 

bucket elevator, internal discharge. See in- 
ternal discharge bucket elevator. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

bucket elevator, perfect discharge. See posi- 
tive discharge bucket elevator. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 

bucket elevator, pivoted. See pivoted bucket 
conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bucket elevator, positive discharge. See posi- 
tive discharge bucket elevator. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 


|| bucket elevator, super-capacity. See super- 


capacity bucket elevator. ASA MH4.1-— 
19358. 


f bucket factor. See fill factor. Woodruff, v. 3, 


p. 499. 
| bucket gate. See bin gate.ASA MH4.1-1958. 


|) bucket hooker. See can hooker. D.O.T. 1. 
Tl 


bucketing. Eng. The operation of removing 
a wornout pump bucket or clack, and re- 
placing it with a new one. Fay. 
bucket-ladder dredge; bucket-line dredge; 
ladder-bucket dredge. A dredge whose dig- 
ging mechanism consists of a ladderlike 
truss on the periphery of which is attached 
an endless chain which rides on sprocket 
wheels and on which buckets are attached. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 
| bucket-ladder excavator. A mechanical exca- 
vator working on the same principle as a 
bucket-ladder dredge, but adapted for use 
on land. C.T.D. See also trench excavator. 


| bucket lid. Scot. The flap of a bucket valve. 


Fay. 


| bucket lift. The discharge pipe of a lifting 


pump in a mine. Standard, 1964. 


|| bucket line. An endless line of digging buckets 


on a dredger, or on a bucket elevator. 
Pryor, 3. 
bucket-line dredge. See bucket-ladder dredge. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 
| bucket loader. a. A form of portable, self- 
feeding, inclined bucket elevator for load- 
ing bulk materials into cars, trucks, or 
other conveyors. See also bucket elevator; 
portable conveyor, b. ASA MH4.1-1958. 
b. A machine having a digging and gath- 
ering rotor, and a set of chain-mounted 
buckets to elevate the material to a dump- 
ing point. Nichols. 
| bucket machine. See elevator pump. Fay. 


| bucket mounting. Scot. Leather or gutta 


percha packing of a pump bucket. Fay. 

| bucket piece. Scot. The pipe carrying the 
bucket door of a pump. Fay. 

bucket pump. a. An iron or wooden recep- 
tacle for hoisting ore, or for raising rock 
in shaft sinking. Fay. b. A reciprocating 
lift pump formerly much used in shafts 
and sinkings. Nelson. 


| bucket rig. Synonym for rotary bucket drill. 


Long. 


| bucket rods. Eng. Wooden rods to which 


a pump piston is attached. Fay, 


1 bucket sheave. A pulley attached to a shovel 


bucket, through which the hoist or drag 
cable is reeved. Nichols, 2. 





147 


bucket shell. Scot. The cast-iron or brass 
frame of a pump bucket. Fay. 

bucket sword. Eng. A wrought-iron rod to 
which a pump bucket is attached, having 
at its upper end a knocking-off joint. Fay. 

bucket temperature. The surface temperature 
of the sea as measured by a bucket ther- 
mometer or by immersing a surface ther- 
mometer in a freshly drawn bucket of 
water. H&G. 

bucket thermometer. A water-temperature 
thermometer provided with an insulated 
container around the bulb. It is lowered 
into the sea on a line until it has had 
time to reach the temperature of the sur- 
face water, then withdrawn and read. The 
insulated water surrounding the bulb pre- 
serves the temperature reading and is avail- 
able as a salinity sample. H@G. 

bucket tree. Eng. The pipe between the 
working barrel and the windbore of a 
pump. Fay. 

bucket tripper. A device that tilts or turns 
the buckets of a pivoted bucket conveyor 
causing them to discharge. It may be fixed 
or movable. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

bucket wheel excavator; BWE. A continuous 
digging machine originally designed and 
used in large-scale stripping and mining 
of East German brown coal deposits. Its 
digging mechanism is essentially a boom 
on which is mounted a rotating vertical 
wheel having buckets on its periphery. As 
the rotating wheel is pressed into the ma- 
terial to be dug, the buckets cut, gather, 
and discharge the material onto a con- 
veyor belt where it is moved to the mined 
materials transport system. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bucking. a. Derb. The act of breaking or 
pulverizing ore. The bucking hammer or 
bucking iron is a broadheaded hammer 
used for this purpose, and the ore is broken 
on a flat piece of iron (bucking plate). Fay. 
b. Sawing a long log into shorter pieces. 
Nichols. 

bucking hammer. A rectangular piece of ‘cast 
iron 5 or 6 inches across, usually rounded 
fore and aft with an eye on the back and 
with a wooden handle; used for grinding 
ore on a cast-iron bupcking board. Hess. 

bucking iron; bucking plate. An iron plate 
on which ore is ground by hand by means 
of a bucking hammer. Used extensively 
for the final reduction of ore samples for 
assaying. Barger. 

bucking plate. See bucking iron. 

bucking ore. A hand process of crushing ore. 
Fay. 

bucking tool. A dolly for supporting a rivet. 
Ham. 

bucklandite. a. A black variety of epidote 
having a tinge of green, and differing 
from ordinary epidote in having the cry- 
stals nearly symmetrical and not, like 
other epidote, lengthened in the direction 
of the orthodiagonal; from Achmatovsk, 
Ural Mountains. Fay. b. Anhydrous al- 
lanite in small black crystals; from Aren- 
dal, Norway. Fay. 

buckle. a. The bend in a piece of drill-stem 
equipment induced by excessive feed pres- 
sure. Long. b. The deformation of com- 
ponent members of a drill derrick, tripod, 
or mast, caused by attempting to hoist 
too heavy a load or by applying excessive 
strain when pulling on stuck casing, etc. 
Long. c. A defect in a metal bar or sheet 
characterized by a waviness which is usu- 
ally transverse to the direction of rolling. 
ASM Gloss, d. An indentation in a casting 





Bucky diaphragm 


resulting from expansion of the sand. ASM 
Gloss. 

bucklers; tacklers. Derb. Small chains put 
around the coal when loaded in corves, 
to prevent it falling off. Fay. 

buckling. Producing a bulge, bend, bow, 
kink, or other wavy condition in sheets or 
plates by compressive stresses. ASM Gloss. 

buckling length. The length of drill rod that 
will withstand flexure or bending when 
subjected to a specific feed pressure or 
compressional load. Long. 

buckling load. The maximum load expressed 
in pounds or tons that can be imposed on 
a string of drill rods, casing, or pipe, or 
on a drill tripod, derrick, or mast without 
the string; also, a part being bent or 
buckled. Long. 

Buckman table. Mechanized form of Cornish 
ragging (racking) frame. Ore pulp is fed 
gently over a number of parallel and 
superimposed sluices or tables. At short- 
timed intervals the feed is switched to a 
parallel group, while the original tables 
are tilted sharply back and washed clean 
of settled mineral. Pryor 3. 

buck plates. Steel plates at ends of tie rods 
used to strengthen brickwork of furnace. 
Pryor, 3. 

buck quartz. Barren quartz veins. Also called 
bull quartz. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

buck reef. A barren vein; bull quartz. Hess. 

buckshot. a. Aust. Small concretionary nod- 
ules of iron oxide or manganese oxide in 
soil. A.G.I. Supp. b. Synonym for shot. 
See also shot, h. Long. 

buckshot cinder. Cinder from the iron blast 
furnace, containing grains of iron. Fay. 

buckshot gravel. Natural accumulation of 
small, accretionary limonite nodules de- 
veloped in soil. A.G.J. Supp. 

buckshot land; buckshot soil. a. Land or soil 
filled with rounded lumps of the size of 
buckshot, or which, by weathering, breaks 
up into such lumps. Standard, 1964. b. 
Land or soil containing many limonitic 
nodules. Standard, 1964. 

buckshots. Early nickname of Molly Ma- 
guires. Korson. 

buckstay. An upright iron or steel brace rest- 
ing upon or built into a boiler setting or 
furnace wall to support the brickwork. 
Zern. 

buckstone. Rock not producing gold. Com- 
pare buck quartz. Fay. 

buck up. a. To screw two threaded members. 
such as drill rods, together tightly. Long. 
b. To shore up with lagging; to brace. 
Long. 

buckwheat; buckwheat coal. In anthracite 
only. Buckwheat is divided into four sizes: 
No. 1, or buckwheat; No. 2, or rice; No, 3. 
or barley; No. 4, or barley No. 2, or silt 
(sometimes also called culm or slush). 
Buckwheat No. | passes through a 14-inch 
woven wire screen and over a 5/16-inch 
woven wire screen, through a 9/16-inch 
round punched plate and over a 34-inch 
round punched plate. The American Insti- 
tute of Mechanical Engineers has recom- 
mended that buckwheat No. 1 shall pass 
through 9/16-inch holes and over 5/16- 
inch holes, a scr2en with circular holes 
being used. Fay. See also anthracite coal 
sizes. 

buckwheat slate. A friable slate (shale) that 
requires careful timbering in headings 
driven through it. It crumbles badly at 
or near the surface of the ground. Fay. 

Bucky diaphragm. An X-ray scatter-reducing 
device originally intended for medical 


Bucky diaphragm 


radiography but also applicable to indus- 
trial radiography in some circumstances. 
Thin strips of lead, with their width held 
parallel to the primary radiation, are used 
to absorb scattered radiation preferen- 
tially; the array of strips is in motion 
during exposure, to prevent formation of 
a pattern on the film. ASM Gloss. 

buddagh. Ir. A highly carbonaceous, soft, 
muddy looking fire clay, from Leinster. 
Fay. 

buddle. a. Circular arrangement in which 
finely divided ore, in water, is delivered 
from a central point and flows gently to 
the perimeter. The heaviest and coarsest 
particles bed down while the lightest over- 
flow. Several variants include concave 
buddle with peripheral feed and central 
discharge, and continuous buddles as dif- 
ferentiated from those which are periodi- 
cally stopped and cleaned up. Pryor, 3. 
b. To separate (ore) from slime or stamp 
work by means of a buddle. Standard, 1964. 

buddler. A workman who works an inclined 
trough or plane for washing out the light 
particles of a crushed ore. Sandstrom. 

buddling. Washing. Zern. 

buddles. Pans, with rapidly revolving agi- 
tators, into which tailings or water from 
ore dressing passes before being finally run 
away. Gordon. 

buddle work. a. Eng. Dressed and _ partly 
dressed ore obtained from the buddle. Fay. 
b. Upgrading of tin slimes by gentle sluic- 
ing in which a bed of retained material is 
built up (buddled), while a lighter (tail- 
ing) fraction overflows. See also buddle, a. 
Pryor, 3. 

buddy. A partner; each of two men who 
work in the same working place of a mine. 
Sometimes spelled buddy. Fay. 

Buddy. A shortwall coal cutter designed for 
light duty such as stabling on longwall 
power-loaded faces and for subsidiary 
developments. Mason, v. 2, p. 576. 

buddy system. In scuba diving, divers with 
few exceptions should work in pairs. This 
is probably the greatest single aid toward 
scuba safety, especially under unfavorable 
conditions. The divers should remain in 
sight of each other. In poor visibility, 
they should use a buddy line 6 to 10 feet 
long. H&G. 

budgetary control. Economic factor in proc- 
cess control, in which agreed costs are 
established for a period concerning the 
quantities and qualities involved in a 
defined technical operation. The operation 
must then be controlled within these agreed 
terms of reference. Pryor, 3. 

buetschliite. A hydrous potassium and cal- 
cium carbonate, 3K2CO;.2CaCO;.6H.O. 
Probably hexagonal; formed by the hydra- 
tion of fairchildite in the fused wood ash 
of burnt trees. (Not the butschliite of R. 
Lang, 1914). Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

buff brick. A light-colored brick usually light 
cream to light tan. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

buffed top. A term used for any stone which 
is faceted below the girdle, with a slightly 
convex surface above the girdle produced 
by polishing on a buff instead of a metal 
lap. Shipley. 

buffer. a. Any of various devices, apparatus, 
or pieces of material designed primarily 
to reduce shock due to contact as: (1) an 
apparatus on the end of a railway car 
to close the space between adjoining cars 
and to absorb shocks incident to car coupl- 
ing and movement; and (2) a bumper- 
type shock absorber usually installed in 





148 


pairs on the ends of railway cars in Europe. 
Webster 3d. b. A rotating head covered 
with felt or other soft material. It is sup- 
plied with a fine polishing powder and 
is employed to polish the surface of stone. 
Fay. c. A pile of blasted rock left against 


or near a face to improve fragmentation” 


and reduce scattering from the next blast. 
Nichols. d. A movable metal plate used 
in tunnels to limit scattering of blasted 
rock. Nichols. e. In the stonework industry, 
one who uses a portable electric motor 
with a felt buffing head and putty (polish- 
ing) powder to produce a lustrous finish 
on marble and granite D.O.T.1. f. A sub- 
stance whose purpose is to maintain a con- 
stant hydrogen-ion concentration in water 
solutions, even where acid or alkalies are 
added. ASM Gloss. g. The act of buffering. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. h. A workman who 
finishes ceramic ware by grinding with 
small grinders or buffers to remove sharp 
edges and other surface defects. See also 
ware dresser. Bureau of Mines Staff. i. See 
marble polisher. D.O.T.1. 

buffer bar. The heavy iron bar of a railroad 
car buffer. Webster 2d. 

buffer beam. Scot. Beams fired in a shaft 
to prevent pump rods from traveling too 
far. Fay. 

buffer block. A block serving as a buffer. 
Webster 2d. 

buffer rope. Aust. A rope suspended be- 
tween the cages in a shaft where rope 
guides are employed, so as to prevent the 
cages from colliding. Fay. 

buffer shooting. Same as blanket shooting. 
Fay. 

buffer solution. One which maintains a nearly 
constant pH despite the addition of con- 
siderable quantities of acid or alkali. Re- 
agents which produce this buffering effect 
consist of a strong base and a weak acid, 
or vice versa. Salts are of such acids as 
acetic, carbonic, and phosphoric, which 
have low dissociation. Pryor, 3 

buffer stop. A heavy sleeper or bar set across 
the track rails to stop cars at terminal 
points on sidings. Nelson. 

buffer thimble. A cast-iron bushing on the 
end timber of the platform of a car. 
Standard, 1964. 

buffing. a. Developing a lustrous surface by 
contacting the work with a rotating buffing 
wheel. ASM Gloss. b. The final stage in 
stone polishing that consists of polishing 
the surface with revolving pads of paper- 
mill felt supplied with putty powder— 
fine-grained tin oxide. Compare ironing, 
a; emerying. AIME, p. 328. 

buffing machine. A machine used for buffing 
or polishing. Fay. 

buffing oil. A viscous oil used with polishing 
or buffing wheels. Hess. 

buffing wheel (buff). Buff sections assembled 
to the required face width for use on a 
rotating shaft between flanges. ASM Gloss. 

buff section. A number of fabric, paper, or 
leather disks with concentric center holes 
held together by various types of sewing 
to provide degrees of flexibility or hard- 
ness. These sections are assembled to 
make wheels for polishing. ASM Gloss. 

buff stick. A piece of stick covered with 
leather or velvet and charged with emery 
or other powder. Used in polishing. Fay. 

buff stone. See Cornish stone. Hess. 

buff ware. A stoneware made from clay and 
other ingredients; it is not decorated. Fay. 

buff wheel. A buffing wheel. Webster 2d. 

bug. a. A bullet or go-devil. See also bullet, b. 





builder 


Long. b. Synonym for vug. Long. 

bug dust. a. The fine coal or other material 
resulting from a boring or cutting of a 
drill, a mining machine, or even a pick. 
Fay. b. Fine, dry, dustlike particles of 
rock ejected from a borehole by a current 
of pressurizzd air when compressed air, 
instead of a liquid, is used as a cuttings 
removal agent. Long. c. Fine coal or rock 
material resulting from dry boring, drill- 
ing, or the use of other cutting machines 
in underground work places. Long. 

bug duster. An attachment used on shortwall 
mining machines to remove cuttings (bug 
dust) from back of the cutter and to pile 
them at a point which will not interfere 
with operation. ASA C42.85:1956. 

bug dusting. Removing bug dust from the 
undercut. B.C.I. 

bugger. See machine scraper. D.O.T. 1. 

buggeroo. N. Wales. A dolomite bed in the 
Carboniferous limestone, Hunts quarry, 
Porthywaen. Arkell. 

buggied. Penna. Said of coal moved under- 
ground in a small car. Hess. 

buggy. a. A small wagon or truck used for 
short transportation of heavy materials (as 
coal in a mine or ingots in a steel mill). 
Webster 3d. b. A four-wheeled steel car 
used for hauling coal to and from chutes. 
Fay. c. A mine car of small dimensions, 
sometimes used in thin beds. Hudson. d. 
Slang for a shuttle car. B.C.J. e. Bug dust. 
Mason. ¥ 

buggyman. See barrowman. D.O.T. 1. 

bug hole. a. A small cavity, in a rock, usually 
lined with crystals. Fay. b. Synonym for 
vug. Long. 

bug light. Slang for a miner’s electric cap 
lamp. B.C.I. 

bugor. An elevation of ground or succession 
of hillocks separating creeks or ravines, 
as on the shore of the Black Sea. Standard, 
1964. 

bugre. Braz. Pockets of yellow clay, rich in 
gold, found especially in contact with the 
itabirites and quartzites. Fay. 

Buhrer kiln. The zigzag kiln invented by J. 
Buhrer. See also zigzag kiln. Dodd. 

buhrmill. a. A stone disk mill, with an upper 
horizontal disk rotating above a fixed lower 
one. Grist is fed centrally and discharged 
peripherally. Stones are dressed periodi- 
cially, channels being cut to facilitate 
passage. Also applied to other rubbing 
mills, for example, conical porcelain or 
steel ones in which a grooved cone rotates 
in a close fit in a fixed casing. Also spelled 
burrmill. Pryor, 3. b. A stone mill, consist- 
ing of one stationary stone and one revolv- 
ing stone, for grinding pigment pastes. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

buhrstone; burrstone; burstone. a. Certain 
varieties of porous open-t°xtured calcare- 
ous-cemented sandstone which, because of 
the angular character of the sand grains, 
are suitable for millstones. Holmes, 1928. 


b. A silicified fossiliferous limestone, with — 


abundant cavities which were formerly oc- 
cupied by fossil shells. Its cellular char- 
acter and its toughness occasioned exten- 
sive use of it as a millstone formerly. Fay. 

buhrstone mill. A grinding mill with two 
horizontal circular stones, one revolving 
upon the other as in an old-fashioned grain 
mill. Mersereau, 4th, p. 234. 

builder. a. A fire clay brick cull used for 
bottom construction in kilns, or for hex- 
ing brick during burning. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. A material, such as an alkali, a 
buffer, or a water softener added to soap 

















builder 


or a synthetic surface-active agent to pro- 
duce a mixture having enhanced deter- 
gency. Examples: (1) Alkalies—caustic 
soda, soda ash, and trisodium phosphate; 
(2) buffers—sodium metasilicate and bo- 
rax; and (3) water softeners—sodium tri- 
polyphosphate, sodium tetraphosphate, so- 
dium hexametaphosphate, and ethylene 
tape, b. Crispin. 

builders’ tape. A long measuring tape of steel 
or fabric contained in a circular case, 
usually 50 or 100 feet in length. See also 
tape, b. Crispin 

builders up. Eng. Men who make packs and 
set timber, in ironstone mines. Fay. 

buildhouse. See bildas. Fay. 

building. Som. A_ built-up block, or pillar 
of stone or coal, to carry the roof. See also 
cog. Fay. 

building brick. A block of clay material usu- 
ally fired to form a stable mass; used for 
general building purposes. ACSG, 1963. 


| building clay. See brick clay. Dodd. 
| building lime. May be quicklime or hydrated 


lime (but usually connotes the latter), 
whose physical characteristics make it suit- 
able for ordinary or special structural pur- 
poses. Boynton. 

building sand. Sand used in erecting build- 
ings, particularly for making mortar and 
wall plaster. Hess. 

building stome. a. Any stone used in masonry 
construction, generally stone of superior 
quality that is quarried and trimmed or 
cut into regular blocks. A.G.I. Supp. b. In- 
cludes all stones for ordinary masonry con- 
struction, ornamentation, roofing, and flag- 
ging. Countless different kinds of rocks are 
used. Practically all varieties of igneous, 
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are 
included, but a few varieties stand out 
prominently because of their durability 
and widespread occurrence. In its broader 
sense, the term includes stone in any form 
that constitutes a part of a structure; how- 
ever, cut or rough-hewn blocks for exterior 
walls are most widely used. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

building unit. As applied to structural clay 
products, a unit, the specifications for 
which include measures of durability, 
strength, and other structural properties, 
but not requirements affecting appearance. 


ASTM C43-65T. 


| build up. To increase the thickness of a metal 


part by welding additional metal to the 
surface of the part. Long. 

buildup sequence. The order in which weld 
beads are deposited, generally designated 
in cross section. ASM Gloss. 

built-in. See fixed. Ro. 


built platform. See wave-built platform. 
Schieferdecker. 

built-up. a. See chunked-up. Fay. b. See build 
up. Long. 


built-up edge. Chip material adhering to the 
tool face adjacent to the cutting edge dur- 
ing cutting. ASM Gloss. 


built-up mica. A composite material built to 


any desired thickness by alternating layers 
of overlapped splittings and a suitable 
binder, usually organic, and them formed 
into sheets, plates, or special configurations 
by heating, pressing, and trimming. Skow. 

built-up work. Terra-cotta articles formed of 
plastic clay in pieces or sections, generally 
by hand. Mersereau, 4th, p 269. 

bulb. The glass container holding the fila- 
ment of an electric filament lamp or the 
electrodes of an electric discharge lamp. 
GLD. 








149 


bulb angle. A steel angle section which has 
been enlarged to a bulb at one end. See 
also beaded section. Ham. 

bulb edge. The heavy rounded edge or bead 
of sheet-drawn glass. ASTM C162-66. 

bulb of pressure. a. The area of compressed 
soil beneath a loaded foundation; the lines 
of equal vertical stress, of bulb shape, be- 
low a footing, obtained from the Boussinesq 
equation. Ham. b. See pressure bulb. ASCE 
P1826. 

bulb opal. Menilite opal. Shipley. 

bulb trailer. A slip trailer made with a rub- 
ber bulb. See also slip trailer. ACSG. 

bule. a. Eng. A bit of iron put around pistons. 
Fay. b. Derb. The handle or bail of an 
ore bucket. Fay. 

bulget finish. See finish. Dodd. 

bulging. Expanding the walls of a cup, shell, 
or tube with an internally expanded seg- 
mented punch or a punch composed of air, 
liquids, or semiliquids such as waxes, rub- 
ber, and other elastomers. ASM Gloss. 

bulgram. Eng. Term used in Cumberland 
for a parting shale in a coal seam. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. Same as tom. 

bulk. Brist. Run-of-mine coal in large quan- 
tities. Fay. 

bulk beds. The main coal seams, South Ire- 
land. Campare post, h. Arkell. 

bulk density. a. The weight of an object or 
material divided by its material volume 
less the volume of its open pores. ACSG, 
1963. b. The ratio of the weight of a col- 
lection of discrete particles to the volume 
which it occupies. B.S. 3552, 1962. c. The 
weight of a material, on being compacted 
in a defined way, per unit volume (includ- 
ing voids). Taylor. d. The weight per unit 
volume of any material including water; 
the weight in pounds per cubic foot. Nel- 
son. e. Synonymous with apparent density ; 
loading weight. ASTM B243-65, 

bulk flotation. The intentional raising as a 
mineralized froth of more than one mineral 
in one operation. Pryor, 4. 

bulkhead. a. A tight partition of wood, rock, 
and mud or concrete in mines for protec- 
tion against gas, fire, and water. Fay. b. 
A masonry diaphragm built across a sub- 
aqueous tunnel where compressed air is 
used, as a precaution and to prevent the 
flooding of an entire tunnel in case of an 
accident. It is usually kept some distance 
in the rear of the working face, and is 
provided with two air locks; one of them 
is an emergency lock near the roof. Stauf- 
fer. c. A wall or partition erected to resist 
ground or water pressure. Nichols. d. A 
timber chock in metal mines. Nelson. e. 
A watertight dam containing some form of 
door or removable plate. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. f. The end of a flume, whence 
water is carried in iron pipes to hydraulic 
workings. Fay. g. A solid crib used to sup- 
port a very heavy roof. See also cog; chock. 
Fay. h. A panel of brick of lesser cross- 
sectional thickness built into a wall for 
ease of replacement or for entrance to the 
walled chamber. AISI No. 24. 

bulking. a. The increase in volume of a mate- 
rial due to manipulation. Rock bulks upon 
being excavated; damp sand bulks if loose- 
ly deposited, as by dumping, because the 
apparent cohesion prevents movement of 
the soil particles to form a reduced volume. 
ASCE P1826, b. The difference in volume 
of a given mass of sand or other fine ma- 
terial in moist and dry conditions; it is ex- 
pressed as a percentage of the volume in a 
dry condition. Taylor. 








bulk wide-area excavation 


bulking agent. Chemically inert materials for 
increasing the volume of a composition, for 
example, clay. Bennett 2d, 1962. Also 
called a filler. See also filler. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

bulk mining. A method of mining in which 
large quantities of low-grade ore are 
mined without attempt to segregate the 
high-grade portions. Newton, p. 6. Com- 
pare selective mining, a. 

bulk modulus. a. The number that expresses 
a material’s resistance to elastic changes 
in volume; for example, the number of 
pounds per square inch necessary to cause 
a specified change in volume. Leet. b. 
Under increasing force per unit area a 
body will decrease in size but increase in 
density. A.G.I. 

bulk modulus of elasticity. The ratio of a 
tensile or compressive stress, triaxial and 
equal in all directions (for example, hydro- 
static pressure), to the relative change it 
produces in volume, Ro. 

bulk oil flotation. a. A flotation process in 
which large amounts of oil are used, Fay. 
b. In this process the separation of mineral 
from gangue is accomplished by virtue of 
the fact that minerals of metallic luster, 
such as sulfides, or hydrocarbons, as coal 
and graphite, are wetted preferentially by 
oil in the presence of water and conse- 
quently pass into the interface between 
oil and water; while gangue or rock is 
wetted by water and remains in the medi- 
um. Mitchell, p. 570. 

bulk oil separation. A concentration process 
based on selective wetting of minerals by 
oil in the presence of water and in the ab- 
sence of air. E.C.T., v. 8, p. 935. 

bulk pit excavation. Primarily excavation of 
considerable length as well as of substan- 
tial volume or bulk that must be hauled 
from the site of operations. Also called em- 
bankment digging. Carson, pp. 28, 36. 

bulk samples. Large samples of a few hun- 
dredweight or more taken at regular 
though widely spaced intervals. In the casc 
of coal, a car load may be taken at inter- 
vals for size analysis and dirt content. See 
also grab sample. Nelson. 

bulk specific gravity (specific mass gravity). 
Ratio of the weight in air of a given vol- 
ume of permeable material (including both 
permeable and impermeable voids normal 
to the material) at a stated temperature 
to the weight in air of an equal volume of 
distilled water at a stated temperature. 
ASCE P1826. 

bulk spreader. A machine for carrying and 
spreading cement or other material in soil 
stabilization. Nelson. 

bulk strength. The strength per unit volume 
of an explosive and depends upon the 
weight strength and density. Nelson. It is 
obtained by multiplying the weight strength 
of an explosive by its density and dividing 
by the density of the blasting gelatin, which 
is 1.55 McAdam II, p. 17. 

bulk volume. A term used relative to the 
density and volume of a porous solid, for 
example, a refractory brick. It is defined 
as the volume of the solid material plus 
the volume of the sealed and open pores 
present. Dodd. 

bulk wide-area excavation. In this kind of 
excavation, there is complete access to the 
site from many directions, and the excava- 
tion banks can be sloped flatly on two or 
more sides. Usually shallower in depth 
than bulk pit excavations but larger in 
area. Compare bulk pit excavation. Car- 


bulk wide-area excavation 


son, p. 28. 

bull. a. An iron rod used in ramming clay 
to line a shothole. Stauffer. b. Aust. See 
drag, a and b; backstay. Fay. c. N.S.W. 
To enlarge the bottom of a drilled hole to 
increase the explosive charge. New South 
Wales. d. One who purchases shares in the 
hope that their price will rise. Hoov, p. 
285. 

Bullard Dunn Process. Electrolytic method 
of descaling iron and steel and coating sur- 
face with protective layer of tin. Pryor, 3. 

buli bit. A flat drill bit. Fay. 

bull block. A machine with a power-driven 
revolving drum for cold drawing wire 
through a drawing die as the wire winds 
around the drum. ASM Gloss. 

bull clam. A bulldozer fitted with a curved 
bowl hinged to the top of the front of the 
blade. Nichols. 

bulldog. a. A type of drill-rod-foot safety 
clamp built somewhat like a spider and 
slips, but differing by having the slips or 
movable jaws attached to, and actuated by, 
a foot-operated lever. Long. b. A general 
term applied to rod and/or casing safety 
clamps having both fixed and movable ser- 
rated jaws that contact and securely grip 
the rods or casing. Long. c. A fishing tool 
consisting of a steel body, tapered at the 
top, on which slide two or more wedge- 
shaped, serrated face segments. Lowered 
into a tubular piece of lost equipment, such 
as casing, the serrated segments are pushed 
upward toward the narrow part of the 
body, and when the tool is raised, the seg- 
ments are forced outward, securely grip- 
ping the lost equipment. Also called bull- 
dog spear; casing dog; casing spear. Long. 
d. To pull or move a drill machine or 
auxiliary equipment by means of a block 
and tackle or by power derived from a rope 
used on the drill cathead or hoist drum. 
Also called cat; snake. Long. e. Roasted 
tap cinder consisting of ferric oxide and 
silica, derived from the puddling furnace. 
It is a refractory material and is used for 
fettling the puddling furnace. Osborne. 

buldog clamp. See bulldog, a. Long. 

bulldog grip. A V-bolt threaded at both ends, 
often used as a rope clamp. Ham. 

bulldog spear. See bulldog, c. Long. 

bulldoze. a. To level or excavate earth sur- 
face by means cf a heavy, adjustable steel 
blade attached to the front end of a tractor 
or a wheeled vehicle. Long. b. To reduce 
broken rock by the use of explosives to a 
size handy for raising to the surface. See 
also mudcap; secondary blasting. Fay, 

bulldozer. a. A tractor on the front end of 
which is mounted a vertically curved steel 
blade held at a fixed distance by arms se- 
cured on a pivot or shaft near the horizon- 
tal center of the tractor. The blade can be 
lowered or tilted vertical by cables or hy- 
draulic rams. It is a highly versatile piece 
of earth excavating and moving equipment 
especially useful in land clearing and level- 
ing work, in stripping topsoil, in roadbuild- 
ing and ramp building, and in floor or 
bench cleanup and gathering operations. 
Also called dozer. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. In nonmetal mining, a laborer who 
breaks up large stones with a sledge ham- 
mer or pneumatic drill so they will pass 
through grizzly (grating) in limestone 
mine. D.O.T. Supp. c. A horizontal ma- 
chine, usually mechanical, having two bull 
gears with eccentric pins, two connecting 
links to a ram, and dies to perform bend- 
ing, forming, and punching of narrow 





150 


plate and bars. Railroad car sills are 
formed with a bulldozer. ASM Gloss. d. A 
cleaning blade that follows the wheel or 
ladder of a ditching machine. Nichols. e. 
In a machine shop, a horizontal press. 
Nichols. 

bulldozing. a, The blasting of large boulders 
or pieces of broken ore on the surface or 
underground to reduce them to a size suit- 
able for handling and feeding to crushers. 
Short holes are ordinarily drilled in the 
blocks of stone or ore and are loaded with 
a small charge of explosive. Sometimes a 
stick of dynamite is laid on the rock and 
covered with a double handful of mud and 
then exploded, this is known as mudding. 
In large mines this is done in special cham- 
bers. Hess. b. The movement of ground or 
ore by means of a curved plate or pusher 
in front of a heavy gasoline-driven ma- 
chine. Hess. 

bulle. A gas bubble in a mineral-enclosed 
cavity nearly filled by a liquid. Hess. 

bulled hole. A quarry blasting hole, the bot- 
tom of which has been enlarged or cham- 
bered to receive a heavy explosive charge. 
See also chambering. Nelson. 

bull engine. A single, direct-acting pumping 
engine, the pump rods forming a continua- 
tion of the pistol rod. Zern. 

buller shot. a. Som. A second shot put in 
close to and to do the work not done by 
a blown-out shot, loose powder being used. 
Fay. b. Scot. a blown-out shot. Also called 
buller. Fay. 

Buller’s rings. Buller’s firing trial rings indi- 
cate the work done by heat by their con- 
traction. Rosenthal. 

bullet. a. A small, lustrous, nearly spherical 
industrial diamond. Long. b. A conical- 
nosed, cylindrical weight, attached to a 
wire rope or line, either notched or seated 
to engage and attach itself to the upper 
end of the inner tube of a wire-line core 
barrel or other retrievable or retractable 
device placed in a borehole. Also called 
bug; go-devil; overshot. Long. c. A scraper 
with self-adjusting spring blades, inserted 
in a pipeline and carried forward by the 
fluid pressure, clearing away accumulations 
and/or debris from the walls of the pipe. 
Also called go-devil. Long. d. A bullet- 
shaped weight or small explosive charge 
dropped to explode a charge of nitroglyce- 
rin placed in a borehole. Also called go- 
devil. Long. 

bulletin. a. A large tabulation sheet on which 
the weight of each carload of coal each 
miner sends out is entered. Also called coal 
bulletin. Fay. b. A brief or condensed pub- 
lic notice or announcement usually con- 
cerning a matter of marked current interest 
and issuing from a source that might rea- 
sonably be considered authoritative. Web- 
ster 3d. c. A class of publications issued 
by the U. S. Bureau of Mines; U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey; etc. Fay. 

bullets. Eng. Masses of marl full of fibrous 
gypsum, as much as 15 feet thick, Derby- 
shire and Staffordshire. Also called balls; 
pillars. Arkell. 

bullfrog. See barney. Fay. 

bull gear. a. A toothed driving wheel which 
is the largest or strongest in the mecha- 
nism. Nichols. b. A gear or sprocket that 
is much larger than the others in the same 
power train. Nichols. 

Bullgrader. Trade name for an international 
(formerly Bucyrus-Erie) angling dozer. 
Nichols. 

bullhead. See key brick. Dodd. 





bullock gear 


bullheader. A bull-nosed brick used as a row- 
lock. ACSG, 1963. 

bullhead rail. A track rail developed in Great 
Britain, rounded at the top and bottom, 
and supported by a cast-iron chair. Ham. 

bullies. Fragments of country rock enclosed 
in a mineral vein. Compare bulls. Arkell. 

bulling. a. The firing of explosive charges in 
the cracks of loosened rock, The clay stem- 
ming is forced around the charge by a 
bulling bar, See also bulled hole. Nelson. 
b. Lining a shothole with clay. Stauffer. 

bulling bar. An iron bar used to pound clay 
into the crevices crossing a borehole, which 
is thus rendered gastight. Compare bull, a. 
Fay. 

bulling shovel. A triangular, sharp-pointed 
shovel used in ore dressing. Also called 
vanning shovel. Fay. 

bullion. a. Uncoined gold or silver in the 
shape of bars, ingots, or comparable masses. 
Webster 3d. b. Concretion found in some 
types of coal; composed of carbonate or 
silica stained by brown humic derivatives; 
often well-preserved plant structures form 
the nuclei. A.G.I. c. Lanc. Nodules of 
clay ironstone, pyrite, shale, etc., which 
generally enclose a fossil. Fay. d. A semi- 
refined alloy containing sufficient precious 
metal to make recovery profitable. ASM 
Gloss. e. Refined gold or silver, uncoined. 
ASM Gloss. f. Flat glass of uneven thick- 
ness made by handspinning of a gob of glass 
at the end of an iron rod. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

bullion balance. A sensitive beam balance of 
heavy construction that is used for weigh- 
ing bullion and specie. Webster 3d. 

bullion bar. a. Refined gold or silver in the 
form of bars of convenient sizes and weights 
for handling and storage. Henderson. b. A 
bar upon which the molten glass at the end 
of a blowing tube is rested to assist in 
bringing it into special shape. Fay. 

bullion content. Bullion (gold or silver) 
weight in a parcel of mineral or metal 
changing hands. The major value is that 
of the carrier (for example. argentiferous 
lead), but payment is made both for this 
and for the precious metal. Pryor, 3. 

bullion point. The centerpiece of a sheet of 
glass made by the old method of spinning 
a hot glass vessel in a furnace until it 
opened out under centrifugal action to a 
circular sheet. The centerpiece bears the 
mark of attachment to the rod used to spin 
the sheet. The method is obsolete now, but 
is revived for antique effects. C.T.D. 

bullions. a. Eng. Usually calcareous con- 
cretions; occasionally ironstone nodules or 
quartzite boulders, Lancashire. Nelson. b. 
Eng. Coal balls. Spherical concretionary 
cement stones in the coal seams and shales, 
Lancashire. Arkell. 

bull ladle. Usually the largest ladle in the 
foundry. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bull mica. Large clusters of diversely oriented 
and partially intergrown crystals of musco- 
vite with a little interstitial albite and 
quartz. Skow. 

bullnose; jamb brick. A building brick or re- 
fractory brick having one end face rounded 
to join one side face. Such bricks built 
above one another can be used to form 
a rounded jamb, hence the alternative 
name jamb brick. Dodd. 

bullnose bit. A noncoring bit having a con- 
vex, helf-hemispherical-shaped crown or 
face. Also called wedge bit; wedge reaming 
bit; wedging bit. Long. See also plug bit, b. 

bullock gear. See horse gear. Pryor, 3. 





bull plugs 


end of an unfinished pipeline to keep out 

dirt and small animals; made of a short 
| pipe nipple having one end closed by weld- 
| ing or pressed in oval form and the other 
' end threaded. Porter. 
}}bull point. a. Synonym for boulder buster, a. 
| Long. b. A sharp-pointed steel bar. Long. 
| c¢. A large steel point driven with a sledge. 


I 
| 
\jbull plugs. Plugs that are screwed into th: 















Fay. 
' bull pump. Corn. A _ direct single-acting 
pump, the steam cylinder of which is 


|| placed over the top of a shaft or slope, 
|| and the piston rod attached to the pump 
' rods. The steam lifts the piston end pump 
rods and the weight of thesc produces the 
downstroke. Fay. 
ea pup. A worthless mining claim. Fay. 
bull quartz. A miner’s or prospector’s term 
for white, coarse-grained barren quartz. 
G.I. 
|}bull reel. The churn drill winch that lifts 
}| and lowers the drill string. Also called 
|| spudding reel. Nichols. 
bull rope. A heavy rope or cable from which 
{a cable drill and stem are suspended 
| and by means of which they are lifted and 
| dropped, or churned up and down, in 
drilling a borehole. Long. 
}bulls. Eng. Ragged bulls, two or threc 
layers of shelly limestone, which pass into 
hard calcareous sandstone, in the Purbeck 
| bed of Sussex. Arkell. 
i\bull’s-eye. Labradorite with a dark sheen. 
| Shipley. 
\bull’s-eyes. Nodules of pyrite in roofing slate. 
Fay. 
)bull’s-eye tuyere. A tuyere discharging in the 
| center of a hemispherical plate. Standard, 
1964. 
{bull shaker. A shaking chute where large coal 
from the dump is cleaned by hand. Zern. 
\Bull’s kiln. A clamp of a type designed by 
W. Bull in which the bricks to be fired 
are set in a trench below ground level; this 
type of kiln finds some use in India. Also 
known as bock kiln. See also clamp. Dodd. 
\bull wheel. a. The large winding drum on 
which the drill cable or bull rope of a 
churn or cable-tool drill is wound. Long. 
b. Large sheave at the top of the minc- 
shaft headframe over which the cage- or 
skip-hoist rope passes. Long. c. An under- 
ground sheave whcel; particularly, the 
wheel around which the tail rope is passed 
beyond each terminal of a tail-rope haul- 
age system. Fay. d. A recl used in rope 
drilling to accommodate the boring rope 
by which the bit is suspended in the hole. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. e. A large driving 
wheel or sprocket. Nichols. f. A driving 
sprocket for a crawler track. Nichols. g. 
The pulley which rotates the camshaft of 
a stamp battery. Nelson. h. A large rope- 
driven pulley from the main shaft of a rig 
used to raise and lower the bit or fishing 
tool and sometimes the casing. Shell Oil Co. 
‘bully. a. A pattern of miners’ hammer, vary- 
| ing from broad bully to narrow bully. Fay. 
b. A slang term for a laborer employed to 
help a drill runner operate a drill; also 
used for an oilfield laborer. Long. c. A de- 
veloping heading driven to the dip, usually 
the full dip of the coal seam and worked 
by rope haulage. Nelson. 
| )bullying. See springing, c. Fay. 
/bullymong. Eng. Soft, white marly lime- 
| stone, containing numerous fossils, Lincoln- 
shire limestone, Essendine. near Stamford. 
Arkell. 
\bultfonteinite. A basic hydrous calcium sili- 


264-972 O-68—11 





151 


cate and fluoride, 2Ca(OH,F)»-SiOs. Tri- 
clinic. Pink spherules of nearly colorless 
needles, radiating. Closely related to cus- 
terite. From Bultfontein mine, Republic of 
South Africa. English. 

bumboat. A small boat equipped with a hoist 
and used for handling dredge lines and 
anchors. Nichols. 

bumicky. A stonemason’s term for a combi- 
nation of powdered stone and cement used 
to fill crevices made by accidental chip- 

ping, as of building stones. Standard, 1964. 

bumming. a. Scot. Heaving or rising of the 
pavement or floor. Fay. b. Emitting a hol- 
low sound when struck. Fay. 

bump. a. Any dull, hollow sound produced 
in a coal scam or associated strata as a 
result of mining operations. See also rock 
bump; rock burst. Nelson. b. Rebound 
caused by a sudden release of tension on 
the drill stem when the core breaks or 
snaps free of the bottom of the borehole. 
Long. c. A sharp, upward blow applied to 
the drivepipe, casing, or drill stem with a 
drive hammer. Long. d. Sudden failure of 
the floor or walls of a mine opening, gen- 
erally accompanied by a loud report and 
a sharp shock or jar. Long. c. The carth 
tremor occasioned by a rock failure, when 
that failure causes no damage to the work- 
ings. Spalding. f. A noise caused by a 
break in the roof underground. The actual 
movement due to the break. A sudden floor 
a due to a break in the floor. Mason. 

. In coal mining, shock due to the move- 

re of coal. floor, or roof strata, with 
sufficient violence to be heard and to shake 
the workings. Pryor, 3. 

bumped heads. Convex or concave heads used 
with boilers or tanks; dished heads. Hess. 

bumper. a. A man who pushes loaded cars 
or cans into the station for the hooker and 
takes the emptics away. Hess. b. A device 
used to loosen the tools when drilling is 
carried on without jars. Porter. c. A fender 


for lessening the jar caused by the col- | 


lision of cars or other moving equipment. 
Jones. d. See catches, c. Fay. ¢. A machine 
used for packing molding sand in a flask 
by repeated jarring or jolting. ASM Gloss. 

bumper post. Barriers of heavy stcel construc- 
tion anchored at track endings, The barriers 
effectively stop rolling railroad cars and 
prevent their being thrown off center or 
derailed. Also available are wheel stops 
which engage the wheels of rolling cars. 
The stops are secured directly to the tracks 
and can be used singly or in pairs, Bests, 
p. 371. 

bumper-up. A skilled man who assists a rivet- 
ing squad by means of a holding-up ham- 
mer. See also holder-up; rivet catcher. 
Ham. 

bumping. a. Forming a dish in metal by 
means of many repeated blows. ASM Gloss. 
b. Forming a head. ASM Gloss. c. Setting 
the scams on shcet metal parts. ASM Gloss. 
d. Ramming sand in a flask by repeating 
jarring and jolting. ASM Gloss. 

bumping down. The consolidation of a mass 
of metal powder by vibration before the 
pressing operation. ASTM B243-65. 

bumping post. A post placed as a buffer at 
the end of a spur of railroad track. Web- 
ster 3d. 

bumping table; jerking table. Old name for 
shaking table. Pryor, 3. 

bumping trough. a. A shcet-iron trough hung 
from plugs so that it may be swung back- 
ward and forward and used for handling 
ore in stopes where the dip is such that 





bunker coal 


the ore will not “run.” Fay. An appli- 
ance for handling broken rete in flat mine 
stopes. A sheet-stcel trough is hung from 
chains, and arrested at onc end of its swing 
by a bump stop, so that the ore slides 
forward. Pryor, 3, 

bump knocker. Ark. Local term used at 
Spadra for a person who picks down por- 
tions of machine-mined coal which have 
not been shot down by blasting. Fay. 

bumps. Sudden. violent expulsion of coal 
from one or more pillars, accompanied by 
loud reports and earth tremors. They occur 
in coal mines where a strong, thick, massive 
sandstone roof rests directly on the coal 
with no cushioning layer of shale between. 
The breaking of this strong roof as the 
scam is mined causes violent bumps and 
the crushing and bursting of pillars left 
for support. There are two distinctive types 
of bumps: (1) pressure bumps, which ap- 
pear to be due to the unit loading of a 
pillar being too great for its bearing strength 
and where the coal roof and floor are 
strong. the pillar is ruptured suddenly and 
with violence; and (2) shock bumps, which 
are thought to be duc to the breaking of 
thick, massive, rigid strata somewhere 
above the coalbed which causes a great 
hammerlike blow to be given to the imme- 
diate roof which it transmits as a shock 
wave to the coal pillar or pillars. Kentucky, 
pp. 24, 237; Lewis, pp. 37-38. 

buna. A synthetic rubber based on butadiene 
and acrylonitrile; butadiene and _ styrene. 
Pryor, 3. 

bunch. a. A small quantity of ore in a com- 
pact mass in a vein. Fay. b. A portion of 
a pipe vein of greater thickness than the 
rest of the pipe vein. Standard, 1964. c: A 
small rich patch in a lode. Gordon. 

bunched seismometers; multiple seismometers. 
Group of seismomcters located at short in- 
tervals at the same scismometer station and 
electrically interconnected. Schieferdecker. 

bunch of ore. Corn. An ore body, usually 
a small one, Fay. 

bunch of veins. A group of parallel or almost 
parallel veins. Schieferdecker. 

bunchy. a. An ore body containing small 
scattered masses or bunches of ore. Weed, 
1922. b. A mine that is sometimes rich and 
at other times poor. Hess. 

bunchy reef. S. Afr. A succession of blows, 
or outcrops, following a certain course. See 
also blow, a and c. Fay. 

bund. An earth retaining wall. Austin. 

bunding. A staging of boards on stulls or 


stemples, to carry deads. See also  stull 
covering, a. Fay. 
bung. A stack or column of saggers. one 


placed on another. The bung rests on set- 
out bricks. Hess. 

bung arch, 9-inch. A special bung brick with 
only ¥%-inch taper. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bung brick. A special type (quality, size, and 
shape) of fire clay brick. used in roofs of 
air furnaces. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

bunk. A built-in frame that usually has low 
sides and a canvas, mesh, or spring bottom, 
and that serves as a bed or sleeping place. 
Webster 3d. Common in mining and lum- 
ber camps. Fay. 

bunker. a. A vessel for the storage of mate- 
rials; the lowermost portion is usually con- 
structed in the form of a hopper. Also 
called bin. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. A large bin 
or compartment for the storage of bulk 
materials. See also bin. ASA MH4.1-1958 

bunker coal. Applied to coal consumed by 
ocean steamers, tugs. ferryboats, or other 


bunker coal 


steam watercraft. Also called bunkers. Fay. 

bunker conveyor. A high-capacity conveyor 
which takes peaks of production from 
another conveyor and discharges the matec- 
rial when production drops. Such a con- 
veyor may be laid under or alongside a 
trunk belt near its discharge end. The floor 
of the bunker comprises a slow-moving 
stecl plate conveyor operated by hydraulic 
or other power. A movable plough plate 
situated over the trunk belt diverts the 
material sideways into the bunker conveyor. 
Nelson. 

bunker gate. See bin gate. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

Bunker Hill screen. Funnel-shaped rotating 
screen set at an angle. Oversize works down 
to neck of funnel for discharge and intcr- 
size passes through, Obsolescent. Pryor, 3. 

bunkering capacity. The capacity of any 
ing. It may be expressed as a tonnage or 
ore during interruptions to normal work- 
ing. It may be expressed as a tonnage or 
as so many hours of normal production. 
Bunkering capacity may be provided at the 
surface and at critical poinis underground. 
Nelson. 

bunker oil. A heavy fuel oil formed by stabili- 
zation of the residual oil remaining after 
the cracking of crude petroleum. HW. 


bunker plate. An iron plate covering a hole | 


in a ship’s deck leading to the coal bunker. 
Fay. 

bunkers. A Wales term for bunker coal. Fay. 

bunker, surface. A large capacity hopper or 
standage room to store coal or mincral 
coming from the winding shaft. The pro- 
vision tends to equalize the run of mine 
going to the preparation plant and smooth 
out any minor breakdowns in the plant. 
Nelson. 

bunker, underground. Arrangements. such as 
high capacity supplementary conveyors. 
staple pits, hoppers, or standage room for 
cars. positioned at kcy points between the 
faces and pit bottom. The object is to 
cnable costly power-loading machines to 
operate continuously when there are sur- 
face or shaft delays. At one colliery a 250- 
ton underground bunker was provided be- 
tween the main belt system and the skip 
winding in the shaft. See also bunker con- 
veyor; gate-end bunker. Nelson. 

bunky. Ill.; Wis. In metal mines, a part- 
ner; called a buddy in coal mines. Fay. 

bunney. a. A mass of ore nov tying in a regu- 
lar vein. Nelson. b. See bonny. Fay. 

bunning. Eng. In lead mining, a floor or 
staging of wood built across the lode over 
the miners’ heads, and on which the refuse 
was thrown, so that the mine. originally 
begun as an open work, became covered 
over for its whole length except the wind- 
lass opening. Also spelled bunding. Fay. 

bunny. Corn. An isolated body of ore. Hess. 
See also bonny. 

buns. Eng. Geodes of chalcedony and quartz 
in basalt, near Tortworth, Gloucestershire. 
Arkell. 

Bunsen burner. A gas burner consisting of 
a tube with a small gas jet at the lower 
end, and an adjustable air inlet by means 
of which the heat of the flame can be con- 
trolled. Used as a source of heat for labora- 
tory. work and, in conjunction with an 
incandescent mantle, as the usual form of 
gas burner for illuminating purposes. 
G.7nDs 

bunsenite. Native vitreous pistachio green 
nickel oxide, NiO; forms minute octahe- 
drons. Dana 6d, p. 208. 

Bunsen photometer. a, A visual photometer 





152 


in which a simple mirror system enables 
both sides of teh test plate, consisting of 
a screen of opaque white paper on which 
is a grease spot, to be viewed at the same 
time. That portion of the screen on which 
the grease lies is translucent to light. so 
that there is a difference in brightness be- 
tween the grease spot and its surrounding 
ungrcascd paper. When comparing sources, 
one on cither side of the photometric 
bench, the point of balance is such that, 
as seen in the mirror, both sides of the 
scrcen show equality of contrast between 
the grease spot and its white surround. 
Roberts, II, p. 24. b. See grease-spot pho- 
tometer. C.T.D. 

Bunsen’s extinction coefficient. The recipro- 
cal of the thickness that a layer of glass, 
or other transparent material, must have 
for the intensity of transmitted light to be 
decreased to one-tenth of its intensity as 
it falls on the layer. Dodd. 

Bunter sandstone. Eng. A sandstone at the 
base of the Triassic system in Western 
Europe. Fay. 

Bunter series. The lowest of the three series 
into which the rocks of the Triassic system 
of Western Europe are divided. In the 
English Midlands, where it is well exposed, 
it consists of pebble beds with sandstone 
above and below. C.T.D. 

buntknochig bernstein. The German name 
for mottled osseous amber. Tomkeieff, 1954 

bunton. a. A steel or timber element in the 
lining of a rectangular shaft. Buntons may 
be 6 by 5 or 6 inches square and extend 
across the shaft at intervals of 4 to 8 feet. 
They serve to reinforce the barring and 
also carry the cage guides. Rolled stecl 
joists are now generally used as buntons. 
See also dividers; wallplates. Nelson. b. A 
timber placed horizontally across a shaft. 
It serves to brace the wallplates of the 
shaftlining and also, by means of plank 
nailed to them, to form scparate compart- 
ments for hoisting or ladderways. Fay. 

bunton racking. Timber pieces used in the 
support of rectangular shafts. See also wall- 
plate. Nelson. 

buoy. To keep from sinking; to keep afloat 
in a liquid. A term used in flotation. Fay. 

buoyancy. The reduction in weight of a body 
when immersed in a fluid, equal to the 
weight of fluid displaced by the body. If 
the latter floats, its weight equals the 
weight of the fluid displaced; this is Archi- 
medes’ principle. Ham. 

buoyant foundation. A reinforced concrete 
foundation adopted when erecting struc- 
tures on fluid silt or mud. It is so designed 
that the sum total of its own weight and 
of the loads to be carried is approximately 
equal to the weight of soil or water which 
it displaces. Ham. 

buoyant unit weight. See submerged unit 
weight. ASCE P1826. 

buoyant weight. The apparent weight of a 
string of drill tools suspended in a liquid- 
filled borchole. The apparent weight is the 
weight of the drill string in air less the 
weight of the liquid displaced by the drill 
string when suspended in a_ liquid-filled 
borehole. Long. 

Buoyoucos hydrometer. A variable-immersion 
hydrometer. The original instrument was 
graduated cmpirically to indicate the 
weight of solids per unit volume of suspen- 
sion; it was subsequently developed for 
particle-size analysis. Dodd. 

bur; burr. a. A nodule or mass of flint rock 
in a softer rock. Standard, 1964. b. A burr- 





Burgos luster 


stone or buhr. Standard, 1964. 

buratite. An aurichalcite containing calcium 
monoxide, probably as a mechanical ad- 
mixture. Weed, 1918. 

burbankite. A mineral, (Ca,Sr,Ba,Ce,Na)- 
(COs);, as pale yellow hexagonal crystals 
with other rare-earth carbonates from 
Montana. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

burden. a. All types of rock or earthy mate- 
rials overlying bedrock. See also cover, d; 
mantle; overburden. Long. b. Valueless 
matcrial overlying the ore, especially such 
as is removed by stripping. Frequently 
called overburden. Webster 2d. c. The re- 
sistance that an explosive charge must 
overcome in breaking the rock adjacent to 
a drill hole in mining. Webster 3d. d. The 
tonnage or cubic yards of rock, ore, or coal 
which an explosive charge is expectcd to 
break. Nelson. e. The distance between 
the charge and the free face of the mate- 
rial to be blasted. Fay. f. Corn. The tops 
or head of stream work, which lie over the 
stream of tin. Fay. g. See line of least 
resistance. Fraenkel. h. Barren or nonore 
matcrial that overlies and must be removed 
to gain access to minable grade material, 
Frequently called overburden; cover. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. i. The charge of a 
blast furnace exclusive of the fuel; also, 
the ratio of the ore to the total charge. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. }. Heavy burden is 
a high ratio of ore to coke; light burden 
is a low ore-to-coke ratio. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

burden gage. See hole director. Higham, p. 79. 

burdening the furnace. Determining the 
proper proportions of ore, coke, and lime- 
stone for the blast furnace charge. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 398. 

Burdigalian. Upper Lower Miocene. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

bureau. A specialized administrative unit; 
especially, a subdivision of an executive 
department of a goverenment. Webster 3d. 
An example is the Bureau of Mines. Fay. 

Bureau of Mines. A government agency in 
the U.S. Department of Interior concerned 
with conservation and utilization of Min- 
eral Resources and with Health and Safety 
regulations in the Mining Industry. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

Bureau of Mines brick. See dolomite brick. 

Bureau of Standards; United States Bureau 
of Standards. Official laboratories for de- 
dning and checking standards of quality, 
performance, ctc., of chemicals and appa- 
ratus. Pryor, 3 

burette. A laboratory apparatus, consisting 
typically of a graduated glass tube with a 
small aperture and stopcock, that is used 
for delivering measured quantities of liquid 
or for measuring volumetrically the liquid 
or gas received or discharged. Webster 3d. 

burfs. Shrop. The basalts on Clee Hill. Arkell. 

burgee. a. Eng. Term used in Lancashire 
for friable coal which breaks into smalls 
on extraction. Tomkeieff, 1954. b. Small 
coal suitable for furnaces or engines. Arkell. 
c. Contaminated sand resulting from the 
grinding of plate glass. Dodd. 

Burgers vector. Dislocation displacement. 
The Burgers vector is parallel to a screw- 
dislocation line and perpendicular to an 
edge-dislocation. VV. 

burgie. See burgee, a; burgy. Tomkeieff, 194. 

burgy. Lanc. Slack, or small coal. Fay. See 
also burgee, a. 

Burgos luster. A red luster for porcelain 
made by suitably diluting a gold luster with 
a bismuth luster; some tin may also be 
present. Word comes from Burgos, Spain. 











Burgos luster 


Dodd. 
| jvurial ground. A place for burying unwanted 
|| radioactive objects to prevent escape of 
their radiations, the earth acting as a 
shield. Such objects must be placed in 
watertight, noncorrodible containers so that 
the radioactive materials cannot be leached 
out and get into an underground water 
| supply. Also called graveyard, NRC-ASA 
| @N1.1-1957. 
‘juried channel. An old channel filled and 
' concealed by glacial or other superficial de- 
| posits. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 
‘buried hill. A hill of resistant older rock over 
' which later sediments were deposited. The 
overlying sedimentary beds have the form 
of an anticline as the result of original dip, 
unequal compaction, and other causes. The 
term was first applied to the underlying 
| beds of the Healdton field, Okla. A.G_I. 
|»uried outcrop. Blind apex. Pryor, 3. 
|puried placers. a. Old placer deposits which 
|| have been buried beneath lava flows or 
| other strata. Fay. b. Deep lead. Pryor, 3. 
\uried rivers. Riverbeds which have been 
buried below lava flows, glacial drifts, or 
alluvial deposits. Fay. 
jurk. A hard knot or lump in a vein. Possibly 
a corruption of burl which means a knot, 
lump, or an excrescence. Fay. 
purkeite. A white, buff, grayish sulfatocar- 
bonate of sodium, 2NazSO,-NasCOs. Ortho- 
rhombic. Small flat crystals, and twins; 
| nodules. From Searles Lake, Calif. English. 
‘ourlap. A coarse-woven material of jute. 
Used for wrappings, hangings, decorations, 
etc. Crispin. 
||3urleigh; Burley. A miner’s term for any 
heavy two-man drill. The Burleigh was 
the first successful machine rock drill. Hess. 
jpurler. Forest of Dean. Hand-picked lump 
iron ore. Arkell. 
jpurley clay. A clay containing burls, odlites, 
or nodules, which may be high in alumina 
or iron oxide. As used in Missouri it refers 
“to a diaspore-bearing clay usually averag- 







ing 45 percent to 65 percent AlsOs. 
ACSB, 1. 
|(Burma jade. Same as Burmese jade. Shipley. 
|\3urma moonstone. Moonstone (feldspar) 


from Burma, which during recent years has 

included fine blue moonstone. Shipley. 

|\Burma ruby. Trade term for the finest col- 
ored rubies whether or not from Burma, 
where most of them are mined. Also called 

Burmese ruby. Shipley. 

| Burma sapphire. A term often used for fine 

royal blue sapphire whether or not from 

| _ Burma. Same as oriental sapphire. Shipley. 

{Burmese jade. Finest known jadecite, from 

| mines in Mogaung, a subdivision of the 

| Myitkyina district in upper Burma. The 
term Burma jade is commonly used in the 

Orient to distinguish it from any and all 

| varieties of nephrite (jade). Same as soda 

| jadeite. Also called Burmese  jadeite. 
| Shipley. 

‘Burmese spinel. Red spinel and flame spinel 
found in perfect octahedra and fine gem 
quality in alluvial deposits near Mogok in 
upper Burma, in association with rubies 
which are usually waterworn. Shipley. 

|Surmite. Amber found in Burma. It is gen- 

| erally pale yellow, but reddish and dark 
brown specimens are also known. Slightly 
harder than Baltic amber, See also Chinese 
amber. Shipley. 

burn. a. To permit a bit to become over- 
heated in use. Long. b. To calcine. Long. 
c. To cut with a torch. Nichols. d. To pul- 
verize with very heavy explosive charges. 








153 


Nichols. e. To heat or fire ceramic products 
to obtain the desired degrees of vitrifica- 
tion. Bureau of Mines Staff. f. To heat 
ceramic wares to a point at which they 
take a hard stony or glassy texture. Hess. 
burnable poison. A neutron absorber (or 
poison), such as boron, which, when incor- 
porated in the fuel or fuel cladding of a 
nuclear reactor, gradually burns up (is 
changed into nenabsorbing material) under 
neutron irradiation. This process compen- 
sates for the loss of reactivity in a reactor 
which occurs as fuel is consumed and poi- 
sonous fission products accumulate. L@L. 
burn cut; shatter cut. a. A type of cut em- 
ployed in underground blasting in which 
the cut holes are drilled parallel to each 
other and straight into the face, one or 
more holes being left unloaded for the 
others to break to. The cut is a compara- 
tively simple one to drill, but the holes 
must be parallel or the cut does not break 
well. Lewis, p. 1966. b. A drill hole pattern 
widely used in fast-moving tunnels. Holes 
are drilled in the center of the face and 
left uncharged and void, and serve as a 
relief zone when the round is fired. The 
void holes are drilled parallel and may be 
either of normal or of larger diameter up 
to 8 inches. There may be five or six of 
these void holes used, compared with one 
or two of the larger holes. In large tunnels, 
a burn cut round may have up to 60 holes 
with a pull of up to 9 feet. All holes in 
the round are drilled parallel and in line 
with the tunnel. Nelson. ? 
burned. a. Said of slate or other impurity 
that adheres tightly to the coal. Similarly, 
coal is said to be “burned to the roof” 
when it is hard to separate the roof rock 
from the coal. Fay. b. See burn. Long. 
burned bit. As a result of high speed, exces- 
sive pressure, and poor water circulation, 
sufficient heat may be generated at the bot- 
tom of a borehole to cause a diamond 
crown to soften, resulting in displacement 
of diamonds and a ruined bit. Nelson. 
burned cut. A cut made in the face of a 
heading for which three or four holes are 
drilled normal to the face and in a triangle 
or square, 12 to 18 inches on a side, with 
another hole in the center. One, two, or 
three holes are loaded and shot, the others 
relieve the pressure and induce breaking. 
A cavity is formed to which other shots in 
the face readily break. Used for especially 
tough ground. Also called Michigan cut; 
woodchuck cut. Hess. 
burned in. See burn in. Long. 
burned-in grain bottom. One composed of 
refractory grain, sintered into place to form 
a monolithic hearth. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
burned lime; burnt lime. Calcium oxide 
(quicklime) formed from limestone, or 
other forms of calcium carbonate, which 
has been calcined at high temperature to 
drive off the carbon dioxide. Shell Oil Co. 
burner. a. A device that admits fuel and air 
to control combustion. ACSG, 1963. b. A 
person whose duty it is to tend a ceramic 
kiln. ASCG, 1963. 
burner block. A refractory block with one or 
more orifices through which fuel is ad- 
mitted to a furnace. ASTM C162-66. 
burner reactor. See converter reactor. L@L. 
burn in. a. To run a bit with too little coolant 
until the heat generated by the bit fuses 
the cuttings, core, bit, and the bottom of 
the borehole. Long. b. To deliberately run 
a bit with reduced amount of coolant until 
core is jammed inside the bit. See also dry 





burnishing 


block.’ Long. 

burning. a, In the processing of metals, the 
heating of a metal sufficiently close to the 
melting point to cause permanent injury. 
Such injury may be caused by the melting 
of the more fusible constituents, by the 
penetration of gases, such as oxygen, into 
the metal with subsequent reactions, or 
perhaps by the segregation of elements 
already present in the metal. Henderson. 
b. In the processing of abrasive shapes, 
refractories, and other ceramic. materials, 
the final heat treatment to which the mate. 
rial is subjected in the process of manu- 
facture for the purpose of developing bond 
and other necessary chemical and physical 
properties. Also called firing. Henderson. 
c. In grinding, a change in the work being 
ground, caused by the heat of grinding. 
usually accompanied by surface discolora- 
tion, and frequently producing etch cracks. 
Henderson. d. The welding of lead; a term 
commonly used by lead welders. Hender- 
son. e. Oxidation which takes place so 
rapidly that heat and light are released. 
Crispin. f{. Derb. An old method cf 
working veins by softening them with fire. 
See also firing, b. Fay. 

burning bars; burning points; burning tools. 
Equipment used to suspend or support 
ware during the firing operations, ASTM 
C286-65. 

burning gravel. Eng. Farmers’ name _ for 
cobble gravel having so little interstitial 
soil that the crops dry up in summer. Arkell. 

burning house. The furnace in which sulfide 
ores are calcined to form gaseous SOs and 
leave the metal oxide, or in the case of 
noble metals, the mctal itself. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

burning-in kiln. A kiln in which stain or 
enamel color painted on glassware or sheet 
glass is fired to cause it to adhere more 
or less permanently; usually of muffle type. 
Gold. 

burning marks. See pin mark; point mark. 

burning mountain, A volcano. Webster 3d. 

burning-off. A fault in vitreous enameling 
resulting from the apparent burning-away 
of the ground coat; in reality, the fault is 
due to the enamel having become saturated 
with iron oxide. To prevent this, the fusion 
temperature of the ground coat should be 
raised by altering its composition. Dodd. 

burning oil. A common name for kerosine. 
Fay. 

burning out. A loose term, usually used to 
describe the action of furnace linings in 
wearing away without a known reason. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

burning point. The temperature at which a 
volatile oil in an open vessel will ignite 
from a match held close to its surface. For- 
merly used to determine the safety of kero- 
sine or other illuminants. Standard, 1964. 

burning points. See burning bars. ASTM 
C286-65. 

burning rate. The rate at which a liquid fuel 
is burned in a pool. I.C. 8137, 1963, p. 76. 

burning scale. See scale, e. Arkell. 

burning tool mark. A defect in the porcelain 
enamel appearing on the surface opposite 
to the point of contact with the supporting 
burning tool. ASTM C286-65, 

burning tools. See burning bars. 
C286-65. 

burning zone. See hot zone. Bryant. 

burnishing. a. The operation of polishing 
gilding. with bloodstone or agate, after the 
ware comes out of the enamel kiln. C.T.D. 
b. The smoothing of surfaces by means of 


ASTM 


burnishing 


a hard tool or object, especially by rubbing. 
Lowenheim. See also ball burnishing. 
burnishing sand. A fine, rounded-grain silica 
sand of uniform size between 65 and 100 
mesh. Used in rolling down and burnish- 
ing gold decorations on porcelain. AIME, 
p. 15 


burn-off. The process of severing an unwanted 


portion of a glass article by fusing the glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 


burn-off rate. See melting rate. ASM Gloss. 
burno man. A laborer who gets ore ready for 


a mechanical shovel or a hand shoveler. 
Hess. 


burn out. To salvage diamonds from a used 


bit by dissolving the matrix alloy with an 
acid or by use of an electrolytic process. 
Long. 


burnover. An underfired stock brick from 


the outside of a clamp, such bricks are 
usually retired. See also stock brick. Dodd. 


Burnside apparatus. An apparatus for boring 


towards old workings or water-bearing 
strata, providing for control of water or 
gas, which may issue therefrom. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. 


Burnside boring machine. This machine has 


been specially developed for boring in all 
types of ground, and incorporates a very 
important feature, that of controlling the 
water immediately if it is tapped. In bor- 
ing, the hole is first prepared for the recep- 
tion of a special rubber ring, two iron 
plates, and two wedges. When these are 
properly adjusted the rubber washer is 
compressed and powerfully gripped on the 
sides of the borehole to effect a sound and 
reliable joint. If during boring operations 
water should rush out and the borerods 
cannot be withdrawn, the two handwheels 
are screwed in; this presses india-rubber 
plugs on to the borerods and effects a 
watertight joint. Mason, v. 1, p. 317. 


burnt alum; dried alum; exsiccated alum. 


Alum that has been dried at 200° C, and 
powdered; AINH.:(SO:)2 or AIK(SOs,)>. 
A caustic. Webster 3d. 


burnt amethyst. A term applied to artificially 


colored yellow transparent quartz (topaz 
quartz) which, unlike poorly colored yel- 
lowish quartz (citrine), is largely produced 
by heating natural amethyst of brownish 
hue. See also burnt stone. Shipley. 


burnt bearing. A bearing which has become 


overheated and melted owing to lack of 
lubrication, improper lubricant, improper 
fitting, or overloading. Hess. 


burnt bit. A bit that has been overheated 


and sometimes partially fused. See also 
burn in. Long. 


burnt borax; calcined borax; dehydrated 


borax. A spongy mass; Na2B.O;; obtained 
by calcining hydrated sodium borate. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. Used in glass, enamels, and 
other ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 


burnt brass. Synonym for copper sulfate. 


Webster 3d. 


burnt cairngorm. A term applied to that 


topaz quartz which has been changed from 
the color of cairngorm (smoky quartz) to 
topaz color, See also burnt amethyst; burnt 
stone. Shipley. 


burnt coal. a. Coal altered by heat from an 


igneous intrustion within or near the seam. 
B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. b. Sooty or cindery 
material arising from metamorphic action 
of intrusive rock on a coal seam. Pryor, 23. 


burnt copper. Copper oxide formed by the 


excessive heating of copper in air, Bennett 


2d, 1962. 


burnt coral, A dark brown or blackish coral 





154 


discolored by having lain at the bottom of 
the sea. Shipley. 

burnt crown. Synonym for burnt bit. Long. 

burnt deposit. A dull, nodular electrodeposit 
resulting from excessive current density. 
ASM Gloss. 

burnt-in. In ceramics, said of colors that have 
been applied under the glaze, and are fired 
with it. Fay. 

burnt-in sand. A defect consisting of a mix- 
ture of sand and metal cohering to the 
surface of a casting. ASM Gloss. 

burnt iron. a. Iron which by long exposure 
to heat has suffered a change of structure 
and become brittle. It can be restored by 
careful forging at welding heat. Fay. b. In 
the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, 
iron which has been exposed to oxidation 
until ali of its carbon is gone, and oxide 
of iron has been formed in the mass. Fay. 

burnt lime. Calcined limestone, [CaO-MgO 
(dolomitic), or CaO (calcitic), or a mix- 
ture of these]. ASTM C162-66. 

burnt metal. Metal which has become oxi- 
dized by overheating, and is so rendered 
useless for engineering purposes. C.T.D. 

burnt ocher. Ferric oxide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

burnt ore. a. Roasted ore. Fay. b. Ferric 
oxide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

burnt shale; oxidized shale. Carbonaceous 
shale which has remained for a long period 
in a colliery tip and undergone spontane- 
ous combustion and converted into a cop- 
pery slag material. It is sometimes used for 
road and construction work. Nelson. Also 
known in coal-bearing areas of Kentucky 
and Alabama as ‘“‘red dog” and sometimes 
used in place of stone as road metal. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

burnt stone. An antique carnelian, such as 
is sometimes found in ancient ruins and 
has apparently been acted on by fire. Fay. 

burnt stuff. Aust. An intensely hard, rocky 
stratum underlying the surface soil. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

burnt topaz. Genuine topaz which has been 
altered in color to pink topaz. Shipley. 

burnt umber. A reddish-brown, manganese- 
bearing, hydrated iron oxide; used as a 
pigment. Hess. 

burnup. A measure of nuclear reactor fuel 
consumption, It can be expressed as either 
the percentage of fuel atoms that have 
undergone fission or the amount of energy 
produced per unit weight of fuel fissioned. 
In the latter case, it is usually expressed a3 
megawatt days per metric ton of fuel ex- 
posed. L@L. 

burr. a. Eng. Generally, a compact sand- 
stone with siliceous matrix, but may be 
used to describe any rock especially hard 
to drill, Lancashire. Nelson. b. Derb. A 
hard knot or lump in a vein. A lump of ore 
that is harder than the vein itself. Also 
spelled bur; burk. Fay. c. The rough edge 
left on sheet steel after punching or stamp- 
ing is called the burr. This burr must be 
completely removed from the article before 
the application of porcelain enamel and 
may be spun off on a lathe, crimped to a 
roll edge or ground off with a grinding 
wheel. Also spelled buhr. Hansen. d. A 
rotary tool having teeth similar to those 
on hand files. ASM Gloss. 

Burrell apparatus. A portable gas analysis 
apparatus consisting of five pipettes, used 
for the complete analysis of gases. The 
combustion pipette is for determining hy- 
drogen, methane, or other explosive gas 
by slow combustion. The next two pipettes 
are Francis autobubbler pipettes for absorb- 





bursting expansion 


ing carbon monoxide and the heavy hydro- 
carbons or illuminating gases. The last two 
pipettes are used to absorb carbon dioxide 
and oxygen. Gas is transferred from the 
sample tube to fill the 100-cubic-centimeter 
burette, and its volume is checked. By 
opening the proper connections and rais- 
ing and lowering the leveling bottle, the 
gas is passed through each pipette in turn 
a sufficient number of times to insure the 
complete absorption of the respective con- 
stituents that are absorbable; the remain- 
ing constituents being then determined by 
slow combustion. Lewis, pp. 731-732. 

Burrell gas detector. A device to obtain a 
safe, rapid, and accurate determination for 
low percentages of methane inside the 
mine. Complete combustion of the methane 
takes place within the apparatus, and the 
percentage is measured volumetrically. Fay. 

Burrell indicator. An instrument for use in 
a mine which takes a sample of air and 
measures its contraction after the methane 
in it has been burned. This contraction is 
read on a scale and shows the percentage 
of methane present. Zern. 

burring. a. Passing over the face of a pulp- 
stone with a special tool to develop a pat- 
tern for providing a freer cutting surface. 
ACSG, 1963. b. See deburring. ACSG, 
1963. 

burrow. a. A refuse heap at a coal mine. 
Zern. b. Tubular openings made by worms 
and other animals. Usually preserved as 
fillings; may be vertical, horizontal, or in- 
clined, and straight or sinuous. Pettijohn. 

burrows. Dev. Sand with layers of concre- 
tionary stone used for building. Arkell. 

burr rock. A term sometimes used to desig- 
nate an aggregate of muscovite books and 
quartz. Skow. 

burrstone. See buhrstone. 

burst. An explosive breaking of coal or rock 
in a mine due to pressure. In coal mines 
they may or may not be accompanied by 
a copious discharge of methane, carbon 
dioxide, or coal dust. Also called outburst; 
bounce; bump; rock burst. BuMines Bull. 
30951929, pp,1, 13% 

burster. a. A hydraulic mechanism which, 
when inserted into a large diameter shot- 
hole, breaks down the strata by means of 
pistons operating transversely. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. b. Scot. A shot in a coal 
seam which has not been sheared or under- 
cut. Equivalent to “shot off the solid.” 
Also called bursting shot. Fay. c. See 
buster, a. Fay. 

bursting. The phenomenon sometimes exhib- 


ited by refractories containing chrome ore, — 


when exeposed to iron oxide at high tem- 
perature, of having the exposed face swell 
and grow until it breaks away from the 
brick mass. A.R.J. 

bursting charge. A small charge of fine pow- 
der, placed in contact with a charge of 
coarse powder to insure the ignition of 
the latter. Fay. 

bursting expansion. In the refractories indus- 
try this term has the specific meaning of 


surface disintegration of basic refractories | 


caused by the absorption of iron oxide. 
The expansion that leads to this form of 
failure results from solid solution of mag- 
netite (FesOx) in the chrome spinel that 
forms a major constituent of chrome and 
chrome-magnesite refractories. A labora- 
tory test submits a test-piece cut to the 
size of a 2-inch cube, to the action of 40 
gram of mill-scale (crushed to pass a 30 


B.S. sieve) for 1 hour at 1,600° C; the | 











bursting expansion 


expansion is expressed as a linear percent- 
age. Dodd. 
ursting off. The breaking of the blow-over. 
ASTM C162-—66. See also blow-over. 
ursting time. The time between the appli- 
cation of an electric current and the setting 
off of the explosive charge. In seismic 
prospecting, it may be necessary to take 
into account the maximum difference in 
timelag between the bursting of the earliest 
and latest detonators in a series. In a series 
firing current of over 1 ampere direct cur- 
rent, the maximum difference with subma- 
rine seismic detonators is always less than 
1 millisecond. Nelson. 


igurst of whinstone. Scot. A bed or mass of 


igneous rock at the surface of the ground. 
Fay. 


gurstone. See buhrstone. 


|oursztyn. Polish name for amber. Tomkeieff, 


1954. 


| \Burt filter. A stationary, intermittent filter in 


which the leaves are suspended vertically 
in a cylindrical vessel set on a considerable 
incline. The leaves are therefore ellipses. 
The slime cake is discharged by intro- 
ducing air and water into the interior of 
the leaf. There is also a newer Burt filter 
of the continuous rotating drum type. Lid- 
dell 2d, p. 390. 


jourthen. Scot. The load of coal which the 


bearers carry on their backs. Fay. 


lourton. a. Any of several arrangements of 


hoisting tackle; usually one with a single 
and a double block. Webster 3d. b. Stow- 
age (as of casks) athwartships in the hold 
of aship. Webster 3d. 


Burton A. Nongelatinous permissible explo- 


sive. Used in mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


jbury. Ir. Soft shale or clay; flucan. Fay. 


\\bus bar. A heavy metal conductor, usually 


copper, for high-amperage electricity. ASM 
Gloss. 


ibush. a. Wooded or bush-covered, unculti- 


vated, and unpopulated or sparsely popu- 
lated areas, generally far removed from 
cities. Long. b. To insert or attach a bush- 
ing. Long. c. To line a circular hole with 
a ring of metal, commonly to take up wear 
or to make the hole fit more closely an 
axle or pinion, Hess. d. A cylindrical sta- 
tionary bearing on which a relatively hard 
rotating part is carried, wear of the latter 
thus being minimized. Pryor, 3. 


|ioushed. Can. Mental state brought on by 


a protracted stay in the woods. Hoffman. 


| oushel. A measure of capacity. The imperial 
| bushel equals 2,218.192 cubic inches and 


the Winchester bushel equals 2,150.42 cu- 
bic inches, which is divided into 4 pecks. 
The bushel used in measuring charcoal 
and coal contains 5 pecks, or 2,688 cubic 
inches, being 20 pounds or less of charcoal, 
and, in various localities, 80, 76, or 72 
pounds of coal. The Winchester bushel is 
the standard for the United States. Fay. 


jpushhammer. A hammer having a serrated 


face, as of rows of pyramidal points, for 
dressing stone. Fay. 


‘bushhammered surface. Term used to de- 


scribe the surface finishing of building 
limestone that is rough and pitted. AIME, 
p. 330. 


|\bushing. a. Synonym for sub, c. Long. b. Cyl- 


indrical sleeve to fill in the space between 
a small-size drill rod and the inside of a 
swivel-head drive rod designed to take a 
larger drill rod. Long. c. A fitting for the 
purpose of connecting dissimilar-size pipes. 
A sleeve-shaped plug having inside and 
Outside threads to suit the different pipe 








155 


diameters. Long. d. A metal cylinder be- 
tween a shaft and a support or a wheel, 
that serves to reduce rotating friction and 
to protect the parts. Nichols. e. A liner in 
the orifice of any feeder for molten glass, 
for example, the orifice ring of a gob 
feeder or the unit through which molten 
glass is drawn in making glass fibers. 
ASTM C162-66. f. A bearing or guide. 
ASM Gloss. 

bush metal. An alloy used for journals, bear- 
ings of shafts, etc. Fay. 

bushveld complex. A great intrusive igneous 
body in the Transvaal that has undergone 
remarkable magmatic differentiation. Bate- 
man. 

basqueda de criaderos minerales. Sp. Local- 
ization of mineral fields. Hess. 

Buss table; Ferraris table. Shaking table for 
treatment of ore sands, or deck supported by 
Ferraris truss moved by eccentric. Pryor, 3. 

bustamente furmace. Cylindrical shaft fur- 
nace used to distill mercury from its ores. 
Pryor, 3. 

bustamite. A grayish-red variety of rhodonite 
containing lime. Fay. 

buster. a. An expanding wedge used to break 
down coal or rock. Pryor, 3. b. A pair of 
dies, usually flat or with a simple-shaped 
impression, used in press forging, for bar- 
reling or flattening a hot metal billet, and 
also for loosening scale on hot, ferrous forg- 
ing billets. ASM Gloss. 

buster shot. Same as breaking-in shot, a 
Fay. 

bustite. An achondritic meteorite composed 
esssentially of enstatite, small amounts of 
diopside and oligoclase, and a little nickel 
iron. Compare aubrite. Holmes, 1920. 

bustle. a. York. Hurry in mining or work- 
ing coal, or in performing other colliery 
work, Fay. b. A board put on the end of 
a car to keep coal when going up or down 
a steep slope. Fay. 

bustle pipe; hot-blasting circulating duct. A 
metal tube of large diameter which sur- 
rounds a blast furnace at a level a little 
above the tuyéres; it is lined with refrac- 
tory material and distributes the hot air 
from the hot-blast stoves to the pipes 
known as goosenecks which in turn carry 
the air to the tuyeres. Dodd. 

but. Scot. Outwards; toward hte shaft; out- 
bye. Fay. 

butane. a. Synonym for bottle gas. Long. 
b. CsHio; a hydrocarbon of the paraffin 
series. Nelson. 

butane flame methanometer; sigma recording 
methanometer. An instrument giving a 
continuous record of the methan concen- 
tration in mine air. It uses a small flame 
burning butane in a gauze-protected en- 
closure. Instead of observing the cap, ther- 
mocouples are used to show the increased 
temperature above the flame and the re- 
sulting signal is displayed on a recording 
milliammeter. The instrument runs for 
at least a week and is accurate to about 
0.05 percent methane. See also methane 
tester type 8.3. Nelson. 

Butchart table. A shaking table, toggle-actu- 
ated, with its deck supported in slipper bear- 
ings, and carrying curved riffles. Pryor, 3. 

butler finish. A semilustrous metal finish pro- 
duced with a soft abrasive wheel, similar 
in appearance to the traditional hand- 
rubbed finish on silver, ASM Gloss. 

butlerite. A monoclinic mineral occurring as 
as oriented intergrowths with parabutlerite ; 
from Argentina. A hydrous sulfate of iron. 
American Mineralogist, v. 27, No. 2, Feb- 





Butters and Mein distributor 


ruary 1942, p. 144. 

butt. a. Opposite of face, coal exposed at 
right angles to the face, and in contrast to 
the face, generally having a rough surface. 
Also called end in Scotland. B.C.I.; Fay. b. 
The butt of a slate quarry is where the 
overlying rock comes in contact with an 
inclined stratum of slate rock. Fay. c. 
Eng. A pack built on a longwall face be- 
tween the gate-side packs. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. d. Eng. A softwood chock filled 
with dirt. SMRB, Paper No. 61. e. 
Eng. A pillar of stone erected to form 
a gateway. SMRB, Paper No. 61. f. A 
flat surface at right angles to, and pro- 
jecting outward at the base of a thread. 
Long. g. To screw threaded members. to- 
gether until butts are firmly seated against 
each other. Long. h. To bring two flat sur- 
faces together. Long. 

butt and collar joint. In sewer pipes and 
drainpipe, a joint between two butt ends 
covered by a collar. Hess. 

butt and strapped joint. a. A joint having the 
ends of two pieces of pipe united by and 
riveted to a sleeve. The strap may be in- 
side or outside, and may be single or dou- 
ble riveted. Hess. b. In boiler and tank 
construction, the butt joint of two sheets 
is covered by a narrow sheet called a strap 
which is riveted to both sheets. Hess. 

butt cable. See hand cable. 

butt cleat. a. A short, poorly defined cleavage 
plane in a coal seam usually at right an- 
gles with the face cleat. Compare face 
cleat, a. Fay. b. See end joint. Pryor, 3. 
c. In mining, a lesser plane approximately 
at right angles. Lewis, p. 542. See also 
cleat. f. Kentucky, p. 23. 

butte. An isolated hill or small mountain with 
steep or precipitous sides and a top that is 
flat, rounded, or pointed. Usually has a 
smaller summit area than a mesa. Webster 
3d. 

butt entry. a. An entry driven at right angles 
to the butt. B.C.I. b. The gallery driven at 
right angles with the butt cleat. An end-on 
entry. Fay. c. A gallery driven parallel with 
the main cleat of the coal seam. See also 
entry, c. Nelson. 

butterball. Rounded segregation of pure car- 
notite, of clear yellow color found in the 
soft sandstone of Temple Rock, San Ra- 
fael swell, Utah. Hess. 

buttered joint. A thin mortar joint made by 
aplying a small quantity of mortar with a 
trowel along the edges of the face of a 
brick and laying it without a complete 
mortar bond. A.R.I. 

butterfly. a. Name applied to valves, the in- 
side of which is designed like a damper 
in a stovepipe. Long. b. In pumps, a dou- 
ble check valve with flaps that work on a 
common diametral hinge. Long. 

butterfly valve. a. A disk turning a diametral 
axis inside a pipe. Used as a throttle valve 
in petroleum and gas engines. C.T.D. b. 
A valve consisting of a pair of semicircular 
plates hinged to a common diametral spin- 
dle in a pipe; by hinging axially, the plates 
permit flow in one direction only. C.T.D. 

buttering. a. Depositing weld metal on the 
face of a joint to increase weldability. 
ASM Gloss. b. Placing mortar on the brick 
or other masonry unit with a trowel before 
laying. ACSG. 

buttering trowel. Used for spreading mortar 
on the brick before it is laid. Crispin. 

butter rock. See haltrichite. C.M.D. 

Butters and Mein distributor. A turbo dis- 
tributor which spreads sand evenly around 


Butters and Mein distributor 


a circular leaching tank in gold cyanida- 
tion. Pryor, 3. 

Butters’ filter. Plate-and-frame vacuum filter 
into which ore pulp is drawn. Solids are 
retained on canvas leaves while filtrate is 
removed through channels in the plates. 
Works intermittentiy and has largely been 
superseded by continuous drum filtration. 
Pryor, 3. 

buttgenbachite. A sky-blue, hydrous chloro- 
nitrate of copper, 16CuO,2CuClsCu(NOs)2 
-19H:O; hexagonal. A felt of minute nee- 
dles. From Likasi, Katanga, Republic of 
the Congo. An end member of the connel- 
lite-buttgenbachite series. See also connel- 
lite. English; Dana 7, v. 2, p. 572. 

butt heading. See butt entry. Fay. 

butt joint. a. See butt cleat, a. Fay. b, A joint 
between two abutting members lying ap- 
proximately in the same plane. A welded 
butt joint may contain a variety of grooves. 
See also groove weld. ASM Gloss. c. In a 
pipe, flat ends that meet but do not over- 
lap. Nichols. 

buttock. a. A corner formed by two coal 
faces more or less at right angles, such as 
the end of a working face; the fast side; 
any short piece of coal approximately at 
right angles to the face; a rib, the rib side. 
Mason. b. Eng. That portion of a working 
face of coal, next to be taken down. Fay. 
c. The rib of coal exposed at one or both 
ends of a longwall face, to enable a cutter 
loader to commence its run; the coal re- 
moved by a cutter loader. See also stable, 
b; web, a. Nelson. d. Coal which has 
been undercut, and is ready to be broken. 
Pryor, 3. 

buttocker. Eng. One who breaks down the 
coal that has been undercut by the holers; 
a getter. Fay. 

buttock getters. N. of Eng. Preparation get- 
ting machines which take the coal at right 
angles to the face line on a buttock. T7ist. 

button. a. A globule of metal remaining in 
an assaying crucible or cupel after fusion 
has been completed. ASA¢ Gloss. b. That 
part of a weld which tears out in the de- 
structive testing of spot, seam, or projec- 
tion welded specimens, ASM Gloss. c. 
Globule of lead formed during fire assay 
of gold or silver ore. Pryor, 3. 

button balance. A small, very delicate bal- 
ance used for weighing assay buttons. Fay, 

button metal. A composition, one-fifth copper 
and four-fifths zinc, used for brass buttons. 
White button metal contains 60 percent 
copper, 30 percent zinc, and 7 to 10 per- 
cent tin. Standard, 1964. 

button onyx. A name for an opel agate with 
alternating bands of black chalcedony and 
common opal. Also called button opal. 
Shipley. 

button pearl. A dome-shaped pearl with one 
surface almost plane. Shipley. 

button rope conveyor. See rope and button 
conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1952. 

button test. A test designed to determine 
relative fusibility of frit or powder. So 
called because the completed specimens 
resemble buttons. ASTM C286-65. 

buttress. A pier or projection built out from 
a wall to increase its strength and add to 
its resistance to thrust, which may arise 
from earth or water pressure or from an 
arch. Ham. 

Buttress thread. Screw profile in which front 
face is normal to screw axis, and back face 
is at angle of 45°. Pryor, 3. 

butts. The unconsumed or waste’ portions of 
finished electrodes. Chemical and Metal- 





156 


lurgical Engineering, v. 17, No. 4, July 26, 
1922, p. 163. 

butt seam welding. See seam welding. ASM 
Gloss. 

but shot. In coal mining, a charge placed so 
that the face or burden is nearly parallel 
with the borehole. Fay. 

butt side. The side of the working face of a 
coalbed in which the joints or cleats are 
least pronounced as distinguished from the 
face side in which the joints are most pro- 
nounced. Hess. 

butt strap. A steel plate covering a butt joint, 
connecting two members by either riveting 
or welding. Ham. 

Butts Well No. 1. The first gushing oil well 
ever struck; sunk in 1874 by the Foster 
Oil Company on the Archy Buchanan 
farm, Bradford oilfield, Pa.; yielded 70 
barrels per day. Porter. 

butt weld. A weld made between two abut- 
ting unscarfed ends or edges without over- 
lapping. Both the pin- and box-thread por- 
tions of petroleum drill pipe generally are 
butt-welded clectrically to upset end tubing 
to form a complete section of drill pipe or 
rod. Long. 

butt-welded tube. A tube made by drawing 
mild steel strip through a bell, so that the 
strip is coiled into a tube, the edges being 
then pressed together and welded. C.T.D. 

butt welding. Welding a butt joint. ASM 
Gloss. 

butty. a. A fellow miner, especially one who 
works a breast in partnership with another 
miner. A term in English mining for 200 
years. Korson. b. A comrade; a chum or 
partner. Fay. c. Eng. In coal mining, 
one who takes a contract, or is a partner 
in a contract for working out a certain 
area of coal. Also spelled buddy. Fay, d. 
Mid. A man who sorts and loads the 
coal, for which he is paid by the ton; a 
butty banksman. Fay. 

butty collier. Eng. The foreman of a butty 
gang. Standard, 1964. 

butty gang. Eng. A company of men who 
undertake work by contract, and divide 
the profits among themselves. Standard, 
1964. 

buttyman. a. A man in charge of others who 
is paid for the whole job and himself pays 
those under him. Mason. b. York. A con- 
tractor who mines coal. See also butty, c. 
Fay. 

buttyship. S. Staff. The prevailing mode of 
working the ‘10-yard’ coal seam. The 
contractor mines, loads, and delivers coal 
to place of sale, finding all tools, horses, 
skips, corn, candles, powder, pit beer, etc. 
The masters find timber, engine power, 
and loaders at the boats. Fay. 

butty system. In certain British coalfields, 
during the early part of the 19th century, 
the coal miners were not directly em- 
ployed by the owners, but by a contractor, 
called a butty, who engaged with the 
mine owner to deliver coal or ironstone at 
so much per ton. He employed the labor- 
ers required, using his own horses, and 
supplying all the tools. Almost invariably 
the butty invested in a public house or 
general store where he paid his men—the 
major portion of the wages coming back 
to him across his own counter. See also 
truck system. Nelson. 

butyl rubber. Synthetic material, copolymer 
of butadiene and isobutane. Pryor, 3. 

ehh Same as bog butter. Tomkeieff, 

butyrite. Same as bog butter. Tomkeieff, 











bypass; byepass 


1954. 

Buxton tests. Tests carried out in a gallery 
at the Safety in Mines Research Station 
at Buxton, England. The tests are made 
to determine the liability of an explosive 
to ignite gas or coal dust, before it can 
be placed on the official permitted list. 
See also permitted explosives, a. Nelson. 

buying on margin. A purchase of shares in 
which the purchaser supplies cash or col- 
lateral for a certain margin or percentage 
of the cost, and the broker lends, or un- 
dertakes to borrow, the balance, charging 
his client interest. Hoov, p. 285. 

buying on option. Often prospectors devote 
themselves solely to finding minerals, and 
afterwards companies with sufficient cap- 
ital take over the partially exposed de- 
posits in order to open them up. Some- 
times the deposit is taken over for ex- 
ploitation for a trial period during which 
time the prospector is paid a fee, with the 
final decision to buy being left till later. 
This is known as buying on option. Stoces, 
v. 1, pp. 656-657. 

buzzard. Eng. A small layer of inferior coal, | 
Lancashire. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

buzz saw. A name often applied to a cir- 
cular saw. Crispin. 

bw d-! Abbreviation for barrels of water 
per day. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

BWE Abbreviation for bucket wheel exca- 
vator. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

BWG Abbreviation for Birmingham wire 
gage. Zimmerman, p. 17. 

Bwlchgwyn quartzite. A quartzite from 
Bwlchgwyn, Nort Wales, used as a raw 
material for silica brick manufacture. 
Dodd. 

bwpd Abbreviation for barrels of water 
per day. Also abbreviated BWPD. BuMin | 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

byard. A leather breast strap used by miners 
in drawing carloads of ore or coal. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

byat. See biat. Fay. 

bye chains. In Wales, hauling ropes, or 
chains for dip inclined planes. Fay. 

bye channel. A_ spillway leading water 
around a reservoir when the latter is 
filled to capacity. Ham. 

byerite. Applied by Mallett to a so-called 
mineral coal, somewhat resembling tor- 
banite but differing from it in not crack- 
ling in fire, in being heavier, and in melt-| 
ing and in intumescing when heated. It! 
yields a large amount of gas and _ tarry 
oils. A.G.I. | 

byerlite. An artificial asphalt made from 
petroleum by driving off the volatile prod- 
ucts. Webster 2d. 

bye water. See bank water. Hess. 

byework; bywork. Back work; datalwork; 
day work; day-wage work. Mason. 

byeworker; byworker. Dataller, 
day-wage repair work. Mason. 

by heads. Term used when a well flows in- 
termittently. Porter. 

by-lead. See by-wash. Fay. 

by-level. A side level driven for some un- 
usual but necessary purpose. Zern. 

byon. Gem-bearing gravel, particularly that 
with brownish-yellow clay in which corun- 
dum, rubies, sapphires, etc., occur. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

bypass; byepass. a. A short passage used to_ 
get by or around a place it is not advis-— 
able to cross, for example, a mine shaft 
Fay. b. A small passage to permit equali-. 
zation of the pressure on the two sides 
of a large valve so that it may be readily 





repairer; 








| 


bypass; byepass 


opened or closed. Fay. c. An extra gas 
pipe passing around a valve or gas cham- 
ber used to prevent a complete  stop- 
page of the flow of gas when the valve 
or chamber is closed. Fay. d. To pass to 
the side of an obstruction in a borehole 
by deflecting the hole. Also called drill 
by. Long. e. An alternative path, in a 
duct or pipe, for a fluid to flow from one 
point to another, with the direction de- 
termined by the opening or closing of 
valves or dampers in the main line as well 
as in the bypass. Strock, 10. f. An ar- 
rangement of screens and chutes, or of 
piping, allowing material to be passed 
around a given part of a flow line. Much 
used to avoid feeding fine ore through a 
relatively coarse crusher, thus reducing 
load, wear, and~ chance of blockage. 
Pryor, 3. 
| bypassing. Irregular fluid flow wherein gas 
or water flows past a body of oil in a 
| _ reservoir instead of displacing it. Hess. 
| bypass valye. An auxiliary valve to relieve 
|| the pressure on a sluice valve or to sup- 
|| ply priming water to a pump. B.S. 36/8, 
| 1963, sec. 4. 
|) bypit. Scot. A pit nearer the outcrop than 
} the engine pit; an air pit. Fay. 
| byproduct. A secondary or additional prod- 
| uct; for example, the more common by- 
products of coal ovens are gas, tar, benzol, 
| and ammonium sulfate. Webster 3d; Fay. 
|) byproduct coke. Coke manufactured with 
attendant recovery of byproducts, in 
ovens that are heated externally. ASTM 
D121-62. 
| byproduct material. In atomic energy law, 
| any radioactive material (except source 
or fissionable material) obtained in the 
process of producing or using source or 
fissionable material. Includes fission prod- 
ucts and many other radioisotopes pro- 
duced in nuclear reactors. L@L. 
| byproduct oven. A coke oven consisting of 
a series of long, narrow chambers ar- 
ranged in rows, and heated by flues in 
which are burned a portion of the com- 
bustible gases generated by the coking 
of the coal. All of the volatile products 
are saved and collected as ammonia, tar, 
| and gas, etc. Fay. 
| byproducts of coal. The products obtained 
from coal by destructive distillation and 
other processes. Cooper. 
| byroad. Scot. A subsidiary road. Fay. 
|| bysmalith. A more or less vertical cylin- 
drical body of igneous rock that transects 
the adjacent sedimentary rocks and has 
been injected by pushing up the over- 
lying strata along steep faults. A.G_I. 
|| byssolite. A name unnecessarily coined for 
a variety of quartz containing inclusions 
of greenish fibers of, probably, actinolite 
or asbestos, Differs from bysolite, a min- 
eral of no gemmological interest. See also 
| sagenitic quartz. Shipley. 
| bystromite. a. Monoclinic magnetic pyrites 
as distinct from hexagonal pyrrhotine. 
Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. b. Magnesium 
antimonate, MgSb2(O,OH)6«, tetragonal; 
massive; pale blue-gray; from El Anti- 
monio, Sonora, Mexico. Spencer 19, 
M.M., 1952. 
| bytownite. A plagioclasc feldspar having a 
| composition between labradorite and an- 
fae AbzAnz—AbiAng ; triclinic, Dana 
| bytownitite. An anorthosite in which the 
| feldspart is essentially bytownite. Hess. 
| bytownorthite. A contraction of bytownite- 











157 


plagioclase 
from 


anorthite. Feldspars of the 
series, ranging in composition 
AbsoAnso to AbiwAngo. English. 

by-wash. A channel cut to convey the sur- 
plus water from a reservoir or an aque- 
duct, and prevent overflow. Also called 
by-lead. Fay. 

by-waters. Yellow-tinted diamonds. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

bywork. Mid. Odd work, or that which is 
paid for by the day, in connection with 
the underground roads. The men who 
perform it are called byworkmen. Fay. 


C 


c a. Abbreviation for the prefix centi-, 
which indicates that the basic unit that 
follows is multiplied by one-hundredth or 
by 10°. Zimmerman, p. 172. b. Abbrevia- 
tion for centimeter, although cm is pre- 
ferred. Webster 3d. c. Symbol for velocity ; 
speed of light; velocity of light; velocity 
of sound. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F—95; Zimmer- 
man, pp. 63, 115. d. Abbreviation for 
concentration; symbol for percentage con- 
centration; volumetric concentration. 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. C-74; Zimmerman, p. 28. 
e. Abbreviation for calorie, but cal is gen- 
erally used. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58; 
Webster 3d. f. Symbol for specific heat; 
with subscript p, as cp, the symbol for 
specific heat at constant pressure and with 
subscript v, as cy, the symbol for specific 
heat at constant volume. Zimmerman, p. 
100. g. Abbreviation for carat. Zimmer- 
man, p. 21. h. Abbreviation for coefficient ; 
symbol for coefficient of induction; partial 
capacitance coefficient. Zimmerman, pp. 
25, 158. i, Abbreviation for capacity; ca- 
pacitance. Webster 3d. j. Abbreviation for 
curie. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. k. Sym- 
bol for one of the three crystallographic 
axes, (a, b, c). Conventionally the vertical 
axis is the c axis. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
]. Abbreviation for cathode, circuit, con- 
ductor, coulomb, current. Webster 3d. n. 
Abbreviation for cycle. BuMin Style Guide, 
p. 59. o. Abbreviation for candle. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. p. Abbreviation for 
cold. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-97. q. Abbreviation 
for core, Zimmerman, p. 30. r. Abbrevia- 
tion for continental air mass. Zimmerman, 
p. 29. s. Abbreviation for clockwise, cog- 
nate, color, contact. Webster 3d. t. Abbre- 
viation for clearance. Zimmerman, p. 25. 
u. Abbreviation for calm. Zimmerman, 
p. 20. v. Abbreviation for circa, meaning 
about or approximately. Also abbreviated 
ca; ca. Webster 3d. w. Symbol in hy- 
draulics for the height of a wave after 
reflection. Zimmerman, p. 118. x. With 
subscript 1, as ci, and with subscript 2 
as Cz, the symbols for Planck’s first (c:) 
and second (c2) radiation constants. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. F-95. 


ec a. Symbol for velocity; velocity of light 


in a vacuum; speed of light; speed of light 
in a vacuum; velocity of sound or of other 
waves; speed of sound. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. F-98; Zimmerman, pp. 159, 165, 166, 
169, 170. b. Symbol for concentration of 
solution; volumetric concentration. Also 
enclosed in brackets as [c], the symbol for 
concentration of solution. Handbook of 





C 


Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. F-98. c. Symbol for heat capacity per 
atom; heat capacity per molecule; heat 
capacity per mole; heat capacity per unit 
mass or specific heat capacity; specific 
heat. Also with subscript m, as ¢m, the 
symbol for heat capacity per atom and for 
heat capacity per molecule. With subscript 
pf, as cp, the symbol for specific heat at 
constant pressure and with subscript v, as 
c,, the symbol for specific heat at constant 
volume. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmer- 
man, pp. 146, 157. d. As a subscript, the 
symbol for critical; critical state; critical 
value; critical properties; for example, p- 
for critical pressure and ¢.- for critical 
temperature. Zimmerman, pp. 168, 172. 
e. Symbol for one of the three crystallo- 
graphic axes, (a, b, c). Conventionally the 
vertical axis is the ¢ axis. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. £. With subscript 0, as c, the sym- 
bol for one of the unit-cell parameters, 
ao, bo, Co. Bureau of Mines Staff. g. As 
a subscript, the symbol for cathode. Zim- 
merman, p. 168. h. Symbol for induction 
coefficient; partial capacitance coefficient; 
and with suitable subscript, the symbol 
for partial capacitance or partial permit- 
tance. Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmerman, 
p. 151. i. Symbol in hydraulics for the 
height of a wave after reflection. Zimmer- 
man, p. 188. j}. With subscript 1, as c:1, and 
with subscript 2, as cs, the symbols for 
Plancks’ first (ci) and second (¢2) radia- 
tion constants. Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98. 

C a. Chemical symbol for carbon. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
p. B-1. b. Abbreviation for centigrade; 
Celsius. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. c. Ab- 
breviation for 100. Also the Roman nu- 


meral for 100, and when overscored as C, 
the Roman numeral for 100,000. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 55, 128. d. Abbreviation for 
hundredweight, but cwt is generally used. 
Also abbreviation for cental or short hun- 
dredweight. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59; 
Webster 3d; Zimmerman, p. 55. e. When 
crossed by a central dash, as €, the symbol 
for Cambrian. When the Cambrian symbol 
€ is preceded by lowercase p, as p€, it is 
the symbol for Precambian. USGS Sugg., 
p. 86. {. Abbreviation for concentration. 
Zimmerman, p. 28, g. With the subscript 
p, as Cy, the symbol for molecular specific 
heat at constant pressure and with sub- 
script v, as Cy, the symbol for molecular 
specific heat at constant volume. Zimmer- 
man, p. 100. h. Symbol for thermal con- 
ductance. Zimmerman, p. 108. i. Abbre- 
viation for coefficient, and the symbol for 
coefficient of flow in hydraulics; coefficient 
of discharge; coefficient of resistance. Zim- 
merman, pp. 25, 26, 46. j. Abbreviation 
for capacitance; capacitor, and the symbol 
for electrostatic capacity. Zimmerman, pp. 
21, 41. k. Abbreviation for corundum 
(AlsO3) in normative rock calculations 
made from quantitative chemical analyses 
of rocks. A.G.I. Supp. 1. Abbreviation for 
concrete. Zimmerman, p. 359. m. Abbre- 
viation for circle; circumference. Zimmer- 
man, p. 129. n. Abbreviation for cylinder; 
cylindrical lens. Zimmerman, p. 33. 0. 
Abbreviation for Cape in topography. Also 
abbreviated c. Webster 3d; Zimmerman, 
p. 21, p. Abbreviation for calm. Zimmer- 
man. p. 440. q. Abbreviation for cloudy; 
type of significant cloud. Webster 3d; 


C 


Zimmerman, p. 440. r. Abbreviation for 
contact flight in meteorology. Zimmerman, 
p. 29. s. Symbol for grid-voltage source 
for a vacuum tube. Zimmerman, p. 51. 

C a. Symbol for concenration; normality of 
a solution. Zimmerman, pp. 160, 173. b. 
Symbol for total value of heat capacity; 
heat capacity per mole, which is also indi- 
cated by using subscript M, as Cy. With 
subscript p, as C>,, the symbol for heat 
capacity at constant pressure and for mo- 
lecular specific heat at constant pressure 
and with subscript v, as C., the symbol 
for heat capacity at constant volume and 
for molecular specific heat at constant vol- 
ume. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmerman, pp. 
157, 170.-c. Symbol for thermal conduc- 
tance. Zimmerman, p. 147. d. Symbol for 
coefficient; general coefficient; coefficient 
of discharge; coefficient of resistance. Zim- 
merman, pp. 146, 148, 185. e. Symbol for 
capacitance or permittance; electrostatic 
capacity. Zimmerman, pp. 151, 171. f. 
Symbol for compliance. Zimmerman, p. 
152. 

°C. Degrees Celsius (formerly, and _ still 
more commonly, known as degrees centi- 
grade). Dodd. 

ca Abbreviation for circa, meaning about or 
approximately. GPO Style Manual, p. 156. 

Ca a. Chemical symbol for calcium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B—1. b. Abbreviation for cathode. 
Zimmerman, p. 22. 

CA Abbreviation for cold air. Also abbrevi- 
ated ca. Webster 3d. 

cab. a. A compartment for the driver in 
a mine locomotive. All coal mine locomo- 
tives in excess of 10 tons weight must have 
a cab at each end or an adequate center 
cab. Nelson. b. Eng. A hard ferruginous 
gouge or casing between the unaltered 
country rock and the ore. See also casing, 
a. Fay. c. Gorn. A quartz vein poor in tin 
ore. Arkell. 

cabal glass. A special glass consisting solely 
of calcium oxide, boric oxide, and alumina, 
hence its name. Dodd. 

caballa balls. Eng. Ironstone nodules worked 
for iron in the Weald. Also called bulls. 
Arkell. 

caballing. If two water pipes of different 
temperature and salinity characteristics 
but having the same density are mixed the 
resulting mixture will be slightly more 
dense than either of the two types and 
the mixture will tend to sink. This increase 
in density is called caballing. Hy. 

cabbage leaf marking. See frondescent cast. 
Pettijohn. 

cabble. To break up into pieces (as char- 
coal iron) preparatory to the processes of 
fagoting, fusing, and rolling into bars. Fay. 

cab guard. On a dump truck, a heavy metal 
shield extending up from the front wall of 


the body and forward over the cab. 
Nichols. 
cabin. a. A small roughhouse usually of 


one room, such as a prospector’s cabin. 
Hess. b. A fireman’s station underground 
in a coal mine. C.T.D. c. A small room, 
either on the surface or underground, for 
example, a lamp cabin or a deputy’s cabin. 
Fay, d. A room or recess at the pit bottom 
or inby and used by underground officials 
for consultation and for writing reports. 
See also lamp station, a. Nelson. 

cabinet projection. A method of representa- 
tion of solid objects on a drawing. The 
object is drawn in plan or elevation; faces 





158 


perpendicular to this plane are drawn at 
an angle of 45°, the lengths drawn at this 
angle being half-scale. Ham. 

cable. a. Same as cable-laid rope; a fiber 
cable consists of three hawsers laid up 
left-handed. Zern. b. A ropelike usually 
stranded assembly of electrical conductors 
or of groups of two or more conductors 
insulated from each other but laid up to- 
gether usually by being twisted around a 
central core, the whole usually heavily in- 
sulated by outside wrappings; specifically, 
a submarine cable. Webster 3d. c. A steel 
rope for hoisting or for aerial trams. Fay. 
d. A stranded conductor (single-conductor 
cable) or a combination of conductors in- 
sulated from one another (multiple-con- 
ductor cable). U.S. BuMines Fed. Mine 
Safety Code—Bituminous Coal and Lignite 
Mines, Pt. I Underground Mines, October 
8, 1953. e. A flexible rope composed of 
many steel wires or hemp fibers in groups, 
first twisted to form strands, several of 
which are again twisted together to form 
a rope. Also called wire cable; wire line; 
wire rope; steel cable. Long. f. See cable- 
laid rope, c. Long. g. See armored cable; 
electric cable. Nelson, h. A single concen- 
tration of steel wires intended for prestress- 
ing. Taylor. i. A nautical unit of horizon- 
tal distance, equal to 600 feet (100 
fathoms) and approximately one-tenth of 
a nautical mile. H@G. 

cable belt conveyor. A conveyor using steel 
wire ropes to take the tensile pull, which 
in the conventional conveyor is taken by 
the belt. Two-stranded steel ropes, one on 
either side of the conveyor, are used for 
this purpose. The belt sits on and is sup- 
ported across the two ropes by means of 
rubber shoe forms along the belt edges. 
These belts can be of long lengths, high 
capacities, and of higher lifts. Nelson. 

cable clamp. A U-shaped steel rod with 
threaded ends and a bar with nuts, pro- 
vided to clamp over two or more cylindri- 
cal pieces to bind them together, as the 
overlapped ends of two wire ropes. Also 
called cable clip; clamp; clip. Long. 

cable clip. Synonym for cable clamp. Long. 

cable control unit. A high-speed tractor 
winch having one to three drums under 
separate control. Used to operate dozers 
and towed equipment. Nichols. 

cable coupler adaptor; flit plug adaptor. 
Used to connect a cable coupling unit to 
apparatus. It may either be separate from 
or integral with the enclosure of the ap- 
paratus to which the cable coupling unit 
is to be connected. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

cable coupling box. A cable-connecting box 
to which the rubber sheath and/or armor- 
ing of the cable is attached. Inside the box 
the ends of the conductors are connected 
to the terminals of the apparatus or to 
those of the adjoining cable by means of 
mechanical clamps or soldered thimble 
connectors. The box is filled with insulat- 
ing compound poured in hot, which sets 
into a solid mass, thus sealing the end of 
the cable and so preventing moisture from 
damaging the insulation. The body of the 
box may be of cast iron, cast steel, or a 
suitable nonferrous metal. Mason, v. 2, 
p. 435. 

cable coupling unit; flit plug. A form of 
detachable cable sealing box utilizing con- 
tact tubes and pins to facilitate ready 
connection to, or disconnection from, a 
similar unit or other apparatus. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 





cable reel 


cable cover. A fired clay—in this context 
generally (but erroneously) known as 
earthenware, or concrete conduit for cov- 
ering underground electric cables; the 
principal objects of these covers are to 
give warning of the cable’s presence and 
to protect it from excavating tools. Dodd. 

cable drill. a. A heavy drilling rig in which 
a rope is used for suspending the tools in 
the borehole. See also churn drill, b. Nel- 
son. b. A churn or percussion drill rig, 
consisting of a tower (derrick), wire rope 
for moving tools vertically, a power unit, 
and a reciprocating device. It drills holes 
of up to 10 inch diameter vertically to 
considerable depths. Can be light and mo- 
bile. Pryor, 3. 

cable driller. In petroleum production, one 
who supervises setup and drilling opera- 
tions, and operates the controls of a cable 
drilling rig which is used to drill oil and 
gas wells; controls flow of well when it is 
brought in (first begins flowing) by cap- 
ping it or regulating control valves; keeps 
record of nature and location of strata 
encountered, number of feet drilled per 
shift, and materials used. Also called cable 
tool driller; driller; well driller. D.O.T. 1. 

cable drilling. See rope drilling. 

cable duct. A protective earthenware or con- 
crete pipe through which electric cable 
or prestressing wires are pulled. The latter 
are generally grouted into the ducts with 
cement grout. Ham. 

cable excavator. A long range, cable-oper- 
ated machine which works between a head 
mast and an anchor. Nichols. 

cable, flame-resistant. Sce 
cable. 

cable hook. A round hook with a wide bev- 
eled face. Nichols. 

cable hooker. One who couples hoist cable to 
loaded cars in a clay pit and signals to 
have cars drawn up inclined rails to mouth 
of pit. Also called hookup man. D.O.T. 1. 

cable-laid rope. a. An ordinary lay rope. 
Nelson. b. A compound-laid rope consist- 
ing of several ropes or several layers of 
strands laid together into one rope, as, 
for instance, 6 by 6 by 7. H&G, p. 129. 
c. A rope in which both the fibers forming 
the strands and the strands themselves are 
twisted to the left. Long. d. Wire cable 
made of several ropes twisted together, 
strands of hawser-laid rope, twisted right- 
ed together without limitation as to the 
number of strands or direction of twist. A 
fiber cable-laid rop2 is composed of three 
strands of hawser-laid rope, twisted right- 
handed. Zern. 

cable lay. Of wire cable, several wire ropes 
each composed of strands not limited in 
number or direction of twist. Of fiber 
cable, strands of hawser-laid rope twisted 
right-handed. Pryor, 3. 

cable length. A maritime unit of length 
based on the length of a ship’s cable and 
variously reckoned as equal to 100 fath- 
oms; one-tenth of the nautical mile of 
6,080 feet; or 120 fathoms. Webster 3d. 

cable loader. One who sets up and loads 
brick and tile onto a conveyor used for 
transporting dried clay products to kilns 
for burning. Also called deracker. D.O.T. 1. 


flame-resistant 


cable railway. An inclined track up and | 


down which travel wagons fixed at equal 
intervals to an endless steel wire rope, 
either above or below the wagons. Ham. 
cable reel. A drum on which conductor cable 
is wound, including one or more collector 
rings and associated brushes, by means of 


ee ee 








eable reel 


which the electric circuit is made between 
the stationary winding on the locomotive 
or other mining device and the trailing 
cable which is wound on the drum. The 
drum may be driven by an electric motor, 
a hydraulic motor, or mechanically from 
an axle on the machine. ASA C42.85: 
1956. 
\, cable reel locomotive. A facc or gathering 
| locomotive driven by a power cable con- 
nected to trolley wires. The cable winds 
on a reel attached to the locomotive. 
| Nelson. 
| cable-screw conveyor. A one-way or closed 
!| circuit conveyor of which the propelling 
medium is a flexible, torque transmitting 
cable of which helical (screw) threads are 
an integral part. Loads or load carriers 
engage the thread and advance a distance 
equal to one pitch each revolution of the 
cable screw. ASA MH4.1-1958. 
cable sealing box. A closed box to which 
| a cable can be attached and which is 
designed to be filled with insulating com- 
pound to protect the insulation of the 
cable from air or moisture. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 
cable selvage belt. A conveyor belt in which 
| the carrying section is composed of rubber 
and fabric with attached intermittent trans- 
verse metal supports having both ends 
supported by cables. The cables transmit 
the driving force and the center portion 
functions as the load-supporting medium. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 
| cable sheathing. A seamless lead tube formed 
around telephone or telegraph cables in 
order to protect them from dampness or 
injury. The lead is ordinarily hardened by 
antimony, but tellurium (about 0.1 per- 
cent) and calcium (about 0.04 percent) 
are also said to have been used. Hess. 
cable sheath, nonmetallic. A covering con- 
sisting of composition tapes, compound 
jackets of natural or synthetic rubber, 
thermoplastic, or fiber braids applied over 
the conductor assembly and insulation of 
multiple conductor cables. J.C. 7962, 1960, 
p21. 
| cable shield. A metallic shield consisting of 
nonmagnetic material applied over the in- 
sulation of the individual conductors or 
conductor assembly. I.C. 7962, 1960, p. 21. 
cable speed. Rate at which a cable, under 
load, may be wound on a hoist drum. 
Commonly measured in feet per minute. 
Also called hoist speed; line speed; rope 
speed. Long. 
cable splicer. a. A short piece of tubing or 
a specially formed band of metal generally 
used without solder in joining ends of 
portable cables for mining equipment. 
ASA C42.85: 1956. b. A man who splices 
cable. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
cable system. One of the well-known drill- 
ing systems, sometimes designated as the 
American or rope system. The drilling is 
performed by a heavy string of tools sus- 
pended from a flexible manila or steel 
cable to which a reciprocating motion is 
imparted by an oscillating “‘walking beam”’ 
through the suspension rope or cable. See 
also churn drill. Fay. 
' cable-system drill. Synonym for churn drill, 
a. Long. 
» cable-tool bit. A heavy, blunt-edge chisel bit 
made from a cylinder of solid steel flat- 
tened and grooved longitudinally on two 
sides and used as the cutting tool or bit 
in drilling a borehole with a churn drill. 
Also called spud; spud bit. Long. 





159 


cable-tool cuttings. The rock fragments and 
sludge produced in drilling a borehole 
with a churn drill. Long. 

cable-tool dresser. See tooldresser. D.O.T. 1. 

cable-tool drill. Synonym for churn drill, a. 
Long. 

cable-tool driller. Synonym for churn driller, 
b. Long. 

cable-tool drilling. Procedure of drilling with 
a solid steel chisel-faced bit working ver- 
tically at the end of a string of solid steel 
tools suspended in the hole at the end of 
a steel line or rope and activated by a 
walking beam. Wheeler; Bureau of Mines 
Staff. Synonym for churn drilling. Long. 

cable-tool men. Men experienced in drilling 
holes with churn-drill equipment. See also 
churn drill. Long. 

cable-tool operator. In petroleum produc- 
tion, one who removes obstructions from 
boreholes or from producing oil or gas 
wells, using a special string of tools at- 
tached to the cable. D.O.T.1. See also 
churn driller. 

cable-tool outfit. 
rig. Long. 

cable-tool rig. Synonym for churn-drill rig. 
Long. 

cable tools. The bits and other bottom-hole 
tools and equipment used to drill boreholes 
by percussive action, using a rope, instead 
of rods, to connect the drilling bit with 
the machine on the surface. See also churn 
drill. Long. 

cableway. A system in which the carriers 
are supported by a cable and are not de- 
tached from the operating span. The travel 
of the carriers is wholly within the span. 
ASA MH4.1-—1958. See also aerial cable- 
way. 

cableway excavator. A slackline cableway 
used for excavating a restricted area. Ham. 

cableway transporter. A transporter crane 
on which the track for the carrier is a 
steel wire rope. Ham. 

cabochon. A style of cutting in which the 
top of the stone forms a curved convex 
surface. The base may be convex, concave, 
or flat. Anderson. 

cabocle. A compact rolled pebble resembling 
red jasper, supposed to be hydrous alu- 
minum-calcium phosphate; found in the 
diamond-producing sands of Bahia, Brazil. 
Standard, 1964. 

cabra stone. Fluorite. Shipley. 

cabrerite. A hydrous arsenate of nickel, co- 
balt, and magnesium found in green crys- 
tals and in masses. Fay. 

ca’canny; go slow. To work unreasonably 
slow due to a dispute or grievance; to set 
a limit to the quantity of work performed 
and below what might be reasonably ex- 
pected. See also stint. Nelson. 

cache. Fr. The place where provisions, 
ammunition, etc., are cached or hidden 
by trappers, or prospectors, in unsettled 
regions. Fay. 

cacheutaite. A lead, copper, and silver sele- 
nide carrying 7 to 36 percent copper. It 
is closely related to zorgite. Weed, 1918. 

cacholong. An opaque bluish-white or pale- 
yellow opal, containing a little alumina. 
Fay. 

cacoxenite. A hydrous phosphate of iron, 
FePO.Fe(OH);s + 44%2H2O, occurring in 
yellow or brownish radiated tufts. Fay. 

cactus grab. A digging and unloading attach- 
ment hung from a crane or excavator. It 
consists of a split and hinged bucket fitted 
with curved jaws or teeth which dig into 
the loose rock while the bucket is being 


Synonym for churn-drill 





cadmium bromide 


dropped and contract to lift the load while 
it is being raised. It is used increasingly 
for mechanical mucking in shaft sinkings. 
A standard cactus double rope grab for 
shaft sinking has a capacity of about 20 
cubic feet, weighs about 5,500 pounds, 
and can fill a 5-ton capacity hoppit in 
about 4 minutes. Nelson. 

cadacryst. Synonym for chadacryst; xeno- 
cryst. A.G.I. Supp. 

cadastral control. A system of established 
monuments whose positions are accurately 
determined and are used in all correlated 
cadastral surveys. Seelye, 2. 

cadastral map. A map showing the extent, 
ownership, value, etc., of land. In the 
United States, cadastral maps usually show 
individual tracts of land, with corners, 
length and bearing of boundaries, acreage, 
ownership, and sometimes cultural and 
drainage features. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

cadastral surveys. Surveys relating to land 
boundaries and subdivisions, made to cre- 
ate or to define the limitations of titles, 
and to determine units suitable for trans- 
fer. The term includes surveys involving 
retracements for the indentification, and 
resurveys for the restoration, of property 
lines. (The term cadastral is practically 
obsolete; use land survey or property sur- 
vey.) Seelye, 2. 

cadge. Derb. To attach the hoisting rope 
to an ore bucket; also, to fasten tools in 
the bucket with a rope to prevent them 
falling out. Fay. 

cadger. A little pocket oilcan for miners. Fay. 

cadmia. a. An impure zinc oxide that forms 
on the walls of furnaces in the smelting 
of ores containing zinc. Standard, 1964. 
b. Cadmium yellow. Standard, 1964. c. A 
Greek name for calamine, of which cala- 
mine may be a corruption. Hess. 

cadmium. Tin-white; malleable; ductile; 
toxic; bivalent metallic element; capable 
of taking a high polish; and it emits a 
crackling sound when bent. Occurs in the 
mineral greenockite (CdS) and also in 
small amounts in ores of zinc from which 
it is separated as a byproduct. Used chief- 
ly in the protective electroplating of iron 
and steel and in the manufacture of bear- 
ing metals. Symbol, Cd; hexagonal ; atomic 
number, 48; atomic weight, 112.40; spe- 
cific gravity, 8.642; melting point, 320.9° 
C; and boiling point, 767° C. Webster 3d; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-104. 

cadmium acetate. [Cd(C2H:O:)23H.O], 
molecular weight, 284.55; specific gravity, 
2.01; forms colorless, deliquescent, mono- 
clinic crystals that are highly soluble in 
water and alcohol. It becomes anhydrous 
when heated to 130° C and attains a spe- 
cific gravity of 2.34 and a melting point 
of 256° C; the salt decomposes at higher 
temperatures. I.C. 7881, 1958, p. 22. 

cadmium acetate hydrate. Colorless or white ; 
monoclinic; Cd(CHsCOO)»3H:O0. Used 
in ceramics in iridescent glazes. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

cadmium antimonide. CdSb is a hard, brittle 
alloy. Of interest as a semiconductor and 
it also has some promise for thermoelectric 
applications. Lee. 

cadmium blend. Greenockite, CdS. Hey 2d, 
1955: 

cadmium borotungstate. Yellow; triclinic; 
2CdO-B:.O;-9WO3-18H2O. Used as Klein’s 
reagent for separating minerals. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

cadmium bromide. (CdBr2); a yellow crys- 


cadmium bromide 


talline powder with a molecular weight of 
272.24; specific gravity, 5.20; melting 
point, 580° C; and boiling point, 963° C. 
T.C. 7881, 1958, p. 23. 

cadmium carbonate. (CdCO;); a _ white, 
crystalline powder, soluble in acids, potas- 
sium cyanide, and ammonium salts but 
insoluble in water. It decomposes below 
300° C. The salt can be made by adding 
an alkali carbonate to a solution of an- 
other cadmium salt. Molecular weight, 
172.42; specific gravity, 4.26. I.C. 7881, 
1958, p. 23. 

cadmium chloride. (CdCl.); composed of 
colorless hexagonal crystals that are solu- 
ble in water and in methyl and ethyl 
alcohol. It forms hydrates with 1, 2, 4, 
and 5 molecules of water. Molecular 
weight, 183.32; melting point, 568° C; 
boiling point, 960° C; and specific gravity, 
4.05. I.C. 7881, 1958, p. 23. 

cadmium columbate; cadmium niobate. 
CdsCb:0; (CdsNb:O;) is an antiferro- 
electric and has low losses at high fre- 
quency. Lee. 

cadmium copper. A variety of copper con- 
taining 0.7 to 1.0 percent cadmium. Used 
for trolley, telephone, and telegraph wires 
because it gives high strength in cold- 
drawn condition, combined with good 
conductivity. C.T.D. 

cadmium cyanide. [Cd(CN):2]; obtained as 
a white precipitate when potassium or 
sodium cyanide is added to a fairly con- 
centrated solution of a cadmium salt. It 
dissolves in an excess of the precipitating 
reagent owing to formation of the complex 
ion. The salt is slightly soluble in water 
and easily soluble in acids, and decom- 
poses when heated above 200° C in air. 
T.C. 7881, 1958, p. 23. 

cadmium fluoride. CdF:; molecular weight, 
150.40; white; isometric; specific gravity, 
6.64; melting point, 1,100° C; boiling 
point, 1.758° C; and soluble in water and 
in acids. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-159. 

cadmium iodide. A dimorphic material, 
(CdI.), with a molecular weight of 366.25. 
The alpha form has a melting point of 
385° C, boiling point of 713° C, and a 
specific gravity of 5.67. The beta form 
has a specific gravity of 5.30. It is com- 
posed of lustrous white, hexagonal scales 
that are stable in air. J.C. 7881, 1958. 

cadmium minerals. Natural compounds con- 
taining cadmium. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cadmium niobate. Cd:Nb.O;; a ferroelectric 
compound of potential value as a special 
electroceramic; the Curie temperature is 
— 103° C. Dodd. 

cadmium nitrate. [Cd(NO;)2]; forms white 
hygroscopic crystals that are soluble in 
water, alcohol, and liquid ammonia. It 
can be made by dissolving cadmium metal, 
oxide, or carbonate in nitric acid and 
evaporating to incipient crystallization. 
Molecular weight, 308.49; melting point, 
59.4° C; specific gravity, 2.46. I.C. 7881, 
1958, p. 23. 

cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate. White; nee- 
dles; hygroscopic; Cd(NOs)24H:0; and 
soluble in water and in alcohol. Used in 
ceramics for coloring glass and porcelain. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-159. 

cadmium ocher. The mineral greenockite; 
used as a pigment. Standard, 1964. 

cadmium orthophosphate. Cd;(PO;)2; mo- 
lecular weight, 527.14; colorless; amor- 





160 


phous; melting point, 1,500° C; insoluble 
in water; and soluble in acids. Bennett 2d, 
1962; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-159. 

cadmium oxide. Yellowish-red or brownish- 
red to brownish-black; isometric; CdO. 
Used as an addition agent for cadmium- 
plating baths; a pigment in ceramics; a 
chemical catalyst; and for making cad- 
mium salts. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cadmium ratio. The ratio of the neutron- 
induced saturated activity in an unshield- 
ed foil to the saturated activity of the 
same foil when it is covered with cad- 
mium. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

cadmium selenide. CdSe; molecular weight, 
191.36; gray to brown or red; hexagonal ; 
specific gravity, 5.81 (at 15° C, referred 
to water at 4° C); melting point, above 
1,350° C; and insoluble in water. Bennett 
2d, 1962; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-160. 

cadmium silicate; cadmium  metasilicate. 
CdSiO;; molecular weight, 188.48; color- 
less; orthorhombic; specific gravity, 4.93; 
melting point, 1,242° C; and practically 
insoluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-160. 

cadmium sulfide; cadmium yellow; greenock- 
ite. a. A light yellow to orange powder; 
hexagonal; CdS. Used in ceramic glazes. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B—160. b. 
Used with selenium in the production of 
ruby glass and as a yellow colorant in 
enamels. Specific gravity, 3.9 to 4.8; melt- 
ing point, 1,750° C (at 100 atmospheres) ; 
practically insoluble in water; and soluble 
in ammonium hydroxide and in acids. 
Occurs as the mineral greenockite, which 
is recovered as a byproduct in the refining 
of zinc ores. Used with selenium and sulfur 
as the red coloring material for porcelain 
sign enamels. Lee; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B- 
160. c. A bright yellow pigment. Bennett 
2d, 1962. d. Source of cadmium. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

cadmium sulfoselenide. A pigment prepared 
by adding selenium to a solution of barium 
sulfide or nitrate, reacting the solution 
with cadmium sulfate, and calcining with 
excess sulfur to remove unreacted sele- 
nium, which tends to darken and dull the 
product. BuMines I.C. 7881, 1958, p. 22. 

cadmium telluride. CdTe; molecular weight, 
240.00; black; isometric; specific gravity, 
6.20 (at 15° C, referred to water at 4° 
C); melting point, 1,041° C; and insolu- 
ble in water and in acids. Bennett 2d, 
1962; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-160. 

cadmium titanate. CdTiO;; a special ferro- 
electric ceramic having the ilmenite struc” 
ture at room temperature; the Curie 
temperature is approximately —220° C. 
Dodd. 

cadmium tungstate. CdWO,;; molecular 
weight, 360.25; yellow crystals; slightly 
soluble in water and soluble in ammonium 
hydroxide. Used in fluorescent paint. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-160. 

cadmium yellow. See cadmium sulfide. 

cadmium zirconate. Used as an additive to 
barium-titanate-type ceramics because it 
acts as a depressant to the dielectric con- 
stant in the Curie temperature. Lee. 

cadmosellite; kadmoselite. A black, hexago- 
nal mineral, approximately Cd (Seo,s5So,1s) , 














cage mills 


with a resinous to adamantine luster; per- 
fect cleavage; has the wurtzite structure; 
found as fine xenomorphic disseminations 
cementing sandstone. American Mineralo- 
gist, v. 43, No. 5-6, May-June 1958, p. 623. 

cadwaladerite. Hydrous basic aluminum chlo- 
ride, Al(OH) .Cl-4H:O, as amorphous 
grains in halite from Cerro Pintados, Chile. 
Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

Caen stone. A light cream-colored Jurassic 
limestone, chiefly from Caen, Normandy, 
largely used for building purposes, as in 
various English churches. Standard, 1964. 

caeruleofibrite. Synonym for ceruleofibrite. 
English. See connellite. 

caesium. A variant of cesium. Webster 3d. 

cafemic. A mnemonic term used collectively 
for the calcium, ferrous-ferric, and mag- 
nesium constituents of rocks or magmas. 
A.GI. Supp. 

cafetite. Orthorhombic radiating crystals in 
a pyroxenite from Africanda, Kola Penin- 
sula, U.S.S.R.; approximating (Ca,Mg)- 
(Fe,Al)2TisOi124H2O. Named from _ the 
composition, Ca-Fe-Ti. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

cage. a. Mining term for elevator. Kentucky, 
p. 329. b. The structure used in a mine 
shaft for the conveyance of men and ma- 
terials. Cages are usually designed to take 
one or two cars per deck and may be 
single or multidecked. Where multidecked 
cages are used, simultaneous or consecu- 
tive discharge of decks can be employed. 
The modern trend is towards consecutive 
decking with power-operated cag*-unload- 
ing equipment. Cages can be either steel, 
composite, or all-alloy construction, An 
all-alloy cage is about half the weight of 
its all-steel equivalent. The cage is sus- 
pended from bridle chains which in turn 
are attached to the cappel of the winding 
rope. Normally there are two cages in 
simultaneous operation in the separate 
compartments of the shaft and traveling 
in opposite directions. Nelson. c. A struc- 
ture of elastic iron rods slipped into a 
borehole around the drill rods to stabilize 
and reduce tendency of rods to vibrate. 
Long. d. The container for the ball in a 
ball valve. Long. e. Synonym for friction 
head, e. Long. f. A wire guard or screes: 
in pipes to prevent passage of solids. Long. 
g. A circular frame that limits the motion 
of balls or rollers in a bearing. Nichols. 
h. The barrel or drum of a whim on 
which the rope is wound. Fay. 

cage bar. Safety device which holds doors 
shut or keeps trams in position. Pryor, 3, 
p. 65. 

cage chains. See bridle chains. Nelson. 

cage cover. Scot. The iron sheets fixed above 
a cage to protect its occupants; a hood. 
See also bonnet, a. Fay. 

cage guides. a. Conductors made of wood, 
iron or steel, or wire rope, used for the 
purpose of guiding the cages in the shaft 
and to prevent them from swinging and 
colliding with each other while in motion. — 
See also fixed guides; rope guides. Nelson. 
b. Scot. Shoes, usually cast-iron, clasp- 
ing the guides (see cage guides, a) in a 
shaft and guiding the cage in its move- 
ments in the shaft. Fay. See also cage 
shoes. 

cage iron. A cagelike core iron. Standard, 
1964. 

cageman. See cager, a; hoistman. D.O.T. /. 

cageman helper. See cager helper. D.O.T. 1. 

cage mills. Cage mills, also known as dis- 
integrators, are used extensively for sec- 
ondary crushing of stone and gravel, and 

















cage mills 


for reduction of slag, fertilizers, and the 


like. Materials of high moisture content, 
such as limestone chips from stockpiles, 
are pulverized without plugging. The ma- 
chines are of simple design and easily 
maintained. The cages, which are the only 
moving parts, are removed readily for re- 
pair of hardfacing. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, 
Sec. B, p. 35. 


i ave of a whim. Corn. The barrel on which 


the rope is wound; a drum. Fay. 


| vcager. a. In mining, fomenwhey’ directs tata tien 


operations and movement of cage used to 
raise and lower men, mine cars, and sup- 
plies between various levels and surface, 
working at top of shaft or at an inter- 
mediate level inside mine. May be desig- 
nated as top cager; headman I when 
working only at top of shaft. Also called 
banksman; cageman; cage tender; on-set- 
ter; shaft headman; skip tender. D.O.T, 1. 
b, A power-operated ram for pushing mine 
cars into or out of cages at pit top or pit 
bottom. Nelson. c. One who supervises 
weighing, and the sequence of sending up 
components of a furnace charge, keeps 
tally of the number of charges and signals 
to the top filler when it is time to hoist. 
Fay. 


} ‘|cager coupler. In bituminous coal mining. 


one who works with a cager, coupling and 
uncoupling cars at a shaft station. D.O.T. /. 


| cager helper. A laborer who assists the cager 


in operation of the cage used to raise and 
lower men and supplies between various 
levels and surface. Also called cageman 
helper; cage-tender helper. D.O.T. 1. 


jeage runner. See hoistman. D.O.T. 1. 
|\cage seat. Scaffolding, sometimes fitted with 


strong springs, to take the shock, and on 
which the cage rests when reaching the 
pit bottom or other landing. See also cage 
shuts. Fay. 


‘cage sheets. Short props or catches on which 


cages stand during caging or changing 
cars. Zern. 


jicage shoes. Fittings bolted to the side of a 


cage to engage the rigid guides in the 
shaft. Usually there are two for each 
guide, one at the top and one at the bot- 
tom of the cage. The shoes are usually 
about one foot long and shaped to fit 
closely round about three-quarters of the 
guide, with sufficient clearance for free 
movement but not sufficient to allow the 
shoe to come off the guide. Nelson. 


feage shuts. Som. Short props or catches 


upon which cages stand during caging. 
Called fallers in Lancashire. See also 
chairs ; dogs; cage seat. Fay. 


feage stops. Equipment fitted on the cage 


floor to hold the car in position while 
traveling in the shaft. Spring- or rubber- 
mounted stops are more commonly used. 
See also keps. Nelson. 


|/cage tail chain. Scot. A chain fastened to 


the bottom of the shaft cage to haul a car 
out of a short dip road. Fay. 


| cage tender. See cager, a. Fay. 
jcage-tender helper. See cager helper. D.O.T. 1. 
jeageway. A cage guide, or part of a shaft 


containing the guides. Standard, 1964. 


|caging. N. Staff. The operation of changing 


the tubs or cars on a cage. Fay. 


)cagutte. A baguette; an oblong cut diamond. 


Hess. 


jeahnite. A white hydrous boroarsenate of 


calcium, 4CaO.B2O;.As20;.4H2O. Penetra- 
tion twins of tetrahedronlike sphenoids. 
Tetragonal. From Franklin, N.J. English. 


|)eaicos salt. Solar salt of various sizes pro- 





161 


duced on the Caicos Islands, British West 
Indies. Kaufmann. 

Cainozoic. Synonym for Cenozoic. <A.G.I. 
Supp. 

cairn; carn. A mound or heap of stones 
erected for a memorial or mark, such as 
a sepulchral monument or a landmark, or 
to indicate the site of a cache. Standard, 
1964. 

cairngorm. Smoky-yellow or brown varieties 
of quartz, the coloring matter probably 
due to some organic compound; named 
from Cairngorm in the Scottish Gram- 
pians, the more attractively colored varie- 
ties being used as semiprecious gem stones. 
Also called smoky quartz. C.T.D. 

caisson. a. A cylindrical steel section of 
shaft, used for sinking through running 
or waterlogged ground, A horizontal cais- 
son is used for tunneling through similar 
ground, perhaps with pressure locks to aid 
in keeping out water. Pryor, 3. b. A cham- 
ber, usually sunk by excavating within it, 
for the purpose of gaining access to the 
bed of a stream or other body of water. 
If the chamber is closed on top and the 
water excluded by ir pressure, it is called 
a pneumatic caisson. Seelye, 1. c. A water- 
tight chamber used in construction work 
under water (as in a harbor or river) or 
as a foundation. Webster 3d. Also, used 
in excavating for foundations in the pres- 
ence of great quantities of water. Fay. 

caisson disease. Pains in the joints and par- 
alysis affecting workers in compressed air 
who are subjected too suddenly to normal 
atmospheric pressure. The trouble is caused 
by bubbles of nitrogen accumulating in 
the nervous system. The only satisfactory 
treatment is to put the sufferer into a 
medical lock to be recompressed to the 
pressure under which he was working, and 
then gradually to reduce the pressure. 
This disease is also known as the bends, 
diver’s paralysis, air embolism, and com- 
pressed-air sickness. Ham. 

caisson sinking; drum shaft; drop shaft. A 
method of sinking a shaft through wet 
clay, sand or mud down to firm strata. 
The cast-iron tubbing, attached ring by 
ring on the surface, is gradually lowered 
as the shaft is excavated. There is a spe- 
cial airtight working chamber at the bot- 
tom of the lining. A cutting shoe at the 
lower end of the tubbing helps it to pene- 
trate the soft ground. The caisson method 
is obsolescent, being replaced by the freez- 
ing method, etc. See also concrete caisson 
sinking. Nelson. 

cajon. Sp. In the Southwestern United 
States, a cafion or narrow gorge with steep 
sides; a box gorge. Standard, 1964. 

cake. a. Solidified drill sludge. Long. b. That 
portion of a drilling mud adhering to the 
walls of a borehole. Long. c. The solid 
residue left in a filter press after the solu- 
tion has been drawn off. Fay. d. See cake 
of gold. Fay. e. To form in a mass as when 
ore sinters together in roasting, or coal 
cakes together in coking. Fay. f. In pow- 
der metallurgy, a coalesced mass of un- 
pressed metal powder. ASM Gloss. 

cake bed. Som. A 5-foot bed of limestone; 
used for inside work. Arkell. 

cake copper. Copper cast in a round, cake- 
shaped mass. See also tough cake. Hess. 

caked dust. Compaction or adherence of dust 
particles to the extent that a light stroke 
with a brush or a light airblast, as from 
the mouth, will not cause the dust to be 
dispersed. I.C. 8001, 1960, p. 2. 





ealaverite 


cake of gold. Gold formed into a compact 
mass (though not melted) by distillation of 
mercury from amalgam. Also called sponge 
gold. Fay. 

cakes of ore. Flattish masses of ore. Nelson. 

cake silver. Name formerly given in England 
to pure silver. Hess. 

cake thickness. The measure of the thickness 
of the filter cake deposited by a drilling 
fluid against a porous medium. Cake thick- 
ness and water loss constitute the determin- 
ing factors of filtration qualities. Brantly, 1 

caking coal. Coal which softens and agglom- 
erates on heating and after volatile matter 
has been driven off at high temperatures, 
produces a hard gray cellular mass of coke; 
all caking coals are not good coking coals. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. See also coking coal. 

caking index; agglutinating power. A labora- 
tory method of indicating the degree of 
caking, coking or binding together of a 
coal when a sample is heated in a pre- 
scribed manner. Nelson. 

eal. a, Corn. Wolframite; tungstate or iron 
and manganese. Frequently associated with 
tin ore. Fay. b. Abbreviation for calorie. 
Also abbreviated C and c. BuMin Style 
Guide, p.58; Webster 3d. 

cala. A short and narrow ria formed in a 
limestone coast. Schieferdecker. 

calabashing. Panning tin gravels in a half- 
calabash gourd. Used in prospecting and 
alluvial mining in primitive conditions. 
Pryor, 3. 

Calabrian. Lower pleistocene. A.G.J. Supp. 

calaite. The mineral turquoise. Fay. 

calamaco. Mex. Large piece of rock, diffi- 
cult to break up. Fay. 

calamanco; calaminker. N. of Eng. Red or 
mottled Paleozoic marls and shales. Arkell. 

calamin. To apply to (pottery) a wash made 
from the pigment calamine. Standard, 1964. 

calamine. a. A commercial, mining, and 
metallurgical term comprising the oxidized 
ores of zinc, as distinguished from the sul- 
fide ores (blendes). Used by mineralogists 
as the name of mineral species; American 
mineralogists commonly call the hydrous 
silicate of zinc, HeO-2ZnO-SiOs, by this 
name, but inasmuch as British mineralo- 
gists call the anhydrous carbonate, ZnCOs, 
by the same name, some authorities advo- 
cate discontinuance of the use of the name 
for distinct mineral species and the con- 
finement of its use to a class of ores, which 
was the original use and still is the com- 
mercial and technical use. Fay. b. A special 
kind of so-called galvanized iron. Also 
spelled kalamin. Standard, 1964. c. Some- 
times used in Europe as a synonym for 
smithsonite, A.G.I. d. Synonym for hemi- 
morphite. Dana 17. 

calamine stone. Eng. A carbonate of zinc; 
smithsonite. Fay. 

calamine violet. An indicator plant which 
grows only on zinc-rich soils in the zinc 
districts of Central and Western Europe. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 4. 

calamite. An asparagus-green variety of tremo- 
lite. Standard, 1964. 

calas coast. Coast, mostly of the longitudinal 
type, formed by the submergence of small 
valleys which have a rather steep grade, 
so that, also under the influence of the 
breakers, small, hemicircular bays are 
formed. Schieferdecker. 

calaverite. One of the gold telluride group 
of minerals, AuTes. Corresponds to the 
same general formula as sylvanite and 
krennerite. Pale bronze-yellow color or tin- 
white, tarnishing to bronze-yellow on ex- 


ealaverite 


posure; metallic luster; contains 40 to 43 
percent gold, 1 to 3 percent silver. Found 
in the United States (California, Colo- 
rado); Australia; Canada. An important 
source of gold. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calc. Prefix meaning containing calcium car- 
bonate. A.G_I, 

calc-alkalic series. An igneous rock series 
having an alkali-lime index of 55 to 61. 
A.G.I. 

cale-alkali rock. An igneous rock in which 
the proportion of lime and alkalies (in 
relation to the other constituents) is such 
that the dominant minerals are feldspars, 
hornblende, and/or augite, specifically, the 
alkali minerals, such as feldspahtoids and 
soda pyroxenes and soda amphiboles, are 
absent. The term includes granodiorite, 
syenite, diorite, and gabbro, and their vol- 
canic analogs and excludes alkali and api- 
lithic rocks and most peridotites. The term 
is used rather loosely to contrast a rock 
that is not alkaline with one that is, and 
it cannot be strictly limited by definition. 
Holmes, 1928. 

calcaphanite. A variety of diabase showing 
patches of secondary calcium carbonate 
embedded in a green groundmass. Web- 
ster 2d. 

calear. a. An oven, or reverberatory furnace 
used in early glassmaking processes for cal- 
cination of the batch into frit. Webster 3d. 
b. An annealing arch or oven. Webster 3d. 

calcarenite. Suggested by Grabau for a lime- 
stone or dolomite composed of coral sand, 
shell sand, or calcic sand derived from the 
erosion of limestones. Fay. 

calcareous. a. Like calcite or calcium car- 
bonate, especially in hardness. Webster 3d. 
b. Consisting of or containing calcium car- 
bonate. Webster 3d. c. Containing calcium 
or any calcium compound. Webster 3d. d. 
Relating to rocks containing calcium car- 
bonate. Webster 3d. e. Growing on lime- 
stone or in soil impregnated with lime. 
Webster 3d. 

calcareous algae. Algae that forms deposits 
of calcium carbonate. Fossil calcareous 
algae are found in the United States. 
MacCracken. 

calcareous clay. A clay containing the min- 
erals calcite and/or dolomite in amounts 
sufficient to cause obvious effervescence 
with dilute HCl. If the carbonates are in 
sufficient excess over Fe2O:x, the clay fires 
to a cream color and has a short vitrifica- 
tion range. ACSB-1. 

calcareous crust; caliche. An indurated hori- 
zon cemented with calcium carbonate. 
Schieferdecker. 

calcareous deposit. A limestone, formed by 
the accumulation of varied fossil (or re- 
cent) shell fragments, corals, micro-orga- 
nisms, etc., in a matrix partly of organic 
and partly of inorganic origin. Distinctive 
types are determined either by characteris- 
tic fossils, peculiar structures, or by the 
presence of particular compounds or im- 
purities. Some degree of consolidation is 
common to all calcareous devosits except 

a the abyssal oozes. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

‘galcareous dust. Limestone, quicklime, hy- 
drated lime, and cement dusts fall in this 
class. These dusts are more or less soluble 
in the body fluids, and are eventually ab- 
sorbed. They cause no chronic irritation 
of the respiratory tract. Pit and Quarry, 
J3rd, Sec. B, p. 252. 

calcareous glazes. Glazes in which lime or 
other calcium compounds are the main 
fluxing agents. Rosenthal. 








162 


calcareous grits. Sandy beds, intermixed with 
or cemented by calcium carbonate. Fay. 

calcareous iron ore. Siderite, FeCos, contain- 
ing some calcium. Hess. 

calcareous marl. Unconsolidated material that 
is mainly a mixture of calcium carbonate 
and clay. AIME, p. 132. 

calcareous oozes. a. Sediment consisting 
mostly of the shells of one-celled animals 
and which become chalk when hardened. 
MacCracken. b. These contain more than 
30 percent calcium carbonate, which rep- 
resents the skeletal material of various 
plankton animals and plants. The calcare- 
ous oozes may be further divided into three 
types, depending upon a characteristic type 
of organism present in the sediment, 
namely: (1) globigerina ooze, in which 
the calcium carbonate is in the tests of 
pelagic foraminifera; (2) pteropod ooze, 
containing conspicuous shells of pelagic 
molluscs; and (3) coccolith ooze, contain- 
ing large numbers of coccoliths and rhab- 
doliths that form the protective structures 
of the minute Coccolithophoridae. H&G, 
Palio 

calcareous ores. Iron ores in which the gangue 
consists mainly of carbonate of lime. 
Osborne. 

calcareous peat. Same as eutrophic peat. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

calcareous rocks. Rocks which are wholly or 
largely calcium (lime) carbonate. Mason, 
we Ljep. 13: 

calcareous sandstone. A sandstone contain- 
ing a considerable proportion of calcium 
carbonate. Fay. 

calcareous sinter. See travertine. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

calcareous spar. Crystalline calcium carbon- 
ate. See also calcite. Fay. 

calcareous tufa. A spongy, porous or vesicu- 
lar deposit or calcium carbonate. When 
the carbonate of calcium is deposited in 
a solid form it is called travertine or calc- 
sinter. Stalactites and stalagmites are of 
this nature. Fay. 

calcarinate. Cemented with calcium carbon- 
ate. A.G.JI. Supp. 

calc-dolomite. Rock consisting of both cal- 
cite and dolomite crystals. A.G.I. Supp. 

calce. Native calcium oxide, CaO, found on 
Mount Vesuvius, Italy. It formed from 
limestone enveloped in lava and altered by 
the heat of the lava. Hess. 

calcedony. See chalcedony. Fay. 

calc-flinta. A very fine-grained metamorphic 
rock of flinty aspect derived from a cal- 
careous mudstone. The new minerals are 
in part due to pneumatolytic processes, 
and include feldspars and lime-silicate min- 
erals, the latter being less abundant than 
in a calc-silicate hornfels. Holmes, 1928. 

calcia. The chemical compound, calcium 
oxide (CaO). Boynton. 

calciborite. Calcium borate, CasBsO.,, mono- 
clinic. White radial aggregates in drill 
cores from limestone skarn, from the Urals, 
U.S.S.R. Named from the composition. See 
also frolovite. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

calcic. a. Of, peratining to, or containing cal- 
cium. Said especially of minerals, particu- 
larly feldspars, in which calcium is an 
important constituent. Fay. b. Refers to 
igneous rocks having an alkali-lime index 
of 61 or higher. A.G.I. Supp. 

calciclase. Proposed by Johannsen for the 
calcic plagioclases from Ango to Anioo, com- 
monly called anorthite. The term anorthite 
would be reserved for the pure end-mem- 


ber. Obsolete. A.G.I. 











calcined refractory dolomite 


calcic series. Those igneous rock series hav- 


ing an alkali-lime index of 61 or higher. | 


A.G.1. 

calciferous. Bearing, producing, or contain- 
ing calcium, calcium carbonate, or calcite. 
Webster 3d. 

calcify. To make or to become hard or stony 
by the deposit of calcium salts. Standard, 
1964. 

calcigenous. Forming a calx; said of certain 
metals. Standard, 1964. 


calcilutite. a. Suggested by Grabau for a) 


limestone or dolomite composed of cal- 
careous rock flour, the composition of 
which is typically nonsiliceous, though 
many calcilutites contain an intermixture 
of clay. Fay. b. A consolidated lime mud. 
Webster 3d. 

calcinable. Capable of being calcined or re- 


duced to a friable state by the action of | 


fire. Fay. 
calcination. a. Heating ores, 


bonates, hydrates, or other compounds. 
ASM Gloss. The process differs from roast- 
ing because air is not supplied to the 
charge during heating. The essential dif- 
ference between calcining and roasting is 
that roasting involves a chemical reaction 
between the gas and the solids, but in cal- 





concentrates, | 
precipitates, or residues to decompose car- 


cination the surrounding hot gas serves” 


merely to provide the necessary heat. New- 
ton, pp. 284-285. b. A heat treatment to 
which many ceramic raw materials are 
subjected preparatory to further-processing 
or use, for the purpose of driving off vola- 
tile chemically combined components and 
effecting physical changes. HW. c. To heat 


metals at high temperatures to convert | 


them into their oxides. See also roasting. 
Nelson. 

calcinatory. See calciner. Fay. 

calcine. a. Ore or concentrate after treatment 
by calcination or roasting and ready for) 
smelting. C.T’.D. b. To expel volatile mat- 
ter by heat, as carbon dioxide, water of | 
sulfur, with or without oxidation; to roast; 
to burn (said of limestone in making lime). 
Fay. c. To disintegrate or make friable, as 
with flint. Hess. d. A ceramic material or 
mixture fired to less than fusion for use 
as a constituent in a ceramic composition. 





j 
fi 


| 
| 
| 
| 


ASTM C242-60. e. A refractory material, | 


often fire clay, that has been heated to 
eliminate volatile constituents and to pro- 
duce desired physical changes. ASTM ' 
C71-64. 


calcined aluminas. These are avaiable in sev- | 
eral grades based on the degree of heat’ 


treatment received. Traces of residual 
water remain and they are more easily) 
broken down by milling than other types 
of alumina. They are fluffier, less pure, 


and usually contain less alpha phase than | 


the tabular grades. They are normally pro- 
duced in 100 mesh and finer sizes. Lee. 

calcined bauxite. Bauxite from which the 
water has been driven off by heating. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 285. 


calcined clay. Ball clay or china clay that) 
has been heated until combined water is) 


removed and plastic character of the clay 
is destroyed. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcined gypsum. Gypsum partially dehy- 
drated by means of heat, having the approx- 
imate chemical formula, CaSO.-%H2O. 
ASTM C11-60. 

calcined kaolin. A claylike, mealy, white, 
grayish or reddish aluminum silicate, used 
in making porcelain. Crispin. 

calcined refractory dolomite. Raw refractory 






\ 





= 


me 

















calcined refractory dolomite 


dolomite that has been heated to a tem- 
perature sufficiently high and for a long 
enough time to decompose the carbonate 
structure and remove volatile constituents. 


ASTM C71-64. 


\ealciner. A furnace or kiln for roasting. Fay. 


calcining. a. Roasting of ore in oxidizing 


atmosphere, usually to expel sulfur or car- 
bon dioxide. If sulfur removel is carried to 
practical completion, the operation is 
termed sweet roasting; if COs is virtually 
removed, dead roasting. Pryor, 3. b. Re- 
ducing to powder by heating. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 234, 


‘calcining furnace. A furnace in which ores 


| 


| 








| 


7 


i 
: 








i] 


it 


| 


or metallurgical products are calcined. 
C.T.D. Also called calciner. Fay. 


jcalcining of refractory materials. The heat 


| 
| 


treatment to which raw refractory mate- 
rials are subjected, preparatory to further 
processing or use, for the purpose of elimi- 
nating volatile chemically combined con- 
stituents and producing volume changes. 


ASTM C71-64. 


jcalcinite. A silicon-carbide preparation. Used 


: 


as an abrasive. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 


calcioancylite. A brownish-yellow variety of 


ancylite with the formula, (Sr,Ca)sCes- 
(COs)7;(OH)«3H:O. The strontium is 
partly replaced by calcium and some bar- 
ium; from the pegmatites of the Khibine 
Peninsula, northern Russia. Also called cal- 
cium ancylite and incorrectly calciumcylit. 
Hay 2d, 1955; Hess; Crosby, p. 94. 


jcalciocelestite. A variety of celestite contain- 


ing calcium. Standard, 1964. 


jcalciocopiapite. The calcium member of the 


copiapite family, CaFe.(SO,.)«6(OH)=»19- 
H.O, occurring at Dashkesan, Middle Cau- 
casus, U.S.S.R. See also tusiite. Hey, MM, 
1964; Fleischer. 


jcalcioferrite. A yellow-green calcium-iron hy- 


drous phosphate, 6CaO.3Fe2Os.4P20s.19- 
H2O; Mohs’ hardness, 2.5; specific gravity, 
2.53; in scales (monoclinic ?) or as nod- 
ules. Larsen, p. 81. 


jcalciornotite. See tyuyamunite. 
\calciostrontianite. A  strontianite, (Sr,Ca)- 


COs, containing 13.14 percent CaCOs; 
from Brixlegg, Tirol. Dana 6d, p. 288. 


jralciovolborthite. A moderately radioactive 


mineral, CuCa(VO,z) (OH) ; possibly ortho- 
rhombic; occurs either in flat, thin, green 
or greenish-yellow crystals or in a form 
that is gray and granular; found in the 
Colorado plateau area in sandstone, asso- 
ciated with carnotite and tyuyamunite; 
also found in the oxidized zone of deposits 
containing vanadium minerals. Crosby, pp. 


67-68; Hess. 


jcalciphyre. A marble with conspicuous cal- 


cium and/or magnesium silicate minerals. 
See also calc-silicate marble; limurite ; mag- 
nesium marble; marble; skarn; tactite. 


A.G.I. 


|calcirudite. Suggested by Grabau for a lime- 


stone or dolomite composed of broken or 
worn fragments of coral or shells or of 
limestone fragments, the interstices filled 
with calcite, sand, or clay. The cement is 
calcareous. Fay. 


fealcisiltite. Limestone composed of calcite 


grains of silt size. A.G.I. Supp. 


jealcite. A mineral having the composition, 


CaCOs:, which correseponds to a compo- 
sition or 56.0 percent CaO and 44.0 per- 
cent COs. Specific gravity 2.71 for pure 
calcite crystals. Calcite is the essential con- 
stituent of limestone, chalk, and marble, 
and a minor constituent of many other 
rocks, HW, More commonly known as 








163 


limestone. Used as a flux in the manufac- 
ture of pig iron and steel. Principal sources 
in the United States are Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, West Virginia, and _ Illinois. 
Crispin. 

calcite bubble. A hollow sphere of calcite 
formed by the deposition of calcite around 
a gas bubble. Schieferdecker. 

calcite ledge. A ledge of calcite projecting 
horizontally into a pool at its water level. 
Schieferdecker. 

calcite limestone. A limestone containing not 
more than 5 percent of magnesium car- 
bonate. ASTM C119-50. 

calcite marble. A crystalline variety of lime- 
stone containing not more than 5 percent 
of magnesium carbonate. ASTM C119-50. 

calcite satin spar. See satin spar. Shipley. 

calcite skin. A thin coating of calcite on clay 
walls, formed by ascending solutions. 
Schieferdecker. 

calcitic dolomite. A carbonate rock composed 
of between 10 and 50 percent calcite and 
between 50 and 90 percent dolomite. A.G.I. 

calcitite. A rock composed of calcite, for 
example, limestone. A.G.I. Supp. 

calcitization. Alteration of aragonite to cal- 
cite. A.GJI. Supp. 

calcitrant. a. Refractory, Fay. b. Said of cer- 
tain ores. Fay, 

calcium. Silvery-white; rather soft; bivalent 
metallic element of the alkaline-earth 
group; quickly tarnishes in air; and when 
heated burns with a brilliant light. Used 
chiefly in alloys and in various metallurgi- 
cal processes, often as a scavenger. It never 
occurs uncombined in nature but is very 
common in combination in certain min- 
erals and rocks, especially as a carbonate 
(as in limestone), a sulfate, or a phos- 
phate; in practically all natural waters; 
and in most animals and plants as an 
essential constituent. Webster 3d. Symbol, 
Ca; isometric; atomic number, 20; atomic 
weight, 40.08; specific gravity, 1.55 (at 
20° C); melting point, 851° C; boiling 
point, 1,487° C; decomposes water to form 
hydrogen and calcium hydroxide; and spe- 
cific electrical resistivity, 4.6 microhms per 
cubic centimeter. C.T.D.; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-104. 

calcium acetate. Ca(C2HsO2)2; molecular 
weight, 158.17; colorless; crystalline; sol- 
uble in water; and slightly soluble in ethyl 
alcohol. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-160. 

calcium acrylate. A free-flowing white pow- 
der; (H:C:C HCOO)-Ca; and forms a di- 
hydrate which is also a free-flowing pow- 
der. Used as a binder for clay products 
and foundry molds. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium-aluminum garnet. Same as grossu- 
larite. Shipley. 

calcium-aluminum silicate. This material, 
known as calumite, is used to make amber 
and green glasses. Lee. 

calcium antimonate. CaO-Sb2O;. Limited use 
as an opacifier in enamels and glazes. Lee. 

calcium autunite. Artificially prepared autun- 
ite in which calcium can be replaced 
by Na, K, Ba, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mg. Syno- 
nym for autunite. Spencer 19, M.M., 1962. 

calcium bicarbonate. A compound, Ca- 
(HCOs)2; molecular weight, 162; cannot 
be isolated as a solid since it decomposes 
easily, thus all its reactions are carried out 
in solution, One of the chief causes of 
temporary hardness of water. Cooper, p. 
286, 











calcium-chloride process 


calcium boride. CaB,. Used in deoxidizing 
copper. Hess. 

calcium carbide. Tetragonal; CaC2; colorless 
when pure; usually ranging from dark gray 
to brown; and decomposes in water. Pro- 
duced commercially by heating quicklime 
and carbon togcther in an electric furnace. 
Used for the generation of acetylene and 
for making calcium cyanamide. Webster 
3d; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. B-161. 

calcium carbonate; chalk; calcite; aragonite. 
a. White powder or colorless crystals; 
CaCOs. One of the most stable, common, 
and widely dispersed of materials. It occurs 
in nature as aragonite, calcite, chalk, lime- 
stone, lithographic stone, marble, marl, and 
travertine. CCD 6d, 1961. Referred to as 
whiting, it has many uses in ceramics to 
introduce calcia. Lee. Also used as a sep- 
arator in glass firing. Kinney. b. Calcium 
carbonate (molecular weight, 100.09) crys- 
tallizes in two crystal systems: Hexagonal 
rhombohedral or hexagonal as calcite and 
orthorhombic as aragonite. Hexagonal cal- 
cium carbonate (calcite) is colorless, white, 
yellowish, or rarely pale gray, red, green, 
blue, or violet; specific gravity, 2.710 (at 
18° C) ; Mohs’ hardness, 3; melting point, 
1,339° C (at 1,025 atmospheres) ; decom- 
poses at 898.6° C; and soluble in water, 
in acids, and in ammonium chloride solu- 
tion. Orthorhombic calcium carbonate 
(aragonite) is colorless, white, yellow, red- 
dish, bluish, or black; specific gravity, 
2.930, ranging from 2.85 to 2.94; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3.5 to 4.0; transforms to calcite 
at 520° C; decomposes at 825° C; and 
soluble in water, in acids, and in ammo- 
nium chloride solution. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
pp. B-161, B-242. c. Source of quicklime 
and of calcium metal. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

calcium carbonate, precipitated. See chalk, 
precipitated. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium carbonate, prepared. See chalk, pre- 
pared. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium chloride; anhydrous calcium chloride. 
A deliquescent salt; CaCl. Obtained from 
brine wells. dry lake beds, and as a by- 
product for making soda ash and other 
chemicals. In the anhydrous state, it 1s 
a white porous solid. Used as a drying and 
dehumidifying agent. In a more or less 
hydrated state, it is in solid, colorless flakes 
or in a water solution. Used for controlling 
dust; for melting snow and ice on roads; 
for freezeproofing ; in freezing mixtures; in 
refrigeration brine; and in concrete as an 
accelerator or an aid in curing. Webster 
3d. Molecular weight, 110.99; colorless; 
isometric; deliquescent; specific gravity, 
2.15 (at 25° C, referred to water at 4° C) ; 
melting point, 772° C; boiling point, above 
1,600° C; very soluble in water; and sol- 
uble in alcohol, in acetone, and in acetic 
acid. The common hydrates of calcium 
chloride are calcium chloride monohydrate 
(CaCleH:O) ; calcium chloride dihydrate 
(CaCle-2H-O) ; and calcium chloride hex- 
ahydrate (CaCle.6H:0). Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-161. Anhydrous calcium chloride is the 
source of calcium metal produced by elec- 
trolysis. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

calcium-chloride process. A method used to 
consolidate floor dust in mine roadways in 
which calcium chloride is applied with a 
wetting agent. This wet calcium-chloride 
process is widely used in Europe. Roberts, 


calcium-chloride process 


TI, p. 109, 

calcium-chromium garnet. Same as uvaro- 
vite. Shipley. 

calcium cyanamide. CaCNz; molecular 
weight, 80.10; colorless; hexagonal rhom- 
bohedral; and melting point, about 1,190° 
C. Used as fertilizer. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

calcium cyanide. Colorless crystals or white 
powder; . gray-black (technical grade) ; 
Ca(CN)e. Used for leaching gold and sil- 
ver ores CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium dialuminate. CaO-2Al,O03; melting 
point, 1,705° C; thermal expansion, 5.0 x 
10°. Present in high-alumina cement but 
does not itself have cementing properties. 
Dodd. 

calcium ferrite. In the binary system, two 
ferrites are formed—CaO-Fe.O3; and 2Ca- 
O-FezO;; the former may occur in some 
high-aJumina cement. Dodd. 

calcium fluoride; fluorite; fluorspar. CaF:; 
colorless when pure and it is found in 
nature as the mineral fluorite (fluorspar). 
Webster 3d. Molecular weight, 78.08; iso- 
metric; specific gravity, 3.180, ranging 
from 2.97 to 3.25; Mohs’ hardness, 4; 
melting point, 1,360° C; boiling point, 
about 2,500° C; slightly soluble in water 
and in acids; soluble in ammonium salt 
solutions; and insoluble in acetone. The 
mineral fluorite (fluorspar) is colorless, 
often yellow, blue, green, and violet, and 
rarely red. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-161, B-243. 
An peep constituent of opal glass. 
CT.D 

calcium ‘fluosilicate; calcium silicofluoride. 
Colorless or white powder; tetragonal; 
CaSiFs or CaSiFs.2H:O (calcium fluosili- 
cate dihydrate). Used in ceramics. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-161. 

calcium 45. Radioactive calcium; mass num- 
ber, 45; half-life, 165 days; and radiation, 
beta. Used to study calcium exchange in 
clays; ion exchange; and diffusion of cal- 
cium in glass. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-12. 

calcium glass. See crown glass. Shipley. 

calcium hafnate. CaHfO;; melting point 2,- 
470 + 20° C; specific gravity, 5.73; ther- 
mal expansion (10—1,300° C), 7 x 10°. 
Dodd. 

calcium hexaluminate. CaO.6Al,O;; melts 
incongruently at 1,850° C to form corun- 
dum and a liquid. Dodd. 

calcium hydrate. See calcium hydroxide; 
hydrated lime. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium hydroxide; calcium hydrate; hy- 
drated lime; lime hydrate; caustic lime; 
slaked lime. Soft; white; crystalline pow- 
der; alkaline, slightly bitter taste; Ca- 
(OH)e. Used in metallurgy. CCD 6d, 
1961, Molecular weight, 74.09; colorless; 
hexagonal; specific gravity, 2.230; no 
melting point because it loses HzO at 
580° C; slightly soluble in water; and 
soluble in ammonium-chloride solution. 
Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-161. 
Commonly sold as a white powder or in 
a water suspension (milk of lime). Webster 
3d: 

calcium hypochlorite; calcium oxychloride; 
chlorinated lime; hypochlorite of lime; 
bleaching powder; bleach. Ca(C10)..- 
4H:O; molecular weight, 215.06; colorless 
crystals or white powder; deliquescent; 
and soluble in water. Used as a bleaching 
agent and as a disinfectant. Bennett 2d, 





164 


1962. 

calcium-iron garnet. 
Shipley. 

calcium-lead. Lead hardened by a fractional 
percent of calcium. Hess. 

calcium lignosulfonate. Used as a binder for 
nonmagnetic ores, See also lignosulfonates. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium-magnesium pyrophosphate. Ca:Meg>- 
(P2O;)2; molecular weight, 476.88; a green 
powder; insoluble in water; and. soluble 
in acid, Used in porcelains and enamels. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

calcium metasilicate; wollastonite. CaSiO;; 
monoclinic; a brilliant white nonmetallic 
mineral. Used as a filler for ceramics and 
as mineral filler. CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium mica. See margarite. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

calcium minerals. Naturally abundant and 
widely exploited in industry. Main useful 
ores are calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, gyp- 
sum. Apatite is mined for phosphorus, 
fluorite for fluorides, colemanite, and ulex- 
ite for boron. Pryor, 3 

calcium molybdate. Colorless; tetragonal; 
CaMoO;:; specific gravity, 4. 38 to 4. SRP and 
melting point, above 1,500° C. A small 
addition promotes good adherence on cer- 
tain enamels when used in conjunction 
with antimony oxide. Lee; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-162. 

calcium monoaluminate. CaO.Al-O3; melting 
point 1,605° C. A principal constituent of 
high-alumina cement. Dodd. 

calcium montmorillonite. An artificially pre- 
pared clay mineral with calcium in place 
of magnesium. Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

calcium nitrate; lime nitrate; nitrocalcite; 
lime saltpeter. Colorless or white; iso- 
metric; hygroscopic; Ca(NOs)2. Used in 
explosives ; in incandescent gas mantles; 
and in fertilizers. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Phacer 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-162. 

calcium  orthosilicate; dicalcium silicate. 
2CaO.SiOz; melting point, 2,130° C. Oc- 
curs in four crystalline forms: a, stable 
above 1,447° C; o, bredigite, stable from 
about 800° to 1,447° C on _ heating; 
1,447° to 670° C on cooling. 6 larnite, 
stable or metastable from 520° to 670° C; 
y, stable below 780° to 830° C. Material 
in which a considerable amount of 2CaO.- 
SiOe2 has been formed by high temperature 
reactions, falls to a powder—dusts—on 
cooling because of the inversion (accom- 
panied by a 10 percent increase in volume) 
to the y-form at 520° C,. The inversion 
can be prevented by the addition of a 
stabilizer, for example, BeOs or P2O;. Cal- 
cium orthosilicate is a constituent of Port- 
land Cement and may be found in dolo- 
mite refractories. Dodd. 

calcium oxide; calcia; quicklime; burnt lime; 
lime; fluxing lime; pebble lime. a. CaO; 
molecular weight, 56.08; colorless; iso- 
metric; specific gravity, 3.40; melting 
point, 9 972° C; boiling point, 2,850° C; 
and soluble in ethyl alcohol, Used in me- 
tallurgy. Bennett 2d, 1962. b. Source of 
calcium metal. Bureau of Mines Staff 

calcium phosphate. See apatite. Fay. 

calcium phosphate, dibasic; dicalcium ortho- 
phosphate; secondary calcium phosphate. 
White; tasteless; triclinic; CaHPO..2H2O 
and CaHPO,. Used in glass manufacture. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

calcium phosphate, monobasic; calcium bi- 
phosphate; monocalcium orthophosphate; 


Same as andradite. 


calcium stannate. White; crystalline; 


calcium stearate. White powder; Ca(CisHs;- 


calcium sulfate; anhydrous calcium sulfate; 





calcium sulfate dihydrate; gypsum. The nat-— 


calcium sulfate dihydrate 


acid calcium phosphate. Colorless; pearly; 
triclinic; scales or powder; deliquescent in 
air; CaH;(POx,):.H2O, Used in glass manu- 
facture. CCD 6d, 1961. 


calcium phosphate, tribasic; calcium ortho- 


phosphate; tricalcium orthophosphate; tri- 
calcium phosphate. White; odorless; taste- 
less; amorphous powder; Cas(PO.)2. Oc- 
curs abundantly in nature as phosphate 
rock, apatite, and phosphorite. Used in 
ceramics in porcelains, potteries, enamels, 
and milk glass. CCD 6d, 1961. 


calcium phosphide. Ca;P2; molecular weight, 


182.19; red crystals; gray lumps; specific 
gravity, 2.51 (at 15° C); and melting 
point, about 1,600° C. Used for signa! 
fires. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-162. 


calcium plumbate; calcium orthoplumbate. 


Orange to brown; crystalline; CasPbO,; 
and decomposed by hot water or carbon 
dioxide. Used in glass and as an oxidizing 
agent. CCD 6d, 1961. 


calcium potassium sulfate; kaluszite; synge- 


nite. CaK2(SOx)2H2O; monoclinic; specific 
gravity, 2.60. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


calcium resinate. Yellowish-white ; amorphous 


powder or lumps, Used in manufacturing 
porcelains and enamels. CCD 6d, 1961. 


calcium silicates. The four compounds are: 


wollastonite (CaO.SiOz) ; rankinite (3Ca- 
O.2SiO2) ; calcium orthosilicate (2CaO.- 
SiOz); and tricalcium silicate (3CaQO-- 
SiOz). Dodd 


calcium silicide; calcium-silicon. CaSiz; mo- 


lecular weight, 96.25; specific gravity, 2.5; 
and insoluble i in water. Used in metallurgy 
and in explosives. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-163. 


calcium silicofluoride. See calcium fluosili- 


cate. CCD 6d, 1961. 
CaSn- 
O::3H2O. Used as an additive in ceramic 
capacitors and in the production of ceramic 
colors. CCD 6d, 1961. Melting point, 
above 1,200° C. Lee. | 


Oz)2. CCD 6d, 1961. Molecular weight, 
607.04; crystalline; insoluble in water; 
and insoluble in ethyl alcohol and in ether. 
Used in waterproofing; in plastics; and in- 
concrete. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-163. 





anhydrite. The natural anhydrous form is 
the mineral anhydrite; CaSOu.. Molecular: 
weight, 136.14; colorless ; orthorhombic be-— 
coming monoclinic at 1,193° C; specific 
gravity, 2.960, ranging from 2.899 to. 
2.985; Mohs’ hardness, 3.0 to 3.5; melting | 
point, 1,450° C; slightly soluble in water; 
soluble in acids, in ammonium salt solu-— 
tions, and in glycerol. The mineral anhy- 
drite is colorless, white, gray, black, brown, | 
or reddish. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-163, B-242. 


ural hydrated form of calcium sulfate is 
the mineral gypsum; CaSO.-2H2O. Molec- 
ular weight, 172.17; colorless; monoclinic; 
specific gravity, 2.32; Mohs’ hardness, 1.5 | 
to 2.0; loses 2H2O at 163° C; slightly sol-— 
uble in water; soluble in acids, in ammo-) 
nium salt solutions, and in glycerol. The 
mineral gypsum is colorless, white, and) 
often yellow, red, brown, or black. Hand: i 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, pp. B-163, B-243. 








calcium sulfo-aluminates 


}.calcium sulfo-aluminates. T\wo compounds 

exist: the high form, 3CaO.AloO3.3CaSOx.- 

30-32H2O; and the low form, 3CaO.Al2Os.- 

CaSO,.12H2O. Both forms may be pro- 

duced by reaction between 3CaO.AlOs 

and gypsum during the hydration of port- 
land cement. The high form is also pro- 
duced when cement and concrete are 
| attacked by sulfate solutions. Dodd. 

jj.calcium titanate; calcium metatitanate; pe- 

royskite. CaTiO;; melting point, 1,9/5° C. 

Used in high-potassium bodies either alone 

or blended with barium titanate and other 

alkali-earth zirconates and/or stannates. 

Also used in conjunction with some barium 

titanate-lead titanate piezoelectric compo- 

sitions. Lee; Handbook of Chemistry and 

Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-163. 

} calcium tungstate; scheelite. CaWQ;:; mole- 
cular weight, 287.93; colorless or white; 
tetragonal; and specific gravity, 6.06 (at 
20° C). Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 43th ed., 1964, 
p. B-163. 

calcium zirconate; calcium metazirconate. 
CaZrOs;; soluble in nitric and in other 
acids, Used as a chemical raw material. 
CCD 6d, 1961. Melting point, 2,550° C. 
Has favorable refractory characteristics; 
low firing shrinkage; and is stable under 
highly reducing conditions up to 1,750° C. 
Used primarily in dielectric bodies. Lee; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed, 1964, p. B-163. 

| calcium-zirconium silicate. White solid; Ca- 

ZrSiO;s. Used in electrical resistor cera- 

mics and as a glaze opacifier. CCD 6d, 

1961. 

‘ calclacite. Hydrous chloride and acetate of cal- 
cium, CaCle.Ca(C2HsOz)2.10H20O, formed 
as a fibrous efflorescence on certain lime- 
stones stored in wooden drawers. Named 
from the composition, Ca,Cl,Ac. Spencer 
18, M.M., 1949. 

‘calclithite. Limestone containing 50 or more 
percent of fragments of older limestone 
eroded from the land and _ redeposited. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

‘calcomalachite. A mixture of malachite and 
calcite, and also, often, gypsum. An orna- 
pent) stone often sold as malachite. Ship- 
ey. 

Bee couranite, Synonym for autunite. Crosby, 

p. /. 

\calcrete. Suggested by Lamplug for conglo- 

_. merates formed by the cementation of 
surficial gravels by calcium carbonate. Cal- 
cicrete was suggested by Bonney as prefer- 
able. Holmes, 1928. 

‘ calc-sapropel. A deposit composed of sapropel 
(dominant) and remains of calcareous 
algae. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

' calc-schist. A metamorphosed limestone in 
which calcite has recrystallized into elon- 
gated or platy forms, instead of the com- 
moner granular form, thus creating a schis- 
tose structure in the rock. Hess. 

 calec-silicate hornfels. A fine-grained meta- 

| _ morphic rock containing a high percentage 

' of calc-silicate minerals. See also calc- 
flinta; hornfels; limurite; pneumatolytic 

hornfels; skarn; tactite. A.G.J. 

| cale-silicate marble. A marble with conspicu- 
ous calcium and/or magnesium silicate 
minerals. See also calciphyre; limurite; 
magnesian marble; marble; skarn; tactite. 
A.G.I. 

 cale-sinter. Limestone deposited from springs 
and waters containing dissolved calcium 

| carbonate; travertine. Also called calcare- 

ous tufa. Fay. 












165 


calespar. Synonym for calcite. A.G.I. 


Supp. 


cale tufa. Where evaporation goes on steadily 


at the surface while water is being brought 
up from below by capillary action, calcium 
carbonate may become a cement to the 
soil, or to the crumbling rock near the 
surface, and a solid, porous, or spongy 
deposit of calcium carbonate (calc tufa) 
may arise by continued precipitation of 
calcium carbonate in solution from lower 
levels. A.G.I. 


calculiform. Pebble-shaped. Webster 3d. 
calculus. Branch of mathematics which deals 


with rates of change by infinitesimal incre- 
ments. Calculations from these of the cor- 
responding change over finite increments. 
Pryor, 3. 


calcurmolite. The unnamed mineral, Ca- 


(UOz)s(MoO:)3(OH):2.11H2O, is named 
from its composition. Hey, MM, 1964; 
Fleischer. 


caldasite. A mixture of fibrous baddeleyite, 


zircon, altered zircon, and other minerals. 
A massive, light brownish-gray to dark 
blue zirconium-bearing rock containing 
usually 65 to 80 percent ZrOs. Crosby, 
p. 118; Heinrich, p. 125. 


Caldecott come. A conical tank used to settle | 


and discharge as a continuous underflow 
the relatively coarse sand from an over- 
flowing stream of mineral pulp. Another 
similar arrangement is the Callow cone. 
These, and others, are developed from 
spitzkasten. Pryor, 3. 


caldera. a. A large basin-shaped volcanic 


depression, more or less circular or cirque- 
like in form, the diameter is many times 
longer than that of the included volcanic 
vent or vents, no matter what the steep- 
ness of the walls or the form of the floor 
may be. There are three major types ac- 
cording to origin: Explosion caldera, col- 
lapse caldera, and erosion caldera. A.G.I. 
b. A very large crater produced by a 
violent explosion. Webster 3d. 


calderite. A variety of garnet containing the 


manganous-ferric molecule, 3MnO.FesOs.- 
3SiOs. From Nagpur, India. English. 


caldron. a. S. Wales. The fossil remains of 


the cast of the trunk of a sigillaria that 
remained vertical above or below the coal 
seam. See also bell mold. Also called cal- 
dron bottom. Fay. b, A small depression 
more or less circular, elliptical, or oval in 
plan. Schieferdecker. 


caldron bottom. a. Mud-filled prostrate trunk 


of sigillaria in the roof of certain coal 
seams. The trunk is a separate mass of 
rock, with a film of coal around it. It is 
liable to collapse without any warning 
sound. Also called horseback. See also pot, 
c; bell mold; caldron. Nelson. b. Eng. 
A cone-shaped mass with slippery surfaces 
found in the roof of some seams. It some- 
times comprises a ring of coal around a 
core of material differing slightly from 
the oridinary roof. Also called pothole; 
kettle bottom. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 


caldron process. Recovery of silver, in which 


a slurry of the ore in a copper vessel is 
agitated with salt. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


caldron subsidence. The sinking of part of 


the roof of an intrusion within a closed 
system of peripherial faults up which mag- 
mas have penetrated. Holmes, 1928. 


cale. Mid. A specified number of tubs taken 


into a working surface during the shift. 
Fay. 


Caledonian orogeny. a. Post-Silurian dias- 


trophism, A.G.I. Supp. b. In a broad sense. 








California cat’s-eye 


a series of diastrophic movements begin- 
ning perhaps in the early Ordovician 
period and continuing through the Si- 
lurian period, as recorded in the rocks 
in Scotland and in Scandinavia. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Caledonides. A mountain system raised dur- 
ing the late Silurian to the early Devonian 
time, particularly in Scandinavia and in 
Scotland. A.G.J. Supp. 

caledonite. A green basic sulfate of lead 
and copper of uncertain composition. 
Sanford. 

calerer. Eng. Diluvian earth, Suffolk. Arkell. 

calfdozer. A smaller version of the bulldozer. 
Ham. 

calf line. A wire rope or cable wound on the 
calf wheel of a churn- or rotary-drill ma- 
chine and used in handling casing. Also 
called casing line. See also calf wheel. 
Long. 

calf reel. The churn-drill winch used for 
handling casing and for odd jobs. Also 
called casing reel. Nichols. 

calf wheel. a. A short hoising drum with a 
large-diameter driving sprocket, used to 
wind up the casing line or calf line which 
is multiple-reeved through the sheaves of 
the crown and traveling blocks by means 
of which casing and/or drill pipe is han- 
dled. Long. b. A reel used in rope drilling 
to accommodate the rope by which the 
casing is raised or lowcred. B.S. 36/8, 
1963, sec." 

caliber. The inside diameter or bore of a 
tube, pipe, or cylinder. Long. 

calibrate. a. To ascertain the caliber of, as 
a thermometer tube. Webster 3d. b. To 
determine or to mark the capacity or the 
graduations of, or to rectify the graduations 
of, as a graduated measuring instrument. 
Webster 3d. c. To standardize, as a meas- 
uring instrument, by determining the devi- 
ation from standard, especially as to ascer- 
tain the proper correction factors. Webster 
3d. 

ealibrated block. See split block. Skow. 

calichal. Mex. Second-class silver ore car- 
rying from 150 to 1,000 ounces per ton). 
At Pachuca, Hidalgo, the best or first-class 
ore separated in the mine, the second-class 
being known as azogues. Fay 

caliche. a. In Mexico and_ southwestern 
United States, gravel. sand, or desert debris 
cemented by porous calcium carbonate; 
also, the calcium carbonate itself. Fay. b. 
Surface or near-surface deposits of soluble 
salts precipitated by evaporation. Bateman. 
c. Natural Chilean saltpeter. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

calico marble. A local name for a Triassic 
conglomerate from Frederick County, Md.. 
used in the columns of the old Chamber 
of Representatives in the Capitol at Wash- 
ington, D.C. Fay. 

calientes. Mex. Silver ores, generally colo- 
rados, with some iron sulfate, the result 
of weathering. Hess. 

California-bearing ratio. The ratio of the 
force per unit area required to penetrate 
a soil mass with a 3-square-inch circular 
piston (having a 2 inch diameter approxi- 
mately) at the rate of 0.05 inch per min- 
ute to that required for corresponding 
penetration of a standard material. The 
ratio is usually determined at 0.1-inch 
penetration, although other penetrations 
are sometimes used. ASCE P1826. 

California cat’s-eye. Compact fibrous serpen- 
tine, exhibiting an indistinct light line or 
chatoyant effect, and occasionally a fine 


California cat’s-eye 


cat’s-eye. Shipley. 

California hyacinth. Hessonite. Shipley. 

Califormia iris. Kunzite (spodumene). Shipley. 

California lapis. A misnomer for blue du- 
mortierite quartz. Shipley. 

California moonston. White or whitish chal- 
cedony. A misnomer. Shipley. 

California morganite. Morganite from Cali- 
fornia; some of fine color but more often 
a salmon pink color. Shipley. 

Californian jade. See californite. 

Californian onyx. A dark, amber-colored and 
brown aragonite used in ornamentation. 
Standard, 1964. 

Californian stamp. Crushing device operat- 
ing on drop-weight principle. Five heads 
operate in one mortar box, each stamp 
falling 90 times a minute on its die. Mov- 
ing parts are head, shoe, stem, tappet. Last 
name lifted by cam. Once very important, 
today obsolete. Pryor, 3. 

California poppy. A local indicator plant for 
copper in Arizona, observed over the out- 
crop of the San Manuel copper deposit. 
Here the distribution of this species is con- 
fined to copper-rich soil, and its population 
density is closely proportional to the cop- 
per content of the soil. Hawkes, 2, p. 313. 

California pump. a. A rude pump made of 
a wooden box through which an endless 
belt with floats is operated ; used for pump- 
ing water from shallow ground. Zern. b. 
See China pump. Hess. 

California ruby. Garnet. Shipley. 

California sampler. A drive sampler equipped 
with a piston that can be retracted me- 
chanically to any desired point within the 
barrel of the sampler. Long. 

California tigereye. Same as California cat’s- 
eye. Shipley. 

California topaz. Topaz from the Mesa 
Grande and Ramona districts of southern 
California. Usually pale blue to almost 
colorless, but occasionally as fine in color 
as any blue topaz. Shipley. 

California turquoise. Variscite. Shipley. 

California-type dredge. A single-lift dredge 
with stacker. Buckets, which are closely 
spaced, deliver to a tromniel. The oversize 
is piled behind the dredge by a conveyor 
(stacker). Undersize is washed on gold- 
saving tables on the deck; tailings dis- 
charge astern through sluices. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

californite. A compact, massive vesuvianite. 
Used as an ornamental stone. Sanford. See 
idocrase. Dana 17. 

californium. A transuranic element not oc- 
curring in nature. Atomic number, 98 and 
the mass number of the most stable known 
isotope, 251, Produced by Seaborg, Thomp- 
son, Street, and Ghiorso in 1950 by the 
cyclotronic bombardment of curium 242 
with high-energy (35 mev) alpha particles. 
Symbol, Cf. Gaynor; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-91. 

caling. Mid. Conveying tubs into the stalls 
out of turn, irregularly, so that each miner 
is not supplied with an equal number 
during the day. Fay. 

caliper. a. An instrument used to measure 
precisely the thickness or diameter of ob- 
jects or the distance between two surfaces, 
etc. Long. b. An instrument used in con- 
junction with a microlog which, when low- 
ered down a borehole, measures and re- 
cords the internal diameter throughout its 
depth. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. c. An in- 
strument consisting of a graduated beam 
and at right angles to it a fixed arm and 
a movable arm which slides along the 





166 


beam to measure the diameter of logs and 
trees. Webster 3d. d. A device for measur- 
ing the dimensions of an object, usually 
with movable jaws which hold or contact 
an object. When equipped with means for 
accurate measurement of small units, it is 
called a micrometer caliper or simply a 
micrometer. Shipley. 

caliper brakes. Brakes in which two brake- 
shoes are curved to the brake path and 
anchored near the centerline of the drum. 
This gives an increased arc of contact but 
does not increase uniformity of pressure. 
This causes the brake linings to wear un- 
evenly. Sinclair, V, p. 197. 

caliper diameter. The distance measured 
across the bottoms of two opposite tooth 
gaps on a roller chain sprocket having an 
even number of teeth, and measured be- 
tween one tooth gap and the nearest oppo- 
site gap for a sprocket with an odd number 
of teeth. /&M. 

caliper log. Continuous record of the varia- 
tions in mean diameter or in cross-sectional 
area of a borehole with depth. Institute of 
Petroluem, 1961. 

calist. Eng. Hard sand intermixed with 
gravel, which will stand without lining 
tubes during boring operations, until water 
from below rises up, which will cause it 
to fall away. Arkell. 

calite. a. A heat-resisting alloy of aluminum, 
nickel, and iron. Hess. b. Iron or steel 
treated by calorizing. Hess. 

calk. a. To drive tarred oakum into the 
seams between planks and fill with pitch. 
Fay. b. A tapered wedge or cone-shaped 
piece of iron or steel projecting downward 
on the shoe of a draft animal to prevent 
slipping. Webster 3d. c. Limestone or 
chalk. Arkell. d. To peen and draw metal 
toward and around a diamond being hand- 
set in a malleable-steel bit blank. Also 
called peen. Long. e. To wick. Long. f. A 
variety of baryte. Hey 2d, 1955. g. In 
metalworking, to close a joint or seam by 
battering the edge of a plate or fitting. 
Hess. h. To close joints in pipe with lead, 
either as lead wool or as metal which has 
been poured into the joint while melted, 
and which is made watertight and gastight 
by battering with a hammer and calking 
iron. Hess. 

calking. a. The process of peening and draw- 
ing metal toward and around a diamond 
being handset in a malleable-steel bit 
blank, or the material used as backing 
around the diamond. Also called peening. 
See also backing d. Long. b. Wicking. 
Long. c. The process of driving oakum 
or other spongy material into rock crevices 
or into the seams between planks with 
blunt-edge chisels; also, the material so 
driven. Long. 

calking iron. Synonym for calking tool. Long. 

calking lead. Lead 99.73 percent pure; im- 
purities: 0.015 percent arsenic, antimony, 
and tin. together, 0.08 percent copper, 
0.02 percent zinc, 025 percent bismuth, 
0.02 percent silver. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

calking tool. A bunt chisel or punch used in 
calking. Long. 

calkinsite. A hydrous carbonate of rare 
earths, (La,Ce,Nd,Pr)2(COs)»4H:O, as 
minute pale-yellow orthorhombic plates 
from Montana. An alteration product of 
burbankite. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

calkstone. Eng. Alternative name for hassock. 
Arkell. 

call. a. Yield expected, or called for, as result 
of treating a given tonnage of ore, for a 





calomel 


defined period. Pryor, 3. b. Notification to 
holders of incompletely paid-up shares re- 
quiring further payment. Pryor, 3. c. Corn. 
Mock iron or call. Arkell. 

callaghanite. A mineral, CusMg:Ca(OH) u- 
(COs) s:2H2O, blue monoclinic crystals in 
dolomite rock from Gabba, Nev. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955. 

callainite. An apple- to emerald-green, mas- 
sive, waxlike aluminum phosphate, AlPOx 
+2%H.2O. Fay. Possibly a mixture of 
wavellite and turquoise. American Min- 
eralogist, v. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1943, p. 64. 

callais. A precious stone of greenish-blue color, 
probably turquoise, referred to by Pliny in 
77 A.D. Dana uses this as a synonym for 
callainite, an emerald-green hydrated alu- 
minum phosphate. Fay. 

callen; kallen. Irony; especially used when 
a lode is rich in soft iron ocher, Fay. 

caller. N. of Eng. A miner who goes round 
the villages about 2 hours before work 
commences, to call the men who examine 
the mine in the morning before the miners 
enter. Fay. 

calley stone. York. In coal mining, a kind 
of hard sandstone, more or less argilla- 
ceous. See also ganister, d. Fay. 

calliard; galliard. N. of Eng. A hard smooth, 
flinty gritstone. Fay. 

callimus. Loose, stony matter found in the 
cavities of eaglestone. Standard, 1964. 

calling course. Eng. The time for the men 
to go to work. See also caller. Fay. 

callis. Eng. A shaly coal, Lancashire. Nelson. 

Callon’s rule. A rule stating that when a 
pillar has to be left in an inclined seam 
for the support of a shaft or of a surface 
structure, a greater width should be leit 
on the rise side of the shaft or structure 
than on the dip side. Briggs, p. 76. 

Callovian. Uppermost Middle or lowermost 
Upper Jurassic. A.G.I. Supp. 

callow. a. The baring or cover of open work- 
ings. Fay. b. The stratum of soil above the 
subsoil; the top or rubble bed of a quarry. 
Webster 3d. c. A low-lying or marshy 
meadow. Webster 3d. 

Callow cone. A conical free-settling tank. 
Pulp is fed centrally; the finer solid frac- 
tion overflows peripherally and the coarser 
is withdrawn at controlled rate via the 
apex at the bottom of the cone. Pryor, 3. 

Callow flotation cell. An early form of pneu- 
matic flotation cell, still in limited use. 
Air is blown in at the bottom of the tank 
at low pressure, through a porous septum 
such as a blanket, and mineralized froth 
overflows along the sides while the tailings 
progress to the discharge end. Pryor, 3. 

Callow process. A flotation process embody- 
ing the usual principles but in which agi- 
tation is secured by air forced into the 
pulp through the canvas-covered bottom 
of the cell. Fay. 

callows. Som. A name given to a thick coal 
seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Callow screen. A continuous belt formed of 
fine screen wire travels horizontally be- 
tween two drums. Pulp is fed from above 
and flows through together with the finer 
solids, while coarser material is discharged 
as screen passes over the end drum. Pryor, 3. 

callys. Corn. See Killas, a. Fay. 

calm. Scot. A light-colored shale or mud- 
stone. Nelson. 

calmstone; caumstone. Scot. Argillaceous 
limestone or white clay used for whitening 
hearths and doorsteps. Arkell. 

calocar. A white earth or clay. Fay. 


calomel. A mineral, 2[HgsCl.] colorless, 





calomel 


white, grayish- and yellowish-white, yel- 

lowish-gray to ash-gray, brown color. Oc- 

curs as a secondary mineral, and originally 
found at Moschellandsberg, Bavaria, Ger- 

many. Synonym for calomelite ; calomelano 2 

horn quicksilver; mercurial horn ore. Dana 

| 7, v. 2, pp. 26-27; Hey 2d, 1955; A.GI. 

Healomelano. Synonym for calomel. Hey 2d, 

| 1955. 

||) calomel electrode. Half-cell used to measure 

electromotive force; potential being that of 

mercury and mercurous chloride in contact 
with saturated solution of potassium chlo- 

|| ride. Used in pH measurement. Pryor, 3. 

ycalomelite. Synonym for calomel. Spencer 19, 

\) M.M., 1952. 

))calorescence. The phenomenon of glowing 
when a substance is stimulated by the heat 
rays which lie beyond the red end of the 
visible spectrum. Same as thermolumines- 
cence. Shipley. 

)calorie. The gram calorie (or small calorie) 

}| is the quantity of heat required to raise 

|| the temperature of 1 gram of water from 

}| 15° to 16° C. The mean calorie is one- 

| hundredth part of the heat required to 
raise 1 gram of water from 0° to 100° C. 
Owing to slight variations of the specific 
heat of water, these are not exactly equal. 
The kilogram calorie (or large calorie) 
equals 1,000 gram calories. C.T.D. 

) calorific intensity. The temperature of a fuel 

| attained by its combustion. Newton, p. 130. 

\ calorific power. The quantity of heat liber- 
ated when a unit weight or a unit volume 
of a fuel is completely burned. Newton, 
p. 128. 

)ealorifics. a. The science of heating. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. That branch of physics that 
treats of heat, especially of the discarded 

| caloric theory. Standard, 1964. 

|;ealorific value. See gross calorific value; net 

calorific value. A.G.I. 

jealorimeter. Any apparatus for measuring 

| the quantity of heat generated in a body 
or emitted by it, as by observing the quan- 
tity of a solid liquefied or of a liquid 
vaporized under given conditions. Used in 
determining specific heat; latent heat; the 
heat of chemical combinations; etc. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

{calorimeter room. A place at the surface of 
the mine where drained firedamp is moni- 
tored or its heat content ascertained. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

|Calorite. Trade name. A pyroscope similar 

to a pyrometric cone but cylindrical; they 

are made for use between 500° and 1,470° 

C. Dodd. 

| calorizing. A process of rendering the surface 

| of steel or iron resistant to oxidation by 

spraying the surface with aluminum and 
| heating to a temperature of 800° to 
meet000°* C!°C.T2D. 

\caltonite. An extremely compact, bluish-black 
igneous rock related to olivine basalt, con- 
sisting of microphenocrysts of olivine and 
augite in a trachytic groundmass of feld- 
spar laths, augite, iron ore, and isolated 
spots of analcite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, 
p. 242. 

\calumetite. Azure-blue spherules and sheaves 
of orthorhombic scales with good basal 
cleavage, Cu(OH,Cl)»2H:O; from the 
Centennial mine, Calumet, Mich. Named 
from the locality. Compare anthonyite. 

| Hey, MM, 1964; Fleischer. 

)ealving. As applied to glacier ice, the process 
by which a glacier that terminates in a 
body of water breaks away in large blocks. 
Such blocks form the icebergs of polar 








264-972 O-68—12 








167 


seas. Leet. 


calx. a. Powder produced by calcining a 


mineral; lime. Webster 3d. b. The friable 
residue (as a metal oxide) left when a 
mineral or metal has been subjected to 
calcination or roasting. Webster 3d. c. Bro- 
ken and refuse glass. Webster 2d. 


calyou; caildo; kaylowe; kaildo. Eng. Pebbles 


for rubble walling. Arkell. 


calyx. a. A steel tube attached to the upper 


end of a core barrel having the same out- 
side daimeter as the core barrel. The upper 
end is open except for two web members 
running from the inside of the tube to a 
ring encircling the drill rod. The calyx 
serves as a guide rod and also as a bucket 
to catch cuttings that are too heavy to 
be flushed out of the borehole by the cir- 
culation fluid. Also called bucket; sludge 
barrel; sludge bucket. Long. b. Synonym 
for shot drill. Long. c. A pipe or tube 
equipped with a sawtooth cutting edge, 
sometimes used to obtain a core sample 
of a formation being drilled. Compare bas- 
ket, a. Long. d. In well drilling, a long 
cylindrical vessel which guides an annular 
toothed bit. Its action is like that of a 
diamond drill. A toothed cutter takes the 
place of a diamond crown, and is rotated 
by hollow flushing rods with a strong con- 
stant flow of water. A core is cut, pre- 
served in a core barrel and brought to the 
surface. The drills are made large enough 
so that the holes are used as shafts. Hess. 
e. See sediment tube. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 3, 


calyx boring. The process of drilling, and/or 


the hole or core produced with a shot 
drill. Long. 


calyx drill; shot drill. A rotary core drill 


which uses hardened steel shot for cutting 
rock, and will drill holes from diamond 
drill size up to 6 feet or more in diameter. 
Drilling is slow and expensive, and holes 
cannot be drilled more than 35° off the 
vertical, as the shot tends to collect on the 
lower side of the hole. Lewis, p. 84. 


calyx drilling. A method of rotary drilling 


using a toothed cutting bit or chilled shot. 
BiSvsOloy! 968nsecne. 


calyx rod. A round drill rod used on a shot 


drill, usually outside coupled and of larger 
diameter than diamond drill rods. Long. 


calzirtite. A mineral, CaZrsTiO,; tetragonal ; 


from the East Siberian massif, U.S.S.R. 
Named from the composition, calcium-zir- 
conium-titanium. Hey, M.M., 1961. 


cam. a. A rotating piece, either noncircular 


or eccentric, used to convert rotary into 
reciprocating motion, often of irregular 
outline, and giving motion that is irregu- 
lar in direction, rate, or time. Standard, 
1964. In stamp mills, the cam projects 
from a revolving horizontal shaft and 
raises the stamp by catching the lower sur 
face of the tappet or collar surrounding 
the rod on which the stamphead is hung. 
The upper side of the cam has an easy 
curve, such as a parabola, so that when it 
strikes the tappet it may not jar it when 
the lifting movement begins. Sometimes 
called lifter or wiper. Fay. b. A device 
mounted on a revolving shaft used for 
transposing rotary motion into an alternat- 
ing, reciprocating, or back an forth motion. 


Crispin. 


Cambay stone. A variety of carnelian from 


Cambay, India. Fay. 


camber. a. A beam, bar, or girder bent like 


a bow, hump towards the strata. Mason. 
b. Deviation from edge straightness usually 











Campbell process 


referring to the greatest deviation of side 
edge from a straight line. ASM Gloss. 
c. Sometimes used to denote crown in rolls 
where the center diameter has been in- 
creased to compensate for deflection caused 
by the rolling pressure. ASM Gloss. d. A 
vertical convex curve in a culvert barrel. 
Nichols. e. Outward lean of the front 
wheels of a motor vehicle. Nichols. 

camber girder. A normal H-section girder 
which has been slightly bent. They are 
used as roadway supports where the sides 
are strong enough to support them. They 
may also be set on stone, concrete, or brick 
walls built along the sides of the roadway. 
See also steel support. Nelson. 

camber of rolls. See camber. ASM Gloss. 

camber of sheet. See camber. ASM Gloss. 

camber rod. The tensioning rod _ inserted 
below a trussed beam. Ham. 

Cambrian. The oldest of the systems into 
which the Paleozoic stratified rocks are 
divided; also, the corresponding oldest 
period of the Paleozoic era. Fay. 

camel back. A miner’s term sometimes ap- 
plied to such structures as bells, pots, kettle 
bottoms, or other rock masses that tend to 
fall easily from the mine roof. See also 
tortoise. A.G.I. 

Camelia metal. A high copper alloy used for 
bearings containing 70.4 percent copper, 
4,2 percent tin, 10.2 percent zinc, 14.7 
percent lead, and 0.5 percent iron. Camp- 
bell; Camm. 

cameo. A layered stone (onyx, agate, opal, 
etc.) or shell carved in relief to show the 
design in a layer of one color or colors and 
the background in another color or colors. 
Hess. 

cameo ware. Fine pottery with figures in 
relief of a different color from the ground 
as Wedgwood ware and jasper ware. 
Standard, 1964. 

camera lucida. Mirror or prism attached to 
eyepiece of microscope, enabling observer 
to sketch the object displayed. Pryor, 3. 

Cammett table. A side-jerk concentrating 
table similar to the Wilfley table. Hess. 

camouflage. The substitution for a common 
element in a crystal lattice by a trace ele- 
ment of the same valence. A.G.I. 

camouflet. a. A cavity formed in a borehole 
by the dentonation of an explosive charge 
placed in the borehole. Also called cham- 
ber. Long. b. A quarry blasting hole en- 
larged by chambering. Nelson. c, In mili- 
tary mining, an explosive charge designed 
to shatter adjacent ground without dis- 
turbing the surface. Pryor, 3. d. In civil 
mining, a small explosive charge used to 
enlarge an excavation, to spring or cham- 
ber out a hole so that a bigger explosive 
load can then be charged. Pryor, 3. 

camp. A mining town. Weed, 1922. 

campaign. a. The working life of a tank or 
other melting unit between major cold 
repairs. ASTM C162-66. b. The period 
during which a furnace is continuously in 
operation. Fay. 

Campanian. Upper Middle Senonian. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

campanite. A sodic-potassic variety of leucite 
tephrite sometimes containing large pheno- 
crysts of leucite; from Monte Somma, 
Italy. Holmes, 1928. 

campan marble. A_ pale, yellowish-green 
marble mottled with white. A dark green 
variety of marble containing red blotches 
is known as campan rouge. Fay. 

Campbell process. Open-hearth process of 
steel manufacture in which ore and pig 


Campbell process 


iron are used as raw materials in a tilting 
furnace. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

camper. Scot. Coal slightly altered by whin; 
dirty coal. Fay. 

camphor. A translucent, volatile, white resin 
made from an oriental evergreen. Exten- 
sively used in the manufacture of explo- 
sives; celluloid; and disinfectants. Crispin. 

camphor jade. A variety of white translucent 
jadeite resembling crystallized camphor in 
appearance. Shipley. 

cam press. A mechanical press in which one 
or more of the slides are operated by cams; 
usually a double-action press in which the 
blank-holder slide is operated by cams 
through which the dwell is obtained. ASM 
Gloss. 

camp sheathing. A retaining wall to support 
a river bank, formed by timber piles and 
walings, the piles being 6 to 10 feet apart. 
Ham. 

camp sheeting. A sheetpiling used in founda- 
tion work to hold back granular soils or 
sand. Ham. 

camptonite. A lamprophyre containing py- 
roxene, sodic hornblende, and olivine as 
dark constituents, and labradorite as the 
light constituent. Sodic orthoclase may be 
present also. A.G.I. 

camptospessartite. An igneous dike rock com- 
posed of a basic spessartite and titanaugite. 
Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 246. 

campylite. A yellowish to brown variety of 
mimetite crystallizing in _ barrel-shaped 
forms. Fay. A source of lead. 

cam shaft. In stamp battery, horizontal shaft 
on which rotate the cams which lift the 
five individual stamps in a battery. Pryor, 3. 

camshaft. a. In stamp milling, a strong hori- 
zontal revolving shaft to which a number 
of cams are attached in such a manner 
that no two of them shall strike the tappets 
at the same instant, distributing the weight 
to be lifted. Fay. b. The shaft upon which 
are located cams or lobes that open and 
close the valves at the correct time. Shel! 
Oil Co. 

camshaft bearings. The bearings that support 
the camshaft in the engine block. Shell 
Oil Co. 

cam stick. In stamp battery crushing, a 
square-sectioned wooden stick greased on 
underside and leather-lined above, inserted 
between cam and tappet as a stamp rises, 
to facilitate jacking-up on finger bar. 
Pryor, 3 

camstone. a. Scot. A compact whitish lime- 
stone. Standard, 1964. b. Scot. A bluish- 
white clay used for whitening purposes. 
Standard, 1964. 

can. a. A term used in the tristate zinc and 
lead district for a bucket used in hoisting. 
A “can” ranges from 1,200 to 1,400 
pounds capacity. BuMines Bull. 419, 1939, 
p. 203. b. In a nuclear reactor, the con- 
tainer in which fuel rods are sealed to 
protect the fuel from corrosion and pre- 
vent gaseous diffusion products from escap- 
ing into the coolant. Ham. 

Canada balsam; balsam of fir; Canada tur- 
pentine. Yellowish liquid; pinelike odor; 
and soluble in ether, in chloroform, or in 
benzene. Obtained from Abies balsamica. 
Used for lacquers and varnishes and as an 
adhesive for lenses; instruments; etc. Its 
refractive index (1.530) is approximately 
the same as that of most optical glasses. 
C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
tes, 45th ed., 1964, p. E-104. Used as an 
adhesive for mounting small fragments and 
thin sections of rocks, minerals, and fossils 














168 


on glass slides for microscopic examination, 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Canadian asbestos. See chrysotile. C.M.D. 

Canadian pole system. A system of oil-well 
drilling differing from the American cable 
system, in that wooden rods screwed to- 
gether are used instead of a rope. The 
Canadian pole is a useful all-round pros- 
pecting rig, and it is particularly suitable 
for regions where excessive caving makes 
it necessary to have some positive method 
of rotating the bit. Fay. 

Canadian shield. The vast area of Precam- 
brian rocks having an areal extent of 2 
million square miles in eastern Canada. 
CHE.D 

Canadian testing machine. See Quebec stand- 


ard asbestos testing machine. Sinclair, 
W.E., p. 508. 
canadite. A nepheline syenite containing 


albite, or a sodic plagioclase, as the prin- 
cipal feldspar and abundant mafic min- 
erals which contain lime and alumina, that 
is, normative anorthite; the rock type is 
intermediate between albite-nepheline sye- 
nite and shonkinite. Holmes, 1928. 

canal. a. An artificial watercourse cut through 
a land area for use in navigation, irriga- 
tion, etc. H&G. b. That part of a tank 
leading from the relatively wide fining area 
to the machine. ASTM C162-66. c. See 
chute, f; ditch, j. Long. 

Canamin clay. A colloidal clay from British 
Columbia, Canada. Particle size is very 
small and therefore has great adsorption 
capacity. Consists mainly of colloidal alu- 
minum silicate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

canary. a. Sometimes used by rescue teams 
to give early indication of the presence of 
carbon monoxide in mine air. At least 
three birds should be taken by exploring 
parties and the distress of any one bird 
is taken as an indication of carbon mon- 
oxide danger. A small cylinder of oxygen 
may be carried for the resuscitation of an 
affected bird. A good type of carbon mon- 
oxide detector is the most convenient and 
reliable indicator. See also P.S. detector 
tube. Nelson. b. Yellow diamond. Schaller. 

canary beryl. Greenish-yellow beryl. Shipley. 

canary ore. A yellow, earthy argentiferous 
lead ore, generally pyromorphite, bind- 
heimite, or massicot, more or less impure. 
Fay. 

canary stone. A somewhat rare yellow variety 
of carnelian. Fay, 

canasite. A silicate and fluoride of calcium 
and sodium, monoclinic; occurs associated 
with fenalsite at Khibina, Kola Peninsula, 
U.S.S.R. Named from the composition, 
Ca-Na-Si. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

Canastotan. Lower Upper Silurian. A.GI. 
Supp. 

cancelling device. A device, operated by 
movement of the winder drum, which can- 
cels signals shown on the shaft signal indi- 
cator and enables fresh signals to be re- 
ceived. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

canch. a. A part of a bed of stone worked by 
quarrying. Fay, b. Eng. Roof or floor 
removed to make height and side removed 
to make width. If above the seam it is 
called a top canch; if below the seam, a 
bottom canch. A canch on a roadway close 
to the face is called a face canch; a canch 
on a roadway outbye is called a back 
eanch. Also called brushing; ripping. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61, c. The face of the 
roof ripping in a roadway. It follows that 
the canch is continually being excavated 
and advanced. See also ripping face sup- 





canfieldite 


port. Also called ripping lip. Nelson. 
canche. A trench with sloping sides and very 
narrow bottom. Zern. 

cancrinite. A hexagonal mineral, [ (NasCa).4- 
(COsH2O )o-2(AISiOs)o], | occurring in 
nepheline syenites. A.G J. 

cancrinite syenite. A feldspathoidal syenite 
containing cancrinite as the dominant 
feldspathoid. Holmes, 1928. 

cand. Corn. Fluorspar, or fluorite occur- 
ring as a veinstone; called by the Derby- 
shire miners, blue john. Also spelled cann; 
kann. Fay. 

C & D hot top. A hot top designed by W. A, 
Charman and H. J. Darlington (thus the 
name C&D) at the time, about 1925, when 
they were both employed by Youngstown 
Sheet & Tube Company, United States. 
The hot top, which is fully floating, con- 
sists of a cast-iron casing lined with fire 
clay or insulating refractories; a refractory 
bottom ring is attached to the lower end 
of the casing to protect the latter from 
the hot metal. Dodd. j 

candelite. Another name for cannel coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

candite. Ceylonite, (pleonaste) the iron-mag- 
nesium spinel, (Mg,Fe) O-(Al,Fe)2Os. Dana 
6d, p. 220. 

candle. a. The unit of light intensity defined 
as the light given out in a horizontal direc- 
tion by the flame of a sperm candle weigh- 
ing one-sixth of a pound and burning at 
the rate of 120 grains per hour. Mason, 
v. 1, p. 244. b. See ceramic filter? Dodd. 

candle coal. See cannel coal. Fay. 

candle-foot. A unit of illumination. The light 
given by a British standard candle at a 
distance of 1 foot. Crispin. 

candlepower. a. ‘he illuminating power of 
a standard sperm candle. Used as a meas- 
ure for other illuminants. Crispin. b. The 
British standard candle is defined as a 
sperm candle, that burns at the rate of 120 
grains of sperm per hour. Fay. c. The Hef- 
ner candle now used in the United States 
as a standard is about 0.88 part of the 
British standard. Hess. d. The luminous 
flux emitted by a source of light per unit 
solid angle in a given direction. It is ex- 
pressed in terms of the international candle 
and new candle. C.T.D. 

candle quartz. A faced quartz crystal having 
a long prismatic and often tapering shape. 
AM, 1 

candle turf. A dirty, yellowish-white variety 
of peat which has the consistency of soap, 
and when dried is very flammable and | 
burns with a clear, bright, steady flame. 
Also called gas turf. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cane. Solid glass rods. ASTM C162-66, 

canel. See cannel coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cane marl. Local name for one of the low — 
quality fire clays associated with the Bassey 
Mine, Littlerow and Peacock coal seams 
of North Staffordshire, England. Dodd. 

caneware. Eighteenth century English stone- 
ware of a light brown color; it was a con- 
siderable advance on the coarse pottery — 
that preceded it but, for use as tableware, 
caneware was soon displaced by white 
earthenware. During the 19th and the 
earlier part of the present century, how- 
ever, caneware continued to be made in 
South Derbyshire and the Burton-on-Trent | 
area as kitchenware and sanitary ware; it 
has a fine textured cane-colored body with 
a white engobe on the inner surface, often © 
referred to as cane-and-white. Dodd. 

canfieldite. a. This name was first given to 
an isometric silver sulfogermanate, believed © 











can fieldite 


to be a new species, but later it proved to 
be identical with argyrodite. The name 
was then withdrawn and transferred to 
(b). English. b. A black, silver sulfostan- 
nate, 4AgeS-SnSe. In octahedrons, Iso- 
metric, From Aullagas, Colquechaca, Bo- 
livia. English. 

Canfield’s reagent. An etchant containing 1.5 
grams cupric chloride, 5 grams _ nickel 
nitrate, 6 grams ferric chloride, in 12 milli- 
liters of hot water. It is used for revealing 
phosphorus segregation in iron and steel. 
Osborne. 

canga. a. Braz. Canga consists essentially 
of hard blocks and fragments of the rocks 
of the iron formation, cemented with limo- 
nite. Where these fragments are plentiful 
and are derived from the hard ore out- 
crops, canga forms a valuable ore, which 
may run as high as 68 percent iron. Gen- 
erally it is phosphoric, but there are con- 
siderable areas in which the phosphorus is 
below the Bessemer limit. Hess. b. Braz. 
A kind of auriferous glacial rock; in real- 
ity an iron breccia. Also applied to a 
brown porous conglomerate. Fay. 

can hoisting system. A method of hoisting in 
shallow lead zinc mines in areas of the 
United States. Instead of the conventional 
enginehouse, operation is controlled at the 
top of the shaft, Onsetter below hooks the 
can on, then signals by a lamp attached 
to his wrist to the hoistman sitting above. 
Can is hoisted, swinging free. At the surface 
a tail rope is snapped to underside, a de- 
flection plate is swung into place, and the 
can is lowered. It capsizes and discharges 
its load to the surge bin, is again hoisted, 
freed of its tail rope and wound down the 
shaft, where it is replaced by a full can. 
Pryor, 3. 

can hooker. In metal mining, a laborer who 
passes hook of hoisting cable through bail 
(handle) of large can-shaped container or 
bucket filled with ore or rock to be hoisted 
from shaft bottom to surface. Also called 
bucket hooker. D.O.T. 1. 

| canister. a. Aust. A tin for holding blasting 
powder. Fay. b. A hopper-shaped truck, 
from which coal is discharged into coke 
ovens. Fay 

calp. Ir. A bluish-black to grayish-blue lime- 
stone. Standard, 1964. 

cank; kank. a. Eng. A compact, fine-grained 
sandstone with a calcareous or siliceous ce- 
ment, Midland Counties. Nelson. b. Eng. 
Similar to burr, often an ironstone, Lanca- 
shire. Nelson. c. York. A completely ce- 
mented, compact, and fine-grained sand- 
stone, or any fine-grained rock hard to drill. 
Nelson. d. A hard, dark gray massive rock 
consisting largely of ankerite, found in 
some Coal Measures marine beds. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

cank balls. York. Nodular masses of cemented 
sandstone; sometimes also ironstone nod- 
ules. Arkell. 

canker. a. Eng. The ocherous sediment in 
mine waters, being bicarbonate of iron pre- 
Cipitated by the action of the air. Fay. 
b. Rust; verdigris, or copper rust. Webster 
2d. c.. To rust; to corrode; to tarnish, 
Webster 2d. 

' cann. Corn. See cand. Fay. 

‘cannel. See cannel coal. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
Cle} 

cannel bass. Staff. Carbonaceous shale in 
character approaching an oil shale. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

» cannel coal. a. This is an old term for a coal 

burning with a steady luminous flame. The 





169 


sapropelic origin of cannel coal was recog- 
nized at the beginning of the present cen- 
tury. The term cannel coal is now used 
for sapropelic coal containing spores, in 
contrast to sapropelic coal containing algae, 
which is termed boghead coal. Viewed 
microscopically, cannel coal shows no 
stratification. It is generally dull and has 
a more or less pronounced waxy luster. It 
is very compact and fractures conchoidally. 
There are transitions between cannel coal 
and boghead coal and it is not possible 
always to distinguish macroscopically be- 
tween cannel coal and boghead coal. Such 
a distinction can, however, be easily made 
with microscope except in high rank coals. 
In American nomenclature, cannel coal 
must contain less than 5 percent anthraxy- 
lon. Cannel coal occurs in layers or lenses 
up to several centimeters in thickness. 
Thin seams consisting entirely of cannel 
coal are known, It occurs widely but in 
limited amounts. Synonym for gayet; anal- 
ogous term is parrot coal. See also sapro- 
pelic coal; boghead coal. IHCP, 1963, 
part I. b. A variety of bituminous or sub- 
bituminous coal of uniform and compact 
fine-grained texture with a general absence 
of banded structure. It is dark gray to 
black in color, has a greasy luster, and is 
noticeably of conchoidal or shelllike frac- 
ture. It is noncaking, yields a high per- 
centage of volatile matter, ignites easily, 
and burns with a luminous smoky flame. 
ASTM D493-39. 

cannelite. Another mame for cannel coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954, 

canneloid. a. Coal that resembles cannel coal. 
Tomketeff, 1954. b. Coal that is inter- 
mediate between cannel coal and bitumi- 
nous coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. c. Durain 
laminae in banded coal. Tomketeff, 1954. 
d. Cannel coal of semianthracitic or an- 
thracitic rank. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cannel shale; cannel slate. a. A shale in 
which the mineral and the organic matter 
are approximately in equal proportions. 
Tomketeff, 1954. b. A black shale formed 
by the accumulation of sapropels accom- 
panied by a considerable quantity of inor- 
ganic material, chiefly silt and clay. A.G.I. 

cannes marble. Same as griotte marble, a 
reddish marble with white spots formed by 
fossil shells (goniatites). Hess. 

canning. a. A dished distortion in a flat or 
nearly flat surface, sometimes referred to 
as oil canning. ASM Gloss. b. Enclosing a 
highly reactive metal within one relatively 
inert for the purpose of hot working with- 
out undue oxidation of the active metal. 
ASM Gloss. 

cannizzarite. A lead, bismuth sulfosalt ; mono- 
clinic crystals as thin leafy blades; from 
Vulcano, Lipari Island, Italy. American 
Mineralogist, v. 38, No. 5-6, May-June 
1953, p: 536. 

cannock. S. Staff. A ferruginous nodule 
occurring in a fire clay; the name derives 
from the town of Cannock in that area. 
Dodd. 

cannonball mill. A mill for grinding tough 
materials by attrition with cannonballs in 
a rotating drum or chamber. See also ball 
mill. Fay. 

cannonier. Fr. See fireman. Fay. 

cannon pot. A small pot for glass melting. 
Dodd. 

cannon shot. See blown-out shot. Fay. 

cannon-shot gravels. Eng. Quatenary boulder 
gravels in Norfolk, so named on account of 
the size and roundness of the cobbles. 














canvas tables 


Arkell, 

canny. Corn. Applied to lodes containing 
calcium carbonate and fluorspar. See also 
cand. Fay. 

canon. See canyon. Webster 3d. 

cansa; chapinha. Hydrated Brazilian hema- 
tite ore resulting from the weathering of 
itabirite. Osborne. 

cant. a. To slip or turn over to one side. Fay. 
b. An inclination from a horizontal, a ver- 
tical, or another given line; a slope or a 
bevel; a tilt. Webster 3d. c. To roll and 
move logs or heavy sill timbers with a 
cant hook. Long. 

cantalite. A rhyolite pitchstone from Cantal, 
France. Holmes, 1928. 

cant dog. Eng. A handspike with a hook. 
A cant hook. Fay. 

cantharid luster. A ceramic luster having 
green and blue iridescence like that of a 
Spanish fly. Fay. 

cant hook. A wooden lever with a movable 
iron hook at the end, used for turning or 
rolling logs or heavy sill timbers. Long. 

cantilever. a. A support system in which one 
end of a beam is fixed and the other is free. 
Construction sometimes used to give grizzly 
vibrating freedom. Pryor, 3. b. A lever- 
type beam that is held down at one end, 
supported near the middle, and supports 
a load on the other end. Nichols. 

cantilever crane. A transporter crane with 
one or both ends overhanging. Ham. 

cantilever grizzlies. Grizzlies fixed at one end 
only, the discharge end being overhung 
and free to vibrate. This vibration of the 
bars is caused by the impact of the mate- 
rial. The disadvantage of the ordinary bar 
grizzly is clogging due to the retarding 
effect of the cross rods. This has been 
overcome in the cantilever grizzly by elimi- 
nating the tie rods except at the head end 
where they are essential. The absence of 
these rods below the point of support also 
aids in preventing clogging as it permits 
the bars to vibrate in a horizontal plane 
which keeps the material from wedging. 
Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. B, pp. 118-119. 

cantilever wall. A retaining wall, whose sta- 
bility is provided by the weight of material 
resting upon its heel. Ham. 

cantle piece. A cant or side piece in the head 
of a cask. Standard, 1964. See also cants. 
Fay. 

canton blue. A violet-blue ceramic color 
made |oy the addition of barium carbonate 
to cobalt blue. A quoted recipe is: 40 per- 
cent cobalt oxide; 30 percent feldspar; 
20 percent flint; 10 percent BaCOs. Dodd. 

cantonite. A covellite that: occurs in cubes 
with cubic cleavage and it is probably 
pseudomorphous after chalcopyrite which 
had replaced galena; from the Canton 
mine, Ga. Hess. 

cants. Eng. The pieces forming the ends 
of buckets of a waterwheel. See also cantle 
piece. Fay. 

canutillos. Synonym for emerald. Hey 2d, 
1955, 

canvas. Usually applied to brattice cloth, 
which is a heavy canvas of cotton, hemp, 
or flax, frequently fireproofed. Jones. 

canvas door. A simple square frame of about 
2- by 2-inch pieces tied with diagonal strips 
and covered with brattice; used for de- 
flecting air currents at inby points where 
the pressure is low. Nelson. 

canvasman. See brattice man. D.O.T. 1. 

canvas tables. Inclined rectangular tables 
covered with canvas. The pulp, to which 
clear water is added if necessary, is evenly 


canvas tables 


distributed across the upper margin. As it 
flows down, the concentrates settle in the 
corrugations of the canvas. After the 
meshes are filled, the pulp feed is stopped, 
the remaining quartz is washed off with 
clear water, and finally the concentrates 
removed (by hose or brooms). Liddell 2d, 
p. 386. 

canvas tube. See flexible ventilation ducting. 
Nelson. 

canyon. a. A precipitous valley; a gorge. Also 
spelled canon. Fay. b. Mex. A mine- 
level drift or gallery. C. de guia, a drift 
along the vein. Fay. c. A deep valley with 
steep sides located as a part of the ocean 
floor. The deep floors of ocean canyons 
contain sand and deep-sea mud. The Hud- 
son Canyon is an example. It cuts the 
continental shelf to a depth almost as great 
as that of the Grand Canyon in northwest 
Arizona. MacCracken. 

caolad flint. A form of cryptocrystalline silica 
occurring at Cloyne, County Cork, Eire. 
It has a specific gravity of 2.26 and is 
readily ground, without the need for pre- 
calcination, for use in pottery bodies. Dodd. 

cap. a. A piece of plank or timber placed on 
top of a prop, stull, or post. Long. b. A flat 
piece of wood inserted between the top of 
the prop and the roof. Hudson. c. Lhe 
horizontal member of a set of timber used 
as a roadway support. Nelson. d. The roof 
or top piece in a three-piece timber set 
used for tunnel support. Nichols. e. The 
blue halo of ignited firedamp which shows 
above the yellow flame of a safety lamp 
when in air containing small quantities of 
firedamp. The percentage of firedamp can 
be roughly measured by the height of the 
cap. Also called gas cap. Fay. f. A deto- 
nator or blasting cap. Nelson, g. The top 
of a saddle reef; sometimes used synony- 
mously with gossan to describe an outcrop. 
Nelson. h. Decomposed veinstuff at the 
outcrop of a lode. Gordon. i. S. Afr. A 
mine when the vein matter is barren or 
when the vein is pinched, or contracted, 
is said to “in cap”. Fay. j. Rock above coal 
or ore. See also cap rock. Fay. k. Barren 
rock and/or soil covering an ore deposit. 
Long. |. Overburden consisting of uncon- 
solidated material overlying or covering 
bedrock, Also called cover; mantle. Long. 
m. To seal, plug, or cover a borehole. 
Long. n. An attachment riveted on the 
end of a rope to which a chain may be 
fastened. Fay. o. A fitting that goes over 
the end of a pipe in order to close it and 
thus producing a dead end. Fay. p. A fitted 
or threaded piece to protect the top of a 
pile from damage while being driven. 
Nichols. gq. A pipe plug with female 
threads. Nichols. r. In diamond cutting, 
the sawed off apex of an octahedron. Hess. 
s. See headtree, d. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 
t. Another name for crown. ASTM C162— 
66. u. A type of bottle closure. ASTM 
C162-66. v. To cut off the ends of a glass 
cylinder. ASTM C162-66. 

capacitance. a. The ability to store electrical 
energy, measured in farads, microfarads, 
or micro-microfarads. H&G. b. In flota- 
tion, a property expressible by the ratio of 
the time integral of the flow rate of mate- 
rial or electric charge to or from a storage, 
divided by the related potential change. 
Fuerstenau, p. 545. 

capacitive control. An alternative to induc- 
tive control is to employ a capacitor in 
series with the choke and therefore to 
obtain a leading power factor for the cir- 








170 


cuit. The current in a capacitive circuit 
is less affected by changes in voltage than 
that in an inductive circuit. Therefore, 
should there be a sudden drop in mains 
voltage, the capacitively controlled lamp 
is less likely to be extinguished than the 
inductively controlled lamp. Roberts, II, 
p. 197. 

capacitor. a. Electrical appliance working on 
the condenser principle. Two conducting 
plates are separated by an insulating layer. 
When alternating current is applied the 
capacitor is adjusted so that its leading 
current balances the lag of the circuit giv- 
ing a high-power factor. Pryor, 3. The 
principal use for capacitors in mines has 
been in improving the average power fac- 
tor of the mine system in order to qualify 
for a favorable power rate. The selection 
of a suitable capacity is made by dividing 
the number of reactive kilovolt-ampere 
hours registered by the number of hours 
(730) in the average month. The selected 
capacitor is then connected on the high- 
voltage lines, usually paralleling trans- 
formers to provide a discharge path. Occa- 
sionally capacitors will be used at individ- 
ual motors, usually conveyor motors, to 
relieve the powerline of excess amperes 
and thereby provide voltage improvement. 
Kentucky, pp. 261-262. b. An adjustable 
electric appliance used in circuit with a 
motor to adjust the power factor. Also 
called capacitor. Pryor, 4. 

capacity. a. As applied to diamond and rotary 
drills, the load that the hoisting and brak- 
ing mechanism of a drill are capable of 
handling on a single line, expressed in 
footage as the depth to which the drill can 
operate with different size bits. Long. b. As 
applied to air compressors, the actual 
amount of air compressed and delivered, 
expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm) 
of free air intake at sea level pressure. 
Long. c. As applied to pumps, the volume 
of a liquid the pump will deliver, expressed 
in gallons per minute (gpm). Long. d. In 
ore dressing, the capacity of a screen is the 
measure of the amount of material that 
can be screened in a given time, and is 
measured in tons per square foot per hour 
per millimeter of aperture. Newton, p. 74. 
e. The amount of material that a trans- 
porting agency such as a stream, a glacier, 
or the wind can carry under a particular 
set of conditions. Leet. 

capacity curve. A graph showing the volume 
of a reservoir at any given water level. 
Ham. 

capacity factor. a. Introduced by Vaughan, 
and is the ratio between the breaking 
strength of a winding rope and the load 
suspended on it (excluding the weight of 
the rope itself). He recommended that this 
capacity factor should be 12 for all depths 
down to about 5,000 feet. See also factor 
of safety, a. Nelson. b. A method of assess- 
ing the size of rope. The capacity factor 
of the rope is the static factor of safety 
of the rope at the capping, that is, the 
breaking strength of the rope divided by 
the weight of the loaded cage or skip and 
the suspension gear, comprising the chains, 
or equivalent equipment, and a detaching 
hook. Sinclair, V, p. 15. 

capacity-flow conveyor. See en masse con- 
veyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

capacity insulation. The ability of masonry 
to store heat as a result of its mass, density, 
and specific heat. ACSG, 1963. 

capacity load. The maximum load which can 


capes 


be carried safely. Crispin. 

capacity of air compressor. The actual 
amount of air compressed and delivered, 
expressed in terms of free air at intake tem- 
perature and at the pressure of dry air at 
the suction. The capacity of an air com- 
pressor should be expressed in cubic feet 
per ininute. Fay, 

capacity of car or tub. Cubic yard of solid 
rock per car or tub. Fraenkel. 

capacity of the market. As applied to mining, 
the ability of the market to buy, especially 
with regard to the quantity which can be 
placed in the market, and to the prices 
which can be obtained. Stoces, v. 1, p. 66. 

capacity of the wind. The total amount of 
detrital material of a given kind that can 
be sustained (per unit volume of air) by 
a wind of a given velocity. In the aggre- 
gate, wind transports more material than 
water, although water at the same speed 
of flow is capable of transporting much 
larger particles. During a dust storm, the 
wind may carry from 160 short tons up to 
126,000 short tons per cubic mile of air. 
A.G.I. 

cap board. Same as cap. Fay. 

cap crimper. A plierslike tool for pressing 
the open end of a blasting cap on the 
safety fuse before placing in the primer. 
See also capped fuse. Nelson. 

cape. a. A diamond having a yellowish tinge. 
Schaller. b. A point or extension of land 
jutting out into the sea, either in the form 
of a peninsula or merely as an. angle or 
projecting point on a coast. Schieferdecker. 

Cape blue. Crocidolite asbestos found near 
Prieska, Republic of South Africa. Pryor, 3, 

Cape chrysolite. Green prehnite from the 
Republic of South Africa. Shipley. 

Cape diamond. One with yellowish tinge. 
Pryor, ae 

Cape garnet. A bright red-yellow almandite 
(garnet). Schaller. 

capel; kapel. a. Corn. A rock containing 
quartz, schorl, and hornblende. See also 
caple. Fay b. A wall of a lode; so called 
by Cornish miners, and primarily when 
the country rock adjacent to the lode it- 
self has been more or less altered by the 
same mineralizing agencies through which 
the lode was formed. Also called cab. In 
the United States, casing is sometimes 
used synonymously. Fay c. A steel socket 
used to cap a steel rope. For a hoisting 
cage, molten white metal is poured in 
around the wires. In Great Britain, wind- 
ing rope must be recapped biannually, 6 
feet of the old being removed each time. 
Pryor, 3. 

Capell fan. A centrifugal type of mine fan 
in use from about 1860 to the early part 
of the present century. It consists essen- 
tially of two concentric cylindrical cham- 
bers, each provided with six curved blades, 
the convex sides of which faced the direc- 
tion of rotation. The shell between the 
two sets of blades contained openings to 
allow the air to pass from the inner to the 
outer chamber. It produced up to 400,000 
cubic feet per minute. Nelson. 

capel lode. Corn. A lode composed of hard 
unpromising feldspar containing minute 
particles of chlorite. See also capel. Fay. 

Cape May diamond. A colorless and clear 
ae crystal from Cape May, N.J. Schal- 
er. 

Cape ruby. Brilliantly red garnet, gem stone. 
Other varieties are carbuncle and Bohemi- 
an garnet. Pryor, 3. 

capes. Scot. Movable sides and ends put on 











capes 


a hutch, wagon, or car to increase its 
capacity. Compare bustle, b. Fay. 

cap head. Eng. A top for an air box used 
in shaft sinking. Fay. 

capillarity. a. The quality or state of being 
capillary. Webster 3d b. The action by 
which the surface of a liquid, where it is 
in contact with a solid, is elevated or de- 
pressed depending upon the relative at- 
traction of the molecules of the liquid for 
each other and for those of the solid. 
Especially observable in capillary tubes 
where it determines the elevation or de- 
pression of the liquid above or below the 
level of the liquid in which the tube is 
dipped. Webster 3d. c. The ability of a 
brick or other fired clay products to con- 
duct liquids through its pore structure by 
the force of surface tension. ACSG, 1963. 
d. A phenomenon observable when making 
borehole inclination surveys by the acid- 
etch method, wherein the upper surface 
of the dilute hydrofluoric acid is seen to 
curve upward, forming a concave surface. 
When the acid bottle is in a true vertical 
or horizontal position, the concave surface 
is symmetrical, and the resultant etch 
plane is horizontal. When the acid bottle 
is tilted, the concave surface is asymmetric 
in shape; the resultant etch plane is not 
horizontal, and the angle so indicated is 
always greater than the true inclination of 
the borehole. See also etch angle; capil- 
larity correction. Long. 

| capillarity correction. The deduction of a 
specific angular value from the apparent 
angle, as indicated by the plane of the 
etch line in an acid-survey bottle, to cor- 
rect for capillarity effects and thereby de- 
termine the true inclination angle of a 
borehole. Proper values to be deducted 
from the apparent angles read on acid 
bottles differing in size may be determined 
by referring to charts, graphs, or tables 
prepared for that purpose. See also capil- 
larity-correction chart. Long. 

) capillarity-correction chart. A chart, graph, 
or table from which the amount of capil- 
larity correction may be ascertained and 
applied to an angle reading taken from an 
acid-etch line in an acid bottle of specific 
size to determine the true angle of inclina- 
tion of a borehole surveyed by the acid- 
etch method. Also called correction chart; 
test-correction chart. See also capillarity 

correction. Long. 

) capillarity-correction graph. A capillarity- 
correction chart. Long. 

| capillarity-correction table. A capillarity-cor- 
rection chart. Long. 

) capillary. a. The action by which the surface 
of a liquid is elevated at the point at which 
it is in contact with a solid (as in a lamp 
wick). Shell Oil Co. b. Resembling a hair; 
fine, minute, slender; especially, having a 
very small or thin bore usually permitting 
capillary. Webster 3d. c. A mineral ex- 
hibiting a fine hairlike structure, for ex- 

| ample, millerite. Nelson. 

\\capillary action; capillarity. The rise or 
movement of water in the interstices of a 
soil or a rock, as the result of capillary 
forces. ASCE P1826. 

\eapillary attraction. The combination force, 
adhesion and cohesion, which causes 
liquids, including molten metals, to flow 
between very closely spaced solid surfaces 

_ even against gravity. ASM Gloss. 

/\eapillary flow. See capillary migration. 

le ASCE P1826. 









apillary fringe zone. The zone above the 








171 


free-water elevation in which water is held 
by capillary action. ASCE P1826. 

capillary head. The potential expressed as 
head of water that causes the water to 
flow by capillary action. ASCE P1826. 

capillary migration; capillary flow. The 
movement of water by capillary action. 
ASCE P1826. 

capillary movement. a. The rise of subsoil 
water above the water table through the 
channels connecting the pores in the soil. 
Nelson. b. Movement of underground water 
in response to capillary attraction. Nichols. 

capillary pyrites. Same as millerite. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

capillary red oxide of copper. A common 
name for chalcotrichite, a form of cuprite. 
Weed, 1918. 

capillary rise; height of capillary rise. The 
height above a free-water elevation to 
which water will rise by capillary action. 
ASCE P1826. 

capillary tube. A tube with so fine a bore 
that the rise or fall of a liquid in it by 
capillary attraction is perceptible to the 
eye. Standard, 1964. 

capillary water. a. Water held above the 
water table in soil by capillary force. See- 
lye, 1. See also held water. Nelson. b. Water 
that has been subjected to the influence 
of capillary action. ASCE P1826. 

capillary waves. Small waves, less than 1.73 
centimeter in length, having rounded 
crests and V-shaped troughs whose char- 
acteristics are governed primarily by the 
forces of surface tension. It is believed 
that these waves increase friction between 
wind and the sea surface and contribute 
more to sea clutter on radar than other 
waves. Hy. 

capital expenditure. The amount of money 
required for the purchase of the right to 
mine a deposit, for its preliminary develop- 
ment, for the purchase of adequate equip- 
ment and plant to operate it, and for 
working capital. Hoov, p. 154. 

capital project. A development scheme which 
is not financed by the revenue of a mine. 
See also project. Nelson. 

capital scrap. Scrap from redundant manu- 
factured goods and equipment. This scrap 
is collected and processed by merchants. 
See also process scrap. Nelson. 

capitan; capataz. Mex. A mine captain; de 
patio, a surface boss. Fay. 

Capitan limestone. Massive white limestone 
in the Guadalupe Mountains. It extends 
into the eastern Glass Mountains and in- 
cludes the Tessey, Gilliam, and Vidrio 
deposits; however, the U. S. Geological 
Survey considers Tessey limestone as a 
distinct formation. Found in New Mexico 
and Texas. Hess. 

cap lamp. That term generally applied to 
the lamp which a miner wears on his 
safety hat or cap. For illumination only. 
B.C.I. See also miner’s electric cap lamp. 

caple. Corn. A hard rock lining tin lodes. 
See also capel. Fay. 

cap light, dry cell. A self-contained light 
which permits free use of the hands and 
may be suitable for gaseous or explosive 
atmospheres. The headlamp, with focus- 
ing lens and bulb, is strapped to the head 
or hat, and the dry cell battery unit can 
be clipped to the belt. To prevent explo- 
sion, the bulb-socket ejects the bulb auto- 
matically in case of breakage. Bureau of 
Mines bulletins of permissible equipment 
should be consulted for headlamps that 
are approved for mine operations, Bests, 








capping 


p. 142. 

cap light, wet cell. These rechargeable, wet 
cell cap lights are designed for workers 
who need a self-contained light that will 
not interfere with free use of the hands. 
The battery is worn on the belt, and the 
light unit, which is attached to the cap or 
head, contains bulbs filled with krypton 
gas. The head light either contains two 
separate bulbs or a single bulb with two 
filaments in parallel, thus assuring the 
wearer of a constant source of light in the 
event that one bulb or one filament burns 
out. Used by miners, repairmen, tank 
workers, etc. Bests, p. 412. 

caporcianite. See laumontite. 

Cappeau furnace. A modification of the Ropp 
furnace for calcining sulfide ore. Fay. 

capped fuse. A length of safety fuse with the 
cap or detonator crimped on before it is 
taken to the place of use. Nelson. See also 
plain detonator. 

capped quartz. A variety of quartz contain- 
ing thin layers of clay. Fay. 

capped steel. Semikilled steel cast in a bottle- 
top mold and covered with a cap fitting 
into the neck of the mold. The cap causes 
the top metal to solidify. Pressure is built 
up in the sealed-in molten metal and 
results in a surface condition much like 
that of rimmed steel. ASM Gloss. 

cappel; capping. A fitting at the end of the 
winding rope to enable the bridle chains 
of the cage to be connected by a pin 
through the clevis. In Great Britain, satis- 
factory results have been obtained from 
white metal and wedge-type cappels. Nor- 
mally, wedge cappels are manufactured 
either in 1.5 percent manganese steel to 
B.IS22772,° Pt. 2,, 1956, or in’ 26/32.tons 
tensile mild steel and are tested to a proof 
load of 250 percent of the static load for 
which they are required. See also G.H.H. 
cappel; white-metal cappel. Nelson. 

cappelenite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
greenish-brown, hexagonal mineral, 
(Ba,Y)2SiBOs; found in veins in syenite 
associated with wohlerite, rosenbuschite, 
catapleiite, orangite, lavenite, elaeclite, and 
sodalite. Crosby, p. 68. 

Cappelin-Smith process. See 
process. Hess. 

capper. a. One who separates the cylinder 
of machine-blown curved window glass 
from the blowing attachment, cracking it 
into proper lengths by the use of an elec- 
tric cutting wire or by alternately applying 
heat and cold. Also called corker; sealer. 
D.O.T. 1. b. In brickmaking, the man who 
receives the filled molds as they come from 
a brick machine; a molder. Standard, 1964. 

cappice. Aust. A horizontal stick of timber 
or bar of steel used for supporting a weak 
roof. A variation of cap or cap piece. Fay. 

cap piece. a. A piece of wood usually 24 to 
36 inches long, 6 to 8 inches wide, and 
2 to 6 inches thick, and is fitted over a 
straight post or timber to afford more 
bearing surface for the support. All single 
posts, or timbers including safety posts, 
should be covered with a cap piece to 
provide additional bearing surface. Ken- 
tucky, p. 140. b. Ark. Usually a piece of 
wood split from a log. Fay. 

capping. a, The overburden or rock deposit 
overlying a body of mineral or ore. Nelson. 
b. The attachment at the end of a winding 
rope. See also continental gland-type cap- 
ping; interlocking wedge-type capping; 
white metal cappel. Sinclair, V, pp. 24-28. 
c. The preparation of capped fuses. Nel- 


Guggenheim 


capping 


son. See also safety fuse capping. Lewis, 
p. 119. d. The fixing of a shackle or a 
swivel to the end of a hoisting rope. C.T.D. 
e. The operation of fastening steel rope to 
a winding cage. Pryor, 3. f. The process of 
sealing or covering a borehole and/or the 
material or device used to seal or cover a 
borehole. Long. g. The name given to a 
method by which the spouting flow of a 
liquid or gas from a borehole may be 
stopped or restricted; also, the mechanism 
attached to borehole collar piping and so 
used. Long. h. The separation of a block 
of stone along the bedding plane. Fay. i. 
Sometimes a synonym for overburden. Fay. 
j. In powder metallurgy, the partial or 
complete separation of a compact into two 
or more portions by cracks which originate 
near the edges of the punch faces and 
which proceed diagonally into the compact. 
ASM Gloss. k. See cap, a. Fay. 

capping station. A special room or building 
used solely for the preparation of capped 
fuses. Nelson. 

cap pot. In glassmaking, a crucible having a 
lid or cap. Fay. 

cap rock. a. Barren vein matter, or a pinch 
in a vein, supposed to overlie ore. Fay. b. 
A hard layer of rock, usually sandstone, a 
short distance above a coal seam. Fay. ¢. 
The layer of rock adjacent to overlying 
ore, generally a barren vein material. Web- 
ster 3d. d. A disklike plate over part of or 
all of the top of most salt domes in the 
Gulf Coast States and in Germany. It is 
composed of anhydride, gypsum, limestone, 
and sometimes sulfur. A.G.J. e. A compara- 
tively impervious stratum immediately over- 
lying an oil- or gas-bearing rock. A.G.I. f. 
See caliche, a. A.G.J. g. Eng. The cap 
rock of the alum shale, Estuarine sand- 
stones on the Yorkshire coast. Arkell. 

caprylic acid; octanoic acid; octoic acid. 
Colorless; oily liquid; CHs(CH:2).COOH; 
and a slight unpleasant odor. Used in ore 
separations and as a chemical raw mate- 
rial. CCD 6d, 1961. 

capsal. A capstan. Standard, 1964. 

cap seat. The ledge inside the mouth of a 
milk bottle. ASTM C162-66. 

cap set. A term used in square-set mining 
methods to designate a set of timber using 
caps as posts, resulting in a set of timber 
shorter than the normal set. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cap sheet. Smooth or mineral surfaced roll 
roofing for use as the top layer on a built- 
up roof. ASTM D1079-54. 

cap shot. A light shot of explosive placed on 
the top of a piece of shale that is too large 
to handle, in order to break it. B.C. 

cap sill. The upper horizontal beam in the 
timber framing of a bridge, viaduct, etc. 
Fay. 

capstan. a. A spoollike drum mounted on a 
vertical axis used for heave hoisting or 
pulling. It is operated by steam, electric 
power, or hand pushes or pulls against 
bars inserted in sockets provided in the 
upper flange or head. Long. b. Sometimes 
used as a synonym for cathead. Long. 

capstan bar. One of the levers by which the 
capstan is worked. Webster 2d. 

capstone. In masonry, the uppermost or fin- 
ishing stone of a structure. Fay. 

capsule metal. A high lead alloy containing 
92 percent lead and 8 percent tin, Camp- 
bell. 

captain dresser. Eng. A manager of an ore- 
dressing plant. Fay. 

captive mine. Aust. A mine which produces 





172 


coal or mineral for use by the same com- 
pany. Nelson. 

captive tonnage. The quantity of mineral 
product from a mine produced solely for 
use by the parent company or subsidiary. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

capture. a. Synonym for piracy. A.G.J. b. 
The substitution in a crystal lattice of a 
trace element for a common element hav- 
ing a lower valence. A.G.I. 

car Abbreviation for carat. Zimmerman, p. 21. 

car. a. A vehicle for use on a railroad, usually 
mounted on trucks, and often provided 
with mechanism for coupling, so as to 
form part of a train. Standard, 1964. b. A 
vehicle moving on wheels. Webster 3d. c. 
A wheeled vehicle used for the conveyance 
of coal or ore along the gangways or haul- 
age roads of a mine. Zern. Also called 
mine car; tramcar; tub; wagon; mine 
wagon. Fay. d. A wheeled carrier that re- 
ceives and supports the load to be convey- 
ed. Generally attached to chain, belt, cable, 
linkage, or other propelling medium. See 
also tray. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

cearacolite. A colorless, hydrous, lead-sodium 
chlorosulfate, perhaps Pb(OH)Cl.Na2SOx. 
Occurs as crystalline incrustations. Fay. 

caracoly. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper 
used first by the Caribs in making orna- 
ments. Standard, 1964. 

Caradocian. Lower Upper Ordovician. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Carapella’s reagent..An etchant consisting of 
5 grams ferric chloride dissolved in 96 
milliliters ethyl alcohol to which has been 
added 2 milliliters of hydrochloric acid. 
It is used in etching nonferrous metals and 
manganese steels. Osborne. 

carat. a. A unit employed in weighing dia- 
monds, and formerly equal to 3-1/6 troy 
grains (205 milligrams). The international 
metric carat (abbreviated M.C.) of 200 
milligrams was made the standard in the 
United States in 1913, as it was the stand- 
ard in Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain, 
France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, 
and Sweden, A carat grain is one-fourth 
carat. Webster 3d. b. Employed to dis- 
tinguish the fineness of a gold alloy, and 
meaning one-twenty-fourth part. Pure gold 
is 24-carat gold. Goldsmiths’ standard is 
22 carats fine, that is, it contains 22 parts 
of gold, 1 part of copper, and 1 part of 
silver. Fay. c. See karat. ASM Gloss. 

caratage. Synonym for carat weight. Long. 

carat count. The number of near-equal-size 
diamonds having a total weight of 1 carat 
or 200 milligrams; hence, 40 small dia- 
monds weighing 1 carat would be called 
40-count diamonds, or 8 diamonds weigh- 
ing 1 carat would be called 8-count dia- 
monds. Long. 

carat-goods. Diamonds averaging about 1 
carat each in weight. Long. 

carat loss. Amount of diamond material lost 
or worn away by use in a drill bit expressed 
in carats. Long. 

carat weight. Total weight of diamonds set 
in a drill bit expressed in carats. Also 
called caratage. Long. 

carbamate. Salt of 
(NH:COOH). Pryor, 3. 

carbankerite. This term was introduced by 
V. Hevia in 1960 to designate a micro- 
lithotype containing 20 to 60 percent by 
volume of carbonate minerals (calcite, 
siderite, dolomite and ankerite), and was 
adopted in 1962 by the Nomenclature Sub- 
committee of the International Committee 
for Coal Petrology. In coal preparation 


carbamic acid 








carbide miner 


practice carbankerite, like carbopyrite and 
carbargilite falls into the category of true 
intergrown coal in as much as the mineral 
carbonate is so intimately associated with 
the coal that it is not possible to free it 
by crushing. It appears therefore in 
middlings. It is usually possible to free 
the mineral carbonate deposits occurring 
in cleat partings and fissures by crushing. 
When carbankerite occurs in appreciable 
proportions in cleaned coal it has its effect 
as an inert material on coking and swell- 
ing properties, hydrogenation and gasifica- 
tion, but without giving rise to any special 
trouble or difficulty. Carbankerite shows 
no tendency to spontaneous combustion or 
to produce dust. IHCP, 1963, part I. 

eee Same as carbonate apatite. Eng- 
lish. 

carbargilite. In 1955 the Nomenclature Sub- 
committee of the International Committee 
for Coal Petrology resolved to use this 
term for the microlithotype containing 20 
to 60 percent by volume of clay minerals, 
mica, and in lesser proportions, quartz. In 
coal preparation practice, carbargilite cor- 
responds to true intergrown coal. The 
mineral is so intimately associated with the 
coal that it is impossible to free it by 
crushing. Carbargilite therefore appears in 
middlings and may be a common constitu- 
ent of steam-raising coals. If the propor- 
tion of carbargilite in a coal is too high, 
it will prove troublesome in carbonization, 
hydrogenation and gasification, It has no 
special tendency to form dust or to spon- 
taneous combustion. IHCP, 1963, part I. 

carbenes. The components of the bitumen in 
petroleums, petroleum products, malthas, 
asphalt cements, and solid native bitu- 
mens, which are soluble in carbon disul- 
fide but insoluble in carbon tetrachloride. 
Urquhart, Sec. 2, p. 81. 

carbide. a. A commercial term for calcium 
carbide used in miners’ lamps. Fay b. 
Either the carbide compound of tungsten 
or the bit-crown matrice and shaped pieces 
formed by the pressure molding and sinter- 
ing of a mixture of powdered tungsten 
carbide and other binder metals, such as | 
cobalt, copper, iron, and nickel. See also — 
cemented carbides; sintered carbides. Long 
c. A compound of carbon with one or more 
metallic elements. ASM Gloss. 

carbide bit. A steel bit which contains inserts 
of tungsten carbide. Nichols, 2. 

carbide inserts. Shaped pieces of a hard metal | 
compound, sometimes inset with diamonds, 
formed by the pressure molding and sinter- 
ing of a mixture of powdered tungsten | 
carbide and other binder metals, such as 
iron, copper, cobalt, or nickel. Inset into 
holes, slots or grooves in bits, reaming © 
shells, or core barrels, ithe hard metal © 
pieces become cutting points or wear- 
resistant surfaces. Also called carbide slugs. 
Long. 

carbide lamp. A lamp that is charged with 
calcium carbide and water and burns the | 
acetylene generated. Hess. 

carbide lime. A waste lime hydrate byproduct © 
from the generation of acetylene from cal- | 
cium carbide and may occur asa wet | 
sludge or dry powder of widely varying | 
degrees of purity and particle size. It is 
gray and possesses the pungent odor of | 
acetylene. Boynton. 

carbide miner. A pushbutton mining machine | 
with a potential range of 1,000 feet into | 
the seam from the highwall, a maximum / 
production of some 600 tons per shift, and | 








earbide miner 


a recovery of 65 to 75 percent of the coal 

| within the reach of the machine. This 

unit is a continuous miner working from 

a control stand outside of the seam of 

coal. The operator can control both the 

_ vertical and horizontal direction of the 

cutting heads as shown on an oscilloscope 

screen. As the cutting head advances into 

| the coal seam, it drags a series of conveyor 
sections behind it, which in turn deposit 
the coal into a truck on the outside of the 
coal seam. Krumlauf, p. 8. 

_ carbide of silicon. An artificial abrasive made 

| by fusing coke, sand, salt, and sawdust in 
electric furnaces. Discovered in an at- 
tempt to make artificial diamonds. See 
also Carborundum. Fay, 

\ carbides. Compounds of carbon with iron 
and other elements in steel; for example, 
FesC (cementite), FesW2C, and CriCo. 
CakeD: 

carbide slugs. Synonym for carbide inserts. 

Long. 

)carbide tools. Cutting tools, made of tung- 
sten carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum 
carbide, or combinations of them, in a 
matrix of cobalt or nickel, having sufficient 

___wear resistance and heat resistance to per- 

_ mit high machining speed. ASM Gloss. 

jearbinol. a. Monovalent radical of primary 

_ alcohol, CH:OH. Pryor, 3 b. Primary al- 

| cohol of the formula R.CH2OH. Pryor, 3. 

vearbite. A contraction of the word carbon 
with the mineral termination ite, applied 
to both diamond and graphite; not in 
current usage. Hess. 

\Carbite. Trade name ofr an exlposive. Hess. 

jearble. Shrop. Thin-bedded shivery sandstone. 
Arkell. 

jearbo. A Latin name for charcoal, later 

__ transferred to fossil coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

\Carbo. Clay-bonded silicon carbide; used as 
refractory. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

)Carboalumina. Trade name for fused alumi- 
num oxide. See also alumina. Hess. 

jcarboanimalis. Animal charcoal. Hass. 

jcarbocernaite. A carbonate of calcium, stron- 
tium, sodium, and lanthanons (mainly lan- 
thanum and cerium), (Na,Ca,Sr,Ln) Cos; 
orthorhombic. From Vuori-Yarvi, Kola 
Peninsula. Named from the composition, 
carbon-cerium-natrium. The name is un- 
pees near carbocer. Hey, M.M., 
1961 

ener: A variety of hydrocarbon contain- 
ing about 8 percent of rare earths and 
found enclosed in a mineral kondrikite. 

| From the Khibine Peninsula, Russia. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 

\Carbocoal. Trade name for coke made by 

_ the low-temperature distillation of high- 
volatile coal. The coke produced is granu- 
lar and is made into briquettes which 
ignite more easily than ordinary coke 

i Be pporedly as a result of occluded oxygen. 

| Hess. 

tarbodynamite. A form of dynamite in which 

| fine charcoal is used as the absorbent. 

| Webster 2d. 

tarbofossilis. An old Latin name for fossil 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Varbofrax. Silicon carbide; product used for 

i oly refractory installations. Bennett 2d, 

jarbohumin. a. An amorphous carbonaceous 

| substance, a product of decomposition of 
| plants and impregnating plant remains 

\ which undergo transformation into coal. 

It is assumed to be present in coal in the 
‘form of structureless jelly. Synonym for 
fundamental jeHy; fundamental substance; 





| 




















173 


gélose; jelly; vegetable jelly. Tomkeieff, 
1954 b. Same as ulmins. A.G.I. 

carbohydrate. Any of a group of neutral 
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen. 
and oxygen including the sugars, starches 
dextrans, glycogens, celluloses, and pento- 
sans, some of which are formed by all 
green plants and used immediately for 
growth or stored for future use and which 
as a whole constitute a major class o. 
animal foods characterized chemically as 
hydroxy aldehydes or ketones and classified 
into monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisac- 
charides, and polysaccharides on the basis 
of the number of aldehyde or ketone 
groups present in one molecule. Webster 3d. 

carboid. A name applied to the group of 
pyrobitumens insoluble in carbon disulfide. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

carbolic. a. Of, pertaining to, or derived 
from carbon and oil; of or pertaining to 
coal-tar oil, Standard, 1964. b. Of or per- 
taining to carbolic acid. Hess. 

carbolic acid. White; crystalline; 
cent; CeHs.OH; a burning taste; and an 
odor resembling that of creosote. Con- 
tained in the heavy oil of coal tar, from 
which it is distilled at between 165° and 
190° C. It is a caustic poison. Antidotes 
are epsom salts, alcohol, and heat. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

carbolite. A byproduct in iron smelting, con- 
sisting of calcium-aluminum silicon car- 
bide, and used as a substitute for calcium 
carbide. Standard, 1964. 

Carbolon. See carbolite. 

Carboloy. A trademark for a hard metallic 
substance. Used especially for making cut- 
ting tools. Produced by sintering a cement- 
ed carbide, usually of tungsten, with cobalt 
or nickel. Webster 3d. 

carboloy-set. Diamonds inset in _pressure- 
molded and sintered matrix metal com- 
posed of a cobalt-bonded, powdered tung- 
sten carbide mixed with varying amounts 
of other powdered metals, such as iron, 
nickel, copper, or zinc. See also Carboloy. 
Long. 

Carbolux. Trade name for a free-burning 
coke made at medium temperatures, 680° 
to 720° C. Ind. « Eng. Chem., v. 11, News 
Ed. Dec. 10, 1933, p. 342. 

carboman. See stone molder. D.O.T, 1. 

carbon. a. A nonmetallic, chiefly tetravalent 
element, occurring native in two crystal 
systems, as diamond (isometric) and as 
graphite (hexagonal); also occurring as 
a constituent of coal, petroleum, and as- 
phalt, of limestone and other carbonates, 
and of all organic compounds; and also 
obtained artificially in varying degrees of 
purity. Symbol, C; valences, 2, 3, and 4; 
atomic number, 6; atomic weight, 12.011; 
sublimes, above 3,500° (C; and boiling 
point, 4,827° C. Webster 3d; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-105. Its low neutron-capture cross 
section and low atomic weight make it 
valuable as a moderator, The artificially 
produced isotope, carbon 14, is radioactive 
and is used as a tracer in biological and 
organic chemical research. NRC-ASA N1.1- 
1957. See also radiocarbon; radioactive 
dating. b. Rand term for thucolite in bank- 
et ore. Pryor, 3.c. A gray-to-black, opaque, 
tough, hard cryptocrystalline aggregate of 
diamond crystals occurring in irregular 
shapes and sizes. It is classed as an in- 
dustrial diamond and formerly was used 
extensively as a cutting-medium inset in 
diamond-drill bits. More recently, only 


deliques- 














carbonated spring 


occasionally used in diamond bits and 
other tools. Also called black diamond; 
errbonado. See also diamond. Long. 

carbona. a. Corn. An irregular deposit or 
impregnation of tin ore found in connec- 
tion with a tin lode. Arkell. b. Corn. A 
large mass of rich ore sometimes called a 
house. Arkell. 

carbonaceous. a. Coaly, containing carbon 
or coal, especially shale or other rock con- 
taining small particles of carbon distributed 
throughout the whole mass. Fay b. Car- 
bonaceous sediments include original or- 
ganic tissues and subsequently produced 
derivatives of which the composition is 
organic chemically. A.G.J. 

carbonaceous coal. Coal in composition in- 
termediate between a metabituminous coal 
and anthracite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

carbonaceous rock. A sedimentary rock that 
contains plant and animal residues and 
products regardless of whether they were 
original constituents or were subsequently 
introduced, The carbon may be contained 
in chemical derivatives greatly altered 
from the original organic form. As thus 
defined, carbonaceous sedimentary rocks 
include the coal series, sapropel, black 
shale, oil shale, oil and asphalt, and mix- 
tures and intergradations of these together 
with rocks containing these materials in 
appreciable quantities. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

carbonaceous shale. A dark-colored shale 
containing carbonaceous matter. Tomkeieff, 
1954 See also bat; clod. 

carbonado. Cryptocrystalline material com- 
posed of diamond. It is compact, opaque, 
dark gray to black, lacking cleavage planes 
and very tough. Usually occurs in rounded 
masses, but is also found in angular broken 
pieces, Principal source is the State of 
Bahia, Brazil, but it occurs occasionally 
elsewhere in South America and in Africa. 
It was formerly in demand for diamond- 
drill bits. J.C. 8200, 1964, p. 149. 

carbonado bit. Synonym for carbon bit. Long. 

carbon arc cutting. Mctal cutting by melting 
with the heat of an arc between a carbon 
electrode and the base metal. ASM Gloss. 

carbon are welding. Welding in which an 
arc is maintained between a nonconsum- 
able carbon electrode and the work. ASM 
Gloss. 

carbonate. a. A compound containing the 
acid radical (COs) of carbonic acid, Bases 
react with carbonic acid to form carbon- 
ates. C.T.D. Sometimes used as a synonym 
for calcareous; also, rarely, as a synonym 
for carbon. Long. d. Can. Rocks high 
in carbon dioxide, such as limestone, dolo- 
mite, etc. Hoffman. 

carbonate apatite. A carbonate and phos- 
phate of calcium, 3CasP20s.caCOs. A 
member of the apatite group containing 
the carbonate radical. Same as carbapa- 
tite; both names are best withdrawn in 
favor of dahllite or podolite. From Laacher 
district, Rhineland, Germany. English. 

carbonate cyanotrichite. Pale blue fibrous 
aggregates, from northwest Kara-Tau, 
GES, SR CusAle[ (COs), (SOs) ] (OH):.- 
2H2O, give x-ray powder data correspond- 
ing to cyanotrichite, but contain carbon- 
ate replacing a large proportion of the 
sulface. Hey, M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

carbonated spring. A spring of water con- 
taining dissolved carbon dioxide gas. They 
are very common especially in volcanic 
countries, and sometimes contain so much 
gas that if a little sugar is thrown into 


carbonated spring 


the water, it effervesces like soda water. 
Fay. 

carbonated stone. An artificial stone in the 
manufacture of which steam and carbon 
dioxide are used to hasten hardening. 
Standard, 1964. 

carbonate hardness. Hardness in a water 
caused by bicarbonates and carbonates of 
calcium and magnesium. ASTM STP No. 
148-D. 

carbonate leach. a. Metallurgical process for 
dissolution of uranium values by means 
of a sodium carbonate solution. Used on 
Todilto limestone and other high-lime ores, 
Ballard. b. Dissolution of uranium with an 
aqueous solution of sodium carbonate in 
the presence of sufficient oxygen to render 
uranium hexavalent and satisfy the equa- 
tion 2Us0Os+O2+ 18Na2COs+6H2:O6Naz- 
UO2(COs)s+12NaOH. Pryor, 3. 

carbonate mineral. A mineral formed by the 
combination of the complex ion (COs)? 
with a positive ion. Common example: 
calcite, CaCOs. Leet. 

carbonate of barium. See witherite. Fay. 

carbonate of calcium. See calcium carbonate ; 
calcite. Fay. 

carbonate of strontium. See strontianite. Fay. 

carbonate rock. Limestone, magnesian lime- 
stone, dolomite, or magnesite. Bateman. 

carbonates. a. Ores containing a considerable 
proportion of lead carbonate, often rich in 
silver. Fay. b. Salts of carbonic acid, H2COs. 
Henderson. c. Eng. Carbonado. Hess. 

carbonation. a. The process of introducing 
carbon dioxide into a fluid. A.GJ. b. A 
process of chemical weathering by which 
minerals that contain lime, soda, potash, 
or other basic oxides are converted to 
carbonates by the action of carbonic acid 
in water or air. A.G.I. 

carbonatite. a. A high-carbonate rock de- 
rived from hot magmatic fluids. A.G.J. 
Supp. b. A sedimentary carbonate rock; 
synonym for limestone; dolomite. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

carbon bit. A diamond bit in which the 
cutting medium is inset carbon. Long. 

carbon black. A trade name for the finely 
divided carbon produced from burning hy- 
drocarbons, such as mineral oils, in condi- 
tions where combustion is incomplete. See 
also gas black; lampblack. C.T.D. 

carbon brick. Brick usually made from 
crushed coke, bonded with pitch or tar. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

carbon-ceramic refractory. A manufactured 
refractory comprised of carbon (including 
graphite) and one or more ceramic mater- 
ials such as fire clay and silicon carbide. 
HW. 

carbon deposition. The deposition of amor- 
phous carbon, resulting from the decom- 
position of carbon monoxide gas into 
carbon dioxide and carbon within a criti- 
cal temperature range. When deposited 
within the pores of a refractory brick, the 
carbon may build up such pressure that 
it destroys the bond and causes the brick 
to disintegrate. HW. 

carbon dioxide; carbonic-acid gas; dry ice. 
a. Heavy, colorless; irrespirable gas; CO»; 
it extinguishes a flame. It is formed in 
mine explosions and in mine fires and 
forms part of the afterdamp. Fay. b. Prod- 
uct of complete combustion of carbon 
fuels. Transported in liquid form in steel 
cylinders. Used in gaseous form as a fire 
extinguisher and in solid form as dry ice. 
Crispin. 

carbon dioxide blasting. A method of blast- 





174 


ing coal that has been undercut, topcut, 
or sheared. Into one end of a seamless 
high-grade Mo-steel cylinder 2 to 3 inches 
in diameter and from 36 inches to 60 
inches long is put a cartridge containinz 
a mixture of potassium perchlorate and 
charcoal with an electric match. The other 
end is sealed by a metal disc weaker than 
the shell and held in place by a cap which 
has holes at about 45° to the axis of the 
cylinder. The cylinder is filled with liquid 
carbon dioxide at a pressure of 1,000 
pounds per square inch and inserted in 
the borehole with the cap holes pointing 
outward. The heating mixture is lit and 
raises the gas pressure so that the disc is 
sheared; the carbon dioxide escaping 
through the angular holes tends to hold 
the cylinder in place, break and push the 
coal forward. If the gas pressure is not 
enough to break the coal, the cylinder, if 
not properly set, will be blown from the 
borehole. The cylinder can be used over 
and over. It is claimed that a greater por- 
tion of lump coal is obtained than with 
ordinary explosives. Some smelters loosen 
slag in the same way. Hess. 

carbon dioxide gas fire extinguisher. A port- 
able appliance for putting out mine fires. 
A charge of 2 to 15 pounds of carbon 
dioxide is stored under pressure in a steel 
container with a wheel or lever valve on 
top. Carbon dioxide is released as a mix- 
ture of gas and snow. This appliance must 
be recharged by the makers. See also fire 
extinguisher. Nelson. 

carbon dioxide indicator. These indicators 
can determine the amount of carbon diox- 
ide in the atmosphere of an enclosed place. 
The instrument is portable for use in pos- 
sible field operations. Models vary in size 
depending on the operational range de- 
manded. An aspirator bulb draws a test 
sample of air or flue gas into an absorp- 
tion column. Carbon dioxide is absorbed 
by potassium hydroxide, and the reduction 
of air pressure is recorded on a manometer 
scale. Bests, p. 584. 

carbon dioxide process. A method of bond- 
ing refractory grains by mixing them with 
a solution of sodium silicate, molding to 
the required shape and then exposing the 
shape to COs. The process was first men- 
tioned in British Patent 15 619 (1898), 
but did not come into general use until 
about 1955, when it began to be employed 
in the bonding of foundry sands and cores. 
The process has been tried for bonding 
rammed linings in small ladles. Dodd. 

carbon dioxide test. Same as dry ice test. 
Shipley. 

carbon dioxide water fire extinguisher. A 
portable appliance for putting out mine 
fires. It consists of a copper-lined vesscl 
containing water and a small copper cylin- 
der of carbon dioxide, compressed to a 
pressure of 60 atmospheres. When the 
copper seal of the cylinder is broken, the 
pressure of the gas released expels a jet 
of water a distance of about 40 feet. This 
appliance is now preferred to the soda 
acid type. See also fire extinguisher. Nelson. 

carbon disulfide; carbon bisulfide. CS.; when 
pure, a colorless, volatile liquid; an un- 
pleasant garlicky odor. Used as a solvent 
for sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, bromide, 
camphor, gums, resins, waxes, and fats. 
Crispin. 

carbon electrode. A nonfiller-metal electrode, 
used in arc welding, consisting of a carbon 
or graphite rod. Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, 











carbonite 


Mar. 1961, p. 91. 

carbonet. See briquette, a. Fay. 

carbon flame. The white flame produced by 
burning carbon. Webster 3d. 

carbon fleck. See carbon spot. Long. 

carbon 14. a. A radioactive isotope of car- 
bon having the atomic weight of 14 and 
that is produced by collisions between neu- 
trons and atmospheric nitrogen. Useful in 
determining the age of carbonaceous mat- 
rial younger than 30,000 years old. The 
half-life is 5,/00 years. A.GJ.; A.G.I. 
Supp. b. The half-life of carbon 14 has 
also been determined to be 5,400 years 
and 5,568 years. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

carbon-14 dating. A method of determining 
the age of an artifact by means of meas- 
uring the rate of radiation of the carbon 
isotope carbon 14 present in all organic 
matter. The so-called half-life of carbon 
14 has been determined at 5,568 years. If, 
for example, a piece of charcoal gives off 
radiation at half the rate of a modern 
piece of charcoal, it is 5,568 years old. 
An object giving off a different rate can 
be dated by interpolation on the radiation 
scale. Sandstrom. 

carbon-free. Refers to metals and alloys which 
are practically free from carbon. Hess. 

carbon-hydrogen ratio; C/H ratio. A method 
of classifying coals by determining the 
ratio which exists between the carbon and 
hydrogen present in them. Thus, if a given — 
coal contains 80 percent carbon and 5 per- 
cent hydrogen, the carbon-hydrogen ratio 
would be 80 to 5 or 16. Bituminous coals 
have a carbon-hydrogen ratio between 14 | 
and 17 and most antharcites between 24 | 
and 29. See also anthracite. Nelson. 

carbonic-acid gas. See carbon dioxide. Web- 
ster 3d. 

carbonicola. A Coal Measures’ freshwater | 
Shell in which the umbones are positioned | 
at some distance from the anterior end of | 
the shell. A fossil used for the correlation | 
of coal seams. See also Mollusca. Nelson. 

carbonic-oxide gas. See carbon monoxide. 
Fay. 

Carboniferous. a. Period or system of the 
Paleozoic era, younger than Devonian and _ 
older than Permian; equivalent to the) 
combined Mississippian and Pennsylvanian | 
periods. A.G.J. Supp. b. Formerly consid- | 
ered by the U.S. Geological Survey to be) 
the youngest Paleozoic division consisting, 
of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Per-) 
mian. Obsolete. A.G.J. Supp. 

Carboniferous limestone. The earliest or old- 
est rocks of the Carboniferous system and | 
usually form the base of the coalfields. 
In most areas, these rocks consist of lime-) 
stone, often crowded with marine fossils) 
(corals, brachiopods, and molluscs), but in 
some areas the rocks include shales and) 
sandstones, and in Scotland and Northum-/ 
berland, England, workable coal seams.’ 
Nelson. { 

carbonification; coalification. Carbonification 
is the process by which the vegetable sub- 
stances of peat were transformed in the 
partial absence of air, and under the influ- 
ence of temperature and pressure through- 
out geological time into lignite and subse- 
quently into coal. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

carbonite. a. A native coke, occurring at the 
Edgehill mines, near Richmond, Va.; it is 
more compact than artificial coke an 
some varieties afford bitumen. Fay. b. Coa! 
altered by an igneous intrustion. Tom/ 
keieff 1954. c. Fossil coal. Tomkeieff, 1954 
d. Very brittle, black variety of bitumen’ 


























carbonite 


infusible and insoluble in organic solvents, 
containing about 85 percent carbon and 
6 percent hydrogen. Tomkeieff, 1954. e. A 
permissible explosive. Fay. 


| carbonitriding. Introducing carbon and nitro- 


gen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding 
above Ac: in an atmosphere that contains 
suitable gases such as hydrocarbons, car- 
bon monoxide, and ammonia. The car- 
bonitrided alloy is usually quench-hard- 








ened. ASM Gloss. 


carbonization characterizes the progressive 
changes undergone by the preserved or- 
ganic matter and the biochemical decom- 
position products between the death of 
the plant or animal and the stage of essen- 
tially complete reduction to residual car- 
bon, in situ. A.GJ. b. The slow decay 
under water of organic material, plant or 
animal, resulting in a concentration of 
carbon as a film of carbon showing more 
or less distinctly the form and structure 
of the original tissue. A.G.I. c. The process 


|) carbonization. a. In the coalification process, 


|| of decomposing a nonvolatile carbonaceous 


substance, usually coal, into solid, liquid, 


| and gaseous products, by heating in a re- 
/ ducing atmosphere. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

||) carbonization of coal. There are two princi- 
|| pal means of carbonizing coal. The first, 


carbonization at low temperatures, has 
been defined as the heat treatment of coal 
in the absence of air at temperatures of 
450° to 700° C., while the second, high- 
temperature carbonization, is the heat 
treatment of coal at temperatures of 900° 
to 1,200° C. Mitchell, p. 49. 

| carbonized. Converted into carbon. Fay. 

| carbonizing. The reduction of a substance 
to carbon by subjecting it to intense heat 
in a closed vessel. Crispin. 

| Carbon J. Coal tar pitch. Bennett 2d, 1962 

| Add. 

jearbon knock. A knock or pounding in a 
gage or gasoline engine by carbon deposits 
in the cylinders. The heated carbon causes 
the fuel to detonate or explode and also 
causes “‘preignition”’, that is, it ignites the 
fuel before the end of the compression 
stroke. Porter. 

jearbon man. A laborer who replaces carbon 
anodes, and adjusts electrical conductors 
during electrolytic refining of magnesium. 
D.O.T Supp. 

carbon minerals. Carbon forms with oxygen 

and hydrogen many series of compounds, 
which occur naturally as bitumens and 
petroleums. Amorphous carbon enters 
largely into the composition of coals. In 
their approximate order of age, the carbon 
minerals are petroleum, asphalts, peats, 
brown coals, bituminous coals, anthracites, 
graphite, and the diamonds (the oldest). 
Nelson. 

jearbon monoxide; carbonic-acid gas. Color- 
less; odorless; very toxic gas; CO; that 
burns to carbon dioxide with a blue flame. 
Formed as a product of the incomplete 
combustion of carbon (as in water gas and 
producer gas; in the exhaust gases from 
internal-combustion engines; and in the 
gases from the detonation of explosives). 
Used chiefly in the synthesis of carbonyls 
(as nickel carbonyl in the refining of 
nickel), phosgene, and many organic com- 

' pounds (as hydrocarbons for fuels, metha- 

| nal and higher alcohols, aldehydes, and 

formates). Webster 3d. Four parts of car- 

bon monoxide in 10,000 parts of air is 

about the limit a man can stand for 1 

hour. This gas is formed during mine fires 

and after explosions; in automobile ex- 








175 


haust; and in gas stoves. von Bernewitz. 

carbon monoxide asphyxia. Underground 
workers who survive the initial effects of a 
mine fire or explosion are usually affected 
in some degree, by carbon monoxide 
asphyxia. Carbon monoxide causes asphyxia 
because it combines with the hemoglobin 
of the blood much more readily than oxy- 
gen does, and the hemoglobin therefore 
carry less and less oxygen from the lungs 
to the body. The correct treatment of car- 
bon monoxide asphyxia is to remove the 
carbon monoxide from the blood by induc- 
ing deep breathing of pure oxygen. Me- 
Adam, p. 98. 

carbon monoxide detectors. A very satisfac- 
tory means of indicating carbon monoxide 
content is afforded by the colorimetric 
detector. Grab samples are taken as an 
aspirator bulb is squeezed. It is replacing 
the older and similar, but less sensitive, 
Hoolamite type. A direct-reading scale and 
greater accuracy are provided by the Hop- 
calite instrument, a continuous-type sam- 
pler employing an air pump. The develop- 
ment of satisfactory detectors has been a 
major factor in reducing deaths due to 
carbon monoxide poisoning in mines. 
Hartman, p. 30. See also P.S. carbon mon- 
oxide detector; M.S.A. carbon monoxide 
detector. McAdam, pp. 153-156. 

carbon monoxide disintegration. The break- 
down of refractory materials that some- 
times occurs (particularly with fireclay 
refractories) when they are exposed, within 
the temperature range 400° to 600° C, to 
an atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide. 
The disintegration is due to the deposition 
of carbon around iron spots in the brick, 
following the well-known dissociation re- 
action: 2CO ~ CO, + C. Dodd. 

carbon monoxide filter. Any filter designed 
to remove poisonous carbon monoxide gas 
from the air to be breathed before it enters 
the lungs. If sufficient oxygen is present 
to keep an oil safety lamp alight, the filter 
will give adequate protection against car- 
bon monoxide or other poisonous gases 
produced by colliery explosions, mine fires, 
or other means. Two main types are avail- 
able: (1) mining gas masks, and (2) self- 
rescuers. McAdam, p. 59. 

carbon monoxide monitor. An automatic sys- 
tem for detecting and controlling concen- 
trations of carbon monoxide. A _ typical 
installation includes automatic air intake 
tubes that feed air samples through a filter 
to an analyzer cell, where the carbon mon- 
oxide concentration is indicated on a per- 
manent graph. Available with alarm at- 
tachments. Bests, p. 584. 

carbon monoxide poisoning. In diving this 
type of accident usually occurs as a result 
of contamination of the diver’s air supply 
by exhaust gases from an internal-combus- 
tion engine. H&G. See also carbon mon- 
oxide asphyxia. McAdam, p. 152. 

Carbon oil. Trade name for kerosine. Fay. 

carbonolite. Proposed by Wadsworth for car- 
bonaceous rocks. Fay. 

carbon ratio. a. The fixed carbon percentage 
in pure coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. b. The ratio 
of the fixed carbon in any coal to the fixed 
carbon plus the volatile hydrocarbons; ex- 
pressed in percentage. A.G.I. c. The ratio 
of the most common carbon isotope (C”) 
to either of the less common carbon iso- 
topes (C™ or C™), or the reciprocal of one 
of these ratios. If unspecified, the term 
generally refers to the ratio C” to C™ 
A.G.I. 











carborundum machine 


carbon refractory. A manufactured refrac- 
tory comprised substantially or entirely of 
carbon (including graphite). HW. 

carbon-set bit. Synonym for carbon bit. Long. 

carbon silicide. See silicon carbide. 

carbon spot. Black fleck or flakelike non- 
diamond form of carbon inclusion in a 
diamond crystal. Long. 

carbon steel. Steel containing carbon up to 
about 2 percent and only residual quan- 
tities of other elements except those added 
for deoxidation, with silicon usually limited 
to 0.60 percent and manganese to about 
1.65 percent. Also called plain carbon 
steel; ordinary steel; straight carbon steel. 
ASM Gloss. 

carbon test, color. An approximate determi- 
nation of carbon by comparing the color 
of a fluid with the color of a standard 
solution. It is more rapid than the com- 
bustion method. Porter. 

carbon tetrachloride. Liquid; CCl; strong 
pungent odor; and is nonflammable. Used 
for fire extinguishers; as a solvent for oils 
and fats; and can be used to test activated 
charcoal. Hess. 

carbon trash. Carbon remains of plant life 
found in sedimentary strata and often asso- 
ciated with uranium mineralization. Ballard. 

carbon tube. A cylindrical glass vessel used 
in the calorimetric determination of car- 
bon in steel. Webster 2d. See also combus- 
tion tube. Fay. 

carbonyl powder. In powder metallurgy, a 
metal powder prepared by the thermal de- 
composition of a metal carbonyl. ASM 
Gloss. Usually referred to by the name of 
the metal, for instance, carbonyl iron. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

Carbopermian. Permocarboniferous. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

carbopyrite. This term was introduced by 
V. Hevia in 1960 to designate a micro- 
lithotype containing 5 to 20 percent by 
volume of iron disulfide (pyrite, marcasite 
and melnikovite) and was adopted in 1962 
by the Nomenclature Subcommittee of the 
International Committee for Coal Petrol- 
ogy. Carbopyrite is widely distributed in 
quantities which vary considerably, It is 
generally particularly abundant in seam 
having a marine roof and such occurrences 
are sometimes useful in seam identification 
and correlation. In coal preparation prac- 
tice carbopyrite, like carbargilite and car- 
bankerite, falls into the category of true 
intergrown coal, the pyrites being so inti- 
mately associated with the coal that it is 
generally impossible to free it by crushing. 
As an exception to this, pyrite occurring 
in fine hair cracks is freed to some extent 
by crushing and appears in the prepared 
coal as minute spangles. In the normal 
course of coal preparation carbopyrite re- 
mains in middlings, and, as a result, is a 
common constituent of steam raising coals. 
High sulfur in such coals furthers both 
the format of deposits on, as well as cor- 
rosion of, the heating surfaces. In addition 
it raises the SO2 and SO; content of the 
flue gases. IHCP, 1963, part I. 

Carborundum. Trade name for green, often 
iridescent, artificial carbon silicide, CSi. 
Hexagonal-rhomohedral plates. It is pro- 
duced in an electric furnace and used as 
an abrasive and as a refractory material. 
Is useful for sharpening tools. Identical 
with moissanite. Webster 2d; English. 

carborundum machine. A machine provided 
with carborundum wheels designed to cut 
moldings, cornices, balusters, etc., from 


carborundum machine 


stone. Fay. 

carbosand. Fine sand that has been treated 
with an organic solution and roasted in 
order to produce a material that can be 
sprayed onto oil slicks and aid in sinking 
such slicks, thereby destroying the fire 
hazard occasioned by the presence of oil 
on water. CCD 6d, 1961. 

carboxy; carboxyl. a. Monovalent, COOH 
acetic group. Pryor, 3. b. Carboxylic acid 
has general formula R—(COOH)n. Pryor, 3. 

carboxyl. See carboxy. Pryor, 3. 

carboxylic acid method. In flotation, a method 
for treatment of various oxygen ores using 
carboxylic acids as collectors with gangue 
depressants to float base-metal minerals 
from associated impurities. The process is 
suitable for the carbonates or oxides of 
lead, copper, or zinc, somewhat less useful 
with other lead minerals and with hemi- 
morphite, and unsuitable for chrysocolla. 
Gaudin, 2, pp. 462, 464. 

carboxymethylcellulose; CMC. An organic 
compound that finds use in the ceramic 
industry as an additive to glazes and 
engobes to prevent friability before the 
coating is fired; carboxymethylcellulose 
(CMC) has been added to vitreous-enamel 
slips to prevent settling. Dodd. 

carboy. a. A wax bottle in which hydro- 
fluoric acid is stored and _ transported. 
Long. b. A large glass bottle enclosed in 
a box or in wickerwork, used mainly as a 
container in which corrosive acids are 
transported and/or stored. Long. 

earbozite. A black liquid, made from a bitu- 
minous ore, used for the protection of 
steel surfaces during transport and storage. 
This fluid dries rapidly to a hard gloss, 
which is resistant to acids, alkalies, mois- 
ture, sea air, and temeperatures up to 
200° C. Osborne. 

car builder, In bituminous coal mining, one 
who shapes and welds together angle iron 
to make the body framework and under- 
carriages of mine cars. D.O.T. 1. 

carbuncle. A gem of a deep-red color, inclin- 
ing to scarlet, found chiefly in the East 
Indies. When held up to the sun it loses 
its deep tinge and becomes the color of 
burning coal. Formerly believed to be 
capable of shining in darkness. A variety 
of garnet, though the name includes also 
the ruby and the spinel. Fay. 

carburan. a. A hydrocarbon related’ to, or 
identical with, thucholite, the ash of which 
contains uranium, lead, and iron. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. b. A variety of anthraxolite, 
from pegmatites of Karelia, Karelo-Finnish 
S.S.R. Crosby, p. 66. 

carburet. a. Carbide. Webster 3d. b. To com- 
bine chemically with carbon. Webster 3d. 
c. To enrich (a gas) by mixing with vola- 
tile carbon compounds (as hydrocarbons). 
See also carbureted water gas. Webster 3d. 

carbureted hydrogen. An odorless, flammable 
gas, CH,s. Known in coal mines as fire- 
damp or gas. See also methane. Nelson. 

carbureted water gas. A fuel gas formed by 
decomposing steam with hot coke, and 
mixing this gas with oil vapor. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

carburetor. a. A device used on gasoline 
engines, and some kerosine engines, for 
carbureting air with gasoline or kerosine 
vapor. Porter. b. The chamber of a water- 
gas plant, lined with refractory material 
and often filled with checkers on which 
oil is sprayed to enrich the gas. Compare 
superheater, b. Dodd. 

carburization. The process of imparting car- 


176 


bon, as in making cement steel. Fay. 

carburizing; casehardening. Hard-surfacing 
of steel by heating above critical tempera- 
ture in inert atmosphere with source of 
carbon (for example, cyanide salts), thus 
forming a cementite casing above a tough 
core (which has already been machined). 
Prvorsiae 

carburizing flame. A gas flame which will 
introduce carbon into some heated metals 
as during a gas welding operation. A car- 
burizing flame is a reducing flame, but 
a reducing flame is not necessarily a car- 
burizing flame. ASM Gloss. 

carcass. The tension-carrying portion of the 
conveyor belt. It may be comprised of 
multiple plies of fabric or cord, simple 
layers of cord or steel cable, bonded to- 
gether with rubber friction. See also rub- 
ber conveyor belt. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

ear chalker. In bituminous coal mining, a 
laborer who chalks on car number of room 
or working place from which coal is ob- 
tained in order that a production record 
of all parts of mine can be maintained. 
DLO Tea 4 

car-changing system. The arrangement in a 
tunnel for changing cars at the face. It 
may consist of a hand-operated traverser 
or some form of portable crossing from the 
full to the empty rail track. In high-speed 
tunneling, a small locomotive is often used 
to link the tunnel haulage with the main 
or outbye haulage. See also cherry picker; 
double-track portable switch. Nelson. 

car cleaner. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, a laborer who cleans mine 
(pit) cars, in which coal is transported, 
by shoveling out the fine coal and dust left 
in the bottom and scraping the dirt and 
dust from the outside of the cars. May be 
designated as railroad-car cleaner at bitu- 
minous mines. Also called pit-car cleaner. 
DiOw: ls 

car coupler. See coupler. D.O.T. 1. 

car cutter. In metal and nonmetal mining, 
one who uncouples one or more loaded 
mine cars from a train and pushes them 
onto a rotary dumper on which cars are 
turned over to dump ore into storage bins 
underground or at the surface. D.O.T. 1. 

card concentrator. A table made of two 
planes having a flexible joint between 
them dividing the table into two nearly 
equal triangles, forming a diagonal line 
along which concentrates separate from 
the tailings. Liddell, 2d, p. 386. 

cardenite. A trioctahedral montmorillonoid 
derived from biotite in soil-clay at Carden 
Wood, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. A mixed 
alteration product previously described 
without name by G. F. Walker. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955. 

Carder tunnel kiln. A tunnel-kiln designed 
in about 1928 by Carder and Sons, Brier- 
ley Hill, England, for the firing of stone- 
ware at 1,200° C. Dodd. 

cardiglio marble. It. A gray, clouded marble 
obtained for ornamental purposes from 
Corsica. Fay. 

cardinal point. a. One of the four points 
spaced at 90° intervals around the face or 
wall of a bit. Long. b. Any one of the four 
principal compass points, such as North, 
South, East, and West. Long. c. Depend- 
ing on the type of winding drum em- 
ployed, a change in the speed of the 
winding ropes occurs at certain definite 
intervals during the winding cycle. These 
change-of-speed points are known as the 
cardinal points of the winding cycle. Sin- 


car-haul man 


clair, V, p. 151. 

car dispatcher. See motor boss. D.O.T. 1. 

car distributor. See motor boss. D.O.T. 1. 

Cardox. Trade name for an explosive device 
used principally in coal mining. See also 
ae dioxide blasting. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

Cardox-Hardsocg auger. Trade name for a 
track-mounted coal auger capable of drill- 
ing and extracting coal up to about 30 
inches in diameter and about 100 feet in 
length. The frame is located to one side 
of the auger section to reduce height and 
the direction of drilling can be reversed 
without moving. The auger is extended in 
6-foot section. Nelson. 

cardoxide. A baked mixtures of caustic soda 
and lime, used in the container or regen- 
erator of self-contained mine-rescue or oxy- 
gen-breathing apparatus to absorb the 
exhaled carbon dioxide. It has the advan- 
tage over straight caustic soda in that it 


does not cake, liquefy, or solidify when | 


used. Lewis, p. 760. 


Cardox-plant operator. In bituminous coal | 


mining, one who recharges steel shells 
(tubes) known by the trade name Cardox 
with metal shearing disks, electrical firing 
elements, and liquid carbon dioxide to pre- 
pare them for blasting coal. D.O.T. 1. 

Cardox shell. Steel shell used to contain 
carbon dioxide in the Cardox blasting 
method. See also carbon dioxide blasting. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

car drier. A drier in which ware is trans- 
ported on cars. ACSG, 1963. 

car dropper. a. A mine employee who con- 
trols the movement of cars to the dump. 
Grove. b. In metal and nonmetal mining, 
a laborer who runs cars down inclined 
haulageways, either pushing the cars down 
the incline one at a time, or hooking a 
cable to the cars and lowering them down 
the incline. Also called dropper; load 
dropper. D.O.T. 1. 

card table. A shaking table with a grooved 
deck instead of nailed-on riffles. Used in 
gravity concentration of sands. Pryor, 3. 

card tender. In the asbestos products indus- 
try, one who tends carding machine that 
cleans asbestos, cotton, or other fibers; 
arranges fibers parallel, and transforms 


them from a roll or lap into a ropelike | 


untwisted strand of cotton (sliver). Also 
called allye tender; card feeder; card 
hand; card operator; winder. D.O.T. 1. 
car dump. A tipple. Nelson. 
car dumper. a. A mechanical device for tilt- 
ing a railroad hopper or gondola car over 
sidewise and emptying its contents. Fay. 


b. A person who unloads cars by upending | 


or overturning them. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
card weight pipe. A term used to designate 
standard or full weight pipe, which is the 
Briggs standard thickness of pipe. Strock, 3. 
car feeder. See car-haul man. D.O.T. 1. 
car filler. See mucker, g. D.O.T. 1. 
cargo inspector. In petroleum production 
and refining, one who inspects and gages 


crude and refined petroleum for presence | 


of foreign substances before and after 
transfer from terminal tanks to ship tanks. 
PRO) Teale 

car handler. See carman. D.O.T. 1. 

car haul. A pusher chain conveyor used for’ 
moving small cars, such as mine cars, 
along a track. A form of tow conveyor. | 
See also pusher chain conveyor. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

car-haul man. In bituminous coal mining,’ 
one who operates the motor that drives a 








ear-haul man 


car haul (endless chain or cable) to which 

mine cars are clipped to convey them over 

the weighbridge on the approach to the 
tipple or onto the cage at the shaft bottom. 

Also called car feeder; feeder; feeder 

chainman. D.O.T. /. 

| car hooker. See coupler. D.O.T. 1. 

| caries texture. A texture in ores where the 

contact has alternating embayments. A.G.I. 

Hi carinate fold. In geology, an isoclinal fold. 

\| Standard, 1964. See also isoclinal. Fay. 

| car inspector. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who examines mine cars for defective 
bodies, framework, undercarriages, or 
i wheels. D.O.T. 1. 

i Carinthian furnace. a. A small reverberatory 
furnace with an inclined hearth, in which 
lead ore is treated by roasting and reac- 
tion, wood being the usual fuel. Fay. b. A 
zine distillation furnace with small, verti- 
cal retorts. Fay. 

| Carinthian process. A metallurgical method 
| for treating lead ore, the characteristics of 
which are the smallness of the charge, the 
slow roasting, so that for every part of 
lead sulfide 1 part of sulfate and at least 
2 parts of oxide are formed, the low tem- 
perature at which all of the operations 
are carried on, and the aim to extract all 
the lead in the reverberatory. The hearth 
is inclined toward the flue and the lead is 
collected outside the furnace. Fay. 
‘carious. Decayed, irregularly weathered. 
Challinor. 
|. car loader. a. See loader, c; chute loader, b. 
D.O.T. 1. b. See boxcar loader; loading 
conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 
| Carlsbad twin; Karlsbad twin. a. A twin in 
the monoclinic system with the vertical 

axis as the twinning axis. Fay. b. A twinned 
crystal in which the twinning axis is the 
c axis, the operation is a rotation of 180 
degrees, and the contact surface is parallel 
to the side pinacoid; common in the alkali 
feldspars. A.G.I. 

{ Carlson compass. A borehole-surveying de- 
vice consisting of a gimbal-mounted open 
frame, rigidly enclosing a graduated circle 
inside of which is a gimbal-mounted com- 

| pass. This assemblage, inserted in a glass 

tube filled with a melted gelatin mixture, 
| is placed inside a tightly sealed brass tube 
or clinometer. When the tube is lowered 
into, and suspended at a point in a bore- 
hole for a suffiicent length of time to allow 
the gelatin to set or jell, the position of 
the gimbal parts becomes fixed in the 

solidified gelatin, thereby providing a 

means whereby the compass course and 

inclination of the borehole at a specific 
point may be determined. Compare Maas 
borehole compass. Long. 

| carlton shape. A teacup, the top half of 
| which is cylindrical, the bottom half being 
approximately hemispherical but termina- 
tion in a broad, shallow foot. Dodd. 
//carman. a. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, a worker who handles mine 
or railroad cars underground or at the 
surface of a mine. May be designated ac- 
cording to job, as brakeman; car cleaner; 
car pincher; car runner; pusher. Also 
called car handler. D.O.T. 1. b. In the 
quarry industry, a laborer who hooks chain 
couplings together to form trains of cars 
loaded with rock, that are hauled up an in- 
, _ cline and automatically dumped. D.O.T. 1. 
| Carman equation. A relationship, derived 
| from Kozeny’s equation, permitting deter- 
mination of the specific surface, S, of a 
powder from permeability measurements: 

















177 


S = 14V[p*/KV(1—p’)] 

where p is the porosity of the bed of pow- 
der, V is the kinematic viscosity of the 
flowing fluid, and K is a constant. In his 
original application of this equation, P. C. 
Carman used a simple apparatus in which 
liquids were used as permeating fluids. 
Dodd. 

carmazul. Oxidized copper ore composed of 
jasper, vein quartz, hematite, chryscolla, 
and malachite, and showing red, brown, 
blue, and green colors. Hess. 

carmeloite. Proposed by Lawson for a group 
of alkalic andesites at Carmelo Bay, Calif. 
The rocks have an unusually high content 
of soda and contain ubiquitous iddingsite. 
A.G.I. 

carmentite. A variety of digenite. Weed, 1918. 

Carmichel-Bradford process. See blast roast- 
ing. Fay. 

carminite. A carmine to tile-red lead-iron-ar- 
senate, perhaps Pb;As2Os:10FeAsOx. Found 
in clusters of fine needles; also in spheroidal 
forms. Fay. 

carn. Corn. Pile of stones acting as beacon. 
Also known as cairn; karn. Pryor, 3. 

carnallite. A massive, granular, greasy, milk- 
white, soluble, hydrous, magnesium-potas- 
sium chloride, KMgCl;-6H:2O, crystallizing 
in’ the orthorhombic system; deliquescent. 
Dana 17. 

carnallite plant operator. In ore dressing, 
smelting, and refining, one who makes 
carnallite flux used in magnesium refining, 
by weighing carnallite ingredients accord- 
ing to formula, and mixing them thor- 
oughly, using a shovel. The mixture is 
then melted in a furnace crucible and 
poured into cooling pans. D.O.T. 1. 

carnegieite. A feldspar sometimes known only 
as an artificial mineral, found in a cinder 
cone on the Island of Linosa, east of 
Tunis, north Africa; a polymer of nephe- 
lite, NazO-Al,Os-2SiO2; triclinic at low 
temperatures; isometric at high tempera- 
tures. English; Larsen, p. 154; Hey 2d, 
19535. 

carnelian. Orange-red or red, brownish- 
orange, brownish-red, or brownish-yellow, 
translucent to semitranslucent variety of 
chalcedony. Less often yellow. It grades 
into the more brownish-red or brownish- 
yellow which is called sard. See also car- 
nelian onyx. Shipley. 

carnelian agate. Banded agate similar to car- 
nelian onyx in coloring except bands are 
not straight and parallel. Shipley. 

carnelian onyx. Onyx with alternating bands 
of white chalcedony and carnelian. Also, 
in a broader sense, any true onyx, one or 
more of the alternating bands of which 
are carnelian colors. Differs from sardonyx. 
See also carnelian agate. Shipley. 

Carnian. Lower Upper Triassic. A.G.I. Supp. 

car nipper. See car runner. D.O.T. /. 

Carnot cycle. An ideal heat engine cycle in 
which the working substance goes through 
the four successive operations of isothermal 
expansion to a desired point, adiabatic 
expansion to a desired point, isothermal 
compression, and adiabatic compression 
back to its initial state. Webster 3d. 

carnotite. An orthorhombic mineral, Ko2- 
(UOsz)2(VO;)23H:O; bright yellow to 
lemon- and greenish-yellow; strongly radio- 
active; ordinarily occurs in a mixture of 
carnotite and tyuyamunite; it is wide- 
spread in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and 
Arizona, where it occurs chiefly in cross- 
bedded sandstones of Triassic or Jurassic 
age, either disseminated or as relatively 











car retarder 


pure masses around petrified or carbonized 
vegetal matter. It is of a secondary origin, 
having been formed from the action of 
meteoric waters on preexisting uranium 
minerals. Used as a source of radium. Not 
to be confused with carnotite (silicocarno- 
tite). Crosby, pp. 11-12; Sanford. 

Carnotite region. The area in western Colo- 
rado, southeastern Utah, and the Carrizo 
Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona in 
which carnotite is found. Hess. 

Carnot’s function. A function of a tempera- 
ture of a source of heat which occurs in 
the mathematical development of Carnot’s 
principle. It is numerically equal to the 
reciprocal of this temperature on the abso- 
lute scale. Webster 2d. 

carobbiite. Potassium fluoride, KF, with some 
NaCl, etc., NaCl structure. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 

ear oil. Black lubricating oils designated low 
cold test, black oil, etc. Car oils are usu- 
ally black lubricating oils of the same gen- 
eral character as summer black oil. Porter. 

Carolina stone. A China stone used to some 
extent in the United States pottery indus- 
try. Dodd. 

carpenter, bank. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who works at the surface of a mine 
repairing mine car bodies, structures, bins, 
and other equipment. D.O.T. 1. 

carpenter, car. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who builds and repairs the wooden 
bodies of mine cars. D.O.T. 1. 

carpet. A bituminous surface of appreciable 
thickness, generally formed on top of a 
roadway by the application of one or more 
coats of bituminous material with gravel, 
sand, or stone chips added. Also called 
blanket. Fay. 

carpholite. A yellow mineral crystallizing in 
orthorhombic laths elongated in direction 
of C, with prismatic cleavage at 68.5°; 
MnO.AlI2Os3.2SiO2.2H2O. Larsen, p. 171. 

carphosiderite. A discredited term equal 
either to jarosite or natrojarosite. Ameri- 
can Mineralogist, v. 42, No. 7-8, July- 
August 1957, p. 586. 

car pincher. In anthracite, bituminous, and 
metal mining, a laborer who moves rail- 
road cars into position directly under load- 
ing chutes at breaker or tipple, inserting 
pinch bar under car wheels and bearing 
down or pulling up on it to force car 
forward. Also called car shifter; car spot- 
ter; railroad-car shifter; spotter. D.O.T. 1. 

car puller. See pusher. D.O.T. 1. 

car pusher. See cars-to-drier man. D.O.T. 1. 

carkquaise. An annealing arch for plate glass. 
Standard, 1964. 

carr. Forest peat; 
1954. 

carrack. Eng. See capel. Fay. 

Carrara marble. Any of the marbles quarried 
near Carrara, Italy. The prevailing colors 
are white to bluish, or white with blue 
veins; a fine grade of statuary marble is 
included. Fay. 

car retarder. a. An appliance for reducing 
or controlling the speed of mine cars. It 
may take the form of a creeper with horns 
which retract when the car may run freely 
and again tripped into the operating posi- 
tion at the beginning of a run. See also 
hydrabrake retarder. Nelson. b. A car re- 
tarder consists of a brakeshoe located along 
the track. On an electrical impulse, it is 
forced against both sides of the car wheels 
by compressed air. Control can be manual 
or automatic. Used to control the speed 
of railroad cars in industrial yards. Bests, 


wood peat. Tomkeieff, 


car retarder 


p. 371. 

carriage. a. A term used with shaker con- 
veyor supports. Carriages may be desig- 
nated as ball-frame, wheel, or roller car- 
riages, depending on their construction. 
The carriage may or may not be attached 
solidly to the conveyor troughs. Jones. See 
also slope cage; carrigal. b. Same as cage. 
Korson, c. A sliding or rolling base or sup- 
porting frame. Nichols. 

carriage bolt. An oval or buttonhead black 
bolt with square neck which prevents the 
bolt from turning while the nut is being 
tightened. Crispin. 

carriage mounting. One or more rock drills 
mounted on a wheeled frame, used in tun- 
neling. Pryor, 3. 

carriageway. That part of a road which is 
designed for vehicular traffic. Ham. 

Carribel explosive. A new permitted explo- 
sive of medium strength, and can be used 
in wet boreholes provided its immersion 
time does not exceed 2 to 3 hours. The 
maximum charge weight in British coal 
mines is 24 ounces and can be used for 
coal and ripping shots in conjunction with 
short-delay detonators. Nelson. 

car rider. A brakeman or laborer employed 
to ride on a car to the dumper, or on cars 
pushed from cradle, to apply brake, and 
prevent hard bumping. A blast furnace 
term. Fay. 

carried interest; revisionary interest. A work- 
ing interest participation in producing 
property whereby the operator is reim- 
bursed his investment out of oil before the 
recipient receives a percentage share of 
net income. Wheeler. 

carrier. a. A rotating or sliding mounting or 
case. Nichols. b. Containers traveling on 
aerial ropeway. Pryor, 3. c. A substance, 
such as a catalyst, by means of which 
some element or group is transferred from 
one compound to another. Webster 3d. 
d. Electrons, electron holes, or positive 
and negative ions which are mobile under 
a potential gradient. VV. 

carrier solvent. In uranium leaching, an inert 
organic liquid (for example, kerosine) in 
which the organic chemical used to extract 
uranium from aqueous liquor is dissolved. 
Pryory 3% 

carrier wave. The wave which is to be modu- 
lated. NCB. 

carrigal. Scot. A wheeled bogie or platform 
for the conveyance of coal cars or tubs, 
in a level position, on a highly inclined 
roadway. Fay. 

carrollite. A sulfide of cobalt, COsCuS,, with 
small amounts of copper, iron, and nickel; 
crystallizes in the cubic system. C.M.D. 

carrot. a. A misspelling of carat. Long. b. 
Sometimes used as a synonym for core, 
especially in England. Long. 

carrousel. A four-wheeled bogie fitted with 
a rotating framework which carries two 
sets of stillages for the handling of bricks 
from a dryer to a Hoffman type of kiln. 
(Word is derived from the French word 
for merry-go-round.) Dodd. 

carrousel conveyor. A continuous platform 
or series of spaced platforms which move 
in a circular horizontal path. The term 
carrousel has been applied to other forms 
of conveyors, such as car type and pallet 
type. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

car runner. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, a laborer who runs cars down 
inclined haulageways from working places 
to switches or sidings at the shaft or along 
main haulageways. He may be designated 





178 


according to material hauled, as culm 
runner; rock car runner. Also called car 
dropper; car nipper; dropper; load drop- 
per; mine-car dropper; runner. D.O.T. 1. 

carry. a. Scot. The thickness of roof rock 
taken down in working a seam. Fay. b. 
The thickness of seam which can be con- 
veniently taken down at one working. Fay. 

carryall; carryall scraper; scraper. A self- 
loading carrier device with a scraperlike, 
retractable bottom usually self-propelled 
and used especially for excavating and 
hauling unconsolidated or crushed rock 
and earthy materials. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Carryall. Trade name for LeTourneau-West- 
inghouse scrapers. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

carryall scraper. See carryall. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

carry-in. Manual lehr loading. ASTM C162- 
66. 

carrying bar. Eng. See carrying girder. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

carrying belt. a. The belt on which the coal 
or ore is transported to the discharge 
point. The carrying belt is the upper 
strand except in the case of a bottom belt 
conveyor. Nelson. b. The belt on the run 
which carries the load. See also carrying 
run. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

carrying capacity. The greatest amount of 
electrical current that a conductor can 
safely carry, expressed in amperes. The 
various size wires, with their carrying 
capacities, are arranged in a table in the 
National Electrical Code. Crispin. 

carrying gate. Derb. The main haulage road 
in a mine. Fay. 

carrying girder; carrying bar. Eng. See cross- 
ing balk. Also called carrying set. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

carrying idler. a. In belt conveyors, the belt 
idlers upon which the load-carrying por- 
tion of belting is supported. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. b. In live roller conveyors, the rolls 
upon which the load is supported while 
being conveyed. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

carrying-in boy. One who carries finished 
glassware in the lehr (oven). D.O.T. 1. 

carrying roller. The conveyor roll upon 
which the conveyor belt or the object being 
transported is supported. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

carrying run. That portion of the conveyor 
in or on which material is conveyed. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

carry-off man. In the iron and steel industry, 
a laborer who unloads steel sheets from 
the pickling cradle machine carrier in 
which they are submerged in an acid bath 
for removal of scale and other impurities. 
Also called pickling unloader. D.O.T. 1. 

carry-over. The unfused batch dust, blown 
into the exit passages and regenerators of 
a glass tank. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

carse. A Scottish term applied to the flat- 
lands in valleys. Fay. 

car shifter. In the coke products industry, 
a laborer who shifts railroad cars in a coke- 
yard by inserting a pinchbar between the 
car wheel and the rail and depressing the 
pinchbar. See also car pincher; pusher, a. 
DO: 

car slide. The ramped loading platform for 
a scraper loader. Nelson. 

car spotter. A term used for the small hoist 
employed to haul a trip of empty cars 
under the loading end of a gathering con- 
veyor or elevator. Also called tugger. 
Jones. See also car pincher. 

cars-to-drier man. One who transports green 
clay products, stacked on handcars, to and 


cartridge brass 


from drying tunnel. Also called car pusher; 
drier man. D.O.T. 1. 

carstone. Eng. Hard ferruginous sandstones 
of Lower Cretaceous age. Arkell. 

car stop. A contrivance to arrest the move- 
ment of a mine car. At the top of incline 
haulages, wheel stopes, axle stops, or stop 
blocks may be used. At the top and bottom 
of shafts, automatic stops are often in- 
stalled, the cars being released when the 
cage is in position to receive them. Nelson. 

cart. a. Scot. A measure of 12 hundred- 
weight of screened coal (but in practice 
varying from 12 to 15 hundredweight) by 
which miners were formerly paid. Fay. 
b. Som.; S. Wales. A tram with or with- 
out wheels for conveying coal underground 
in thin seams. Fay. c. In the United States, 
a two-wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy 
materials, or a lighter form for passenger 
use; in the British Isles and in parts of 
New England, it may have either two 
wheels or four wheels. Hess. 

cart hand. See blunger loader. D.O.T. 1. 

carting. Som. Hauling coal underground in 
thin seams. Fay. 

carting boy. Eng. A boy who pushes or — 
pulls carts of coal from the working face : 
in thin coal seams. C.T.D. 

cartographer. One who prepares maps from 
information supplied by a land surveyor. 
Ham. 

cartographic. Of or pertaining to a map. A 
cartographic unit in geology is.a rock or 
a group of rocks that is shown on a geo- 
logic map by a single color or pattern. Fay. 

cartography. a. The science and art of ex- 
pressing graphically, by means of maps 
and charts, the visible physical features of | 
the earth’s surface, both the natural and | 
the manmade features. A.G.J. b. The sci- | 
ence and art of map construction. A.G.I. 

cartology. The mapping and drawing of | 
longitudinal sections, measuring intervals, | 
and plotting vertical sections of strata; 
used widely by mine surveyors for corre- 
lating coal seams. See also correlation. | 
Nelson. 

carton. A pasteboard box containing high 
explosives, blasting cap, or electric blast- 
ing caps, a number of which are packed | 
in a wooden case for shipment. Fay. 

cartop. The refractory surface of a tunnel | 
kiln car. ACSG, 1963. 

cartouche. An ornamental framework used 
in decoration sometimes enclosing an in-- 
scription or pictorial subject. Haggar. 

cartridge. a. A cylindrical, waterproof, paper’ 
shell, filled with high explosive and closed: 
at both ends. Used in blasting. Fay. b./ 
Short cylinders (about 4 inches long and’ 
2% inches in diameter) of highly com- 
pressed caustic lime made with a groove! 
along the side, used in breaking down coal, 
See also lime cartridge. Fay. c. A cylindri-| 
cal, waterproof, paper shell filled with ce-) 
ment or other material used in plugging or! 
sealing cavities or cavey ground encountered: 
in drilling a borehole. Long. d. A small 
metal container about the size of a 12-gage 
shotgun shell, fitted with a screwcap. For- 
merly much used by a hand bit setter a! 
a pocket-size diamond container. Long. e.) 
A single pellet of explosive, which may be 
4 or 8 ounces. The majority of shotholes 
require a number of cartridges to make’ 
up the exlosive charge. It is safer and 
more efficient to use the larger cartridges 
to reduce possible dirt gaps. Also called 
plug. Nelson. 

cartridge brass. A copper-zinc alloy contain-) 



















cartridge brass 


ing about 30 percent zinc, highly ductile. 
| Pryor, 3. 

i cartridge fuse. A fuse enclosed in an insulat- 
ing tube in order to confine the arc when 
the fuse blows. Crispin. 

|, cartridge pin. A round stick of wood on 
| which the paper tube for the blasting car- 
tridge is formed. Fay. 

| cart trade. Som. See land sale, c. Fay. 

|) car trimmer. A person who aiiists the load 
| in a railroad car or mine car. Fay. 

| car-type conveyor. A series of cars attached 
to and propelled by an endless chain or 
other linkage running on a horizontal or 
slight incline. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

| car unloader. A form of portable drag-chain, 
belt, or flight conveyor which can be 
placed either beneath or over the railroad 
tracks for the purpose of handling bulk 
materials from hopper bottom cars. See 
also portable conveyor. ASA MH+4. 1-19528. 





' one who _ uses only pneumatic hammers 
| and no handtools in the carving of designs 
| and figures on the surface of granite or 
|| marble blocks and slabs. D.O.T. 1. 
searving. a. Leic. A wedge-shaped vertical 
i cut or cutting at the side of a stall. Fay. 
| b. Leic. An airway between the solid and 
a pack wall. Fay. 

\)carvoeira. A secondary igneous rock con- 
sisting of tourmaline and quartz. Johann- 
sen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 246. 


Seé  mine-car 





ry whacker. 
DOTenl:. 


repairman. 


ance to determine the liquid limit of a 
| soil. It consists of a brass dish, handle, 
and cam mounted on a hard rubber base. 
The dish falls through a distance of 1 
_ centimeter per rotation. A sample of soil 
} 1 centimeter thick is placed in the dish. 
' with a groove 11 millimeters wide at the 
top and 2 millimeters at the bottom. Th= 
number of jars required to cause the 
2-millimeter gap to close along one-half 
of an inch is recorded. Nelson. 
fcascade. A process or apparatus, usually in 
separation or purification, in which mate: 
rials are passed through a multiplicity of 
identical or similar relatively simple oper- 
ations, in order to multiply the separation 
or other effect that is achieved in a single 
simple operation. An outstanding example 
| is the Oak Ridge diffusion plant for sepa- 
| rating uranium isotopes by passing uranium 
fluoride mixtures through an extended 
series of diffusion cells, each of which 
causes a slight enrichment of the desired 
isotope. An ordinary bubble plate distilla- 
tion tower is a much more frequently en- 
_ countered example. CCD 6d, 1961. 
|\eascade coal dryer. A thermal process for 
| drying fine coal. An example of this type 
is the Conreur dryer. Coal entering the 
top of the drying tower is carried down 
by a series of rollers, being permeated by 
an ascending stream of hot air. Fixed 
baffles direct the air to facilitate mingling 
The very finest particles may have to be 
recovered by dry filters or wet scrubbers. 
It treats coal with a top size ranging from 
one-fourth inch to 2 inches. See also fluid- 
ized bed dryer. Nelson. 
\cascade control. Externally impressed signal 
_ series which connects several controllers or 
| resetting devices in series. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 
\cascade flotation cell. Elementary type of 
_ flotation cell, in which air is entrained by 
| plunging cascade of pulp, mineralized 
bubbles being removed further down- 











Fa 


stream. Pryor, 3. 

cascade sequence. A combined longitudinal 
and buildup sequence in which weld beads 
are deposited in overlapping layers, usually 
laid in a backstep sequence. ASM Gloss. 

cascade upgrading. See countercurrent de- 
cantation. Pryor, 3. 

Cascadian orogeny. Post-Tertiary diastro- 
phism that uplifted the Cascade moun- 
tains of the Pacific Northwest. A.G.I. Supp. 

cascading. Movement of crop load in ball 
mill rotating at such a speed that the balls 
breaking free at top of rising load roll 
quietly down to the toe of the charge. 
With increased peripheral speed, motion 
changes to turbulent cataracting and, still 
faster, to avalanching when upper layer 
of crushing bodies breaks clear and falls 
freely to top of crop load. Pryor, 3. 

cascadite. A dark, biotite-olivine-augite dike 
rock with abundant phenocrysts of biotite 
and fewer phenocrysts of olivine and augite 
in a groundmass composed principally of 
alkali feldspar. Holmes, 1928. 

case. a. A small fissure, admitting water into 
the mine workings. Fay. b. One of the 
frames, of four pieces of plank each, placed 
side by side to form a continuous lining 
in galleries run in loose earth. Webster 2d. 
c. To line a borehole with steel tubing, 
such as casing or pipe. Long. d. A wooden 
or pasteboard box in which dynamite, 
cartons, or boxes of blasting caps, or coils 
of fuse are transported and/or stored 
Long. e. In a ferrous alloy, the outer por- 
tion that has been made harder than the 
inner portion, or core, by casehardening 
ASM Gloss. 

cased. a. A borehole lined with some form 
of steel tubing, such as casing or pipe. 
See also case in; case off. Long. b. Dyna- 
mite, cartons of blasting caps, or coils or 
fuse packed in wooden or pasteboard 
boxes. Long. 

cased glass. Glassware with a superimposed 
layer of another glass having a different 
composition and usually colored. The ther- 
mal expansions of the two glasses must be 
carefully matched. Compare ply glass. 
Dodd. 

cased off. See case off. Long. 

ceased tin. Eng. Fine tin ore that is re- 
treated by a gentle current of water flow- 
ing over the frame or table. Fay. 

casehardened. A term sometimes used for 
tempered glass. See also tempered glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

casehardening. a. The geological process by 
which the surface of a porous rock, espe- 
cially a sandstone or a tuff, is coated by 
a cement or a desert varnish, formed by 
the evaporation of a mineral-bearing solu- 
tion. A.G.I. b. Hardening a ferrous alloy 
so that the outer portion, or case, is made 
substantially harder than the inner por- 
tion, or core. Typical processes used for 
casehardening are carburizing, cyaniding, 
carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hard- 
ening, and flame hardening. ASM Gloss. 

case in. Synonym for case, c. Long. 

casein. An amorphous plastic made from the 
albumen of milk by treating milk with 
acid. Sometimes colored to imitate amber, 
agate, malachite, tortoise shell, ivory, and 
other decorative materials. Specific grav- 
ity, 1.3 to 1.4; refractive index, 1.55 to 
1.56. Shipley. 

casement wall. See breast wall. Dodd. 

case mold. See mold. Dodd. 

cease off. To line a borehole with some form 
of steel tubing to prevent entry of broken 











casing bowl and slips 


rock materials, gas, or liquids into the 
borehole. Also called blank off; block off; 
case. Long. 

caser. In petroleum production, a member of 
a crew of workers who run casing (pipes 
which prevent walls of the well from cav- 
ing) into oil or gas wells or pull it from 
wells with a pulling machine, which 1s 
essentially a hydraulic jack. Casing crews 
work especially on cable drilling rigs where 
the regular drilling crew consists of only 
the cable driller and tooldresser. On rotary 
rigs the casing is usually run by the rotary 
driller and. other crew members. Also 
called casing crew man; casing gang man; 
casing man. D.O.T. 1 

cases of spar. Eng. pare veins of 


quartz. Fay. 
cash. Som. Soft shale or bind in coal mines. 
Fay. 


casher box. A metal box used to catch a 
glass bottle after it has been severed from 
the blowpipe in the old hand blown proc- 
ess. Dodd. 

cashy blaes. Scot. Soft coaly blaes with little 
coherence. Fay. 

casing. a. Pac. A zone of material altered 
by vein action and lying between the un- 
altered country rock and the vein. Fay. 
b. A local Ohio term applied to thin slabs 
of sandstone that split out between closely 
spaced joints. Fay. c. Special steel tubing 
welded or screwed together and lowered 
into a borehole to prevent entry of loose 
rock, gas, or liquid into the borehole or 
to prevent loss of circulation liquid into 
porous, cavernous, or crevassed ground. 
Long. d. Process of inserting casing in a 
borehole. Long. e. Piping used to support 
the sides of a borehole. Flush-coupled cas- 
ing is joined with a coupling which has 
the same outside diameter as the casing, 
but has two male threaded ends. Flush- 
joint casing has a male thread at one end 
and a female thread at the other; no 
coupling is used. B.S. 3618, sec. 3, 1963. 
f. Corn. A partition of brattice, made 
of casing plank, in a shaft. Fay. g. A struc- 
ture of wood, metal, or other material 
which completely encloses the elevating or 
conveying machinery elements to support 
them, to afford safety protection, to pro- 
tect from the weather, or to confine dust, 
gases, or fumes arising from the material 
being conveyed; or to form a part of the 
conveyor in the same manner as a trough. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. h. Formwork for set- 
ting concrete. Nelson. i. Can. Steel pipe 
enclosing diamond drill rods. Hoffman. 
j. The steel lining of a circular shaft. 
C.T.D. k. The larger diameter pipe ce- 
mented in the hole, such as surface casing, 
protective casing, ‘and production casing. 
Wheeler. 1. A surface layer of glass of 
another color; also called flashing. Haggar. 
m. Those stationary parts of a fan which 
guide air to and from the impeller. B.S. 
3618, sec. 2, 1963. 

casing anchor packer. A type of packer that 
can be anchored within the casing. Long. 

casing barrel. A joint of casing to which a 
casing bit and shell is attached and used 
like a core barrel. Long. 

casing-barrel reaming shell. Synonym for 
casing reaming shell. Long. 

casing bit. A diamond-set rotary bit designed 
to bore out an annulus slightly larger than 
the casing. It is withdrawn before the cas- 
ing is inserted. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

casing bowl and slips. Synonym for casing 
spider. Long. 


casing catcher 


casing catcher. A safety device equipped with 
slips or dogs to catch and grip casing if it 
is dropped while being lowered into or 
lifted from a borehole. Also miscalled tub- 
ing catcher; tubing hanger. Long. 

casing clamp. A mechanical device designed 
to facilitate the hoisting or suspension of 
casing in a borehole. Made by forming a 
half circle in a heavy steel bar. When 
bolted together, in pairs, the bars fit 
around the outside and tightly grip the 
casing. Size of clamp is determined by out- 
side diameter of the casing to be handled. 
Long. 

casing collar kick. Magnetically induced sig- 
nal produced during drilling as locator 
passes the collar, thus monitoring depth 
of drilling. Pryor, 3. 

casing coupling. A short, threaded connector, 
usually pin threaded on both ends, by 
means of which two pieces of casings may 
be joined. Long. 

casing crew man. See caser. D.O.T. 1. 

casing cutter. A tool used to cut off a length 
of casing in a borehole at any desired 
point below the collar of the borehole. 
Long. 

casing dog. a. A lifting device consisting of 
one or more serrated sliding wedges work- 
ing inside a cone-shaped collar. Used to 
grip and hold casing while it is being 
raised or lowered into a borehole. See also 
bulldog, b. Long. b. A fishing tool. See also 
bulldog, c. Long. 

casing drive hammer; drive hammer. A 
weight used to drive casing down a bore- 
hole. Also called monkey. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
SECOe 

casing drivehead. A heavy steel bushing or 
swelled coupling screwed into the top of 
a string of casing. The device serves to 
protect the threads and acts as an anvil 
for the hammer when driving the casing. 
Also called casing head. Long. 

casing drive shoe; drive shoe. A hardened 
steel shoe screwed to the lower end of the 
casing to protect the casing when it is 
driven down a hole by percussive means. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

casing elevator. A circular clamp made in 
halves hinged at one end and closed fast 
with a latch at the other end. It is 
equipped with two long heavy chain links 
that furnish a means of hanging it on the 
hoist-line hook. Used to raise and lower 
collared casing or pipe. Long. 

casing fitting. An accessory threaded to fit 
casing. Compare casing coupling. Long. 

casing float. A rubber-ball-type check valve, 
generally placed near the bottom of a long 
string of casing. Its use reduces the load 
imposed on the hoisting mechanism in 
lowering casing into a wet borehole. Also 
called casing valve; float valve. Long. 

casing, flush coupled. See flush-coupled cas- 
ing. Long. 

casing, flush joint. See flush-joint casing. 
Long. 

casing head. a. Synonym for casing drive- 
head. Long. b. A fitting attached to top of 
casing on an oil well to separate oil from 
gas, to allow pumping and the cleaning 
of the borehole, etc. Also called Christmas 
tree. Long. 

casing-head gas. Natural gas rich in oil 
vapors. So named as it is usually collected, 
or separated from the oil, at the casing 
head. Frequently called combination gas 
or wet gas. Fay. 

casing-head gasoline. The liquid hydrocar- 
bon recovered from casing-head gas by 








180 


absorption, compression, or refrigeration. 
Also known as natural gasoline. A.G.IJ. 

casing-head stuffing box. See stuffing box. 
Long. 

casing hook. A hook connecting the hoisting 
block and line to the links of the casing 
elevator. Long. 

casing, inserted-joint. See inserted-joint cas- 
ing. Long. 

casing, inside coupled. Synonym for flush- 
coupled casing. Long. 

casing jar hammer; jar hammer. A drive 
hammer used to extract casing. B.S. 36/8, 
1963, sec. 3. 

casing knife. Device similar to and used in 
same manner as a Casing cutter. See also 
casing cutter. Long. 

casing line. Cable or wire rope wound on a 
hoisting drum and used only to raise or 
lower casing in a borehole. Also called 
calf line. Long. 

casing of a reef. Aust. The abnormal vein- 
stuff abutting on the solid reef. See also 
casing, a. Fay. 

casing off. Process of inserting a line of cas- 
ing in a borehole. See also case, c; case off. 
Long. 

casing pipe. Synonym for casing. Long. 

casing point. In borehole drilling, casing 
point is the depth to which the casing is 
entered. Pryor, 3, p. 72. 

casing pressure. The pressure built up in the 
casing when closed at the top of the well. 
It is usually measured by placing a pres- 
sure gage on one of the side outlets on 
the casing head. Porter. 

casing puller. A screw or hydraulic jack used 
to pull casing or drill rods stuck in a bore- 
hole. Long. 

casing reaming shell. A sleeve designed to 
serve as a reaming coupling between a 
casing bit or set casing shoe and a joint 
of corresponding-size casing, which is being 
used as a core barrel. Also called casing- 
barrel reaming shell. Long. 

casing ripper. An expanding-type cutting de- 
vice, which can be lowered into a cased 
hole on drill rods or a line. Cutter is de- 
signed to rip longitudinal slits to free the 
casing at a coupling or to perforate the 
casing. Long. 

casing shoe. A steel sleeve threaded to fit and 
be coupled to the bottom end of diamond- 
drill casing as a cutting head and protector 
when the casing is driven through over- 
burden. The inside diameter of a specific 
letter-name-range casing shoe (whether 
plain or inset with diamonds or other cut- 
ting media) is always large enough to per- 
mit other downhole drill fittings having the 
same letter-name-range designation to be 
run inside and through the casing shoe. 
When a casing shoe is set with diamonds 
or other cutting media it is called a set 
casing shoe, which should not be confused 
with casing bit. Also called casing drive 
shoe. Compare casing bit; set casing shoe. 
Long. 

casing-shoe bit. a. Synonym for set casing 
shoe. Long. b. Sometimes incorrectly used 
as a synonym for Casing bit. See also casing 
bit. Long. 

casing spear. An instrument used for recover- 
ing casing which has accidenatlly’ fallen 
into the well. The “bulldog,” which is the 
most simple form of casing spear, consists 
of a steel body tapered at the top, on 
which slide two steel segments with ser- 
rated edges. When lowered inside the cas- 
ing to be recovered the steel segments are 
pushed upward along the narrow part of 











cast 


the body, but when raised, the segments 
remain stationary, and the weight of the 
casing forces the thicker part to exercise 
a pressure on the segments forcing thein 
outward, The greater the pull, the greater 
is the correseponding lateral pressure. Also 
called casing dog. Fay. 

casing spider. A holding device resting on 
the drilling floor, consisting of two or more 
serrated sliding wedges working inside a 
heavy cone-shaped bowl or collar, used to 
suspend casing in a drill hole during 
makeup or breakout. Also called casing 
bowl and slips. Long. 

casing string. The total amount of any given 
size of casing inserted in a borehole. Long. 

casing sub. a. A coupling threaded to At 
casing at one end and drill rods or other 
downhole drill equipment at the other end. 
Long. b. A connection used in fishing with 
a petroleum-type rotary drill. Long. 

casing substitute. Synonym for casing sub. 
Long. 

casing tester. [n the petroleum industry, x 
closely fitting, rubber-flanged bucket or a 
similar tool ict down in a well to deter- 
mine the location of a leak in the casing. 
Hess. 

casing valve. Synonym for casing float. Long. 

casing wall. See breast wall. Dodd. 

casing water swivel. A special swivel designed 
to fit on casing at the collar of a borehole 
around the drill rods. Allows casing to be 
rotated slowly while maintaining a flow of 
water between drill rods and inside of cas- 
ing in addition to the flow of water down 
the inside of the drill rods. Primarily used 
with Morissette expansion reamer. Long. 

Cassadagan. Middle Upper Devonian above 
Chemungian. A.GJ. Supp. 

Cassel brown; Cassel earth. A brown earthy 
substance found in peat and lignite beds 
and used as a pigment; originally found 
near Cassel, Germany. Cologne brown or 
Cologne earth is a similar substance origi- 
nally found near Cologne, Germany. Hess. 

Casselian. Synonym for Chattian. A.GI. 
Supp. 

Cassel kiln. See Kassel kiln. Dodd. 

Cassel’s green. Barium manganate. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

casserole. A deep, round, usually porcelain 
dish with a handle used for heating sub- 
stances in the laboratory. Webster 3d. 

cassette. A lightproof holder, used to contain 
radiographic films during exposure to 
X-rays or gamma rays, that may or may 
not contain intensifying screens or filter 
screens, or both. A distinction is often 
made between a cassette, which has posi- 
tive means for insuring contact between 
screens and film and is usually rigid, and 
an exposure holder, which is rather flex- 
ible. ASM Gloss. 

cassianite. Variant spelling of kassianite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cassinite. A feldspar from Delaware County, | 
Pa., containing several percent of baryta. | 
Fay. 

cassiterite; tin stome. SnO2; tetragonal; usu- | 
ally black in color; Mohs’ hardness, 6 to 7; | 
streak pink-white; specific gravity, 6.9. | 
When pure contains 78.6 percent tin, but © 
is usually adulterated by other metals. 
Pryor, 3. 

cast. a. The mineral or other substance that 
fills a hole which has been formed in a 
rock by the solution of the original hard © 
material of which the shell or skeleton was 
composed. A.G.I. b. A natural mold which | 
has been filled naturally with some mineral | 








cast 


substance. A.G.I. c. To form in a desired 

shape by pouring molten metal into a 

mold, as a bit mold, and allowing it to 

harden. Long. 

jeastable. A refractory mix containing heat 
resisting hydraulic setting cement. A re- 
fractory concrete. A.I.S.J. No. 24. 
yeastable refractory. a. A refractory aggregate 

‘which will develop structural strength by 

hydraulic set after having been tempered 

| with water and compacted. A.RJ. b. A 

| mixture of a heat-resistant aggregate and 

a heat-resistant hydraulic cement; for use, 

‘| it is mixed with water and rammed or 
poured into place. HW. 

jeast-after-cast. Corn. The throwing up of 

| ore from one platform to another succes- 

| sively. See also shambles. Fay. 

\\east-alloy tool. A cutting tool made by cast- 
ing a cobalt-base alloy and used at machin- 
ing speeds between those for high-speed 
steels and sintered carbides. ASM Gloss. 

jeastanite. A chestnut-brown hydrous ferric 

| sulfate, Fex03;2SO3.10H2O. Fay. 

\castaways. Sterile veinstone. Fay. 

cast bit. A bit in which the diamond-set 

| crown is formed on a bit blank by pouring 

| molten metal into a prepared mold. Also 

' called cast-set bit; cast-metal bit. Long. 

east brick. See blebirocast brick, Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

‘|Castellanos powder. A kind of blasting pow- 
| der containing nitroglycerin and either 
nitrobenzene or a picrate, mixed with other 
| materials. Webster 2d. 
\jcastellated. Formed like a castle, as a castel- 
lated nut which has a portion of its length 
turned and slotted for the reception of 
| cotter pins. Crispin. 
| Castellated beam. Trade name for a steel 
beam formed by cutting a rolled steel joist 
along the web in the form of a zig-zag. 
After this cutting operation the two halves 
are arranged so that the crests of the cuts 
meet; these are then joined by butt weld- 
ing. As a result, the depth and moment 
of the beam are increased by 50 percent. 
| Ham. 
j\castellated bit. a. A long-tooth, sawtooth bit. 
Long. b. Diamond-set coring bit with a few 
large diamonds or hard-metal cutting 
points set in the face of each of several 
upstanding prongs separated from each 
other by deep waterways. Also called 
| nadded bit. Long. 

|iraster. a. A wheel mounted in a swivel frame 

so that it is steered automatically by move- 

ments of its load. Nichols. b. In an auto- 
motive vehicle, the toe-in of the front 
wheels. Nichols. 

|tasteth. Derb. Said of a shaft when the air 

| issuing from it on a cool or frosty morning 

contains visible vapor. Fay. 

|(tast gate. In founding, the channel through 

| which the metal is poured into a mold. Fay. 

|asthole. Derb. A prospect hole not ex- 
ceeding about 9 feet deep, the depth from 
which waste material may be thrown by 
| hand. Fay. 

fasthouse. The building in which pigs or 
ingots are cast. Fay. 

ftastillite. An impure variety of bornite, con- 

| taining zinc, lead, and silver sulfides. Fay. 

| ee a. An object at or near finished 

__ shape obtained by solidification of a sub- 

| stance in a mold. ASM Gloss. b. Pouring 

|. molten metal into 2 mold to produce an 

| object of desired shape. ASM Gloss. c. A 

|| process of shaping glass by pouring hot 

_ glass into molds or onto tables, or rolls. 

| ASTM C162-66. d. Forming ceramic ware 



























181 


by introducing a body slip into a porous 
mold which absorbs sufficient water from 
the slip to produce a semirigid article 
ASTM C242-60T. e. N. of Eng. Payment 
made to fillers when coal has to be shoveled 
more than an agreed distance to the con- 
veyor belt or tubs. Trist. 

casting alloy. Any alloy commonly melted 
and used to produce bit crowns by the 
casting process. Usually used in referrinz 
to copper- and nickel-base alloys. Long. 

casting bort. Synonym for castings. Long. 

casting bronze. A copper-base alloy used pri- 
marily to produce bit crowns by the casting 
method. Long. 

casting copper. Inferior to electrolytic and 
lake copper. It is obtained from a variety 
of copper ores and from by-products of 
brass foundries. Crispin. 

casting cracks. An obvious cracking ten- 
dency in the enameled surface due to 
cracks in the metal. Hansen. 

oobi See sand floor. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 399. 

casting machine. A series of iron molds on 
an endless-belt conveyor to receive and cast 
the molten pig iron into form as it comes 
from the furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 399. 

casting metal. Synonym for casting alloy. 
Long. 

casting over. a. A quarryman’s term for an 
operation consisting of making a cut with 
a steam shovel, which, instead of loading 
the material on cars, moves it to one side, 
forming a long ridge. Fay. b. The opera- 
tion of reestablishing benches that have 
been covered or caved, and also cutting up 
a high bank into one or more smaller 
banks. Lewis, p. 399. 

casting pit. The space in a foundry in which 
the molds are placed and the castings 
made. In the Bessemer and open-hearth 
steelworks, it is the space utilized for cast- 
ing the molten steel into cast-iron ingot 
molds. Fay. 

casting-pit refractories. Specially shaped re- 
fractories (usually fireclay) for use in the 
casting of molten steel. Dodd. 

casting plate; casting table. A flat iron table 
upon which molten glass is poured to flat- 
ten out. Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

castings. One of several terms (and/or letter 
symbols) commonly used to designate low 
quality drill diamonds. Long. 

casting shrinkage. a. Liquid shrinkage, the 
reduction in volume of liquid metal as it 
cools to the liquidus. ASM Gloss. b. Solidi- 
fication shrinkage, the reduction in volume 
of metal from the beginning to ending of 
solidification. ASM Gloss. c, Solid shrink- 
age, the reduction in volume of metal from 
the solidus to room temperature. ASM 
Gloss. d. Total shrinkage, the sum of the 
shrinkage in definitions a, b, and c above. 
ASM Gloss. 

casting spot. A fault that sometimes appears 
on the cast pottery as a vitrified and often 
discolored spot on the bottom of the ware 
or as a semielliptical mark on the side. 
It occurs where the stream of slip first 
strikes the plaster mold and is attributable 
to local orientation of platy particles of 
clay and mica in the body. The fault can 
be largely eliminated by adjusting the de- 
gree of deflocculation of the slip so that 
it has a fairly low fluidity. The fault is 
also known as a flashing. Dodd. 

casting strains. Strains in a casting caused by 
casting stresses that develop as the casting 
cools. ASM Gloss. 

casting stresses. Stresses setup in a casting 








cast structure 


because of geometry and casting shrinkage, 
ASM Gloss. 

casting table. See casting plate. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 328. 

casting wheel. A large turntable with molds 
mounted on the outer edge. Used primarily 
in the base metal industries for cast ingots, 
anodes, etc. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

casting-wheel operator. In ore dressing, smelt- 
ing, and refining, one who operates a large 
rotating casting wheel to pour molten, non- 
ferrous metal, such as copper or lead, into 
molds mounted on the edge of the wheel. 
D.O.T. 1. 

cast in situ. Concrete which is cast in posi- 
tion in a structure as distinct from precast 
concrete, which refers to elements made 
independently on a construction site, or 
in a factory and transported from there 
for erection on a site. Ham. 

cast iron. An iron containing carbon in ex- 
cess of the solubility in the austenite that 
exists in the alloy at the eutectic tempera- 
ture. For the various forms gray cast iron, 
white cast iron, malleable cast iron, and 
nodular cast iron, the word cast is often 
left out, resulting in gray iron, white iron, 
malleable iron, and nodular iron, respec- 
tively. ASM Gloss. 

cast iron enamel. A porcelain enamel spe- 
cifically designed for application to cast 
iron. ASTM C286-65. 

cast-iron fittings. Elbows, couplings, and other 
small or irregular pieces for use in a pipe 
system or for some other subsidiary use, 
which have been molded from cast iron. 
Hess. 

cast-iron pipes. Cylindrical iron tubes made 
from iron containing so much carbon that, 
as cast, it is not usefully malleable at any 
temperature. They may be cast in fixed 
molds or in whirling molds that compact 
the iron centrifugally. Hess. 

castle; castling. Local term for the setting of 
bricks on a dryer car, two-on-two in alter- 
nate directions. Dodd. 

castle nut. Hexagonal nut, slotted at top to 
permit insertion of split pin in hole in bolt 
on which nut is screwed. Pryor, 3. 

castling. See castle. Dodd. 

cast matrix. Bit-crown matrix material formed 
by pouring molten metal into a bit mold 
and allowing it to harden. Long. 

cast-metal bit. Synonym for cast bit. Long. 

cast-metal matrix. Synonym for cast matrix. 
Long. 

castor. Same as castorite. Fay. 

castor amine. An oil. Used in ore flotation 
as a selective collector; and in rustproofing 
metal surfaces. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

castorite. A natural, colorless silicate of 
lithium and aluminum. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

castor machine oil. A lubricating oil used for 
moderately heavy machinery. Hess. 

cast set. a. A bit produced by a casting proc- 
ess. See also cast bit. Compare kand set; 
sinter bit. Long. b. A surface-set diamond 
bit produced by a casting process. Long. 

cast-set hit. Synonym for cast bit. Long. 

cast setting. The actual process of producing 
a cast bit. See also cast bit; cast set. Long. 

cast-setting material. South African term for 
very low quality drill diamonds (usually 
Congos) used in diamond bits. Long. 

cast steel. Steel as cast, that is, not shaped 
by mechanical working. Originally applied 
to steel made by the crucible process as 
distinguished from that made by cementa- 
tion of wrought iron. C.T.D. 

cast structure. The internal physical structure 
of a casting evidenced by shape and orien- 


east structure 


tation of crystals and segregation of im- 
purities, ASM Gloss. 

cast-weld. To join (parts) by placing together 
in a mold and pouring molten metal be- 
tween or around. Webster 3d. 

cast-welded rail joint. A welded joint be- 
tween the ends of two adjacent rails, gen- 
erally formed by the thermit process. Ham. 

caswellite. A copper-red, altered biotite, re- 
sembling clintonite. English. 

cat. a. S. Staff. A hard fire clay. Also 
called catch earth. Fay. b. Any heavy-duty 
tracklaying tractor, equipped either with 
or without a dozer blade. Long. c. To move 
a heavy piece of drilling equipment utiliz- 
ing power derived from the cathead. See 
also bulldog. Long. 

cata-. A prefix to indicate that the rock be- 
longs to the deepest zone of metamorphism, 
which is characterized by very high tem- 
perature, hydrostatic pressure, and rela- 
tively low shearing stress. Compare apo-; 
kata-; epi-; meta-; meso-. A.G.I. 

cataclasis. Rock deformation accomplished 
by fracture and rotation of mineral grains 
or aggregates. The same as granulation. 
A.GI. Supp. 

cataclasite. A cataclistic rock that has been 
formed by shattering (or cataclasis) which 
has been less extreme than in the case of 
a mylonite. See also augen gneiss; auto- 
clastic schist; augen schist; crush breccia; 
crush conglomerate; flaser gabbro; flaser 
gneiss; flaser granite; mylonite; protoclas- 
tic; protomylonite;  stronalite. A.G.I.; 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cataclasm. A breaking or rending asunder; 
a violent disruption. Standard, 1964. 

cataclastic. a. Of or pertaining to a texture 
found in metamorphic rocks in which 
brittle minerals have been broken and flat- 
tened in a direction perpendicular to the 
pressure stress. Compare autoclastic. A.G.I. 
b. Refers to a coarse fragmentation of a 
rock in transit; for example, glacial action. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cataclinal. Of or pertaining to streams or val- 
leys that descend in the same direction 
toward which the underlying rock layers 
dip. Opposite of anaclinal. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

cataclysm. Any violent and extensive sub- 
version of the ordinary phenomena of 
nature; an extensive stratigraphic catas- 
trophe. Standard, 1964. 

cataclysmal. See cataclysmic. Fay. 

cataclysmic. a. Accompanied with violent dis- 
ruption. Fay. b. Of or pertaining to the 
nature of cataclysm; characterized by a 
cataclysm or by cataclysms. Standard, 
1964. 

catalin. An amorphous plastic similar to bak- 
lite. Shipley. 

Catalina sardonyx. Catalinite. Shipley. 

catalinite. Beach pebbles from Santa Catalina 
Island, Calif. Shipley. 

catalog of abandoned mines. A record of 
plans of abandoned mines which gives the 
location of the workings, the minerals 
worked, the custodian of the plans, and 
references as to the approximate extent 
of the workings within specified 6-inch 
ordnance sheets. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

catalysis. Acceleration or deceleration of a 
reaction produced by a substance which 
may be recovered practically unchanged 
after the reaction. Webster 3d. 

catalyst. A substance capable of changing the 
rate of a reaction without itself under- 
going any net change. ASM Gloss. 

catalytic. a. Causing, involving, or relating 


182 


to catalysis. Webster 3d. b. Of or pertain- 
ing to a catalyst. Webster 3d. 

catalytic deposition. Deposition induced by a 
catalyst, which is a substance that pro- 
motes a chemical action without taking 
part in it itself. Bateman. 

catalytic methanometer. A firedamp detector 
depending upon the combustion or oxida- 
tion of methane at heated filaments. Usu- 
ally the gas is drawn through the appara- 
tus by a rubber suction bulb, and the 
filaments are heated by a battery in the 
instrument. A new version of this principle 
is the resistance methanometer. See also 
acoustic methanometer. Nelson. 

catalytic oxidation. A process used by the 
U.S. Bureau of Mines that converts the 
incompletely burned hydrocarbons present 
in automobile exhaust into harmless gases. 
It involves burning up the fuel remnants 
with the aid of catalysts—chemical agents 
that speed up reactions without being con- 
sumed themselves. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cat and clay. Straw and clay worked together 
to form a building or chinking material. 
Webster 3d. 

catanorm. The theoretical calculation of min- 
erals in rocks of the catazone as indicated 
by chemical analyses. It is approximately 
equivalent to the CIPW norm. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

cataphoresis. Movement of charged particles 
in a fluid medium in response to an elec- 
tric field. Metallic hydroxides and other 
positive sols migrate to cathode and nega- 


tives ones to anode. See also electro- 
phoresis. Pryor, 3. 
cataphorite; catophorite; kataforite; kata- 


phorite; katophorite. A soda-iron amphi- 
bole between barkevikite and arfvedsonite, 
NaCaFe.”Fe” ’(Si;A1) O2(OH)2; found in 
southern Norway. American Mineralogist, 
v. 43, No. 7-8, July-August, 1958, pp. 
797-798 ; English. 

catapleiite. A hydrous silicate, H:(NasCa)- 
ZrSizsOu, light yellow to yellowish-brown 
color, crystallizing in thin tabular hexago- 
nal prisms. Fay. 

catapleiite syenite. A porphyritic rock of tin- 
guaite habit containing phenocrysts of 
catapleiite, and occasionally of eudialyte, 
in an aphanitic but holocrystalline ground- 
mass composed of those minerals with 
alkali feldspars, nepheline, and aegirine. 
Holmes, 1928. 

cataract. A waterfall, usually of a great vol- 
ume of water; a cascade in which the verti- 
cal fall has been concentrated in one sheer 
drop or overflow. A.G.I. 

cataracting. Motion of crushing bodies in a 
ball mill in which some fall freely after 
breaking away from the top of the crop 
load and fall with impact to the toe of the 
load. Pryor, 4. See also cascading. 

catarinite. A native alloy of iron and nickel, 
Fe.Ni. Standard, 1964. 

catastrophe. a. In mining, a disaster in which 
many lives are lost or much property dam- 
aged, as by a mine fire, explosion, inrush 
of water, etc. Fay. b. In geology, a sudden, 
violent change in the physical conditions 
of the earth’s surface; a cataclysm. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

catawbrite. Proposed by Lieber for a rock in 
South Carolina that is an intimate mixture 
of talc and magnetite. Fay. 

cat bank. Eng. An iron loop placed on the 
underside of the center of a flat corf bow 
(bucket handle), in which to insert the 
hook. Fay. 

cat block. a. A pulley block equipped with a 


catbrain. Eng. Soil consisting of rough clay | 


catch; keps; chairs; wings. a. Projections in a 


catchall. A tool for extracting broken imple- | 


catch basin. A cistern, basin, or depression, | 


catch drain. See grip. Ham. 
catch earth. See cat, a. Fay. 
catcher. a. Eng. A safety or disengaging) 


catches. a. Catches or rests placed on shaft) 


catch feeder. An irrigating ditch. Ham. | 
catch gear. An appliance fixed in the head-) 


catchment area. An intake area and all parts! 
catchment basin. The entire area from which) 


catch pin. Eng. A strong oak or iron pin’ 


' catch pit. a. In mineral processing, sump in 


catch points. Set of spring-loaded points ir 


catch props 






































hook instead of an eye. Long. b. Synonym | 
for cathead. Long. 


mixed with stones. A common field name> 
and minor locality name widely distrib-. 
uted in England. Arkell. 


mine shaft which arrest cage, skip, or other) 
reciprocating systems in the event of frac- | 
ture or overwind. Pryor, 3. b. In coal | 
work, refers to a device for holding trams | 
in a cage when hoisting. Pryor, 3. See also.) 
jack catch. 


ments or junk from boreholes or wells; a) 
fishing tool. Long. 


at the point where a gutter discharges into || 
a sewer, to catch matters which would not) 
readily pass through the sewers. A reser- 
voir to catch and retain surface drainage. | 


Crispin. 


hook for prevention of overwinding. Fay. 
b. Leic. See cage shuts. Fay. c. Strong) 
beams in mine shafts to catch the rods of 
pumps in case of a breakdown. Fay. d.|) 
Synonym for core lifter. Long. 


timbers, to hold the cage when it is brought; 
to rest at the top, bottom, or any inter-| 
mediate landing. Also called latches; 
chairs; keeps; dogs. Fay. b. Stops fitted on) 
a cage to prevent cars from running off.) 
Fay. c. Mid. Projecting blocks of wood’ 
attached to pump spears to prevent dam-) 
age in case of a breakdown. Fay. 


gear to limit the drop of the cage after) 
an overwind. The upward speed and mo-) 
mentum of the loaded cage (after its re-| 
lease from the rope) may be such that its) 
subsequent drop may be so severe as to 
fracture the suspension gear, resulting in 
the cage falling down the shaft. The 
amount of drop is limited by catch gear) 
consisting of a series of catches suspended’ 
from beams supported on hydropneumatic) 
buffers to reduce the impact shock. The) 
cage is released by raising slightly and, 
retracting the catches. See also detaching) 
hook ; overwind. Nelson. 


of the drainage basin which drain into it. 
Fay. 


drainage is received by a reservoir or a 
river. Webster 3d. } 
fixed over and to the ends of the beam 
of a pumping engine, which, in the event 
of a broken spear, prevents damage to the 
top or bottom of the cylinder. See also 
spring beams. Fay. 


a mill to which the floor slopes gently, 
and into which all spillage gravitates or 
is hosed for either return by pumping to 
its place in the flowline, or for periodical 
removal. Also called catch sump. Pryor, 3.” 
b. Synonym for sump, n. Long. 


upgrade railway line which close behind, 
a rising train. If any rolling stock break: 
away it is then automatically diverted tc 
a siding. Pryor, 3. 








catch props 


| supports are brought forward. Nelson. 

|| Also called watch props; safety props. 

CID. 

|| catch scaffold. Eng. A platform in a shaft 

a few feet beneath a working scaffold to 

| be used in case of accident. Fay. 

+} catchwater. See grip. Ham. 

catchwater drain. A surface drain to inter- 

cept and collect the flow of water from 
adjoining land, so as to prevent it from 
reaching a road or mine sidings. See also 
subsurface drainage. Nelson. 

) catch wings. Substantial wooden blocks placed 
in mine shaft just below point reached by 

} reciprocating rod of Cornish pump at bot- 

tom of its stroke. Pryor, 3. 

| cat claw. A miner’s term applied locally in 

| Illinois to a bed of marcasite from 2 to 6 

inches thick which sometimes occurs be- 

tween the “clod” roof of a coal seam and 

|| the more stratified shale above. The lower 
surface of the marcasite bed is character- 

| ized by very irregular protuberances ex- 

tending downward 1 to 3 inches into the 
clod. Also called cat. A.G.I. 

“eat clay. Mid. Surface clay. Arkell. 

cat coal. York. Coal with pyrites. Nelson. 

| et dirt. a. Derb, A hard fire clay. Fay. b. 
Derb. Coal mixed with pyrite. Fay. c. Derb. 
A kind of earthy scoria not unlike lava. 
Fay. 

_cat-dirt clay. Eng. A kind of clay that is 
short in cutting, and mixed with joints 
that are whiter than the clay, Derbyshire 
lead mines. Arkell. 

| catear. Sp. To search for new mines; to pros- 

Meepect. Hess. 

| catenary. That curve into which a uniformly 

| loaded cable will fall when suspended from 
its two ends; such curves are seen in sus- 
pension bridges, cableways, and ropeways. 
Ham. 

jcaternary arch. A sprung arch having the 
shape of an inverted catenary (the shape 
assumed by a string suspended from two 
points that are at an equal height from 
the ground). The stress pattern in such 
an arch is such, that there is no tendency 
for any bricks to slip relative to one an- 
other. Dodd. 

|, catenary suspension. The overhead suspen- 
sion of contact wire for electric traction 
by vertical links of different lengths con- 
nected to a catenary wire above it. The 
contact wire will thus be maintained at 
a constant height. Ham. 

| Caterpillar. A tractor made for use on rough 
or soft ground and moved on two endless 
metal belts consisting of series of flat 
treads, one belt on each side of the ma- 
chine, the belts being kept in motion by 
toothed driving wheels so that the tractor 
moves forward or backward with the revo- 

| lution of the belts; a trademark. Also 

| called caterpillar tractor. Webster 3d. 
caterpillar chain. A short endless chain on 
which dogs or teeth are spaced to mesh 
with and move or be moved by a conveyor 
chain. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

caterpillar chain dog. A dog or tooth at- 
tached to a caterpillar drive chain to 
provide the driving contact with the con- 
veyor chain. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

|) caterpillar drive. A drive equipped with a 

caterpillar chain which engages and pro- 

pels the conveyor chain. ASA MH4.1- 

| 1958. 

"| caterpillars. An endless chain of plates which 

| function as wheels for heavy vehicles. See 

also crawler tracks. Nelson. 

\ caterpillar tread. An attachment like an 





264-972 O-68—13 











183 


apron conveyor, placed around and con- 
necting the front and back wheels of self- 
propelled machines, furnishing a broad 
track that allows the machine to traverse 
rough, uneven, soft, or sandy country. If 
the distance between the wheels is con- 
siderable, idlers help to aline the track. 
Hess. 

cat eye. An imperfection; an elongated bub- 
ble containing a piece of foreign matter. 
ASTM C162-66. 

catface. a. Small discontinuous veinlets of 
pyrite, a number of which sometimes ap- 
pear to radiate from a common center 
that may be a small sulfur ball. In some 
mining districts, this name is applied to 
lenticular deposits of pyrite. Mitchell, p. 
67. b. A miner’s term for glistening balls 
a) nodules of pyrite in the face of coal. 

ay. 

catfaced block. In New York and Pennsy]l- 
vania, a bluestone quarryman’s term for 
a mass of waste situated between two 
closely spaced open joints. Fay. 

cat gold. An early name for gold-colored 
mica. Fay. 

cathead. a. A small, deep-flanged, spool-like 
winch or capstan mounted on the counter- 
shaft of the draw works or hoisting drum 
near the front and generally to one side 
of the swivel head of a diamond drill. 
It is used to wind a line when breaking 
or making up rod, casing, or pipe joints, 
or to operate a driver hammer. Also called 
niggerhead. Long. b. Colloquial synonym 
for drum, of the drill hoist. Long. c. A 
small capstan. Long. d. A broad bully 
hammer. See also bully, a. Fay. e. Eng. 
A nodule of ironstone containing fossil 
remains. Standard, 1964. f. A winch used 
primarily to raise or lower casing. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

cathead man. A member of a drill crew who 
manipulates the rope or chain wound and 
snubbed around a cathead. See also cat- 
head, a. Long. 

cathead sheave. A sheave set on the topmost 
part of a pile frame. Ham. 

cathedral glass. Rolled flat glass textured on 
one side to resemble old. window glass. 
Compare antique glass. Dodd. 

cathode. The electrode where electrons enter 
(current leaves) an operating system, such 
as a battery, an electrolytic cell, an X-ray 
tube, or a vacuum tube. In the first of 
these, it is positive; in the other three, 
negative. In a battery or electrolytic cell, 
it ts the electrode where reduction occurs. 
Opposite of anode. ASM Gloss. 

cathode compartment. In an electrolytic cell, 
the enclosure formed by a diaphragm 
around the cathode. ASM Gloss. 

cathode copper. Electrolytically refined cop- 
per which has been deposited on the 
cathode of the electrolytic bath of acidi- 
fied copper sulfate solution. Such copper 
is usually melted again in a furnace before 
being marketed as electrolytic copper. 
Camm. 

cathode deposit. Metal precipitated on cath- 
ode by electrolysis. Pryor, 3. 

cathode efficiency. Current efficiency at the 
cathode. ASM Gloss. 

cathode fall. A very thin space-charge region 
in front of a cathode surface, character- 
ized by a steep potential gradient through 
the region. BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, p. 
VII. 

cathode film. The portion of solution in im- 
mediate contact with the cathode during 
electrolysis. ASM Gloss. 














cationic reagents 


cathode pickling. See electrolytic pickling. 
Dodd. 

cathode protection. Use of sacrificial anodes 
to divert electrolytic corrosion from iron 
structure with which they are placed in 
contact so as to form a positive electrode. 
Pryors od. 

cathode rays. Streams of electrons emitted 
from the filament (called the cathode) of 
a vacuum tube under the influence of high 
voltage and which, by suitable means, can 
be brought outside the tube. Crispin. 

cathode-ray tube. A special form of vacuum 
tube in which a focused beam of electrons 
is caused to strike a surface coated with 
a phosphor. This beam is deflected so that 
it traces an orthogonal presentation of two 
separate signals; a third independent sig- 
nal may be presented as a variation of the 
intensity of the electron beam, and in turn, 
the fluorescent intensity. ASM Gloss. 

cathode spot. A bright candescent spot on 
the surface on a cathode, apparently an 
active area through which current flows 
from the plasma. BuMines Bull. 625, 
1965, p. VII. 

cathode-spot mode. A particular mode of arc 
operation as observed in laboratories of 
the Linde Co. The cathode spot is un- 
usually bright and the arc is abnormally 
constricted at the cathode terminus. The 
same behavior has been called the “con- 
tracted mode.” BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, 
p. VI. 

cathodic cleaning. Electrolytic cleaning where 
the work is the cathode. ASM Gloss. 

cathodic corrosion. Corrosion of the cathodic 
member of a galvanic couple resulting 
from the flow of current. BuMines Bull. 
619, 1964, p. 206. 

cathodic pickling. Electrolytic pickling where 
the work is the cathode. ASM Gloss. 

cathodic protection. Partial or complete pro- 
tection of a metal from corrosion by mak- 
ing it a cathode, using either a galvanic 
or impressed current. ASM Gloss. 

cathole. A small hole dug in the surface of 
the ground in which the base of a drill- 
tripod leg is set. Long. 

catholyte. The clectrolyte adjacent to the 
cathode in an electrolytic cell. ASM Gloss. 

cation. a. The clement or the positive ion 
which appears at the cathode or negative 
terminal in an electrolytic cell. Crispin. b. 
An ion having a positive charge. Hurlbut. 

cation clay adsorption. See clay adsorption, 
cation. ACSG, 1963. 

cation exchange. See base exchange. ACSG, 
1963. 

cation exchange capacity. A measure of the 
ability of a clay to adsorb or exchange 
cations; usually expressed in milliequiva- 
lents of cations per 100 grams of dry clay. 
ACSG, 1963. 

cationic collectors. In flotation, amines and 
related organic compounds capable of pro- 
ducing positively charged hydrocarbon- 
bearing ions (hence the name cationic 
collectors) for the purpose of floating mis- 
cellaneous minerals, including silicates. 
Gaudin, 2, p.5. 

cationic detergent. A detergent in which the 
cation is the active part. ASM Gloss. 

cationic reagents. In flotation, surface-active 
substances which have the active constit- 
uent in the positive ion. Used to flocculate 
and to collect minerals that are not floc- 
culated by the reagents, such as oleic acid 
or soaps, in which the surface-active in- 
gredient is the negative ion. Reagents used 
are chiefly the quaternary ammonium 


cationic reagents 


compounds; for example, cetyl trimethyl 
ammonium bromide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

catline. A rope or cable wrapped around a 
cathead and used to spin up or spin out 
drill rods, casing, or pipe. Compare spin- 
ning chain; spinning cable; spinning rope. 
Long. 

catlinite; pipestone. A red clay found in 
southwestern Minnesota and formerly used 
by the Indians for making pipes. Sanford. 

catoctin. A monadnock or a residual moun- 
tain or a ridge which preserves a remnant 
of an old peneplain on its summit. Fay. 

catogene. A general term for sedimentary 
rocks because they were formed by depo- 
sition from above, as of suspended mate- 
rial. Compare anogene; hypogene. Fay. 

catonic exchange. See ionic exchange. Dodd. 

catoptrite; katoprit. A black, red in thin 
flakes, silicoantimonate of manganese, iron, 
and aluminum, 14(Mn,Fe) O.2(Al,Fe) 2Os.- 
2Si02-Sb20s; monoclinic; minute tabular 
crystals. From Nordmark, Sweden. English. 

cat rake. A hydraulic brake or controller of 
a Cornish pumping engine, first introduced 
by Boulton and Watt. Fay. ; 

cat run. A low passage that requires crawling 
to traverse it. Synonym for crawlway. 
A.G.I. 

cats. Scot. Burnt clay used for tamping in 
wet strata. Fay. 

cat salt. A granulated salt formed from the 
bittern or leach brine used for making 
hard soap. Fay. 

cat sapphire. A blackish or greenish-blue 
Oriental sapphire (that is, true sapphire) 
of some value as a cut gem stone, but not 
of characteristic color. C.M.D. 

cat’s brain. A sandstone traversed in every 
direction by little branching veins of cal- 
cite. Fay. 

cat scaups; cat scopes. Eng. Catheads; nod- 
ules, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Arkell. 

eat scratch. An imperfection; surface irregu- 
larities on glassware resembling the marks 
of a cat’s claws. ASTM C162-66. 

cat’s-eye. a. A greenish, chatoyant variety of 
chrysoberyl and quartz. Dana 17. The 
oriental cat’s-eye is the more highly prized. 
Hess. b. Alternate term for tiger’s-eye, the 
silicified form of crocidolite asbestos some- 
times polished and used as ornaments. 
Sinclair, W .E., p. 483. 

cat’s-eye enstatite. Enstatite with a chatoyant 
effect. Shipley. 

cat’s-head. Ire. A nodule of hard gritstone in 
shale. Compare cathead, e. Fay. 

Catskill beds. An Old Red Sandstone phase 
in the Upper Devonian of North America, 
typically exposed in the Catskill Mountains 
of New York, and reaching a thickness 
of 5,000 feet of nonmarine red sandstones 
capped by white sandstones in Pennsy]l- 
vania. C.T.D. 

eatskinner. Operator of a crawler tractor. 
Nichols. 

cat’s quartz. a. Same as cat’s-eye. Fay. b. A 
variety of quartz containing fibers of as- 
bestos. Fay. 

catstame. a. Scot. A conical cairn or mono- 
lith supposed to mark the locality of a 
battle. Fay. b. One of the upright stones 
waish supports the grate in a fireplace. 

ay. 

Cattermole Process. An early flotation proc- 
ess (1903) based on adhesion of sulfide 
minerals to oil. Mineral oil or fatty acid 
agglomerated heavy minerals into floccules 
which were separated by classification from 
overflowing gangue. Pryor, 3. 

cattierite. Cobalt disulfide, CoS2, cubic with 





184 


pyrite structure; from Shinkolobwe, Re- 
public of the Congo. Spencer 17, M.M., 
1946. 

catty. a. Any of various units of weight used 
in China and southeast Asia varying around 
11% pounds or 600 grams; also, a Chinese 
unit according to a standard set up in 
1929 equal to 1.1023 pounds or 500 grams. 
Webster 3d. b. A gold weight which equals 
2.9818 troy pounds. Fay. 

catwalk. A pathway, usually of wood or 
metal, that gives access to parts of large 
machines. Nichols. 

cauf. N. of Eng. A bucket or large basket 
used in hoisting coal. Hess. 

cauk. a. Eng.; Scot. Chalk; limestone. Fay. 
b. An English miner’s term for barite, or 
heavy spar. See also cawk, a and b. Fay. 

cauld. Scot. A dam in a river; a weir. Fay. 

cauliflowering. The tendency of a coal to 
swell and open out when heated, thus 
exposing a surface out of all proportion 
to the size of the original coal. See also 
swelling number. Nelson. 

caulk. Synonym for calk. Long. 

caulking. a. Setting the edges of plates in a 
riveted joint with hammer and caulking 
tool to insure a tight joint. Crispin. b. In 
general, making a joint tight or leakproof 
by forcing plastic material between parts 
that are not tightly fitted. Crispin. c. Syno- 
nym for calking. Long. 

caunche; canch. In coal mining, removal of 
part of roof or floor to increase height of 
roadway. Pryor, 3. 

causeway. a. A raised road, across wet or 
marshy ground or across water. H&G. b. 
Eng. Rough causeway; calciferous sand- 
stone, surface deeply undulated, Wealden 
beds. Arkell. 

caustic. Capable of destroying the texture of 
anything or eating away its substance by 
chemical action; burning; corrosive. Web- 
ster 3d. 

caustic ammonia. Gaseous or dissolved am- 
monia. Standard, 1964. 

caustic dip. A strongly alkaline solution into 
which metal is immersed for etching, neu- 
tralizing acid, or removing organic mate- 
rials, such as grease or paints. ASM Gloss. 

caustic embrittlement. Effect on metal of 
immersion in caustic alkaline solutions. 
Pryor, 3. 

causticity. a. The property of burning or cor- 
roding flesh chemically, as by sodium or 
potassium hydroxide. Porter. b. An excess 
of lime in boiler feedwater compounds. 
Porter. 

causticized ash. Combinations of soda ash 
(NasCO;). and caustic soda (NaOH) in 
definite proportions marketed for purposes 
where an alkali is needed ranging in caus- 
ticity between the two materials. Causti- 
cized ash is usually designated by its caustic 
soda content and the range of standard 
marketed products embraces 7, 10, 15, 25, 
36, 45, and 67 percent of caustic soda. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

caustic lime. See calcium hydroxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

caustic potash. Potassium hydroxide, KOH. 
Osborne. 

nn silver. See silver nitrate. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide; NaOH; deli- 
quescent; a soapy feel; and its solution in 
water is strongly alkaline. A common re- 
agent in the laboratory. Manufactured by 
treating quicklime with a hot sodium car- 
bonate solution, C.T.D. Very useful as a 
de-enameling agent. The molten caustic 


caved stopes 


dissolves such materials as enamels, sand, 
or glass which contain a high percentage 
of silica. Part goes into solution and part 
forms sodium silicate which is precipitated. 
After the solution has removed enamel 
equal to approximately 10 percent of the 
weight of the NaOH charge, the reaction 
begins to slow down. The solution, which 
becomes rich in NazO, is rejuvenated by 
introducing dry steam, which combines 
with the NasO to form NaOH; this is 
accomplished without danger. NaOH is a 
primary ingredient in cleaning compounds 
used in the preparation of metal for enam- 
eling. Lee. 

caustic soda method. A water softening treat- 
ment usually carried out where the water 
contains a fairly high proportion of tem- 
porary hardness and a quite small propor- 
tion of permanent hardness. In it, sodium 
carbonate reacts with the permanent hard- 
ness and the insolubles are either filtered 
or allowed to settle. Cooper, p. 371. 

caustobiolites. A general name for fossil com- 
bustible substances. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

caustobiolith. This term designates a rock 
with a fairly high content of organic car- 
bon compounds or even pure carbon where 
the latter is, like the carbon compounds, 
of organic origin. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

caustoliths. Same as caustobiolites. 
keieff, 1954. 

caustophytolith. Suggested by Grabau to re- 
place caustobiolith. Not to be confused 
with acaustophytolith. A.G.J. 

causul metal. A cast iron containing nickel, 
copper, and chromium; similar to nickel 
resist. Camm. 

cautionary zone. A zone in which any un- 
worked mineral lies within a specified dis- 
tance from unconsolidated deposits or 
other sources of danger, particularly gas 
and water. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

cavalorite. A plutonic igneous rock composed _ 
essentially of oligoclase or andesine and 
practically no other constituents. Compare | 
anorthosite; aplite. Johannsen, v. 3, 1937, | 
p. 145. 

cave. a, Fragmented rock materials, derived | 
from the sidewalls of a borehole, that ob- 
struct the hole or hinder drilling progress. | 
Long. b .The partial or complete failure of 
borehole sidewalls or mine workings. Long. 
c. Synonym for cellar. Long. d. To allow | 
the roof to fall without any retarding | 
supports or waste packs. Mason. e. A fall- | 
ing in of the roof strata, sometimes ex- | 
tending to the surface and causing a || 
depression therein. Also called cave-in. 
Hudson, f. Collapse of an unstable bank. 
Nichols, 2. g. A natural cavity, recess, | 
chamber, or series of chambers and gal- | 
leries beneath the surface of the earth, - 
within a mountain, a ledge or rocks, etc.; 
sometimes a similar cavity artificially ex- | 
cavated. Standard, 1964. h. Any hollow | 
or cavity. Standard, 1964. i. The ashpit in | 
a glass furnace. Standard, 1964. t 

cave coral. A small, stalked formation of cal- 
cium carbonate on the floor, the wall, or | 
the ceiling of a cave. Synonym for coral | 
formation. Schieferdecker. d 

cave deposit. An irregular deposit of material — 
in caves generally found in limestone. Fay. 

caved stopes. There are two distinct types of © 
caved stopes. In the first, the ore is broken | 
by caving induced by undercutting a block | 
of ore. In the second, the ore itself is re- 
moved by excavating a series of horizon- | 
tal or inclined slices, while the overlying | 
capping is allowed to cave and fill the | 


Tom- — 





























caved stopes 


space occupied previously by the ore. The 
first type comprises the caving methods 
of mining, while the second comprises the 
top-slicing method. BuMines Bull. 390, 
1936, p. 12. 

jcave hole. A depression at the surface, caused 

| by a fall of roof in the mine. Fay. 

cave-in. Collapse of walls or roof of mine 
excavation. Pryor, 3. 

jcave-in-heave. The partial or complete col- 
lapse of the walls of a borehole. Brantly, 1. 

cavel. A stonemason’s ax. Fay. 

caveman. An odd job man around (fre- 

| quently under) a glass furnace. Dodd. 

‘jcave marble. A cryptocrystalline banded de- 

posit of calcite or of aragonite that can 

| be highly polished. Synonym for cave onyx. 
heeA!.G.; 

\eave onyx. See cave marble. A.G.I. 

jrave pearl. A smooth, rounded concretion of 

calcite or aragonite formed by concentric 
precipitation around a nucleus. It is usu- 
ally found in caves. Synonym for pisolite. 
A.G.. 

jcaver. a. Eng. A thief who steals ore or coal 

at a mine or the officer appointed to 

guard a mine. Standard, 1964. b. A person 
whose hobby is exploring caves. Also called 

a spelunker. Schieferdecker. 

\eavern. A large, natural underground cavity 

| or cave; a den; any cavity. Standard, 1964. 

jeavern limestone. Any limestone occurring 
in caverns, especially the Mississippian 
limestone of Kentucky. Webster 3d. 

jeavernous. Containing cavities or caverns, 
sometimes very large. Most frequently ap- 

_ plied to limestones and dolomites. Fay. 

jeaverns. Eng. Wide fissures in the Inferior 
Oolite. Arkell. 

jeavil. a. N. of Eng. A lot, drawn quarterly 

| by a miner for his working place in the 

| mine. Fay. b. To draw lots at stated peri- 

' ods, by miners to determine the places in 
which they will work for the following 
period. Fay. c. A type of heavy sledge 
with one blunt and one pointed end. Used 
for rough shaping stone at the quarry. 
Crispin. 

jeaviling. The drawing of lots for working 
places (usually for 3 months) in the coal 

Pemine. C.T.D. 

jcaviling rules. N. of Eng. Rules or bylaws in 
reference to cavils and wages. Fay. 

jeavils. Eng. Lots drawn quarterly or half- 
yearly by piece workers to determine the 
position of their working places. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

\caving. a. A stoping method in which the 
ore is broken by induced caving. This may 
be achieved by (1) block caving, includ- 
ing caving to main levels and caving to 
chutes or branched raises; or (2) sublevel 
caving. BuMines Bull. 390, 1936, p. 4. 

_ b. In coal mining, the practice of en- 
| couraging the roof over the waste to col- 
lapse freely so that it fills the waste area 
and thereby avoiding the need to pack. 
Caving in coal mines is on the increase. 
In metal mining, caving implies the drop- 
ping of the overburden as part of the sys- 
tem of mining. See also block caving; 
sublevel caving; top slicing. Nelson. c. The 
failure and sloughing in of sidewalls of 
boreholes, mine workings, or excavations. 
| Long. d. Fall of rock underground. Statis- 
| tical Research Bureau. 

boa by raising. See chute caving. Fay. 

| faving ground. Rock formations that will not 





| 





| stand in the walls of an underground open- 
| ing without support such as that offered 
_ by cementation, casing, or timber. Long. 
: 








185 


caving hole. A borehole in which fragments 
of the material making up the walls of the 
hole slough so much that the borehole 
cannot be kept open without the use of 
casing or cementation. Long. 

cavings. Fragments of borehole wall-rock ma- 
terial that fall into a borehole, sometimes 
blocking the hole, and which must be 
washed or drilled out before the borehole 
can be deepened. Long. 

caving system. a. A method of mining in 
which the ore, the support of a great block 
being removed, is allowed to cave or fall, 
and in falling is broken sufficiently to be 
handled; the overlying strata subsides as 
the ore is withdrawn. There are several 
varieties of the system. See also block 
caving; top slicing and cover caving; top 
slicing combined with ore caving. Fay. b. 
Longwall coal mining in which excavated 
space (gob) is left to collapse. Pryor, 3. 

caving the back. See block caving. 

cavitation. The formation and instantaneous 
collapse of innumerable tiny voids or cav- 
ities within a liquid subjected to rapid 
and intense pressure changes. Cavitation 
produced by ultrasonic radiation is some- 
times used to give violent localized agita- 
tion. That caused by severe turbulent flow 
often leads to cavitation damage. ASM 
Gloss. 

cavitation damage. Wearing away of metal 
through the formation and collapse of 
cavities in a liquid. ASM Gloss. 

cavitation erosion. See cavitation damage. 
ASM Gloss. 

cavitation moise. The noise produced in a 
liquid by the collapse of bubbles which 
have been created by cavitation. Hy. 

cavity. a. A natural underground opening or 
void which may be small or large. Com- 
pare cave; cavern; vug. Long. b. A void 
in a bit caused by a bubble of gas en- 
trapped in the matrix material during the 
manufacturing process. Also called vug. 
Long. c. The bubble formed by a projec- 
tile at water entry. Hy. 

cavity-filling deposit. A deposition of minerals 
in Cavities or rock openings. Bateman. 

cavity wall. A wall built of masonry units so 
arranged as to provide a continuous air 
space at least 2 inches wide and not more 
than 3 inches wide within the wall. The 
facing and backing are tied together with 
rigid metal ties. ACSG. 

CAVU Abbreviation for ceiling and visibility 
unlimited. Zimmerman, pp. 22, 383. 

cawk. a. Eng. Sulfate of barium heavy spar. 
Fay. b. Scot. Chalk; limestone. Also spelled 
cauk. Fay. 

caxas. Walls of a vein; chest. Hess. 

¢ axis. a. The vertical axis of crystals in all 
systems except the isometric or cubic sys- 
tem. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. In struc- 
tural petrology, the reference axis that is 
at right angles to the plane of movement; 
that is, in a pack of sliding cards, it is 
the direction perpendicular to the cards. 
A.G.I. 

cay sandstone. Friable to firmly cemented 
coral sand formed near the base of a coral 
reef cay. Cay sandstone is horizontally 
stratified and reaches above high-tide level. 
It is cemented by calcium carbonate de- 
posited from fresh water. A.G.J. 

Cayugan. Upper Silurian. A.G.J. Supp. 

cayuse. In the Western United States, a na- 
tive range horse; especially, an Indian 
pony. Webster 3d. 

Cazenovian. Lower Middle Devonian. A.G.I. 


Supp. 








celadonite 


cazin. A brass containing 82.6 percent cop- 
per and 17.4 percent zinc that is used to 
braze steel. Campbell. 

Cb Chemical symbol for columbium (nio- 
bium). Zimmerman, p. 144. 

Cbr Abbreviation for California bearing ratio. 
Nelson. 

C/B ratio. A measure of the resistance to 
freezing and thawing of a brick. It is the 
ratio of the weight of water absorbed by 
cold immersion (24 hours) to the weight 
absorbed by immersion in boiling water 
(5 hours); also known as the saturation 
coefficient. ACSG. 

ce Cubic centimeter. Also abbreviated cu cm 
and cm*, Webster 3d. 

Cd Chemical symbol for cadmium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

C-D principle. The convergence-divergence 
principle used in the Frenkel mixer. Dodd. 

Ce Chemical symbol for cerium, Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

Ceag Montlucon gas detector. This nonauto- 
matic detector has the appearance of a 
mine official’s electric hand lamp. It indi- 
cated on an illuminated scale percentages 
of methane from 0-3 in steps of 0.1. When 
a test for firedamp is to be made the 
projecting front piece is turned part of a 
revolution and this extinguishes the main 
light and lights up the illuminated scale. 
A sample of air is flushed into the detec- 
tor by means of a small aspirator (or hand 
pump); the button switch at the side is 
operated and the percentage of firedamp, 
if any, is indicated on the illuminated 
scale. Cooper, p. 224. 

cecilite. A  leucitite characterized by an 
abundance of melilite. Holmes, 1928. 

cedarite. A fossil resin resembling amber. 
Identical with chemawinite. Obtained from 
Cedar Lake, Saskatchewan River, Canada. 
English. See also succinite. 

cedricite. A leucitite composed of leucite, 
diopside, and phlogopite, and commonly 
containing pseudomorphs of serpentine 
after olivine. A.G.I. 

Cx. See contrast ratio. Dodd. 

ceiling cavity. A concave solution opening 
in a cave ceiling, a half-round or segmen- 
tal trace of a tube remaining in the roof 
or in the wall. Synonym for half tube. 
Schieferdecker. 

ceiling channel. A sinuous channel developed 
in a cavern ceiling, a half-round or seg- 
mental trace of a tube remaining in the 
roof or in the wall. Synonym for half 
tube. Schieferdecker. 

ceiling pocket. A downward facing solution 
cavity in a cave ceiling unrelated to the 
joints. Schieferdecker. 

ceiling tube. A half tube developed in a cave 
ceiling and elongated along a joint. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

ceja. a. The cliff. at the edge of a mesa; an 
escarpment. A.G.I. b. The steeper slope of 
the two slopes of a wold, if it is a cliff, or 
that part of this slope that is a cliff. See 
also wold. A.G.I. c. Mex. In vanning 
with a horn spoon or miner’s pan, the 
heaviest streak or concentrate that appears 
at the edge. Fay. 

celadon. a. A sea-green color. Celadon fleuré 
has raised decoration of this color. C.T.D. 
b. Porcelain of pale or grayish-green color. 
GED: 

celadon green. See celadonite. 

celadonite. A green mineral of the mica 
group, high in iron content and generally 


celadonite 


occurring in Cavities in basaltic rocks. 
A.G.I. 

celandine green. See celadonite. 

celedonite. Error for celadonite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

celeste blue. A ceramic color made by soften- 
ing the normal cobalt blue by the addi- 
tion of zinc oxide. Dodd. 

celestialite. A variety of sulfohydrocarbon 
which has been found in iron meteorites. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

celestial precious stone. Olivine from a mete- 
orite. Schaller. 

celestial stone. Turquoise. Shipley. 

celestine. See celestite. C.M.D. 

celestite; celestine. A strontium sulfate, SrSO,; 
orthorhombic. Dana 17. SrSO,s, decom- 
poses at 1,580° C. The mineral source of 
strontium and its compounds. Both the 
mineral and the chemical are sometimes 
used to impart iridescence to glasses and 
glazes. They have also been used as fining 
agents in crystal glass. Lee. 

celite; celith. A constituent of portland ce- 
ment clinkers. English. 

cell. a. A compartment in a flotation ma- 
chine. Hess. b. One of the spaces in a 
hollow clay building block. According to 
the American Society for Testing and 
Materials, a cell must have a minimum 
dimension of at least ¥2 inch and a cross- 
sectional area of at least 1 square inch. 
Dodd. c. A single element of an electric 
battery, either primary or secondary. Cris- 
pin. d. Battery unit consisting of two 
electrodes separately contacting an elec- 
trolyte so that there is a potential differ- 
ence between them. Bennett 2d, 1962. e. 
See galvanic cell; local cell. ASM Gloss. 

cellar. Excavated area under drill-derrick 
floor to provide headroom for casing and 
pipe connections required at the collar of 
a borehole, or to serve as a covered sump. 
Long. 

cellar coal. Eng. Term used among Lanca- 
shire miners for any coal seam lying a 
short distance below a main seam in which 
sumps or cellars are made. Tomketeff, 1954. 

ee stone. A small, irregular rock fragment. 
ay. 

cell feed. The material supplied to the cell 
in the electrolytic production of metals. 
ASM Gloss. 

cell-feed department foreman. In ore dress- 
ing, smelting, and refining, a foreman who 
supervises workers engaged in concentrat- 
ing, flaking, and drying magnesium chlo- 
ride preparatory to obtaining magnesium 
by electrolysis. D.O.T. Supp. 

cell furmace. A glass tank furnace in which 
glass in the melting end and auxiliary 
chambers is heated electrically. Dodd. 

cellon. A nonflammable celluloid; specific 
gravity, 1.26; refractive index, 1.48. An 
amber imitation. Shipley. 

cell plasterer. A laborer who seals an open- 
ing around a carbon anode, where it pro- 
trudes through the cover of a magnesium 
refining cell to prevent leakage of chlorine 
gas and to secure anode in position. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

cells. Hollow spaces enclosed within the 
perimeter of the exterior shells and having 
a minimum dimension of not less than 
one-half inch and a cross-sectional area 
of not less than 1 square inch. ACSG, 
1963. 

cells in parallel. When cells are connected so 
that all the positive terminals are joined 
together and all the negative poles joined 
together a battery is so formed, and the 


186 


cells are said to be joined in parallel. 
Morris and Cooper, p. 248. 

cells in series. When cells are connected so 
that the positive terminal of one cell is 
joined to the negative terminal of another 
cell a battery is formed, and the cells are 
said to be joined in series. Morris and 
Cooper, p. 247. 

cell texture. A texture, showing a network 
along grain boundaries, that may originate 
by segregation on exsolution. A similar 
texture may form by the replacement of 
organic forms, especially cell walls, by ore 
minerals. Schieferdecker. 

cellular. Applied to igneous rocks, especially 
lavas containing numerous gas Cavities. 
Synonym for vesicular; scoriaceous. A.G.I. 

cellular cofferdam. A cofferdam, with a 
double wall, consisting of steel sheet piling 
arranged in intercepting rings about 50 
feet in diameter. The space between the 
lines of piling is filled with sand. Ham. 

cellular concrete. A lightweight concrete 
foam which may be made in several ways: 
(1) by the addition of aluminum powder 
to the concrete mix and applying heat 
which sets hydrogen free to make the con- 
crete cellular; (2) by whipping air into 
the mix containing an entraining agent; 
and (3) by adding performed foam to the 
mix. Such foams are made from a foaming 
agent such as dried blood, a stabilizer 
such as ferrous or aluminum sulfates, or- 
ganic solvents, and a germicide, such as 
chlorinated phenol or mercury salts. CCD 
6d, J96L, 

cellular glass. Foam glass; used as thermal 
insulation. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

cellular pyrite. Marcasite. Fay. 

ceilular structure. See network structure. 
C.T.D. 

celluloid. A plastic produced from a cellulose 
base of two varieties, sometimes used for 
imitations of amber, ivory, tortoise shell, 
etc. The newer nonflammable cellulose 
acetate variety, or safety celluloid, has 
specific gravity, 1.3 to 1.8; refractive in- 
dex, 1.49 to 1.50. The old flammable cel- 
lulose nitrate variety has approximately 
the same properties. Shipley. 

cellulose. a. Woody fiber of plants, sometimes 
coarsely ground and added to a drill-circu- 
lation medium or to cement slurries as a 
plugging agent. Long. b. The most abun- 
dant carbohydrate, CsHiOs, with a chain 
structure like that of the paraffin hydro- 
carbons. With lignin, an important con- 
stituent of plant materials, from which 
coal is formed. Leet. 

cellulose nitrates. See nitrocelluloses. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

celsian. A colorless silicate of barium and 
aluminum, Ba(Al2SizOs) ; monoclinic. Crys- 
tals and twins of many forms; usually 
cleavable massive. From Jacobsberg, Swe- 
den; and Mariposa County, Calif. A feld- 
spar. English; Dana 17. 

Celsius. a. The centigrade thermometer or 
scale; a common but an erroneous use. 
Standard, 1964. b. A thermometric scale 
divided like the centigrade, except that 
the numeration runs downward; invented 
by Anders Celsius (1701-1744). Symbol, 
C. Standard, 1964; BuMin Style Guide, 
p. 58. 

celyphitic. An incorrect spelling of kelyphitic; 
of, or pertaining to, the rims or borders 
of pyroxene or amphibole surrounding 
olivine or garnet in some rocks, as observed 
in thin section. Hess. 

cement. a. The compact groundmass which 





cementation. a. To fill cavities or plug a drill 


cementation box. The box of wrought iron) 


cementation sinking. A method of shaft sink-! 


cementation steel. Steel] made by a process in! 


cementation water. Water containing dis- 


cement bacillus. This name has been applied” 


cement bacillus 


surrounds and binds together the larger | 
fragments or particles in sedimentary rocks. | 
HW. b. Chemically precipitated material | 
occurring in the interstices between allo- 
genic particles of clastic rocks. Silica, car- 
bonates, iron oxides, iron hydroxides, gyp- | 
sum, and barite are the most common) 
cements. Clay minerals and other fine’ 
clastic particles should not be considered | 
cement. A.G.J. c. A finely divided metal | 
obtained by precipitation. The word in 
this sense is generally used in combina-) 
tion; as, cement copper, cement gold, or | 
cement silver. Standard, 1964. d. The| 
substance in which iron is packed in the | 
process of cementation. Standard, 1964. 
e. A material or a mixture of materials) 
(without aggregate) which, when in a 
plastic state, possesses adhesive and co-) 
hesive properties, and which will harden) 
in place. ASTM C11-60. f. A finely ground | 
powder which, in the presence of an ap-) 
propriate quantity of water, hardens and / 
adheres to suitable aggregate, thus bind-|) 
ing it into a hard agglomeration that is) 
known as concrete or mortar. Taylor. g.) 
To place cement in a borehole to seal off | 
caves or fissures or to fill cavities or cav- | 
erns encountered in the process of drilling | 
boreholes. Long. h. Used in gold-mining 
regions to describe various consolidated, 
fragmental aggregates, such as breccia, | 
conglomerate, and the like, that are aurif-| 
erous. Fay. i. A hard alluvial deposit, | 
often a conglomerate. Gordon. ‘ 
















































| 
hole with cement or other material to stop. 
loss of water or entrance of unwanted 
liquids, gas, or fragmented rock materials 
into a borehole. Also called dental work. 
Long. b. The process by which loose sedi- 
ments or sands are consolidated into hard: 
rock by injection of chemical solutions, 
thin cement slurries, or self-hardening 
plastic. Long. Also called cementing. c.: 
The introduction of one or more elements! 
into the outer portion of a metal object 
by means of diffusion at high temperature.’ 
ASM Gloss. d. Usually, the provess of. 
raising the carbon content of steel by heat- 
ing in a carbonaceous medium. Generally, | 
any process in which the surface of a) 
metal is impregnated by another substance. | 
Also called casehardening; carburization; 
carbonization, C.T.D. 


in which casehardening is effected. Fay. 


ing through water-bearing strata by in-) 
jecting chemicals or liquid cement into) 
the ground. A number of small-diameter) 
boreholes are put down around the shaft) 
(and about 80 feet ahead of the shaft! 
bottom), through which cement is forced’) 
by means of pumps. The cement, when) 
set, seals the fissures and thus prevents 
water inflows during sinking. The method 
is most successful in strong fissured strata, 
and least successful in loose alluvial de-!) 
posits. See also grouting. Nelson. 


! 


which bars of wrought iron are packed 
into a sealed furnace together with char-) 
coal. The resulting material is blister steel. 
Camm. 


solved copper or iron sulfates or other! 


metal compounds. Stoces, v. 1, p. 478. 


to the compound 3CaO-Al.Os:3CaSO.31- 
H.O, which is formed by the action of? 




















h 
| | 


| 
i} 





cement bacillus 


sulfate solutions on Portland Cement and 
concrete. Dodd. 


pent barrel. Synonym for cement injector. 


Long. 


icement bond log. The problem of determin- 


ing whether casing is properly cemented 
in place has long been a thorny one. A 
device, which is in all esesentials merely 
an adaption of a continuous velocity log- 
ging tool, has been developed to throw 
light on the quality of a cement job. If 
a single-detector continuous velocity log 
is run in a cased or cemented hole, the 
path of minimum acoustic travel time be- 
tween transmitter and detector is generally 
via the steel pipe. This path is generally 
quickest because the travel time through 
steel is about 17,300 feet per second. This 
travel time is less than that through sand- 
stone (unless their porosity is less than 5 
percent) or through carbonate rocks (un- 
less their porosity is less than about 10 
percent). Thus when drilling through 
most sand-shale sequences a velocity log 
run after casing was set would be expected 
to show a shorter and more uniform travel 
time than if run through the same interval 
uncased. Wyllie, p. 162. 


cement bricks. Bricks made from a mixture 


of Portland cement and sand or cinders. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 260. 


jrement, chemical resisting. Portland cement 


that is somewhat more resistant to chemi- 
cal action than the regular grade because 
of high tetracalcium aluminoferrate and 
low tricalcium aluminate content, and also 
because of additives such as water glass, 
calcium soaps, or other materials. CCD 


6d, 1961. 


cement clay. A clay rock containing a vary- 


ing amount of calcium carbonate, and 
used for the manufacture of cement. Nel- 
son. 


lrement clinker. Portland cement as it comes 


from the kiln. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


frement contractor. A company or person 


available for hire by contract, using trained 
men and special equipment to place large 
quantities of cement in a borehole. Long. 


|tement copper. Copper precipitated by iron 


from copper sulfate solutions. Bateman. 


jrement deposit. The Cambrian conglomerate 


occupying supposed old beaches or chan- 
nels. It is gold-bearing in the Black Hills, 
S. Dak. Fay. 


| \:ement dust. Byproduct of cement manufac- 


ture; contains 6 to 9 percent K2O; used 
in fertilizers. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


femented carbide. Generally, a mixture of 


_ powdered tungsten carbide and cobalt, 
subjected to pressure and heat to produce 
bit crowns, small plates, cubes, or cylinders 
of material having a much greater hard- 
ness than steel. Mixtures also may contain 
small amounts of titanium, columbium, or 

_ tantalum carbide. Cobalt may be replaced 
by powdered nickel. See also carbide in- 
serts. Also called sintered carbide. Long. 


| bemented carbide tools. Tools made from 


_ pulverized carbides fused into hard tips 
for heavy-duty or high-speed cutting of 
metals. Crispin. 


| femented shale. Hardened shale, the mineral 


particles of which are bound by siliceous, 
calcareous, or ferruginous cement. Com- 
pare compaction shale. A.G_I. Supp. 


one who dirkets and assists workers en 
' gaged in cementing annular space between 


| gas- or oil-well sidewalls and steel casings, 


to provide protection and control for un- 





187 


derground operations; recommends type 
of cementing job for specific formations 
and conditions. Also called oil-well ce- 
menter. D.O.T. 1. 

cement factor. The weight of cement per 
cubic yard of hardened concrete. Taylor. 

cement gold. Gold precipitated in fine par- 
ticles from solution. Fay. 

cement grout. A pumpable thin slurry con- 
sisting primarily of a mixture of cement, 
sand, and water injected into rock forma- 
tions through boreholes as a sealant. Also 
called grout. Long. 

cement grouting. The material used in and/ 
or the process of applying or injecting, 
under pressure, a thin slurry of cement 
and fine sand into rock formations to seal 
the joints, cracks, or fissures, or to stabi- 
lize and increase the strength of brecciated 
or unconsolidated material. Also called 
grouting. Long. 

cement gun. a. Machine for mixing, wetting, 
and applying refractory mortars to hot 
furnace walls. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
Synonym for cement injector. Long. c. A 
mechanical device for the application of 
cement, in the form of gunite, to the walls 
or roofs of mine openings or building 
walls. Also called gunite gun. Long. 

cement, H.E.S. See high early strength ce- 
ment. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cementing. The operation of cementing the 
casing into a hole to shut off water and 
caving strata and to prevent the oil and 
gas from migrating or blowing out. Shell 
Oil Co. See also cementation. Long. 

cementing furnace. A furnace or oven used 
in the process of cementation. Fay. 

cementing material. See cement. Fay. 

cementing oven. See cementing furnace. 

cementing tool operator. In petroleum pro- 
duction, one who uses special tools and 
techniques in performing more difficult 
cementing jobs on oil- or gas-well bore- 
holes or producing wells, such as sealing 
permeable formations, or shutting off gas 
.or water flow by driving cement at high 
pressures through perforated casings or 
well liners to specified points (squeeze 
cementing). Also called special tool opera- 
oe DOs oroells 

cementing trowel. A tool similar to the plas- 
terer’s trowel but often of heavier gage 
stock. Crispin. 

cement injection. The process of injecting ce- 
ment into a borehole by use of a cement 
injector or by grouting. Long. 

cement injector. a. A device consisting of a 
long piece of steel tubing having a rupture 
plate in the bottom and a piston in the 
upper end. Cement placed in the tube be- 
tween the rupture plate and the piston is 
ejected into the borehole by bursting the 
rupture plate when water pressure, deliv- 
ered through the drill rods, is applied to 
the piston. Also called cement barrel; ce- 
ment gun. Long. b. Mechanical device 
connected to a high-pressure pump capa- 
ble of injecting cement under high pres- 
sure into rock formations through a bore- 
hole. Compare grout injector, b; grout 
machine. Long. 

cementite. a. A compound of iron and car- 
bon, known chemically as iron carbide 
and having the approximate chemical 
formula FesC. It is characterized by 
an orthorhombic crystal structure. When 
it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical 
composition will be altered by the pres- 
ence of manganese and other carbide- 
forming elements. ASM Gloss. b. Identi- 








cement stabilization 


cal with cohenite, the natural meteoritic 
material. Hey 2d, 1955. 

cementitious. Having the property of or act- 
ing like cement, as certain limestones and 
tuffs when used in the surfacing of roads. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

cement joggle. An indentation left in one 
concrete block to correspond with a 
notch in the adjoining block. When the 
blocks have set, the cavity between them 
is filled with concerete, thus forming a 
key and preventing relative movements. 
Ham. 

cement kiln. A rotating, refractory-line, hori- 
zontal, steel shell, for burning Portland 
cement. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cement kiln hood. The head, which may be 
mobile or fixed, of a rotary cement kiln; 
through the hood the burner passes and 
within the hood the clinker discharges 
from the kiln to the cooler. Dodd. 

cement, low heat. A variety of portland ce- 
ment having higher tetracalcium alumi- 
noferrate and dicalcium silicate content 
and less of tricalcium silicate and trical- 
cium aluminate than usual. The cement 
sets with the evolution of much less heat. 
GCD* 6d; 1961. 

cement mill. a. A mill for crushing and grind- 
ing cement stone; also, a mill for grinding 
the cinder after it comes from the kiln 
Fay. b. A mill for grinding limestone and 
shale to be fused into clinker for cement. 
Hess. 

cement mixer operator. See concrete mixer 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 

cement-modified soil. The addition of small 
quantities of cement (1 to 2 percent) to 
fine-grained soils to reduce the liquid 
limit, plasticity index, and water-absorp- 
tion tendency. The effect of the cement 
is to bring individual soil particles into 
aggregations, thus artificially adjusting the 
grading of the soil. See also soil stabiliza- 
tion. Nelson. 

cement mortar. Made from 4 (or less) parts 
of sand, 1 of cement, and adequate water. 
Nelson. 

cement paint. Paint based on portland ce- 
ment with pigment, filler, accelerator, and 
water repellant. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

cement pipe; concrete pipe. A hollow cylin- 
der, with fitted ends formed by molding 
a mixture of portland cement, water, 
sand, stone or other hard material, and 
permitting it to harden by natural proc- 
ess prior to handling and use. Hess. 

cement plug. Hardened cement material fill- 
ing a portion of a borehole. Long. 

cement, quicksetting. See quicksetting ce- 
ment. Long. 

cement rock. A natural limestone rock con- 
taining the proper amount of clay for ce- 
ment manufacture. Mersereau, 4th, p. 235. 

cement silver. Silver precipitated from solu- 
tion, usually by copper. Fay. 

cement slurry. A pourable or pumpable mix- 
ture of water, cement, and the fine sand 
having the consistency of a thick liquid- 
like heavy cream. Long. 

cement stabilization. The addition of cement 
to a soil, which acts as a binding agent 
and produces a weak form of concrete 
called soil cement. The quantity of ce- 
ment to be added depends upon the type 
of soil. Cement can be used with most 
types of soil, providing the clay fraction 
is reasonably small and other specified 
impurities are not present. A small per- 
centage of lime is usually added. With 
very poor soils, cement stabilization may 


cement stabilization 


be uneconomical or impracticable. See 
also soil stabilization. Nelson. 

cement steel. Same as cementation steel. 
Standard, 1964. 

cement stone; cement rock. a. Any rock 
which is capable of furnishing cement when 
properly treated Fay. b. Scot. Argilla- 
ceous limestone-magnesian. Nelson. 

cement texture. A texture produced by ce- 
mentation or replacement of cement in a 
sandstone or conglomerate by ore min- 
erals. Schieferdecker. 

cement valve. A ball, flapper, or clack-type 
valve placed at the bottom of a string of 
casing, through which cement is pumped. 
When pumping ceases, the valve closes 
and prevents return of cement into the 
casing. Long. 

cenology. The branch of geology treating of 
the terrestrial, fluviatile, and lacustrine de- 
posits. Synonym for surface geology. A.G-_I. 

Cenomanian. Lower Upper Cretaceous. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cenosite; kainosite. A very rare, weakly, ra- 
dioactive, yellowish-brown, orthorhombic 
mineral, 2CaO.(Ce,Y )203;CO2.4SiO2.H2O ; 
found in limy rocks metamorphosed by peg- 
matitic solutions. Crosby, pp. 97-98; Hess. 

cenotypal. Applied to aphanitic and porphyr- 
itic igneous rocks having the habit or 
suite of characteristics typical of fresh or 
nearly fresh volcanic rocks, such as those 
of Recent and Tertiary age. Crystals are 
lustrous, and glass, where present, has 
not lost its brilliancy by devitrification; 
whereas in the older rocks, feldspars and 
glass have become dull and lusterless by 
decomposition and devitrification. Rocks 
having the older-looking, dense, and com- 
pact habit are described as paleotypal. 
The two terms constitute an attempt to ex- 
press the essential differences between the 
two groups of aphanitic rocks variously 
distinguished as Tertiary and pre-Tertiary, 
fresh and altered, hypabyssal and volcanic; 
differences that are recognized in the nom- 
enclature of rocks by two groups of terms, 
such as rhyolite and quartz porphyry, an- 
desite and porphyrite, basalt and diabase. 
Holmes, 1928. 

Cenozoic. The latest of the five eras into 
which geologic time, as recorded by the 
stratified rocks of the earth’s crust, is di- 
vided; it extends from the end of the 
Mesozoic era to and including the present. 
Also, the entire group of stratified rocks 
deposited during the Cenozoic era. The 
Cenozoic era includes the periods called 
Tertiary and Quaternary in the nomen- 
clature of the U.S. Geological Survey. 
Some European authorities divide it, on 
a different basis, into the Paleogene and 
the Neogene periods, and still others ex- 
tend the Tertiary period to include the 
whole. Fay. 

cental. An English weight of 100 avoirdu- 
pois pounds, the same as the hundred- 
weight in the United States. Standard, 
1964. 

center. a. A temporary timber framework up- 
on which the masonry of an arch of re- 
inforced masonry lintel is supported until 
it becomes self-supporting. ACSG. b. To 
force a ball. of clay into a centered posi- 
tion on a potter’s wheel. ACSG, 1963. 

center adjustment. In surveying, a system 
which allows accurate final centering of 
the theodolite above (or below) its sta- 
tion by sliding the whole instrument on 
its stand (tribrach). Important with short 
sights where small centering errors could 





188 


introduce serious inaccuracy. Pryor, 3. 

center bore; centre bore. Synonym for set 
inside diameter. Long. 

center brick. A special, hollow, refractory 
shape used at the base of the guide tubes 
in the bottom pouring of molten steel. 
The center brick has a hole in its upper 
face and this is connected via the hollow 
center of the brick to holes in the side 
faces (often six in number). The center 
brick distributes molten steel from the 
trumpet assembly to the lines of runner 
bricks. It is also sometimes known as a 
crown brick or spider. Dodd. 

center constant. In air velocity determina- 
tion, the ratio of the mean velocity to 
the velocity measured at the center. This 
ratio is found to be dependent upon the 
Reynolds number. Roberts, I, p. 44. 

center constant method. If a pitot-static tube 
is to be used as a permanent installation 
for air velocity determination it is usual 
to find the relationship between the mean 
velocity and the velocity at the position 
chosen, usually the center. For this, two 
tubes are used. One is placed in the re- 
quired position while the other tube is 
used to determine the velocity distribution 
across the conduit. The fixed-position tube 
serves to monitor the variation, if any, 
in the flow velocity. Once the relationship 
between the mean velocity of the airstream 
and that indicated by the fixed tube is 
established then the latter tube is used 
to meter the flow. This is known as the 
center constant method. Roberts, I, p. 44. 

center core method. A method of tunneling 
whereby the center is left to the last for 
excavation. Sandstrom. 

center country. Aust. The rock between the 
limbs of a saddle reef. Fay. 

center cut. a. The boreholes, drilled to in- 
clude a wedge-shaped piece of rock and 
which are fired first in a heading, tunnel, 
drift, or other working place. See also 
center shot. Fay. b. A vertical cut or groove 
made in coal at or near the center of a 
working face to facilitate blasting. Grove. 

center distance. The distance between the 
centers of the shafts of a chain drive. J/@M. 

center drilling. Drilling a conical hole (pit) 
in one end of a workpiece. ASM Gloss. 

center head. A device attached to a scale or 
blade for use in locating the center of some 
round object; as the center point on the 
end of a shaft preliminary to centering. 
Crispin. 

center-hole lapping. The cleaning or lapping 
of center holes. See also lapping. ACSG, 
1963. 

centering; centreing. a. A timber falsework 
used to support the parts of a masonry 
arch during construction. Webster 3d. b. 
The operation on lens elements wherein 
the element is optically lined up with the 
axis of rotation and the edges ground con- 
centric with the optical axis. ASTM 
C162-66. 

centering adjustment. In surveying, sliding 
plate used for final close adjustment of 
vertical axis of theodolite above its sta- 
tion. May incorporate clamp and _ fine- 
adjustment screws. Pryor, 3. 

centering of shaft. The fixing of the center 
spot of the proposed shaft at the site se- 
lected and the maintenance of the shaft 
sinking along this plumb line during its 
entire depth. Nelson. 

centering plug. A plug fitting both spindle 
and cutter to insure concentricity of the 
cutter mounting. ASM Gloss. 





center prop; middle prop 


center-latch elevator and links. Synonym for 
elevator, i. Long. 

centerless grinding. Grinding the outside or 
inside of workpiece mounted on rollers, 
rather than on centers. The workpiece may 
be in the form of a cylinder or the frustum 
of acone. ASM Gloss. 

centerline. a. A line marked on the roof of a 
roadway to indicate the direction of the 
central axis of the roadway. B.S. 3618. 
1963, sec. 1. b. The plumbline, hung from: 
the roof of a mine roadway, used for 
controlling the direction in which the 
roadway is driven. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. I. 
c. In U.S. public land surveys, the line) 
connecting opposite quarter-section or six- 
teenth-section corners. A.G_I. 

centerman. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining one who locates the center- 
line of underground openings in a mine, 
such as entries, rooms, and haulageways, 
so that the miners can drive the openings 
in a straight line without calling the 
mine surveyor. D.O.T. 1. 

center of gravity. a. Center of mass. Webster 
3d. b. The single point in a body (as a} 
homogeneous sphere toward which every 
particle of matter external to the body is 
gravitationally attracted. Webster 3d. ¢, 
The point or area of greatest concentra- 
tion, significance, or interest; a predom- 
inating or controlling situation; a focal 
point. Webster 3d. d. The center of mass 
of a cut ora fill. Nichols. Y 

center of gravity of an area. See centroid of| 
an area. Ro. 

center of mass; center of inertia. a. The poini 
that represents the mean position of the 
matter in a body. Webster 3d. b. The poin) 
in a body through which acts the result: 
ant resisting force due to the body’s inertiz 
when it is accelerated. Coincident with the 
center of gravity. C.T.D. c. In a cut or 
fill, a cross section line that divides it: 
bulk into halves. Nichols. 

center of pressure. A point on an area unde: 
equal overall pressure at which such pres: 
sure can be calculated as in balance) 
Pryor, 3. 

center of shear. See torsional center. Ro. 

center of symmetry. In crystallography, thi 
point in which the axes and planes o 
symmetry intersect; in the normal group 
of the triclinic system, which has neithe: 
planes nor axes of symmetry, the poin) 
with respect to which equivalent oppo) 
site faces are symmetrical. Fay. | 

center of torsion. See torsional center. Ro. 

center of transit. a. Manufacturer’s term fo 
either of the two vertical spindles (axes) 
of the transit. The outer (hollow) cen) 
ter revolves in a socket and is attached t: 
the graduated horizontal circle. The inne) 
center revolves in a socket in the oute’ 
center and is attached to the alidade o} 
upper portion of the instrument. Seelye, 2) 
b. The common point of intersection of th! 
vertical axis, the horizontal (cross) axis 
and the axis of the telescope tube. Seelye, z 

center of twist. See torsional center. Ro. | 

center pin; center pintle. In a_ revolvin 
shovel, a fixed vertical shaft around whic! 
the shovel deck turns. Nichols. 

center plug. a. A small diamond-set circula 
plug, designed to be inserted into the ar 
nular opening in a core bit, thus cor 
verting it to a noncoring bit. Long. b. .| 
detachable, diamond-set pilot portion ¢ 
a pilot-type noncoring bit. Long. 

center prop; middle prop. a. Eng. A p 
set temporarily under the center of 






























center prop; middle prop 


plank to support it before props are set 
at the ends of the plank. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. b. Eng. See temporary prop, b. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 
|;center, reduction to. In triangulation, the 
| computation of the necessary corrections 
to allow for an eccentric setup (that is, 
a setup in which the instrument does not 
}| occupy the point under signal). Seelye, 2. 
(center roll. A horizontal roll at the center 
of a troughing idler that has three or 
|| more rolls. NEMA MBI—1956. 
‘yeenters. a. Framed supports, usually arch- 
| shaped, upon which are placed the lagging 
| boards used, in building an arch, for 
| supporting the roof of a tunnel. Stauffer. 
|b, Conical steel pins of a grinding machine 
upon which the work is centered and ro- 
)| tates during grinding. ACSG, 1963. 
{ycenter shot. A shot in the center of the face 
of a room or entry. Also called center 
cut. Fay. 
|)center spinning. A method of casting molten 
metal, in which the molds are spun and 
centrifugal force helps to fill them. Pryor, 3. 
ceniter-trace time. One of two approaches 
used in plotting seismic reflection data 
on time cross sections. Center-trace times 
are the times picked on the two traces 
from the respective detector groups near- 
est the shot and on opposite sides. The 
average of the two times for each reflection 
is plotted at the shot-point position. The 
points thus plotted for adjacent shot 
points are connected by straight lines. 
Compare trace-by-trace plotting. Dobrin, 
pp. 129, 132. 
|'centigrade. Symbol, C. Graduated to a scale 
of 100; of or pertaining to such a scale. 
On the centigrade thermometer the freez- 
ing point of water is 0° (C) and its 
boiling point is 100° (C). If any degree 
on the centigrade scale, either above or 
below 0° C, is multiplied by 1.8, the re- 
sult will be, in either case, the number of 
degrees above or below 32° F, or the 
freezing point of Fahrenheit. Standard, 
1964. 
|fcentigrade heat unit. The quantity of heat 
required to increase the temperature of 1 
pound of water 1° C at atmospheric pres- 
sure. Approximately 454 gram calories. 
Abbreviation, chu. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 
|}scentigram. A unit of mass and weight equal 
| to one-hundreth of a gram; abbreviation, 
| ce. Webster 3d. 
|/centimeter. A measure of length in the metric 
| system equal to one-hundreth of a meter; 
| 0.3937 inch; abbreviation, cm. Crispin. 
|/centimeter, gram, second system. Removed. 
|/centipoise. The one-hundredth part of a 
|| poise, an absolute unit of fluid viscosity. 
| Viscosity of drill-mud fluid is sometimes 
| expressed in centipoise units. See also 
|| poise. Long. 
|\central axis; centroidal axis. A central axis 
of an area is one that passes through the 
centroid; it is understod to lie in the 
plane of the area unless the contrary is 
stated. When taken normal to the plane 
of the area, It is called the central polar 
}/ axis. Ro. 
|/central breaker. A breaker where the coal 
| from a number of mines in a district is 
prepared. Central breakers, representing 
the last word in mining technology, make 
| it economical for operators to abandon 
/| many local breakers. Korson. 
| feentral depression. See inner depression. 
h 










ere me 






Schieferdecker. 
/) Central Engineering Establishment. An estab- 








189 


lishment set up in 1954 by the National 
Coal Board at Stanhope Bretby, near 
Burton-on-Trent, England, to undertake 
the design and devlopment of mining 
equipment. The establishment costs the 
National Coal Board less than 0.1 per- 
cent of its annual turnover. Nelson. 

central eruption. Volcanic eruption at a cen- 
ter as distinct from along a fissure; the 
usual type of eruption at the present day. 
Continued eruption at one center builds 
volcanoes of the central type. Challinor 

central fan system. An indirect system of 
heating in which the air is heated by 
steam or hot water at a central location 
and carried to or from the rooms to be 
heated by a fan and a system of ducts. 
Also called hot blast system. Strock, 10. 

central heating plant. a. A heating plant in 
a building serving all or most of the 
rooms in the building, as distinguished 
from individual room heaters. Strock, 10. 
b. A heating plant serving two or more 


buildings. Also called district heating. 
Strock, 10. 

centralized control. See remote control. Nel- 
son. 


centralizer. A device that lines up a drill steel] 
or string between the mast and the hole 
Nichols. 

central polar axis. See central axis. Ro. 

central rescue station. A central building 
equipped for rescue work. It may serve 
all National Coal Board collieries within a 
radius of 15 miles, or by special regulation 
within a greater radius not exceeding 20 
miles. The station contains, ready for im- 
mediate use, breathing apparatus, ancillary 
equipment, and vehicles. It is also the 
training center for the colliery rescue 
workers. A scheme A station has a perma- 
nent resident corps of trained men. See 
also rescue apparatus. Nelson. 

central vent. An opening in the earth’s crust. 
roughly circular, from which magnetic 
products are extruded. A volcano is an 
accumulation of material around a cen- 
tral vent. Leet. 

centric. Having the material more or less 
arranged either radially or concentrically 
around centers, a crystal often forming 
the center; said of rock texture. Standard, 
1964. 

centrifugal blower. See blowing fan. Nelson. 

centrifugal brake. A safety device on a mine 
hoist drum that applies brake if the drum 
speed exceeds the set limit. Pryor, 3. 

centrifugal casting. Casting molten metals in 
a rapidly revolving mold. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

centrifugal clutches. Consists of a driving hub 
having one or more weighted sections fit- 
ted with friction lining on the outer ra- 
dial surfaces that contact a driven hub 
having a flange covering that portion of 
the driving hub containing the radial 
elements. Upon starting, the radial ele- 
ments of the driving hub have no appre- 
ciable drag, but upon accelerating to the 
operating speed the force produced by 
the centrifugal action increases rapidly 
as the square of the speed and they grip 
the driven element, thereby causing it 
to speed up to the required speed of the 
driving hub. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. 
Dp eT 2% 

centrifugal coefficient. Separation coefficient, 
Cs of a machine separating minerals by 
use of centrifugal force F acting on a 
particle of weight W. Ratio F/G. F = 
WV°,/gr where Vp» is the tangential ve- 





centrifugal separation 


locity, g the gravitational acceleration, r 
the radius of the rotation. In feet per pound 
per second units C¢ = —(V*,/gr). Pryor, 3. 

centrifugal compressor. Series of low-pressure 
but high volume fans which build up 
steady higher pressure between entry and 
discharge. Pryor, 3. 

centrifugal discharge bucket elevator. A type 
of bucket elevator using centrifugal dis- 
charge elevator buckets suitably spaced to 
permit the free discharge of bulk materials. 
See also bucket elevator; centrifugal dis- 
charge elevator bucket. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

centrifugal discharge elevator bucket. A 
bucket designed to scoop material from 
the boot of an elevator and discharge by 
reason of the combined effect of centrifu- 
gal force and gravity. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

centrifugal fan. a. An earlier type of mine 
fan ranging up to 40 feet in diameter. It 
had up to eight blades attached to the fan 
wheel and revolved inside a spiral casing. 
When revolving it set up a region of low 
pressure, thus producing a difference in 
absolute pressure between its inlet and 
outlet which caused a flow of air through 
the fan and therefore through the mine. 
The modern counterpart of the centrifu- 
gal fan is the radial-flow fan. Nelson b. 
See radial-flow fan. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

centrifugal filter. See filter, b. 

centrifugal force. The force exerted as a 
material particle moving along a curve 
reacts to the body that constrains the mo- 
tion and is impelled by inertia to move 
away from the center of curvature, the 
force being directed outwardly along the 
radius of curvature (as a speeding auto- 
mobile skidding off the outer edge of a 
curved highway. Compare centripetal 
force. Webster 3d. 

centrifugal governor. A speed regulating de- 
vice used on engines by which the speed 
of rotation affects the altitude of two rotat- 
ing balls or weights, any variation in speed 
causes the balls to assume a new plane of 
rotation and at the same time to cut off 
or increase the flow of steam, gas, or oil. 
Porter. 

centrifugal pump. a. A form of pump in 
which water is drawn through the eye of 
a rotating impeller and discharged from 
its periphery into a chamber of series of 
passages of gradually increasing cross sec- 
tion. The kinetic energy given to the water 
by its cenetrifugal discharge is thus largely 
converted to pressure energy. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. b. A centrifugal pump with 
one impeller is called a single-stage pump. 
For high heads several stages are used, 
one impeller delivering water to the next 
one, thus building up the head generated 
in the pump. Stage pumps, fitted with 
guide vanes to direct the water, are called 
turbine pumps. The volute pump, without 
guide vanes, is gaining favor. Six- and 
eight-stage centrifugal pumps are in opera- 
tion at a number of mines. A stage pump 
is limited to a maximum head of about 
300 feet per stage, but a head ranging 
from 150 to 225 feet is more commonly 
used. Lewis, pp. 637-638. c. See turbine 
pump. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

centrifugal replacement. The replacement of 
a mineral by another mineral that begins 
in the center of the host mineral and pro- 
ceeds outwards. A.G.I. 

centrifugal separation. a. The separation of 
particles of different kinds by centrifugal 
action as used in cyclone separators and 
centrifuges. See also coal-preparation plant. 


centrifugal separation 


Nelson. b. The use of centrifugal force to 
increase apparent density of finely divided 
particles so as to accelerate their move- 
ment with respect to ambient fluid, Pryor, 
3. c. Accelerated settlement of finely di- 
vided particles from pulp, removal of 
moisture, or classification into relatively 
coarse and fine fractions by centrifuging. 
Performed on a laboratory scale in small 
batches, and commercially in a hydrocy- 
clone or centrifugal classifier. Pryor, 3. 

centrifugal ventilation. A mine ventilation 
system in which the air is led through a 
shaft in the middle of the field into the 
mine and out again at the periphery of the 
mining field. Stoces, v. 1, p. 529. 

centrifuge. A rotating device for separating 
liquids of different specific gravities or for 
separating suspended colloidal particles, 
such as clay particles in an aqueous sus- 
pension, according to particle-size fractions, 
by centrifugal force. Colloidal particles 
that cannot be deposited from suspension 
by gravity can be deposited by centrifugal 
force in a supercentrifuge, Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

centrifuge moisture equivalent. See moisture 
equivalent. ASCE P1826. 

centrifuging. a. Dewatering with the aid of 
centrifugal force. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. Ap- 
plication of centrifugal force to mineral 
treatment. Pryor, 4. 

centripetal drainage. Drainage more or less 
radially inward toward a center. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

centripetal force. The force that constrains 
a material particle to follow a curved path 
and that acts inwardly toward the center 
of curvature of the path causing centripetal 
acceleration, as a railroad train is pre- 
vented from leaving the track on a curve 
by the force exerted on the flanges of the 
outer wheels by the outer rail. Compare 
centrifugal force. Webster 3d. 

centripetal pump. A pump with a rotating 
mechanism that gathers a fluid at or near 
the circumference of radial tubes and dis- 
charges it at the axis. Standard, 1964. 

centripetal replacement. The replacement of 
a mineral by another mineral from the 
periphery of the host mineral inward. 
1964. 

centroclinal. An uplift of strata which gives 
them a partial quaquaversal dip. Standard, 
1964 

centrocline. An area of stratified rocks which 
dipse toward a center. Hess. 

centroid. The center of area of a section; 
that point about which the static moment 
of all the elements of area equals zero. See 
also center of gravity. Ham. 

centroidal axis. See central axis. Ro. 

centroid of an area; center of gravity of an 
area. That point in the plane of the area 
about any axis through which the moment 
of the area is zero; it coincides with the 
center of gravity of the area materialized 
as an infinitely thin homogeneous and uni- 
form plate. Ro. 

centrosphere. The central core of the earth, 
composed of heavy material and account- 
ing for most of the mass of the earth. 
Synonym for barysphere. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

centrosymmetrical. In crystallography, hay- 
ing symmetry around a center but lacking 
a plane of symmetry or an axis of sym- 
metry. Fay. 

centrum. The point, line, or place within the 
earth from which earthquake waves are 
propagated. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 





190 


cephalopods. These have a head, mouth, and 


tentacles as in a cuttlefish. The shell was 
at one time a straight, hornlike trumpct 
or dagger sheath, as in the extinct belem- 
nites, but living species are coiled, like 
most cephalopods, into a spiral shell like 
the nautilus. Cephalopods are always ma- 
rine. Mason, v. 1, p. 28. 


cer-agate. Yellow chalcedony. See also car- 


nelian. Shipley. 


ceramals; cermets; metamics. Materials pro- 


duced by combining a ceramic, such as 
an oxide, carbide, nitride, boride, silicate 
or silicide, with a metal or alloy. The com- 
bination is effected at high temperatures 
under controlled atmospheres using meth- 
ods similar to powder metallurgy tech- 
niques; the product has properties that 
differ from those of the components. Ceram- 
als have good high-temperature strength 
together with resistance to oxidation and 
intergranular corrosion. Applications in- 
clude gas turbine blades, and electrical 
components. Osborne. 


ceramet. Substance formed of a mixture of 


metal and ceramic, to give the requisite 
conductivity to the latter. C.T.D. Supp. 


ceramic. a. As a singular or plural noun, any 


of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic prod- 
ucts which are subjected to a high tem- 
perature during manufacture or _ use. 
ACSG, 1963. b. As an adjective, of or 
pertaining to ceramics, that is, inorganic, 
nonmetallic as opposed to organic or metal- 
lic, or pertaining to products manufactured 
from inorganic nonmetallic substances, 
which are subjected to a high temperature 
during manufacture or use, or pertaining 
to the manufacture or use of such articles 
or materials, such as ceramic process or 
ceramic science. ACSG, 1963. 


ceramic beading. Applying enamel slip to 


edge or trim of hollow ceramic articles. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 


ceramic bond. a. The cohesion and adhesion 


that develops between the particles in a 
ceramic body by heat treatment through 
the formation of glassy materials providing 
inner growth of new crystalline forms. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. In a ceramic 
body, the mechanical strength developed 
by a heat treatment which causes the co- 
hesion of adjacent particles. HW. 


ceramic coating. a. A coating applied to ce- 


ramic ware which is primarily composed 
of nonmetallic materials. It may contain 
small amounts of metallic oxides for color- 
ing purposes (that is, glazes, oxide coat- 
ings, etc.). Bureau of Mines Staff. b. An 
inorganic,. essentially nonmetallic, protec- 
tive coating on metal, suitable for use at 


or above red heat. ASTM C286-65. 


ceramic colorant. See color oxide. ASTM 


C286-65. 


ceramic color glaze. An opaque-colored glass 


of satin or gloss finish obtained by spraying 
the clay body with a compound of metallic 
oxides, chemicals, and clays and firing at 
high temperatures, fusing the glaze to the 
body, making them inseparable. ACSG, 
1963. 


ceramic cones. See pyrometric cone. Hess. 
ceramic engineer. One who conducts research 


and directs the technical work in the manu- 
facture of ceramic products, such as bricks, 
pottery, and glassware; tests physical, 
chemical, and heat resisting properties of 
various materials used in manufacture; 
selects combinations of materials for use in 
manufacture of ceramics according to the 
conditions under which the product is to 


ceramics : 















































be used; designs equipment and apparatus 
to improve methods of producing ceramic 
products; determines the temperature at 
which the shaped ceramic is to be baked 
and the manner in which it is to be glazed. © 
DI ONT: 

ceramic engineering. The application of the 
fundamental sciences to the development 
of ceramic products. Enam. Dict. 

ceramic filter. A ccramic characterized by an | 
interconnected pore system, the pores being | 
of substantially uniform size. Such ceramics 
are made from a batch consisting of pre- | 
fired ceramic, quartz, or alumina together | 
with a bond, that, during firing, will vitrify 
and bind the surfaces of the grains together. 
The pore size of different grades varies | 
from about 10u to 500u. The filters are | 
commonly available as tiles or tubes, the | 
latter sometimes being known as candles; 
special shapes can be made as required. | 
Uses include filtration, aeration, electro- 
lytic diaphragms and airslides. Compare 
filter block; sintered filter. Dodd. 

ceramic industries. Industries which manu- | 
facture products from nonmetallic materials | 
by heat treatment. These products include 
brick, tile, terra-cotta, sewer pipe, drain | 
tile, lightweight aggregate, china, pottery, | 
porcelain, cement, plaster, glass, enamel, | 
refractories, electrical insulants, thermo- 
insulants, abrasives, ceramic coatings, etc. 
Some of the nonmetallic material utilized | 
are clays, shales, silica, bauxite, diaspore, | 
kyanite, limestone, magnesia, gypsum, talc, | 
asbestos, mica, zirconia, etc. Bureau of | 
Mines Staff. 

ceramic ink: An ink containing a ceramic | 
pigment that develops its color on firing. 
Also known as stamping, screening, or) 
printing ink. ASTM C286-65. 

ceramicite. A porcelainlike, pyrometamorphic | 
rock consisting of basic plagioclase and | 
cordierite with accessory hypersthene and | 
a groundmass of glass. Webster 3d. 

ceramic materials. Materials which contain | 
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic | 
elements. Examples: MgO, BaTiOs, S102, 
SiC, clays, spinels, mullite, glasses, etc. VV. | 

ceramic mosaic tile. An unglazed tile formed — 
by either the dust-pressed or plastic method, | 
usually 4% to 3% of an inch thick, and | 
having a facial area of less than 6 square | 
inches and which is usually mounted on 
sheets approximately 2 feet x 1 foot to} 
facilitate setting. Ceramic mosaic tile may | 
be of either porcelain or natural clay com- | 
position and may be either plain or with] 
an abrasive mixture throughout. ASTM / 
C242-60T. | 

ceramic paste. A French term synonymous | 
with ceramic body. ASTM C242-60T. 

ceramic pebbles. Grinding media made from | 
very dense, tough porcelain, alumina, and | 
sillimanite. ATME, p. 14. 

ceramic reactor. A reactor constructed of fuel’ 
and moderator assemblies of high-tempera- | 

ture-resistant ceramic materials, such as/ 
metal oxides, carbides, or nitrides. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

ceramics. a. The art and science of making ! 
and using solid particles which have as) 
their essential components, and are com-| 
posed in large part of, inorganic nonmetai- | 
lic materials. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
Originally, referred only to ware formed. 
from clay and hardened by the action of) 
heat, and to the art of making such ware. | 
However, its significance has gradually 
been extended by usage, and it is now 
understood to include all refractory mate- 















ceramics 


rials, cement, lime, plaster, pottery, glass, 
enamels, glazes, abrasives, electrical insu- 
lating products, and thermal insulating 
products made from clay or from other 
inorganic nonmetallic mineral substances. 
| HW. c. Fictile art, relating to the manu- 
|| facture of any type of pottery or porcelain. 
| Dodd. 
|| ceramic sizing. Varnish. Bennett 2d, 1962 
fae Add. 

‘| ceramic sponge. Calcined clay or diatoma- 
|| ceous earth foamed by gas and fired. Ben- 
| nett 2d, 1962 Add. 
|| ceramic-to-metal seal. The joining of a metal 
| to a ceramic is generally accomplished by 
| metallizing the ceramic surface and then 
| brazing-on the metal component. Ceramic- 

to-metal seals are used in electrically insu- 
lated and vacuum-tight lead-throughs, 
especially for high power, high frequency 
devices; components so made are more 
rugged and resist higher temperatures than 
| those having a glass-to-metal seal, there- 
fore, permitting a higher bake out tempera- 
ture and use in a nuclear environment. 
Dodd 
h ceramic tools. Cutting tools made from fused, 
sintered, or cemented metallic oxides. ASM 
Gloss. 
| ceramic veneer. A type of architectural terra- 
cotta, characterized by larger face dimen- 
sions and thinner sections, ranging from 
1% to 2% inches in thickness, with ad- 
| hesion and anchored types. ACSG. 
ceramic whiteware. A fired ware consisting 
of a glazed or unglazed ceramic body which 
is commonly white and of fine texture. 
This term designates such products as 
china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and 
earthenware. ASTM C242-60. 

\\ceramist. A person devoted to the ceramic 
| art, whether as a manufacturer, a designer 
' and decorator, or as a student or connois- 

seur. Fay. 
|| ceramites. A term used by M. E. Wadsworth 
including all fictile ceramic minerals. Fay. 

| cerargyrite; horn silver. Silver chloride, AgC], 
contains 75 percent silver. Perfectly sec- 
tile; isometric. Sanford; Dana 17. 

| ceratite. A type of ammonoid with sutures 
| in which the lobes are subdivided into sub- 

ordinate crenulations although the saddles 
remain smoothly rounded and undivided. 
je A.G.T. 
Be atophyre. See keratophyre. Fay. 
|) cereal. An organic binder, usually corn flour. 
ASM Gloss. 

|| cerhomilite. Borosilicate of calcium, beryl- 
ilum, iron, thorium, and rare earths. Hey 
Pd, 1955. 

| ceria. See cerium oxide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

|| cerianite. Minute, greenish-yellow octahedra 

in carbonate rock. Cubic CeOz with some 

ThO:. Obtained from Lachner, Sudbury, 
Ontario, Canada. Named from its relation 
to thorianite and uraninite. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 
|| cerian uraninite. Uraninite containing (Ce,- 
La)2O; in excess. Crosby, p. 53. 
| ceric. Of, pertaining to, or containing cerium 

in the tetravalent state; for example, ceric 
oxide (CeOz). Webster 3d. 

) ceric hydroxide; ceric oxide, hydrated; cerium 
hydrate. A whitish powder when pure. 
The dry powder is a hydrated oxide con- 
|| taining from 85 to 90 percent ceric oxide; 
| CeO..xH.O. Used as an opacifier in glasses 

and enamels (imparts yellow color) and in 

Ao production of shielding glass. CCD 6d, 
GT: 

ceric oxide, hydrated. See ceric hydroxide. 





| 
| 
} 


at ata 








191 


CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerite. A mineral consisting of a hydrous sili- 
cate of cerium and allied metals occurring 
generally in brownish masses; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 5.5; specific gravity, 4.86. Webster 3d. 

cerium. A steel-gray-metallic element, one of 
the rare earth metals. Symbol, Ce; val- 
ences, 3 and 4; isometric or hexagonal: 
atomic number, 58; atomic weight, 140.12; 
specific gravity, 6.67 to 8.23, depending on 
allotropic form; melting point, 795° C; and 
specific electrical resistivity, 78 microhms 
per cubic centimeter. An alloy with iron 
and several rare elements is used as the 
sparking component in automatic lighters 
and other ignition devices. It is also a con- 
stituent (0.15 weight-percent) in the alu- 
minum-base alloy ceralumin. Compounds 
of cerium, particularly the oxide and fluo- 
ride, are being applied with success to 
increasing the luminosity of high-current- 
density arc carbons. C.T.D.; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-105. 

cerium chloride. See cerous chloride. 
6d, 1961. 

cerium copper. An alloy of copper and misch 
metal, an alloy of rare-earth metals con- 
taining 85 to 90 percent misch metal. Hess. 

cerium dioxide. See cerium oxide. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

cerium hydrate. See ceric hydroxide; cerous 
hydroxide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerium metals. Any of a group of rare-earth 
metals separable as a group from other 
metals occurring with them and in addition 
to cerium including lanthanum, praseodym- 
ium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, 
and sometimes europium. Webster 3d. 

cerium minerals. Rare earths; the important 
one is monazite. Pryor, 3. 

cerium nitride. CeN; produced by the action 
of Ne on Ce at 800° C or NHs on Ce at 
500° C. Dodd. 

cerium oxide; cerium dioxide; ceric oxide; 
ceria. a. CeQz; melting point, 2,800° C. 
Used in porcelain enamel as an opacifier 
and is introduced with titania to produce 
a yellow color in glass, Alone it is one of 
the best glass decolorizers and is also em- 
ployed to make glass more stable to light 
and other radiations. The oxides, CeO2 
and CeOs, are derived from monazite 
sand, Lee. b. Pale yellow, heavy powder; 
white when pure and the commercial oxide 
is brown. Used in ceramics; in polishing 
glass; and as an opacifier in enamels. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

cerium sulfides. There are three sulfides: 
CeS; melting point, 2,450° GC + 100° C; 
CesS.; melting point, 2,050° C + 75° C 
and Ce2S3; melting point, 1,890° C + 50° 
C. Special ceramic crucibles have been 
made of these sulfides, but they can be 
used only in vacuo or in an inert atmos- 
phere; such crucibles are suitable as con- 
tainers for molten sodium, potassium, cal- 
cium and other highly electropositive 
metals. The thermal shock resistance of 
CeS is good, that of CesS3 poor, and that 
of CesS, intermediate. Dodd. 

Cermak-Spirek furnace. An automatic rever- 
beratory furnace of rectangular form di- 
vided into two sections by a longitudinal 
wall. Used for roasting zinc and quicksilver 
ores. Fay. 

cermal. See cermet. H&G. 

cermet; cermal. A material or body consisting 
of ceramic particles bonded with a metal. 
According to the American Society for 
Testing and Materials, the ceramic phase 


CCD 








cervantite 


must be present in 15 percent or more of 
the body. A ceramic foam or porous ceramic 
is not a cermet because the bonding of the 
ceramic structure is not dependent on or 
due to the metal. H&G. 

cerolite. A member of the serpentine group 
with the formula MgSiOs-11.H2O to Mge- 
Si;O2-10H2O. Also spelled kerolite; kero- 
lith. Hey 2d, 1955. 

cerous. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
cerium in the trivalent state; for example, 
cerous hydroxide [Ce(OH)s]. Webster 3d. 

cerous chloride; cerium chloride. White crys- 
tals; CeClsxH2O; deliquescent; specific 
gravity, (anhydrous), 3.88. Used in incan- 
descent gas mantles and in the preparation 
of cerium metal. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerous fluoride. An off-white powder; insol- 
uble in water and in acids; CeFs-xH2O. 
Used in arc carbons to increase their bril- 
liance and in the preparation of cerium 
metal. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerous hydroxide; cerium hydrate. A white 
gelatinous precipitate; approximate for- 
mula, Ce(OH):; yellow, brown, or pink 
when impurities are present; soluble in 
acids; and insoluble in water and in alka- 
lies. Chief source is monazite sand. Used 
in pure form to produce cerium salts; to 
impart yellow color to glass; and as an 
opacifying agent in glazes and enamels; 
and in crude form in the flaming arc lamp. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerous oxalate; cerium oxalate. Yellowish- 
white; odorless; tasteless, crystalline; Cee- 
(CzOx)ss9H2O; decomposes upon heating; 
soluble in dilute sulfuric acid and in hydro- 
chloric acid; very slightly soluble in water; 
and insoluble in oxalic acid solution, in 
alkalies, in alcohol, and in ether. Used in 
isolating the metals of the cerium group. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

cerro. a. Sp. A hill or mountain. Fay. b. 
Colom. Mina de cerro, a placer mine 
near mountain tops or on high tablelands 
where water is scarce. Fay. 

certain rent. Same as dead rent. Fay. 

certificate. A written declaration or testi- 
monial, for example, a fire-boss certificate. 
Miners frequently use the term in referring 
to certificates issued to fire bosses, mine 
foremen, etc. Jones. 

certificated manager. Eng. A superintend- 
ent of a coal mine who has a certificate 
of competency or of service from the gov- 
ernment. Hess. 

certified. A certified employee is one who 
has been granted a state certificate of com- 
petency for a given job. B.C_I. 

certified apparatus. That which has been cer- 
tified by the Ministry of Power as comply- 
ing with the requirements for flameproof 
enclosure or for intrinsic safety, B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 

ceruleite; coeruleite. A turquoise-blue hy- 
drous arsenate of aluminum and copper, 
CuO-2AleO3-As2O5-8H20; compact. Clayey 
masses made up of excessively minute crys- 
tals. From Huanaco, Chile. English. 

Cerulene. A trade name for a form of calcium 
carbonate colored green and blue by mala- 
chite and azurite, and used as a gemstone. 
From Bimbowrie, south Australia. English. 

ceruleofibrite; caeruleofibrite. Synonym for 
Connellite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

cerussite. A lead carbonate, PbCOs. Ortho- 
rhombic; color white to grayish adaman- 
tine; Mohs’ hardness, 3 to 3.5; specific 
gravity, 6.55. Pryor, 3. 

cervantite. A discredited term equal to stibi- 
conite. American Mineralogist, v. 39, No. 


cervantite 


3-4, March-April 1954, p. 406. 

cesarolite. A steel-gray hydrous manganate 
of lead, HePbMn3Os. Spongy masses. From 
Sidi-Amor-ben-Salem, Tunisia. English. 

cesium. A silvery-white metallic element in 
group I of the periodic system, one of the 
alkali metals. Symbol, Cs; valence, 1; hex- 
agonal; atomic number, 55; atomic weight, 
132.905. C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-106. 

cesium ion. An atom of cesium that has lost 
some electrons. MacCracken. 

cesium 137. A radioisotope recovered as a 
fission product from nuclear reactors, with 
a half-life of 33 years and a dominant 
characteristic gamma radiation of 0.66 mil- 
lion electron volt. It is suitable as a gamma- 
radiation source in radiography. ASM 
Gloss. 

cesium silicate. Cs2SiOs; molecular weight, 
341.88; yellow; crystalline; and insoluble 
in water. Used in ceramics. Bennet 2d, 
1962. 

cess. A drain, usually formed of porous pipe 
along the foot of a cutting. Ham. 

cesspit. An underground tank lined with 
brickwork or concrete for collecting sew- 
age where no main drainage system exists, 
and requiring periodical pumping out. The 
more usual name for it is cesspool. This 
method of sewage collection is no longer 
considered good practice, and has been 
superseded by the septic tank. Ham. 

cesspool. A pit for the reception or detention 
of sewage. Crispin. 

cetane number. An indication of diesel fuel 
ignition quality. The cetane number of a 
fuel is the percentage by volume of cetane 
in a mixture of cetane and alpha methyl- 
naphthalene which matches the unknown 
fuel in ignition quality. American diesel oil 
usually varies from 30 to 60 cetane. Nichols. 

cetolith. A stony body, sometimes obtained 
during dredging in deep ocean water, that 
is the fused otic bones of whales. C.T.D. 

ceylanite. Original spelling of ceylonite. Hey 
2d, 19595. 

Ceylon alexandrite. The unusually transpar- 
ent alexandrite which occurs in Ceylon in 
large sizes, often of 20 or more carats in 
weight, after cutting. Shipley. 

Ceylon cat’s-eye. Chrysoberyl cat’s-eye. Also 
called Ceyonese cat’s-eye. Shipley. 

Ceylon chrysoberyl. Chrysoberyl from Cey- 
lon, the principal source of that gem stone. 
Most of it yields cat’s eye or stones with 
a chatoyant effect, and if dark green, 
exhibits more or less the changeable color 
quality of alexandrite. Shipley. 

Ceylon diamond. Colorless zircon. Shipley. 

Ceylonese chrysolite. Trade name for fine, 
golden-yellow chrysoberyl. C.M.D. 

Ceylonese peridot. The trade name for a yel- 
lowish-green variety of tourmaline, ap- 
proaching olivine in color; used as a semi- 
precious gem stone. C.M.D. 

Ceylonese ruby. True ruby does occur, rather 
rarely, in Ceylon, together with much 
commoner ruby spinel. Much of the gem 
stone material sold under this name is 
spinel. C.M.D. 

Ceylonese zircon. True zircon occurs in Cey- 
lon, but frequently this is not differentiated 
from tourmaline of the same color. Cey- 
lonian (sic) zircon is the name given by 
jewelers to the fire-red, yellowish-green, 
and grey zircons, C.M.D. 

Ceylon garnet. Almandite 
Shipley. 

Ceylon hyacinth. Hessonite garnet. Shipley. 

ceylonite; ceylanite. A dark variety of spinel 


from Ceylon. 





192 


in which iron is present. From Ceylon. Fay. 

Ceylon moonstone. Moonstone from Ceylon, 
which is the principal source of the ortho- 
clase variety. Usually with whitish adula- 
erescence; less often bluish. See also blue 
moonstone. Shipley. 

Ceylon opal. Misnomer for moonstone (feld- 
spar). Shipley. 

Ceylon sapphire. A pale-blue sapphire (co- 
rundum). Schaller. 

ceyssatite. See infusorial earth. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Cf Chemical symbol for californium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

cfm Abbreviation for cubic feet per minute. 
A standard capacity or performance meas- 
urement for compressors. Nichols. 

CFR Abbreviation for Cooperative Fuel Re- 
search. Shell Oil Co. 

C-frame. An angling dozer lift and push 
frame. Nichols. 

C-framepress. Same as gap-framepress. ASM 
Gloss. 

cfs Abbreviation for cubic feet per second. 
Pit and Quarry, 53rd, sec. E, p. 82. 

eg Abbreviation for centigram. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

egs Abbreviation for centimeter-gram-second 
(system). BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

chabazite. A hydrous silicate, (Ca,Na)e(Ab- 
SisO2)-6H2O, essentially of calcium and 
aluminum; cubelike crystals; rhombohe- 
dral. Dana 17. 

chad. Eng. Gravel; small stones which form 
the bed of a river. Fay. 

chadacryst. One of the relatively small crys- 
tals scattered as inclusions through a host 
crystal (oikocryst) of another mineral. 
Holmes, 1928. 

chadger. Derb. Anything made fast to a 
hoisting rope by a noose, as a large rock or 
piece of ore that cannot be placed in a 
bucket. Fay. 

chaf. A piece of coal or ore with rock adher- 
ing to it. Mersereau, 4th, p. 352. 

chafe. To wear away as by friction. Crispin. 

chafery. A forge fire for reheating. Fay. 

chaffee work. A local term used in Colorade 
for annual labor on a mining claim. Fay. 

chaff holes. Eng. Horizontal or gently in- 
clined holes, 5 to 6 feet long and 2 to 8 
inches in diameter, in the gristle bed, a 
tufaceous limestone in the basal Purbeck 
beds. The holes are branching and filled 
with fossil wood. Arkell. 

chaff peat. Peat formed from shreds and frag- 
ments of vegetable material. Tomkeieff, 
1954, 

chafing fatigue. Fatigue initiated in a surface 
damaged by rubbing against another body. 
See also fretting. ASM Gloss. 

chain. a. The portion of the machine that 
does the cutting in the work of undercut- 
ting coal at the face of an entry. Fay. b. A 
measuring instrument that consists of 100 
links joined together by rings and is used 
in surveying; a unit of length equal to 66 
feet. See also Gunter’s chain. Webster 3d. 
c. A mechanical combination consisting of 
two or more links; specifically, a closed 
chain. Webster 2d. d. A circuit, as of a 
galvanic battery. Webster 2d. e. A series of 
links pivotally joined together to form a 
medium for conveying or transmitting 
motion or power, General classes of chains 
common to the conveyor art are: detach- 
able, pintle, combination, roller, rivetless, 
coil, inverted tooth, and bar link chains. 
ASA MHé4.1-1958. f. A towline or drive 
belt made of inetrlocked links. Nichols. 


chain couplings 


g. A surveyor’s steel tape measure. Nichols. 
h. A series of atoms linked together, gen- 
erally in an organic molecule. Chains may 
consist of one kind of atoms only (for 
example, carbon chains) or of several kinds 
of atoms (for example, carbon-nitrogen 
chains). There are open-chain and closed- 
chain compounds (ring or cyclic com- 
pounds). C.T.D. 

chain balance; chainomatic. Has a chain in 
place of the smaller weights, which can be 
added link by link to complete weighing, 
a recording device showing the weight 
thus added. Pryor, 3, p. 35. 

chain belt. A belt made up of flat links and 
used for the transmission of power. Hess. 

chain block. a. A combination of sheaves 
over which chains are arranged in the 
same manner as the rope in a block and 
tackle. Also called chain hoist. Long. b. 
See differential pulley block. Ham. 

chain book. See fieldbook. C.T.D. 

chain breat machine. A coal-cutting machine, 
so constructed that a series of cutting 
points attached to a circulating chain work 
their way for a certain distance under 
a seam; when the limit is reached, the ma- 
chine is withdrawn and shifted to one side, 
where another cut is put in. Fay. 

chain brow way. An undereground inclined 
plane worked by an endless chain. Fay. 

chain bucket dredger. A dredger with a 
bucket ladder. Ham. 

chain bucket loader; bucket loader. A mobile 
loader that uses a series of small buckets 
on a roller chain to elevate spoil to the 
dumping point. Nichols. 

chain casing. An oil retaining sheet metal en- 
closure, around a chain drive. J/@M. 

chain coal cutter. A coal cutter which cuts 
a groove in the coal by an endless chain 
traveling round a flat plate called a jib. 
The chain consists of a number of pick 
boxes. Each box holds a cutter pick 
fastened into the box by a set screw or 
similar device. The coal cutter pulls 
itself along the face by means of a rope 
at a speed varying from 7 inches to 5 
feet or more per minute. The chain 
travels around the jib at a speed varying 
from 320 to 650 feet per minute. The 
cut in the coal varies from 3¥2 to 7% 
inches high and up to 84 feet in length. 
See also coal-cutter picks. Nelson. 

chain compound. A hydrocarbon compound 
in which hydrogen and carbon atoms are 
linked in a straight line; for example, 
methane, ethane, and propane. Hess. 

chain conveyor; scraper chain conveyor. a. 
A conveyor comprising one or two end- 
less linked chains with crossbars or flights 
at intervals to move the coal or minerat. 
The loaded side of the conveyor runs in 
a metal trough while the empty side re- 
turns along guides underneath. The 
material is transported on the conveyor 


partly by riding on the chain and flights | 


and partly by being scraped along in the 
trough. The chain conveyor is widely 
used in coal mines and capacities range 


up to 100 tons per hour with lengths of | 


about 100 yards. See also armored flexible 
conveyor. Nelson. b. See drag chain con- 
veyor; rolling chain conveyor. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 


chain couplings. Consists of two hubs each | 


equipped with teeth upon which a ring 


of chain is joined to form the driving | 


member. The chains may be of the roller 
or silent type and should be inclosed in 
a housing which will retain the lubricani. 








chain couplings 


Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. D, p. 66. 
‘}chain driller. See chain-machine operator. 
19D:0.T.1. 
jchain-driven belt. A conveyor similar in de- 
|| sign to those driven by ropes, the essential 
difference being that the tension is taken 
| by chains, either under or alongside the 
carrying belt. Nelson. 
\\chain-drive rotary. Synonym for chain-drive 
| table. Long. 
\chain-drive table. Rotary drill table turned 
| by means of a sprocket chain running be- 
tween table and drill-motor drive shaft. 
| Also called chain-drive rotary. Long. 
‘jchain elevator. See bucket elevator. 
| MH4.1-1958. 
| oni See clipper. D.O.T. 1. 
in feed. Feeding mechanism by which 
the up-and-down movements of the drill 
stem are controlled by a link chain run- 
ning on sprocket gears. Long. 
jchain feeder. See conveyor-type feeder. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 
ain-feeder operator. See mill feeder. D.O.- 
T. Supp. 
hain grate. See chain grate stoker. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 
‘jchain grate stoker; chain grate. A_ wide, 
endless, traveling chain which supports 
the burning fuel in a broiler furnace. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 
‘\chain guard. An open guard of sheet metal, 
expanded metal, or similar construction 
around a chain drive. /@M. 
j\chain hoist. a. A block and tackle in which 
| chain is used instead of rope. Crispin. b. 
| Synonym for chain block. Long. 
|(chain-hoist engineer. In anthracite coal min- 
| ing, one who operates a chain hoist, used 
to pull mine cars up a haulage slope 
mavcline)); DO.T x1: 
|\chain hydrometer. A type of hydrometer that 
is operated at constant depth by a chain 
loading device similar to that used on 
some analytical balances. It has been used 
for the determination of the particle size 
distribution of clays. Dodd. 
\(thain lacing. The arrangement of block 
positions in a cutter chain so that bits 
inserted in these blocks will occupy cer- 
tain positions while cutting. Jones. 
| chain-machine helper. See machine helper. 
DPD O.F 1. 
|\chain-machine operator. In bituminous coal 
mining, one who operates a chain-driven 
| machine to undercut coal preparatory to 
| blasting it loose from the working face 
| with explosives. Also called chain driller. 
DOK. Lb. 
|\chain machines. Coal-cutting machines which 
| cut the coal with a series of steel bits set 
in an endless chain moved continuously 
in one direction either by an electric motor 
or a compressed-air motor. These machines 
may be divided into four classes, known 
as breast machines, shortwall machines, 
longwall machines, and overcutting ma- 
| chines. Kiser, k, p. 2. 
| chainman. a. One who measures distances 
with a tape. The head chainman is the 
lead man and normally reads and records 
the distances while the end or rear chain- 
man merely holds the end of the tape at 
a mark left by the head chainman. A.G./. 
b. Leading man in chaining or survey of 
boundary. In the United States, called 
an axman. Pryor, 3. c. In mining, one 
who assists a mine surveyor in making 
underground and surface surveys. Also 
\ called lineman; rodman. D.O.T. 1. d. See 
| gaffer. Dodd. 







ASA 


——— 





193 


chain marks. Marks made on the bottoms of 
glass articles as they ride through a lehr 
on a chain belt slightly overheated. ASTM 
C162-66. 

chain of locks. A system of connected locks 
in which the intercommunicating gate is 
the headgate of each lower lock and the 
tailgate for the lock above it. Ham. 

chain pillar. A pillar left to protect the 
gangway and airway, and extending paral- 
lel to these passages. Fay. 

chain pipe vise. A portable vise utilizing a 
heavy chain to fasten the pipe in the jaw 
Crispin. 

chain pitch. For a roller chain, the distance 
in inches between the centers of adjacent 
joint members. For a silent chain, the 
distance in inches between the centers of 
the holes in a link plate. J/@M. 

chain pulley. A sheave wheel or pulley with 
depressions to engage the links of a chain. 
Crispin. 

chain reaction. A reaction that stimulates 
its Own repetition. In a fission chain re- 
action, a fissionable nucleus absorbs a 
neutron and fissions, releasing more than 
one additional neutron, These in turn 
ean be absorbed by other fissionable nuclei, 
releasing more neutrons, A fission chain 
reaction is self-sustaining when the num- 
ber of neutrons released in a given time 
interval equals or exceeds the number of 
neutrons absorbed. L@L. 

chain road. Main underground haulage road 
through which tubs are hauled by an 
endless chain. Pryor, 3. 

chain runner; chain boy; chainman. Scot. 
A person in charge of, and who accom- 
panies, cars, trips or trains in mechanical 
haulage. Fay. 

chain screen. A screen made up of lengths 
of chain hanging close together from a 
bar; used for protection against furnace 
heat while bars and other tools are pushed 
through and manipulated during working 
on the inside of a furnace for pot setting 
or repairs. C.T.D. 

chain-selvage belt. A belt in which the carry- 
ing section may be made up of rubber 
or fabric, woven metal, or other materia! 
and along each edge of which is fastened 
an endless chain with a suitable attach- 
ment. The chains carry the driving ten 
sion. The center part functions only as 
a loading supporting medium. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 

chain sling. A sling made of links of wrought 
iron or 114 percent manganese steel. Ham. 

chain structure. A structure or texture found 
in a number of chromite occurrences, 
consisting of a series of connected chro- 
mite crystals somewhat resembling a chain. 
Schieferdecker. 

chain survey. A survey in which lengths 
only are measured, no angular measure- 
ments being taken. It is plotted by tri- 
angulation. Ham. 

chain surveying. The simplest method of 
surveying, and has the advantage that the 
equipment required is inexpensive and 
hard wearing. It is the ideal method for 
small areas and has been employed suc- 
cessfully for large surveys. Nevertheless it 
has definite limitations when applied to 
surveys of enclosed or builtup areas. 
Mason, v. 2, p. 715. 

chain, surveyor’s. In measurement, 100 steel 
links, with total length of 100 feet (engi- 
neers chain) or 66 feet (Gunter’s chain). 
Distance measured by chain or steel tape 
is chainage. Pryor, 3. 














chalcedony onyx 


chain takeup. An idler sprocket, or similar 
_ device, mounted on an adjustable bracket 
to adjust the slack in a chain drive. /@M. 

chain tension. The actual force existing at 
any point in a conveyor chain. ASA MH- 
4-1-1958. 

chain tongs. A steel bar fitted with a ser- 
rated end provided with a sprocket chain 
to embrace the pipe used by drillers to 
couple and uncouple drivepipe or casing. 
Also called chain wrench; pipe tongs. Long. 

chain transmission. A means of transmitting 
power, useful when the distance between 
driver and driven shafts is too great for 
gearing and not sufficient for belting. 
Crispin. 

chain-type conveyor. See conveyor, chain- 
type. 

chainwall. a. A method of mining coal in 
which the roof is supported by pillars of 
coal between which the coal is mined 
away. Standard, 1964. b. Scot. A system 
of working by means of wide rooms and 
long, narrow pillars, sometimes called 
room and rance. Fay. c. Scot. A long, 
narrow strip of mineral left unworked, for 
eee along the low side of a level. 
ay. 

chain width. For a roller chain, the distance 
between the link plates of a roller Jink. 
This is not the overall width of the chain. 
For a silent chain, the width over the 
working link plates of the chain, exclusive 
of pinheads, washers, or other fastening 
devices. /@M. 

chain wrench. Synonym for chain tongs. Long. 

chair. a. A cast-iron support bolted to a 
timber or concrete railway sleeper, used 
to hold a bullhead rail in position. Ham. 
b. A wooden chair of traditional design 
used by a glassblower. Dodd. c. A team of 
workmen producing handmade glassware. 
Dodd. 

chairs. a. Movable supports for the cage 
arranged to hold it at the landing when 
desired. Also called catches; dogs; keeps. 
Fay. b. Projections which can be set into 
guides so that the skip or cage descending 
in the mine shaft is brought to rest at 
the correct level. Pryor, 3. 


_chalazoidite. An ellipsoidal bodv composed 


of fragments of pumice ranging in size 
from small grains to one-half-inch in 
diameter, most of them have a nucleus 
of looser texture, around which are con- 
centric layers of alternating density and 
an outside layer of greater strength; a 
pisolite. Also called mud ball; drop of 
mud. Hess. 

chalcanthite. A hydrous copper sulfate, Cu- 
S$O:.5H:O. Blue vitriol. Soluble in water; 
triclinic. Dana 17. 

chalcedonite; chalcedony. Fibrous 
with a negative elongation. Hess. 

chalcedony. Broadly, a mixture of crypto- 
crystalline and hydrated silica, often with 
radiating fibrous or botryoidal structure. 
Forms include carnelian, sard, prase, 
plasma, bloodstone, chrysoprase (when 
colored as with nickel), agate, moss agate, 
onvx. and sardonyx. Pryor, 3. 

chalcedony moonstone. The white, or al- 
most colorless, chalcedony. Gathered from 
beaches in various parts of the world, 
especially in California, it has been widely 
sold as moonstone. It lacks adularescence 
of genuine moonstone. Same as California 
moonstone. Shipley. 

chalcedony onyx. Chalcedony with alternat- 
ing stripes of gray and white. Also called 
chalcedonyx. Shipley. 


quartz 


chalcendony patch 


chalcedony patch. A milklike, semitranspar- 
ent patch which sometimes occurs as a 
flaw in a ruby. Hess. 

chalchihuitl. Mex. Any green precious stone. 
According to G. F. Kunz, the precious 
chalchihuitl is jadeite. Also spelled chal- 
chiguite; chalchihuite. Fay. 

chalchuite. Green turquoise. Schaller. 

chalcite. a. A decomposition product of ei- 
ther pyrite or chalcopyrite; hence de- 
scribed" as iron sulfate (green vitriol) ; 
copper sulfate (blue vitriol); or iron 
oxide (colcothar). Standard, 1964. b. Plural 
form chalcites was a collective term used 
by Wadsworth to include lime, mortar, 
cement, etc. Used as building materials. 
Fay. 

chalcoalumite. A turquoise-green to Nile-blue 
hydrous sulfate of copper and aluminum, 
CuSO,.4Al(OH)3.3H2O. Probably triclinic. 
Botryoidal, fibrous crusts. From Bisbee, 
Ariz. English. 

chalcocite; glance; redruthite. Copper sul- 
fide, CusS; orthorhombic. Color lead-gray ; 
Mohs’ hardness, 2.5 to 3; streak lead- 
gray; metallic luster; specific gravity, 5.5 
to 5.8. Contains 79.8 percent copper. 
Pryor, 3. 

chalcocyanite. Anhydrous cupric sulfate, Cu- 
SO;. It replaces the name hydrocyanite 
because the pure mineral contains no 
water (but is then white, not blue). Spen- 
cer 19, M.M., 1952. 

chalcodite. A scaly micalike bronze-colored 
variety of stilpnomelane. Fay. 

chalcogene. The association of ore deposits 
connected with a phase of mountain build- 
ing and plutonism. Schieferdecker. 

chalcomenite. A hydrous cupric selenite, Cu- 
SeO;-++2H2O. Occurs in small blue mono- 
clinic crystals. Fay. 

chalcomiklite. Bornite. Weed, 1918. 

chalcomorphite. A vitreous hydrous calcium- 
aluminum silicate. Standard, 1964. 

chalconatronite. A mineral, NasCu(COQOs)s.- 
3H2O, probably monoclinic, as a greenish- 
blue incrustation on ancient bronze objects 
from Egypt. Named from copper, natron, 
and soda. Spencer 21,M.M., 1958. 

chalcophacite. Liroconite. Weed, 1918. 

chalcophanite; hydrofranklinite. A hydrous 
manganese-zinc oxide, (Mn,Zn)O.2MnO:.- 
2H2O. Sanford. 

chalcophile element. Any element which has 
a strong affinity for sulfur, and which is 
readily soluble in molten iron monosul- 
fide; an element commonly found in sul- 
fide ores. A.G.I. 

chalcophyllite. A highly basic arsenate of 
copper, 7CuO.As2Os14H2O, of various 
shades of green, occurring in tabular crys- 
tals of foliated masses. Fay. 

chalcopyrite; copper pyrites. A sulfide of 


copper and iron, CuFeS2 or CumFenS- 
(mn);  brass-yellow color; tetragonal; 
Mohs’ hardness, 3.5 to 4; streak black; 


specific gravity, 4.1 to 4.3; contains 34.5 
percent copper. Pryor, 3. 

chalcopyrrhotite. A brownish, brass-yellow, 
iron-copper sulfide, FesCuSe, that is found 
massive. Standard, 1964. 

chalcosiderite. A light, siskin-green, hydrous, 
copper-iron phosphate, CuO.3Fe2O3.2P20;- 
8H2O. Occurs in sheaflike crystalline 
groups as in crustations. Fay. 

chalcosine. Chalcocite. Weed, 1918. 


chalcostibite. A lead-gray copper-antimony 
sulfide, Cu2S.SbeSs. Also called wolfsberg- 
ite. Fay. 


chalcotrichite. A variety of cuprite in which 
the crystals are slender and hairlilke. Fay. 








194 


chalder. Scot: A measure of weight. The 
Perth chalder was 5 tons; the River Forth 
chalder, 30 hundredweights; and the Hur- 
let chalder, 2 tons. Fay. 

chalder wagon. N. of Eng. See chaldron, b. 
Fay. 

chaldron. a. A standard measure of coal in 
England during the 14th century, and 
weighed about 2,000 pounds but increased 
with time. The keels or boats into which 
the coal was loaded held about 20 chald- 
rons, and thus for some time the keel 
was regarded as a standard measure in 
the Tyne coal trade. See also wain. Nelson. 
b. Thirty-six bushels, or 53 hundredweight 
avoirdupois. Chaldron wagons, containing 
this quantity, convey the coal from the 
mine to the place of shipment. Fay. 

chalicosis. A pulmonary affliction occurring 
among stonecutters that is caused by in- 
halation of stone dust. Webster 3d. 

chalk. a. Soft earthy sandstone of marine 
origin, composed chiefly of minute shells. 
It is white, gray, or buff in color. Part of 
the ocean bed and some shores are com- 
posed of chalk, notably the White cliffs 
of Dover, England. H&G. b. Natural cal- 
cium carbonate. Bennett 2d, 1962. c. Syno- 
nym for chalk rock. Long. d. To record 
in writing or to mark with chalk or keel. 


Long. 
chalkboard enamel. A special type of mat 
porcelain enamel used to provide a 


writing surface for chalk. ASTM C286-65. 

or drop. See chalk, prepared. CCD 6d, 
196%. 

chalking. Removed. 

chalking deal. Eng. A flat board upon which 
is kept an account of the work done by 
the miners in a certain district. A bulletin 
board. Fay. 

chalking on. N. of Eng. Keeping an account 
of the number of tubs (cars) sent out of 
a stall or room. Fay. 

chalk line. Used frequently for making a 
straight line on a floor for placement of 
shafting, machinery, etc. A piece of string 
coated with chalk is drawn taut between 
two points along the floor. When raised 
at a midpoint and allowed to snap back, 
a straight chalk line is made on the floor. 
Also called snap line. Crispin. 

chalk, precipitated; calcium carbonate, pre- 
cipitated. Fine; white; microcrystalline 
powder; odorless; tasteless: stable in air; 
and specific gravity, about 2.7. For in- 
dustrial uses, see whiting. CCD 6d, 1961. 

chalk, prepared; drop chalk; calcium car- 


bonate, prepared. Very fine; white to 
grayish-white; powder; often formed in 
conical drops; odorless; tasteless; and 


stable in air. Used in calcimine; polishing 
powders; and silicate cements, For other 
uses, see whiting; chalk, precipitated. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

chalk rock. A soft, milky-colored rock, such 
as soft limestone, calcareous tufa, diato- 
maceous shale, or volcanic tuff. Long. 

chalkstone. Eng. A soft, generally whitish, 
clayey parting in a coal seam. Arkell. 

chalk up. a. To write up the daily (or shift) 
drilling record. Long. b. To establish an 
outstanding performance record. Long. 

chalky; chalked. The condition of a porce- 
lain-enameled surface that has lost its 
natural gloss and become powdery. ASTM 
C286-65. 

chalky chert. An uneven or rough fracture 
surface, commonly dull or earthy, soft to 
hard, may be finely porous, essentially 
uniform composition, resembles chalk or 








chambered vein 


tripoli. Formerly referred to as cotton 
chert. Includes porcelaneous unglazed ma- 
terial which grades into glazed porcelane- 
ous chert. Same as dead chert, A.G.I. 
challenge feeder. Ore feeder used with stamp 
batteries to regulate rate of entry to mor- 
tar box. A horizontal plate is turned by 
linkages operated when the central stamp 
falls below a prefixed point, it then draws — 
ore from feeding bin. Pryor, 3. | 
chalmersite. Identical with cubanite. English. | 
chalybeate. Impregnated with salts of iron; 
t 
: 


having a taste due to iron. Webster 3d. 

chalybite. See siderite. Fay. 

chamber. a. The miner’s working place 
sometimes referred to as a room or breast. 
Hudson. b. A stall. Fay. c. A body of ore | 
with definite boundaries apparently filling 
a preexisting cavern. Fay. d. A powder 
room in a mine. Fay. e. A cavity formed, 
to contain an explosive charge, at a point 
in a mine shaft or gallery. Webster 2d. f. 
A body of ore of considerable width and © 
irregular or rotund form occurring as an — 
expansion of a vein or as an isolated mass. 
Webster 2d. g. In blasting, to enlarge the 
bottom of (a drill hole) by one or more 
light preliminary shots so that a sufficient — 
blasting charge may be loaded for the | 
final shot. Webster 3d. h. A space or gal- 
lery excavated in a quarry to receive a 
large explosive charge. See also heading | 
blast. The term is also applied to under- 
ground passages or galleries. Nelson. i. 
An excavation to accommodate an ex- | 
plostive charge. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6.j. | 
A camouflet. Long. k. To enlarge a portion | 
of a borehole by the use of explosives. 
Also called spring. Long. 1. Corrupted form | 
of the word chamfer. Long. 

chamber-and-pillar. Penna. See breast-and- | 
pillar. Fay. 

chamber-and-pillar system. A modification | 
of sublevel stoping by which a series of 
sublevels are successively caved. Hess. See 
also sublevel stoping, b. 

chamber blast. A large-scale blast in which 
explosives in bulk are placed in excavated 
subterranean chambers. Also called coyote 
blast; gopher-hole blast. Webster 2d. 

chamber blasting. Used in very heavy blast- | 
ing, where a great quantity of rock is to 
be thrown down at one time by a cor- 
respondingly large charge. A tunnel or 
drift is usually run to the site of the | 
chamber, and the latter is excavated and | 
charged. The drift is well packed with | 
earth and sand before firing. In such a | 
chamber, or series of chambers, as much | 
as 7,000 pounds of dynamite may be 
placed, throwing down 350,000 tons of rock 
at one blast. Stauffer. 

chamber deposit. A cave filled with mineral. 
See also chamber, c. Fay. 

chamber dryer. A type of dryer in which | 
shaped clayware is placed in chambers | 
in which the temperature, humidity, and 
air flow can be controlled; the ware re- 
mains stationary during the drying proc- 
ess. The Keller dryer is of this type, its \ 
distinctive feature being the system of 
handling the bricks to be dried by means | 
of stillages and finger-cars. Dodd. 

chamber dust. See flue dust. Fay. 

chambered lode. So called when a portion 
of the wall of a lode is fissured and filled” 
with ore. See also chamber, c. Fay. 

chambered vein. a. A vein, the walls of 
which are irregular and brecciated, par- 
ticularly the hanging wall, owing to the 
formation of the vein under low pressure | 












chambered vein 


at shallow depth. Schieferdecker. b. A min- 
eral vein filling large areas of space in rup- 
tured rocks. Standard, 1964. Synonym for 
stockwork. See also chambered lode. Fay. 
‘chamber girder. A normal H section girder 
' which has been slightly bent. They are 
used as roadway supports where the sides 
are strong enough to support them. They 
may also be set on stone, concrete, or 
brick walls built along the sides of the 
roadway. See also steel support. Nelson. 
|\shambering. a. The enlarging of the bottom 
| of a quarry blasting hole by the repeated 
firing of small explosive charges. The en- 
larged hole or chamber is then loaded 
with the proper explosive charge, stemmed, 
and fired to break down the quarry face. 
A free-running explosive, such as Mono- 
grain, is used. The method gives poor 
fragmentation, and better methods, such 
as multiple row blasting, are now used. 
Nelson. b. A borehole in which portions 
of the sidewalls are breaking away and 
forming cavities or small chambers Long. 
| c. The enlargement of a portion of a 
|| borehole by the use of explosive charges. 
Also called springing. Long. See also 
camouflet. 

jthamber kiln. A kiln consisting of one or 
more separate rooms for setting the ware. 
\| ACSG, 1963. 

\thamberman. One who controls process by 
| which sulfuric acid is made from sulfur 
dioxide gas resulting from the roasting 
of zinc sulfide ore preparatory to re- 
covery of the zinc. D.O.T. 1. 

|hamber oven. A refractory-lined gas-making 
| unit; the capacity of such an oven may 
| vary from about 1 to 5 tons of coal. Dodd. 
\thambersite. The manganese analogue of 
| boracite, MnsB;Ois Cl, occurring in tetra- 
hedra in brines from Barber’s Hill salt dome, 
Chambers County, Texas. Named from the 
locality. Hey, M.M. 1964; Fleischer. 
||:hambers without filling. See sublevel stoping. 
|thameleonite. A name proposed for a rare 
variety of tourmaline, olive green in 
daylight, changing to brownish-red in 
| most artificial light. Shipley. 

\thameleon mineral. See potassium perman- 
|| ganate. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

|thameleon stone. Hydrophane. Shipley. 
jthamfer. a. The beveled or rounded surfaces 
formed by removing material from sharp 
|| edges or corners. Brantly, 2. b. A relieved 
} angular cutting edge at a tooth corner 
ASM Gloss. c. A small groove or furrow 
Webster 3d. 

jthamfer angle. a. The angle between a 
| reference surface and the bevel ASM 
| Gloss. b. On a milling cutter, the angle 
| 

| 











between a beveled surface and the axis of 
the cutter. ASM Gloss. 
|hamfering. Making a sloping surface on the 
edge of a member. Also called beveling. 
| See also bevel angle. ASM Gloss. 
‘thamois. a. A soft pliant leather prepared 
| from the skin of the chamois. Webster 3d. 
b. An oil-tanned suede-finished leather 
prepared from the flesher of sheepskins 
Webster 3d. c. Used for separating excess 
mercury from gold amalgam. Fay. 
shamoisite. See chamosite. 
'thamosite; chamoisite. A mineral member 
' of the chlorite group, approximately 
| (Fe’,Mg,Al,Fe” ’)¢(AISis) O10(OH)s; mon- 
| oclinic. An important constituent of many 
oolitic iron ores. A.G.I. 
hamotte. a. Fr. Burned clay used by, zinc 
smelters. Fay. b. The refractory portion of 
a mixture used in the manufacture of fire- 





195 


brick, composed of calcined clay or of 
reground bricks. Standard, 1964. 

champion lode. The main vein as distin- 
guished from branches, The term is of 
Cornish origin, and is little used in the 
United States. Also called mother lode; 
master lode. Fay. 

Champlain forge; American forge. A forge 
for the direct production of wrought iron, 
generally used in the United States in- 
stead of the Catalan forge, from which 
it differs in using only finely crushed ore 
and in working continuously. Fay. 

Champlevé enamelware. One type of 
vitreous-enamel artware; a pattern is first 
cut into the base metal but, where the 
pattern requires that enamels of different 
colors should meet, a vertical fin of metal 
is left so that the color boundary will re- 
main sharp, the two enamels not running 
into one another when they are fused. 
Champlevé is a French word meaning 
raised field. Dodd. 

chance. a. In coal mining, the opportunity 
a shot has to break the coal. Fay. b. The 
opportunity to put in a shot in a good 
position. Fay. 

Chance-Claus process. An industrial process 
for recovering sulfur from waste-contain- 
ing sulfides. It comprises two steps: (1) 
treatment of sulfide with carbon dioxide, 
forming HS, and (2) oxidation of HS 
to water and sulfur by air in the presence 
of a catalyst, such as ferric oxide. Web- 
ster 2d. 

chance coal. Staff. A name given to a 9-inch 
coal seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Chance cone. See cone classifier, b. Hess. 

Chance glass. Dark blue glass that transmits 
ultra-violet light only. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chance measure. Eng. Any seam or bed of 
coal or other rock occupying an unusual 
or foreign position in the strata. Fay. 

chance measures. Eng. Measures containing 
balls of ironstone, Derbyshire. Arkell. 

Chance process. A method of cleaning coal 
by using a fluid mixture of sand and 
water which floats off a clean coal product 
but allows slate and other impurities to 
sink. Named after Thomas M. Chance, 
American Mining Engineer. Webster 3d. 

Chance sand-flotation process. A dense-media 
process in which coal is separated from 
refuse in an artificial dense medium of 
sand suspended in water. The specific 
gravity of this medium is such that the 
merchantable coal floats while the refuse 
sinks to the bottom, the separation being 
analogous to that of a float-and-sink 
separation with a heavy liquid like zinc 
chloride. Mitchell, p. 480. 

Chance washer. A large, cone-shaped, wet 
separator designed to produce three prod- 
ucts, namely clean coal, middlings, and 
refuse from raw coal which varies in size 
down to about one-sixteenth of an inch. 
A mixture of water and well-graded sand 
is used and kept at a density of about 
1.75. The agitation water enters at the 
base and keeps the sand in suspension. 
The heavy shale sinks to the bottom and 
the clean coal floats and passes over the 
side. The Chance washer is used in many 
new washery plants in Great Britain. It 
can handle up to about 360 tons per 
hour of raw coal. See also coal-prepara- 
tion plant; cyclone washer. Nelson. 

chanfer; chamfer. To bevel or slope an edge 
or corner. Nichols. 

change day. The day when drill crewmen 
or a gang of miners are transferred from 








channel 


one work shift to another. Also called 
swing day. Long. 

change face. In angular measurement with 
theodolite, transit of instrument, that is, 
turning of telescope 180° horizontally 
and vertically so that the reading orig- 
inally taken face right is repeated face 
left and any error due to inaccurate cen- 
tering of horizontal axis of the reading 
circle is neutralized. Pryor, 3. 

changehouse. a. Compare doghouse, c; drill 
shack. Long. b. A special building at 
mines or other works where laborers may 
wash themselves or change from street 
to work clothes and vice versa. Also called 
changing house; dry; dryhouse. Long. 

changehouse man. In mining, one who 
cleans, heats, and ventilates locker rooms, 
shower rooms, and washrooms in which 
workmen change clothes, Also called dry 
boss; dryhouse man; dry janitor; dryman; 
washhouse man. D.O.T. 1. 

change point; turning point. In leveling sur- 
vey, a point at which the leveler’s staff is 
first held while foresight is taken, The staff 
is then swiveled to face a new position 
of the leveling instrument, which now 
takes a backsight, thus showing the 
amount by which its level has changed. 
Pryor, 3. 

changer and grather. N. of Eng. A man 
whose duty it is to keep the pump buck- 
ets and clacks in working order about a 
mine Fay. 

changing bronze. The process of changing 
tuyeres, plates, monkey, etc., at blast 
furnaces. Fay. 

changing house. Synonym for changehouse. 
Long. . 

changkol. Malay. A heavy Chinese hoe 
with an eye in which the handle fits; used 
in cutting soft rock and earth and for 
stirring gravel in sluice boxes, etc. Hess. 

channel. a. S. Afr. In sampling, a channel 
approximately 6 inches wide and 1 inch 
deep is cut at right angles to the forma- 
tion. The chips of rock recovered by this 
cutting are taken as the sample for that 
particular specimen of ground. Beerman. b. 
S. Afr. Formations associated with gold- 
bearing conglomerate in the Witwaters- 
rand system which are thought to repre- 
sent ancient stream courses in which gold- 
bearing gravels accumulated. Beerman. c. 
Groove cut across an ore exposure for 
sampling purposes. Pryor. d. A groove cut 
along the line where rock or stone is to 
be split. Webster 3d. e. Scot. & N. of Eng. 
Gravel. Arkell. f. Eng. Altered toadstone, 
Derbyshire. Arkell. g. A stream bed eroded 
in sedimentary formations and subsequently 
filled with later sediments—favorable for 
uranium mineralization in some formations. 
Ballard. h. An elongated open depression 
in which water may, or does, flow. Seelye, 1. 
i. Cavity behind casing in a faulty cement 
job. Wheeler. j}. A communication path from 
a transmitter to a receiver. NCB. k. In 
metallurgy, a sow or runner. Webster 2d. 1. 
An erosional feature that may be me- 
andering and branching and is part of 
an integrated transport system. See also 
washout, b. Pettijohn. m. A linear ero- 
sional feaure similar to but larger than 
a groove. Best developed in turbidite se- 
quences. See also channel cast. Pettijohn. 
n. The deeper part of a moving body of 
water (as a river, harbor, or strait) 
where the main current flows or which 
affords the best passage. Webster 3d. 0. An 
especially tubular enclosed passage, as a 


channel 


conduit, pipe, or duct. Webster 3d. p. 
Gravel, being the material of which the 
riverbed is composed. Webster 2d. q. That 
part of a forehearth which carries the 
glass from the tank to the flow spout and 
in which temperature adjustments are 
made. ASTM C162-66. 

channel bed. Scot. A bed of gravel. Fay. 

channel blocks. Large, trough-shaped, re- 
fractory blocks used for the channel in 
glass tanks. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

channel cast; gouge channel; washout; chan- 
nel fill. Cast of small groove-like channel 
or very large groove, generally sand-filled 
and cutin shale. Pettijohn. 

channeler; channeller. a. A powerful quarry- 
ing machine capable of cutting slots in 
stone at any angle. It is used for cutting 
dimension stone off the quarry face with- 
out explosives. See also broaching, b. 
Nelson. b. A channeling machine. Fay. 
c. A machine that cuts a deep groove in 
rock, ordinarily to free dimension stone 
from the mass, or to make a smooth side 
for a canal or other excavation in rock. 
Cutting is accomplished by a group of 
reciprocating chisel-pointed bars, oper- 
ated by steam or compressed air while the 
machine carrying them travels back and 
forth on a track. Ordinarily used only in 
the softer rocks, such as limestone, soap- 
stone, or slate. Also called track channeler; 
bar channeler. Hess. 

channel fill. See channel cast. Pettijohn. 

channel-fill deposit. The deposit which has 
accumulated in a stream channel because 
the transporting capacity of the stream 
has been insufficient to remove the sand 
and other sediments as rapidly as they 
have been delivered. A.G.I. 

channeling. a. The action of the charge in 
a blast furnace in opening up irregular open- 
ings for the blast. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. In ion-exchange fixed bed work, de- 
velopment of passages in a resin column 
through which the liquors flow preferen- 
tially so that the resin is efficiently loaded. 
Pryor, 3. c. In cyanide sand leaching, 
cracks in the sand bed through which 
cyanide solution runs without proper 
percolating contact with mass of particles. 
Pryor, 3. 

channeling machine. See channler. Fay. 

channeling-machine operator. a. In bitumi- 
nous coal mining, one who operates a 
coal-cutting machine to cut channels (a 
few inches wide) in coal, after the over- 
lying ground has been removed, to partly 
detach coal in blocks so that it may be 
broken loose more easily by blasting. Also 
called channeler-machine operator; chan- 
nel-machine operator. D.O.T. 1. b. In the 
quarry industry, one who sets up and 
operates a track-mounted machine that 
cuts (drills) vertical channels (a few 
inches wide) in quarrystone in which 
wedges are driven to crack off a block 
from the mass. Also called channeler- 
machine operator; channeler runner; 
channel-machine operator; channel-ma- 
chine runner. D.O.T. 1. 

channel man. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, one who installs new channel 
irons to form a supporting framework for 
a continuous anode. D.O.T. 1. 

channel sample. Material from a level groove 
cut across an ore exposure in order to 
obtain true cross section of mineral ex- 
posed. Pryor, 3. See also groove sample. 

channel sampling. See trench sampling. 

channel sand. A sand or a sandstone deposit- 











196 


ed in a stream bed or some other channel 
eroded into the underlying bed; it fre- 
quently contains oil, gas, gold, or other 
valuable minerals. A.G.I. 

channel slide rails. A method of temporary 
rail track advance at tunnel faces. They 
comprise a pair of specially made chan- 
nels with ramp ends. They fit over the 
rail section in use and are pushed for- 
ward periodically as the power loader 
clears the rock ahead. The permanent 
track is extended as space becomes avail- 
able. Nelson. 

channel terrace. A contour ridge built of soil 
moved from its uphill side, which serves 
to divert surface water from a field. 
Nichols, 

channelway. The channel along which 
mineralizing solutions rise from depth. 
Synonym for feeder. Schieferdecker. 

channel width. S. Africa. The width or 
thickness between the outer edges of the 
lowest layer and the highest layer of con- 
glomerate composing the reef, perhaps with 
some waste conglomerate included. Hess. 

channer. Scot. Gravel. Arkell. 

chap. a. Scot. A customary and rough mode 
of judging, by sound, of the thickness 
of coal between two working places, by 
knocking with a hammer on the solid 
coal. Fay. b. To examine the face of the 
coal, etc., for the sake of safety, by knock- 
ing on it lightly. Fay. c. Scot. A blow, 
rap, knock, or stroke. Webster 3d. See 
also sounding, c. 

chapapate. A Cuban term for a kind of 
asphalt or bitumen. Also called Mexican 
asphalt. Fay. 

chaparral. Sp. A thicket of dwarf ever- 
green oaks; a dense impenetrable thicket 
of stiff or thorny shrubs or dwarf trees. 
Webster 3d. Characteristic of Mexico and 
Eouthwestern United States. Fay. 

chapeau de fer. A French term for an oxi- 
dized iron outcrop; gossan or iron hat. Fay. 

chapeiro. Peculiar variety of coral reef, on 
the Brazilian coast, growing in small scat- 
tered patches, often rising to the height 
of 40 to 50 feet sometimes attaining the 
level of low water, at the top usually very 
irregular and sometimes spread like mush- 
rooms. Schieferdecker. 

chapelet. a. A machine for raising water, or 
for dredging, by buckets of an endless chain 
passing between two rotating sprocket 
wheels. Standard, 1964. b. A chain pump 
having buttons or disks at intervals along 
its chain; paternoster pump. Standard, 
1964. c. A device for holding the end of 
heavy work, as a cannon, in a turning 
lathe. Standard, 1964. 

chapinha. See cansa. Osborne. 

chaplet. Metal support for holding cores in 
place within sand molds. ASM Gloss. 

Chapman process. A method of gold recovery, 
in which cyanidation dissolves the metal 
from an ore pulp, and the aurocyanide is 
simultaneously sorbed by activated carbon. 
This last is then retrieved by froth flota- 
tion. Pryor, 3. 

Chapman shield. A pair of vertical plates of 
sheet iron or steel arranged with a ladle 
between them, which can be moved longi- 
tudinally along the front of the furnace. 
Its main purpose is to protect the laborer 
from hte furnace heat. Fay. 

chapping. Rough guess of distance separating 
two approaching drives underground made 
by knocking with a heavy hammer. Pryor, 3. 

chapra. A term used in Bihar, India for a 
kind of hoe used in mines for scraping 





charcoal iron 


waste debris into pans for carrying or 
loading cars. Hess. 

char. a. To reduce to charcoal or carbon by 
exposure to heat. Webster 3d. b. Eng. 
In Cornwall, to work by the day. See also 
chare. Fay. c. Scot. Coke; usually cal- 
cined ironstone. Fay. d. To oxidize a dia- 
mond by excessive heating in the presence © 
of oxygen or air. Long. e. Coke made by — 
the low-temperature carbonization of lig- 
nite; usually brittle, often powdery. A 
low-temperature coke. Hess. 

character. Typical wavelet shape by which 
under favorable conditions a_ reflection 
from a particular boundary plane may be 
recognized. Schieferdecker. 

characteristic ash curve. The curve obtained | 
from the results of a float and sink analy- | 
sis showing, for any yield of floats (sinks), 
the ash content of the highest density | 
(lowest density) fraction passing into these 
floats (sinks), the yield being plotted on | 
the ordinate and the ash content on the 
abscissa. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

characteristic curve. See fan characteristics. 
Roberts, I, p. 187. 

characteristic impedance. a. Of an explosive. : 


the amount of energy transferred to a 
given rock is a linear function of the prod- 
uct of density and rate of detonation. Leet, | 
2, p. 64. b. For rock, density times veloc- 
ity of longitudinal waves in the rock. Leet, © 
2, p. 64. i 

characteristic radiation. High-intensity, single | 
wavelength X-rays, characteristic of the © 
element emitting the rays that appear in © 
addition to the continuous white radiation | 
whenever the voltage of the X-ray tube 
is increased beyond a critical value. ASM | 
Gloss. \ 

characterizing accessory mineral. Synonym — 
for varietal mineral. A.G_I. 

charbon 4 gas. Fr. Gas coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. | 

charbon clair. Fr. Term for lenticular bands | 
of solid coal interbedded with a powdery \ 
coal (charbon sourd). Tomkeieff, 1954. | 

charbon demi-gras. Fr. Steam coal. Tom- | 
keieff, 1954. 

charbon de terre. Fr. Fossil coal. Tomkeieff, | 
1954. 

scolar flambant. Fr. Flame coal. Tomkeieff, | 
1954. 

charbon flambant 4 gas. Fr. Gas flame coal. ; 

{| 








Tomkeieff, 1954. 

charbon gras. Fr. Bituminous coal. Tomkeieff, | 
1954. 

charbon maigre. Fr. Semianthracite. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. | 

charbon roux. Fr. Brown charcoal, produced 
by an incomplete carbonization of wood. 
Fay. 

charbon sourd. Fr. Term for powdery coal 
enclosing solid coal bands (charbon clair). | 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

charcoal. A dark-colored or black porous 
form of carbon made from vegetable or 
animal substances (as from wood by char- | 
ring in a kiln or retort from which air is | 
excluded) and used for fuel and in vari- 
ous mechanical, artistic, and chemical | 
processes. Webster 3d. 

charcoal blacking. Charcoal used in the pul-— 
verized form as dry blacking or in suspen-/ 
sion with clay as a black wash and either — 
dusted or coated on the surface of molds — 
tim prove the surface. Osborne. 

charcoal furnace. A furnace in which wood 
or any other substance is reduced to char- 
coal by dry distillation. Standard, 1964. 

charcoal iron. Sulfur-free pig iron made inil 
a charcoal furnace; has higher quality, i 


(eee 


[= 

















| charcoal iron 


higher density and closer structure than 
other iron. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
|) charcoal pig iron. See charcoal iron. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 
|| charcoal pit. A charcoal furnace in the form 
of a pit, usually conical in shape. Charcoal 
| is made by piling wood in the pit, covering 
it with earth and sod, and then burning 
it with a minimum of air. In some places 
where a bank is of proper height and 
structure, it is burrowed into and a bee- 
hive-shaped chamber is excavated with a 
small opening at the top, so that the flow 
| of air is easily regulated. Hess. 
|| charcoal plate. A tinplate of superior quality 
made with charcoal iron. Standard, 1964. 
See also tinplate. Fay. 
i| charcoal tinplate. Tinplate with a relatively 
heavy coating of tin (higher than the coke 
| tinplate grades). Bennett 2d, 1962. 
}! chare; char. To work by the day without 
being hired regularly; to do odd jobs or 
i chores. Webster 2d. 
|| charge. a. The liquid and solid materials fed 
into a furnace for its operation. ASM 
Gloss. b. Weights of various liquid and 
solid materials put into a furnace during 
| one feeding cycle. ASM Gloss, c. The 
\|  glassforming mixture for melting. ASTM 
C162—66. d. Nonmetallic raw materials 
which have ben mixed for further proc- 
essing, (that is, sintering, melting, form- 
ing, etc.). Bureau of Mines Staff. c. A kiln 
load of unfired ceramic ware. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. f£. The fissionable material or 
fuel placed in a reactor to produce a chain 
reaction. NRC—ASA N1.1-1957. g. As a 
verb, to assemble the charge in a reactor. 
NRC-ASA NI1.1—-1957. h. The explosive 
loaded into a borehole for blasting; also, 
any unit of an explosive, as a charge of 
nitroglycerin or a charge of detonating 
composition in the blasting cap. Fay. i. To 
put the explosive into the hole, to arrange 
| the fuse, or squib, and to tamp it. Fay. 
|. charge hand. Senior workman responsible for 
small group. Pryor, 3. 
|. charge hoist. In a reactor with horizontal 
fuel channels, the lift which is used to 
raise the loading and unloading machinery 
to charge holes at any particular level of 
fuel elements. Ham. 
|. charge limit. For an explosion, the maximuin 
| weight of charge which can be fired with- 
out causing an ignition in gallery tests. 
McAdam II, p. 42. 
| chargeman. a. A stallman. Nelson. b. Mid. 
A man specially appointed by the manager 
to fire shots and to look after the men who 
drill the holes. A shot firer. Fay. c. A la- 
borer who moves a mixture of copper 
concentrate, high-grade crushed ore, slag, 
and fluxing ingredients, through a hopper 
into charge pipes opening into a rever- 
beratory furnace where smelting takes 
place, using an air-pressure hose. Also 
called feeder. D.O.T. Supp. d. Eng. The 
person in charge of the stonemen and 
shifters in a district on the repairing shift. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 
_ charger. a. A remotely controlled device for 
moving single wagons over a short distance 
at a mine surface. It runs on a narrow- 
gage track alongside the main rails and 
uses a pair of roller arms which extend 
to engage on either side of a wagon wheel. 
Propelled by a guided chain engaging a 
power-drive chain wheel, the charger can 
position a wagon exactly where required. 
Nelson. b. Ih Iowa, a powder container 
holding 1 pound. Hess. c. Corn. An 

















197 


augerlike implement for charging horizon- 
tal boreholes for blasting. Fay. d. In the 
iron and steel industry, one who loads steel 
ingots into a furnace for heating, withdraws 
white-hot ingots from the furnace, and po- 
sitions them on bed of a mill for rolling, 
using a traveling electric charging machine. 
D.O.T.1. e. See lidman. D.O.T. Supp. 

charger-car operator. See larryman. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

charge weigher. In ore dressing, smelting. 
and refining, one who weighs out specified 
amounts of coke, limestone, and copper- 
bearing scrap materials to make furnace 
charges for recovery of copper from plant 
refuse. D.O.T. 1. 

charging. a. The loading of a borehole with 
explosives. Fay. b. The arranging of the 
fuse or squib, and the tamping of the hole 
with stemming material. Jones. c. For a 
lap, impregnating the surface with fine 
abrasive. ASM Gloss. d. Feeding raw ma- 
terial into an apparatus, for example, into 
a furnace, for treatment or conversion. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. e. Packing pottery in a 
kiln. ACSC. 

charging box. A box in which ore, scrap, 
pig iron, fluxes, etc., are conveyed to the 
ieee by means of a charging machine. 

ay. 

charging-car operator. See larryman, D.O.T. 
Supp. 

charging door. The door through which 3 
smelter or furnace is loaded. Enam. Dict. 

charging fork. The mechanical arrangement 
for inserting the load of ware into a box- 
type enameling furnace. Enam. Dict. 

charging hopper. That part of a concrete 
mixer which rests on the ground, and 
which is filled with the required quantities 
of cement, sand, and gravel before they 
are loaded into the mixing drum. Ham. 

charging machine. A machine for delivering 
coal, ore, or metals to a furnace, gas retort, 
or coke oven. Fay. 

charging-machine operator. a. In the iron 
& steel industry, one who loads metal and 
flux into open-hearth furnace with an elec- 
tric powered traveling charging machine. 
Also called charger, furnace charging- 
machine operator, poker in, and pusher 
runner. D.O.T.1. b. In ore dressing, 
smelting, and refining, one who loads 
copper or copper scrap in a reverberatory 
furnace. D.O.T. 1. 

charging man. A laborer who charges an 
electric-arc furnace with metals, alloys, 
and other materials. Also called furnace 
charger; furnace feeder. D.O.T. Supp. 

charging pan. The iron pan adjusted on the 
end of the charging peel for holding the 
scrap and carrying it into the furnace. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 413. 

charging peel. A long arm or extension at- 
tached to a charging machine for convey- 
ing and dumping the scrap in the open 
hearth furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 413. 

charging rack. A device used for holding 
batteries for mining lamps and for con- 
necting them to a power supply while the 
batteries are being recharged. ASA C42.- 
85:1956. 

charging scale. A scale for weighing the 
various materials used in a blast furnace. 
Fay. 

charging station. A room underground or on 
the surface equipped for charging and ex- 
changing locomotive batteries. It may also 
provide facilities for repairs. See also loco- 
motive garage. Nelson. 

chark. a. To burn to charcoal or coke. Web- 











char value 


ster 3d. b. Charcoal; coke; cinder. Web- 
ster 3d. 

Charles’ law. If the pressure of a given mass 
of gas be kept constant, the volume varies 

V 
directly as the absolute temperature: — 
ah 

= Constant, if P is constant. Cooper. 

Charlton photoceramic process. A positive 
print is formed on ceramic ware by a 
process involving the application of emul- 
sion to the ware, exposure in contact with 
the negative, and development. Dodd. 

Charmouthian. Middle Lower Jurassic. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

charnockite. a. A quartzofeldspathic gneiss 
or granulite with hypersthene; regarded 
by some petrographers as being igneous. 
A.GJ.b. A granitic rock with hypersthene 
as its chief mafic constituent. Originally 
applied to the granitic member of a series 
of hypersthene-bearing rocks ranging in 
composition from granite through norite 
to hypersthene pyroxenite. Some petrog- 
raphers regard charnockites as the prod- 
ucts of deep-seated metamorphism. A.G.I. 
c. Granulites characterized by the mineral 
assemblage quartz, orthoclase, and hyper- 
sthene, with or without garnet and plagio- 
clase. A.G.J. 

charnockite series. A series of rocks that 
resemble the pyroxene granulites of Sax- 
ony, Germany, ranging from the charnock- 
ite through noritic types to pyroxenite and 
characterized throughout by the presence 
of hypersthene. Holmes, 1928. 

char oven. A furnace for charring turf. Fay. 

Charp. Trade name for calcined high- 
alumina refractory powder; it is made 
from Ayrshire beauxitic clay. Dodd. 

Charpy test. A pendulum-type, single-blow 
impact test in which the specimen, usually 
notched, is supported at both ends as a 
simple beam and broken by a falling pen- 
dulum. The energy absorbed, as deter- 
mined by the subsequent rise of the pendu- 
lum, is a measure of impact strength or 
notch toughness. ASM Gloss. 

charred peat. Peat artificially dried at a 
temperature that causes partial decompo- 
sition. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

charring. The expulsion by heat of the 
volatile constituents of wood, etc., leaving 
more or less pure vegetal carbon. Fay. 

chart datum. The plane to which soundings 
on a chart are referred, usually low water. 
Hy. 

charter. Mid. The tonnage price paid to 
contract miners. Fay. 

chartered civil engineer. A civil engineer who 
has been admitted to Corporate Member- 
ship of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 
generally by examination. Ham. 

charter master. Staff. A contractor who en- 
gages to work a steam, or sometimes a 
small mine at a tonnage price for the 
owner, or owners, the charter master find- 
ing and paying the underground labor. 
See also butty, c. Fay. 

charter price. Price per ton of coal paid to 
face workers for hewing, and perhaps 
loading and moving. Pryor, 3. 

char value. The amount of charred oil 
obtained from kerosine after burning in 
a standard wick and lamp at a standard 
rate for 24 hours. The weight of char is 
estimated from that present in the upper 
portion of the wick after washing with 
light petroleum spirit and drying at 100° 
to 110° C. Char value should be less than 
30 milligrams per kilogram of kerosine. 


char value 


Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 270. 

chase. a. To make a series of cuts each, 
except the first, following in path of the 
cut preceding it, as in chasing a thread. 
ASM Gloss. b. A continuous vertical re- 
cess built into a wall to receive pipes and 
ducts. ACSG. c. Eng. To run the cages 
up and down the shaft after the winding 
engine has been standing for some time, 
to see that all is right before men are 
allowed to get into the cage. Also called 
chess the ropes. Fay. 

chaser. An edge wheel revolving in a trough 
to crush asbestos mineral without destroy- 
ing the fiber. Used in the pottery industry 
and for fine crushing of ore. Also called 
edge runner. Fay. 

chaser mill. a. This type mill usually consists 
of a cylinder steel tank which is lined with 
wooden blocks laid with the end grain up. 
The rollers are usually wooden, with a 
revolving speed of 15 to 30 revolutions per 
minute. Wet-ground mica is produced in 
mills of this type. BuMines Bull. 630, 
1965, p. 588. b. Name occasionally used 
for an edge-runner mill. Dodd. 

chaser, tar. In the coke products industry, a 
laborer who works as a member of a crew 
concerned with keeping collecting mains 
free of tar, pitch, and carbon accumula- 
tions. Also called tar chaser; tarman; tar 
runner. D.O.T. Supp. 

chasha. Russ. A disintegrater for gold-bearing 
gravelly clays; similar to an arrastre except 
that it disintegrates instead of crushes. Fay. 

chasing. a. The art of ornamenting metal by 
cutting it with a graver, or the product 
of this art. Standard, 1964. b. The proc- 
ess of finishing the surface of castings by 
polishing and removing small imperfec- 
tions. Webster 3d. c. Following a vein by 
its range or direction. Fay. 

chasing the vein. Derb. Following the vein 
along the surface by means of cast holes 
or prospect pits. Fay. 

chasm. A yawning hollow or rent as in the 
earth’s surface; any wide and deep gap; 
a cleft; fissure. Standard, 1964. 

chasovrite. A variety of clay mineral (glinite) 
from the Chasovyar deposit in the Ukraine, 
U.S.S.R. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

chassingite. An achondrite (meteoritic stone) 
that is mainly olivine. Hess. 

chat. a. Applied to a chert conglomerate at 
the base of the Pennsylvanian system in 
parts of Kansas. Also applied to the upper 
and cherty part of the underlying Missis- 
sippian limestone. A.G.J. b. The finely 
crushed gangue remaining after the ex- 
traction of lead and zinc minerals. From 
Joplin, Mo. A.G.I. 

Chateauagy iron. A low-phosphorus, copper- 
free pig iron produced from New York 
State magnetite ore. Brady, 4th ed., 1940, 
p. 114. 

Chatelier. See Le Chatelier. Dodd. 

chatoyancy. The characteristic optical effect 
shown by cat’s eye and some other min- 
erals. It is caused by the reflection of light 
from numerous, alined, microscopic tubu- 
lar channels, perhaps as many as 25,000 
per square centimeter. When cut en ca- 
bochon, such a stone exhibits a narrow 
silvery band of light that changes its posi- 
tion as the gem is turned. C.M.D. 

chatoyant. Having a luster resembling the 
changing luster of the eye of a cat as 
seen at night. See also cat’s eye. Fay. 

chatroller. An ore-crushing machine, con- 
sisting of a pair of cast-iron rollers, for 
grinding roasted ore. Fay. 








198 


chats. a. Northumb. Small pieces of stone 
with ore. Fay, b. Eng. A low grade of 
lead ore. Also, middlings which are to be 
crushed and subjected to further treat- 
ment. The mineral and rocks mixed to- 
gether which must be crushed and cleaned 
before sold as mineral. Chats are not the 
same as tailings, as the latter are not 
thrown aside to keep for future milling. 
Fay. c. Loosely used in Missouri, Kansas, 
and Oklahoma, for tailings or waste prod- 
uct from the concentration of lead and 
zinc ore. Fay. d. Eng. Bowse when broken 
up on the knockstone ready for the hotchin 
tubs, Yorkshire lead mines. Arkell. e. A 
quarrying tarm for cherty rock used as an 
abrasive. AIME, p. 329. 

chat-sawed. Term used to describe the sur- 
face finish of building limestone that is 
somewhat smoother than shot-sawed. 
AIME, p. 330. 

chatter. a. Rapid vibrations caused by over- 
feeding the bit and/or by drill rods rub- 
bing against the sidewalls of a borehole. 
Long. b. In machining of grinding, a vi- 
bration of the tool, wheel, or workpiece 
producing a wavy surface on the work, 
and the finish produced by such vibrations. 
ASM Gloss. 

chattermark. a. A spiral or flutelike, round- 
topped ridge, sometimes seen on outside 
surface of core. Some drillers claim that 
such spiral ridges are formed when bit 
and drill stem chatter or vibrate or when 
the bit has been overfed. Long. b. One of 
a series of short curved cracks on a glaci- 
ated rock surface roughly transverse to 
the glacial striae. Webster 3d. c. Surface 
imperfections on the work being ground, 
usually caused by vibrations transferred 
from the wheel work interface during 
grinding. ACSG, 1963. 

chatterpye. Eng. A kind of ironstone, being 
of the color of a magpie. Compare thros- 
tler; culver; quoiceneck. Arkell. 

Chattian. Upper Oligocene. A.G.I. Supp. 

Chattock-Fry tilting micromanometer. The 
standard form of this instrument uses the 
interface between two liquids as its fixed 
datum, like the two-liquid differential 
manometer. The two vertical limbs of the 
U-tube are two cylindrical vessels which 
are usually of 2 inches in diameter and 
spaced either 13 or 26 inches apart. These 
two end vessels are connected to a central 
vessel. The end vessels are filled with dis- 
tilled water and a quantity of oil (Nujol) 
is introduced into the top of the central 
vessel from the oil filler so that two sur- 
faces of separation are formed with water. 
The oil-water interface above the tube in 
the central vessel is in the form of a bub- 
ble. When a differential pressure is ap- 
plied between the two end vessels, the 
bubble changes in size, the image of which 
may be observed either with a microscope 
with cross wires or by optical projection 
of the image onto a ground-glass screen. 
Roberts, I, pp. 31-32. 

Chautauquan. The Upper Upper Devonian, 
below Bradfordian. A.G.I. Supp. ~ 

chaux de Theil. French hydraulic lime con- 
taining about 20 percent clay. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Chazyan. Lower Ordovician. A.G.I. Supp. 

check. a. The stamped metal tag placed on 
each loaded car to identify the loader; 
also called ticket or tag. This term is also 
applied to slit canvas or brattice cloth, 
called a check curtain or fly, placed across 
a passage to prevent the flow of air while 


checkers; checker bricks 


still permitting the passage of men and 
equipment. To check also means to verify 
some statement. Jones. b. A wall. A varia- 
tion of cheek. Fay. c. Token, tally, motty. 
Mason. d. A brass disk with a miner’s 
lamp number punched on it. He exchanges 
the check for his lamp at the lamp room 
every time he enters or leaves the mine, 
Nelson. e. Separation of wood across the 
growth rings. Lewis, p. 39. f. To stop or 
slow down. Long. g. To inspect for struc- 
tural or dimensional imperfections; to 
examine. Long. h. Sometimes used as a 
synonym for check valve. Long. i. An al- 
most imperceptible crack in steel caused 
by uneven quenching in hardening. Web- 
ster 3d. j. Eng. A fault. Fay. k. An imper- 
fection; a surface crack in a glass article. 
ASTM C162-66. 

check ball. The ball part of ball-and-socket 
type check valve used in the heads of core 
barrels and in drill-rod-and-casing strings 
to allow liquids to flow unhindered in one 
direction only. Long. 

check battery. A battery to close the lower 
part of a chute acting as a check to the 
flow of coal, and as a stopping to keep 
the air in the breasts. Fay. 

check board. A board usually posted at the 
entrance to a mine or to a section of a 
mine on which miners hand their identi- 
fication checks to show whether they are 
in or out; or on which their loading checks 
are hung. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

checkboarding. a. See checkerboarded, a. 
Long. b. To divide property in a manner 
so that two parties acquire title to alter- 
nating and equal-size square sections of 
land. Long. 

check brakes. Aust. An arrangement for auto- 
matically checking the speed of skip run 
ning down an incline when unattached to 
a rope. Fay. 

check clack. Scot. A fixed valve in a rising 
main other than a delivery valve. See also 
check valve. Fay. 

check curtain. See curtain. Kentucky, p. 93. 

check dam. A dam that divides a drainage- 
way into two sections with reduced slopes. 
Nichols. 

check-docking boss. See checkweigher. 
DiOr dae 

checker arches. Firebrick supports built of 
arch brick or keys to support the checker- 
work on the second, third, or fourth pass 
of hot-blast stoves. Fay. 

checkerboard. A loose pattern of lease pur- 
chases that seeks a protective position in 
a general trend or area of possible pro- 
duction. Wheeler. 

checkerboard drilling. See checkerboarded, a. 
Long. 

checkerboarded. a. An area in which bore- 
holes have been placed at the intersections 
of equally spaced parallel lines laid out 
on a square grid or checkerboard pattern. 
Long. b. An area divided into squares of 
equal size by two groups of equally spaced 
parallel lines placed at right angles to 
each other. Long. 

checkerboard system. 
method, Fay. 

checker bricks. See checkers. Dodd. 

checker chamber. Common term for a re- 
generator. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

checker coal. Anthracite coal that occurs as 
rectangular grains. Zern. 

checkers; checker bricks. Refractory bricks 
or special shapes set in a regenerator in 
such a way as to leave passages for the 
movement of hot gases; waste gases pass- 


See bord-and-pillar 














checkers; checker bricks 


ing from a furnace through the checkers 
give up heat which, on reversal of the 
|| direction of gas flow in the furnace, is 
| subsequently transferred to the combustion 
air and fuel. Dodd. 
\Vetleckerwork. a. A structure of firebrick (as 
in a regenerative furnace) built so that 
the bricks alternate with open spaces per- 
| mitting the passage of gases which give 
'| heat to or receive heat from the firebrick. 
| Webster 3d. b. See checkerboarded. Long. 
\)check grieve. Scot. A person who checks 
the weight of mineral on behalf of the 
/ landlord. Compare checkweigher. Fay. 
i)checking. a. Fine cracks on a fired ceramic 
4 surface. Also called surface checking. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. b. Term applied to 
raised lines on cast-iron enamels caused 
by cracking of the ground coat underneath. 
Enam. Dict. c. Temporarily reducing the 
temperature or the volume of the air blast 
|} onablast furnace. Fay. 
})}check man. A man who keeps a record of 
|| miners’ tokens sent out on their loaded 
coal tubs. With modern conveyor systems, 
this duty is obsolescent. Nelson. 
check measurer. See checkweigher. D.O.T. 1. 
eck number. A number assigned to each 
miner by which his coal is identified, and 
under which its weight is entered on the 
coal bulletin. See also check, a. Fay. 
i)checknut. A nut screwed down upon another 
{ nut causing a binding on the threads. 
} Commonly called locknut. Crispin. 
\\checkoff. A method of collecting union dues. 
fees, and fines by withholding them from 
| the miner’s wages. Fay. 
\\checkout. Scot. The meeting of the roof 
| and floor, the coal seam being thereby cut 
off ; to pinch out. Fay. 
\)check puller. In mining, one who pulls out 
| the checks or tickets (metal identification 
tabs) from loaded mine cars as they are 
weighed or dumped, and calls the number 
on them to a weightmaster I so that the 
miner who loaded the car can be identi- 
fied for pay purposes, Also called ticket 
iiipboy. D.O.T. 1. 
|\check rail. A third rail fixed close outside 
the inner rail on curves in a railway track 
in order to reduce wear on the outer rail 
caused by centrifugal force; this rail also 
helps to keep the inner wheel on the rail. 
Ham. 
\checks; checkmarks. Numerous, very small 
cracks in metal or other material caused 
} in processing. ASM Gloss. 
|ichecksheet. A sheet on which are printed 
illustrations of various drilling equipment 
| assemblies with the component items shown 
| in their relative operating positions and 
used as a guide in making up a list of 
the units necessary to do various routine 
| drilling jobs. Long. 
\check surpey. A survey made to confirm the 
|. positions of established survey stations in 
|) the mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 
)\check valve. a. Generally, a ball-type valve de- 
| vice placed in core barrels, soil samplers, or 
drill rods to control the directional flow of 
liquids. When used on a core barrel, the 
check blocks the downward flow of the 
circulation liquid through the inner tube. 
| When used on a rod string, it blocks the 
| upward flow of the circulation liquid 
through the rods. Long. b. Any device 
that permits a liquid or gas to pass in one 
_ direction but automatically closes when 
 pheck. clack valve; reflux valve. 





eck viewer. In bituminous coal mining, one 
| the flow is stopped or reversed. Long. See 


264-972 O-68—14 








199 


who inspects and checks portions of mine 
which have been leased to workers to see 
that terms of lease, such as mining within 
specified limits, safety precautions, and pro- 
duction rate, are duly observed. D.O.T. 1. 

checkweigher. In mining, one who checks, 
in interest of miners, the weighing of coal 
in mine cars or other containers by the 
company weighmaster. He estimates the 
amount of slate, dirt, rock, and other for- 
eign matter in the coal and sees that only 
authorized deductions are made. Also 
called check-docking boss; check meas- 
urer; checkweighman; justiceman. D.O.T. 
1. Compare check grieve. Fay. 

checkweighman. See checkweigher. D.O.T. 1. 

checquer bricks. See chequers. Dodd. 

Cheddite. High explosive; 70 to 90 percent 
potassium chlorate, 0 to 20 percent aro- 
matic nitro compounds, 0 to 15 percent 
paraffin. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

cheek, The intermediate section of a flask 
that is used between the cope and the 
drag when molding a shape which requires 
more than one parting plane. ASM Gloss. 

cheekakoo. Alaskan term for a tenderfoot, 
that is, a newcomer in a rough mining 
camp. von Bernewitz. 

cheeking. The removal of the side or sides 
of a roadway to increase the width. TIME. 

cheeks. a. The sides or walls of a vein. Fay. 
b. Extensions of the sides of the eye of a 
hammer or pick. Fay. c. Eng. Project- 
ing masses of coal. Fay. d. The refractory 
sidewalls of the ports of a fuel-fired fur- 
nace. Dodd. 

cheesebox. A name given to a cylindrical 
still, used in the distillation of kerosine in 
the United States. Fay. 

cheesecakes. Shrop. Clay in very thin flakes, 
alternating with sand; Wealden beds of 
Whitchurch, Arkell. 

cheese clack. Scot. A temporary clack (valve) 
inserted between two pipes. Fay. 

cheese doggers. York. Lenticular sulfurous 
doggers, 4 to 5 feet in diameter, like thin- 
edged millstones, in the Jet rock series. 
Arkell. 

cheese pitch. At Trinidad Lake, a variety of 
asphalt which has been pushed out on the 
land and contains gas cavities like the 


asphalt from the lake. Abraham, 6th, 
1960, v. 1, p. 177. 
cheeses. Derb. Clay ironstone in cheese- 


shaped nodules. Fay. 

cheese stick; two-minute lighter. A fuse 
lighter consisting of cardboard tubes 
blocked at one end by a wooden plug and 
filled with a combustible material. South 
Australia, p. 40. 

cheese weights. Aust. The circular cheese- 
shaped weights used to keep guide ropes 
taut. Fay. 

cheestone. Derb, A stone that by reason of 
a joint breaks further into the wall than 
usual. Fay. 

chelate compound. The compound formed 
by the combination of a chelating agent 
and a metal ion. ASM Gloss. 

chelating agent. A substance which contains 
two or more electron donor groups and 
which will combine with a metal ion so 
that one or more rings are formed. In 
metal finishing, a chelating agent is used 
to control or eliminate certain metallic 
ions present in undesirable quantities. 
ASM Gloss. 

chelation. Decomposition or disintegration of 
rocks or minerals resulting from the action 
of organisms or organic substances. A.G.I. 


Supp. 











chemical composition 


cheleutite. A ferruginous, nickeliferous, and 
slightly supriferous smaltite. Weed, 19/8. 

Chelsea color filter. An effective dichromatic 
color filter transmitting light of only two 
wavelength regions; one in the deep red, 
the other in the yellow green. Useful for 
discriminating between emerald and _ its 
imitations and for detecting synthetic spin- 
els and pastes colored blue with cobalt. 
_ Anderson. 

Chelsea filter. See color filter. Shipley. 

chemawinite. A pale yellow to dark brown 
resin related to succinite, occurring on a 
beach on Cedar Lake, near the mouth of 
the North Saskatchewan River, Canada; 
specific gravity, 1.055; soluble to the ex- 
tent of 21 percent in absolute alcohol. 
Fay. 

chemechol. A method of breaking down coal 
rather similar to Hydrox and applied on 
the same lines as air shooting. Nelson. 

chemical. As a noun, substance obtained by 
a chemical process. Crispin. 

chemical adsorption. Surface adherence; ac- 
companied by the formation of primary 
bonds. VV. 

chemical affinity. a. The force which binds 
atoms together in molecules. The affinity 
of a chemical reaction is measured by the 
maximum external work (change of free 
energy) obtainable from the reaction. 
C.T.D. b. The tendency of one substance 
to form a chemical compound with an- 
other. Hess. 

chemical analysis. a. A method of obtaining 
the chemical composition of a refractory, 
which usually involves taking it into solu- 
tion, followed by a process of separation 
to obtain quantitatively the elements pres- 
ent, after which calculations are made to 
show the percentage of the various con- 
stituents as they occur in the material. 
A.RJI. b. A method of determining the 
composition of a material employing chem- 
ical techniques by which the various ele- 
ments are separated quantitatively. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

chemical bonds. See covalent bonds; ionic 
bonds; metallic bonds; primary bonds; 
secondary bonds; van der Waals bonds. 
VV. 

chemical-cartridge respirator. An air-purify- 
ing device which removes small quantities 
of gases or vapors from the inspired air. 
They are recommended only for atmos- 
pheres not immediately dangerous to life. 
At present the U.S. Bureau of Mines has 
approved them for protection against or- 
ganic vapors such as those encountered in 
handling solvents. Bests, p. 101. 

chemical change. A change by which the 
identity of a substance is changed; for 
example, burning a piece of coal. Crispin. 

chemical-clay grout. A typical grout of this 
class used in Great Britain is bentonite- 
sodium silicate, in which the silicate is 
used to render irreversible the thixotropic 
nature of the bentonite suspension. The 
gel is stronger than pure bentonite and 
permanent in that local vibration cannot 
cause it to reliquefy. Setting time can be 
controlled by adjustment of the chemical 
content. See also Benphosil grout. Nelson. 

chemical combination. Change in which 
permanent alteration of properties occurs, 
accompanied by intake or release of energy. 
Reaction is governed by laws of mass con- 
servation, definite and multiple propor- 
tions, equivalence, and volumetric reac- 
tion. Pryor, 3. 

chemical composition. The weight percent- 


chemical composition 


ages of the component elements of a 
material. Light Metal Age, v. 16, No. 9, 


October 1958, pp. 17-24. Glossary of 
terms used in the aluminum-extrusion 
industry. 


chemical constitution of coal. The clements 
or component parts of coal. These are 
determined by chemical analyses which 
may be performed in different ways. An 
ultimate analysis provides exact informa- 
tion as to the percentages of the various 
elements (such as carbon, oxygen, and 
hydrogen) present in the coal. Another 
method is by proximate analysis which 
determines the relative percentages of car- 
bon, moisture, volatile matter (such as 
gas and tar), sulfur, and ash. It requires 
a fuel technologist to appreciate the im- 
portance of the data given in a coal analysis. 
Nelson. 

chemical denudation. The processes in which 
the salts or the soluble minerals in the 
earth are dissolved by water and carried 
to the sea. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chemical deposition. The precipitation or 
plating-out of a metal from solutions of 
its salts through the introduction of an- 
other metal or a reagent into the solution. 
ASM Gloss. 

chemical durability. The lasting quality 
(both physical and chemical) of a glass, 
or Ceramic, surface. It is frequently evalu- 
ated, after prolonged weathering or storing, 
in terms of chemical and physical changes 
in the glass, or ceramic, surface, or in 
terms of changes in the contents of a 
vessel. ASTM C162-66. 

chemical element. Matter composed of atoms 
of only one chemical type and which thus 
cannot be decomposed into simpler sub- 
stances by chemical means. There are 
about a hundred elements known. Ander- 
son. 

chemical energy. Energy released or absorbed 
when atoms form compounds. Generally 
becomes available when atoms have lost 
or gained electrons, and often appears in 
the form of heat. Leet. 

chemical engineer. A chemist whose activities 
include the design and erection of chemi- 
cal plants as well as research and general 
work in industrial chemistry. Crispin. 

chemical engineering. Devcloping, building, 
and operation of plants in which materials 
are chemically worked up to desired end 
products. Pryor, 3. 

chemical equilibrium. Reaction in which 
state is reached where reaction is reversi- 
ble and is occurring at equal rate in both 
directions. Pryor, 3. 

chemical equivalents. Combining weights 
relative to that of hydrogen. Number of 
grams of an element which combine with 
or replace 1 gram of hydrogen or 8 grams 
of oxygen. Pryor, 3. 

chemical erosion. See corrosion. Schiefer- 
decker. 

chemical extraction. Term taking the place 
of hydrometallurgy. It embraces leaching 
(acid, alkaline, and pressure), ion ex- 
change, solvation precipitation, and cal- 
cination. Pryor, 3. 

chemical flask. A glass vessel usually having 
a round or a conical body and a neck 
which can be grasped by a clamp. Used to 
heat liquids. Bennette 2d, 1962. 

chemical foam extinguisher. A fire extin- 
guisher containing a chemical foam that 
is formed by mixing a suitable acid solu- 
tion with an alkali solution to form gas 
bubbles containing carbon dioxide. The 








200 


foam is spread over the surface of the 
blaze and the blanket of carbon dioxide 
smothers the flames. It can be used freely 
on burning materials, such as wood or 
coal, as well as against highly flammable 
liquids; it should not be used where there 
is danger of electric shock. McAdam, pp. 
1h Re fe 

chemical gaging. A method of measuring 
flow of water by determining the dilution 
of a chemical solution introduced upstream 
at a known rate and concentration. Ham. 

chemical glass. A chemically durable glass 
suitable for use in making laboratory ap- 
paratus. ASTM C162-66. 

chemical heat pad. A small canvas bag kept 
inside a specifically prepared rubber or 
neoprene protective case. Heat is produced 
by the chemical action of cold water on 
the mixture of finely divided iron and salts 
of multivalent metals, such as manganese, 
stored in the bag. Used in place of the 
hot-water bottle for underground first-aid 
and rescue work. McAdam, pp. 102, 104. 

chemical lead. Lead of more than 99.9 per- 
cent purity, with low fractional percent- 
ages of copper and silver, as originally 
obtained from the ore; used for manu- 
facturing storage battery plates, chemical 
piping. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chemical lime. A quicklime or hydrated lime 
that is used for one or more of the many 
chemical and industrial applications. Usu- 
ally it possesses relatively high chemical 
purity. Boynton. 

chemical limestone. A rock, composed pre- 
dominantly of calcite, formed by direct 
chemical precipitation. A.G.J. 

chemically bonded brick. Brick manufactured 
by process in which mechanical strength 
is imparted by chemical bonding agents 
instead of by firing. HW. 

chemically bonded refractory cement. A 
jointing cement for furnace brickwork 
that may be one of two types: (1) air- 
setting refractory cement, finely ground 
refractory material containing chemical 
agents, such as sodium silicate which en- 
sure that the cement will harden at room 
temperature, and (2) air-hardening re- 
fractory cement, finely ground refractory 
material containing chemical agents that 
cause hardening at a temperature below 
that at which vitrification begins but above 
room temperature. Dodd. 

chemically combined water. That combined 
chemically as part of the molecule. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

chemically precipitated metal powder. Pow- 
der produced by the reduction of a metal 
from a solution of its salts either by the 
addition of another metal higher in the 
electromotive series, or by other reducing 
agent. ASTM B243-65. 

chemically precipitated powder. In powder 
metallurgy, powder produced as a precipi- 
tate by chemical displacement. ASM Gloss. 

chemical metallurgy. Science of the compo- 
sition and methods of isolation of metals 
from their ores. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chemical milling. Removing metal stock by 
controlled selective chemical etching. ASM 
Gloss. 

chemical mineralogy. The investigation of 
the chemical composition of minerals; the 
processes of their formation; and the 
changes they undergo when acted upon 
chemically. Fay. 

chemical polishing. Improving the surface 
luster of a metal by chemical treatment. 
ASM Gloss. 





chemical water treatment 


chemical porcelain. Vitreous ceramic white- 
wares used for containing, transporting, or 
reaction of chemicals. ASTM C242-60. 

chemical precipitation. In the leaching pro- 
cess, displacement of a metal from solution | 
by a less noble metal. Usually less costly 
than electrolytic precipitation, but the 
latter produces a purer metal and re- 
generates the solvent. Also called cemen- 
tation. BC.1;, 8. .0,.p. 939. 

chemical properties. Those reactions in which 
the element or compound will take part 
with other elements or compounds. Cooper. 

chemical reaction. When a chemical reaction 
takes place the molecules of the reaction 
substances come together and the atoms 
rearrange themselves in different combina- | 
tions to form molecules different from the | 
original ones. Cooper. 

chemical rock. In the terminology of sedi- 
mentary rocks, a chemical rock is com- 
posed chiefly of material deposited by 
chemical precipitation, either organic or 
inorganic. Chemical sedimentary rocks 
may have either a clastic or nonrlastic 
(usually crystalline) texture. Compare 
edtrital sedimentary rock. Leet. 

chemical sediment. Any accumulation of 
sediments that formed directly by precipi- 
tation from solution, that is, by evapora- 
tion or occasionally by the formation of | 
insoluble precipitates on mixing solutions | 
of two soluble salts. The most important 
natural substances deposited in these ways | 
are the salts contained in sea water | 
(chiefly calcium carbonate and various 
chlorides and sulfates) and the naturale 
occurring nitrates, borates, and_ alkali | 
carbonates. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

chemical soil consolidation. A new process) 
for sinking through loose heavily watered — 
ground. A _ gel-forming chemical is in-| 
jected into the loose material which is | 
eventually consolidated. The time delay) 
in the gel formation can be controlled by 
chemical means and the rate of injection 
at waterlike viscosity is rapid. Promising) 
results have been obtained with a pro-| 


prietary process using A.M.9. This method) 
is an improvement on former processes 
where it was necessary to inject two) 
separate chemicals (calcium chloride and) 
sodium silicate) and the reaction between 
them took place in the ground to be 
treated. See also bentonite; silicatization) 
process. Nelson. 
chemical solution. A term often used to indi-) 
cate the apparent solution of a solute in 
a solvent, together with chemical action; 
for example, acids, bases, and salts. Cooper. 
chemical stoneware; brick, chemical. A clay 
pottery product which is widely employed 
to resist acids and alkalies. It is used for 
utensils, pipes, stopcocks, pumps, etc. Spe- 
cific gravity 2.2; hardness, scleroscope 100.) 
Stoneware is made from special clays free 
from lime and iron, low in sand content, 
with low temperatures, and having suffi- 
cient plasticity to permit turning in 4 
potter’s wheel. CCD 6d, 1961. ( 
chemical symbol. A single capital letter, o 
a combination of a capital letter and 
lowercase letter, which is used to repre 
sent either an atom or a gram atom of al! 
element; for example, the symbol fo: 
sodium is Na (from the Latin natrium)) 
Gob.D: 
chemical water treatment. A mcthod of treat 
ing hard water by adding selected chemica’ 
substances which break down the offen 
ing impurities, the residue being eithe’ 





























| 


' chemiluminescence. 









chemical water treatment 


passed on in solution in harmless or less 
harmful form, or driven off as a gas, 
or precipitated for subsequent retention 
in the incorporated filter. The general 
reagents are lime or soda or a combina- 
tion of both with or without the addition 
of zeolites or colloids. See also colloidal 
water treatment. Nelson. 


| chemical weathering. The weathering of rock 


material by chemical processes that trans- 
form the original material into new chem- 
ical combinations. Thus chemical weather- 
ing of orthoclase produces clay, some 
silica, and a soluble salt of potassium. 
Leet. 

_ chemihydrometry. Determination of flow rate 
and channel taken by water by introduc- 
tion of suitable chemical upstream and 
measurement of dilution. (Radiotracers 
and fluorescin also used for tracing flow 
direction.) Pryor, 3. 

Luminosity connected 
with chemical changes in a luminous sub- 
stance. Standard, 1964. 


| chemise. A wall built as a lining to an earth 


bank. See also revet. Ham. 


| chemism. Chemical affinity or attraction, 


especially considered as a manifestation 


1 of energy; chemical properties or activi- 


ties collectively. Standard, 1964. 


!| chemisorption. Irreversible sorption, an ad- 


sorbate being held as product of chemical 
reaction with absorbent. Activation energy 


| is relatively high. Pryor, 3. 
|| chemist. A person versed in chemistry. One 


whose buisness is to make chemical exam- 
inations or investigations, or one who is 
engaged in the operations of applied 
chemistry. Fay. 


|| chemist, geochemical prospecting. In petro- 


leum production, one who analyzes soils, 
water, rock core materials, and other 
samples obtained from oi] and gas pros- 
pecting or well drilling operations to 
detect presence of petroleum or gas depos- 
mse) :O.7;., 1. 


|| chemist, glass. One who conducts research 


in the chemistry of glass, and develops 
and controls processes involved in the 
manufacture of glass products. Also called 
glass technologist. D.O.T. J. 


|| chemistry. The study of the composition of 


substances and of the changes in composi- 
tion which they undergo. The main 
branches are inorganic chemistry, organic 
chemistry, and physical chemistry. C.T.D. 

| chemist’s coal. An old name given to a 

_ particular kind of hard splint coal in 
Scotland. According to Gresley, this name 
is a corruption of chemises coal because 
in the old days good quality coal used to 
be carried out of the mine by women in 
their shifts or chemises. On the other hand 
in the old Scottish tongue chemis, chemy, 
or chemise (an abbreviation of the Old 
French chef més or chief mansion) means 
the mansion or the principal dwelling of 
an estate, and so this particular coal may 
have acquired its name for being allocated 
to the mansion. Tomkeieff, 1954. 


|| chemites. A word employed by M. E. Wads- 


worth to embrace all mineral chemical 
materials. Fay. 


|| Chemox apparatus. A self-contained, breath- 


ing escape apparatus that weighs 13% 
pounds, and that uses, in place of the 
conventional cylinder of oxygen, a canis- 
ter of chemicals which generate oxygen 
when activated by the moisture in ex- 
haled air. It gives the wearer complete 
_ protection in toxic or in oxygen-deficient 


201 


atmospheres for a period of at least 45 
minutes. The apparatus was approved by 
the U.S. Bureau of Mines and is accepted 
for use in British mines under the follow- 
ing conditions: (1) It can be used for 
emergency purposes provided that the 
apparatus is used under the supervision 
of trained rescue men; and (2) It can be 
used by trained rescue men to enable them 
to become familiar with it’s use provided 
that hard work is not undertaken. Mc- 
Adam, pp. 51-53. 

chempure tin. Purest commercially available 
tin, 99.9 percent tin. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Chemungian. Middle Upper Devonian, below 
Cassadagan. A.GJI. Supp. 

chenevixite. A massive to compact dark-green 
to greenish-yellow hydrous arsenate, per- 
haps Cuz2( FeO) 2As2O3+ 3H20. Fay. 

Chenhall furnace. A gas-fired furnace for the 
distillation of zinc from zinc-le aodres. Fay. 

chenier. A perched beach ridge on a chenier 
plain. Schieferdecker. 

chenier plain. A plain of tidal marshes or 
swamps along an open seashore, which is 
zoned by cheniers. Schieferdecker. 

Chenot process. The process of making iron 
sponge from ore mixed with coal dust and 
heated in vertical cylindrical retorts. Fay. 

Chequer plate. A plate of steel or cast iron 
which is perforated or patterned to pro- 
vide a nonslip surface. Ham. 

chequers; chequer bricks. See checkers; 
checker bricks. Dodd. 

cheralite. A member of the monazite group 
rich in thorium (ThO.31.50 percent), 
(Ce,La,Th,U,Ca) (P,Si) O., as green mono- 
clinic crystals in pegmatite from Travan- 
core. Named from Chera (Kerala), an 
ancient kingdom in southwest India. Spen- 
cer 20, M.M., 1955. 

cheremchite; tscheremchite. A variety of sap- 
ropelic coal composed of a mixture of 
structureless humic sapropel and algal 
remains. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cherkers. Forest of Dean. Ironstone nodules. 
Arkell, 

chernozem. Synonym for tchornozem; tscher- 
nosem. A.G.I. 

cherry coal. a. A soft noncaking coal which 
burns readily. Webster 3d. b. A deep black, 
dull, or lustrous bituminous coal, with a 
somewhat conchoidal fracture, readily 
breaking up into cuboidal fragments. It 
ignites easily with a yellowish flame, mak- 
ing a hot, quick fire, and retains its shape 
until thoroughly consumed. Its specific 
gravity is much less than anthracite, about 
1.30. Fay. 

cherry opal. A reddish translucent opal from 
Mexico. Shipley. 

cherry picker. a. A fishing tool in the modi- 
fied form of a horn socket. The lower 
end or mouth is cut away on one side and 
resembles a scoop; hence, because of its 
shape, the device, as it is turned, works 
around and behind an object that has 
become partly embedded in the wall of 
the borehole, thus engaging it where a 
regular horn socket would fail. Long b. 
A small hoist to facilitate car changing 
near the loader in a tunnel. The empty 
car is either lifted above the track (to 
allow a loaded car to pass out beneath) or 
swung to one side free of the track. The 
equipment is fairly common particularly 
for handling large cars. See also double- 
track portable switch. Nelson c. In tunnel- 
ing, a small traveling crane spanning tracks 
which transfers an empty car to a parallel 
track so that a loaded one can be drawn 


chevron drain 


from the advancing end. Pryor, 3 d. A 
small derrick made up of a sheave on an 
A-fram, a winch and winch line, and a hook. 
Usually mounted on a truck. Nichols, 2. 

cherry red. Applied to iron heated so that 
the color is red like a ripe cherry, Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 458. 

cherry-red heat. A common term used on the 
color scale, generally given as about 750°C 
(1,382° F). Bureau of Mines Staff. 

chert. a. Cryptocrystalline silica, distinguished 
from flint by flat fracture, as opposed to 
conchoidal. Pryor, 3. b. Ofter referred to 
as chat; a very hard glassy mineral, chiefly 
silica (SiOz). Wheeler. 

chertification. Silicification, especially by 
chalcedony or by fine-grained quartz. 
A.G.I. 

chervetite. A mineral, PbeV2O;; in small 
monoclinic crystals at the Mounana ura- 
nium mine, Republic of Gabon. Hey, MM, 
1964; Fleischer. 

chesil. Eng. Shingle; gravel. Arkell. 

Chesney process. A method for producing 
magnesium metal and other magnesium 
products from sea water by precipitation 
with dolomitic lime as the means of sep- 
arating the relatively small quantity of 
magnesium from the large volume of sea 
water. CCD 6d, 1961. 

chessy copper. See azurite. CCD 6d, 1961. 

chessylite. See azurite. 

chest. a. A tight receptacle or box for hold- 
ing gas, steam, liquids, as the steam chest 
of an engine. Webster 2d. b. Scot. A tank 
or barrel in which water is drawn from 
the sump. Fay. 

Chesterian. Upper Mississippian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

chesterlite. Microcline feldspar from Chester 
County, Pa. Schaller. 

chesting. Scot. Drawing water by means of 
a chest. See also chest, b. Fay. 

chest knife. A tool used in hand-blown glass- 
making for removing the moil from the 
blowing iron; the moils are allowed to 
crack off while the blowing irons are in 
a receptacle called a chest. Dodd. 

chestnut coal. a. In anthracite only, coal 
small enough to pass through a square 
mesh of 1 inch to 1% inch, but too large 
to pass through a mesh of five-cighths or 
one-half of an inch. Known as No. 5 coal. 
Fay. b. Ark. Coal that passes through a 
2-inch round hole and over a 1-inch round 
hole. Fay. See also anthracite coal sizes. 

chevaliers. Eng. Ironstone nodules in the 
Weald. Arkell. 

chevee. A flat gem with a polished concave 
depression. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Chevenard dilatometer. An apparatus for 
the measurement of thermal expansion; it 
depends on the recording, by means of an 
optical lever, of the differential expansion 
of the test piece and that of a standard. 
It finds use in Western Europe for the 
testing of ceramic products. Dodd. 

chevick. Eng. Gravel consisting of frag- 
ments of Wealden shale, more or less 
cemented with ferruginous matter, occur- 
ring on the surface round Horley, Surrey, 
to a depth of 2 to 3 feet, occasionally 8 
feet. The same as shrave. Arkell. 

chevron crossbedding. Crossbedding that dips 
in different directions in superimposed 
beds forming a chevron pattern. Also called 
herringbone crossbedding or zigzag cross- 
bedding. Pettijohn. 

chevron drain. A rubble-filled trench system 
in the slope of a railway cutting, laid out 
in herringbone fashion and leading the 


chevron drain 


surface water into buttress drains arranged 
along the line of steepest slope. Ham. 

chevron fold. A very sharp fold that is usu- 
ally small. A.GI. 

chevron mark. Linear row of chevrons, pre- 
sumably pointing upstream. See also vibra- 
tion mark; ruffled groove cast; herringbone 
marking. Pettijohn. 

chew. a. To grind into small fragments. 
Long. b. To tear through material in a 
borehole with a sawtooth or serrated bit. 
Long. c. To gouge or deeply erode an 
article, such as the surface of a bit, by 
hard, sharp-cornered rock fragments. Long. 

chews; chows. Scot. Coal loaded with a 
screening shovel; middling-sized pieces of 
coal. Fay. 

chew up. See chew. Fay. 

Chezy formula. A formula expressing the 
relation between velocity of water, hydrau- 
lic radius, and friction slope; thus, V = C 
RS:, in which V equals velocity, R equals 
hydraulic radius, S: equals sine of the 
slope angle due to friction, and C equals 
a coefficient. See also Kutter’s formula; 
MManning’s formula. Seelye, 1. 

CH:. Marsh gas; an explosive gas consisting 
of 4 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of 
carbon. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

chiastolite; macle. A variety of andalusite, 
aluminum silicate, AlO3.SiO2, in which 
carbonaceous impurities are arranged in 
a regular manner along the longer axis 
of the crystal, in some varieties like the X 
(Greek chi), hence the name. Sanford. 

chiastolite slate. A fine-grained, metamor- 
phosed, carbonaceous shale without any 
prominent cleavage or schistosity and con- 
taining conspicuous crystals of chiastolite. 
Hess. 

chibinite. A coarse-grained eudialyte syenite 
in which soda amphiboles are more abun- 
dant than soda pyroxenes. It differs from 
lujaurite in having a more granular tex- 
ture and in containing less nepheline. 
Holmes, 1928. 

chicharra sampling. A sampling technique in 
which the ore bodies are sampled with 
a dry stoper drill. Lewis, p. 343. 

chickenfeed. An Alaskan term for fine gravel 
one-half inch more or less in diameter. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

chicken grit. Commonly composed of oyster 
shell, limestone, and marble, although 
other materials, such as granite and feld- 
spar, are sometimes used. BuMines Bull. 
630, 1965, p. 886. 

chicken ladder. A notched log or pole used 
as a ladder. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

chicot pearl. Same as blister pearl. Shipley. 

chidder. Aust. Slate and pyrite mixed. Fay. 

Chiddy’s test. Cupellation assay, for gold con- 
tent of barren cyanide solution. The gold 
(and silver) is precipitated together with 
metallic lead as sponge on aluminum. This 
metal is cupeled and gold prill is weighed. 
Pryor, 3. 

Chideruan. Uppermost Permian, A.G.I. Supp. 

chief of party. A civil engineer who is in 
charge of the surveying party in the field. 
He is responsible to the chief engineer. 
Crispin. 

chigura. A timber used in making a cribe. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

chihlimbar. Romanian name for amber. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

childrenite. A hydrous phosphate of alumi- 
num, (Fe’’,Mn’’) Al(POQ,.) (OH):.H20; 
brown to yellowish-brown color; isomor- 
phous with eosphorite. Hey 2d, 1955; 
Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 936-938. 











202 


Chilean lapis. Pale to light blue lapis lazuli 
containing veins of white matrix; often 
tinged or spotted green and prominently 
veined with white or gray. Shipley. 

Chilean mill; edge runner. A mill having 
vertical rollers running in a circular en- 
closure with a stone or iron base or die. 
There are two classes: (1) those in which 
the rollers gyrate around a central axis, 
rolling upon the die as they go (the true 
Chile mill), and (2) those in which the 
enclosure or pan revolves, and the rollers, 
placed on a fixed axis, are in turn revolved 
by the pan. It was formerly used as a 
coarse grinder, but is now used for fine 
grinding. Liddell 2d, p. 356. 

Chilean mill operator. In ore dressing, smelt- 
ing, and refining, one who operates a bat- 
tery of Chilean mills in which a lead, zinc, 
copper, or gold ore is ground to a size 
suitable for separation and concentration 
of the valuable mineral by being crushed 
between heavy rollers and the surface of 
a metal grinding ring. Becoming obsolete. 
Ji eis We 

Chile bars. Bars of impure copper, weighing 
about 200 pounds, that are imported from 
Chile. They correspond to the Welsh blis- 
ter copper, containing 98 percent copper. 


ay. 

chileite. A hydrous lead and copper vanadate 
containing 11.7 to 13.6 percent copper. It 
is related to psittacinite. Structure, earthy. 
Formula, uncertain. From Chile. Weed, 
1918. 

chilenite. A soft silver-white amorphous silver 
bismuthid, AgsBi. Standard, 1964. Bismuth 
silver. Fay. 

Chile niter; Chile saltpeter. A commercial 
name for sodium nitrate; NaNOs. See also 
sodium nitrate. C.T.D. 

Chile saltpeter. See Chile niter. 

chill. a. Derb. To test the roof with a tool 
or bar to determine its safety. Fay. b. A 
metal insert imbedded in the surface of 
a sand mold or core or placed in a mold 
cavity to increase the cooling rate at that 
point. ASM Gloss. c. White iron occurring 
on a gray iron casting, such as the chill 
in the wedge test. ASM Gloss. d. To 
harden by suddenly cooling. Gordon. 

chill casting. Pouring molten metal into 
molds so made that it comes into contact 
at desired places with metal; cooling, there- 
fore, being accelerated and special hard- 
ness imparted. Pryor, 3. 

chill crystals. Small crystals formed by the 
rapid freezing of molten metal when it 
comes into contact with the surface of a 
cold metal mold. C.T.D. 

chilled casting. A casting which has been 
chilled, either by casting in contact with 
something which will rapidly conduct the 
heat from it, as a cool iron mold, or by 
sudden cooling by exposure to air or water. 
Fay. 

chilled cast iron. Castings of iron made in 
molds or parts of molds that are faced 
with iron or steel. The castings cool rapidly 
in these parts and so retain a larger per- 
centage of carbon. Mersereau, 4th, p. 426. 

chilled contact; chilled zone. a. That part of 
an igncous body that is finer grained and 
nearer the contact than the rest of the 
igneous body. It is believed to have cooled 
more rapidly than the main body of igne- 
ous rock and hence is finer grained. A.G.I 
b. The border of an intrusive that was 
suddenly cooled by contact with the coun- 
try rock, and consequently of finer grain 
than the interior of the intrusive which 





chimney draught 


had a longer time to crystallize. Hess. 

chilled dynamite. The condition of the dyna- 
mite when subjected to a low temperature 
not sufficient to congeal it, but which seri- 
ously affects the strength of the dynamite. 
Fay. 

chilled iron. Cast iron cast in molds con- 
structed wholly or partly of metal, so that 
the surface of the casting is white and 
hard while the interior is gray. C.T.D. 

chilled shot. In hard-rock boring with ada- 
mantine or Calyx drill, chilled iron or 
steel pellets which are driven by the drill 
bit and do the actual abrasive cutting. 
Pryor, 3. 

chilled-shot bit. A flat-surfaced bit used with 
hardened steel shot to drill rock by a mill- 
ing action. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

chiled-shot drill. See shot drill. Neelson. 

chilled-shot drilling. A method of rotary drill- 
ing in which chilled steel shot is used as 
the cutting medium. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

chillers. A piping system through which a 
wax distillate is run to chill the wax and 
thus make it separate from the oil. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

chill hardening. See chill. Fay. 

chill mark. A wrinkled surface condition on 
glassware resulting from uneven cooling in 
the forming process. ASTM C162-66. 

chill point. a. The temperature at which a 
melted gelatin (used in a Maas compass) 
starts to congeal. Long. b. The tempera- 
ture at which a molten metal, lubricating 
oil, or grease starts to congeal. Long. 

chill time. Same as quench time. ASM Gloss. 

chimming. Corn. Jarring a keeve to settle 
concentrates; tozing. Hess. 

chimney. a. An ore shoot. Compare chute, e. 
Fay. b. A steep and very narrow cleft or 
gully in the face of a cliff or mountain. 
Fay. c. A pipelike more or less vertical nat- 
ural vent or opening in the earth. Webster 
3d. d. Eng. A spout or pit in the goaf 
of vertical coal seams. Fay. e. A term used 
in Virginia for limestone pinnacles bound- 
ing zinc ore deposits. Fay. f. A long, steep, 
dipping or vertical, tubular-shaped subter- 
ranean solution cavity or natural vent 
sometimes encountered in rock formations. 
It may or may not be filled with rocks, 
rock materials, or minerals. Long. g. A 
miner’s term for a vertical or nearly verti- 
cal staple shaft between two coal seams. 
Nelson. h. An ore body which is roughly 
circular or elliptical in horizontal cross sec- 
tion, but may have great vertical extent. 
Nelson. i. Usually, a restricted section in a 
lode; rising steeply and unusually rich. 
Pryor, 3. See also pipe. j. Any extended 
and continuous rich streak of ore in a vein, 


especially if vertical. Standard, 1964. k. A © 


pit, canal, or crevice of decomposition in 
strata, or its filling. Standard, 1964. 1. A 
cylindrial vent for volcanic rock. Standard, 


1964. m. The column of igneous rock fill- | 


ing a pipe-shaped vent. Standard, 1964. 
n, A vertical column of rock rising above 
its surroundings. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


o. A flute or channel on a vertical sliff | 


or between vertical walls. See also chimney 
rock, a. Bureau of Mines Staff. p. A verti- 
cal shaft in the roof of a cave. A.G.I. 
chimney arch. An arch in the base of a chim- 
ney used to admit a flue. ACSG, 1963. 
chimney draught. The natural draught re- 
sulting from a difference in weight of the 
hot gases leaving the appliance and the 
outside air at atmospheric temperature 
coupled with any suction created by wind 


sweeping past the chimney outlet. See also | 




















i 





SS 





chimney draught 


induced draught. Nelson. 


|) chimney effect. See stack effect. Strock, 10. 
[ chimney-flue checkerwork. See basket weave 


checkerwork. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


chimney rock. a. A column of rock rising 


above its surroundings or isolated on the 
face of a slope. Webster 3d. See also chim- 
ney. Fay. b. Gulf States. A local name 
for any rock soft enough when quarried 
to be cut or sawn readily, refractory 
enough for domestic chimneys, and which 
may or may not harden on exposure to the 
air, as some limestone, siliceous bauxite 
clay, or soapstone. Hess. 


|| chimney shot. A local term in New York 


applied to the effect of an overcharge of 
explosive in a line of drill holes, the effect 
being to throw the rock to some distance, 
forming a deep trench. Fay. 


|| chimney tile. Special tile for chimney flues 


around which bricks or other masonry are 
laid. Mersereau, 4th, p. 260. 


|, chimney work. Mid. A system of working 


beds of clay ironstone in patches 10 to 30 
yards square, and 18 or 20 feet in thick- 
ness. The bottom beds are first worked out, 
and then the higher ones, by miners stand- 
ing upon the fallen debris; and so on 
upward in lifts. See also rake. Compare 
overhand stoping. Fay. 


jichina. a. A glazed or unglazed vitreous ce- 


ramic whiteware used for nontechnical 
purposes. This term designates such prod- 
ucts as dinnerware, sanitary ware, and art- 
ware, when they are vitreous. See also bone 
china; American hotel china. ASTM 
C242-60. b. The ceramic imitative of 
porcelain. Fine pottery having a hard, son- 
orous, semitranslucent body, made chiefly 
from kaoline, china stone, and bone (bone 


ash). C.T.D. 


jichina clay. (AlsO3.2SiOs.2H»O), kaolin; a 


white, low plastic clay. A primary clay, 
the product of decomposition of an igneous 
rock high in feldspar. Kaolin is used ex- 
tensively in the manufacture of paper, 
china, and refractories, and often as a raw 
material to supply alumina and silica in 
enamel frit compositions. Enam. Dict. Also 
called kaolin; porcelain clay. C.T.D. 


|\ichina-clay rock. a. Same as Cornwall stonc. 


Hess. b. Granite in its most kaolinized 
form in which all the feldspar is trans- 
formed into kaolinite and the rock is so 
soft that it is readily broken in the fingers. 
Arkell. 


| \chinaman. A colloquial term for a loading 


ramp. Nelson. 


|(chinaman chute. Mine opening over haulage 


level through which ore from the stope 
above is drawn to the waiting trucks as 
planking is removed. Usually opening be- 
tween stulls below shrinkage stope. Pryor, 3. 


|Chinaman pabble. N.Z. A pebble or boul- 


der made from a conglomerate of quartz 
pebbles cemented by chalcedony. Jaspilite, 
quartz, and Chinaman pebbles resembling 
those of King Solomon are found in many 
places. Hess. 


| china metal. a. Porcelain. Fay. b. York. Shale 


baked to a hard, white, coarse, porcellane- 
ous substance. Arkell. 


|'China opal. Common opal resembling white 


porcelain, Shipley , 


fchina process. The method of producing 


glazed ware by which the ceramic body is 
fired to maturity, following which the glaze 
is applied and matured by firing at a lower 
temperature. ASTM C242-60T. 

ina pump; Chinese pump. A. slanting 
wooden trough with the lower end in the 











203 


water and through which an endless chain 
of boards that just fit the trough is moved 
upward, usually by a treadmill. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

Chinarump. Petrified wood from Arizona. 
Schaller. 

china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fix- 
tures). Glazed, vitrified whiteware fixtures 
having a sanitary service function. ASTM 
C242-60T. 

china stome. a. Eng. White, cherty lime- 
stone of Carboniferous age, Derbyshire. 
Arkell. b. In Wales, a compact, fine- 
grained, calcitic mudstone of Carbonifer- 
ous age. Arkell. c. Partly decomposed gran- 
ite, consisting of feldspathic minerals and 
quartz; it is used as a flux in pottery 
bodies. Examples in the United Kingdom 
are Cornish stone and Manx stone. The 
Cornish stone is available in various grades, 
for example, hard purple, mild purple, 
hard white, and soft white; the feldspars 
are least altered in the hard purple, altera- 
tion to secondary mica and kaolinite being 
progressively greater in the mild purple, 
hard white, and soft white; the purple 
stones are so colored by the small amount 
of fluorspar present. Manx stone (from 
Foxdale, Isle of Man) is virtually free 
from fluorine. Dodd. 

chinaware, An expression describing porce- 
lain, particularly porcelain tableware. 
Rosenthal. 

Chinese amber. Sometimes correctly applied 
to amber mined in Burma and marketed in 
China, but more often applied incorrectly 
to pressed Baltic amber and often to bake- 
lite or other amber-colored plastics. Shipley. 

Chinese blue; Mohammedan blue. The mel- 
low blue, ranging in tint from sky-blue to 
grayish-blue, obtained by the early Chinese 
and Persian potters by the use of impure 
cobalt compounds as colorants. Dodd. 

Chinese jade. A term correctly applied to 
jadeite. Shipley. 

Chinese script. The angular microstructural 
form suggestive of Chinese writing and 
characteristic of the constituents *(Al-Fe- 
Si) and *(Al-Fe-Mn-Si) in cast aluminum 
alloys. A similar microstructure is found 
in cast magnesium alloys containing silicon 
as MgSi. ASM Gloss. 

Chinese silver. An alloy used as an imitation 
of silver containing 58 percent copper, 
17.5 percent zinc, 11.5 percent nickel, 11 
percent cobalt, and 2 percent silver. Camm. 

Chinese speculum metal. A reddish mirror 
alloy containing 80.83 percent copper and 
5.50 percent antimony. Camm. 

Chinese wall. A calcite wall furled like cor- 
rugated iron. Schieferdecker. 

chingke. a. Scot. A gravel free from dirt. 
See also shingle. Fay. b. That portion of 
the coal seam stowed away in the goaves 
to help support the mine roof. Fay. 

chink. a. An opening, space, break, or hole 
typically of greater length than breadth 
(as between planks in a wall); a crack, 
crevice, cranny, or interstice. Webster 3d. 
b. A short, sharp sound (as of metal or 
small sonorous bodies struck with a slight 
tap). Webster 3d. 

chink-faceted pebble. A pebble that has been 
subjected to a limited recurrent surface 
rubbing against a limited surface area of 
another rock fragment or ledge of bedrock, 
so as to produce a smooth, distinct, and 
often sharply limited facet. J. Geol., v. 51, 
No. 5, July-Aug. 1943, pp. 353-358. 

chinley coal. Eng. Lump coal which passes 
over a screen; usually the best coal. Fay. 





chip sampling 


chiolite. A snow-white fluoride of sodium 
and aluminum, 5NaF.3AIFs, crystallizing 
in the tetragonal system and also occurring 
in massive granular form. Fay. 

chip. a. Small fragment of a diamond, usu- 
ally thin and tabular in shape. Long. b. To 
break small fragments from the surface of 
a diamond or other material. Long. c. 
Small, angular, and generally flat pieces 
of rock or other materials. Long. d. An 
imperfection due to breakage of a small 
fragment out of an otherwise regular sur- 
face. ASTM C162-66. 

chip bit. A bit in which the major portion 
of the inset diamonds are either diamond 
chips or thin, tabular-shaped, low-grade 
drill diamonds. Long. 

chip blasting. Shallow blasting of ledge rock. 
Nichols. 

chip breaker. a. A notch or groove in the 
face of a tool parallel to the cutting edge, 
to break the continuity of the chips. ASM 
Gloss. b. A step formed by an adjustable 
component clamped to the face of the 
cutting tool. ASM Gloss. 

chip-crusher operator. In metallurgy, a laborer 
who shovels scrap metal shearings into a 
machine that automatically crushes scrap 
to reduce its bulk. D.O.T. Supp. 

chip diamond. See chip, a. Long. 

chipped. a. When referring to character of 
diamond wear, it denotes loss of diamond 
due to chips and fragments having been 
broken away from the body of the dia- 
mond. Long. b. A surface pitted by loss 
of material in the form of chips. Long. 

chipped glass. A glass article with a chipped 
surface produced intentionally. ASTM 
C162-66. 

chipper. Derb. One who chips the gangue 
from the ore. An ore dresser. Fay. 

chipping. a. The process of handsetting dia- 
mond fragments in a bit. Long. b. To re- 
duce in size by breaking away small frag- 
ments from the parent mass. Long. c. 
Loosening of shallow rock by light blasting 
or airhammers. Nichols. d. Removing 
seams and other surface defects in metals 
manually with chisel or gouge, or by a 
continuous machine, before further proc- 
essing. ASM Gloss. e. Similarly, removing 
excessive though not defective metal. ASM 
Gloss. f. Fracturing and breaking away of 
fragments of a porcelain enameled surface. 
ASTM (C286-65. g. The process of re- 
moving thin extra glass prior to grinding. 
ASTM C162-66. 

chippings. Crushed angular stone fragments 
ranging from ¥% to 1 inch in size. See 
also aggregate. Nelson. 

chippy. a. A miner’s slang term for a small 
piston. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. See rock 
drill, b. Fay. 

chips. Pieces of material removed from a 
workpiece by cutting tools or an abrasive 
medium. ASM Gloss. 

chip sample. A regular series of ore chips 
or rock chips taken either in a continuous 
line across an exposure or at uniformly 
spaced intervals. A.G.I. 

chip sampling. a. The taking of small pieces 
of ore or coal, with a small pick, along a 
line or at random, across the width of a 
face exposure. The samples are usually 
taken daily and often confined to explora- 
tion. Reasonable care is taken to chip a 
weight of material which corresponds to 
the length of sample line. See also bulk 
samples. Nelson. b. A variant of channel 
sampling, in which, owing to extreme hard- 
ness of rock, shape of deposit, or other 


chip sampling 


working difficulty, a true channel sample 
cannot be taken. Often used in prelimi- 
nary prospecting. Pryor, 3. 

chiral twin. See Brazil twin. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

chirls; churrels. Scot. Coal that passes through 
a screening shovel; small coal free from 
dross or dirt. Fay. 

chiropterite. Bat guano. A.G.I. Supp. 

chirt; chirtt. Derb. See chert. Fay. 

chisel. a. A tool of great variety whose cut- 
ting principle is that of the wedge. Cris- 
pin. b. A sharp, straight-edged drill bit. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. See also bit. c. The 
steel cutting tool used in percussive boring. 
It ranges from 6 to 12 inches in length 
with variously shaped bits to suit the na- 
ture of the ground. The chisel is made to 
strike a series of blows at the bottom of 
the borehole. Water or mud is circulated 
to convert the chippings into sludge and 
to keep the chisel cool. Nelson. d. See 
chesil. Arkell. 

chisel bit. a. Synonym for chopping bit. 
Long. b. A percussive-type, rock-cutting 
bit having a single, chisel-shaped cutting 
edge extending across the diameter and 
through the center point of the bit face. 
Also called chisel-edge bit; chisel-point; 
Swedish bit. Long. 

chisel draft. The dressed edge of a stone, 
which serves as a guide in cutting the 
rest. Fay, 

chisel-edge bit. Synonym for chopping bit. 
Long. 

chisel-point bit. Synonym for chopping bit. 
Long. 

chisel steel. A carbon steel containing 1 per- 
cent carbon. It is readily forged and used 
for chisel making, large punches, miner’s 
drills, etc. Camm. 

chisel worker. See stonecutter, hand. D.O.T.1. 

chi evre Chinese name for coal. Tomkeieff, 
vt ‘ 

chitter. a. Lanc. A seam of coal overlying 
another one at a short distance. Fay. b. 
Derb. A thin band of clay ironstone. Fay. 

chittering. A fault that may appear as 2 
series of small ruptures along the edge or 
rim of pottery ware. True chittering is 
caused by incorrect fettling. Dodd. 

chiver. See shiver. Arkell. 

chkalovite. Sodium and beryllium silicate, 
NazBe(SiOs;)2, orthorhombic, from the 
Kola Peninsula, U.S.S.R. Spencer 15, 
M.M., 1940. 

chladnite. The group of achondritic meteor- 
ites composed essentially of enstatite. Bre- 
zina extended the term to include bronzite 
stones of the diogenite group. To avoid 
confusion, Prior proposed the term aubrite 
to replace chladnite as used by Rose and 
Tschermak. Holmes, 1928. 

chloanthite; cloanthite. An arsenide of nickel, 
NiAss, occurring in the cubic system; tin- 
white to steel-gray color. This is a valuable 
nickel ore, often associated with smaltite 
and skutterudite. C.M.D.; Dana 17. 

chloraluminite. A hydrous aluminum chlo- 
ride, AlCl;-+-xH2O, that occurs as a vol- 
canic product. Standard, 1964. 

chloramine. A tasteless disinfectant, NH2C!, 
produced by the reaction of ammonia and 
chlorine in water. Cooper, p. 363. 

chlorapatite. See apatite. Fay. 

chlorargyrite. A chloride of silver occurring 
in cubic crystals; usually associated with 
native silver. C.M.D, See also cerargyrite. 

chlorastrolite. A translucent mottled green 
prehnite, or related mineral, with a cha- 
toyant effect. From the Lake Superior 





204 


region, especially on Isle Royale. Shipley. 

chlorate explosives. Explosives with a po- 
tassium chlorate base, such as the French 
cheddite which contains about 80 percent 
potassium chlorate and 5 percent castor 
oil with dinitrotoluene constituting nearly 
all the remainder of the explosive. Potas- 
sium chlorate is also a constituent of the 
Sprengal-type explosive. Chlorate explo- 
sives are characterized by a hot flame on 
detnation. Lewis, p. 112. 

chlorate ion. Monovalent ClO;— ex chloric 
acid HCI1Os. Pryor, 3. 

chlorate powder. A substitute for blackpowder 
in which potassium chlorate is used in 
place of potassium nitrate. This class of 
explosive has received little attention be- 
cause of greater sensitiveness to shock and 
friction. Fay. 

chloride. a. To follow a thin vein or discon- 
tinuous ore deposit by irregular workings, 
intent only on extracting the profitable 
parts and with no regard for development; 
usually said of a lessee, sometimes of one 
who works another’s mine without per- 
mission. The term is said to have origi- 
nated at Silver Reef in southwestern Utah 
when the rich silver-chloride ores were 
being worked. The thin seams were followed 
by lessees with the least possible handling of 
barren rock, hence the miner became a 
chlorider, and his operations chloriding. 
The words were later extended to similar 
workers and their operations in other fields. 
Fay. b. A compound of chlorine with 
another element or radical. A salt or ester 
of hydrochloric acid. Crispin. 

chloride of lime. Bleaching powder or bleach- 
ing lime; CaOCle. Obtained by treating 
lime with chlorine gas. Used as a bleach 
and a disinfectant. Crispin. 

chlorider. See chloride, a. Fay. 

chlorides. Pac. A common term for ores con- 
taining chloride of silver. Fay. 

chloride stick. A steel bar, usually octagonal, 
about seven-eighths of an inch thick and 
4 feet long, with each end sharpened, and 
5 to 6 inches bent outward at 45°. Used 
for digging out bits of rich ore. A picky 
poke bar. Hess. 

chloriding. Mining thin veins. Statistical Re- 
search Bureau. 

chloridization; chlorination. An ore treat- 
ment using chlorine to produce a metal 
chloride; also Platner’s process (obsolete) 
in which gold was extracted as soluble 
chloride after roasting and chemical at- 
tack. Pryor, 3. 

chloridize. To convert into chloride; applied 
to the roasting of silver ores with salt, 
preparatory to amalgamation. Fay. 

chloridizing roasting. The roasting of sulfide 
ores and concentrates, mixed with sodium 
chloride, to convert the sulfides to chlo- 
rides: @2i,D: 

chlorinated lime. See calcium hypochlorite. 
Bennette 2d, 1962. 

chlorination. a. Removing dissolved gases and 
entrapped oxides by passing chlorine gas 
through molten metal, such as aluminum 
and magnesium. ASM Gloss. b. S. Afr. 
Exposure of pulverized ore to chlorine. 
Beerman. 

chlorination process. The process first intro- 
duced by Plattner, in which auriferous 
ores are first roasted to oxidize the base 
metals, then saturated with chlorine gas, 
and finally treated with water, which re- 
moves the soluble chloride of gold, to be 
subsequently precipitated and melted into 
bars. Fay. 


chlormanganokalite 


chlorinator. A machine for feeding either 
liquid or gaseous chlorine to a stream of 
water. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

chlorine. A common nonmetallic univalent 
and polyvalent element belonging to the 
halogens. A heavy greenish-yellow, irri- 
tating, toxic gas of disagreeable odor. 
Usually made by the electrolysis of aque- 
ous solutions of sodium chloride. Used 
chiefly as a powerful bleaching, oxidizing, 
and disinfecting agent in water purifica- 
tion and in making numerous products 
(as bleaching powder, chlorinated solvents, 
military gases, and synthetic resins and 
plastics). Symbol, Cl; valences, 1, 3, 5, 
and 7; atomic number, 17; and atomic 
weight, 35.453. Webster 3d; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-106. 

chlorine log. In effect, a simplified version 
of a gamma-ray spectrometer log. It is 
designed to respond to the chlorine content 
of the formations surrounding a borehole. 
Since almost all chlorine exists as soluble 
chlorides in pore water, the log offers a 
method of estimating the salinity of forma- 
tion waters. This log has several different 
trade names such as Saltilog; Chlorinilog; 
Salinity log. Wyllie, p. 164. 

chlorine minerals. Minerals containing chlo- 
rine, such as atacamite, boracite, apatite, 
carnallite, cerargyrite, halite, mimetite, 
pyromorphite, salammoniac, sylvite, soda- 
lite, vanadinite, wernerite, etc. Fay. 

Chlorinilog. See chlorine log. Wyllie, p. 164. 

chlorinity. a. The total amount in grams 
of chlorine, iodine, and bromine contained 
in 1 kilogram of seawater, assuming that 
the bromine and iodine have been re- 
placed by chlorine. Hy. b. The number 
giving the chlorinity in grams per kilo- 
gram of seawater sample is identical with | 
the number giving the mass in grams of © 
atomic weight silver just necessary to pre- _ 
cipitate the halogens in 0.3285233 kilo- — 
gram of the seawater sample. Hy. 

chlorite. a. In chemistry, anion ClO2 ; chlo- 
rous acid is HClOs. Pryor 3. b. In geology, | 
the general term for hydrated silicates of | 
aluminum, iron, and magnesium, general | 
formula, (MgFe)sAl(AISis) Ow. (OH)s; 
monoclinic; green color; Mohs’ hardness, 
1.5 to 2.5; specific gravity, 2.65 to 2.94. 
Pryor, 3. 

chlorite schist. A schist containing prominent 
chlorite, the foliation being due to the | 
parallel disposition of the flakes. Other © 
minerals are generally present, such as | 
quartz, epidote, magnetite, and garnet, the | 
two latter being often in conspicuous well- — 
formed crystals (porphyroblastic texture). 
Holmes, 1928. : 

chlorite slate. A schistose or slaty rock com- | 
posed largely of chlorite. Fay. | 

chloritic sand. A sand colored grecn by sand- | 
size chlorite grains as one of the constitu- | 
ents. Fay. i 

chloritic schist. A schist containing chlorite. 
Fay. 

chloritization. a. The replacement by, con- | 
version into, or introduction of chlorite. © 
A.G.I. b. The replacement by alteration | 
of ferromagnesian minerals to chlorite. | 
CieD: 

chloritoid. A dark green brittle mica, (Fe”,- 
Mg)2(AlSizO10) (OH) s;monoclinic. Found © 
in metamorphic rocks. Dana 17; A.GI. 

chlormanganokalite. A yellow chloride of po- 
tassium and manganese, 4KCI.MnCl:.. 
Rhombohedral. Flat rhombohedrons. Erup- 
tion of April 1906, Vesuvius, Italy. Eng- 

































chlormanganokalite 


lish. 


Pccrsate See hydrophilite; baeumlerite. 
chlorocyanic. Consisting of chlorine and cy- 


anogen combined. Fay. 


|}chloromelanite. A dark green, nearly black 


variety of jadeite. Fay. 


\)}chloropal. A green, opallike hydrous silicate 


of iron, FesO3:.3Si025H:2O. Fay. 


chlorophaeite. A mineral closely related to 


chlorite in composition and found in the 
groundmass of tholeiitic basalts where it 
occupies interstices between feldspar laths, 
forms pseudomorphs after olivine, or oc- 
curs in veinlets and amygdules. The fresh 
mineral is pale green, but when weathered, 
it may be dark green, brown, or red. A.G_J. 


\\chlorophane. A variety of fluorspar which 


exhibits a bright green phosphorescent 
light when heated. Fay. 


\)chlorophoenicite. A gray-green basic hydrous 


arsenate of zinc and manganese, 10(Zn,- 
Mn) O.As20;.7H2O. Monoclinic. Elongated 
crystals. From Franklin, N.J. English. 


‘chlorophyll coal. A variety of dysodile from 


which chlorophyll can be extracted by al- 
cohol. Tomketeff, 1954. 


chlorophyr. Proposed by Dumont for certain 


porphyritic quartz diorites near Quenast, 
Belgium. Fay. 


\chlorosis. The yellowing of the leaves of 


plants sometimes caused by a deficiency 
of iron necessary in the formation of chlo- 
rophyll. Has been useful as a guide to ore 
since nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium, 
zinc, and manganese are all antagonistic 
to iron in the plant metabolism. Hawkes, 


2, p. 313. 


\chlorosity. The number expressing chlorinity 


as grams per 20°C liter. Obtained by 
multiplying the chlorinity of a sample by 
its density at 20° C. Hy. 


\chlorospinel. A variety of spinel, grass-green 


in color, due to the presence of copper. 
Contains iron replacing the aluminum, 
MgO(Al,Fe)2Os. Also called magnesium- 
iron spinel. Fay. 


\chlorothionite. A copper and potassium chlo- 


rosulfate, CuCleK2,SO,. Occurs in bright 
blue crystalline crusts on lava. An altera- 
tion product from Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. 
Weed, 1918. 


| chlorotile. A green, hydrated copper arsenate, 


Cus(AsO;)2.6H2O, that crystallizes in the 
orthorhombic system. Standard, 1964. 


\/chloroxiphite. A dull-olive or pistachio-green 


oxychloride of lead and copper, 2PbO.Pb- 
(OH)».CuCle. Monoclinic. From Mendip 
Hills, Somersetshire, England. English. 


\chlorutahlite. Same as utahlite, the prefix 


being added, no doubt, because of the 
characteristic green color of the stone. 


English. 


(chock. a. A square pillar for supporting the 


roof, constructed of prop timber laid up 
in alternate cross-layers, in log-cabin style, 
the center being filled with waste. Com- 
monly called crib in Arkansas. See also 
cog; nog; hydraulic chock. Fay. b. A 
square pillar constructed of short rectan- 
gular blocks of hardwood, for supporting 
the roof. Fay. c. Two blocks of hardwood 
placed across the rail or between rails to 
prevent tubs, cars, or wagons, from run- 
ning down the incline. Fay. d. A block of 
wood, sometimes wedge-shaped, placed 
under the ends of the runners on a drill 
base to prevent movement of a drill or 
under a mine-car wheel to prevent move- 
ment of the car. Long. e. To wedge drill- 
machine runners or drill-truck wheels in 
place by using chock blocks or wedges. 








205 


Long. f. A block used under and against 
an object to prevent it from rolling or 
sliding. Nichols, 2. 

nee and block. Newc. Tightly filled up. 

ay. 

chock blocks; chock lumps. Pieces of wood, 
square or rectangular in cross section, 
usually made of oak, ash, or other hard 
wood, Also used to denote a shaped piece 
of wood provided with a handle and de- 
signed for placing between the rails to 
hold back a tub or set of tubs. TIME. 

chock hole. A small depression dug in th: 
earth in which a wheel of a truck-mount- 
ed drill rig is set to prevent the drill from 
moving. Long. 

chocking. The supporting of undercut coal 
with short wedges or chocks. C.T.D. 

chocolate. a. A very fine-grained mica schist 
found in New Hampshire and used in the 
manufacture of scythe stones, axestones, 
and knife stones. Fay. b. A brown or 
chocolate-colored drilling mud or rock. 
Long. 

chog. a. An English term for chocks, or blocks 
spiked into the corner of a shaft to form 
a bearing for the side-waling piece, or 
the blocks used in headings to separate 
the cap and poling board. Stauffer. b. A 
block of wood for keeping pump trees or 
other vertical pipes plumb. See also collar, 
1; collaring, c. Fay. 

choke. a. In crushing practice, a stoppage of 
the downward flow in the crushing cham- 
ber. See also choke point. South Australia, 
p. 101, b. Choking coil. Nelson. c. Aper- 
ture for controlling oil and gas volume. 
Wheeler. d. A point in a cave or at the 
base of a pitch blocked by the influx of 
clay, sand, gravel, or similar material. 
A.G.I, e. An imperfection consisting of an 
insufficient opening in the finish and neck 
of acontainer. ASTM C162-66. 

choke crushing. A recrushing of fine ore due 
to the fact that the broken material can- 
not find its way from the machine before 
it is again crushed. See also free crushing. 
Fay. 

chokedamp. a. A mine atmosphere that causes 
choking, or suffocation, due to insufficient 
oxygen. As applied to “air” that causes 
choking, does not mean any single gas or 
combination of gases. Fay. b. A name 
sometimes given in England to carbon 
dioxide. Fay. See also blackdamp. 

choked crushing. a. In ore comminution, op- 
erating at so high a rate of feed that the 
crushing zone is choked, that is, it con- 
tains waiting material above the zone of 
maximum comminution. Pryor, 3. b. Com- 
minution in which the discharge arrange- 
ments can restrict departure of ore even 
when it has been broken to the release 
size of the machine. Pryor, 4. 

choke fed. In comminution, rolls are choke 
fed when fed all of the material that they 
will take. The product of choke fed rolls 
is never so uniform as when free feeding 
is used. Choke feeding is used only on 
feed of about one-fourth inch diameter 
or less. Compare free fed. Newton, p. 62. 
or less. Compare free fed. Newton, p. 62 

choke feed. A feeding arrangement in which 
the potential rate of supplying material at 
the feed point exceeds the rate at which 
the conveyor will remove material, ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

choke feeding. As deliberately used in roll 
crushing of ore, feed at a rate greater than 
can be discharged at the set of the ma- 
chine, so that the rolls are sprung apart, 











chopping; chopping down 


the angle of nip is increased and the prod- 
uct contains oversize. Pryor, 3. 

choke point. Bottleneck of any crusher. 
Pryor, 3, p. 81. 

choker. A chain or cable so fastened that it 
a on its load as it is pulled. Nich- 
Olseae : 

choker hook; round hook. A hook that can 
slide along a chain. Nichols. 

choke valve. A valve to regulate flow of 
fluid from an oil well. Different choke 
sizes are used for different producing rates. 
The choke is generally referred to as bean. 
The size of opening is measured in sixty- 
fourths of an inch. Nelson. 

choking. Stoppage of flow, due to obstructed 
discharge, sticky material, packed and 
compacted fines, or bad control. Pryor, 3, 
p. 81. 

chondri. The rounded and ellipsoidal grains 
of silicates which are characteristic of me- 
teorites. In section, they suggest grains of 
wheat or of barley packed together, a face 
which suggested the Greek name. Fay. 

chondrite. A general term for stony meteorites 
which contain chondrules embedded in a 
finely crystalline matrix consisting essen- 
tially of pyroxenes (mainly enstatite or 
bronzite), olivine, and nickel-iron with 
accessory troilite, chromite, and oligoclase. 
Glass is sometimes present and it may be 
abundant in the chondrules. Holmes, 1928. 

chondrodite. A yellow-red mineral of the 
humite group, Mgs(SiOx:) 2(OH,F) 2; mono- 
clinic. Commonly occurs in contact-meta- 
morphosed dolomites. A.G.I.; Dana 17. 

chondronite. A deep red, garnetlike stone 
found in the United States. Hess. 

chondrule. A spheroidal aggregate, often ra- 
diated in texture, ranging from micro- 
scopic size to that of a walnut, and which 
occurs in many stony meteorites. The chief 
minerals are orthorhombic pyroxene, oli- 
vine, nickel-iron, troilite, and oligoclase; 
in some cases, glass (maskelynite) of feld- 
spathic composition is an important con- 
stituent. Holmes, 1928. 

chonkole. A Malayan spade. Fay. 

chonolith. An intrusive mass that is so irregu- 
lar in form and its relationship to the 
invaded formations is so obscure that it 
cannot be designated a dike, a sill, or a 
laccolith. Fay. 

chop. a. To break up and drill through boul- 
ders or other rock and earthy material 
encountered in sinking a drivepipe or casing 
through overburden by impact produced 
by lifting and dropping a chopping-bit- 
tipped string of drill rods in a borehole. 
Also to break lost core or other obstruc- 
tion in a borehole in the manner described 
above. Long. b. Som. A local term for 
fault. Fay. 

chop ahead. To break up boulders and other 
rock material below the bottom of the 
casing or drivepipe by using a chopping 
bit attached to drill rods. See also chop, a. 
Long. 

chop feeder. A feeder in which a power- 
operated, swinging quadrant gate delivers 
material at a predetermined rate. The 
action is similar to the reciprocating plate 
feeder. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

chopper. A device, that is, a toothed disk, 
used to interrupt a beam of light at regu- 
lar intervals, or a similar device for in- 
terrupting signals. NCB. 

chopping; chopping down. A term used to 
describe the digging action of a dragline 
when excavation takes place with the 
bucket heel above the line of the cutting 


chopping; chopping down 


lip. This term is usually used when re- 
ferring to an operating method where the 
dragline bucket excavates above the line 
of the fairlead and fills above tub level. 
Austin. 

chopping bit. A stecl, chisel-shaped cutting- 
edged bit designed to be coupled to a 
string of drill rods and used to fragment, 
by impact, boulders, hardpan, and _ lost 
core in a borehole. Also called chisel bit; 
chisel-edge bit; chisel-point bit; long-shank 
chopping bit. A straight chopping bit. 
Compare cross chopping bit. Long. 

choppy cross-lamination. Small-scale trough 
cross-lamination. Pettijohn. 

chord. a. In public land surveys the line of 
a great circle connecting any two selected 
corners on a base line, standard parallel, 
or latitudinal township boundary. Seelye, 
2. b. Any straight line joining any two 
points on the circumference of a circle. 
Jones, 2, p. 102. 

chordal effect; chordal action. The effect pro- 
duced by the chain joint centers being 
forced to follow arcs instead of chords of 
the sprocket pitch circle. J/@M. 

chordal pitch. The length of one side of the 
polygon formed by the lines between the 
joint centers as the chain is wrapped on 
the sprocket. It is a chord of the sprocket 
pitch circle, and is equal to the chain 
pitch. /@M. 

chorismite. A general term for a group of 
mixed rocks, the fabric of which is de- 
scribed as macropolyschematic. They are 
the result of the injection of the crystalli- 
zation products of intruding magmas into, 
and/or the mixture of such material with, 
the enclosing rocks, sedimentary or meta- 
morphic. According to Sederholm, they 
are a type of migmatite, but Niggli would 
restrict migmatite to the mixed rocks which 
have originated by a process of partial or 
incipient palingenesis or anatexis. Vari- 
eties of the chorismites include the phle- 
bites, ophthalmites, stromatites, merismites, 
miarolithites, and nebulites. A.G_I. 

C-horizon. A layer of unconsolidated mate- 
rial, relatively little affected by the influ- 
ence of organisms and presumed to be 
similar in chemical, physical, and mineral- 
ogical composition to the material from 
which at least a portion of the overlying 
solum developed. The C-horizon is not 
strictly a soil, because it is little modified 
by biological processes in soil formation, 
nor is it a horizon, because it often has 
an indefinite lower limit. It includes that 
part of the parent material of the soil 
which is represented by weathered and 
disaggregated, but otherwise little altered, 
parent rock. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

chorometry. Land surveying. Standard, 1964. 

C/H ratio. See carbon-hydrogen ratio. 

chrismatine. See chrismatite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

chrismatite. A butyraceous, greenish-yellow 
to wax-yellow hydrocarbon from Wettin, 
Saxony, Germany. It has a specific gravity 
of less than 1 and is soft at 55° to 60° C. 
Fay. 

christiansen effect. A dispersion phenomenon 
observed in mineral grains under the micro- 
scope. The grain boundary appears bluish 
on one side and reddish or orange on the 
other when immersed in a liquid of the 
same refractive index as the mineral for 
certain colors or wave lengths of light. 
Hess. 

Christmas tree. The assembly of pipes and 
valves at the top of the casing of an oil 
well that controls the flow of oil from the 











206 


well. Shell Oil Co. See also casing head. 
christobalite. Same as cristobalite. Standard, 
1964. 

Christy’s equation. In reprecipitation of gold 
by zinc from aurocyanide (cyanide proc- 
ess): 2KAu (CN)s + 3Zn + 4KCN + 
2H.O = 2Au ck 2K2Zn(CN).« 4 K.ZnOs; 
+ 2H». Pryor, 3. 

chromadizing; chromodizing; chromatizing. 
Forming an acid surface to improve paint 
adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys, 
mainly aircraft skins, by treatment with 
a solution of chromic acid. ASM Gloss. 

chromate. A salt or ester of chromic acid; a 
compound containing the radical, CrO.— 
AxGule 

chromate treatment. A treatment of metal 
in a solution of a hexavalent chromium 
compound to produce a conversion coating 
consisting of trivalent and hexavalent 
chromium compounds. ASM Gloss. 

chromatic aberration. See aberration. Shipley. 

chromatic color. A hue, as distinguished from 
white, black, or any tone of gray. Oppo- 
site of achromatic color. Shipley. 

chromating. Performing a chromate treat- 
ment. ASM Gloss. 

chromatite. A mineral, CaCrO,; finely crys- 
talline citron-yellow crusts from clefts in 
limestones. Named from the composition. 
Hey, MM, 1964; Fleischer. 

chromatites. Used by M. E. Wadsworth to 
include mineral coloring matter, paints, 
pigments, etc. Fay. 

chromatograph. An instrument for analyzing 
gases and vapors from liquids with boiling 
points up to 300° C. The gas chromato- 
graph arranges the molecules of the gas in 
increasing size, and as each group emerges 
from the column, a detector measures the 
quantity of each. Since all the molecules 
of one type emerge after the same time 
interval, it is possible to idengefy quickly 
the constituents present. Sensitive detectors 
can determine concentrations as low as 1 
part in 1,000,000. Used in by-product 
plants and in the B.O.S. process. Nelson. 

chromatographic analysis. Separation of com- 
ponents of mixture into zones, one or more 
of which can be identified by color, etc. 
(1) by adsorption column, adsorbing from 
solute in tube packed with cellulose, alu- 
mina, lime, etc., (2). by electrochromatog- 
raphy, passage of electricity across column 
or paper strip down which solvent mixture 
is flowing, causing migration to side of 
flow-line; (3) by electrophoresis, use of 
electric current to aid migration and, (4) 
by paper partition, separation into bands 
as suitable solvent flows past drop of solu- 
tion which contains compounds (qualita- 
tive and quantitative analysis. Pryor, 3. 

chromaventurine. Green glass containing 
chromic oxide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chrome. a. Same as chromium. Fay. b. Com- 
monly used to indicate ore of chromium 
consisting of the mineral chromite. Bate- 
man. c. Sometimes loosely used to mean 
to plate with chromium. Lowenheim. 

chrome, alumina-pink. A ceramic color con- 
sisting principally of Cr.Os3, Al,Os, and 
ZnO; when used as a glaze stain, the glaze 
should contain ZnO and little, if any, 
CaO. It is recommended that, for use 
under glaze, the glaze should be leadless. 
The color depends on diffusion of chro- 
mium into the insoluble Al:O, lattice and 
is normally stable up to 1,300° C. Dodd. 

chrome-aluminum steel. A stecl sometimes 
used in Europe to resist the accumulation 
of scale in the tubes of locomotive super- 








chrome refractories 


heaters, etc. It contains about 6.0 percent 
chromium and 1.0 to 1.5 percent alumi- 
num. Camm. 

chrome antigorite. Antigorite containing some 
csromium. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

chrome brick. A refractory brick manufac- 
tured substantially or entirely of chrome 
ore. ASTM C71-64., 

chrome chert. A variety of chert which has 
replaced the silicate minerals of a chro- 
mite peridotite, the more resistant chro- 
mite grains remain unaltered in the sec- 
ondary siliceous matrix. Holmese, 1928. 

chrome diopside. A variety of diopside. Dark 
green specimens are seldom either trans- 
parent or cut as gems. Shipley. 

chrome garnet. Synonym for uvarovite. Fay. 

chrome greens. Pigments which are a mixed 
precipitate of chrome yellow and iron 
blue. By varying the proportions of yellow 
and blue, a wide range of hues is pro- 
duced. Chrome greens have excellent light- 
fastness and good opacity. Used extensive- 
ly for almost all types of paints and 
enamels. Iron blue is a highly oxidized 
iron ferrocyanide and in the presence of 
an oil that dries by oxidation the blue is 
partially deoxidized, which means that it 
loses some of its color or strength because 
of this chemical reaction. Chrome greens 
are widely used because of their brightness, 
opacity, lightfastness, excellent strength, 
and relatively low cost. CCD 6d, 1961. 

chrome idocrase. An emerald-green_ variety 
of vesuvianite, containing chromium. 
Found in Black Lake, Quebec, Canada, 
and Ekaterinburg, Ural Mountains, 
U.S.S.R. English. 

chrome iron ore. Synonym for chromite. Fay. 

chrome ironstone. See chromite. 

chromel. A heat resistant nickel chromium 
alloy used for burning bars. Hansen. 

chrome-magnesite brick. A refractory brick 
that may be either fired or chemically 
bonded, manufactured substantially of a 
mixture of chrome ore and dead-burned 
magnesite, in which the chrome ore pre- 
dominates by weight. HW. 

chrome ocher. A bright green clay material, 
containing 2 to 10.5 percent CrOs. Hess. 

chrome ore. A rock having as its essential 
constituent the mineral chromite or chrome 
spinel, which is a combination of FeO 
and MgO with Cr2O;, AlzOs, and usually 
a small proportion of FesO3. The compo- 
sition, which is represented by the formula, 
(Fe,Mg)O.(Cr,Al,Fe)2Os, is extremely 
variable. Refractory grade chrome ore has 
only minor amounts of accessory minerals, 
and has physical properties that are suit- 
able for the manufacture of refractory 
products. HW. The steel industry con- 
sumes more than three-fourths of the 
supply either in refractories or in the pro- 
duction of chrome alloys, and especially 
stainless steel; the mineral is used also for 
tanning leather and for chemical manu- 
facture. Small amounts are mined in Cali- 
fornia, but 99 percent of our supply is 
imported, chiefly from the Republic of 
South Africa, Cuba, and the Philippines. 
Barger. 

chrome pickle. a. Producing a chromate con- 
version coating on magnesium for tempo- 
rary protection or for a paint base. ASM 
Gloss. b. The solution that produces the 
conversion coating. ASM Gloss. 

chrome refractories. Refractories consisting 
essentially of refractory grade chrome ore 
bonded chemically or by burning. Chrome 
refractories are nearly chemically neutral, 








| 
| 
| 





t 
1 


|| 
| 
| 


! 


| } 


hromic sulfate, hydrated. a. Violct; 


chrome refractories 


but may react with strong acids or bases. 
Henderson, p. 264. 

hrome spinel. Another name for the min- 
eral picotite, a member of the spinel group. 
C.M.D. 

hrome Stainless. A trade name for a steel 
containing 17 percent chromium, remain- 
der iron with low carbon. Hess. 


/ \chrome-tin pink. A color for ceramic glazes. 


The color is probably produced by the 
precipitation of fine particles of chromic 
oxide on the surface of tin oxide in an 
opaque glaze. Lime must also be present. 


Dodd. 


\\chrome tourmaline. A variety of tourmaline 


obtained from the Ural Mountains, 
U.S.S.R. (10.86 percent CreOs); and 
Maryland (4.32 percent CrzO3). Spencer 
18, M.M., 1949. 


\\chrome vesuvian. Same as chrome idocrase. 


English. 


\chrome yellows. Yellow pigments of lead 


chromate; PbCrO;. A very light greenish- 
yellow to the lemon shade to a medium 
yellow. Medium yellow is about a normal 
lead chromate, containing 95 percent or 
more lead chromate, PbCrO,. The light 
hues contain varying amounts of copre- 
cipitated lead chromate and lead sulfate. 
Chrome yellows are used in paints and 
enamels, also calcimine, but not in casein 
paints or finishes that are to be applied 
to surfaces that are alkaline, such as ce- 
ment or stucco. CCD 6d, 1961. 


‘chrome, zircon-pink. About 70 percent of 


the SnO, used in chrome-tin pink can be 
replaced by zircon without impairing the 
color or stability. See also chrome-tin pink. 
Dodd. 


|\chromia. See chromium oxide. Bennett 2d, 


1962. 


\ichromic. Of, pertaining to, or containing 


chromium in the trivalent state; for exam- 
ple, chromic oxide (CreOs). Webster 3d. 


chromic anhydride. See chromium trioxide. 
| Bennett 2d, 1962. 

\ichromic iron. Chromite. Schaller. 

\ichromic phosphate; chromium orthophos- 


phate; chromium phospate. Violet triclinic 
crystals; CrPO,;.6H2O; soluble in acids; 
and insoluble in water. Used in pigments. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-168. 
amor- 
phous scales; Cr:(SOx)3.15H2O; specific 
gravity, 1. 867 (at 17° C); and soluble in 
water. Used in ceramics (glazes and green 
effects). CCD 6d, 1961. b. Violet; iso- 
metric; Cr2(SO.)s.18H:O; specific gravity, 
1.70; and soluble in water and alcohol. 
Used in ceramics (glazes and green effects). 
CCD 6d, 1961. 


hromite. Chrome iron ore, FeCreO.; cubic; 
| iron-black color. 


Mohs’ hardness, 5.5; 
brown streak; specific gravity, 4.6. A com- 
mercial source of chromium. Chemical 
grade has high purity. Metallurgical grade 
(lumpy) is sufficiently coarse to be usable 
in a blast furnace. When pure, 68 percent 
CreO; but rarely exceeds 50 percent. 
Pryor, 3. 


| rhromitite. a. Chromite mixed with magne- 


tite or hematite. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


|b. An igneous rock composed essentially 


of chromite. If over 5 percent of biotite 
or pyribole are present, the rock is known 
as a biotite-chromitite, bronzite-chromi- 
tite, etc. Hess. 


a. A steel-gray metallic element ob- 


tained from chromite (FeO.Cr2Os). Alloyed 
with nickel in heat-resisting alloys and 


chromium aluminide. CrAl; 





chromium carbides. These carbides, 


chromium oxide; 





207 


with iron or with iron and nickel in stain- 
less and heat-resisting steels. Also used as 
a corrosion-resisting plating. Symbol, Cr; 
valences, 2, 3, and 6; isometric and hex- 
agonal; atomic number, 24; atomic weight, 
51.996; specific gravity, 7.138 (at 20° C); 
melting point, 1,890° C; boiling point, 
2,482° C; and specific electrical resistivity, 
13.1 microhms per cubic centimeter (at 
20°C. C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-106. 
melting point, 
2,160° C; and has good oxidation resist- 
ance. Lee. 


chromium borides. At least three have been 


described: CrB, CrB,, and CrsBe. They 
have high melting points; are very hard 
and corrosion-resistant; and may be suit- 
able for use in jet and rocket engines. 
CrB; orthorhombic; specific gravity, 6.2; 
and Mohs’ hardness, 8.5. CrB,; hexagonal; 
specific gravity, 5.15; hardness, 2010 
Knoop. CrsBz; may be crystalline; specific 
gravity, 6.1; and Mohs’ hardness, 9+. 
Used as metallurgical additives; high- 
temperature electrical conductors; cermets; 
refractories; and coatings resistant to at- 
tack by molten metals. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-167. 

Cre3Ce, 
Cr;Cs and CrsC2, have melting points of 
1250, 1665, and 1890° C respectively. Ex- 
treme hardness and excellent surface finish 
make these materials suitable as precision 
gauge blocks and they are also of interest 
for a number of mechanical and chemical 
uses. Lee. 


chromium garnet. Uvarovite. Shipley. 
chromium minerals. The only ore commer- 


cially exploited is chromite. Metal is used 
in steel alloys, plating, photograph, dyeing. 
Ore is used for refractory furnace bricks 
in steel furnaces. Pryor, 3. 


chromium nitride; chromium mononitride. 


CrN; molecular weight, 66.00; isometric 
or amorphous; decomposes at 1,700° C; 
and insoluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-167. 

chromium  sesquioxide; 
chromic oxide; chromia; chrome green; 
chrome oxide green. a. Cr2O;3; melting 
point, 2,435° C. Chromium compounds 
are used in glasses, glazes, and enamels 
mainly to impart a green color. It is most 
often introduced as chromium oxide or 
potassium dichromate, but the dichro- 
mates of sodium and ammonium and the 
chromates of potassium, sodium, and iron 
are used occasionally. Chromium oxide 
may be used in glazes to produce chrome- 
tin pinks or chrome greens. Lee; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-167. b. Bright green; hexago- 
nal; and insoluble in water, in acids, and 
in alkalies. Used in metallurgy; as pig- 
ments; and in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-167. c. A pigment that 
consists of chromic oxide and it should 
not be confused with chrome green. It is 
made by burning sodium dichromate with 
a reducing agent. The pure grade consists 
of 99 percent Cr2O;; specific gravity, 5.20. 
Used in limeproof paints and finishes that 
are to be applied to cement surfaces. One 
of the most permanent and indestructible 
pigments available and is fast to strong 
alkalies and acids. CCD 6d, 1961. d. A 


green pigment used to some extent in 











chronic exposure 


green stains or oxides and also a raw ma- 
terial in the manufacture of vitreous enam- 
els. Hansen. 

chromium plating. The production of a thin 
layer of chromium on the surface of an- 
other metal by electrode position to pro- 
tect it against corrosion. Thicker coatings 
are used to resist wear and abrasion. See 
also hard plating. C.T.D. 

chromium sesquioxide. See chromium oxide. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

chromium silicides. CrSi, CrsSi, CreSi, and 
CrSis; melting points up to 1,710° C; ex- 
cellent resistance to oxidation in air at 
elevated temperatures; and great hard- 
ness. Used as wear-resistant components 
at high temperatures. Lee. 

chromium steel. Steel containing varying 
amounts of chromium; very hard and 
tenacious. See also stainless steels. Nelson. 

chromium sulfate; chromic sulfate. Violet or 
red powder; Cr2(SOx.)s; specific gravity, 
3.012; and insoluble in water and in acids. 
Used in ceramics (glazes and green effects). 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

chromium trioxide; chromic anhydride. a. 
CrO:;; molecular weight, 99.99; red; ortho- 
rhombic; deliquescent; specific gravity, 
2.70; melting point, 196° C; and soluble 
in water and in ethyl alcohol. Bennett 2d, 
1962; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-167. b. Dark pur- 
plish-red crystals and soluble in ether. 
Used in ceramic glazes and in colored 
glass; in chromium plating; and in metal 
cleaning. CCD 6d, 1961. 

chromized iron; chromized steel. Iron or stec] 
that has been subjected to burial in a mix- 
ture of pure powdered chromium and 
aluminum in an atmosphere of pure hy- 
drogen at a temperature of 1,400° F. A 
high chromium alloy that withstands high 
temperatures and is highly noncorrosive 
in air is thus formed on the outside of 
the iron or steel. Hess. 

chromizing. A surface treatment at elevated 
temperature, generally carried out in pack, 
vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is 
formed by the inward diffusion of chro- 
mium into the base metal. ASM Gloss. 

chromography. Method of identification of 
minerals. Polished section is placed in con- 
tact with photographic paper, a current is 
passed, and ions migrating to the paper 
are developed so as to produce a color 
print suitable for microscrutiny. Resem- 
bles sudfur printing. Pryor, 3. 

chromometer. An instrument for determining 
the color of petroleum and other oils. 
Standard, 1964. 

chromotography. A chemical process of sep- 
arating closely related compounds by per- 
mitting a solution of them to filter through 
an absorbent ‘so that the different com- 
pounds become absorbed in separate col- 
ored layers comprising a chromatogram. 
H&G. 

chromus. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
chromium in the bivalent state; for exam- 
ple, chromous chloride (CrCle). Webster 
3d 


chromowulfenite. A red variety of wulfenite, 
containing some chromium. Fay. 

chron. Originally introduced to designate an 
indefinite division of geologic time. More 
recently, it has been proposed as the time 
unit equivalent to the stratigraphic unit, 
subseries, and the geologic name; for ex- 
ample, Mohawkian. Hess. 

chronic exposure. Irradiation over a long 
period of time, either continuous or made 


chronic exposure 


up of several shorter periods. NCB. 

chronograph. An apparatus for electrically 
recording explosion phenomena simulta- 
neously with a continuous time record. 
Rice, George S. 

chronolithologic unit. Time-rock unit. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

chronostratigraphic unit. Geologic time unit; 
in order of decreasing magnitude: Era, 
period, stage, epoch, and age. A.GJ. Supp. 

Chrustiov’s hardness scale. A scale it is 
claimed completes Mohs’ scale in the re- 
gion of high hardness. Osborne. 

chrysoberyl. Beryllium aluminate, BeAl.O,; 
orthorhombic; color green; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 8.5; streak, vitreous; specific gravity, 
3.7. Gem varieties transparent. Pryor, 3. 
Known as cat’s-eye when it has a chatoy- 
ant luster. Fay. 

chrysoberyl cat’s eye. See cymophane; cat’s- 
eye. C.M.D. 

chrysoberyllus. A confusing name, rarely ap- 
plied to greenish-yellow beryl. Shipley. 

chrysocarmen. A red or brown copper-bear- 
ing ornamental stone from Mexico con- 
taining light and dark blue as well as 
numerous green spots of, perhaps, azurite 
and malachite. Shipley. 

chrysocolla. Hydrated copper silicate, Cu- 
SiO3.2H:O; usually encrusted rather than 
crystalline; color, green to blue; Mohs’ 
hardness, 2 to 4; white streak; specific 
gravity, 2.1. Pryor, 3. 

chrysocolla quartz. A translucent chalcedony 
colored by chrysocolla, Same as azurlite. 
Shipley. 

Chrysodor. Trade name for a green and 
white stone with markings like marble. 
Shipley. 

chrysojasper. Jasper colored with chrysocolla. 
Shipley. 

chrysolite. A  yellowish-green, sometimes 
brownish or reddish, iron-magnesium sili- 
cate. A common mineral in basalt and 
diorite. When used as a gem, it is called 
peridot. The name has at various times 
been applied to topaz, prehnite, and apa- 
tite but is now used only to mean olivine. 
Fay; Hess. 

chrysolite aquamarine. Same as chrysolite 
beryl. Shipley. 

chrysolite beryl. A light yellowish-green to 
light yellow-green beryl. Shipley. 

chrysolite cat’s eye. Chrysoberyl cat’s eye. 
Shipley. 

chrysolite chrysoberyl. A light greenish-yel- 
low to light yellow-green chrysoberyl. 
Shipley. 

chrysolite sapphire. A light yellow-green sap- 
phire. Shipley. 

chrysolite spinel. A light greenish-yellow to 
light yellowish-green spinel. Shipley. 
ish-green topaz. Shipley. 

chrysolithus. A pale yellowish-green beryl. 
Schaller. 

chrysopal. A translucent apple-green com- 
mon opal colored by nickel. From Silesia. 
See also prasopal. Shipley. 

chrysophyric. Applied to a basalt contain- 
ing phenocrysts of olivine. Hess. 

chrysoprase. An apple-green chalcedony, the 
color of which is due to nickel. Sanford. 
Used as a gem. A.G.I. 

chrysoprase colored onyx. Same as green 
onyx. Shipley. 

chrysoprase matrix. Chrysoprase with notice- 
able white or brown inclusions. Shipley. 

chrysdqnathte Green aventurine quartz. Ship- 
ay. 

chrysotile. A metamorphic mineral, an as- 
bestos, the fibrous variety of serpentine. A 








208 


silicate of magnesium, with tetrahedra 
arranged in sheets. Leet. Also called Ca- 
nadian asbestos. 

chrysotile asbestos. The fibrous variety of 
serpentine. A.G_I. 

Chrystolon. Silicon carbide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

chu Abbreviation for centigrade heat unit. 
NRC—ASA N1.1-1957. 

chuck. a. The part of a diamond or rotary 
drill that grips and holds the drill rods or 
kelly and by means of which longitudinal 
and/or rotational movements are transmit- 
ted to the drill rods or kelly. Compare 
automatic chuck. Long. b. The part of a 
rock-drill machine that grips or holds the 
drill rod or steel. Long. c. To throw away 
or discard. Long. d. A device for holding 
work or tools on a machine so that the 
part can be held or rotated during ma- 
chining or grinding. ASM Gloss. 

chuck block; chock block. The wooden block 
or board which is attached to the bottom 
of the screen so as to raise the depth of 
the issue and act as a false lip to the 
mortar in stamp milling. Fay. 

chuck bolt. Synonym for chuck screw. Long. 

chucker-on; chuck-on. A device for auto- 
matic rerailing of tubs or cars; ramp; 
rerailer. Mason. 

chucking lug. A projection forged or cast 
onto a part to act as a positive means of 
driving or locating when the part is being 
machined. ASM Gloss. 

chuck nut. Synonym for chuck screw. Long. 

chuck screw. A sct screw in the periphery of 
a diamond-drill chuck body by means of 
which a serrated jaw within the body of 
the chuck may be made to grip and hold 
the drill rod. Also called chuck bolt; 
chuck nut. Long. 

chuck up. A command indicating that drill 
rods are to be inserted in the drive rod 
of a diamond drill and that they are to be 
clamped in the chuck preparatory to re- 
suming drilling. Long. 

chuckie stome. One of the pebbles or cobbles 
of sedimentary rock or of igneous rock 
occurring as an inclusion in a coalbed. 
One explanation for their occurrence is 
that they were attached to roots of float- 
ing trees rafted into the swamp during 
periods of high water. A.G.I. 

chuco. Caliche deposit in Chile composed 
mainly of sodium sulfate. A.G.J. Supp. 

chudobaite. A mineral, (Na,K) (Mg,Zn)>:- 
H (AsO) 2.4H2O, in anorthic crystals from 
the second oxidation zone at Tsumeb, 
southwest Africa. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

chuff brick. See salmon brick. ACSG. 

chukhrovite. A cubic mineral occuring in the 
Kara-Oba molybdenum deposit, Central 
Kazakhstan, approximates to CasAl3(Y,- 
Ln) 2(SO:)2Fs.20H2O. Perhaps the same 
as an unnamed cubic mineral from Green- 
land described by O. B. Boggild. Hey, 
M.M., 1961. 

chump. Eng. To drill a shothole by hand. 
Fay. See also churn. 

chun. a. Derb. A clay or soft gouge between 
two hard walls. Fay. b. Eng. An open 
chasm in a vein. Arkell. 

chungkol. Malay. Heavy hoe used to stir 
and loosen bed when sluicing alluvial tin 
gravels. Pryor, 3. 

chunked-up. Built-up with large lumps of 
coal to increase the capacity of the car. 
Also called built-up. Fay. 

chunker I. In bituminous coal mining, a 
laborer who loads large lumps of coal into 
cars at working places in a mine by hand. 
DiO sds. Lp 








churn-drill operator 


chunker II. In bituminous coal mining, a 
laborer who arranges large lumps of coal 
uniformly on flatcars as they are loaded 
at the mine surface. D.O.T. 1. 

chunk glass. Rough picces of optical glass ob- 
tained when a pot of glass is broken open, 
Dodd. 

chunk mineral. In Wisconsin, applied to 
masses of galena as broken out of the 
mine. Fay. 

chunks. Random sizes of glass sheets which 
are smaller than standard sizes of stock- 
sheets. ASTM C162-66. 

churchillite. Same as mendipite. From 
Churchill, Mendip Hills, England. Eng- 
lish. 

churchite. A very rare, weakly radioactive 
mineral, (Ce,Ca)(PO,).2H:O; smoke- 
gray, tinged with flesh-red; possibly mono- 
clinic; occurs as coatings on siliceous rock 
from a copper lode; from Cornwall, Eng- | 
land. Crosby, p. 98; Larsen, p. 72. 

churn; chump. A long iron rod used to hand- | 
bore shotholes in soft material, such as 
coal. Proyr, 3. 

churn drill; churn drilling. a. Portable drill- 
ing equipment, usually mounted on four 
wheels and driven by steam-, diesel-, elec- 
tric-, or gasoline-powered engines or mo- 
tors. The drilling is performed by a heavy | 
string of tools tipped with a blunt-edge | 
chisel bit suspended from a flexible manila 
or steel cable, to which a reciprocating | 
motion is imparted by its suspension from | 
an oscillating beam or sheave, causing the) 
bit to be raised and dropped, thus striking 
successive blows by means of which the 
rock is chipped and pulversized and the 
borehole deepened; also, the act or process 
of drilling a hole with a churn drill. Ex-) 
tensively used by the diamond-drilling in- 
dustry to drive pipe vertically through) 
difficult and deep overburden or fractured 
barren ground before coring operations 
with a diamond drill. Also called American, 
system drill; blasthole drill; cable drill; 
cable-system drill; cable-tool drill; 
rope-system drill; shothole drill; spuddas 
spud drill; well drill. Long. b. A drilling! 
rig for putting down vertical holes in ex- 
ploration and quarry blasting. The rig 
consists of a derrick, a steel wire rope) 
hung from the top of the derrick which 
raises and lowers the tools into the bore- 
hole, and the walking beam which imparts 
the up-an-down movement to the chisel.) 
See also percussive drill. Nelson. c, A long 
iron bar with a cutting end of steel, used 1 
in quarrying, and worked by raising and) 
letting it fall. When worked by blows of) 
a hammer or sledge, it is called a jumper 
or jump drill. Fay, 

churn driller. a. In bituminous coal mining, 
a term applied to a miner, hand driller, 
or other worker when using a_heavy,/ 
chisel-edged, percussion drill for drilling’ 
holes vertically in rock during shaft-sink- 
ing operations, by lifting, rotating, and) 
dropping the drill repeatedly to sink the 
holes by shattering the rock. Almost ob: 
solete. D.O.T. 1. b. A person experienced 
in the use and operation of a churn drill 
and equipment. Also called cable-tool 
driller. Long. 

churn-drill operator. In mining and in the 
quarry industry, one who drills holes with 
a churn (cable) drill in rock and over-) 
lying ground of open-pit mines or quar 
ries to obtain samples, or to provide holes 
in which explosives are charged and set 
off to break up the solid mass. Also called 


fi 





| 








































churn-drill operator 


blasthole driller; blasting hole well driller; 
clipper blast-drill operator; well driller 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 


jchurn-drill outfit. Synonym for churn-drill 


rig. Long. 


209 


verted to the inside of a bend, along a 
trough between low ridges formed by 
deposition on the inside of the bend where 
water velocities were reduced, Also called 
chute cutoff. Compare neck cutoff. Leet. 


cinder coal 


is loaded into railroad cars (gondolas), 
loosening clogged or blocked coal with a 
crowbar or some other tool to start it 
moving. Also called chute attendant; chute 
man. D.O.T. 1. See also battery starter. 


chute attendant. See chute tender. D.O.T. 1. 
chute blaster. See pluggerman. D.O.T. 1. 
chute boss. In coal mining, a foreman who 


(churn-drill rig. A churn-drill machine, com- 
plete with accessory tools and equipment 
required for specific drilling operations. 


chute trammer. See chute loader, a. D.O.T. 1. 
CI Abbreviation for cast iron. Zimmerman, 


p. 200. 








Long. 


j eenrning. Agitating the fluid metal i in a mold 


by moving a small, heated iron rod up 
and down in the feeder i in order to insure 
solid castings. Crispin. 


churns. Forest of Dean. Ironstone workings 





in cavern-shaped excavations. A rough 
chamber-and-pillar system of working. Fay. 


‘churn shot drill. A boring rig which com- 


bines both churn and shot drillings. The 
churn drill is used for rapid penetration 
in barren ground where no core is re- 
quired. The shot drill is used for taking 
cores along important rock formations. 


Nelson. 


chute. a. A channel or shaft underground, or 


an inclined trough above ground, through 
which ore falls or is shot by gravity from 
a higher to a lower level. Also spelled 
shoot. Fay. b. In Pennsylvania, a crosscut 
connecting a gangway with a heading. 
Fay. c. An inclined watercourse, natural 
or artificial, especially one through which 
boats or timber are carried, as in a dam. 
Standard, 1964. d. A narrow channel with 
a free current, especially on the lower 
Mississippi River. Standard, 1964. e. A 
body of ore, usually of elongated form, ex- 
tending downward within a vein (ore 
shoot). The two forms of orthography of 
this word are of French and English ori- 
gin respectively. Under chute, the original 
idea is that of falling; under shoot, that 
of shooting or branching. Both are ap- 
propriate to the technical significations of 
the word. An ore shoot may be considered 
as a branch of the general mass of the 
ore in a deposit, or as a pitch or fall of 
ore. In England, the orthography shoots is 
exclusively employed and is the best as 
applied to ore deposits, the other being 
unnecessarily foreign. Fay. f. A ditch or 
inclined timber trough through which the 
overflow water or mud from a borehole is 
conducted from the collar of the hole to 
the sump. The chute may be fitted with 
baffles and screens to cause the cuttings to 
settle in the chute before reaching the 
sump. Also called canal; ditch. Long. g. A 
trough operated mechanically in loading 
coal underground. Hudson. h. A metal 
trough in a breaker, along which the coal 
slides by gravity. Hudson. i. A steep, three 
sided steel tray for the passage of coal or 
ore from a conveyor into mine cars. It is 
designed to minimize degradation and 
spillage of materials. Nelson. j. A string of 
rich ore in a lode (used instead of shoot). 
Nelson. k. Ore pass connecting stope with 
haulage level. Pryor, 3. 1. Stockpile with 
withdrawing system such as belt conveyor. 
Pryor, 3. m. An open trough through 
which bulk materials or objects are di- 
rected and lowered by gravity. The 
trough may be straight or curved. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. n. An inclined trough or 
tube to guide sliding objects from a higher 
to a lower level. Crispin. o. A high-veloc- 
ity conduit for conveying to a lower level. 
Seelye, 1. p. An inclined drop or fall. 
Seelye, 1. See also gate. q. As applied to 
stream flow, refers to a new route taken 
by a stream when its main flow is di- 


chute man. See chute loader; 
chute. operator. In the quarry industry, 4 


chute, screen loading. 





supervises the loading and drawing of coal 
into and out of chutes, especially where 
coal is mined from inclined beds. D.O.T. 1. 


chute caving. The method involves both over- 


hand stoping and ore caving. The chamber 
is started as an overhand stope from the 
head of a chute and is extended up until 
the back weakens sufficiently to cave. The 
ore body is worked from the top down in 
thick slices, each slice being, however, 
attacked from the bottom and the work- 
ing extending from the floor of the slice 
up to an intermediate point. The cover 
follows down upon the caved ore. Also 
called caving by raising; block caving in 
chutes. Fay. 


chute checker. In metal mining, one who 


keeps record of amount of ore drawn from 
each raise or chute in an ore body being 
mined by the caving method (lower part 
of ore body is mined and developed with 
a system of chutes so that the remaining 
ore which sloughs, or caves, from lack of 
support can be drawn off). Also called 
tallyman. D.O.T. 1. 


chute drawer. See chute loader, a. D.O.T. /. 
chute, grizzly. See grizzly chute. ASA MH4.1- 


1958. 


chute loader. a. In metal and nonmetal min- 


ing, a laborer who loads ore or rock into 
mine cars underground by opening and 
closing chute gates. Also called chute 
drawer; chute man; chute  trammer. 
D.O.T. 1. b. In the quarry industry, one 
who loads crushed rock from bins into 
trucks or railroad cars by opening and 
closing the chute or bin gates by hand or 
by means of a lever. Also called car loader. 
D:Ovlirle 


chute tender. 


laborer who loads barges with crushed 
rock by operating a hand winch to lower 
a chute through which crushed rock flows 
from a bin. D.O.T. 1. 


chute puller. In anthracite and bituminous 


coal mining, a laborer who loads coal or 
rock from chutes or bins into mine cars, 
railroad cars, trucks, or onto screens, rolls, 
or picking tables, opening and closing the 
gate or door by hand or by means of a 
lever. He may be designated according to 
type of work, as railroad-car loader; screen 
feeder; or slate-gate attendant. Also called 
basket man; gateman. D.O.T. 1. 

See screen loading 


chute. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


chute system. A method of mining by which 


ore is broken from the surface downward 
into chutes and is removed through pas- 
sageways below. Hess, See also glory-hole 
system. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


chute tapper. In metal mining, one who 


opens gates of finger raises (steeply sloping 
openings) when ore is being drawn from a 
body mined by the caving method, to 
allow caved ore to flow down raises 
through grizzlies (gratings made of heavy 
metal beams) or heavy timbers to the 
chutes on the haulage level. D.O.T. 1. 


chute tender. In bituminous coal mining, one 


who tends chutes which convey coal from 
tipple down a slope to a point where it 





cienaga. In southwestern United States, a 
moist or springy spot where there is a 
natural seepage of water in an arid region. 
Hess. 

CIE system. The name derives from the 
initials of the Commission Internationale 
de lEclairage. It is a trichromatic system 
of color notation that is being used, for 
example, in the glass industry. Dodd. 

Cimarron series. Red beds occuring above 
the salt deposits in the Permian of Kan- 
sas. C.T.D. 

ciment fondu. A slow-setting, rapid-hardening 
cement containing 40 percent lime, 40 
percent alumina, 10 percent silica, and 10 
percent impurities; specific gravity. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. Sometimes called bauxite 
cement. 

ciminite. A volcanic rock composcd essen- 
tially of sanidine and pyroxene with sub- 
ordinate calcic plagioclase and olivine. An 
olivine trachyte. A.G.I. 

cimita. A natural mixture of clay and feld- 
spar occurring in parts of Chile. The com- 
position is not uniform but a typical anal- 
ysis is: 58 percent SiOz; 33 percent Al.Os; 
1 percent FesO;; 4 percent alkali, and 4 
percent H2O. Dodd. 

CIMM Canadian Institute of Mining and 
Metallurgy. Statistical Research Bureau. 
cimolite. A white, grayish, or reddish hydro- 
silicate of aluminum, soft and claylike or 

chilklike in appearance. Fay. 

cinch; cinch work. In Nevada, the annual 
assessment work required to hold title to 
an unpatented mining claim. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

Cincinnatian. 
Supp. 

cinder. a. One of the small commonly vesicu- 
lar fragments of lava that are projected 
from an erupting volcano, are about 4 
to 1% inches in diameter, and are coarser 
than volcanic ash and smaller than vol- 
canic bombs. Webster 3d. b. An unce- 
mented volcanic fragment that may range 
from 4 to 32 millimeters in diameter. 
Such fragments are usually glassy or 
vesicular. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. c. 
Eng. Inferior ironstone, North Stafford- 
shire. Nelson. d. A derogatory synonym 
for carbon. Long. e. Slag, particularly from 
iron blast furnaces. Fay, f. A scale thrown 
off in forging metal. Webster 3d. 

cinder bank. Same as cinder dump. Also 
indicates an old dump as distinguished 
from one in use. Fay. 

cinder bed. a. Eng. A stratum of the Upper 
Purpeck series, almost wholly composed 
of oyster shells; so named by the quarry- 
men from its loose incoherent composi- 
tion. Fay. b. A layer of cinders beneath 
a mold to permit the escape of gas. 
Crispin. 

cinder block. A block closing the front of a 
blast furnace and containing the cinder 
notch. Webster 3d. 

cinder breakout. The slag within the furnace 
escaping through the brickwork; caused 
by erosion, corrosion, or softening of brick 
by heat. Fay. 

cinder coal. a. Coal which has been cindered 
by heat from an igneous intrusion. Many 


Upper Ordovician, A.G.I. 


cinder coal 


coal seams have been affected in this way 
in Scotland and in Durham, England. See 
also metamorphism. Nelson. b. Aust. A very 
inferior natural coke, little better than ash. 
Fay. 

cinder cone. A volcanic cone composed of 
cinders and scoria. Fay. 

cinder cooler. In a blast furnace, a water- 
cooled casting, usually of copper, that is 
pressed into the cinder notch. Henderson. 

cinder crusher operator. In concrete products 
industry, one who crushes coal cinders for 
use in the production of concrete products, 
using conveying equipment and corrugated 
steel crushing rollers. D.O.T. 1. 

cinder dock. A bed containing molds into 
which, in former practice, cinder was run, 
chilled, and then thrown into cars with 
forks. Fay. 

cinder dump. A place where cinder ladles are 
emptied. Fay. 

cinder fall. The dam over which the slag 
from the cinder notch of a furnace flows. 
Fay. 

cinder notch. The hole, about 5 or 6 feet 
above the iron notch, and 3 feet below 
the tuyéres, through which slag is flushed 
two to three times between casts. See also 
cinde r tap. Fay. 

cinder pig. Pig iron made from a charge 
containing a considerable proportion of 
slag from puddling or reheating furnaces. 
CRED. 

cinder pit. Large pit filled with water into 
which molten cinder is run and granulated 
at cast or flush. Fay. 

cinder plate. See bloomery. Fay. 

cinder runner. A trough carrying slag from 
skimmer or cinder notch to pit or ladle, 
See also cinder notch. Fay. 

cinder snapper. A man who removes cinder 
skulls frfom cinder runners. Fay. 

cinder tap; cinder notch. The hole througii 
which cinder is tapped from a furnace. 
Also called Lurmann front. Fay. 

cinder tub. A shallow iron truck with mov- 
able sides into which the slag of a furnace 
flows from the cinder runner. Fay. 

cinder, volcanic. A fragment of lava, gen- 
erally less than one inch in diameter, 
ejected from a volcanic vent. Mather. 

cinder wool. A fibrous glass obtained by the 
action of a jet of air or steam upon molten 
slag as it flows from a blast furnace. Com- 
monly called mineral wool. Fay. 

cinerite, Sedimentary material consisting of 
volcanic cinders, A.G.I. Supp. 

cinnabar. Mercury sulfide, HgS; hexagonal; 
color red; Mohs’ hardness, 2 to 2.5; streak 
red; specific gravity, 8.1; 86.2 percent 
mercury. Pryor, 3. 

cinnabar matrix. A term applicable to various 
varieties of minerals containing numerous 
inclusions of cinnabar but especially to a 
Mexican variety of j jasper. Shipley. 

cinnamite. Same as cinnamon stone. Fay. 

cinnamon stone. Grossularite, a lime garnet. 
See also essonite ; hessonite; hyacinth. Hess; 
Dana 17. 

CIP. Abbreviation for cast iron pipe. Zim- 
merman, p. 21. 

cipolino. A marble rich in silicate minerals 
and characterized more particularly by 
laters rich in micaceous minerals. Holmes, 
1920. 

Cipolletti weir. A measuring weir in which 
the notch plate has a trapezoidal opening 
tapering from the top, the side slopes being 
1 horizontal to 4 vertical. Ham. 

C.LP.W. classification. From the initial letters 
of the last names of the men who origi- 








210 


nated it, Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Wash- 
ington. Synonym for norm system. A.G_I. 

circle. a. In the central United States, a 
nearly circular lead and zine deposit de- 
veloped in clayey chert breccias in old 
sinkholes in Paleozoic limestone or in dolo- 
mite (broken ground). Schieferdecker. b. 
In a grader, the rotary table which sup- 
ports the blade and regulates its angle. 
Nichols. c. A plane figure bounded by a 
curved line called the circumference, and 
every point of the circumference is equally 
distant from a point within the figure, 
called a center. Jones, 2, p. 91. 

circle agate. Agate with circular markings 
Shipley. 

circle brick. A brick with two opposite larger 
faces curved to form parts of concentric 
cylinders. Compare radial brick. Dodd. 

circle cutting driil. a. A pneumatic drill car- 
ried on rotating arms. Used to cut grind- 
stones and pulpstones from the quarry. 
AIME, p. 333. b. Same as ditcher, b. Fay. 

circle grinding. Either cylindrical or internal 
grinding. ASM Gloss, 

circle haul. In strip mining, a haulage system 
in which the empty units enter the mine 
over one lateral and leave, loaded, over 
the lateral nearest the tipple. This system 
is utilized where laterals are built into the 
mine from the main road, whether outside 
the outcrop or on the high-wall side of the 
mine workings. This system reduces the 
haul on the coal surface to a minimum, 
except where there are only two laterals, 
one at each end of the workings. R.I. 3416, 
1938, p. 9. 

circle mica. Thumb-trimmed block mica 
larger than punch and of sufficient area 
to yield a disk 2 inches in diameter free 
of cracks and open areas. Now included 
in general term punch mica. Skow. 

circle reverse. The mechanism that changes 
the angle of a grader blade. Nichols. 

circles Ches. Wavy, undulating streaks of 
various colors frequently seen in the sides 
of shafts, on the pillars, faces, and roof of 
rock salt mines. Fay. 

circle shear. A shearing machine with two 
rotary disk cutters mounted on parallel 
shafts driven in unison and equipped with 
an attachment for cutting circles where 
the desired piece of materia] is inside the 
circle. It cannot be employed to cut cir- 
cles where the desired material is outside 
the circle. ASM Gloss. 

circle shear operator. In the iron and steel 
industry, one who cuts boiler plates and 
other heavy metal sheets, rods, and plates 
into prescribed sizes and shapes for assem- 
bly into objects, such as boilers and tanks 
using a shear equipped with rotary blades. 
Also called rotary shearman; rotary shear 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 

circle spout. Eng. A trough or gutter around 
the inside of a shaft to cacth the water 
running: down the sides; a garland. Fay, 
p. 295. 

circle system of firing. See rotary-hearth kiln. 
Dodd. 

circuit. a. A conducting part or a system of 
conducting parts through which an elec- 
tric current is intended to flow. U.S. Bu- 
Mines Federal Mine Safety Code—Bitumi- 
nous Coal and Lignite Mines, Pt. I Under- 
ground Mines, October 8, 1953. Synonym 
for round trip. b. The course followed by 
an electric current passing from its source 
through a succession of conductors and 
back to its starting point. Crispin. 

circuit breaker. a. An overload protective 





circular sawyer, stone 


device installed in the positive circuit to 
interrupt the flow of electric current when 
it becomes excessive or merely exceeds a 
predetermined value. Circuit breakers are 
provided at the substations to protect the 
generating equipment between substations 
to isolate a faulted section, so that a dis- 
tance station cannot feed through to a 
fault; 
section to further isolate local faults. The 
circuit breaker feeding such a mining sec- 
tion is called a sectionalizing circuit 
breaker. Kentucky, p. 255, b. A switch that 
automatically interrupts an electric circuit 
under an infrequent abnormal condition 
(as overload). Webster 3d. See also cutoff, 
g. Fay. 

circuits; roundabouts. Circular galleries made 
at the different levels in a mine which 
enable empty trucks to be pushed out of 
the cage on one side and simultaneously 
for the full ones to be pushed in on the 
other side, thus ensuring a more rapid 
journey of the cage. Circuits also aid the 
circulation of the air. Stoces, v. 1, p. 237. 

circuit tester. A galvanometer used for test- 
ing blasting circuits before firing by touch- 
ing the terminals of the circuit to the posts 


of the instrument. It is provided with a — 


silver chloride cell which generates such 
a small current that a single cap may be 
tested. Lewis, p. 124. 

circuit voltage. Voltage is the greatest root- 
mean-square difference of potential between 
any two conductors of the circuit con- 
cerned. ASA M2.1-1963. 


circular arch. A roadway support consisting — 


of an H-section girder of circular form 
and usually made in three parts. The joints 
are secured by fishplates and bolts, This 


type of steel arch is useful for withstanding — 


pressures from roof, sides, and floor. With 
close lagging between the rings, the fin- 
ished roadway resembles a tube. 
steel arches. Nelson. 

circular-are method. See slip surface of fail- 
ure. Nelson. 

circular bin discharger. A revoiving cone with 
feeder fingers around the base periphery 
connected at the apex through a universal 
joint to a revolving arch breaker arm. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

circular coal. Another name for eye coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

circular cutting dril. See ditcher, b. Fay. 

circular field. The magnetic field which sur- 
rounds a nonmagnetic conductor of elec- 
tricity or which exists and is completely 
contained within or also surrounds a mag- 
netic conductor of electricity. Generally 
applied to the magnetic field within any 
magnetic conductor resulting from a cur- 
rent being passed through the part or 
through a section of the part. ASM Gloss. 

circular grading table. See rotary sorting 
table. Nelson. 


circular kiln. A tunnel kiln in the shape of | 


a circle. ACSG, 1963. 

circular mil. A unit used for the measure- 
ment of the area of the cross section of 
wires, tubes, and rods, being the area of a 
circle whose diameter is 1 mil; 0.000000785 
of a square inch. It is equal to 0.7854 of 
a square mil. One square millimeter equals 
1,974 circular mills. Standard, 1964. 

circular saw. A saw whose teeth are spaced 
around the edge of a-circular disk running 
upon a central arbor. Crispin. 


circular sawyer, stone. In the stonework in- — 


dustry, one who saws large, rough blocks 
of building or monumental limestone, mar- 


and in the circuit to each mining 


See also 





circular sawyer, stone 


ble, granite, sandstone, or soapstone into 
|| slabs or smaller blocks with a diamond 
| toothed or abrasive circular saw. Also 
called circular saw operator; stone saw 
operator; stone sawyer. D.O.T. 1. 
\\circular shaft. A shaft excavated to the round 
| shape. The circular shaft is equally strong 
at all points, is convenient for concrete 
lining and tubbing and both can be made 
relatively watertight, and offers the least 
resistance to airflow. In Great Britain, cir- 
cular shafts tend to be standardized at 
diameters of 16, 18, 20, or 24 feet with, 
in special cases, shafts of 22 and 26 feet. 
Nelson. 
jtirecular slip. A type of landslide which may 
} occur in embankments or cuttings in clay 
or homogeneous earth. See also slip surface 
of failure. Nelson. 
\vircular tunnel! kiln. The same as a straight 
tunnel kiln, except that it has a movable, 
circular platform instead of cars. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 
birculated gas-oil ratio. The number of cubic 
feet of gas introduced into a well for gas- 
lift operations, per barrel of oil lifted. 
| Porter. 
birculating fluid. a. A fluid pumped into a 
| borehole through the drill stem, the flow 
of which cools the bit, washes away the 
cuttings from the bit, and transports the 
cuttings out of the borehole. Compare re- 
verse circulation. Also called circulation 
fluid ; circulation medium; drill fluid; dril!- 
_ ing fluid. Long. b. The process of causing 
| a fluid to circulate in a borehole. Long. 
virculating head. A casing to drill-rod cou- 
| pling. When attached to the top of casing. 
| it is used during the process of pumping 
cement slurries or circulating water through 
| the casing, forcing the fluid to fllow out 
of the casing into the drill hole between 
the outside of the casing and the walls of 
the borehole. Also called stuffing box; tight 
| head. Long. 
firculating load. a. In mineral processing, 
' use of closed circuit to check mineral issu- 
ing from a specific treatment, and to return 
to the head of the treatment those particles 
which do not satisfy the maintained con- 
ditions for release to the next stage of 
treatment, A 3/1 circulation load in a ball 
mill, classifier means that five units are 
returned to the ball mill by the classifier 
for each unit released to the following 
_ stage. Use of such an arrangement allows 
the material in circulation to be reduced 
more gradually to the desired state than 
if it passed through once only and had to 
be finished in that pass (open circuit). 
| The ratio between new feed and circulat- 
| ing load is an important factor in grinding 
control in ball mills. Pryor, 3. b. In ore 
dressing, oversize material returned to a 
| pl mill for further grinding. Newton, 
} p. 0. 
firculating medium. a. Any type of liquid or 
| gas used as a drill cuttings-removal and bit- 
coolant agent. Also called circulation me- 
dium; coolant. Compare circulating fluid. 
_ Long. b. Medium in circulation in or out- 
| side the separating bath, at or about the 
specific gravity of that in the separating 
| bath. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
jirculating pump. a. A pump (usually cen- 
| trifugal) used to circulate water through 
the condenser of a steamplant; a pump 
used to circulate water in a coal washer 
' or ore concentration plant. Nelson. b. The 
| pump used to circulate mud or water 
| through the drilling column. Also called 












i 


' 
} 
| 














211 


mud pump; slush pump. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
SCOROS 

circulating scrap. Scrap arising at steelworks 
and toundries during the manufacture of 
finished iron and steel or of castings. It 
consists of the sheared-off ends of rolled 
and other worked products, rejected mate- 
rial, etc. See also capital scrap. Nelson. 

circulating water. a. The water in the water 
circuit. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. Synonym for 
circulating fluid. Long. 

circulation. a. The passing of any liquid or 
gas to the end of the drill string and back 
to the surface in the process of drilling 
a borehole. Long. b. The movement of air 
currents through mine openings. Long. c. 
In rotary drilling, the process of pumping 
mud-laden or other fluid down the drill 
pipe, through the drilling bit, and upward 
to the surface through the annulus between 
the drill-hole walls and the drill pipe. 
A.GJ.d. The act of moving in a course, 
not a circle, which brings the moving 
thing, fluid, etc., to the place where its 
motion began. Webster 2d. 

circulation fluid. The fluid pumped through 
and to the end of the drill string and back 
to the surface in the process of drilling a 
borehole. Long. 

circulation loss. The result of drilling fluid 
escaping into the formation by way of 
crevices or porous media. Brantly, /. 

circulation medium. Synonym for circulating 
medium. Long. 

circulation of air; dadding. The controlled 
flow of air to and from the faces to secure 
adequate ventilation of all workings and 
traveling roads. Nelson. 

circulation velocity. The speed, generally ex- 
pressed in lineal feet per second, at which 
a fluid or gas travels upward in a borehole 
after passing the face of the bit. Long. 

circulation volume. The amount of liquid or 
gas circulated through the drill-string 
equipment in drilling a borehole. The 
amount of liquid circulated is expressed 
in gallons per minute (gpm), and the 
amount of a gas, as air, is expressed in 
cubic feet per minute (cfm). Long. 

circulator. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, a laborer who fills electrolysis 
tanks with electrolyte preparatory to cop- 
per refining and maintains adequate circu- 
lation during the process. D.O.T. 1. 

circumdenudation. Erosion (denudation) that, 
in dissecting a land mass, has left a part 
of the ground upstanding (a residual ‘hill 
of circumdenudation’) by having worked 
round it apparently fortuitously, such a 
hill not being obviously due to the outcrop 
of a resistant rock, though it may very likely 
be capped by a hard stratum. Challinor. 

circumference. A circle which includes all 
points of a round object on or within the 
plane of the circle. For example, the cir- 
cumference of a cylinder or tube is the 
shortest line or belt around the object. 
Brantly, 2. 

circumferentor. A surveyor’s compass with 
diametral projecting arms each carrying 
vertical slit sight. Webster 3d. 

cire perdue. A process uscd in metal casting 
that consists of making a wax model (as 
of a statuette), coating it with a refractory 
(as clay) to form a mold, heating until 
the wax melts and runs out of small holes 
left in the mold, and then pouring metal 
into the space left vacant. Webster 3d. 

cir mil Abbreviation for circular mil (wire 
measure). BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

cirque. A deep steep-walled basin high on 











clack valve 


a mountain, usually shaped like half a bowl 
and often containing a small lake, caused 
especially by glacial erosion, and usually 
forming the blunt head of a valley, Web- 
ster 3d. See also corrie. 

cistern. a. In metallurgy, a settling tank for 
liquid slag, pulp, etc. Fay. b. An artificial 
reservoir or tank for holding or storing 
water or other liquids. Webster 3d. c. The 
receptacle into which glass is ladled from 
the pots to be poured over the table in 
making plate glass or in casting glass; a 
cuvette. Fay. 

Citadur. Trade name; a high-alumina cement 
made in Czechoslovakia. Dodd. 

citrate. A salt or ester of citric acid. Web- 
ster 3d. 

citric acid. CsHsO; occurs in a variety of 
fruit, especially lemons. When extracted 
and purified, it forms whitish crystals. A 
10-percent solution of citric acid is used 
to test the acid-resisting qualities of a por- 
celain-enameled surface. Hansen. 

citrine; citrine quartz. Not the true topaz of 
mineralogists, but a yellow variety of quartz, 
which closely resembles it in color though 
not in other physical characters; it is of 
much less value than true topaz, Known 
under a variety of geographical names such 
as, Bohemian topaz, Indian topaz, Mada- 
gascar topaz, Madeira topaz, and Spanish 
topaz. Brazilian topaz is the true mineral. 
Also called quartz topaz. See also false 
topaz; smoky quartz. C.M.D. 

citrine quartz. See citrine, 

civil engineer. One whose work includes de- 
sign, construction, and maintenance of 
public works, highways, railroads, bridges, 
steel framework of buildings, etc. Crispin. 

civil mean time. Averaged time, as indicated 
by a clock which shows the mean solar 
day. It differs from that of apparent day. 


Pryor, 3. 
C-J detonation. A detonation characterized 
by the equivalence of the detonation 


velocity to the velocity of sound in the 
burned gas plus the velocity of flow of the 
burned gases. I.C. 8137, 1963, p. 76. 

Cl Chemical symbol for chlorine. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

cl Abbreviation for centiliter. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

clach. Term used among Scottish miners for 
an impure cannel coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

clack. a. The hinged, lidlike part of a check, 
clack, or pump valve. Also called check; 
flap; flapper. Long. b. A. clack or pump 
valve. Long. 

clack door. Eng. The opening into the valve 
chamber to facilitate repairs and renewals 
without unseating the pump or breaking 
the connections. Also, an iron plate bolted 
to the pipe to close the opening. Fay. 

clack-door piece. Eng. A cast-iron pipe having 
an opening in the side for access to the 
clack or valve. Fay. 

clack guard. Scot. A ring to prevent undue 
opening of the clack. Fay. 

clack lid. Scot. The flap of a clack or sta- 
tionary valve. Fay. 

clack piece. The casting forming the valve 
chamber. Fay. 

clack seat. The rim or seat on which the 
hinged lid or flapper of a clack valve 
closes. Long. 

clack valve. A valve having a lidlike piece 
hinged on one side within a chamber that 
permits the flow of a fluid or gas to pro- 
ceed in one direction only. Usually, the 
check valve on the pickup end of a drill- 


clack valve 


pump suction hose is a clack-type valve. 
Also called check valve; flap valve; flapper 
valve; foot valve. Long. 


cladding. a. Covering of one metal with 


another so as to utilize their joint qualities 
or to cheapen cost. The metals are usually 
rolled together under high pressure and 
temperature. Pryor, 3. b. The outer jacket 
of nuclear fuel elements, It prevents cor- 
rosion of the fuel and the release of fission 
products into the coolant. Aluminum, stain- 
less steel, and zirconium are typical clad- 
ding materials. L@L. 


cladgy. A variation of claggy. Fay. 
clad metal. A composite meta] containing two 


or three layers that have been bonded 
together. The bonding may have been ac- 
complished by corolling, welding, casting, 
heavy chemical deposition, or heavy elec- 
troplating. ASM Gloss. 


clad steel. Carbon or low alloy steel having 


a layer of another metal or alloy firmly 
bonded to it. Ham. 


claggy. Newc. a. Adhesive. When the coal 


is tightly joined to the roof, the mine is 
said to have a claggy top. Also spelled 
cladgy. Fay. b. Muddy or clayey dirt. 
Pryor, 3. 

Claibornian. Middle Eocene. A.G.I. Supp. 
claim. a. The portion of mining ground held 
under the Federal and local laws by one 
claimant or association, by virtue of one 
location and record. Lode claims, maxi- 
mum size 600 by 1,500 feet. Placer claims 
600 by 1,320 feet. A claim is sometimes 
called a “‘location.” See also mining claim. 
Fay. b. S. Afr. Land on a mining field 
to which a miner is legally entitled. A 
Transvaal claim has an area of 64,025 
English square feet (or 60,000 Cape square 
feet). It is about 155 feet along the strike 
of the reef, and 413 feet across the line, or 
along the dip of the reef, An area of 1.44 
claims is equal to a South African morgen. 
(In Cape feet, the claim is 150 by 400 
feet.) Mining maps are often designed in 
squares of 1,000 by 1,000 feet, which, 
therefore, contain about 16 claims meas- 
ured horizontally. Beerman. ¢. In Australia, 
a claim is defined as the portion of Crown 
land which any person or number of per- 
sons shall lawfully have taken possession of 
and be entitled to occupy for mining pur- 
poses. No land comprised in any mining 
lease can be considered to be a claim. A 
claim is marked out by fixing in the ground 
posts at each angle of the claim, and it 
need not be surveyed, A miner is required 
to hold a miner’s right before he can legally 
mark out or work a claim. Nelson. 
claimant. In the federal mining law, means 
locator. Ricketts, I. 

claim jumping. The location of a mining 
claim on supposedly excess ground within 
the staked boundaries of an existing loca- 
tion on the theory that the law governing 
the manner of making the original location 
has not been complied with. Ricketts, I. 


claims held in common. The phrase held in 


common means a claim whereof there are 
more owners of a claim than one, while 
the use of the words claims held in com- 
mon, on which work done upon one of 
such claims shall be sufficient, means that 
there must be more than one claim so held, 
in order to make a case where work upon 
one of them shall answer the statutory 
requirements as to all of them. Ricketts, I. 
claim system. A system used mainly in the 
United States that grew up in the early 
days of mining in Western United States, 











212 


following the gold rush of 1849, as an out- 
growth of the desire of the prospector to 
develop a mineral deposit discovered on 
the public lands and to have his claim 
confirmed by law. The mining laws of the 
United States are based on this system, 
whereas most other mining countries follow 
the concession system. Compare concession 
system. Hoov, pp. 365-366. 

clam. a. A clip; a haulage clip; an appliance 
for attaching mine cars to a rope. Mason. 
b. Eng. A bracket or support for a pump; 
a clamp. Fay.. c. A clamshell bucket. 
Nichols. d. To mud-in the door of a kiln. 
ACSG, 1963. 

clammer. A haulage hand who attaches tubs 
to a rope by means of clams. Mason. 

clamming. Local name for the brick and fire- 
clay filling of the wickets of an old-type 
pottery kiln; sometimes spelled clamin. See 
also wicket. Dodd. 

clammings. Entrance to oven. Noke. 

clamp. a. A device to grip and hold in posi- 
tion a piece or part or hold or bind to- 
gether two or more parts, usually with jaws 
or cheeks, at least one of which is movable. 
Also incorrectly called clip. Compare cable 
clamp. Long. b. Eng. A pile of cut and 
dried peat. Standard, 1964. c. Two pieces 
of wood or steel bolted around a pipe to 
stop a leak. Also called cleat. B.S, 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. d. A pile of ore for roasting 
‘or of coal for coking. Fay. e. A device for 
holding two pieces or parts of rope together 
by pressure. Zern. f. See slips, d. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 3. g. A number of bricks piled 
up in a particular form for burning. Web- 
ster 3d, 

clamped. See fixed. Ro. 

clamped roof layer. Roof layers in which the 
edges are clamped, so that the deflection 
and deflection gradient at the edges are 
zero. BuMines Bull. 587, 1960, p. 2. 

clamping. The process of burning bricks in 
clamp. See also clamp, g. Fay. 

clamping screw. A screw fitted on a theodo- 
lite. It is used to clamp the vernier so that 
the tangent screw can be used. Ham. 

clamp kiln. A periodic, updraft, open-top 
kiln of semipermanent construction, simi- 
lar to a scove kiln except that it has walls 
containing fire arches which are laid up 
with scove brick. ACSG, 1963. 

clamp man. See carbon man. D.O.T, Supp. 

clamp, rail. See rail clamp. 

clamps. Split castings with recessed or spiral 
grooves which serve as gripping surfaces. 
Lewis, p. 254. 

clamp screw. A screw that clamps the vernier 
of a calibrated circle on a theodolite, so 
that the fine adjustment (tangent screw) 
can be used to complete alinement of the 
telescope. Usually, in addition to the two 
which clamp vertical and horizontal circle, 
there is a third which clamps together the 
two horizontal plates. Pryor, 3. 

clamshell. A twin-jawed bucket without teeth. 
usually hung from the boom of a crane 
that can be either crawler or wheel 
mounted. The bucket is dropped in the 
open position onto the material to be exca- 
vated or handled. It is then closed, encom- 
passing material between the hinged two 
halves. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

clamshell loader. A grab-type loader acti- 
vated by cables. Used in mucking opera- 
tions. Lewis, p. 186. 

clamshell snapper. There are several sizes of 
clamshell snappers for taking small dis- 
turbed sediment samples. The largest of 
those presently in use aboard Navy survey 








clarifier 


ships is about 30 inches long and weighs 
about 60 pounds, It is ruggedly constructed 
of stainless steel. The cast stainless steel 
snapper jaws are closed by a heavy arm 
actuated by a strong spring and lead 
weight. In the open position a foot device 
extends below the jaws so that it strikes 
the bottom first. The impact moves the 
arms up releasing the jaws which snap shut 
trapping about a pint of bottom material. 
The snapper is equipped with a tailfin and 
may be lowered from the oceanographic 
winch. H&G. 

clan. a. A clan of rocks is bound together by 
similarities in composition. A.G.J. b. A 
larger compositional category for classify- 
ing igneous rocks; for example, the rhyo- 
lite-granite clan. A clan may be defined 
either by mineralogical or by chemical 
compositional limitations, Also used (Ty- 
rell, 1926) to indicate consanguinity in 
rocks, A.G.I. 

clanger. Eng. See clauncher, a. Fay. 

Clanny lamp. The safety lamp invented by 
Dr. Clanny and first exhibited in 1813. 
He improved the lighting power of the 
lamp by substituting for the lower portion 
of the gauze cover a glass cylinder to sur- 
round the flame, and a shield or bonnet to 
protect the flame from air currents. Nelson. 

clap-me-down. In inclined shaft timbering, a 
joint in which the end pieces are checked 
into the cap and sill for a distance of ap- 
proximately 1 inch, with a bevel on the 
inner side. Higham, p. 148. 

clapotis. The wave pattern established when 
waves are reflected by a barrier so that the 
crests and troughs occur alternately in the 
same places with water particle motion 
limited to vertical movement, while a 
quarter wavelength away the particle mo- 
tion is horizontal, back and forth. This is 
a standing wave phenomenon. Hy. 

clap sill. In hydraulic engineering, a miter 
sill; the bottom part of the frame on which 
lock gates shut; a lock sill. Fay. 

clarain. This term was introduced by M. C. 
Stopes in 1919 to designate the macroscop- 
ically recognizable bright lustrous constitu- 
ent of coal, which in contrast to vitrain, 
is intrinsically striated by dull intercala- 
tions. Nowadays the term is used to de- 
scribe all finely striated bands of coal which 
have an appearance intermediate between 
vitrain and durain. As a general rule, cla- 
rain is the most widely distributed and 
common macroscopic constituent of all 
humic coals. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

Clarendonian. Lower Pliocene or upper Mio- 
cene. A.G.I. Supp. 

clarificant. A substance used for clarifying a 
liquid; for example, isinglass or alum. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

clarification. a. The cleaning of dirty or 
turbid liquids by the removal of suspended 
and colloidal matter. See also recirculation 
of water. Nelson. b, The concentration and 
removal of solids from circulating water in 
order to reduce the suspended solids to a 
minimum. B.S. 3552, 1962. c. In leaching 
process, removal of the last traces of solid 
matter, usually from pregnant solution, for 
example, gold-rich cyanide prior to pre- 
cipitation, Near-colloids are sometimes ad- 
sorbed by diatomaceous earth, the resulting 
liquid being described as limpid, sparkling, 
gin-clear, and polished. Pryor, 3, 

clarified amber. More or less cloudy amber 
which has been clarified by heating in 
rapeseed oil. Shipley. 

clarifier. A centrifuge, settling tank, or other 





clarifier 


device, for separating suspended solid mat- 

ter from a liquid. Hess, 

}\clarifying tank. A tank for clarifying cyanide 

| or other solutions and frequently provided 
with a filtering layer of sand, cotton waste, 
matting, etc. Fay. 

‘clarinite. a. The major maceral or micro- 
petrological constituent of clarain. It is a 
heterogeneous material that is generally 
translucent in thin section, and in which 
there may be intercalated lenticels of such 
other ingredients, as xylinite, fusinite, 
resinite, suberinite, periblinite, collinite, 
and ulminite. A.G.J. b. Strictly, not a 
maceral, but may be used for repetitive 
| description. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

‘elarite. In 1955 the Nomenclature Sub-com- 
mittee of the International Committee for 
Coal Petrology resolved to use this terra 
for the microlithotype consisting princi- 
pally of vitrinite and exinite, It contains 
at least 95 percent of vitrinite and exinite. 
The proportions of these two macerals may 
vary widely but each must be greater than 
the proportion of inertinite, and neither 
must exceed 95 percent. Distinction may 
be made between spore clarite, cuticular 
clarite, and resinous clarite. It is widely 
distributed and very common, particularly 
in clarain type coals and occurs in fairly 
thick bands. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

}Clark circle system. See rotary-hearth kiln. 
Dodd. 

i clarkeite. A massive, dense, strongly radio- 
active mineral, occurring as an alteration 
product of uraninite, (Na,K)2-2.(CaPb) x- 
U20;.yH:O; dark brown to reddish-brown. 
Crosby, pp. 12-13. Brown gummite ; Mitch- 
ell County, N.C. English 

(Clark process. A process for softening water 
by the addition of hydrated lime, which 
precipitates calcium and magnesium bicar- 
bonates. Webster 2d 

(Clark riffler. A sample reducing device which 
splits a batch sample of ground ore into 
two equal streams as it falls across an 
assembly of deflecting chutes. Pryor, 3, p. 
329, 

} clarocollain. A rock-type coal consisting of 

the maceral collinite and lesser quantities 
of other macerals. Compare colloclarain. 

ACG Ti 

| elarocolite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween clarite (predominant) and collite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

\clarodurain. A rock-type coal consisting of 

| the maceral vitrinite (tellenite or collinite ) 

|| and large quantities of other macerals, 
mainly micrinite and exinite. Micrinite 
and exinite are present in larger quantities 

than vitrinite. Compare duroclarain. A.G.I. 

; clarodurite. The term clarodurain was intro- 
duced by G. H. Cady in 1942, and in the 
modified form clarodurite was adopted by 
|| the Nomenclature Sub-committee of the 
International Committee for Coal Petrol- 
ogy in 1956 to designate the microlithotype 
with maceral composition between that of 
clarite and durite but closer to durite than 
to clarite. It occurs in fairly thick bands, 
is widely distributed and, like duroclarite, 
is a common constituent of most humic 
coal. ISCP, 1963, part I. 
| clarofusain. A rock-type coal consisting of 
the macerals fusinite and vitrinite and may 
contain all other macerals. Fusinite is pres- 
ent in a larger quantity than in fusoclarain. 
Compare fusoclarain. A.G.I. 

| clarofusite. A type of coal intermediate be- 


tween clarite (predominant) and fusite. 
; Tomkeieff, 1954. 







1 





213 


clarotelain. A rock-type coal consisting of 
the maceral telinite and smaller quantities 
of other macerals. Compare teloclarain. 
A.G.I. 

clarotelite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween clarite (predominant) and telite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

clarovitrain. A rock-type coal consisting of 
the maceral vitrinite (collinite or telinite) 
with smaller amounts of other macerals. 
Compare vitroclarain. A.G.I. 

clarovitrite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween clarite (predominant) and _ vitrite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

clash. Scot. A thin slurry of clay and water. 
Dodd. 

clasolite. A rock composed of the fragments 
of other rocks. See also clastic. Fay. 

clasp. a. A snugly fitting ferrule for connect- 
ing pump rods. Fay. b. Any of various 
forms of releasable catch, for holding to- 
gether two or more objects or complemen- 
tary parts of anything. Webster 2d. 

class. A division of igneous rocks based on 
the relative proportions of the salic (sili- 
ceous and aluminous minerals, quartz, feld- 
spars, and feldspathoids) and femic (ferro- 
magnesian minerals, pyroxene, amphibole, 
etc.) standard normative minerals as calcu- 
lated from chemical analyses. The descrip- 
tive terms—persalic, dosalic, salfemic, do- 
femic, and perfemic, corresepond to the 
terms—perfelsic, dofelsic, mafelsic, doma- 
fic, and permafic, which are based on the 
relative proportions of the felsic and mafic 
minerals actually present. The division of 
igneous rocks into classes is analogous to 
the less rigid division into hololeucocratic, 
leucocratic, mesocratic, melanocratic, and 
holomelanocratic types. Holmes, 1928. 

classical washout. A belt of barren ground 
or thin coal produced by the erosion of the 
seam by rivers which flowed during or soon 
after the deposition of the coal. These 
erosion channels are now filled with sandy 
sediment. See also rock riders; rock rolls. 
Nelson. 

classification. a. As applied to coal washing, 
the process of separating particles of vari- 
ous sizes, densities, and shapes by allowing 
them to settle in a fluid, Mitchell, p. 257. 
b. The evaluation and segregation of 
trimmed sheet mica according to grades 
and qualities. Skow. c. In powder metai- 
lurgy, separation of a powder into frac- 
tions according to particle size. ASM Gloss. 
d. Grading of particles too small to be 
screened in accordance with their size, 
shape, and density by control of their set- 
tling rate through a flued medium (water, 
slurry, or air), Under free settling condi- 
tions (though a relatively quiet medium), 
this is sedimentation when practiced dis- 
continuously on small quantities of mate- 
rial. With hindered settlement the particles 
gravitate against a rising current of me- 
dium, the flow rate of which is so adjusted 
that the desired heavy or coarse particles 
can fall to a bottom discharge, while the 
lighter ones are upswept at a higher speed 
than is compensated by their falling rate 
and overflow. In continuous free settle- 
ment, withdrawal of the settled fraction is 
made through a spigot, or by means of 
mechanically operated rakes or spirals, 
while the light fraction overflows at the 
upper discharge level of the sorting pool. 
Classification is a sizing operation to some 
extent for homogeneous particles of roughly 
similar shape and a sorting operation when 
particles of different sizes, shapes, and 














clastic deformation 


densities are treated. Pryor, 3. 

classification of crystals. Of 32 possible types 
of symmetry, only eleven are found in 
common minerals. Each type can be re- 
ferred to its set of axes. Classification 
begins with symmetry classes, and con- 
tinues by referring all crystals conforming 
to a given set of axes into a crystal system. 
The latter are cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, 
orthorhombic, monoclinic, and _ triclinic. 
See also crystal. Pryor, 3. 

classification of minerals. Chemically, follow- 
ing Dana, eight types are (1) native ele- 
ments; (2) sulfides, selenides, tellurides, 
arsenides, antimonides; (3)  sulfo-salts; 
sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfobismuth- 
ites; (4) haloids; (5) oxides; (6) oxygen 
salts, carbonates, silicates, etc.; (7) salts 
of organic acids; and (8) hydrocarbon 
compounds. Rutley classifies according to 
group in accordance with the periodic 
table as regards dominant economic con- 
stituents. Silicates are classified by struc- 
tural arrangement of their SiO, group. 
Pryor, 3. 

classification of soils. Soils are classified into 
certain well-defined types dependent on the 
size, shape, and nature of the particles 
For a preliminary classification at the site, 
it is generally sufficient to recognize the 
main types, such as gravels, sands, silts, 
clays, and peat. Later the gravels, sands, 
and silts are subdivided into coarse, me- 
dium, or fine, according to particle size. 
See also soil classification, for dominant 
grain size, etc. Nelson. 

classifier. a. A machine or device for separat- 
ing the constituents of a material (as ore, 
coal, sand) according to relative sizes and 
densities thus facilitating concentration 
and treatment. Webster 3d. Classifiers may 
be hydraulic or surface-current box classi- 
fiers (spitzkasten). Classifiers are also used 
to separate sand from slime, water from 
sand, and water from slime. Fay. b. The 
term classifier is used in particular where 
an upward current of water is used to re- 
move fine particles from coarser material. 
See also centrifugal separation. Nelson. c. 
In mineral dressing, the classifier is a de- 
vice that takes the ball-mill discharge and 
separates it into two portions—the fin- 
ished product, which is ground as fine as 
desens and oversize material. Newton, 
p. 70. 

classifier dredge. A dredge in which the gravel 
goes from the trommel to a classifier and 
then to jigs. This type dredge has become 
a strong competitor of the sluice dredge. 
Lewts, p. 396. 

classifier man. One who separates crushed 
ore into sands (coarse particles) and slimes 
(fine particles) preparatory to further con- 
centration of metal. D.O.T. Supp. 

classifier operator. One who separates coarse 
and fine precipitated alumina particles 
from rich liquor, using hydroseparators, 
thickeners, and classifiers, as a step in the 
alumina-extraction process. Also called 
hydrate-thickener operator. D.O.T. 1. 

classify. The separation of fragments of dif- 
ferent dimensions into classes of different 
size limits as effected in screens and classi- 
fiers. Nelson. 

classing. Sorting ore according to its quality. 
Gordon. 

clastic. Consisting of fragments of rocks or 
of organic structures that have been moved 
individually from their places of origin. 
Compare detrital; fragmental. A.G.J. Supp. 

clastic deformation. One of the processes of 


clastic deformation 


metamorphism that involves the actual 
fracture, rupture, and rolling out of rock 
and mineral particles. In some instances, 
the crystal structure may be preserved but 
the orientation of the fragments becomes 
confused. In other instances, the rock may 
be thoroughly pulverized. Stokes and 
V ernes, 1955. 

clastic dike. A tabular body of clastic mate- 
rial transecting the bedding of a sedimen- 
tary formation, representing extraneous 
material that has invaded the containing 
formation along a crack, either from below 
or from above. Synonym for sandstone 
dike. A.G.I. 

clastic dispersion pattern. A pattern where 
the dispersion is mainly caused by move- 
ment of solid particles. Hawkes, 2, p. 144. 

clasticity index. A measure of the maximum 
apparent grain size of a sediment. A.G.I. 

clastic rock. Any deposit which is composed 
of fragments of pre-existing rocks, or of 
solid products formed during the chemical 
weathering of such older rocks. Examples 
of sediments belonging to this group are 
gravel, sand, mud, and clay, and their 
consolidated sedimentary-rock equivalents, 
conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. The 
clastic rocks are subdivided according to 
the grain size or diameter of their con- 
stituent particles, and many schemes of 
nomenclature have been based upon this 
principle. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

clastic texture. Texture shown by sedimen- 
tary rocks formed from deposits of mineral 
and rock fragments. Leet. 

clastomorphic. Applied to deuteromorphic 
rock constituents, the shapes of which have 
been modified by exogenetic processes, for 
example, the rounded or angular grains of 
a detrital sediment. Schieferdecker. 

clatersal. Small diamond splints from which 
diamond powder is produced by crushing. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

clathrate. A texture found chiefly in leucite 
rocks, in which the leucite crystals are 
surrounded by tangential augite crystals in 
such a way that it suggests a net or a 
section of a sponge, the felted mass of 
augite prismoids representing the threads 
or walls, and the clear, round leucite crys- 
tals, hte holes. Schieferdecker. 

claudetite. The monoclinic phase of arsenic 
oxide, As2Os. Hey 2d, 1955 

clauncher. a. Eng. A tool for cleaning blast 
holes. Also called clanger. Fay. b. Derb. 
A piece of stone, that has a joint back 
of it, which becomes loose and falls when 
the heading has been driven past it. Fay. 

Clausius unit. Unit of entropy (caloric per 
degree). Pryor, 3. 

clausthalite. Lead selenide., PbSe. Fay. 

claut. a. Scot. A scraper with a long handle. 
Fay. b. Mud or rubbish heaped together. 
Standard, 1964. 

clavalite. A belonite with a globular enlarge- 
ment at each end. A.GJ. Supp. 

clay. a. A fine-grained, natural, earthy mate- 
rial composed primarily of hydrous alumi- 
num silicates. It may be a mixture of clay 
minerals and small amounts of nonclay 
materials or it may be predominantly one 
clay mineral. The type clay is determined 
by the predominant clay mineral present 
(that is, kaolin, montmorillonite, illite, 
halloysite, etc.). Bureau of Mines Staff. 
It is plastic when sufficiently wetted, rigid 
when dried en masse, and vitrified when 
fired to a sufficiently high temperature. 
ASTM C242-60T. See also fire clay; clay 








214 


mineral; bentonite. b. It has three aspects: 
(1) a natural material with plastic prop- 
erties; (2) an essential composition of par- 
ticles of very fine size; and (3) an essential 
composition of crystalline fragments of 
minerals that are essentially hydrous alumi- 
num silicates or occasionally hydrous mag- 
nesium silicates. The term implies nothing 
regarding origin but is based on properties, 
texture, and composition, that are inter- 
related, for example, the plastic properties 
are the result of the constituent minerals 
and their small grain size. A.G.J. c. Soil 
consisting of inorganic material, the grains 
of which have diameters smaller than 
0.005 millimeter. A.G.J, d. According to 
international classification, it has a grain 
size less than 0.002 millimeter. C.T.D. ec. 
A general term applied to the material 
added to water to prepare a drilling mud. 
Long. 

clay adsorption, anion. The adsorption of 
anions either on basal OH surfaces, i.e., 
structural hydroxyis are replaced by other 
anions, or on edges where unsatisfied posi- 
tive bonds occur. Exchange of edge hy- 
droxyis may also occur. ACSG, 1963. 

clay adsorption, cation. The adsorption of 
cations either on basal surfaces where nega- 
tive charges occur, possibly as a result of 
isomorphous replacements within the lat- 
tice, and/or adsorption on prism surfaces 
where unsatisfied negative bonds may 
occur. Basal surface adsorption predomi- 
nates in three-layer clays while edge ad- 
sorption predominates in kaolin clays. 
ACSG, 1963. 

clay-and-shale feeder. 
feeder, D.O:D. t: 

clay back. A back slip in a coal seam contain- 
ing a clayey deposit. Nelson. 

clay bals. See armored mud balls. Pettijohn. 

clay band. Scot. A clay ironstone. Nelson. 

clay band ironstone. Impure argillaceous car- 
bonate of iron occurring in sandstones and 
shales, either as definite layers or as nod- 
ules. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

clay bank. a. A bank of clay. Webster 2d. 
b. A brownish orange that is yellower and 
paler than leather or spice and yellower 
and light than gold pheasant. Webster 3d. 

clay barrel. See triple-tube core barrel. Long. 

clay bit. A mud auger; a mud bit; also, a bit 
designed for use on a clay barrel. See also 
clay-boring bit. Long. 

clay book tile. Structural clay tile with 
tongue and groove edges resembling a book 
in shape. Hess. 

clay-boring bit. A special coring bit used on 
split-inner-tube core barrels, Thickness of 
bit face is reduced and inside shoulder is 
not inset with diamonds, to allow a sharp- 
edged extension of the inner barrel to ex- 
tend through and project a short distance 
beyond the face of the bit. Also called clay 
bit; mud bit. Long. 

clay building brick. Brick for normal con- 
structional purposes; such brick can be 
made from a variety of brick clays. Rele- 
vant British Standards are B.S.-657 (Di- 
mensions) and B.S.-1257 (Testing). The 
United States Standards are—ASTM-C62 
(Building Brick); ASTM-C216 (Facins 
Brick), and ASTM-C67 (Sampling and 
Testing). Dodd. 

clay carman. One who drives a small dump 
car used for transporting clay, shale, and 
rock from an open pit to a tipple or to 
crushing machine. D.O.T. 1. 

clay carrier. One who carries clay and molds 
to ware former or to batter-out for mold- 


See shale-and-clay 














clay handler 


ing, Picks up scrap clay and returns it to 
mill for reuse. Prepares and carries slip for 
casting, putting clay, water, and other ma- 
terials into blunger (mixer), and starting 
machine. Also called scrapman. D.O.T. 1. 

clay, clear. A natural, hydrous, aluminum 
silicate which, when used as a mill addi- 
tion in enamel millings, imparts very little 
opacity to the fired enamel. Consequently, 
this type of clay is used in enamels where 
brilliance and depth of color are of prime 
importance, Enam. Dict. 

clay content. See shrinkage test. Nelson. 

clay course. A clay seam or clay gouge found 
along the sides of some veins. Fay. 

claycrete. The weathered argillaceous layer 
immediately overlying bedrock. A.G I. 
Supp. 

clay cutter. Cutting ring at entry to pipe 
feeding into suction cutter dredge. Set of 
cutting blades in dredge trommel, used 
to break clay brought up by dredge 
buckets. Pryor, 3. 

clay dam. a. Mid. A stopping made of 
puddled and well-beaten clay, from 12 to 
36 inches thick, and rammed into the 
roof, floor, and sides of the excavation 
made to receive it. Fay. b. A stopping or 
dam, wherein the seal against water is 
provided by puddled clay inserted between 
brick walls or wooden planks. B.S. 36/8, 
1963, sec. 4. 

clay dauber. One who seals kiln doors before 
burning and kiln fireboxes after burning 
and assists other workers in knocking out 
doors and in unsealing fireboxes after 
cooling, Also called dauber; plaster man. 
DIOLIAMs 

clay digger. See clay-mine loader. D.O.T. 1. 

clay, domestic. Any clay mined in the United 
States for domestic use. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

claydune. A dune composed of clay particles 
heaped up by the wind. A.G_I. 

clayer. Scot. A rod for forcing clay into 
joints of strata in wet shotholes. See also 
cliay iron. Fay. 

clayey breccia. A breccia in which rubble 
and silt each composes over 10 percent 
and other material less than 10 percent 
of the aggregate. A.G.I. 

clayey soil. A soil in which clay is the basic 
constituent. The clay contributes to 
strength by cohesion, but detracts from 
stability by volume change and by plastic 
flow under load. Nelson. : 

clay feeder. See  shale-and-clay feeder. 
DiC Ir 


clay galls. a. Mud curls or cylinders formed | 


by drying and cracking of thin layers of 
coherent mud; commonly rolled or blown 
into sand and buried; flattened upon wet- 
ting forming a lenticular bleb of clay or 
shale. Pettijohn. b. Eng. Clay gall pellets | 
of clay or mudstone, often ocherous, some- 
times hollow, found especially in false- 
bedded oolitic limestones such as forest 
marble. Compare cricks, Arkell. 

clay gouge. a. A thin seam of clay separating | 
ore, or ore and rock. Weed, 1922. b. A 
claylike material found in the brecciated 
or gouge zone of a fault; also, sometimes 
found in the walls or within ore veins. 
Long. 

clay grinder. See grinder. D.O.T. 1. 

clay-grog mortar. See grog fire clay mortar. 
ART: 

clay gun. Equipment used to fire a ball of 
fire clay into the taphole of a blast fur- 
nace. Pryor, 3. See also mud gun. 

clay handler. A laborer who mixes fire clay | 








clay handler 


with water and heat-resisting materials to 

form a plastc mixture suitable for making 

condensers and retorts used in smelting 

| zinc ore to recover the zinc. D.O.T. 1. 

| clay, hi-set. The term applied to clays which 

impart characteristic stiffness to enamel 

slips. Enam. Dict. 

‘clay hog. a. In a coalbed, a pinched place 
filled with clay. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
Mid. See wash fault. Fay. 
| clay hoister. One who transfers damp clay 
| from storage cellar to clay shop where it 

is formed into ware. D.O.T. 1. 

‘clay hole. A cavity, in a rock, filled with 
clayer material. See also clay pocket. Fay. 

claying. Lining a borehole with clay, to keep 
the powder dry. Fay. 

_claying bar. A rod or tool for lining a newly 
made coal shot hole with clay to seal up 
any breaks in the walls of the hole. The 
hole is filled with clay to about one-third 
of its length. The claying bar is driven in 
by hammer to the limit and rotated by a 
tommy bar in the eyelet at the outer end 
of the bar. See also scraper and break de- 
tector. Nelson. 

clay iron. An iron rod used for ramming clay 

into wet drill holes. Webster 2d. See also 

i bull, a; claying bar. Fay. 

| claying-up man. See bedder. D.O.T. 1. 

clay ironstone. a. A clayey rock heavily 

charged with iron oxide, usually limonite; 
commonly in concretionary form. A.G.I. 
b. Clayey iron carbonate. A heavy compact 
or fine-grained clayey-looking rock, oc- 
curring in nodules and uneven beds among 
carboniferous and other rocks. It contains 
only 20 to 30 percent iron, and yet much 
of the iron produced by the United King- 
dom is produced from it. Fay. c. Applied 
to sheetlike deposits of concretionary 
masses consisting of argillaceous siderite, 
as occur with carbonaceous _ strata. 
Schieferdecker. 

_clayite. A hydrous silicate of aluminum, 
| AlzO3.2SiO2.2H:O. This name has been 
suggested for “colloidal kaolinite.” A num- 
ber of English fire clays are found to 
consist chiefly of clayite. English. 
|) clay kiln. A kiln or stove for burning clay. 
Fay. 
| clay lath. British Standards 2705 describes 

this as copper-finished steel wire mesh at 
the intersections of which suitably shaped 
unglazed clay nodules have been bonded 
by a firing process. Clay lath provides a 
stable, well-keyed base to cover the whole 
of a surface with the minimum number 
of joints; it is supplied to rolls or mats. 
Dodd. 

clay loader. A machine used for loading clay 
transportation to the plant or a workman 
responsible for operating a clay-loading 
machine. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

|} clay loam. A fine-textured soil that breaks 
into clods or lumps which are hard when 
dry. When the moist soil is pinched be- 
tween the thumb and finger, it will form 
a thin ribbon which will break readily, 
barely sustaining its own weight. The moist 
soil is plastic and will form a cast that 
will bear much handling. When kneaded 
in the hand, it does not crumble readily 
but tends to work into a heavy compact 
mass. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

‘clay, low-set. The term applied to those clays 
which, when used in enamel millings, pro- 
duce thin or runny slips, as compared to 
normal consistency. Enam. Dict. 

‘clay maker. On who blends and mixes the 
various clays, as shipped from the mine, 


| 


264-972 O-68—15 











215 


into a thin, semiliquid form by operating 
blunger (mixing machine). Also called 
blunger machine operator; clay mixer; 
clay washer; slip maker; slip mixer; wet 
mixeryD.O Weds, 

clay marl. A whitish, smooth, chalky clay; 
a marl in which clay largely predominates. 
Webster 3d. 

clay micronized. A term applied to clay that 
has been processed through a micronizer. 
Enam., Dict. 

clay mill. A mill for mixing and tempering 
clay; a pug mill. Fay. 

clay mineral. A colloidal size, crystalline, 
hydrous silicate with a crystal structure of 
the two-layer type, kaolinite, or of the 
three-layer type, montmorillonite, in which 
silicon and aluminum ions have tetra- 
hedral coordination with repsect to oxy- 
gen, while aluminum, ferrous and ferric 
iron, magnesium, chromium, lithium, man- 
ganese, and other ions have octahedral 
coordination with respect to oxygen or to 
hydroxyl groups. Exchangeable cations 
may be on the surfaces of the silicate lay- 
ers, in an amount determined by the ex- 
cess negative charge within the composite 
layer. These cations usually are calcium 
and sodium, but may also be potassium, 
magnesium, hydrogen, aluminum, etc. The 
most common clay minerals belong to the 
kaolinite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, and 
illite (or hydromica) groups. Mixed-layer 
clay minerals are either randomly or 
regularly interstratified intergrowths of 
two or more clay minerals. A.G.J. 

clay mortar-mix. Finely ground clay used 
as a plasticizer for masonry mortars. 
ACSG, 1963. 

claypan. a. Aust. A shallow silted depres- 
sion in which water collects after it rains. 
Webster 3d. b. A stratum of stiff, compact, 
relatively impervious clay which is not 
cemented and, if immersed in water, may 
be worked into a soft plastic mass, It dif- 
fers from hardpan. Stokes and Varnes, 
19595: 

clay parting. a. Clayey material bound be- 
tween a vein and its wall. Also called cas- 
ing; parting. Fay. b. Seams of hardened 
carbonaceous clay between or in beds of 
coal. Hess. 

claypit. a. A sump in which a drilling mud 
is mixed and stored. Long. b. A pit or 
sump in which the return fluid from the 
borehole is collected and stored for re- 
circulation. Long. c. A pit where clay is 
dug. Fay. 

clay plug. A sediment with much organic 
muck deposited in a cutoff river meander. 
A.GI. Supp. 

clay pocket. A clay-filled cavity in rock; a 
mass of clay in rock or gravel. See also 
clay hole. Hess. 

clay press. A press used to squeeze water out 
of slip, which is then dried and ground. 
CEPyD: 

clay products glazer. One who dips shaped 
or molded clay products into a glaze solu- 
tion that makes a hard shiny surface when 
subjected to high temperatures in a kiln. 
DOT As 

clay puddle. A plastic material produced by 
mixing clay with about one-fifth of its 
weight of water used to provide a water- 
tight blanket, employed for lining canals 
or in the cutoff walls of dams. Ham. 

clay puddler. See batch mixer. D.O.T. 1. 

clay pugger. See pug-mill operator. D.O.T. 1. 

clay, purified. Dry, powdered clay from which 
natural impurities have been removed by 








clay stone 


any of the various clay beneficiation meth- 
ods. Enam. Dict. 

clay rag. Glouc. Stone found in claypits. 
Arkell. 

clay rock. A rock composed of fine, argil- 
laceous, detrital material and chiefly that 
derived from the decompoistion of feld- 
spars; indurated clay, sufficiently hardened 
to be incapable of using as a clay with- 
out grinding, but not chemically altered or 
metamorphosed. Also called clay stone. 
Fay. 

clay sampler. A special tool for obtaining 
laboratory samples of clay. Ham. 

clay sapropel. Clay deposit containing sap- 
ropel. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

clay seam. A seam of clay in rocks; also, 
may be a fault gouge. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

clay shale. Shale composed wholly or chiefly 
of argillaceous material. Fay. 

clay shredder. A unit for the preliminary 
preparation of plastic clay. The machine 
consists of a hopper with a flat or conical 
base; adjustable knives operate from a ver- 
tical, central, rotating shaft. The clay 
falls from the shredder through slots in 
the casing. Dodd. 

clay size. That portion of the soil or of sedi- 
ments that is finer than 0.002 millimeter 
or finer than 0.005 millimeter in some in- 
stances. ASCE P1826. 

clay slate. a. Slate derived from shale. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. Very hard consolidated shale. 
A.G.I, ‘Supp. c. A variety of slate, the 
cleavage planes of which lack the luster 
found in slates, and thus approach phy!l- 
lite. The term also distinguishes argillace- 
ous slates from slates derived from volcanic 
ash. Holmes, 1928. 

clay soil. A fine-textured soil that forms very 
hard lumps or clods when dry. When dry 
clay soil is pinched out between the thumb 
and fingers, it will form a long flexible 
ribbon. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

clay soils. See sedimentation test. Ham. 

Clayspar. Trade name for a siliceous raw 
material occurring in Scandinavia and 
containing approximately 95 percent SiO», 
2.5 percent AloOs, 1.5 percent K2O, and 
0.5 percent NazO. Dodd. 

clay sponge. See ceramic sponge. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

clay-spray cutter. One who trims colored 
bands painted on surface of green ware to 
specified thickness by rotating ware on 
wheel and cutting away excess band, using 
carbide cutting tool. D.O.T. Supp. 

clay stains. Yellowish-brown or rust-colored 
films from deposits of clay minerals. Skow. 

clay state. A pottery article is in the clay 
state when it is shaped but not yet fired. 
Rosenthal. 

clay stome. a. Aust. A soft, earthy, feld- 
spathic rock occurring in veins and having 
the appearance of indurated clay. Fay. b. 
One of the concretionary masses of clay 
frequently found in alluvial deposits, in 
the form of flat rounded disks either sim- 
ple or variously united so as to give rise 
to curious shapes. They are sometimes al- 
most as regular as if turned in a lathe. 
Fay. c. In spite of the several meanings, 
the term is a good one and should be re- 
tained as applicable to indurated clay in 
the same sense as sandstone is applicable 
to indurated or cemented sand. The ap- 
plication of the term to concretionary 
bodies should be abandoned and these 
things given the correct name. The appli- 
cation to a partially weathered feldspathic 


clay stone 


igneous rock should also be given up. 
A.G.I. 


clay stone porphyry. An old and somewhat 


indefinite name for those porphyries whose 
naturally fine groundmass is more or less 
kaolinized, so as to be soft and earthy, 
suggesting hardened clay. Fay. 


clay substance. Does not exist in nature and 


is a term used by ceramists for ceramic 
calculations, designating theoretically pure 
clay. Rosenthal. 


clay temperer. See millman; wet-pan oper- 


ators DOW oie 


clay thrower. See thrower. D.O.T. 1. 
clay vein. a. Structural features occurring 


most frequently in areas where the coal 
is folded to the extent that there are well- 
developed fractures and face cleats. A 
clay underlying the seam where there is 
considerable overburden is squeezed into 
these voids. Where there features assume 
any considerable linear extent, they re- 
semble veins. Also called dirt slips. Ken- 
tucky, p. 24. b. Clay filling of a fracture 
in a coalbed, usually from the roof but 
may be from the floor. Ranges from a 
filmlike trace to many feet in thickness 
and may extend laterally for several hun- 
dred feet. May act as a barrier to migra- 
tion of water and gases, such as methane. 
The source material of the clay filling is 
sedimentary in origin. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. A body of clay, usually roughly 
tabular in form like an ore vein, that 
fills a crevice in a coal seam. It is believed 
to have originated where the pressure was 
high enough to force clay from the roof or 
floor into small fissures and in many in- 
stances, to alter and to enlarge them. Also 
called horseback. A.G.I. 


clay ware. a. Potter’s term for shaped pot- 


tery before firing. Rosenthal. b. Every- 
thing made of clay. Rosenthal. 


clay wash. a. A deposit of clay transported 


and deposited by water. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. The agitation of an oil with 
fuller’s earth or some other clay to im- 
prove the color or odor of the oil. Porter. 
c. A thin emulsion of clay. and water, 
sometimes used to strengthen the face of 
the mold. Freeman. d. Clay thinned with 
water and used for coating gaggers and 
flasks. Crispin. 


clay washer. See clay maker. D.O.T. 1. 
clay-water pastes, yield point. See yield 


point. ACSG, 1963. 


clay winning. The mining and processing of 


clay raw materials. ACSG, 1963. 


clay with flints. A deposit of mixed chalk 


flints and clay in England that lies direct- 
ly on the Chalk in many areas and is 
often seen in potholes or in pipes. It 
is usually ascribed to the effect of solu- 
tion-weathering on the Chalk, but in many 
instances, there may be an additional ad- 
mixture of Tertiary materials. The clay is 
reddish or brown, very tenacious, and 
often nearly black at the base of the deposit, 
becoming lighter and more sandy higher. 
Unfortunately, the term has been loosely 
applied to almost all the clay-flint drift 
deposits that rest on the Chalk. Holmes, 
1928. 

clay worker. See blunger loader. D.O.T. 1. 
clead. Eng. To cover with planks. Fay. 
cleading. A lining or covering of boards, 
planks, battens, or nonconducting mate- 
rial (as for lining a ship’s cabin or a 
mine shaft or for insulating a boiler or 
engine cylinder) ; lagging. Webster 3d. 
clean. a. N. of Eng. Free from firedamp 








216 


or other noxious gases. Fay. b. A coal seam 
free from dirt partings. Fay. c. A diamond 
or other gem stone free from interior 
flaws. Hess. d. A borehole free of cave or 
other obstructing material. Long. e. To 
remove cave or other obstructing material 
from a borehole. Long. f. A mineral vir- 
tually free of undesirable nonore or waste- 
rock material. Long. g. Empty. Long. h. 
Free of foreign material. In reference to 
sand or gravel, means lack of binder. 
Nichols, i. To undergo or perform the 
process of cleaning; to clean up; to make 
a cleanup. Webster 3d. 

Clean Air Act. An Act which became part 
of Great Birtain’s national legislation in 
July 1956, although its main provisions 
did not become effective until June 1, 
1958. Its objective is to reduce atmos- 
pheric pollution to acceptable limits. Inter 
alia, it empowers local authorities to de- 
clare smoke control areas in which the 
emission of any smoke from chimneys will 
constitute an offense. See also chimney; 
coal smoke; grit; smoke. Nelson. 

clean bomb. A nuclear bomb that produces 
relatively little radioactive fallout. L@L. 

clean cutting. A rock formation, the cuttings 
of which do not tend to mud up on the 
face of a diamond- or other-type bit. 
Long. 

clean cuttings. Rock cuttings that do not 
ball or adhere to the walls of the borehole; 
also, rock cuttings not contaminated by 
cave material or drill-mud ingredients 
Long. 

cleaned coal. Coal produced by a cleaning 
process (wet or dry). B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cleaner. a. Scot. A scraper for cleaning 
out a shothole. Fay. b. One who selects 
best grades of asbestos filter that have 
been separated from rock, and picks out 
all foreign matter. D.O.T. I. c. A solution, 
usually alkaline, used to remove oil, grease, 
drawing compounds, and loose dirt from 
metal as a step in preparing the surface 
for porcelain enameling. ASTM C286-65. 
d. A substance used to remove soil from 
metal parts prior to pickling. ACSB-3. 

cleaner cells; recleamer cells. Secondary cells 
for the retreatment of the concentrate 
from primary cells. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cleaning plant. See coal washer, b; prepara- 
tion plant. Pryor, 3. 

cleaner man. One who operates a battery of 
cleaner jigs that separate the coarser 
grains of ore from the finer particles by 
agitation and screening in water. D.O.T. 1. 

cleaners. Materials that are used in the por- 
cerlain enameling industry to clean the 
metal are usually alkaline and can be 
divided into groups as follows: (1) clean- 
ing by chemical action, as with caustic 
soda; (2) cleaning by emulsification, as 
with soaps; and (3) cleaning by mechan- 
ical action, as with insoluble abrasive 
materials. Lee. 

cleaners-up. The men employed in removing 
the debris from the cut made by a long- 
wall coal-cutting machine. Synonymous 
with gummer. TIME. 

clean hole. A borehole free of cave or other 
obstructing material. Long. 

cleaning. a. The retreatment of the rough 
concentrate to improve its quality. Pryor, 
4, p. 816. b. The process of removing oil, 
shop dirt, and drawing compounds from 
sheet iron parts prior to pickling. This is 
usually accomplished by submerging the 
ware in a boiling solution of alkalies com- 
pounded under various trade names. Oil 





cleanup barrel 


and grease solvents are sometimes used, 
but must be followed by a boiling alkaline 
bath treatment. Hansen. c. The removal 
of grease or other foreign material from 
a surface. Lowenheim. d. A general term 
for the methods and processes of separat- 
ing dirt from coal, or gangue from min- 
eral. See also coal-preparation plant; 
roughing. Nelson. 

cleaning, coal. The treatment of coal to 
lower the mineral matter (ash) content. 
Brag 502 41 9G2: 

cleaning, dry. The mechanical separation of 
impurities from coal: by methods which 
avoid the use of a liquid. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cleaning of coal at the face. Means the re- 
moval of a visible impurity. Mitchell, p. 
2213 

cleaning solution. For laboratory glassware, 
mixed sulfuric acid (concentrated) and 
saturated sodium dichromate solution in 
ratio 100/1. Prpor, 3. 

cleaning, wet. The mechanical separation of 
impurities from coal by methods involving 
the use of a liquid. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cleanout. a. To remove cave or other ob- 
structing material from a borehole. Long. 
b. A port or opening provided in the body 
or base of a machine or other mechanism 
through which accumulated debris may be 
removed. Long. 

cleanout auger. See cleanout jet auger. Long. 

cleanout driller. In petroleum production, 
one who cleans out cave-ins of old wells, 
using a special string of tools attached to 
cable. He removes, cleans, and_ resets 
screens or liners, used to exclude sand 
and rock and prevent caving of oil- or gas- 
bearing strata at the bottom of the well. 
Also called cleanout man; fisherman; well 
cleaner. D.O.T. 1. 

cleanout jet auger. An auger equipped with 
water-jet orfices designed to clean out col- 
lected material inside a driven pipe or 
casing before taking soil samples from 
strata below the bottom of the casing. 
Also called cleanout auger; M.P.F.M. jet 
auger. Long. 

cleanout man. See cleanout driller. D.O.T. 1. 

cleanout tooldresser. In petroleum produc- 
tion, one who sharpens, tempers, and re- 
pairs the tools used in cleaning out oil 
or gas wells. D.O.T. 1. 

cleanser; clanser. Eng. An iron tube or 
shell, with which a borehole is cleaned. 
Fay. 

cleansing. S. Staff. Clearing and making 
fit for traversing old gate roads; carrying 
out cuttings from the mine; clearing the 
sumps at bottom of shafts. Fay. 

clean toe. A sufficient shattering of the ma- 
terial that constitutes the toe to make its 
entire removal possible without excessive 
secondary blasting. Compare toe, c and d. 
Fay. 

cleanup. a. The operation of collecting all 
the valuable product of a given period of 
operation in a stamp mill, or in a hydraul- 
ic or placer mine. Fay. b. The valuable 
material resulting from a cleanup. Fay. c. 
To load out all the coal a miner has 
broken. Fay. d. An opportunity to clean 
up. Fay, e. The cleanup of sluices in 
placer mining is a similar process which 
occurs daily or more often. The gold, tin, 
or other concentrate is shoveled out for 
further treatment. Nelson. f. To police 
and tidy up drill and premises around a 
drill rig. Lony. 

cleanup barrel. One used to batch grind and 
then amalagamate gold-bearing concen- 





























cleanup barrel 


trates and hesidues. Pryor, 3, p. 87. 

cleanup man. a. The man who performs the 
operation described under cleanup, a Fay. 
b. See wasternan. D.O.T. 1. 

cleap. A cleaving crosswise of the bedding in 
a coal seam: a cleat. Standard, 1964. 

clear. a. Translucent diamonds with few 
visible spots or flaws. Long. b. Water that 
has not been recirculated in drilling and 
hence is free of drill cuttings and sludge. 
Also applied to return water when it con- 
tains little or no entrained cuttings or 
sludge. Long. c. A safe working place. 
Long. See also clean, a and b. 

clearance. a. The space between the top or 
side of a car and the roof or wall. Fay. b. 
Technically, the annular space between 
downhole drill-string equipment, such as 
bits, core barrels, casing, etc., and the 
walls of the borehole with the downhole 
equipment centered in the hole. Loosely, 
the term is commonly and incorrectly used 
as a synonym for exposure. See also ex- 
posure, a. Long. c. The amount of open 
space around a drill or piece of mining 
equipment in an underground workplace. 
Long. d. The gap or space between two 
mating parts. ASM Gloss. e. Space pro- 
vided between the relief of a cutting tool 
and the surface cut. ASM Gloss. 

clearance angle. The angle between a plane 
containing the flank of the tool and a 
plane passing through the cutting edge 
in the direction of relative motion between 
the cutting edge and work. ASM Gloss. 

clearance space. A space in pumps of the 
piston and ram types, usually quite small, 
between the cylinder end and the piston 
at the end of its stroke. The height to 
which water can be raised on the suction 
side is influenced by the volume of this 
space. Mason, V. 2, p. 164. 

clear ceramic glaze. The same as ceramic 
color glaze except that it is translucent 
or slightly tinted with a gloss finish. 
ACSG, 1963. 

clear ceramic glazed tile. Facing tile whose 
surface faces are covered by an insepara- 
ble, fire-bonded, translucent, or tinted 
ceramic glaze of lustrous finish. ASTM 
C43-65T. 

clear clay. A clay such as kaolin that is free 
from organic matter and so does not give 
rise to bubbles if used in a _ vitreous 
enamel; such clays are used in enamels 
when good gloss and clear colors are re- 
quired. Dodd. 

clearer. a. Eng. Miners who undercut the 
coal, working at distances of 3 or 4 yards 
apart along the face. Fay. b. A reservoir 
(in saltmaking) into which bring is con- 

| veyed. Fay. 

clear frit. A frit that remains essentially 

| transparent or nonopaque when processed 
into a porcelain enamel. ASTM C286-65. 

clear glaze. A colorless or colored transparent 
ceramic glaze. ASTM C242-60. 

clearing. The removal of all standing growths, 
whether of bushes or of trees. Carson, p. 
88. 

clearing and grubbing. Removal of tree 
stumps before excavation starts on a con- 
struction site. Ham. 

clearing hole. A hole drilled to a slightly 
larger diameter than the bolt passing 
through it. The clearance for black bolts 
is normally one-sixteenth of an inch. Ham. 

clear melting. The process of keeping the 
glass in a molten condition for a time 
sufficient to permit the impurities or un- 
combined substances to settle. Fay. 








217 


clear mica. Transparent muscovite without 
stains and with a smooth surface in re- 
flected light. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

clear span. The clear unobstructed distance 
between the inner extremities of the two 
supports of a beam. This dimension is al- 
ways less than the effective span. Ham. 

clear water reservoir. See service reservoir. 
Ham. 

cleat. a. Main joint in a coal seam along 
which it breaks most easily. Runs in two 
directions, along and across the seam. 
Pryor, 3. b. A small piece of wood nailed 
to two planks to keep them together, or 
nailed to any structure to make a support 
for something else. Fay. c. Eng. A 
wooden wedge four or five inches square 
placed between the top of a post and the 
underside of a bar or cap. Fay. d. Eng. 
A piece (or pieces) of wood fastened to 
pump spears for the purpose of steadying 
them, and preventing them from wearing 
where they pass through the collaring, 
and to prevent the edges of the spear 
plates and bolts from injuring the pumps. 
Fay. e. An attachment fastened to the 
conveying medium to act as a pusher, sup- 
port, check or trip, etc., to help propel 
material, parts or packages along the nor- 
mal path of conveyor travel. May be of 
various sizes and shapes to suit the ap- 
plication. ASA MH4.1-1958. f. Systems 
of joints, cleavage planes or planes of 
weakness found in coal seams. The more 
pronounced points are called face cleats 
and are normally parallel to the line or 
direction of regional folding. It is common 
for a set of joints, which are approximately 
parallel cracks or fissures a few inches 
apart, to occur though not as well de- 
veloped and usually nearly at right angles 
to the face cleats. These are known as 
butt cleats. Kentucky, p. 23. g. Coal seams 
are usually intersected by a series of in- 
clined joints which are often well devel- 
oped. These joints have received distinctive 
names, such as cleat or slips though bord 
is sometimes employed. Usually there are 
two distinct systems of joints coursing at 
roughly right angles to each other. The 
term cleat or face cleat is applied to the 
major joints and end cleats to the minor 
joints. Nelson. h. Joints in coal more or 
less normal to the bedding planes. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 5. i. See clamp. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. 

cleat spar. York. Crystalline mineral mat- 
ter, often ankerite, occurring in the cleat 
cracks of coal. Arkell. 

cleavage. a. In mineralogy, the property 
possessed by many minerals of being rather 
easily split parallel to one or more of the 
crystallographic planes characteristic of 
the mineral. Fay. b. A tendency in rocks 
to cleave or to split along definite, parallel, 
closely spaced planes which may be highly 
inclined to the bedding planes. It is a sec- 
ondary structure, commonly confined to 
bedded rocks, developed by pressure, and 
ordinarily accompanied by at least some 
recrystallization of the rocks. Cleavage 
should not be confused with the fractur- 
ing of rocks, which is jointing. See also 
joint, a. Fay. c. In quarrying, the cleavage 
of rocks is often called the rift. Nelson. d. 
A fragment of a crystalline substance, 
such as a diamond produced by cleaving. 
Long. e. Severance of glass; usually the 
final separation resulting from scoring 
with a glasscutter. Kinney. 

cleavage banding. A compositional banding 











cleve 


that is parallel to the cleavage rather than 
to the bedding. It results from the mech- 
anical movement of incompetent material, 
such as argillaceous rocks, into the cleav- 
age planes in a more competent rock as 
sandstone. Ordinarily, the argillaceous 
bands are only a few millimeters thick. 
See also segregation banding. A.G.I. 

cleavage fracture. A fracture, usually of a 
polycrystalline metal, in which most of 
the grains have failed by cleavage, re- 
sulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one 
type of crystalline fracture. Contrast with 
shear fracture. ASM Gloss. 

cleavage plane. a. The crystallographic plane, 
which can be likened to the grain in ‘wood, 
along which a crystalline substance, such 
as diamond, may be split easily. See also 
cleavage, d. Long. b. Any uniform joint, 
crack, or change in quality of formation 
along which rock will break easily when 
dug or blasted. Nichols. c. The plane along 
which the cleavage takes place. Fay. 

cleavages. As used by the diamond-cutting 
and diamond-bit-setting industries, the 
more or less flat diamond fragments pro- 
duced by splitting a crystalline diamond 
along the octahedral plane. Such frag- 
ments are used primarily as a material 
from which  special-shaped, diamond- 
pointed cutting tools are produced. Long. 

cleavage stepping. Small, sharp, subparallel 
monoclinal flexures that distort the cleav- 
age face into a series of broad low steps. 
Skow. 

cleavage structure. A structure, within a 
single grain or crystal, resulting from 
minerzl cleavage. Schieferdecker. 

cleavage way. Rift; first way; reed. Arkell. 

cleave. 2. Scot. One of two or more divi- 
sions of a seam, usually ironstone. Fay. b. 
To split a crystalline substance, such as 
a dianiond, along a cleavage plane. Long. 

cleavelandite. A white, lamellar, variety of 
albite. Dana 17. 

cleaves. Eng. Soft red sandstone of the New 
Red Sandstone formation, Radstock dis- 
trict. Arkell. 

cleaving. Splitting a crystal along a cleavage 
plane. Hess. 

cleavings. Eng. Divisions of beds of coal, 
in the direction of the laminae, either 
horizontal or inclined. Fay. See also com- 
posite seam. 

cleaving way. Corn. A direction parallel to 
the bedding planes of a rock. Compare 
quartering way. Fay. 

cledge. Eng. A clay or stiff loam; also, the 
upper stratum of certain beds of fuller’s 
earth. Webster 2d. 

cleek. a. Scot. To load cages at the shaft 
bottom or at midworkings. Fay. b. Scot. 
A haulage clip. Fay. 

cleek coal. Scot. Coal as it comes from the 
mine. See also run-of-mine. Fay. 

cleeksman; cleekie. Scot. An early term for 
the person who unhooked the baskets of 
coal at the shaft mouth. Fay. 

cleet. Derb. See cleat, c. Fay. 

Clerici solution. A molecular mixture of thal- 
lium malonate and thallium formate. Used 
as a heavy solution for the separation of 
minerals. The solution has a maximum 
density of 4.25 at 20°C. It is prepared by 
adding to one of two equal quantities of 
thallium carbonate, formic acid and to the 
other malonic acid until each is neutral- 
ized. The two solutions are then mixed, 
filtered and evaporated until almandite 
floats. Hess. 

cleve. Eng. A steep hillside; a cliff. Standard, 


cleve 


1964. 

cleveite. A variety of uraninite containing a 
large percentage of UOs, and also rich in 
helium. Contains about 10 percent of the 
yttrium earths. Fay. 

Cleveland iron ore. Same as Cleveland iron- 
stone. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Cleveland ironstone. A sandy odlitic siderite 
bed of Lias age, mined for iron in the 
Cleveland district of Yorkshire, England. 
The ore is said to have averaged about 
30 percent iron. Hess. 

clevis. a. In coal mining, a spring hook or 
snap hook used to attach the hoisting rope 
to the bucket. Also called clivvy. Pryor, 3. 
b. A U-shaped iron used with an iron 
pin for connecting ropes to the drawbars 
of cars or, when used with iron links, for 
coupling cars together. Jones. Also used 
as a connecting link between chains or 
lines or to hang a sheave in a drill tripod 
or derrick. Long. 

cliachite. a. A ferruginous bauxite from Cli- 
ache, Dalmatia, Yugoslavia. English. b. 
Colloidal aluminum hydroxide occurring 
as one of the constituents of bauxite. See 
also sporogelite. English. 

cliff. a. Wales. Shale which is laminated, 
splitting easily along the planes of deposi- 
tion. See also bind, a. Fay. Also called 
clift. Fay. b. A very steep, perpendicular, 
or overhanging face of rock, earth, or 
glacial ice of considerable height. Webster 
3d. c. The strata of rocks above or be- 
tween coal seams. Standard, 1964. d. A 
high, steep face of rock, formed at the 
seacoast. Also called seacliff. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cliff corniche. See cliff overhang. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cliffed coast. A coast formed by cliffs. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

cliff glacier. A glacier which occupies a rela- 
tively small depression in the side of a 
mountain or in the escarpment of a 
plateau. Fay. 

cliff overhang; cliff corniche. The sapped 
part of a cliff above the wavecut notch. 
Schieferdecker. 

cliffstone. A hard chalk found in England 
and used in paint, as a filler for wood, and 
in the manufacture of rubber. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cliffstone Paris white. A special grade of 
whiting made from a hard grade of Eng- 
lish chalk. CCD 6d, 1961. 

clift. a. A cliff. Standard, 1964 See also cliff, 
b. Fay. b. S. Wales. A general term used 
to describe many types of shale. Nelson. 
c. A strong, usually silty mudstone. Ob- 
solete. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

clift quar. a. S. Wales. A hard, sandy shale. 
Nelson. b. A banded or nonbanded silt- 
stone. Nelson. 

climate. a. The average course or condition 
of the weather at a particular place over 
a period of many years as exhibited in 
absolute extremes, means, and frequencies 
of given departures from these means, of 
temperature, wind velocity and direction, 
precipitation, and other weather elements. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The prevailing 
set of conidtions (as of temperature, hu- 
midity, or freshness of atmosphere) in any 
place. Webster 3d. c. Climate has a pro- 
found effect on such geological processes as 
weathering, stream erosion and deposition, 
eolian erosian and deposition, glaciation, 
soil formation and removal, coal forma- 
tion, and some ore deposition and con- 
centration. Bureau of Mines Staff. d. Of 





218 


pulp undergoing froth flotation, the pre- 
vailing balance of chemical energy 
reached by the reacting electrical, physi- 
cal, and chemical forces. Pryor, 4. 

climatic peat. Peat produced through the 
action of climate in a definite zone of the 
earth. Climatic peat deposits are sub- 
divided into blanket moss and hill (sub- 
Alpine) peat. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

climb. The tendency of an inclined diamond- 
drill hole to follow an upward-curving, 
increasingly flat course; also, the tendency 
of a diamond or other rotary-type bit to 
drill a hole curved in the updip direction 
when holes are drilled in alternating hard- 
and soft-layer rock having bedding planes 
that cross the borehole at an angle other 
than,90° to the face of the bit. Long. 

climb cutting. Analogous to climb milling 
ASM Gloss. 

climbing forms. A type of formwork used for 
the construction of reinforced concrete 
walls for buildings. The formwork is 
jacked up from bars anchored in the con- 
crete, which is poured continuously until 
completion of the work. See also moving 
forms. Ham. 

climbing ripples. Cross-lamination produced 
by superimposed migrating ripples. Petti- 
john. 

climb milling. Milling in which the cutter 
moves in the direction of feed at the point 
of contact. ASM Gloss. 

clinch; clink bolts. Eng. Crossbolts under 
spear bolts to prevent the pump rods from 
stripping. Fay. 

clink basalt. Ire. Porphyry. Arkell. 

clinker. a. Term used among British miners 
for coal altered by an igneous intrusion. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. b. Eng. A compact, 
marly, whitish stone, very good for lime 
burning; has a glistening fracture. Arkell. 
c. Eng. Ferruginous concretions in the 
Lower Greensand, often so compact as to 
ring under the hammer, and then called 
clinkers by the quarrymen. Compare sun 
bed. Arkell. d. Generally a fused or partly 
fused byproduct of the combustion of coal, 
but also including lava and portland ce- 
ment clinker and partly vitrified slag and 
brick. ACSG, 1963. e. Rough, jagged, 
scoriaceous, spinose fragments of lava, 
usually of basic composition and typically 
found on the surface of a lava flow. 
A.G.I, f. Vitrified or burnt matter thrown 
up by a volcano. Fay. g. The agglomerated 
semivitrified and mainly inorganic residue 
of the combustion of solid fuel. B.S. 3323, 
1960. h. A scale of black oxide of iron 
formed when iron is heated to redness in 
open air. Fay. i. A hard, burnt paving 
brick used in Holland. Arkell. 

clinker bar. A bar fixed across the top of an 
ashpit for supporting the rods used for 
clearing the fire bars. Fay. 

clinker brick. A very hard-fired brick, fired 
nearly to the point of complete vitrifica- 
tion and whose shape is somewhat dis- 
torted or bloated. ACSG. 

clinkered dolomite. See double-burned dolo- 
mite A.RJ. 

clinkering zone. That part of a cement kiln 
which is in the temperature range (1,350° 
to 1,600° C) in which the constituents re- 
act to form the clinker. Dodd. 

clinkertill. Proposed for boulder clay baked 
by the burning of lignite beds. Hess. 

clinks. Internal cracks formed in steel by 
differential expansion of surface and in- 
terior during heating. The tendency for 
these to occur increases with the hardness 


clinometer 


and mass of the metal, and with the rate 
of heating. C.T.D. 

clinkstone. A feldspathic rock of the trap 
family, usually fissile, and is sonorous 
when stuck with a hammer. See also 
phonolite. A.G.I. 

clinoamphibole. A group name for the mono- 
clinic amphiboles. English. 

clinoaugite. A collective name for the mono- 
clinic pyroxenes. English. 

clinoaxis. The inclined lateral axis in the 
monoclinic system, designated a. A.G_I. 

clinochlore. A mineral member of the chlor- 
ite group, composition approximately 
(Mg,Fe”)sAlo(A12Siz) 010(OH)s; mono- 
clinic. A.G.J. 

clinochrysotile; orthochrysotile. Monoclinic 
and orthorhombic forms of chrysotile, as 
determined by X-rays. Spencer 20, M.M., 
1955. 

clinoclase. A basic copper arsenate, 4[Cus- 
AsO:(OH)s]. See also clinoclasite. Fay; 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

clinoclasite. A hydrous copper arsenate, Cus- 
AseOx.3Cu ( OH ) 2 or 6CuO.As-0;3H2O. 
Color, internally, a dark verdigris green; 
externally, a blackish blue-green; it crys- 
tallizes in the monoclinic system. Fay. 

clinoenstatite. A monoclinic variety of pyrox- 
ene. Crystals elongated, parallel to C axis. 
Typically magnesium metasilicate, MgSi- 
Os;, that is, with the composition of en- 
statite, but grading, by substitution of in- 
creasing quantities of iron, into clinohy- 
persthene, MgFe(SiOs)2. English. 

clinoenstenite. Winchell’s name for the iso- 
morphous series, MgSiOsFeSiOs, of mono- 
clinic pyroxenes, comprising clinoenstatite 
and clinohypersthene. Compare enstenite. 
Occurs in meteoric stones. English. 

clinoferrosilite. a. The colorless or faintly 
yellow iron metasilicate, FeSiO:, end mem- 
ber of the monoclinic pyroxene series, con- 
taining up to 15 percent of the molecule 
MgSiOs. Occurs as minute needles in ob- 
sidian. From Africa; Wyoming; Cali- 
fornia; Iceland. English. b. A dimorph of 
ferrosilite. Dana 17. 

clinograph. An instrument for making a 
borehole survey, that is, to determine if, 
and in what direction, a borehole has de- 
viated off the true vertical plane. See also 
crooked hole. Nelson. 

clinoguarinite. Cesaro’s name for a mono- 
clinic form of guarinite. See also ortho- 
guarinite. English. 

clinohedrite. a. Breithaupt’s name for tetra- 
hedrite. English. b. A colorless to white, 
amethystine basic silicate of zinc and cal- 
cium, H2.ZnCaSiO;; monoclinic; clinohed- 
ral crystals. From Franklin, N.J. English. 

clinohumite. A member of the chondrodite 
group, Mgo(SiO.)4(F,OH)2; monoclinic. 
Dana 17. 

clinohypersthene. A monoclinic dimorphous 
form of hypersthene. Typically, mag- 
nesium-iron metasilicate, MgFe(SiOs):. 
English. 

clinometer. An apparatus for measuring ver- 
tical angles. It consists of a pendulum or 
spirit level and a circular scale, and is to 
be used with a steel chain or rope by 
which it can be suspended between points 
of different elevation. Jones. b. A bore- 
hole-surveying device consisting of a rub- 
ber-stoppered, glass culture tube partially 
filled with a dilute solution of hydrofluoric 
acid enclosed in a watertight brass or steel 
container, the upper end of which is 
equipped with box threads fitting the pin 
thread of a drill-rod coupling. When at- 








clinometer 


tached to the lower end of a line of drill 
rods and suspended at a point in a bore- 
hole approximately 1 hour, the acid etches 
the inside of the glass tube, forming what 
appears to be a line where the upper sur- 
face of the acid is in contact with the 
tube. The inclination of that line is meas- 
ured and with necessary connections for 
capillarity indicates the dip of the bore- 
hole at the point where the clinometer 
was suspended. In addition to the above 
end or plain type, there is the line clino- 
meter and a special type used with the 
Hall-Rowe wedging device. Long. 

clinometer case. The watertight brass or 
steel tube encasing an acid bottle used in 
determining inclination of a borehole by 
an acid-dip survey. See also clinometer, b. 
Also called body; clinometer shell. Long. 

clinometer rule. A simple angle-measeuring 
device consisting of a folding rule, the two 
arms of which are attached to either side 
of a graduated hinge member and one arm 
of which is equipped with a small spirit 
level. Also called angle rule; degree rule. 
Long. 

| clinometer shell. Synonym for clinometer 
case. Long. 

_clinophone. An exceptionally accurate in- 
strument for borehole surveying, designed 
particularly for use with the freezing and 
cementation methods of shaft sinking, cap- 
able of giving the slope of a borehole to 
within one minute of arc. Ham. 

clinoptilolite. A hydrous silicate of alumi- 
num, calcium, sodium, and _ potassium, 
(Ca,Naz,K2)O.A1203.10SiO2.7H20; tabu- 
lar crystals; monoclinic. A dimorphous 
form of ptilolite. Identical with crystal- 
lized mordenite from Hodoo Peak, Wyo. 

English. 

| clinopyroxene. A collective name for the 

| monoclinic pyroxenes. English. 

clinosklodowskite; klinosklodowskit. A min- 
eral, Mg(H;O)2[UO2Si0O.]2.3H2O, mono- 
clinic; as distinct from sklodowskite, Mg 
[UO.SiO;0H]2.5H20, orthorhombic (?). 
Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

clinostrengite. A mineral, Fe’ ”Po,..2H.O, 
monoclinic, dimorphous with orthorhom- 
bic strengite. Synonym for phosphosider- 
ite; metastrengite. Spencer 19, M.M., 
1952. 

clinoungemachite. A mineral, monoclinic; 
pseudorhombohedral. Visibly  indistin- 
guishable from ungemachite, but material 
insufficient for chemical analysis. From 
Chuquicamata, Chile. English. 

clinovariscite. A mineral, AlPos.2H2O; mono- 
clinic. Dimorphous with orthorhombic 
variscite. Synonym for  metavariscite. 
Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

clinozoisite. An epidote having the composi- 
tion of zoisite, CazA13(SiOx.) (SizO;) (OH) ; 
monoclinic; crystals striated. Dana 17. 

clint. a. A bare, level surface developed on 
horizontal beds of limestone. A.G.I. b. A 
hard or flinty rock; a rocky cliff; a pro- 
jecting rock or ledge. Webster 3d. 

| Clintonian. Lower Middle Silurian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

| clintonite. Synonym for seybertite; also used 
as a group name for the brittle micas. 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

' Clinton limestones; Clinton shales. The Mid- 
dle Niagara series, well-exposed in the Ni- 
agara gorge section and locally including 
a bedded iron ore at the base, which sup- 
plies the ironworks at Birmingham, Ala. 
eriD: 

' Clinton ore. A red, fossiliferous iron ore of 








219 


the Clinton formation of the East-Central 
United States, with lenticular grains. Also 
called flaxseed ore and fossil ore. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

clip. a. A device similar to a clamp but 
smaller and for the same purpose. Zern. b. 
A hook for attaching a bucket to a cable. 
Hess. c. Connector between underground 
tub, car, truck, tram, and endless rope 
haulage; operated by clipper. A_ clip 
pulley has a broad rim into which studs 
are set, to grip links of haulage chain. 
Pryor, 3. d. Synonym for cable clamp; 
clamp. Long. See also haulage clip; auto- 
matic clip; coupling; clam. e. The por- 
tion of a brick cut to length. ACSG, 1963. 

clip and shave. In forging, a dual operation 
in which one cutting surface in the clip- 
ping die removes the flash and then an- 
other shaves and sizes the piece. ASM 
Gloss. 

clip method. The clip method of making 
wire rope attachments is widely used. 
Drop forged clips of either the U-bolt or 
the double-saddle type are recommended. 
When clips of the correct size are prop- 
erly applied, the method develops about 
80 percent of the rope strength. ASA 
M11.1-1960, p. 24. 

clipper. a. Eng. A hook for attaching the 
bucket to the cable. Used in shaft sink- 
ing. Fay. b. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, a laborer who engages and 
disengages the clips, grips, or links by 
which mine cars are attached to a hoist- 
ing cable or endless rope and hauled 
along inclines or flat grades. Also called 
chainer; grabman; gripman; gripper. 
DiOTl; 

clipper blast-drill operator. See churn-drill 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 

clipper man. In the iron and steel industry, 
one who cuts end of skelp sheets (sheet 
steel for making pipe) to a tapered point 
and bends it into a cup shape by machine. 
DiOoi ats 

clipper-off. Aust. A workman who unfastens 
the clip connecting a skip to a haulage 
rope. Fay. 

clipper-on. Aust. A workman who fastens 
skips to a haulage rope with a clip. Fay. 

clipping edge. That portion of a forging 
where the flash is trimmed off. ASM Gloss. 

clip pulley. Eng. A wheel containing clips 
in the groove for gripping a wire rope. 
Fay. 

clip screws. See antagonizing screws. Pryor, 3. 

clip tile. Tile designed as a base for steel I- 
beams. The unit fits around the flanges 
of the beam. ACSG, 1963. 

clits. See lagging ; lid; wedge. Nelson. 

clive. Derb. See cliviss. Fay. 

clives. Som. Fissile slate clay, that is, shale. 
shale. Also called cliff; coal clives. So 
called because of its easy cleavage. Arkell. 

cliviss. Eng. A bit of turned iron, with a 
spring, for fastening a bucket to a rope. 
Also called clive, clivvy. A variation of 
clevis. Fay. 

clivvy. Eng. See cliviss. A variation of clevis. 
Fay. 

clo. A unit of clothing insulation defined as 
the insulation necessary to keep a sitting 
man comfortable in a normally ventilated 
room at 70° F and 60 percent relative 
humidity. In physical terms, it is equal to 
42.7 British thermal units per square foot 
per hour. Strock, 10. 

cloam; cloom. Old English clam; earth; 
clay. It survives in dialects as cloam, 
cloom, earthenware, and pottery. Arkell. 


closed circuit 


cloanthite. See chloanthite. C.M.D. 

clob. a. Eng. Peaty earth, Berkshire. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. b. Corn. Clod or lump of 
earth. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

clobbering. A term applied to the decoration 
of Chinese blue and white china with 
flowers, etc., painted in enamel and fired. 
GIuD: 

clock interval timer. A special timepiece de- 
signed to ring or give an alarm at spe- 
cified intervals. Used widely in burning 
operations in enamel shops. Enam. Dict. 

clod. a. Soft shale or slate, in coal mines, 
usually applied to a layer forming a bad 
roof. Also called clot. Fay. b. A ‘‘clod of 
dirt” of greater or less diameter; thin at 
the edges and increasing in thickness to 
the middle. See also kettle bottom. Fay. c. 
Applied by miners to loosely consolidated 
shale commonly found in close conjunc- 
tion with a coalbed. A.G.J. d. Eng. De- 
posits interstratified with the coal, York- 
shire and Midland Counties. See also bat, 
g. Nelson e. A hard earthy clay on the 
roof of a working place in a coal seam, 
often a fire clay. C.T.D. 

clod buster. A drag that follows a grading 
machine to break up lumps. Nichols. 

clod coal. Scot. Strong homogeneous coal. 
Fay. 

clod tops. Forest of Dean. Clay or shale beds 
overlying seams of coal. Fay. 

cloisonné. A method of surface decoration 
in which differently-colored enamels or 
glazes are separated by fillets applied to 
the design outline. For porcelain enamel, 
the fillets are wire secured to the metal 
body, while for pottery and tile the fillets 
are made of ceramic paste, squeezed 
through a small diameter orifice. ACSG, 
1963. 

cloissone enamel. Porcelain enamel inlaid 
between partitions of bent copper or gold 
wire fillets attached to the base. Subse- 
quent polishing of surface brings out the 
design of the enamel artist. In effect, the 
colors are separated by delicate filigrees 
of gold or copper. Enam. Dict. 

clog. a. Mid. A short piece of timber about 
3 by 6 by 24 inches fixed between the 
roof and a prop. Fay. b. A flat wedge 
over a post. See also lid, a. Nelson. c. To 
obstruct, hinder, or choke up; for exam- 
ple, the stoppage of flow through a pipe 
by an accumulation of foreign matter, or 
the filling up of the grooves in a file when 
operating on a soft metal. Crispin. d. 
Eng. Rock filling a fault. Arkell. 

clog pack. York. See chock, a; nog, a. Fay. 

close annealing. See box annealing. 

close-burning coal. Coal which kindles quick- 
ly and melts and runs together like bi- 
tumen. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

close-connected. Applied to dredges in which 
the buckets are each connected to the 
one in front without any intermediate 
link. Fay. 

close couple. An expression used to indicate 
a very close integration between all phases 
which have an effect on an operation; this 
provides for maximum efficiency. Austin. 

closed basin. A district draining into some 
depression or lake within its area, from 
which water escapes only by evaporation. 
Webster 2d. 

closed circuit. a. A water circuit designed so 
that the only water added is that neces- 
sary to replace the loss in the washery 
products. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. In mineral 
dressing, a system in which ore passes 
from comminution to a sorting device 


closed circuit 


which returns oversize for further treat- 
ment and releases undersize from the 
closed circuit. Pryor, 4. 

closed-circuit grinding. A size reduction proc- 
ess in which the ground material is re- 
moved either by screening or by a classi- 
fier, the oversize being returned to the 
grinding unit. Typical examples are, a dry 
pan with screens, dry-milling in an air 
swept ball mill, and wet milling in a ball 
mill with a classifier. Dodd. See also cir- 
culating load. 

closed-circuit operation. Retention and re- 
treatment of ore in part of flow-line until 
it satisfies criteria for release. Used in 
comminution to reduce over-grinding by 
passing intermediate particles repeatedly 
through grinding systems, classifying the 
product and returning oversize. Used in 
concentration (for example, rougher- 
scavenger-cleaner flotation) to retain a se- 
lected fraction of ore in circuit for re- 
treatment (a middling), until it is either 
upgraded to rank as concentrate or suffi- 
ciently denuded of value to be rejected as 
tailing. Pryor, 3. 

closed-circuit television. System in which 
elevision cameras relay pictures of condi- 
tions at important points in the plant, 
thereby aiding shiftsmen to watch inac- 
cessible places and exercise extended con- 
trol. Pryor, 3. 

closed contour. A contour line that is con- 
tinuous on a map and does not intersect 
the edge of the arbitrary map area on 
which it is drawn. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

closed cycle. Cycle of operation of a heat 
engine in which the same power fluid is 
used repeatedly, as a steam engine that 
condenses the steam for reuse, instead of 
being used once and then discard2d, as in 
a rocket or jet motor. Also applicable to a 
cooling system in which the coolant is 
cycled repeatedly through the source of 
heat, itself being cooled in another part 
of the cvcle. Compare open cycle. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

closed-cycle reactor system. A system in 
which the primary coolant flows to a heat 
exchanger and then recirculates through 
the core if a completely closed circuit. 
L&L. 

closed dies. Forging or forming dies designed 
to restrict the flow of metal to the cavity 
within the die set, as opposed to open 
dies, in which there is little or no restric- 
tion to lateral flow. ASM Gloss. 

closed fault. A fault in which the two walls 
are in contact. A.G.J. Compare open fault. 

closed fold. A fold in which compressive 
stress was sufficient to bring the opposite 
sides in contact. A.G.I. 

closed foliation. The foliae appear mega- 
scopically as a continuous felt of flakes or 
rods. Schieferdecker. 

closed form. a. A crystal form that encloses 
a finite volume of space. A.G.I. b. A crystal 
form in which all the faces, having a like 
position relative to the planes of sym- 
metry or the axes of symmetry, yield an 
enclosed solid. Fay. 

closed frame. A mine support frame used 
especially in inclined shafts where protec- 
tion is needed on all sides from rock pres- 
sure. This completely closed set is pro- 
vided at the bottom with a sill. The joint 
is usually effected by tenons, so that when 
the pressure is exerted in a downward di- 
rection the timbers interlock. Stoces, v. 1, 
pp. 150-151. 





220 


closed front. An arrangement of the blast 
furnace without a forehearth. Fay. 

closed joint; incipient joint. A joint found 
in rocks that causes a plane of weakness 
known variously as a rift or gain. This 
largely determines the shape of the blocks 
which may be extracted from a quarry. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 877. 

closed-loop control. A system to control the 
speed of a winding engine. The principle 
makes use of two or more control quanti- 
ties, utilizing their amplified difference as 
a feedback to the winder motor. The sys- 
tem can be applied equally well to alter- 
nating or direct current driven winders 
and is a step towards semiautomatic or 
fully automatic control. See also auto- 
matic cyclic winding. Nelson. 

closed pass. A pass of metal through rolls 
where the bottom roll has a groove deeper 
than the bar being rolled and the top roll 
has a collar fitting into the groove, thus 
producing the desired shape free from 
flash or fin. ASM Gloss. 

closed porosity. See porosity. Nelson. 

closed pots. Fire-clay pots for melting glass 
with the top nearly closed to keep out the 
products of combustion and other impuri- 
ties. Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

closed pressure. The pressure on a gas well 
that has been closed long enough to at- 
tain a maximum. The time is usually 
about 24 hours, but is sometimes several 
days. The well must stay closed until the 
pressure does not increase more rapidly 
than 1 percent in 10 minutes. Porter. 

closed season. That portion of the year when 
placers cannot be worked by reason of 
shortage of water, due to drought or cold. 
Fay. 

closed-spiral auger. A soil-sampling auger 
made by spirally twisting a flat steel rib- 
bon to form a tubelike, hollow-center, cork- 
screwlike device. Long. 

closed system. See isochemical. Challinor. 

closed top. See cup and cone. Fay. 

closed traverse. A traverse whose ‘accuracy 
can be checked by the fact that, when it 
is closed, the angles should add up to 
360°, and which ends at its starting point. 
Ham. 

closed-water circuit. The separation of solids 
from a washery slurry so that the water 
can be returned to the plant and used 
continuously. Nelson. 

close goods. Pure stones, of desirable shapes; 
highest class of South African diamonds, as 
assorted at Kimberly. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

close-grained. Having fine and closely ar- 
ranged fibers, crystals,,or particles. Web- 
ster 3d. 

close in. a. To wall-in and roof-over the drill 
platform for protection of workers from 
rain and cold. Long. b. To shut off the 
flow, as from an oil, gas, or artesian well. 
Long. 

close-jointed. Applied to rocks in which the 
joints are very close together. Fay. 

close-joints cleavage. Synonym for strainslip 
cleavage. A.GJ. 

close mold. A two-part flask filled by pouring 
through ingates. Standard, 1964. 

close nipple. A nipple, the length of which 
is about twice the length of a standard 
pipe thread and is without any shoulder. 
Strock, 3. 

close-packed hexagonal structure. An ar- 
rangement of atoms in crystals which may 
be imitated by packing spheres; character- 
istic of a number of metals. The disposi- 


closing line; digging line 


tion of the atomic centers in space can be 
related to a system of hexagonal cells. 
Gilt: DE 

close place. Scot. A narrow drift without 
a separate air return. Fay. 

close-poling. The placing of poles or plank 
close together. See also poling, a. Fay. 

close prospecting. Prospecting undertaken 
after the existence of payable ground is 
disclosed and localized by preliminary 
prospecting. It is undertaken for valua- 
tion purposes to determine (1) the cubic 
measurements of both overburden and 
gravel, (2) the estimation of the gold or 
other mineral contents, (3) the average 
value of the area in pence, cents, carats, 
or other unit, per cubic yard, and (4) all 
possible information regarding the nature 
of the overburden and gravel, that is, 
whether it is clayey, free wash, etc., as 
well as of the bedrock. Griffith, S. V., pp. 
2-3, 

close return bend. A short, cast or malleable 
iron, U-shaped fitting for uniting two 
parallel pipes. It differs from the open re- 
turn bend in having the arms joined. 
Porter. 

closer. The last brick or tile laid in a course; 
may be a whole unit or one that is shorter 
and usually appears in the field of the 
wall. ACSG. 

close-ranged. Screened or classified between 
close maximum and minimum limits of 
size or settlement. Pryor, 4. 

close sand. A sand so closely packed that it 
has low porosity and makes a poor oil 
reservoir. Hess. 

close sheathing. Consists of planks placed 
side by side along a continuous frame. Its 
use is to prevent local crumbling of less 
compacted soils. Since crevices can exist 
between planks, it should not be used 
with fine silts or liquid soils, which can 
seep out through these cracks. Compare 
skeleton sheathing; tight sheathing. Carson, 
p. 244. 

close sizing. a. In screening, choice of a 
series of sieve sizes which closing restricts 
the size range of each fraction of the ma- 
terial separated between its limiting and 
retaining mesh. Pryor, 3. b. Sizing with 
screens fairly close in size of aperture 
(mesh). Pryor, 4. 

close work. a. Driving a tunnel or drifting 
between two coal seams. Fay. b. Scot. 
See narrow work, e. Fay. 

closet suite. A suite of ceramic sanitary ware 
including the closet and the flushing cis- 
tern. Dodd. 

close timbering. The setting of timber sets 
and lagging bark to bark or very close to- 
gether when shaft sinking or tunneling 
through very loose ground or crushed coal 
in thick seams. See also cribbing; forepol- 
ing. Nelson. 

closing apparatus. Eng. Sliding doors or 
other mechanical arrangement at the top 
of an upcast shaft for allowing the cages 
to pass up and down without disturbing 
the ventilation of the mine. Fay. 

closing error. When calculating or plotting 
the distances, angles or coordinates of a 
closed traverse or one connecting two ac- 
curately located points, the discrepancy 
between starting and finishing point. This 
error is adjusted in proportion to the mag- 
nitude of angles and distances involved, 
if it is below a tolerable limit. Pryor, 3. 

closing line; digging line. The cable which 
closes the jaws of a clamshell or orange- 
peel bucket. Nichols, 2. 











closterite. 


closing rope 


closing rope. Operating rope for opening 


and closing a grab. Ham. 


closing stock. Quantity on hand at end of 


an accounting period. Opening stock 
should be the closing stock of the pre- 
vious period. Used in mine storekeeping 
and audit of concentrates on hand. Pryor, 3. 


closing the horizon. Measuring, at a tri- 


angulation station, the horizontal angles 
between successive stations around the 
horizon so as to return to the starting 
point (the sum of the angles should equal 
360°); measuring the last angle of the 
series, closing on the starting point. See- 
lye, 2. 

Dense, laminated, brownish-red 
algal coal found in Irkutsk, U.S.S.R. It 
consists of an accumulation of spheroidal 
algal colonies of different sizes, among 


‘which are disseminated great numbers of 


desmid algae, belonging to the living 
genus, Closterium. Tomkeieff, 1954. 


closure meter. An instrument for indicating 


the amount of closure that has taken 
place. Spalding. Wall closure in mines is 
measured by this instrument. Also called 
sag meter. Spalding, p. 76. 


closure. a. In a dome or anticline, the verti- 


cal distance between the lowest point on 
the fold through which a closing contour 
would pass and the highest point on the 
fold. USGS Bull. 686, 1922, p. xiii. b. 
Used in structural geology, especially in 
connection with potential oil structures, to 
designate the vertical distance between the 
highest point of a fold and the lowest con- 
tour that closes around the structure. It is 
an approximate measure of the capacity 
of a structural trap for oil and/or gas. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. c. A closed anti- 
clinal structure. A.G.I. Supp. d. Vertical 
distance between the top of an anticlinal 
structure and the lowest level at which a 
continuous encricling contour can be 
drawn. A.GJ. Supp. e. Vertical distance 
between the bottom of a depression and 


221 


amount by which the sum of the angles 
measured around the horizon differs from 
360°. Seelye, 2. f. Of a triangle, the 
amount by which the sum of the three 
angles of a triangle differs from the true 
sum; that is, 180° plus the spherical ex- 
cess. Seelye, 2. 

clot. a. A group of ferromagnesian minerals 
in an igneous rock, from a few inches to 
a foot or more in size, commonly drawn 
out longitudinally, that may be an altered 
foreign inclusion or a segregation. Com- 
pare autolith; xenolith. A.G.J. Supp. b. A 
cutoff section of a column of clay from 
an auger machine to be used in a repress. 
AISI. No. 24, c, Same as clod. Fay. 

clothing. Eng. Brattice constructed of a 
coarse, specially prepared canvas. Fay. 

cloth oil. A name given to one of the distil- 
lates of crude petroleum (specific gravity, 
0.875) that is used for oiling wood. Fay. 

clot mold. The mold, in some types of stiff 
plastic brickmaking machines, into which 
a clot of clay is extruded and from which 
it is then ejected prior to the final re- 
pressing. Dodd. 

clotting. The sintering or semifusion of ores 
during roasting. Fay. 

cloud. See fog. Pryor, 3. 

cloud agate. Applied especially to light gray, 





CMI centrifuge 


fall of roof. C.T.D. c. A tough fire clay. 
C3E.Dz 


clumper. Heavy fall of roof in mine. Pryor, 3. 
clunch. a. A clay or mudstone, with rootlets, 


forming the floor of a coal seam. Synony- 
mous with fire clay; spavin. Also called 
stone clunch. Nelson. b. A fine-grained, 
often clayey rock which breaks readily 
into irregular lumps. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. J. c. A bluish hard clay. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 5..d. In coal mining, | seat 
earth, for example, that underlying the 
seam of coal. Indurated chalk marl or fine 
shale; tough fire clay. Pryor, 3. 


clunch clay. a. A provincial term for indu- 


rated chalk marl. A.GJ. b. A provincial 
term for a sort of indurated clay which is 
found dividing the coal seams. A.GJ. c. 
A fine shale sometimes overlying a coal- 
bed. It is soft and subject to deformation 
by squeezing during mining, and _ there- 
fore, does not make a good roof. A.G.I. 


cluster, gear. Two or more gears of different 


sizes made in one solid piece. Nichols. 


clustered carbide. Synonym for interspersed 


carbide. Long. 


clusterite. A round or semiround, smooth 


nodular growth of calcite usually occur- 
ring in clusters. Synonym for botryoid; 
grape formation. A.G.]J. 


transparent to semitransparent chalcedony 
with more or less rounded spots of darker 
gray which resemble dark clouds. Shipley. 


cloudburst treatment. A form of shot peening. 


ASM Gloss. 


cloud chamber. A device that displays the 


tracks of charged atomic particles. It is 
a glass-walled chamber filled with a super- 
saturated vapor. When charged particles 
pass through the chamber, they leave a 
cloudlike track much like the condensa- 
tion trail of a plane. This track permits 
scientists to see the paths of these par- 
ticles and study their motion and inter- 
action. See also bubble chamber; spark 
chamber. L@L. 





cluster mill. A rolling mill where each of the 
two working rolls of small diameter is 
supported by two or more backup rolls. 
ASM Gloss. 

cluster of veins. An aggregation of a number 
of irregularly striking veins. Schieferdecker. 

clutch. a. A device by which a haulage drum 
can either be connected to the driving axle 
or allowed to run freely and independently 
of it. Nelson. b. A device which connects 
and disconnects two shafts which revolve 
in line with each other. Nichols. 

clutch brake. A device to slow the jackshaft 
when a Clutch is released, to permit more 
rapid gearshifting. Nichols, 2. 

clutch, engine; flywheel clutch. A friction 


clutch in an engine flywheel. Nichols, 2. 

clutch room. Aust. A chamber, generally 
underground, in which there are friction 
clutches that control the different haulage 
ropes on the various districts. Fay. 

clutch-shifted transmission. A constant-mesh 
transmission in which power is directed 
through gear trains by engagement of 
friction clutches. Nichols. 

Cm Chemical symbol for curium. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

em a, Abbreviation for centimeter. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. b. Abbreviation for 
metric carat. Zimmerman, p. 68. 

cm*® Abbreviation for square centimeter. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 62. 

CM Abbreviation for Coal Measures as de- 
veloped in Great Britain. Nelson. 

CMC See carboxymethylcellulose. Dodd. 

CMI centrifuge. A fine-coal dewatering ma- 
chine consisting of two rotating elements, 
an outside conical screen frame and an 
inside solid cone, which carries spiral hin- 
drance flights. By a slight difference in 
the number of teeth in the gears the 
screen element moves slightly faster, in the 
same direction, than the solid cone. Ma- 
terial enters the machine from the top, 
falls on the solid cone where the cen- 
trifugal force throws it against the screen. 
It slides down the screen until it meets 
the upper end of the hindrance flights, 
and, in doing so, the water begins to pass 
through the screen. The flights spiral 


clouded agate. Chalcedony with irregular or 
indistinct patches of color. Hess. 

clouded ware. Pottery colored with, for ex- 
ample, manganese, cobalt, etc., put on 
with a sponge. C.T.D. 

cloudy agate. A term loosely used for white 
to gray chalcedony containing any cloudy 
effect. Shipley. 

cloudy amber. A trade classification which 
includes translucent to opaque amber. Its 
comparative opacity is due to inclusions 
of small bubbles. Shipley. 

cloudy chalcedony. Chalcedony with dark 
cloudy spots in a light-gray transparent 
base. Schaller. 

cloudy stains. In mica, cloudlike effects in 
various colors. Skow. 

clough. A sluice gate in a culvert. Ham. 

clour. Eng. A small depression of roof extend- 
ing into the coal. Fay. 

cloustonite. Scot. A mineral related to as- 
phalt, occurring in patches in blue lime- 
stone and in blue flags at Inganess, Ork- 
ney. It is soluble in benzol and at a red 
heat gives off a large amount of illumin- 
ating gas. Fay. 

clouts. Eng. Ironstone nodules in the Weald. 
Arkell. 

cloy. A plastic cement mixture: applied to 
any claylike preparation. Standard, 1964. 

clucking. The breaking of a rock by curved 
fractures that pass beyond the limit of the 
desired plane of separation. Fay. 

clump; clunch. a. A bend in a roadway or 
passage in a coal seam. C.T.D. b. A large 


the lowest point in its rim. A.G.I. Supp. f. 
A portion of brick to close when required, 
the end of a course as distinguished from 
a half brick. A.J.S.I. No. 24. g. The rela- 
tive inward movement of the two walls of 
a stope. The commonly used terms “sag,” 
settlement of the roof, and drop of the 
hanging wall, are deceptive and in the 
case of vertically dipping lodes are mean- 
ingless. Spalding, p. 159. h. The differ- 
ence in the relative position of the bottom 
and the collar of a borehole expressed in 
horizontal distance in a specific compass 
direction. Long. 

| closure, error of. a. Of a traverse, the amount 
by which the computed position of the 
last point of the traverse fails to coincide 
with the initial point; that is, the length 
of line necessary to close the traverse. 
Frequently, also, the ratio of the linear 
error of closure to the perimeter (also 
known as the error of the survey). Seelye, 
2. b. Of angles, the amount by which the 
sum of the measured angles fails to equal 
the true sum. Seelye, 2. c. of azimuths, 
the amount by which the measurement of 
the azimuth of the first line of a traverse, 
made after completing the circuit, fails to 
equal the initial measurement. Seelye, 2. d. 
Of a level circuit, the amount by which 
the last computed elevation fails to equal 
the initial elevation; or the amount by 
which the differences of elevation in a 
Circuit fail to add up (algebraically) to 
zero. Seelye, 2. e. Of a horizon, the 











' 
. 





Co 


downward, and as the screen moves slowly 
around them in the direction of the down- 
ward pitch, the solids gradually find their 
way to the bottom of the screen basket 
and the zone of maximum centrifugal 
force, tending to remove all of the water. 
Kentucky, pp. 316-318. 


Co Chemical symbol for cobalt. Handbook 


of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 


Coade stone. A vitreous ware, used for archi- 


tectural ornament, made in London by 
Mrs. Coade from 1771 until her death in 
1796; manufacture finally discontinued in 
about 1840. The body consisted of a 
kaolintic clay, finely ground quartz and 
flint, and a flux (possibly ground glass). 
Dodd. 


coagulation. a. The binding of individual 


particles to form flocs or agglomerates and 
thus increase their rate of settlement in 
water or other liquid. See also flocculation. 
Nelson. b. The state of solute in a solvent, 
or of a colloidal gel, resulting from clot- 
ting or curdling; the act of changing to a 
curdlike condition. Fay. c. The coalescence 
of fine particles to form larger particles. 


ASTM STP No. 148-D. 


coagulator. A soluble substance, such as lime, 


which when added to a suspension of very 
fine solid particles in water causes these 
particles to adhere in clusters which will 
settle easily. Used to assist in reclaiming 
water used in flotation. Hess. 


coak. Same as coke; calk. Standard, 1964. 
coal. a. A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly 


stratified, combustible carbonaceous rock, 
formed by partial to complete decomposi- 
tion of vegetation; varies in color from 
dark brown to black; not fusible without 
decomposition and very insoluble. The 
boundary line between peat and coal is 
hazy (see brown coal) as is the boundary 
line between coal and graphite and the 
boundary line between carbonaceous rock 
and coal. In the formation of coal, the 
vegetal matter appears to have been very 
largely moss and other low forms of 
plants, but in places, coal contains much 
wood; the vegetal matter seems to have 
first taken the form of peat, then lignite, 
and then bituminous coal. The latter by 
the loss of its bitumen has in some places 
been converted into anthracite (hard coal) 
and finally into graphite. Coal deposits 
are usually termed beds and range from 
a fraction of an inch to several hundred 
feet in thickness. Colloquially, they are 
called seams and veins. The differences in 
coals are due to age, pressure (folding 
and/or depth of burial), and heat, which 
may have been supplied by transecting 
dikes or by movement in the rocks. It has 
been suggested that coal when dried at 
100° C should contain at least 50 percent 
combustible material. Many schemes have 
been offered for the classification of coals, 
but all have difficulties as there are numer- 
ous important variables including fixed 
carbon, volatile carbon compounds, water, 
oxygen, sulfur, ash, and coking properties. 
The ash depends on the type of material 
from which the coal was made, on the 
sediment carried into the coal when be- 
ing formed, and on the dissolved matter 
brought in at that time or later. Campbell 
divides coals into the following ranks or 
classes, in which the fuel ratio quoted is 
the quotient of the fixed carbon divided by 
the volatile matter as shown by the proxi- 





222 


mate analysis: (1) lignite—coals which 
are distinctly brown and either markedly 
woody or claylike in appearance. As it 
comes from the mine, lignite generally 
carries 30 to 40 percent water and its 
heating value is low. When exposed to the 
weather, much of the water is lost and 
the coal slacks more readily than higher 
rank coal and is more likely to ignite 
spontaneously. Lignite gives a brown 
powder and coal (except for cannel coals) 
gives a black powder. Lignites contain a 
large percentage of water and ash. Com- 
pare peat; brown coal; pitch coal; (2) 
subbituminous—distinguished from lignite 
by its black color and its lack of distinctly 
woody structure and texture, and from 
bituminous coal by its loss of moisture and 
consequent slacking in the weather so that 
it must be shipped in boxcars and must be 
carefully watched to prevent spontaneous 
combustion; (3) bituminous—a group con- 
taining many types of coals only slightly 
affected by weathering unless it is extended 
over years, in which case they break into 
fine prismatic pieces; not in platy pieces 
like most lignite. The group has a maxi- 
mum fuel ratio of about 3; fixed carbon 
and volatile matter are about equal. Many 
of the better bituminous coals and coke, 
though they are not alone in this as some 
semibituminous coals make excellent coke. 
Cannel, block, and splint coals are va- 
rieties of bituminous coal. Bituminous 
coals have been subdivided by the U.S. 
Geological Survey into those having a 
calorific value less than 12,500 Btu in 
air-dried samples and those having a 
calorific value higher than 12,500 Btu; 
(4) semibituminous—a poor name for a 
coal of higher rank than bituminous, al- 
though the name seems to imply the op- 
posite meaning. It produces almost no 
smoke when burned properly, and it is 
called smokeless on the market. It breaks 
into fine particles if handled much, and it 
is especially suitable for mechanical stok- 
ers. Its fuel ratio, 3 to 6, is high and its 
heat efficiency is the highest of the coals; 
(5) semianthracite—a coal harder than 
semibituminous but not as hard as an- 
thracite; its fixed-carbon content also falls 
between the two and it has a fuel ratio 
between 6 and 10. A small quantity of 
this coal is mined in the United States, 
and it is usually sold as anthracite; (6) 
anthracite—this is a hard coal having a 
fuel ratio of not less than 10 and not more 
than 50 to 60. It is a smokeless coal of 
high fuel efficiency, though lower than 
semianthracite and semibituminous. Above 
a fuel ratio of 60, the carbon in coal is 
difficult to burn and approaches graphite. 
Coals are referred to according to use as 
steam, gas, coking, smokeless, or bunker 
coal. Lump coal is coa] in large pieces. 
See also high volatile coal; medium vol- 
atile coal; low volatile coal; bituminous 
coal. Fay; Hess. b. Coal is a combustible 
sedimentary rock formed from plant re- 
mains in various stages of preservation by 
processes which involved the compaction 
of the material buried in basins, initially 
of moderate depth. These basins are 
broadly divided into limnic (or intracon- 
tinental) basins, and paralic basins which 
were open to marine incursions. As the 
underlying strata subsided progressively, 
and more or less regularly but sometimes 
to great depths, the vegetable debris was 





coal ball 


subjected to the classical factors of general 
metamorphism, in particular those of tem- 
perature and pressure. Coals are charac- 
terized by their type, determined by the 
nature of the plant remains, and the con- 
ditions of deposition and by their rank. 
The variations in rank are of greatest im- 
portance in the classification of coals. In- 
creasing metamorphism results in impor- 
tant changes in all the properties of coal. 
Under the microscope, almost all coal 
appears heterogeneous. The various con- 
stituents, called macerals, occur in char- 
acteristic associations, microlithotypes, 
which may include in more or less intimate 
mixture 0.20 percent by volume of min- 
era] matter. The amount of mineral matter 
which coal can contain and still retain 
its name depends on commercial consider- 
ations which vary from one country to 
another. The different bands recognized 
by the unaided eye in humic coals are 
called lithotypes. The physiochemical 
properties of the macera] vitrinite are 
commonly used to characterize and classify 
scientifically coals of the higher levels of 
rank, that is, the hard coals. JHCP, 1963, 
part I. 


coal analysis. The determination, by chemical 


methods, of the proportionate amounts 
of various constituents of coal. Two kinds 
of coal analyses are ordinarily made: (1) 
proximate analysis, which divides the coal 
into moisture (water), volatile. matter, 
fixed carbon, and ash. Percentage of sulfur 
and heat value in British thermal units 
per pound, each obtained by separate de- 
termination, are usually reported with the 
real proximate analysis; and (2) ultimate 
analysis, which determines the percentages 
of the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, 
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Other ele- 
ments which may be present are considered 
impurities and are reoprted as ash. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 


coal apple. a. Aust. A spheroidal form of coal 


found occasionally in certain coalbeds. 
Synonymous with coal ball. Fay; A.GI. 
b. A spherical mass of coal up to 8 inches 
in diameter found in coal seams. Apples 
of large diameter have several concentric 
skins and some show cone-in-cone struc- 
ture. According to Smith and Masterson, 
coal apples are found in coal seams 
affected by igneous metamorphism. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 


coal ash. Noncombustible matter in coal. 


Bureau of Mines Staff. 


coal auger. A special type of continuous 


miner. It consists essentially of a large 
diameter screw drill which cuts, transports, 
and loads the coal onto vehicles or con- 
veyors. The coal auger is used for (1) 
winning opencast coal without stripping 
overburden; (2) in pillar-and-stall min- 
ing; and (3) extraction of pillars or per- 
centage of pillars, which would otherwise 
be uneconomic to work. See also Cardox- 
Hardsocg auger. Nelson. 


coal backer. Eng. A man who is engaged 


in carrying coal on his back from a ship 
to wagons. Fay. 


coalbagger. A laborer who fills bags with 


coal for sale to customers. D.O.T. 1. 


coal ball. Coal balls are nodules of spheroidal, 


lenticular or irregular shape containing 
petrified plant remains and in some cases 
animal remains. They vary in size from 
about 1 centimeter to 40 centimeters or 














coal bank 


more; occasional specimens weight more 
than 1 ton. Infrequently an entire seam 
in a restricted area consists largely of coal 
balls. Coal balls consist mainly of cal- 
careous, dolomitic, sideritic, pyritic, or 
siliceous material surrounding or impreg- 
nating plant and animal remains. They 
occur in brown coals (mainly sideritic 
balls) as well as in coals of higher rank 
generally lying within the coal seam but 
occasionally in the roof. Calcareous, dolo- 
mitic and pyritic coal balls are commonly 
found in seams having marine strata in 
the roof. The distribution in seams is 
variable. They may occur in a broad zone 
running through the coalbed or be dis- 
tributed irregularly in nests. Synonym for 
torf dolomite. IHCP, 1963, part I. 
_ coal bank. An exposed seam of coal. Craigie, 
Dal WPaI3 Fen 
' coal barge. A flatboat used to carry coal. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 537. 
coal barrier. A protective pillar of coal. See 
also barrier pillar. Nelson. 
coal baron. The owner of a rich coal mine 
or mines. Craigie, v. 1, p. 537. 
coal basin. Depressions in older rock forma- 
tions in which coal-bearing strata have 
been deposited. Fay. See also concealed 
coalfield ; exposed coalfield. 
coal bearer. Scot. See bearers, a. Fay. 
coal bearing. Scot. The ancient custom of 
employing women to carry coal out of the 
mine. Fay. 


| coalbed. A bed or stratum of coal. Coal 


seam is more commonly used in the United 
States and Canada. Fay. 


| coalbin. A boxlike receptacle or space for 


coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 537. 

coal bit. See rotary bit. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

coal blacking. Iron founders’ blacking made 
from powdered coal. Webster 3d. 

coal blasting. There are two methods of 
breaking coal with explosives, namely, 
blasting cut coal, which is the method 
most commonly used, and blasting off the 
solid, or grunching. McAdam II, p. 95. 

coal blossom. An outcrop of much weathered 
coal. A.G.J. Supp. See also coal smut. 

coal boat. A coal barge. Craigie, v. 1, p. 537. 

coalbox. Aust. Large bins for storing coal. 
Fay. 

coal brass. Iron pyrite in coal seams. Com- 
monly used in the plural. Fay. 

coalbreaker. a. A building containing the 
machinery for breaking coal] with toothed 
rolls, sizing it with sieves, and cleaning it 
for market. Fay. b. A machine for breaking 
coal. Fay. c. A person employed at break- 
ing coal. Standard, 1964. 

coal breccia. Coal broken into angular frag- 
ments by natural processes occurring within 
the coal bed. Polished and _slickensided 
surfaces may be common. Stutzer and Noe, 
1940, p. 248. 

coal briquettes. Coal made more suitable for 
burning by a process which forms it into 
regular square- or oval-shaped pieces. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coal briquetting. See briquette. Nelson. 

coal bump. Sudden outbursts of coal and 
rock that occur when stresses in a coal 
pillar, left for support in underground 
workings, cause the pillar to rupture with- 
out warning, sending coal and rock flying 
with explosive force. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal bunker. A place for storing coal, espe- 
cially in steamships for furnace use. Fay. 

coal burned to top or bottom. A condition 
encountered in some mines in which there 














223 


is no parting between the coal and the 
surrounding strata. The coal sticks to the 
strata thereby creating one of the most 
difficult coal blasting problems of dis- 
lodging the coal that is burned to the top 
or bottom. Kentucky, p. 179. 

coal burster; hydraulic cartridge. An appli- 
ance for loosening coal by means of high- 
pressure water and oil. It consists of a 
round, stainless steel bar with small tele- 
scopic rams acting on a steel liner in a 
shot hole. The bar is connected to a hand- 
or power-operated pump placed near the 
facé. The high-pressure liquid from the 
pump causes the rams and liner to exert 
a pressure sufficient to loosen or break 
down the coal. It is a safe method of coal 
breaking without the use of explosives. It 
has not, however, made the _ progress 
originally anticipated. See also water in- 
fusion. Nelson. 

coal, caking test. a. In Roga’s method, a 
mixture of coal (at —0.21 millimeter) with 
5 grams of specified anthracite (—0.4 
millimeter) is located with 6 kilogram 
weight for one-half minute in a filled 
crucible fitted with a disk and lid. This 
is then heated to 850° C, for 15 minutes, 
screened on 1 millimeter and reweighed. 
Abrasion tests and further screenings and 
weighing follow. Pryor, 3. b: In Gray and 
King’s method, coal is slowly heated in a 
tube and examined. If caking strongly, 
further crushed samples are mixed in ratio 
to electrode carbon until a hard and non- 
shrinking coke is obtained. Pryor, 3. 

coal car. A car used in hauling coal in or 
from a mine. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal carbonization. See carbonization of coal. 

coal carbon ratio. Ratio of fixed carbon to 
volatile matter. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coal carrier. One who or that which is em- 
ployed to carry coal. A railroad is a coal 
carrier. Fay. 

coal cart. A cart for carrying coal. Craigie, 
uv. 1, p. 538. 

coal chute. A trough or spout down which 
coal slides from a bin or pocket to a loco- 
motive tender, or to vessels, carts, or cars. 
Fay. 

coal claim. A piece of land having, or 
thought to have, valuable coal deposits on 
it, and legally claimed by one seeking to 
own it. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal classification. The grouping of coals 
according to certain qualities or proper- 
ties, such as coal type, rank, carbon-hydro- 
gen ratio, volatile matter, etc. Nelson. 

coal classification systems. In all countries 
the basis is content of volatile matter. 
With 10 percent volatile, anthracite; be- 
tween 10 percent and 13 percent lean 
coal, semianthracite or dry-steam coal; 14 
percent to 20 percent, variously desig- 
nated; 20 percent to 30 percent, fat or 
coking coal. A second parameter is calor- 
ific value, and a third caking and/or cok- 
ing property. After World War II, an in- 
ternational working party chose three 
parameters, (1) volatile matter; (2) cak- 
ing properties on rapid heating and, (3) 
coking properties. Pryor, 3. See also ASTM 
coal classification; Fuel Research Board/ 
National Coal Board Classification; ECE 
coal classification. 

coal clay. Clay found under a coalbed, 
usually a fire clay. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal cleaner. In bituminous coal mining, 2 
a laborer who stands in a railroad car as 
it is being loaded from tipple chutes with 








coal-cutter design 


run-of-mine coal and picks out slate, rock, 
and other impurities. Also called flat trim- 
mer; slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

coal cleaning; coal preparation; coal refining. 
These terms, used in the order given, refer 
to the sorting, picking, screening, wash- 
ing, pneumatic separation, and mixing of 
coal sizes to the best advantage for (and 
requirements of) the market. Coal clean- 
ing is commonly used because it defines 
the operation of preparing coal for the 
market. In coal cleaning, only those im- 
purities that are mechanically mixed with 
the coal are removed by wet or pneumatic 
(air) cleaning. Coal refining is incorrect; 
refining refers to purifying metals. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

coal cleaning equipment. Coal cleaning 
equipment used to remove impurities from 
the coal is mined, such as slate, sulfur, 
pyrite, shale, fire clay, gravel, and bone. 
ASA C42.85-1956. 

coal cleaning plant; washery. A plant where 
raw or run-of-mine coal is washed, graded, 
treated to remove impurities, and reduce 
ash content. Pryor, 3. 

coal clearing. The loading of broken coal at 
the face into conveyors or mine cars. The 
clearing shift is the coal-loading shift or 
stint. Nelson. Usually the miner has a 
measured task or stint (stent). Pryor, 3. 

coal company. A company engaged in coal 
mining; a business firm that deals in coal. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal conglomerate. A conglomerate made of 
fragments of coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

coal constituent classification; Spackman 
System. In the United States it is gen- 
erally agreed that the maceral concept of 
the nomenclature Stopes-Heerlen System, 
fails to comprehend the effect of the stage 
of coalification on the nature of coal con- 
stituents. W. Spackman’s interpretation of 
the maceral concept incorporates the ideas 
of variable coalification in suggesting a 
skeletal framework upon which a syste- 
matic classification can be built. The ma- 
ceral concept, as interpreted by Spack- 
man, implements the classification of the 
products of coalification. In this scheme, 
macerals possessing similar chemical and 
physical properties are assembled into 
maceral groups which can, in turn, be 
characterized by a comparatively re- 
stricted set of properties. Maceral groups 
possessing similar characteristics can be 
classified into maceral suites. JHCP, 1963, 
part I. 

coal county. A county in which the chief 
industry is mining coal. Mathews, v. 1, p. 
347, 

coal cutter. a.. The longwall coal cutter is 
a power-operated machine which draws 
itself by rope haulage along the face, 
usually cutting out from the bottom of 
the seam a thin strip of coal, in prepara- 
tion for shot firing and loading or a cutter 
loader. The bar and disk machines are 
obsolescent and the chain coal cutter is 
now almost universal. Nelson. b. See ma- 
chineman, b. D.O.T. 1. 

coal-cutter design. Most longwall chain coal 
cutters. consist of three self-contained 
units, namely (1) haulage; (2) motor; 
and (3) jib-end section. This three-unit 
design makes assembly and handling rela- 
tively easy as the units can be taken apart, 
which is an advantage where shafts are 
small and roadways restricted. In a major 
breakdown, it is easier to replace one unit 
rather than send the entire machine to 


coal-cutter picks 


the surface for repairs. Nelson. 

coal-cutter picks. The cutting points attached 
to a cutter chain for making a groove in 
a coal seam. The picks are made from 
quality carbon steel or a hard alloy steel 
and tipped with fused tungsten carbide or 
sintered tungsten carbide or other hard- 
wearing material. The advent of the coal- 
cutter pick tipped with tungsten carbide 
on a heat-treated alloy steel shank has 
resulted in marked improvements in drill- 
ing and a reduction in cutting delays. See 
also chain coal cutter; double-ended pick; 
duckbill pick; tungsten-carbide bits. Nel- 
son. 

coal-cutter team. The men in charge of a 
coal cutter. A cutting team varies from 
two to five with two to three about aver- 
age. The leading man is normally sta- 
tioned in front of the machine and is in 
charge of the controls and his assistant 
follows behind. See also back-end man. 
Nelson. 

coal-cutting machine. A machine powered by 
compressed air or electricity which drives 
a cutting chain or other device so as to 
undercut or overcut the seam, or to re- 
move a layer of shale. Precussive cutters 
are used to bore holes or to make vertical 
cuts (nicking, shearing); disk, bar, and 
chain cutters carry small picks which 
undercut the seam as the machine travels. 
Pryor, 3. 

coal-cutting machine operator. See machine- 
man, b. D.O.T. 1. 

coal digger See coal miner; miner, h. Fay. 

coal digging. A place where coal is dug. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal dish. A receptacle for holding burning 
charcoal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal distributor. A person or thing that dis- 
tributes coal. An agent of the coal com- 
pany that distributes coal to consumers. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal drawing. The extraction, haulage, and 
hoisting of coal from the face to the pit- 
head. Nelson. 

coal drill. Usually an electric rotary drill of 
a light, compact design. Aluminum and 
its alloys usually are used to reduce the 
weight. Where dust is a hazard, wet drill- 
ing is employed. With a 1 horsepower 
electric drill, speeds up to 6 feet per 
minute are possible. Light percussive 
drills, operated by compressed air, and 
hand-operated drills are also employed. 
Nelson. 

coal drill, electric. See electric coal drill. 

coal driller. In coal mining, a worker who 
uses a hand or power drill to drill holes 
into the working face of the coal into 
which explosives are charged and set off 
to blast down the coal. D.O.T. 1. 

coal drop. A broad, shallow inclined trough 
down which coal is discharged from a 
wharf into the hold of a vessel. A coal 
chute. Fay. 

coal dryer. A plant or vessel in which water 
or moisture is removed from fine coal. The 
artificial drying of fine coal is not often 
employed. Fine coal is removed from 
washwater by dewatering classifiers, or by 
vacuum filtration. See also dryer; thermal 
drying, b. Nelson. 

coal dump. A place where coal is dumped 
for future use. Mathews, v. I, p. 347. 

coal duns (Forest of Dean). Coal measure 
shales. Fay. 

coal dust. a. A finely divided coal. There is 
a diversity of opinion as to what the 
term coal dust means; that is, how finely 





224 


must coal be divided to be termed dust. 
Some writers base the distinction on the 
point whether it can be carried to con- 
siderable distance by air currents. Coal 
that will pass through 100-mesh screens 
(100 wires to the linear inch) is fre- 
quently accepted as representing mine 
dust. For testing explosives at the Pitts- 
burgh station coal passed through 100 
mesh is taken as standard. In the foreign 
galleries the practice varies between this 
size and coal that passes through 200 
mesh. Fay. b. The general name for coal 
particles of small size. In experimental 
mine testing, particles which will not pass 
through a 20-mesh screen (1/32-inch- 
square openings) are not considered as 
coal dust. Rice, George S. c. The Bureau 
of Mines has arbitrarily defined coal dust 
as being that which will pass through a 
20-mesh screen, based upon the fact that 
particles coarser than 20-mesh have little 
influence on the development of an ex- 
plosion of Pittsburgh coalbed dust on 
which many experiments have been made. 
The mean diameter of some coal dust 
particles is less than 1/2 micron. Finely 
divided dust in bulk flows and acts in 
some respects like a liquid. RJ. 3631, 
April 1942, pp. 2-3. d. The dust pro- 
duced by the breakage and crushing of 
coal underground and at coal preparation 
plants. It is usually intermixed with a 
varying proportion of stone dust. Coal 
dust in mines presents two main dangers; 
(1) explosion hazard, and (2) pneumo- 
coniosis hazard. The explosibility of a coal 
dust cloud depends upon its fineness, pur- 
ity, and volatile content. The dust par- 
ticles believed to be harmful from the 
pneumoconiosis aspect are those of 5 mi- 
crons and under. See also dust-free condi- 
tions. Nelson. In mines, the most com- 
mon explosive dust encountered is bi- 
tuminous coal dust. The U.S. Bureau of 
Mines has established that coal dust in 
the absence of gas can explode and that 
explosions can occur in any shape of mine 
opening. Hartman, p. 49. e. A material 
frequently used in sand molding. For all 
classes of work, the coal should be of 
fine grain and the volatile material should 
not be less than 28 percent. A correct pro- 
portion of coal dust mixed with the sand 
is stated to improve the skin of the casting 
and promote clean stripping by imposing 
a carbon film between the molten metal 
and mold face. It assists in preventing sand 
scabs, and produces a more refractory sand 
by coating the grains with a carbon de- 
posit. Osborne. 

coal elevator. A building in which coal is 
raised and stored preparatory to loading 
on cars, ships, etc. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal-dust explosion. A mine explosion caused 
by the ignition of fine coal dust. It is con- 
sidered that an explosion involving coal 
dust alone is relatively rare. It demands 
the simultaneous formation of a flammable 
dust cloud and the means of ignition within 
it. The flame and force of a firedamp ex- 
plosion are the commonest basic causes of 
a coal-dust explosion. The advancing wave 
of the explosion stirs up the dust on the 
roadways and thus feeds the flame with 
the fuel for propagation, See also colliery 
explosion ; stone-dust barrier. Nelson. 

coal-dust index. Percentage of fines and dust 
passing the 0.0117-inch (48-mesh sieve). 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coaler. a. Something (as a railroad or ship) 





coal-handling foreman 


wholly or chiefly employed in transporting 
or supplying coal. Webster 3d. b. A laborer 
employed in coaling. Webster 2d. c. A 
share of stock in coal-carrying railroads. 
Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coalesced copper. Massive copper made from 
ground, brittle, cathode copper by briquet- 
ting and sintering in a reducing atmos- 
phere at high temperatures with pressure. 
ASM Gloss. 

coalescence. The union of particles of a 
dispersed phase into larger units, usually 
effected at temperatures below the fusion 
point. ASM Gloss. 

coalescent. Joined together or running to- 
gether. Fay. 

coalette. Synonym for briquette. Fay. 

coal exchange. A market for the sale of coal; 
especially, a place for transactions in coal 
on a large scale. Fay. 

coal face. a. The mining face from which 
coal is extracted by longwall, room, or nar- 
row stall system. Nelson. b. A working 
place in a colliery where coal is hewn, 
won, got, gotten from the exposed face of 
a seam by face workers. Pryor, 3. 

coal factor. See factor. Fay. 

coal fauld. Scot. A storage place for coal. 
Fay. 

coalfield. An area of country, the underlying 
rocks of which contain workable coal seams. 
The distribution of coalfields was largely 
determined by folding movements and the 
subsequent denudation. The original coal 
areas were Clearly larger than the present 
coalfields. See also coal basin. Nelson. 

coal fitter. Eng. A coal factor. Standard, 
1964. See also factor. Fay. 

coal flat. A coal barge. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal flotation. See flotation process; froth 
flotation. Nelson. 

coal formation. a. A stratigraphic coal-bear- 
ing unit in the coal measures. Fay. b. A 
stratum in which coal predominates. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal fuel ratio. The content of fixed carbon 
divided by the content of volatile matter 
is called the fuel ratio. According to their 
fuel ratios coals have been classed: anthra- 
cite, not less than 10; semianthracite, 6 to 
10; semibituminous, 3 to 6; and _ bitumi- 
nous, 3 or less. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal gas. Flammable gas derived from coal 
either naturally in place, or by induced 
methods of industrial plants and under- 
ground gasification. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal gasification, underground. See under- 
ground gasification. 

coal getter. Eng. One who cuts, holes, hews, 
or mines coal in a mine. A coal miner. 
Fay. 

coal gravel. A secondary deposit of coal con- 
sisting of coal fragments of varying size 
that have been removed from the place of 
formation and redeposited, A.G.I. 

coal hagger. N. of Eng. One who is em- 
ployed in cutting or hewing coal in a mine. 
A coal miner. Fay. 

coal handler. a. One who loads or unloads 
coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. b, One who 
supplies coal to the gas-producing ovens 
in which coal gas is generated for use as 
a fuel in furnaces in which ore is smelted 
to recover the metal. D.O.T. /. 

coal-handling foreman. One who supervises 
workers engaged in unloading coal from 
barges into coal hoppers. He reads a scale 
indicating the weight of the coal as it 
enters the bunkers on a conveyor from coal 
tower hoppers, and records the amounts 
in a logbook for comparison with bills of 











} 
| 


| 





coal heaver 


lading. D.O.T. 1. 

coal heaver. One employed in the moving 
or shoveling of coal, in loading or dis- 
charging coalships, in shoveling coal from 
ships’ bunkers to the furnaces; a coal 
passer. Fay. 

coalheugh. a. Scot. A mound of refuse about 
old mines. Fay. b. Scot. A place where coal 
is dug; a coal mine. Fay. 

coal hewer. Eng. A person who digs coal; 
a collier; a miner. Fay. 

coal hiker. A laborer who carries coal, usually 
in a basket or bucket, from the delivery 
truck to the customer’s storage place. 
Di Oel ales 

coal hill. a. A hill composed of or containing 
coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. b. Scot. Ground 
occupied at a pithead or mine mouth for 
colliery purposes. Fay. 

coal hod. A coal scuttle. Craigie, v. 1, p. 533. 

coal-hoisting engineer. In coal mining, one 
who operates a hoist for raising coal to the 
surface where separate shafts or compart- 
ments are used for handling coal and men. 
PlO. Tt: 

coalhole. a. A hole for coal (as a trap or 
opening in a sidewalk leading to a coal- 
bin). Webster 3d. b. Gr. Brit. A compart- 
ment for storing coal. Webster 3d. 

coal hulk. A vessel kept, usually at foreign 
stations, for supplying steamers with coal. 
Fay. 

coal hydrogenation. See coal liquefaction. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

coalification. Those processes involved in the 
genetic and metamorphic history of coal- 
beds. The plant materials that form coal 
may be present in vitrinized or fusinized 
form. Materials contributing to coal differ 
in their response to diagenetic and meta- 
morphic agencies, and the three essential 
processes of coalification are called incor- 
poration, vitrinization, and_ fusinization. 
See also carbonification. A.G.J, 

coalify. To change vegetal matter into coal. 
Hess. 

coaling. a. The making of charcoal. Craigie, 
v. 1, p. 538. b. The action of loading with 
coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538, c. A place where 
charcoal is burned. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 
d. The process of supplying or taking coal 
for use, as in coaling a steamer, etc. Fay. 
e. Mid. Engaged in mining coal. Fay. 

coaling shift. The shift on which coal is 
produced. See also preparation shift. Nelson. 

coaling station. A place where boats or 
trains may get coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coaling-station dumper. In bituminous coal 
mining, a laborer who coals by opening 
the chute door of a coalbin or by dumping 
loaded mine cars from a trestle into ten- 
ders. D:O.FHl: 

coal inspector. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who inspects coal at the surface of a 
coal mine, in coal cars, and at the tipple 
to maintain uniform standards in quality 
of mined coal; visually inspects coal sam- 
ples removed from loadings to determine 
amounts of impurities, such as rock and 
slate, mixed with the coal; and grades coal 
according to percentage of impurities 
found in coal samples. Also called tipple 
inspector. D.O.T. 1. 

Coalite; semicoke. A trade name for a smoke- 
less fuel produced by carbonizing coal at 
a temperature of about 600° C. It has a 
calorific value per pound of about 13,000 
British thermal units, and is used for do- 
mestic purposes. See also coking coal; 
smokeless coal. Nelson. 

Coalite process. See Parker process. 








225 


coalition. A voluntary joining of persons or 
parties, for the purpose of combining their 
resources, as in the support of some plan 
or policy relating to mining operations; 
a combination. Fay. 

coal jigger. See Baum washer; jig washer; 
plunger jig washer. Nelson. 

coal kiln. A_ kiln for making 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal king. A coal baron. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal land. Land of the public domain which 
contains coalbeds. Fay. 

coal lateral. A railroad that parallels a coal 
road. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal leads. The thin veins of coal in a fault 
zone. The evidence provided by the coal 
leads may indicate the direction of the 
displaced seam. See also drag. Nelson. 

coal liquefaction; coal hydrogenation. The 
conversion of coal into liquid hydrocar- 
bons and related compounds by hydro- 
genation at elevated temperatures and 
pressures. CCD 6d, 1961. In essence, this 
involves putting pulverized bituminous 
coal into an oily paste, which is treated 
with hydrogen gas under appropriate con- 
ditions of temperature and pressure to 
form the liquid molecules of carbon and 
hydrogen which constitute oil. Kentucky, 
p. 45. 

coal man. One who sells or delivers coal. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. b. One who owns 
coal property. Craigie, v. 1, p. 538. 

coal master. Eng. The owner or lessee of a 
coalfield or colliery. Fay. 

coal measures. Strata containing coalbeds, 
particularly those of the Pennsylvanian 
period. A.G.I. Supp. 

Coal Measures. Used as a proper name for a 
stratigraphic unit more or less equivalent to 
the Pennsylvanian period. A.G.J. Supp. 

Coal Measure unit. The Coal Measure strata 
disclose a rough repetition or cycle of dif- 
ferent kinds of rock in the same regular 
manner. Broadly, the cycle of strata up- 
wards is coal, shale, sandstone, and coal. 
This sequence is sometimes referred to as a 
unit. Nelson. 

coal measures plant. See coal plant. 

coal merchant. One who sells coal. Craigie, 
v. 1, p. 538. 

coal metals. Scot. Strata’in which coal seams 
occur. Fay. 

coal meter. Eng. One appointed to super- 
intend the measuring of coal. Fay. 

coal microbiology. The study of micro-or- 
ganisms whose activities are associated 
with the formation and degradation of 
coal. I.C. 8075, 1962, p. 2. 

coal mine. Any and all parts of the prop- 
erty of a mining plant, on the surface or 
underground, which contributes, directly 
or indirectly under one management to 
the mining or handling of coal. Fay. In 
addition to the underground roadways, 
staple shafts, and workings, a coal mine 
incudes all surface land in use, buildings, 
structures and works, preparation plants, 
etc. Nelson. A colliery. See also mine. Fay. 

coal mine explosion. The burning of gas and/ 
or dust with evidence of violence from 
rapid expansion of gases. Bureau of Mines. 
Instructions for Disaster, Fatal-Accident, 
and Miscellaneous Health and Safety Re- 
ports, April 1966, Chapter 5.1, p. 45. 

coal mine ignition. The burning of gas and/ 
or dust without evidence of violence from 
expansion of gases. Bureau of Mines. In- 
structions for Disaster, Fatal-Accident, and 
Miscellaneous Health and Safety Report, 


charcoal. 








coal pipe 


April 1966, Chapter 5.1, p. 45. 

coal ‘mine inspector. In mining, one who 
examines the safety conditions of a mine 
in regard to pit slope or underground 
roof, timbering, haulage, ventilation, elec- 
tricity, and machines, and makes tests 
with a safety lamp to detect gas and dust 
hazards. Also called examiner; gas inspec- 
tor; mine inspector; safety inspector. 
D.O.Ds 1: 

coal miner. One who digs coal. Fay. 

coal mine regulations. National, state, and 
local laws, or enforceable rules that gov- 
ern coal mining, Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal mining. The industry that supplies coal 
and its various byproducts. Nelson. 

coal mining examinations. The examinations 
held in Great Britain which must be 
passed by every person who wishes to hold 
a colliery manager’s (or undermanager’s) 
certificate. A candidate for a certificate 


may submit himself for the old-style 
six-paper examination, or the new-style 
three-stage examination of the Mining 


Qualifications Board or the joint exam- 
inations of the Board and the Institution 
of Mining Engineers. Holders of approved 
degrees or diplomas, or certain other quali- 
fications, who apply for a first-class cer- 
tificate, are required to qualify only in 
the subject of mining law. See also colliery 
manager. Nelson. 

coal mining explosives. The statutory re- 
quirements regarding the use of explo- 
sives in coal mines are very stringent. In 
gaseous mines only permitted explosives 
are allowed. See also explosive, b; blast- 
ing, a. Nelson. 

coal mining methods. The methods of work- 
ing coal seams have been gradually evolved 
and progressively improved or modified as 
knowledge and experience were gained 
and power machines became available. 
Over the years, a very large number of 
methods of mining coal have been devel- 
oped to suit the seam and local conditions, 
and they may be divided, broadly, into 
(1) long-wall, and (2) pillar methods of 
working. See also method of working. 
Nelson. 

coal oil. a. The crude oil obtained by the 
destructive distillation of bituminous coal. 
Fay. b. That distillate obtained from such 
a crude oil which is used for illuminating 
purposes—kerosene. Fay. c. Crude petro- 
leum. Fay. 

coal passer. A laborer who transports coal 
or coke from storage bins or piles to place 
of use..D.O.T. I. 

coal pebble. Highly polished, spherical or 
elliptical mass of bituminous or anthracite 
coal, may consist of concentric shells, eas- 
ily separated from the surrounding bed, 
the laminations of which may continue 
through the pebble. Some pebbles are stri- 
ated and slickensided. Coal pebbles are 
only found where coalbeds have been in- 
truded by dikes. Hess. 

coal picker. a. A laborer who picks over 
dump or rubbish heap to salvage any good 
coal. D.O.T.1. b. A laborer who removes 
foreign material or ‘‘bone” from coal pass- 
ing over a picking table. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

coal pile. A heap of coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 
539: 

coal pipe. Eng. a. The carbonized annular 
coating or bark of a fossil plant. Fay. b. 
A very thin seam of coal. Fay. c. A fossil 
tree stump reaching from a coalbed up in- 


coalpit 


to the overlying rock strata indicating 
rapid subsidence and burial of the stand- 
ing tree. The inner casts of these stumps 
usually consist of material differing from 
the surrounding rock. Stutzer and Noe, 
1940, p. 168. See also erratics. 

coalpit. a. A place where charcoal is made. 
Fay. b. Eng. A place where coal is dug. 
A coal mine. Fay. 

coal planer. A type of continuous coal min- 
ing machine developed in Germany espe- 
cially for longwall mining. It consists of a 
heavy steel plow with cutting knives, with 
power equipment to drag it back and 
forth across a coal face. A parallel con- 
veyor receives and carries away the coal 
as the planer digs it from the face. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

coal plant. A fossil plant found in coalbeds 
or contributing its substance to the forma- 
tion of coalbeds. Any plant species, the 
residue of which has entered into the com- 
position of coal under natural geological 
conditions. Fay. 

coal plough. a. This device carries steel 
blades which shear or plane off the coal 
to a limited depth and ploughs it onto the 
face conveyor. The plough is hauled back- 
ward and forward along the coal face by 
steel ropes or chains operated by winches 
in the gate roads and planes off a thick- 
ness of 11.8 inches to a height one-third 
to one-half the seam thickness each time. 
The coal is conveyed along the face by 
a’ double chain conveyor with double- 
ended drive; the conveyor sections are 
articulated to allow for bends in its tracks 
and are moved bodily forward at each 
passage of the plough, either by com- 
pressed-air jacks or by means of a tor- 
pedo or trailer attached by rope to the 
plough and an auxiliary drum on the 
winches. Its uses are limited to softer coal 
seams, or to suitably prepared coal. Also 
called kohlenhobel. Mason, v. 1, p. 123. 
b. A cutter loader with knives to slice the 
coal off the face. See also plough. Nelson. 

coal pocket. a. A structure, bunker, or bin 
for the storage of coal. Fay. b. An arrange- 
ment of bins to load trucks or rail cars by 
gravity. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

coal preparation. a. A collective term for 
physical and mechanical processes applied 
to coal to make it suitable for a particu- 
lar use. B.S. 3323, 1960. b. The under- 
cutting, shot-firing, or water infusion op- 
erations at the face to prepare the coal 
for loading by hand or machine. See also 
preparation shift. Nelson. c. The various 
processes where raw coal is dedusted, 
graded, and treated by dry methods 
(rarely) or water methods, using dense- 
media separation (sink-float), jigs, tables, 
flotation; objective being the removal of 
free dirt, sulfur, and other undesired con- 
stituents. Pryor, 3. 

coal-preparation department. Gr. Brit. An 
area department of the National Coal 
Board which is responsible for the installa- 
tion of new plants. and tests and inves- 
tigations. Its aim is to produce a clean- 
graded coal and it functions in close touch 
with the marketing department. Nelson. 

coal-preparation plant. A plant for the clean- 
ing and sizing of the raw coal before it 
is loaded into railway cars or trucks. In 
the case of large plants the trend is to 
combine dense-medium washing for the 
large coal with washing in baums or 
troughs for the smaller sizes and froth 








226 


flotation or simple flocculation for the 
fines. The average capacity of coal-prepa- 
ration plants now being built in Great 
Britain ranges from 500 to 600 tons per 
hour. In the United States, plant capacities 
vary from 500-2,000 tons per hour. See also 
gravity concentration; screen, a; washery. 
Nelson. 

coal-preparation process. The process adopted 
for cleaning and sizing coal for the market. 
The selection of the best process for any 
particular run-of-mine coal is a specialist 
study. Many conflicting factors must be 
weighed. The cost of a detailed investiga- 
tion is well repaid in higher recoveries, in 
flexibility, and in ease of operation and 
maintenance. Nelson. 

coal-preparation shift. On mechanized long- 
wall faces, the shift during which coal- 
cutting, boring, and shot-firing operations 
are performed. Mason, v. 1, p. 119. 

coal prints. N. of Eng. Thin films, or patches, 
of coallike matter interbedded with shale. 
Fay. 

coal prospector. One who prospects or seeks 
for evidence of coal. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal pulverizer operator. One who operates 
by means of electrical switches, mechan- 
ical levers and valves, a coal pulverizing 
plant consisting of several interrelated 
machines. The plant crushes, dries, and 
pulverizes coal, and delivers the pulverized 
coal either to a storage bin or to a blower 
thatisupplies the fuel to a boiler or furnace. 
JOE. 1h 

coal puncher. a. A coal cutter of the recipro- 
cating type, used for undercutting and 
nicking coal. Also called pick machine. 
Fay. b. See pneumatic pick. Nelson. 

coalrake. Derb. A seam or bed of coal. Fay. 

coal rank. a. Classification according to de- 
gree of metamorphism or progressive altera- 
tion, in the natural series from lignite to 
anthracite; higher rank is classified accord- 
ing to fixed carbon on dry basis; lower 
rank according to British thermal units 
on moist basis. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 
b. The degree of maturity of the coal sub- 
stance. See also rank, f. Nelson. 

coal rash. Very impure coal containing much 
argillaceous material, fusain, etc. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

coal region. An area in which coal is mined 
extensively. Craigie, v. 1, p. 539. 

coal rith; coal ree; coal fauld. Scot. A sale 
place for coal other than at a colliery. Fay. 

coal road. a. An underground roadway or 
heading in coal. Zern. b. A railroad whose 
principal business is the haulage of coal, 
as from mine to industrial centers. Fay. 

coal room. a. Scot. A working face in stoop- 
and-room workings. Fay. b. The open area 
between pillars where the coal has been 
removed. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal royalties. Fees paid for coal leased to 
the proprietors of the mine by the owners 
of the minerals below the surface. Peel. 

coal salad. In Wales, a mixture of various 
sorts of coal. Fay. 

coal sampler. In the light, heat, and power 
industry, a laborer who collects coal sam- 
ples from cars in the yard or from pul- 
verized coal bunkers for testing by a fuels 
analyst to ascertain such properties as heat 
value, moisture, sulfur, or ash content. 
DO Tile 

coal sampling. The standard method used by 
the U.S. Bureau of Mines samplers is as 
follows: A space of 5 feet in width should 








coal saw 


be cleared of dirt and powder from top 
to bottom of the seam being sampled. 
Down the center of this cleared space, a 
zone 1 foot wide is cut to a depth of at 
least 1 inch in order to get perfectly clean 
coal. A cut is then made up the center 
of this zone to a depth of 2 inches and 
a width of 6 inches; or, if the coal is soft, 
to a depth of 3 inches and a width of 4 
inches. Approximately 5 to 6 pounds of 
coal will be obtained for each foot of thick- 
ness of the seam. This should include all 
bony coal included in the mining operation 
and exclude all slate or partings which 
are thrown out during the operation. The 
sample obtained should be collected on 
a waterproof cloth 6 by 7 feet and then 
screened, the lumps being broken in a 
mortar, and all passed through a ¥2-inch 
screen. Any impurities, such as slate or 
pyrite, are crushed to one-fourth inch or 
finer and thoroughly mixed with the coal. 
The coarser materials should be evenly 
distributed, the sample being then quar- 
tered, remixed, and requartered. When 
the mixing is complete, the sample 
should be placed in a can of 3 pounds 
capacity and the top screwed on and 
sealed with adhesive tape. The can should 
be labeled with the name of the collec- 
tor, the location, the date, and any other 
information necessary for the analysis. 
Kentucky, p. 408. See also groove sample; 
sampling. 


coal sampling, laboratory methods. There 


are two methods, the choice depending on 
whether the coal appears wet or dry: 
(1) when coal appears dry, the first pro- 
cedure is to reduce the coal in the jaw 
crusher to pass a 4-mesh sieve and reduce 
the sample to 10 pounds weight, on the 
larger riffle sampler. The 10-pound 4-mesh 
sample is ground in a rollcrusher or coffee 
mill to 20 mesh. From various parts of 
this sample, take with a spoon, without 
sieving, a composite 50-gram total mois- 
ture sample which should be placed 
directly in a  rubber-stoppered bottle. 
Thoroughly mix the main portion of the 
sample, reduce on the small riffle sampler 
to about 200 grams, and pulverize to 60 
mesh by suitable grinder, disregarding loss 
of moisture. After passing 60 mesh, the 
sample is mixed and reduced to 50 grams 
on the small riffle sampler. This final sam- 
ple is transferred to a 4-ounce rubber- 
stoppered bottle. Moisture is determined 
on both the 60-mesh and the 20-mesh 
samples. The following computation is 
made: (1) the analysis of the 60-mesh 
coal which has become partly air-dried 
during sampling is computed to the dry- 
coal basis by dividing each result by 1, 
minus its contents of moisture. The analy- 
sis of the coal ‘‘as received” is com- 
puted from the dry-coal analysis by mul- 
tiplying by 1, minus the total moisture 
found in the 20-mesh sample; and (2) 
when coal appears wet, the sample is 
spread on tarred pans, weighed, and air- 
dried at room temperature or in a special 
drying oven at 10° to 15° C above room 
temperature. After it is weighed again, 
this drying is continued until the loss of 
weight is not more than 0.1 percent per 
hour. The sampling is then completed as 
under (1) for dry coal. Kentucky, pp. 
409-410. 


coal saw. A coal cutter employing a very 


thin chain and bits, or saw, which cuts 
a kerf 2 inches wide, in comparison with 














coal scares 


normal chain and bit kerfs which are 
5 to 7 inches wide. The coal saw is for 
use where hydraulic devices could be em- 
ployed to break down the coal and thus 
eliminate most or all of the shooting or- 
dinarily required. Jones. 

coal scares. Thin laminae of pyrite in coal. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal screener. In the iron and steel indus- 
try, a laborer who operates sifters to grade 
coal. D.O.T. 1. 

coal scuttle. A strong metal pail or bucket, 
or scooplike container, in which coal for 
domestic use is carried. Craigie, v. 1, p. 
539. 

coal seam. A bed or stratum of coal. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 539. See also coalbed. 

coal-seam correlation. The identification of 
a coal seam; the linking up or matching 
of a seam exposed in different parts of 
a mine or coalfield. A coal seam may be 
correlated by lithology, by fossils, by chem- 
ical composition, or by its spore content. 
Coal-seam correlation is very imoprtant 
in exploration and in penetrating faults. 
See also correlation, e. Nelson. 

coal seat. Clay beneath coal. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

coal-sensing probe. A nucleonic coal-sensing 
instrument which can measure the thick- 
ness of coal left on the floor of a seam 
when a cutter loader operates on a long- 
wall face. The principle used is the meas- 
urement of the density of the strata un- 
derlying the machine by a gamma-ray 
backscattering unit. Gamma rays from the 
radioactive source are scattered in all di- 
rections by the atomic particles in the coal 
and rock. The amount of. scattered ra- 
diation eventually reaching the Geiger 
counter is, approximately, inversely pro- 
portional to the density of the scattering 
medium, that is, more will come back 
from coal than from rock. Thus, as the 
amount of coal between the source and 
the underlying rock changes, so the amount 
reaching the Geiger counter and the count- 
ing unit (the ratemeter) will change and 
consequently the output of the meter can 
be calibrated in terms of the thickness of 
the floor coal. Nelson. 

coal separator. A machine which separates 
the coal from dirt in the run-of-mine ma- 
terial. See also coal-preparation plant. 
Nelson. 

coalshed. Eng. A coalbed of only a few 
inches in thickness and therefore un- 
workable. Fay. 

coal sheugh. Scot. A coal mine. Hess. 

coal sill. Cumb. A soft clay from coal meas- 
ures used for slate pencils. Arkell. 

coal sizes. The sizes by which anthracite 
coal is marketed are as follows, diameter 
of opening through which or over which 
coal will pass. Crispin. 


Through Over 
Broken 4-1/2 in. 3-1/4 in. 
Egg 3-1/4 in. 2-5/16 in. 
Stove 2-5/16 in. 1-5/8 in. 
Chestnut 1-5/8 in. Ty Seiarae 
Pea C/O eine 9/16 in. 
No. 1 Buckwheat 9/16 in. 5/16 in. 


coal slime. A slurry containing particles of 
such size range that 50 percent or more 
(by weight) will pass a 200-mesh sieve. 
Mitchell, p. 610. 

coal sludge. A slurry that has been partly 
dewatered by sedimentation, usually to 
a dilution that will permit further de- 
watering by filtration. Mitchell, p. 610. 








227 


coal slurry. Finely crushed coal mixed with 
sufficient water to form a fluid. To use 
coal slurry pumped through a pipeline as 
fuel, expensive drying and dewatering 
pretreatment has been necessary. Recent 
tests indicate that coal slurry can be fired 
in a cyclone furnace as it is received 
from a pipeline, that is, a coal and water 
mixture. See also slurry. Nelson. 

coal smits. York. Worthless, earthy coal. See 
also coal smut. Fay. 

coal smoke. A suspension of very fine par- 
ticles in air. A coal which breaks down 
easily when heated gives off its volatile 
matter very easily and perhaps more 
quickly than the available draught can 
supply the air for combustion with the 
result that dark smoke containing much 
unburnt or partly burnt material is given 
off—a loss of fuel energy. See also smoke. 
Nelson. 

coal smut. Eng. An earthy coal stratum 
at or near the surface. The outcrop of a 
coal seam. Also called blossom of coal; 
coal blossom. 

Coal special. Explosive; used in mines. 
Bennett 2d, 1966. 

coal split. See split seam. Nelson. 

coal spragger. a. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who sets short wooden props in a 
slanting position (sprags) under the up- 
per or overhead section of a bed of coal 
to hold that section up while the lower 
section is being mined, or wedges heavy 
slanting props (sprags) against the coal 
to prevent it from flying when broken 
down by blasting. D.O.T. 1. b. One who 
places short pointed wooden sprags be- 
tween the spokes of a mine car wheel to 
stop the car. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coal stome. a. Eng. A kind of cannel coal. 
Fay. b. A local name for the Kimmeridge 
oil shale. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

coal stove. A stove designed for burning 
coal rather than wood. Craigie, v. 1, p. 
539. 

coal stripper. In bituminous coal mining, 
a general term applied to a worker who 
is engaged in mining coal in a strip mine, 
one in which the coal is close enough to 
the earth’s surface to permit the use of 
power shovels in stripping back the 
ground and loading the coal into large 
cars or trucks. Usually designated accord- 
ing to particular jobs, as fireman, steam 
shovel; groundman; power-shovel oper- 
atorsD. Oi tile 

coal substance. Coal excluding its mineral 
matter and moisture. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

coal tar. Tar obtained by the destructive 
distillation of bituminous coal, usually in 
coke ovens or in retorts and consisting of 
numerous’ constituents (as benzene, 
xylenes, naphthalene, pyridine, quinoline, 
phenol, cresols, light oil, and creosote) 
that may be obtained by distillation. 
Webster 3d. 

coal-tar color. Color composed of or con- 
taining any substance derived from coal 
tar, or any substance so related in its 
chemical structure to a constituent of 
coal tar as to be capable of derivation 
from such constituent. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coal-tar creosote; creosote oil; liquid pitch 
oil. Dark, yellow to greenish oil obtained 
from coal-tar distillation; specific gravity 
1.030 to 1.080; boiling point 200 to 300° 
C.; used as disinfectant, wood preserva- 
tive. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coal-tar oils. Oils obtained by the distilla- 





coal washer 


tion of coal tar; classified into light and 
heavy oils. A light oi] is one having a 
specific gravity less than 1.000 and con- 
tains the coal-tar napthas. The heavy oils 
sink in water and contain such com- 
pounds as creosote, anthracene, anthra- 
cene oil, etc. Porter. 

coal-tar pitch. A dark brown to black re- 
siduum from the distillation of coal tar, 
ranging from a sticky mass to a brittle 
solid, depending on the degree of dis- 
tillation. Most coal-tar pitch made melts 
between 60° and 70° C. Used for water- 
proofing; roofing; paving compounds and 
fillers; insulation; fuel briqueting; core 
compounds; electrodes; pitch-coke; and 
fucl. Hess. 

coal tar, viscous. Amorphous, resinous phe- 
nolic residue from the manufacture of gas 
from coal; specific gravity, 1.08 to 1.25; 
and soluble in ethyl alcohol. Used in roof- 
ing compositions and in roadmaking. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

coal testing. Evaluating coals by methods 
other than chemical, such as determining 
the relative values of different coals as 
fuels by burning them under controlled 
conditions in furnaces, or to determine 
their gas and coke producing properties 
by testing in a retort. Coal] testing is fre- 
quently erroneously used, especially] in coal 
marketing, for coal analysis. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

coal tipple. A tipple. Mathews, v. 1, p. 347. 

coal tower operator. In the light, heat, and 
power industry, one who unloads coal 
from barges into coal tower hoppers, us- 
ing an electric hoist to actuate the scoop 
bucket traveling on a beam _ suspended 
from the coal tower over the barge. 
DIO miele 

coal trade. a. The mining and distribution 
of coal. Craigie, v. 1, p. 539. b. Coal 
merchants. Craigie, v. 1, p. 539. 

coal train. A train loaded with coal. Craigie, 
uv 1p. 539. 

coal trimmer. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who operates a small, 
electric-powered tram (car) to transoprt 
coal from storage bins to roasting fur- 
naces where it is used as a fuel in roast- 
ing ore to eliminate undesirable elements. 
DOT 

coal trimmer. One who is employed to stow 
and trim or shift coal on board vessels, 
either as cargo or supply for furnaces. Fay. 

coal type. a. A variety of coal, such as 
common banded coal, cannel coal, algal 
coal, and splint coal. The distinguishing 
characteristics of each type of coal arise 
from the differences in the kind of plant 
material that produced it. A.GJ. b. A 
coal, particularly a bituminous coal, con- 
tains bands or layers which are dissimilar 
and which are believed to have been 
formed mainly from selected portions of 
the plant material forming the seam. 
These bands, which have been given the 
terms vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain, 
are the dieffrent types of coal in that 
seam. Nelson. 

coal vend. a. Eng. The general sale of 
coal. Fay. b. The limited quantity of coal 
to which each colliery was restricted by 
a former combination of coal operators 
on the Tyne river. Fay. 

coal wall. Scot. The coal face. Fay. 

coal warrant. In Wales, a kind of fire clay 
forming the floor of a coalbed. Fay. 

coal washer. a. In the coal mining and 


coal-washer tender 


coke products industry, one who washes 
coal, using equipment, such as launders, 
shakers, screens, and conveyors to sepa- 
rate coal from slate, rock, and other im- 
purities, usually by gravity separation. 
May be designated according to equip- 
ment tended, as free-discharge washer op- 
erator; seal-discharge washer operator; 
washer table man. Also called coal-washer 
tender; wash-coal conveyorman; washer- 
man; washer operator. D.O.T. Supp. b. A 
place where mined coal is jigged, sized, 
and treated by sink-float methods, or by 
froth-flotation to remove ash, shale, sul- 
fur and other unwanted products. The 
resulting vend product is graded to size 
and regulated for maximum ash content. 
Also called cleaning plant; preparation 
plant. Pryor, 3. 

coal-washer tender. See 
DOD 1s 

coal washing. See washing apparatus. Fay. 

coal wheeler. In the iron and steel industry, 
a laborer who shovels coal into a wheel- 
barrow and pushes it to the furnaces. 
Did. I 

coal-whipper. Gr. Brit. One (as a laborer 
or a machine) that raises coal out of the 
hold of a ship. Webster 3d. 

coal wood. Wood to be burned for charcoal. 
Craigie, v. 1, p. 539. 

coal work. a. N. of Eng. Headings driven 
in coal, Fay. b. Scot. A colliery. Fay. 

coal workings. A coal mine with its appur- 
tenances; a colliery. Standard, 1964. Coal 
works, Fay. 

coalyard. A place where coal is 
Creigie, v. 1, p. 539. 

coaly rashings. Soft dark shale, 
pieces, containing much 
matter. Zern. 

coarse; coosc. A vein or the material that 
comes from it when it is not rich, the 
mineral being thinly disseminated through 
it. Inferior; faulty. Fay. 

coarse aggregate. Aggregate predominantly 
retained on the No. 4 (4.76 millimeters) 
sieve; or that portion of an aggregate re- 
tained on the No. 4 (4.76 millimeters) 
sieve. ASTM C125-66. 

coarse gold. Gold in large grains as distin- 
guished from gold dust. Also called coarse 
quartz gold. Mathews, v. 1, p. 348. 

coarse-grained. Applied to rocks composed of 
large grains; used mainly in a relative 
sense, but an average size greater than 5 
millimeters in diameter has been sug- 
gested. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

coarse-grained soil. A soil in which gravel 
and sand predominate. Coarse-grained 
soils are those least affected by moisture- 
content changes and most surface rain, 
etc., becomes gravitational water. Nelson. 

coarse jigs. The jigs used to handle the larger 
sizes and heavier grades of ore or metal. 
Weed, 1922. 

coarse lode. A lode not rich. See also coarse. 
Fay. 

coarse metal. An iron-and-copper matte con- 
taining sulfur; a product of copper smelt- 
ing in a reverberatory furnace. Standard, 
1964. 

coarsening. See grain growth. 4SM Gloss. 

coarse roll. A large roll for the preliminary 
crushing of large pieces of ore, rock, or 
coal. Used in stage crushing. Fay. 

coarse sand. Sand with a diameter between 
0.5 millimeter and 1 millimeter. A.G.J. 

coast. A strip of land of indefinite width 
extending along the seashore. Schiefer- 


coal washer, a. 


stored. 


in small 
carbonaceous 





228 


decker. 

coastal plane. A low, level plain composed 
of horizontal or of gently sloping strata 
of clastic material. One of its margins is 
the coast. It represents a portion of the 
sea floor that recently emerged, and it 
borders the pre-existing land which was 
uplifted with it. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coastal terrace. See marine terrace. Schiefer- 
decker. 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. A Bureau of the 
U.S. Government charged with the topo- 
graphic and hydrographic survey of the 
coast and the execution of belts of pri- 
mary triangulation and lines of precise 
leveling in the interior. Fay. 

coaster. Corn. One who picks ore from the 
dump or abandoned mines. Fay. 

coastline. a. Technically, the line that forms 
the boundary between the coast and the 
shore. A.G.J. b. Commonly, the line that 
forms the boundary between the land and 
the water. A.G.I. 

coast of transverse deformation; composite 
coast. A coast consisting of alternating 
zones of submergence and emergence, con- 
nected with zones of downwarping and 
upwarping which are transverse to the 
coast. Schieferdecker. 

coast plain. A plain of denudation or a base 
level. It makes a sea level, to which the 
land has been reduced by subaerial forces. 
The coast plain, not to be confused with 
the ordinary coastal plain of uplifted 
marine sediments, is wave cut. A.G_J. 

coast with tidal flats. A coast in front of 
which a shallow sea with numerous tidal 
flats is situated, usually protected against 
the open sea by an offshore bar. Schiefer- 
decker. 

coated abrasive. An abrasive product, sand- 
paper for example, in which a layer of 
abrasive particles is firmly attached to a 
paper, cloth, or fiber backing by means of 
glue or synthetic-resin adhesive ASM 
Gloss. The principal abrasives used for this 
purpose are crushed quartz, garnet, alumi- 
num oxide, and silicon carbide. AIME, 
p. 4. 

coated chippings. Chippings of stone which 
have been thinly coated with bituminous 
substance for spreading over the wearing 
surface of a road. Ham. 

coated diamond. A diamond having a dull 
coating, usually very thin. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

coated electrode. A filler-metal electrode, 
used in arc welding, consisting of a metal 
wire with a light coating, usually of metal 
oxides and silicates, applied subsequent to 
the drawing operation primarily for sta- 
bilizing the arc. Contrast with covered 
electrode. ASM Gloss. 

coated macadam. Coarse road stone which 
has been coated with tar or bitumen. See 
also tarmacadam. Ham. 

coated ore. Cumb. Lead ore in lumps, covered 
over with a crust of white spar and fibrous 
lead ore, called by the miners coated orc. 
Arkell. 

coated products. Flexible abrasive. products 
where the paper cloth or fiber sheets are 
coated on one side with abrasive bond 
mixture. See also abrasive disk. ACSG, 
1963. 

coated stone. A stone entirely covered by 
some transparent material to improve its 
color. See also altered stone. Shipley. 

coat hanger. Term applied to alloy cross- 
pieces in a continuous furnace on which 





cobaltic boride 


ware is hung. Enam. Dict. 

coating clay. A high-grade, smooth, grit-free, 
white china clay for coating paper and 
textiles. CCD 6d, 1961. 

coatings. See ceramic coating and slip coat- 
ing. ACSG, 1963. 

coaxial cable. Electrical cable with inner 
conducting wire covered by alternating 
layers of insulating and conducting ma- 
terial. Pryor, 3. 

coaxing. Improvement of the fatigue strength 
of a specimen by the application of a 
gradually increasing stress amplitude, usu- 
ally starting below the fatigue limit. ASM 
Gloss. 

cob. a. Corn. To break ore with hammers 
so as to sort out the valuable portion. Fay. 
b. Derb. A small solid pillar of coal lett 
as a support for the roof. Fay. 

coba. Uncemented sand and gravel under- 
lying nitrate deposits in Chile. A.G.I. 
B-107. 

cobalt. A tough, lustrous, nickel-white or 
silvery-gray, metallic element in group 
VIII of the periodic system. Similar in 
properties to iron, but harder. It is mag- 
netic below 1,075° C and can take a high 
polish. Symbol, Co; isometric; atomic 
number, 27; atomic weight, 58.933; val- 
ences, 2 and 3; sepcific gravity, 8.9 (at 
20° C); melting point, 1,495° C; electric 
resistivity, 6.35 % 10° ohm per cubic 
centimeter (at 20° CC); and _ tensile 
strength (commercial cobalt containing 
carbon), 29 tons per square inch. Used ex- 
tensively in alloys. C.T.D.; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-107. 


cobalt aluminate; cobaltous aluminate; 
Thenards blue. Co(AlOz)2; molecular 
weight, 176.89; blue; isometric; and in- 


soluble in water. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
cobalt-ammonium sulfate. See  cobaltous- 
ammonium sulfate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cobalt arsenate. See cobaltous arsenate. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

cobalt bloom. Hydrated arsenate, CosAssOs.- 
8H:2O. Pryor, 3. See also erythrite. 

cobalt-bonded. Particles of a refractory ma- 
terial, as powdered tungsten carbide, ce- 
mented together with cobalt to form a 
metallike mixture. Long. 

cobalt carbonate. See cobaltous carbonate, 
basic. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cobalt-cemented. Synonym for 
bonded. Long. 

cobalt chloride. See cobaltous chloride. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

cobalt-chromium steel. A steel said to re- 
sist pitting and high-temperature deforma- 
tion; has been used for valves of internal- 
combustion engines; contains 80 percent 
iron, 13.3 percent chromium, 3.7 percent 
cobalt, 1.5 percent carbon, 0.7 percent 
molybdenum, 0.4 percent silicon, and 0.4 
percent manganese. Camm. 

Cobalt fluosilicate; cobaltous silicofluoride. 
Pale red; hexagonal trigonal; CoSiFs.- 
6H2O; specific gravity, 2.113 (at 19° C); 
and soluble in water. Used in ceramics. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-169. 

cobalt glance. See cobaltite. Fay. 

cobalt glass. Blue paste (glass) colored with 
cobalt Shipley. 

cobaltic. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
cobalt in the trivalent state; for example, 
cobaltic oxide (CosO3s). Webster 3d. 

cobaltic boride; cobalt monoboride. Crystal- 
line prisms; CoB; specific gravity, 7.25 (at 


cobalt- 




















cobaltic oxide 


18° C); soluble in nitric acid; decom- 

poses in water; and melting point, above 

1,400° C. Used in ceramics. CCD 6d, 

1961. 

| cobaltic oxide; cobalt oxide. Steel-gray or 
black; hexagonal or orthorhombic; CozOs3; 
soluble in concentrated acids; insoluble in 
water; and specific gravity, 4.81 to 5.60. 
Used in coloring enamels, glazing pottery, 
and as a pigment. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-169. 

cobaltiferous lollingite. See cobalt lollingite. 

cobaltiferous wad. An impure hydrated ox- 
ide of manganese containing up to 30 
percent of cobalt. C.M.D. 

cobaltite; cobalt glance. A silver-white to 
gray mineral, CoAsS; metallic luster; con- 
tains 35.5 percent cobalt; Mohs’ hardness, 
5.5; specific gravity, 6 to 6.3; found in 
Canada, Republic of the Congo, and 
Sweden. Used in ceramics. An important 
cobalt ore. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cobalt lollingite; cobaltiferous _lollingite. 
Synonym of safflorite, which always con- 
tains iron, (Co,Fe) Ass, and gives the same 
X-ray pattern as lollingite. Spencer 16, 
M.M., 1943. 

cobalt melanterite. Same as bieberite. English 

cobalt minerals. Minerals containing cobalt, 
such as linneite, cobaltite, erythrite, and 

i) smaltite. Fay. 

| cobalt molybdate. A molybdenum catalyst 
(a gray-green powder). Used in petroleum 
technology, in reforming and desulfuriza- 
tion. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cobalt monoxide. See cobaltous oxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

cobalt-nickel compound. A product of the 
refining of certain ores which contain co- 
balt and nickel. The compound is a mix- 
ture of the oxides of cobalt and _ nickel 
and is used in smelting dark colored 
enamels which require both oxides. Enam. 
Dict. 

cobaltnickelpyrite. a. A name applied by 
Vernadsky to a steel-gray member of the 
pyrite group containing 11.7 to 17.5 per- 
cent nickel and 6.6 to 10.6 percent (Fe,- 
Ni, Co) S2; small, pyritohedral crystals; iso- 
metric. Probably a mixture of siegenite 
and pyrite. From Musen, Westphalia, 
Germany. English. b. As applied by Hen- 
glein, a synonym for hengleinite. Hey 2d, 
W953 

cobaltoadamite. A pale rose-red to carmine 
variety of adamite in which cobalt replaces 
some of the zinc. English. 

cobaltocalcite. Replaces the generally ac- 
cepted name sphaerocobaltite for rhom- 
bohedral CoCOs. Not the cobaltocalcite of 
'F. Millosevich, 1910, a red cobaltiferous 
variety of calcite. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

cobalt ocher. Synonym for asbolane; eryth- 
rite, a. Hey 2d, 1955: 

cobaltocobaltic oxide; tricobalt tetroxide. 
Steel-gray to black; isometric; molecular 
weight, 240.80; CosO:; insoluble in water, 
in hydrochloric acid, and in nitric acid; 
soluble in sulfuric acid and in fused so- 
dium hydroxide; and specific gravity, 6.07. 
Used in ceramics; pigments; catalysts; and 
as a source of cobalt metal. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-169. 

cobaltosphaerosiderite. A peachblossom red 
carbonate of iron, manganese, magnesium, 
cobalt, and calcium; rhombohedral. Also 
spelled cobaltospharosiderite. English. 

cobaltous. Of, pertaining to, or containing 


cobaltous 


cobaltous 


cobaltous 





229 


cobalt in the bivalent state; for example, 
cobaltous oxide (CoO). Webster 3d. 


cobaltous-ammonium sulfate; cobalt-ammo- 


nium sulfate. Ruby-red; crystalline; CoSo.- 
(NHs,)2S01.6H2O; soluble in water; insol- 
uble in alcohol; and specific gravity, 1.902. 
Used in ceramics; in cobalt plating; and 
as a catalyst. CCD 6d, 1961. 


cobaltous arsenate; cobalt arsenate; cobalt- 


ous orthoarsenate; cobalt orthoarsenate; 
erythrite; cobalt bloom. Violet-red; mono- 
clinic; Cos(AsOx)2.8H2O; soluble in acids; 
insoluble in water; and specific gravity, 
3.178 (at 15° C). Used for painting on 
glass and porcelain in light blue colors and 
for coloring glass. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-168. 

carbonate; cobalt carbonate; 
spherocobaltite. Red; hexagonal trigonal; 
CoCO;; insoluble in water. and in am- 
monia; soluble in acids; and specific grav- 
ity, 4.13. Used in ceramics. The cobalt 
carbonate of commerce is usually the 
basic salt. See also cobaltous carbonate, 
basic. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-168. 


cobaltous carbonate, basic; cobalt carbonate, 


basic. Red-violet; crystalline; 2CoCOs.- 
3Co(OH)».H2O; soluble in acids; and in- 
soluble in cold water. The cobalt car- 
bonate of commerce. Used in manufactur- 
ing cobaltous oxide; cobalt pigments; and 
cobalt salts. CCD 6d, 1961. 


cobaltous chloride; cobalt chloride. Blue; 


hexagonal; CoCl.; hygroscopic; soluble in 
water and in alcohol; and specific gravity, 
3.348. Used as an absorbent for am- 
monia; in gas masks; in electroplating; 
as a flux for magnesium refining; as a 
solid lubricant; as catalysts; and in ba- 
rometers. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
1964, p. B-168. 

chloride hexahydrate; cobalt 
chloride hexahydrate. Ruby-red; mono- 
clinic; CoCls.6H2O; loses 6H:O at 110° 
C; soluble in water and in alcohol; and 
specific gravity, 1.924 (at 25° C, referred 
to water at 25° C). Used as an absorbent 
for ammonia; in gas masks; in electro- 
plating; as a flux for magnesium refining ; 
as a solid lubricant; as catalysts; and in 
barometers. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-169. 

chromate; cobalt chromate. 
CoCrO;s; gray-black crystals; soluble in 
acids, in ammonium hydroxide, and in 
solution of chromium trioxide; insoluble 
in water. Used in ceramics in tinting. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-169. 
Also used with aluminum oxide and zinc 
oxide to produce light stains in vitreous 
enamel and, with the same oxides, to pre- 
pare light green stains. Lee. 


cobaltous nitrate; cobalt nitrate. Red; mono- 


clinic; Co(NOs)2.6H:O;  deliquescent; 
loses 3H:O at 55° C; soluble in water and 
in acids; and specific gravity, 1.88. Used 
in porcelain decoration; in cobalt pig- 
ments; and in the preparation of cobalt 
catalysts. CCD 6d, 1961. Appears to be 
desirable for light-colored, first-coat enam- 
els for sheet iron. Lee. 


cobaltous orthophosphate octahydrate; co- 


balt orthophosphate octahydrate. A red- 
dish powder; Co3(POs)2.8H:O; specific 
gravity, 2.769 (at 25° C); loses 8H:O at 





cobalt 60 


200° C; slightly soluble in cold water; 
soluble in mineral acids; and insoluble in 
alcohol. Used in manufacturing cobalt pig- 
ments; in coloring glass; and in painting 
on porcelain in light blue colors. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-169. 


cobaltous oxide; cobalt oxide; cobalt mon- 


oxide. A grayish powder; green-brown 
isometric crystals; CoO; soluble in acids; 
insoluble in water; specific gravity, 6.45, 
ranging from 5.7 to 6.7; and. melting 
point, 1,935° C. Used as a pigment in 
ceramics; as a catalyst; for the preparation 
of cobalt salts; in porcelain enamels; and 
in coloring glass. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-169. Also used as a coloring 
medium in glass, glazes, and enamel; as a 
decolorizer in glass and enamel; in com- 
bination with either manganese or selen- 
ium, usually the latter, for the purpose of 
masking excess yellow color; and in ground 
coat enamel to give it a tight grip on the 
metal base. Lee. 


cobaltous sulfate; cobalt sulfate. A red 


powder; hexagonal; CoSO.; soluble in 
water; and specific gravity, 3.71 (at 25° 
C). Used in ceramics; pigments; and 
glazes; and in plating baths for cobalt. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-170. 


cobaltous sulfate heptahydrate; cobalt sul- 


fate heptahydrate; bieberite. Red to pink; 
monoclinic ; CoSO,.7H:O ; molecular 
weight, 281.10; specific gravity, 1.948 (at 
25° C, referred to water at 25° C) ; melt- 
ing point, 96.8° C; loses 7H:O at 420° C; 
and soluble in water, in ethy] alcohol, and 
in methyl alcohol. Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-170. 
Used in ceramics; pigments; and glazes; 
and in plating baths for cobalt. CCD 6d, 
1961. Also used in whiteware bodies to 
impart a blue or blue-white color, and 
sometimes used in decorative work where 
a soluble compound is needed to make 
solutions for spray work, as on art pottery. 


Lee. 


cobalt pentlandite. The cobalt analogue of 


pentlandite, CooSs, from northern Karelia. 
Hey, M.M.I, 1961. 


cobalt-potassium nitrite; potassium cabaltini- 


trite; Fischer’s salt; cobalt yellow. Yellow; 
isometric; KsCo(NOz)>«; molecular weight, 
452.27: specific gravity, 5.18; slightly solu- 
ble in water; and insoluble in alcohol 
Used as a yellow pigment and in painting 
on glass or porcelain. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-206. 


cobalt praseochloride; cis-chloroaquotetram- 


mine cobalt (III) chloride. Co(NHs).Cl- 
H.O; molecular weight, 251.42; violet; 
orthorhombic; specific gravity, 1.847; 
soluble in water and in acids; and insoluble 
in alcohol. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add.; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-170. 


cobalt pyrites. See linncite. Fay. 
cobalt sesquisulfide; cobaltic sesquisulfide. 


CoS3; molecular weight, 214.06; black 
crystals; specific gravity, 4.8; and insoluble 
in water. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-170. 


cobalt 60. Radioactive cobalt of mass num- 


ber 60. One of the most common radio- 
isotopes. Half-life, 5.3 years; radiation, 
beta and gamma. Cobalt 60 emits gammu 


cobalt skutterudite 


rays which have about the same penetrat- 
ing power as those from radium, Used for 
radiographic testing of welds and castings; 
and as a research aid in studying the 
permeability of porous media to the flow 
of oil, and the oil consumption in internal- 
combustion engines. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cobalt skutterudite. The pure end member, 
CoAss, of the skutterudite series. Hey, MM, 
1964. 

cobalt steel. Alloy characterized by great 
hardness and brittleness. Used in high- 
speed steel to improve cutting power. 
Pryor, 3. 

cobalt vitriol. See red vitriol; rose vitriol. Fay. 

cobalt zincate. Green powder; insoluble in 
water; and soluble in acid. Used as a pig- 
ment. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

cobked ore. a. Eng. Ore broken from vein- 
stone by means of a small hammer, Fay. 
b. Ore from which as much barren rock 
as practicable has been broken off with 
hand hammers. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cobbe pan. Grinding pan. Pryor, 3. 

cobber. a. In the asbestos products industry, 
a laborer who stands before a bench and 
breaks asbestos fibers away from asbestos- 
bearing rock with a light hammer. D.O.T. 
1 b. In metal mining, a laborer who chips 
gangue (waste rock) from lumps of ore 
with a hammer, thus increasing the per- 
centage of valuable minerals and reducing 
the amount of gangue to be handled in 
treating the ore at the mill or smelter. 
Also called cobber man. D.O.T. 1. 

cobber man. See cobber. D.O.T. 1. 

cobbing. a. Rubble, as from furnace bottoms, 
impregnated with copper. Standard, 1964 
b. Refers to a crude separation at coarse 
sizes, usually by magnetite methods. Bureau 
of Mines Staff c. Hand concentration in 
which lumps of concentrate are detached 
from waste, using a 3-pound chisel-edged 
hammer. Term also used for whole sorting 
operation. Pryor, 3. 

cobbing board. A flat piece of wood used in 
cobbing. Fay. 

cobbing hammer. A special chisel type of 
hammer to separate the mineral in a lump 
from the gangue in the hand picking of 
ores. Nelson. 

cobble. a. Eng. Small lump coal. See also 
cob coal, Fay b. A waterworn rounded 
stone, especially of the size suitable for 
paving. Also called cobblestone. Arkell. c. 
A rock fragment between 64 and 256 
millimeters in diameter; larger than a 
pebble and smaller than a boulder, round- 
ed or otherwise abraded in the course of 
aqueous, eolian, or glacial transport. Syno- 
nym for boulderet; cobblestone. A.G.J. d. 
A usually rounded or semirounded rock 
fragment having an average dimension 
ranging from 3 to 12 inches. Long e. 
Penna. In metallurgy of iron, an imper- 
fectly puddled ball which goes to pieces 
in the squeezer. Fay. 

cobble gravel. Deposit of uncemented cobbles 
or cobblestones. A.G.J. Supp. 

cobble riffle. A sluice with a cobble-paved 
bottom used in placer mining, It lasts 
considerably longer than wood or cobble- 


stone but a steeper slope is necessary for | 


the flow of material. Nelson. 

cobbles. a. A graded size of anthracite below 
large coal—about 5 inches. Nelson. b. Coke 
tinplates so poor as to require complete 
scrapping. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

cobblestone. a. Synonym for cobble. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. A rounded rock suitable for pav- 
ing a street or road. A.G.J. Supp. 








230 


cobbling. Eng. Cleaning the haulage road of 
coal that has fallen off the trams. Fay. 

cob coal. A large round piece of coal. Fay. 

Coblentzian. Upper Lower Devonian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Coblenzian. Synonym for Coblentzian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

cob mill. A type of grinder used to crush 
large lumps of caked raw materials in the 
enamel mixing room. Enam. Dict. 

cobra stone. Chlorophane. Bureau of Mines 
Staff 

cob wall. A wall built of unburned clay, 
sometimes mixed with straw, or of straw, 
lime, and earth. Fay. 

cocarde ore. Fragments of rock encrusted 
with metallic minerals. Also called sphere 
ore. Hess. 

coccolith. A minute calcareous body found 
in chalk and deep-sea ooze and constitut- 
ing the skeletal remains of a coccolitho- 
phore. Webster 3d. 

cocinerite. A silver-gray sulfide of copper and 
silver, CusAgS. Massive, Perhaps a variety 
rie grageds (le From Ramos, Mex. Eng- 
ish. 

cocite. A dark, fine-grained, yellowish-green 
dike rock with prominent crystals of olivine 
and diopside in a dense groundmass of 
leucite, orthoclase, biotite, and magnetite. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 279. 

cock. A device for regulating or stopping the 
flow in a pipe, made by a taper plug that 
may be rotated in a body having ports 
corresponding to those in the plug. Porter. 
See also drain valve. 

cockade ore. a. Cockscomb pyrite; a form of 
marcasite. Fay b, Crusts of different min- 
erals deposited successively around rock 
fragments. Bateman. 

cockade structure. a. Concentric rings of 
different sulfides (and gangue ?) sur- 
rounding inclusions. A.G.J, b. Applied to 
successive crusts of unlike minerals de- 
posited upon breccia fragments in a vein. 
Fragments of rock or ore are enclosed by 
successive crusts of other minerals. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955; Schieferdecker. 

cocker. To set supports herringbone fashion. 
Mason. 

cockering. Herringbone supports, A method 
of support by which a center suport of 
beams or bars running longitudinally along 
the roof of a road is supported systemat- 
ically by slanted struts or props with their 
feet spragged in the side of the road, the 
whole looking like a herringbone. Mason. 

cockermegs; cockers; cockersprags. Tempo- 
rary supports for the coal face. A short 
crosspiece is held to it by two slanting 
props, one hitched in the floor and the 
other in the roof. Pryor, 3. 

cockerpole. A piece of timber placed horizon- 
tally between two inclined pieces which 
abut against the roof and floor. Fay. 

cockers. See cockermegs. Pryor, 3. 

cocker sands. Eng. Quicksands, Lancashire 
and Kent. Arkell, 

cockersprags. See cockermegs. Pryor, 3. 

cockhead. Derb. A pack to support the roof. 
It consists of slack or waste and is about 
12 feet in width, surmounted by a few 
lumps of coal. Fay. 

cockle. a. Corn. Schorl or black tourmaline. 
Fay. b. Any mineral occurring in dark, long 
crystals, especially schorl. Webster 2d. c. 
Eng. A black, thready mineral, seeming to 
be a fibrous talc, Cornish tin mines. Arkell. 
d. Eng. An ironstone nodule. Arkell. e. 
Cornish name for hard siliceous rocks. 
Arkell. f. Dev. Schorl rocks. Arkell. 








coefficient of compressibility 


cockles. Eng. Flat and broad bluc stone, 
containing shells, used for building, Lower 
Lias, Axminster. Arkell. 

cockleshell. York. Black shale full of carboni- 
cola shells in Adwalton stone coal. Arkell. 

cockloft. Aust. A raise or crosscut in deep 
lead operations to connect two sets of 
workingse at different horizons. Nelson. 

cock metal. A soft alloy composed of 2 parts 
copper and 1 part lead; used for making 
taps and cocks. Fay. 

cocko. A piece of slate or bony. Korson. 

cockpit. That part of a tractor or grader con- 
taining the operator’s seat and controls. 
Nichols. 

cockscomb pyrites. A crestlike variety of 
marcasite. Webster 3d. 

cocoa mat. A fabric of wood fibers used to 
distribute water evenly over a smooth sur- 
face. Nichols. 

coconut amine. Amine of coconut fatty acids; 
an oil. Used in ore flotation as a selective 
collector and used for rustproofing metal 
surfaces. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coconut piece. A special shape of ceramic 
wall tile. Dodd. 

cocopan. Term used in South Africa for the 
rocker-dumping type of tipping truck. Hig- 
ham, p. 313. 

cod. Newc. The bearing of an axle. Fay. 

code a. A unified and coordinated body of 
law; especially, re-enactment, in improved 
and systematic form, of previously exist- 
ing law, whether derived from. statute, 
prescription, or judicial decisions. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. A system of signals or of char- 
acters used to represent letters or words, 
or in any way to communicate intelligence, 
as a cipher code, naval code, or telegraphic 
code. Standard, 1964. c. A system of rules 
and regulations generally approved and 
formally applied for conduct in particular 
cases; as in the mining code. Standard, 
1964. 

codorous ore. A highly siliceous hematite 
containing only a trace of phosphorus, 
but high in potash. Osborne. 

cod piece. Aust. A wooden fishplate used 
for connecting the segments of a curb in 
shafts. Fay. 

cod placer. See placer. Dodd. 

coe. Eng. a. A small cabin built over the 
shaft. Fay. b. Derb. A small ore house. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coefficient. a. Something that unites in action 
to produce an effect; a joint agent. Web- 
ster 3d. b. Any of the factors (as constants) 
of a product considered in relation to an- 
other factor (as a variable). Webster 3d. 
c. A number that serves as a measure of 
some property (as of a substance or body) 
or characteristic (as of a device or process) 
and that is commonly used as a factor in 
computations. Webster 3d, d. Measure; 
degree. Webster 3d. e. A prefixed number 
to be used as a multiplier. Crispin. f. A 
number indicating the degree of a quality 
of a substance or material. Crispin. 

cofficient of absolute viscosity. See coefficient 
of viscosity. ASCE P1826. 

coefficient of acidity. The figure expressing 
the following ratio, calculated from the 
molecular proportions of the constituents 
of a rock or slag: 

Number of atoms of oxygen in SiOz 


Number of atoms of oxygen in the basic oxides 
Holmes, 1928. 

coefficient of active earth pressure. See co- 
efficient of earth pressure. ASCE P1826. 

coefficient of compressibility. a. A measure 
of the deviation of a gas from Boyle’s law. 











coefficient of consolidation 


See also Boyle’s law. C.T.D. b. Change in 
void ratio per unit of pressure change. 
Pryor, 3. 

coefficient of consolidation. In the consoli- 
dation of soils, we obtain a value for the 
coefficient expressed in square centimeters 
per minute, where the permeability is in 
centimeters per minute. See also consoli- 
dation press. Ham. 

coefficient of contraction. This is related to 
the vena contracta, and is the ratio be- 
tween the minimum cross-sectional area of 
a jet of water flowing through an orifice 
under pressure, and the cross-sectional 
area of the orifice itself. Ham. 

coefficient of discharge. Ratio of observed to 
theoretical discharge. For a siphon this 
coefficient should be based on the area of 
the outlet. Seelye, 1. 

coefficient of earth pressure. The principal 
stress ratio at a point in a soil mass. See 
also active coefficient of earth pressure; 
passive coefficient of earth pressure; at 
rest (coefficient of earth pressure). ASCE 
P1826. 

coefficient of elasticity. Same as modulus of 
elasticity. ASM Gloss. 

coefficient of equivalence. See equivalence, 
coefficient of. C.T.D. 

coefficient of expansion. The factor which 
expresses the change per unit length of any 
material for each degree of temperature. 
Crispin. 

coefficient of friction. a. The frictional re- 
sistance of each square foot of rubbing 
surface when the velocity of the air cur- 
rent is 1,000 feet per minute. Nelson b. A 
numerical expression of the relationship 
between pressure and the resistance force 
of friction. This relationship is subject to 
many variables such as whether it is ap- 
plied to holding friction, sliding friction, 
rolling friction, or internal friction of a 
bulk material; whether the surfaces in 
contact are smooth or rough, the kind of 
material composing those surfaces, if they 
are wet or dry, lubricated or nonlubricated. 
The coefficient of friction is used in deter- 
mining the power necessary to drive a 
machine, to determine the slope angles 
used in hoppers, bins, chutes, and bunkers; 
or to determine the maximum angle of 
inclination for a conveyor. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

coefficient of heat transmission. The quantity 
of heat (in the United States, usually Btu) 
transmitted from fluid to fluid per unit of 
time (usually 1 hour) per unit of surface 
(usually 1 square foot) through a material 
or arrangement of materials under a unit 
temperature differential (usually 1° F) 
between fluids. Commonly used for build- 
ing maetrials. Strock, 10. 

coefficient of internal friction. The tangent 
of the angle of internal friction, ASCE 
P1826. 

coefficient of linear expansion. The expan- 
sion per - Cor °F per unit of length. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coefficient of permeability; permeability. The 
rate of flow of water under laminar flow 
conditions through a unit cross-sectional 
area of a porous medium under a unit hy- 
draulic gradient and a standard tempera- 
ture, usually 20° C. ASCE P1826. 

coefficient of roughness. A factor in the Kut- 
ter, Manning, Bazin, and other formulas 
expressing the character of a channel as 
affecting the friction slope of water or air 
flowing therein. Seelye, 1. 

coefficient of scatter. The rate of increase of 


264-972 O-68— 16 





231 


reflectance with thickness at infinitesimal 
thickness of porcelain enamel over an 
ideally black backing. ASTM C286-65. 

coefficient of subgrade reaction; modulus of 
subgrade reaction. The ratio of load per 
unit area of horizontal surface of a mass of 
soil to corresponding settlement of the sur- 
face. It is determined as the slope of the 
secant, drawn between the point corre- 
sponding to zero settlement and the point 
of 0.05-inch settlement, of a load-settle- 
ment curve obtained from a plate load 
test on a soil using a 30-inch, or larger 
diameter, loading plate. It is used in the 
design of concrete pavements by the West- 
ergaard Method. ASCE P1826. 

coefficient of thermal diffusion; thermal dif- 
fusivity. A thermal property of matter. 
with the dimensions of area per unit time 
A.G.I, 

coefficient of thermal expansion (linear). 
The fractional change in length of a body 
per degree of temperature change. ACSG, 
1963. 

coefficient of traction. Represents the per- 
centage of the total engine power that can 
be converted into forward motion by means 
of the friction between tire or track. Car- 
son, p. 68. 

coefficient of transmissibility. See transmis- 
sibility coefficient. 

coefficient of uniformity. The ratio of the 
particle size for 60 percent finer by weight 
to the effective diameter, the latter being 
the particle size for 10 percent finer by 
weight. Ham. 

coefficient of utilization method. See Lumen 
method of design. Roberts, II, p. 63. 

coefficient of variation. A statistical term 
which measures the relative variation of 
a series of values from the mean or av- 
erage value: 


S 
C=_, 
x 
where C equals coefficient of variation, 
S equals standard deviation, and X equal: 
mean, average. Also called relative stand- 
ard deviation. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
coefficient of velocity. The rate of transfor 
mation of a unit mass during chemica! 
reaction, Pryor, 3. 
coefficient of viscosity. a. The shearing force 
per unit area required to maintain a unit 
difference in velocity between two parallel 
layers of fluid a unit distance apart. Also 
called coefficient of absolute viscosity, 
ASCE P1826. b. The value of the tangen- 
tial force per unit area required to main- 
tain unit relative velocity between two 
parallel planes unit distance apart. Values 
of viscosity in centimeter - gram - second 
units are: air, 0.00018; water, 0.01; and 
glycerin, 11. See also viscosity. Nelson. 
Coelenterates. The group of animals which 
includes the jellyfishes, corals, and Hy- 
droids. Hy. 
coercimeter. An instrument for measuring 
the magnetic intensity of a natural or 
artificial magnet. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
coercive force; coercive field. The opposing 
magnetic intensity that must be applied 
to a magnetized substance to reduce the 
magnetic induction in the material to 0. 
Compare coercivity. Webster 3d. 
coercivity. The property of a material deter- 
mined by the value of the coercive force 
when the material has been magnetized to 
saturation. Webster 3d. 
coeruleolactite. A milky-white to light blue 





cog 


hydrous phosphate of aluminum; occurs 
in fibrous crusts. A member of the tur- 
quoise group. Dana 6d, p. 846; American 
Mineralogist, v. 43, No. 11-12, November- 
December 1958, p. 1224. 

coesite. Named from L. Coes who first ob- 
tained this form of silica; produced at 
500° to 800° C and a pressure of 35 kilo- 
bars with specific gravity, 3.01; insoluble 
in HF. Dodd. 

coestead. Eng. A small building. See also 
coe, a. Fay. 

Coeur D’Alene lagging. See lagging, Lewis 
p. 48. 

coffeepot lamp. Aust. An ordinary coal 
miner’s open oil lamp, similar in shape to 
a coffeepot. Fay. 

coffee shale. Drillers’ term in the Appalachian 
basin for well cuttings of dark colored 
shale chips mixed wih light-colored mud. 
A.G.I. 

coffer, cofer. a. Derb. To secure a shaft 
from leaking by ramming in clay behind 
the masonry or timbering. Fay. b. Corn. 
See mortar, b. Fay. c. A rectangular plank 
frame, used in timbering levels. Fay. d. A 
floating dock; a caisson. Standard, 1964. 

cofferdam. a. A temporary watertight en- 
closure (as of piles packed with clay or of 
metal plates) from which the water is 
pumped to expose the bottom of a body of 
water and permit construction (as of foun- 
dations or piers). Webster 3d. b. A method 
of shaft sinking through saturated sand or 
mud near the surface. A cofferdam is an 
enclosure, open to the air, which keeps 
water out of the shaft area to allow exca- 
vation to proceed. The enclosing wall is 
constructed by driving down strips of steei 
with interlocking edges or concrete piles, 
reinforced with steel. In general, coffer- 
dams are only used for short lengths and 
where piles can be driven into an im- 
pervious deposit, so that normal pump- 
ing will keep the shaft sufficiently dry for 
working. See also drop shaft; drum, J; 
iron and steel sheet piling; piling, a. Nel- 
son. c. A set of temporary walls designed 
to keep soil and/or water from entering 
an excavation. Nichols. 

coffering. a. The operation involved in the 
construction of dams for impounding 
water. C.T.D.b. A method of shaft sinking 
through loose, watery, or running ground. 
It consists in lining the shaft with a thick 
wall, made of brick and cement or brick 
and hydraulic lime with puddled clay in 
all cavities. Used for keeping back surface 
water but the method is now somewhat 
obsolescent. Nelson. 

coffin. a. Corn. An old, open-mine work- 
ing, in which the ore is cast up from plat- 
form to platform. Standard, 1964. b. A 
heavily shiclded shipping cask for spent 
fuel elements. Some coffins weigh as much 
as 75 tons. L@L. 

coffinite. A naturally occurring uranium min- 
eral, U(SiO;)1-x(OH)sx (or USiOs with 
appreciable (OH). in place of some SiO,). 
Specific gravity, 5.1; luster adamantine; 
color black; commonly fine-grained and 
mixed with organic matter and other min 
erals. Found in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, 
and Arizona. An important ore of uranium 
in some mines on the Colorado plateau. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

coffin lid. See coal pipe, c. 

cog. a. Straight timbers set in a large bunch. 
They should be firmly set and as close 
together as possible. Sometimes 12 to 20 
are set at one location. Under conditions 


cog-and-rung gin 


where single straight posts will not suffice 
to control the top, and yet cribs are not 
needed, the use of cogs may be advan- 
tageous. May also be called a battery. Ken- 
tucky, p. 142. b. A crib made of notched 
timbers built up like a log house. A chock. 
cob, corncob, or crib. If the timbers are 
squared instead of notched, the structure 
is called a nog. It is ordinarily filled with 
waste, and rocks are put between the tim- 
bers. Hess. c. A rock intrusion. Fay. d. To 
consolidate ingots or shape them by ham- 
mering or rolling. Hess. e. An inserted tooth 
as in a cogwheel. Gears are often improp- 
erly referred to as cogwheels. Crispin. 

cog-and-rung gin. One of the earliest appli- 
ances for hoisting the coal and water from 
the mine. It was a windlass fitted with a 
cogwheel and pinion arrangement, and 
worked by a horse in much the same way 
as horse gins are worked. Fay. 

cogger. Eng. One who builds cogs. See also 
cog. Fay. 

cogging. a. The operation of rolling or forg- 
ing an ingot to reduce it to a bloom or 
billet. C.T.D. b. The propping of the roof 
in longwall stalls. See also cog; nog. Also 
spelled coggin. Fay. 

cogging mill. a. A blooming mill. ASM Gloss. 
b. Usually a two-high reversing mill con- 
sisting of two rolls, 2 to 4 feet in diameter, 
between which the hot ingot is reduced 
to blooms or slabs. Osborne, p. 357. 

coggle. A rounded, waterworn stone, espe- 
cially of the size suitable for paving; a2 
cobble. Also called cogglestone. Same as 
cobblestone. Arkell. 

cognate fissure. One fissure of a system of 
fissures that originated at the same time 
from the same causes as other fissures in 
the same system. Cognate may similarly 
apply to fractures and joints. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

cognate inclusion. A xenocryst or xenolith 
occuring in an igneous rock to which it is 
genetically related. Synonym for cognate 
xenolith; autolith. Holmes, 1920. 

cognate xenolith. Synonym for cognate in- 
clusion; autolith. A.GJ. 

cogwheel ore. A miners’ name for bournonite, 
PbCuSbSs. Same as wheel ore. Dana 17. 

cohenite. The natural, meteoritic material, 
FesC, the artificial being cementite. Hey 
2d, 1959. 

coherency. The continuity of lattice of pre- 
cipitate and parent phase (solvent) main- 
tained by mutual strain and not separated 
by a phase boundary. ASM Gloss. 

coherent precipitate. A precipitate in a stage 
intermediate between a solute and a dis- 
tinct phase, formed from a supersaturated 
solvent even though the lattice may be dis- 
torted. Such a precipitate has no phase 
boundary. ASM Gloss. 

cohesion. a. That property of like mineral 
grains which enables them to cling to- 
gether in opposition to forces tending to 
separate them. Hess. b. Part of the shear 
strength of a soil indicated by the term c in 
Coulomb’s equation, s = c + p tan ®¢. 
See also apparent cohesion. ASCE P1826. 
c. Force of attraction between the mole- 
cules (or atoms) within a single phase. 
Compare adhesion. ASM Gloss. d.. The 
soil quality of sticking together, Nichols. 

cohesional soil. A frictional soil, such as sand, 
gravel, or clean silt. Nelson. 

cohesionless soil. a. A soil which when un- 
confined has little or no strength when 
air-dried, and which has little or no co- 
hesion when submerged. ASCE P1826. b. 





232 


A frictional soil, such as sand, gravel, or 
clean silt. Nelson. ; 

cohesion of soil. Strength of soil caused by 
electrostatic attraction of particles and in- 
terstitial moisture. Shear strength of soil 
in excess of that computed from angle of 
internal friction. See also Mohr’s diagram; 
Coulomb’s equation. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cohesive soil. a. A soil which when unconfined 
has considerable strength when air-dried, 
and which has significant cohesion when 
submerged, ASCE P1826. b. A sticky clay 
or clayey silt as opposed to sand. Nelson. 

cohesive strength. a. The hypothetical stress 
in an unnotched bar causing tensile frac- 
ture without plastic deformation. ASM 
Gloss. b. The stress corresponding to the 
forces between atoms. ASM Gloss. c. Same 
as technical cohesive strength; disruptive 
strength. ASM Gloss. 

coil. The process of making clay objects by 
building with ropes or coils of clay. ACSG, 
1963. 

coil breaks. Creases or ridges across a metal 
sheet transverse to the direction of coiling, 
occasionally occuring when the metal has 
been coiled hot and uncoiled cold. ASM 
Gloss, 

coil building. A primitive method of shaping 
clay vessels by rolling clay into a rope 
which is then coiled to form the wall of 
the vessel; the inner and outer surfaces 
of the roughly shaped ware are finally 
smoothed. Dodd. 

coil drag. A tool to pick up pebbles, bits 
of iron, etc., from the bottom of a drill 
hole. Fay. 

coiler. In metallurgy, one who winds non- 
ferrous strips and sheets into coils as they 
emerge from a rolling mill or slitting ma- 
chine. Also called coiler operator. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

coil load. The total amount of heat, in Brit- 
ish thermal units per hour, which must be 
removed from the air by the cooling coils. 
Hartman, p. 327. 

coil weld. A butt weld joining the ends of 
two metal sheets to make a continuous 
strip for coiling. ASM Gloss. 

coinage bronze. A copper-base alloy of from 
2 to 4 percent tin and 1 to 2 percent zinc. 
Used for copper coins. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coinage copper. See coinage bronze. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

coinage metal. Alloy of 10 percent copper, 
about 4 percent tin; 1 percent zinc, gold, 
silver or nickel; used for minting coins. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coin gold. In the United States, an alloy 
of 90 percent gold and 10 percent copper. 
In Great Britain, an alloy of 91.67 percent 
gold and 8.33 percent copper. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

coining. a. A closed-die squeezing operation, 
usually performed cold, in which all sur- 
faces of the work are confined or restrained, 
resulting in a well-defined imprint of the 
die upon the work. ASM Gloss. b, A re- 
striking operation used to sharpen or 
change an existing radius or profile. ASM 
Gloss. c. In powder metallurgy, the final 
pressing of a sintered compact to obtain 
a definite surface configuration. (Not to be 
confused with repressing or sizing.) ASM 
Gloss. 

coin silver. Coin silver is 900 fine silver and 
the balance copper, BuMines Bull. 630, 
LOGI 5POl 1. 

coinstone bed. Cement stone band. Stone 
suitable for coinstones, quoinstones, and 
cornerstones, used in building, Arkell. 





coke oven 


coir. Coconut husk fiber. Zern. Used in cer- 
tain metallurgical processes. Fay. 

coke. a. Bituminous coal from which the 
volatile constituents have been driven off 
by heat, so that the fixed carbon and the 
ash are fused together. Commonly arti- 
ficial, but natural coke is also known, for 
example, where a dike has intersected a 
bituminous coalbed and has converted the 
bordering coal to natural coke. Sanford. b. 
A derogatory synonym for carbon; carbo- 
nado; black diamond. Long. 

coke breeze. The fine screenings from crushed 
coke or from coke as taken from the 
ovens, of a size varied in local practice 
but usually passing a ¥%-inch or 34-inch 
screen opening. ASTM D121-62. 

coke bubbles; coke globules. Isolated part- 
icles of coke, more or less sperical and usu- 
ally hollow, cooled while still in suspension, 
retaining their own shape without aggre- 
gation. They are usually found on the 
floor after explosions. Rice, George S. 

coke burner. In coke products industry, one 
who controls the formation (burning) of 
coke in beehive coke ovens, being respon- 
sible for the quality of coke produced; 
periodically observes the burning coal in 
each oven, slowing down the process as re- 
quired by sealing cracks in the bricked 
doors with loam; and decides when coke 
is ready for drawing from the color and 
length of flame in the oven. D.O.T. J. 

coke coal. a. N. of Eng. Carbonized or par- 
tially burnt coal found on the sides of 
dikes. See also natural coke, a. Fay. b. Coal 
altered by an igneous intrusion. Arkell. 

coke crusher operator. In the coke products 
industry, one who tends a mill (crusher) 
through which coke is run to be crushed 
to desired size. D.O.T. 1. 

coke crust. A thin layer of coke of consid- 
erable area compared with its thickness, 
deposited, while plastic, on some surface 
to which it sticks. Rice, George S. 

coke drawer. A mechanical device for draw- 
ing coke from an oven. Fay. 

coke drawer, hand. In the coke products in- 
dustry, a laborer who removes coke from 
beehive ovens by hand, D.O.T. 1. 

coke drawing machine helper. See scraper 
out man. D.O.T. 1. 

coke dust; coked dust. Coal dust which has 
been coked by the heat of an explosion and 
has assumed different forms under different 
conditions usually found near the origin 
of the explosion, and also where the ve- 
locity of the explosion is low, as in a room 
or wide place, always provided there is at 
that point an excess of coal dust over that 
needed for combination with oxygen, The 
volatile matter of coal dust seems to burn 
first and, if the coal is a coking coal, coke 
is formed of one kind or another, depend- 
ing on the position, temperature, size of 


dust, and velocity of explosion. Rice, 
George S. 

coke iron. Iron made in a furnace using coke 
as fuel. Webster 3d. 


cokeite. a. Coal altered by an igneous intru- 
sion. Synonym for carbonite, a. Tomkeieff, 
1954. b. Natural coke formed by the action 
of magma on coal, or by natural combus- 
tion of coal. Holmes, 1920. 

coke man. In the foundry industry, a laborer 
who unloads, stores, and conveys coke 
within the foundry. D.O.T. 1. 

coke mill. A mill used in the foundry for 
the grinding of coke for the production of 
blacking. Osborne. 

coke oven. A chamber of brick or other heat- 
































coke-oven mason 


resistant material in which coal is destruc- 
tively distilled. Coke ovens are of two 
principal types: (1) beehive ovens, which 
were originally built round with a spheri- 
cal top like an old-fashioned beehive. They 
had an opening in the top and various 
small openings for draft at the base. The 
ovens were developed into banks (rows) 
of joining cubicles, but the coke in long 
columnar pieces is characteristic and is 
still known as beehive coke. Tar, gas, and 
other byproducts are lost; and (2) by- 
product ovens, which were built in rec- 
tangular form with the front and back re- 
movable but so arranged that it may be 
luted to practical gastightness and all by- 
products gaseous at the high temperatures 
are pumped out. Hess. 

coke-oven mason. In the coke products in- 
dustry, one who builds and repairs brick 
and stone beehive coke ovens; also con- 
structs hearths, straight and arched sid< 
walls, arched roof, door frames, leveling 
bar brackets, and charging hole frames, 
cutting the stone or brick to size and shape 
with tools, such as chisels and hammers. 
DD Ody pls 

coke-oven repairman. In coke products in- 
dustry, one who makes repairs on metal 
parts of coke ovens to keep them in op- 
erating condition, dismantling and _ re- 
placing parts with wrenches, hammers, 
and screw jacks. Also called industrial 
furnace repairman. D.O.T. 1. 

coke oven tar. Coal tar produced in byprod- 
uct coke ovens in the manufacture of coke 
ae bituminous coal, Urquhart, Sec. 2, 
p. 81. 

coke, petroleum. The solid residue remaining 
after destructive distillation of petroleum 
materials. The fixed or solid carbon con- 
tent is 90 to 95 percent. Because of its 
purity, petroleum coke is used extensively 
in metallurgical processes; also, for the 
Hall electrolytic process for aluminum. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

coke picker. In the coke products industry, 
a laborer who picks out foreign material, 
such as slag and slate, from coke before 
and after it has been loaded in the rail- 
road cars. D.O.T. 1. 

coke pig iron. Most common type of pig iron 
made with coke as the reducing agent. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

coke pitch. A black amorphous solid obtained 
from the distillation of tar. Used in the 
manufacturing of water gas, as fuel. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

coke plate. a. Tinplate made from coke iron. 
b. Tinplate having lighter coating than 
charcoal plate. Webster 3d. See also tin- 
plate. Fay. 

coke scrubber. An apparatus filled with coke 
moistened with oil, used to purify street 
gas, which is forced through it. Fay. 

coke tinplate. Standard tinplate with the 
lightest commercial tin coat; used for food 
containers, oil canning. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

coke tower. A high tower or condenser filled 
with coke. Used in the manufacture of 
hydrochloric acid to give a large surface 
for the union of a falling spray of water 
with the rising hydrochloric-acid gas. Fay. 

coke wave. Plot of swelling numbers against 
volatile content. Bennett 2d, 1962, 

coke wharf. Aust. A platform onto which 
coke is pushed when discharged from an 
oven. Fay. 

ey In Joplin, Mo., a shoveler; a mucker. 

ay. 
cokey herder. In Joplin, Mo., a foreman of 





233 


a shovel gang. Fay. 

cokey pitch. At Lake Trinidad, asphalt that 
has flowed over the land and has been 
coked by brush fires. Abraham, 6th, 1960, 
el Sp AST: 

coking. Distillation to dryness of a product 
containing complex hydrocarbons, which 
break down in structure during distillation, 
such as tar or crude petroleum; the resi- 
due of the process is coke. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

coking coal. a. The most important of the 
bituminous coals, which burns with a 
long yellow flame, giving off more or less 
smoke, and creates an intense heat when 
properly attended. It is usually quite soft, 
and does not bear handling well. In the 
fire, it swells, fuses, and finally runs to- 
gether in large masses, which are rendered 
more or less porous by the evolution of the 
contained gaseous hydrocarbons. Fay. b. 
Coal which can be converted into useful 
coke that must be strong enough to with- 
stand handling. There is no direct rela- 
tion between the elementary composition 
of coal and coking quality, but generally 
coals with 80 to 90 percent carbon on 
a dry, ash-free basis are most satisfactory 
A.G.I. Supp. 

coking plate. A plate at the door of a fur- 
nace which uses bituminous coal, on which 
fresh coal is placed and allowed to coke 
before being spread on the fire. Fay. 

coking stoker. A mechanical stoker or de- 
vice for firing a furnace which permits the 
coal to coke before feeding it to the grate, 
thus burning the fuel with little or no 
smoke. Fay. 

col. Fr. A saddle or gap across a ridge or 
between two mountain peaks; also, in a 
valley in which streams flow both ways 
from a divide, that part of the valley at 
the divide, especially if the valley slopes 
rather steeply away from the divide. Fay. 


| colander shovel. An open wirework shovel 


used for taking salt crystals from an evap- 
orating brine. Fay. 

Colburn process. The production of sheet 
glass by vertical drawing for about 4 fect 
and then bending over a driven roller so 
that the cooling sheet then travels horizon- 
tally. The process was invented by I. W. 
Colburn in 1905 and subsequently per- 
fected by the Libbey-Owens Company. 
Dodd. 

colch. Eng. A piece of earth falling from 
the roof or side, in soft works, Derbyshire. 
Arkell. 

coleather. A redish-brown iron oxide left as 
a residue when ferrous sulfate is highly 
heated. Used formerly in polishing glass 
and as a pigment. Webster 3d. 

Colcrete. Trade name for a method of con- 
crete placing whereby cement and sand 
grout from a special mixer are poured or 
pumped over coarse aggregate already in 
position. It is suitable for mass concreting 
and especially for work below water. Ham. 

cold bed. A platform in a rolling mill on 
which cold bars are stored. Fay. 

cold blast. Air forced into a furnace without 
being previously heated. See also Gayley 
process. Fay. 

cold-cathode are. An indefinite term descrip- 
tive of any arc with a cathode that is not 
candescent. BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, p. 
Vil. 

cold chamber machine. A die-casting ma- 
chine where the metal chamber and plung- 
er are not heated. ASM Gloss. 

cold chisel. A chisel of tempered steel, used in 





cold shut 


cutting cold metal. Standard, 1964. 

cold-cracking. Cracks in cold, or nearly cold, 
metal, due to excessive internal stress 
caused by contraction. Such cracks may be 
caused by the mold being too hard or the 
design-of a casting being unsuitable. Ham. 

cold crushing strength. See crushing strength. 
Dodd. 

cold-draw. To draw (as metal) while cold 
or without the application of heat. Web- 
ster 3d. 

cold-drawing. The process of reducing the 
cross-sectional diameter of tubes or wire 
by drawing through successively smaller 
dies without previously heating the mate- 
rial, thereby increasing its tensile strength. 
Steel wire for prestressing is made by this 
process. Ham. 

cold-drawn steel. Steel rods finished by draw 
ing them through a die to reduce their 
size and to give them better quality. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 426. 

cold-drawn wire. Wire that has been drawn 
through a die at normal temperature. 
Taylor. 

cold-extractable metal. See readily extract- 
able metal. Hawkes, 2, p. 151. 

cold extrusion. See extrusion. ASM Gloss. 

cold furnace. N. of Eng. A drift driven into 
an upcast shaft to convey the return air 
into it instead of passing it over the fur- 
nace fire. This is done to prevent the ig- 
nition of the gas in the return air. Fay. 

cold galvanizing. Application of powdered 
zinc, in suspension in an organic solvent, 
to iron articles. On evaporation of the 
solvent an adherent coating of zinc re- 
mains. Pryor, 3. 

cold head. York. Quarryman’s term for the 
coral bed in the Hambleton Oolite. Arkell. 

cold nose. A mining exeprt who underrates 
the value of mineral properties. Standard, 
1964. 

cold noser. See wildcatter. Long. 

cold-nosing. a. Running an unhoused drill in 
cold weather. Long. b. Synonym for wild- 
catting. Long. 

cold pit. Leic. A downcast shaft. Called 
cold because the fresh or cold air comes 
down it. Fay. 

cold-press. The act or process of subjecting 
bit-matrix-powder metal mixtures in a 
mold to high pressure before sintering 
Long. 

cold pressing. The process of compressing 
metal or other powders in a die at room 
temperature to form a compact. Cold press- 
ing is usually followed by sintering at ele- 
vated temperatures, NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

cold-process cement. Another name for slag 
cement. See also slag cement. Dodd. 

cold-roll. To roll (metal) without applying 
heat. Webster 3d. 

cold-rolled. Said of metal that has been rolled 
at a temperature close to atmospheric. The 
cold rolling of metal sheets results in a 
smooth surface finish. C.7.D. 

cold-rolled steel. A low-carbon, cold-reduced 
sheet steel. ASTM C286-65. 

cold saw. A saw for. cutting cold metal. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 426. 

cold-short. A condition of brittleness existing 
in some metals at temperatures below the 
recrystallization temperature. ASM Gloss. 

cold shot. A portion of the surface of an 
ingot or casting showing premature solidi- 
fication caused by a splash of metal during 
pouring. ASM Gloss. 

cold shut. a. A discontinuity that appears on 
the surface of cast metal as a result of two 
streams of liquid meeting and failing to 


cold soldering 


unite. ASM Gloss. b. A portion of the sur- 
face of a forging that is separated, in part, 
from the main body of metal by oxide 
ASM Gloss. 

cold soldering. Soldering in which two pieces 
are joined without heat (as by means otf 
a copper amalgam). Webster 3d. 

cold stoking. In glassmaking, the operation 
of lowering the temperature of the oven 
until the glass attains the proper consist- 
ency for blowing. This operation follows 
that of clearing. Fay. 

cold treatment. Cooling to a low temperature, 
often near —100°F., for the purpose of 
obtaining desired conditions or properties, 
such as dimensional or structural stability. 
ASM Gloss. 

cold-twisted bars. Rolled mild steel bars 
which have been twisted when cold to in: 
creases their strength. Taylor. 

cold type. A bituminous pavement which 
may be mixed hot and laid cold or, as is 
the usual case, mixed and laid cold. Pit 
and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. E, p. 70. 

cold welding. Solid-phase welding in which 
pressure, without added heat, is used to 
cause interface movements which bring the 
atoms of the faying surfaces close enough 
together that a weld ensues. ASM Gloss. 

cold work. Permanent strain produced by an 
external force in a metal below its recrys- 
tallization temperature. ASM Gloss. 

cold-worked steel reinforcement. Steel bars 
or wires which have been rolled or drawn 
at normal temperatures. Taylor. 

cold working. Shaping of metals at ordinary 
temperatures; cold drawing, rolling, stamp- 
ing, Within limits, in treatment of iron, 
copper, aluminum, induces work harden- 
ing, thus increasing strength. If carried 
too far, brittleness results. Metal which is 
brittle when cold is termed cold-short. 
Pryor, 3. 

cold zone. The preheating zone of a rotary 
cement kiln. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

colemanite. A natural hydrated calcium 
borate, CazBeOu.5H2O; white or colorless; 
white streak; vitreous to dull luster; Mohs’ 
hardness, 4 to 4.5; specific gravity, 2.26 to 
2.48; found in California. One of the raw 
materials in the United States for boric 
acid, sodium borate, etc. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Cole reagent. Solution of 10 gram stannous 
chloride, 95 milliliter water, 5 milliliter 
HCl and 10 gram pyrogallol. Viscose silk 
impregnated with this turns red to violet 
in solution containing gold. Pryor, 3. 

colgrout. Special cement-sand grout used in 
Colcrete, It is poured or pumped through 
3-inch-diameter pipes to consolidate aggre- 
gate previously placed in situ. Ham. 

collain. a. A subvariety of euvitrain. It con- 
sists of redeposited ulmin compounds pre- 
cipitated from solution and_ observable 
microscopically. A.G.J. b, Approved by the 
Heerlen Congress of 1935 as applicable to 
vitrain in which plant structure is not 
visible. Adopted as collite, spelled collit 
in German but retaining the ain ending 
in English and French usage. Compare 
ulmain. A.G.I. 

collapse. a. The failure of a tripod or derrick 
caused by overloading or improper struc- 
tural design resulting in tripod breaking 
or falling. Long. b. Complete cave-in of 
walls of a borehole or mine workings. Long. 

collapse breccia. a, Breccia formed by the 
collapse of the roof of a cave. Bateman. 
b. Breccia formed by the collapse of the 
roof of country rock above an intrusive. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 











234 


collapse caldera. A caldera resulting pri- 
marily from the collapse of the volcanic 
cone occasioned by the withdrawal of mag- 
matic support at depth, or, more rarely, 
by the internal solution of the volcanic 
cone. See also caldera. A.G.I. 

collapse sinks. Caverns may become so en- 
larged by solution and erosion that they 
may locally collapse, thus giving rise to 
another class of sinkholes which may be 
called collapse sinks. A.G.J. 

collapse structures. Structures resulting from 
the downhill sliding of rocks under the 
influence of gravity to produce small klippe 
or folds, A.G.I. 

collapsing strength. The load expressed in 
pounds or tons, which, if exceeded, results 
in the collapse of a structure, such as a 
drill tripod, derrick, or A-frame. Long. 

collar. a. In a mine shaft, the first wood 
frame of the shaft; sometimes used in ref- 
erence to the mouth or portal of the tun- 
nel. B.C.I. b. Supporting framework at top 
of shaft from which linings may be hung. 
Pryor. c. The term applied to the timber- 
ing or concrete around the mouth or top 
of a shaft. Lewis, p. 21. d. The bar, or 
crosspiece, in a framed timber set. Stauffer. 
e. The junction of a mine shaft and the 
surface. Nelson. f. The beginning point of 
a shaft or drill hole, the surface. Ballard. 
g. The mouth of a mine shaft. Fay. h. A 
flat ring surrounding anything closely. Fay. 
1. Scot. A frame to guide pump rods; 
the fastening of pipes in a shaft. Fay. j. See 
cap. Fay. k. The mouth or opening of a 
borehole or the process of starting to drill 
a borehole. Long. 1. A pipe coupling or 
sleeve. Long. m. Synonym for friction 
head, Long. n. A sliding ring mounted on 
a shaft so that it does not revolve with it. 
Used in clutches and transmissions. Nichols. 
o. A short fire-clay section used to join the 
main (silica) part of a horizontal gas retort 
to the metal mouthpiece, Dodd. 

collar beams. See square-set stopes. Nelson. 

collarbound. Pipe held in a borehole by sedi- 
ments or drill cuttings packed tightly above 
and around the couplings of an outside- 
coupled pipe or casing. Long. 

collar buster. A cutting tool used to sever 
casing above the point at which it is collar- 
bound or frozen in the borehole. Long. 

collar clamp. A split clamp that can be 
attached to a pipe collar for the purpose 
of stopping a leak. Porter. 

collar crib. N. of Eng. A strong, polygonal, 
wooden frame fixed in a shaft, upon which 
the crib or wood tubbing is bedded. Fay. 

collared. a. A started hole drilled sufficiently 
deep to confine the drill bit and prevent 
slippage of the bit from normal position. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A borehole just 
begun, in which a length of pipe has beea 
placed. Long. c. Pipe or drill rods coupled 
together by means of threaded couplings, 
the outside diameter of which is larger 
than the outside diameter of the pipe or 
rods. Long. 

collared and heeled prop. Eng. A prop with 
the top chamfered on the driving side 
and hollowed out to receive a round bar 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

collared casing. Ordinary pipe joined with 
pipe collars or couplings. Long. 

collar in. a. The act or process of beginning 
a borehole. Long. b. To make a pot smaller 
in diameter by pressure from the outside 
while it is turning on the wheel. ACSG, 
1963. 

collaring. a. The process of beginning the 











collectively screened 


drilling of a borehole. Long. b, The process 
of beginning the excavation of a mine 
shaft or the drilling of rock-drill holes. 
Long. c. Eng. Timber framing for sup- 
porting pump trees in a shaft. See also 
chog, Fay. d. The term used to indicate 
that metal passing through a rolling mill 
follows one of the rolls so as to encircle it. 
ETD) 

collaring a hole. The formation of the front 
end of a drill hole, or the collar, which 
is the preliminary step in drilling to cause 
the drill bit to engage in the rock. Fraenkel. 

collaring bit. A fishtail-, spudding-, or other- 
type bit used exclusively for beginning a 
borehole. Long. 

collar joint. The interior longitudinal verti- 
cal joint in a multiunit masonry wall. 
ACSG. 

collar launder. Eng. The pipe at the top 
of a lift of pumps for carrying water to 
a cistern. Fay. 

collar of shaft. a. S. Afr. Structure from 
timber or other material keeping the top 
of a shaft from falling in. Beerman. b. 
Aust. The first wooden frame around the 
top of a shaft. See also collar, c and g. Fay. 

collars. In rolling mills, the sections of larger 
diameter separating the grooves in rolls 
used for the production of rectangular sec- 
tions. C.T.D. 

collar set. a, The main structure of timber, 
steel, or concrete, to support and secure 
the mouth of a shaft. Nelson. b..That at 
the top of a shaft from which linings 
(shaft sets) are hung by means of hanging 
bolts. Pryor, 3, p. 94. 

collar socket. A fishing tool designed to slip 
over and grip a casing or pipe coupling. 
Long. 

collar structure. A heavy wooden frame 
erected at the mouth of a rectangular shaft 
to provide a solid support for the timber 
sets, A more permanent structure consists 
of a concrete wall extending from two to 
eight sets in depth. On this concrete mass 
is bolted the bearer timbers which support 
the top heavy set or collar set. The term 
also applies to the heavy concrete ring at 
the mouth of a circular concrete-lined 
shaft. Nelson. 

collar stud. A stud threaded at one end and 
having a short shaft or spindle at the 
other, the two separated by a collar which 
is an integral part of the stud, used for 
carrying gears, levers, etc. Crispin. 

collateral series. A radioactive decay series, 
intiated by transmutation, which eventually 
joins into one of the four radioactive decay 
series; for example, americium 242 and its 
immediate decay products in relation to 
the uranium disintegration series. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

collecting agent; collector. A reagent added 
to a pulp to bring about adherence be- 
tween solid particles and air bubbles. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

collecting rope. Aust. An endless rope used 
for bringing skips from where they are 
left by the main haulage. system to the 
bottom of the shaft. Fay. 

collecting system. Every drain or sewer in 
a sewerage system between the buildings 
from which the sewage originates and the 
sewage disposal works where it is treated. 
See also sewerage. Ham. 

collective flotation. Flotation in which all 
metals are collected in one concentrate. 
Gaudin, 2, p. 5. 

collectively screened trailing cable. A trail- 
ing cable with a metallic screen surround- 








| collier. a. 





collective subsidence 


ing all conductors, This type has now been 
discarded in British coal mines and all 
trailing cables used will be of the indi- 
vidually screened type. Nelson. 
collective subsidence. That condition in sedi- 
mentation in which the particles and flocs 
are sufficiently close together to retard the 
coarse fast-settling particles while the slow- 
settling ones are entrapped and carried 
down with the mass. Mitchell, p. 611. 
collector. A heteropolar compound contain- 
ing a hydrogen-carbon group and an ion- 
ized group, chosen for ability to adsorb 
selectively in froth flotation process and 
render adsorbing surface relatively hydro- 
phobic. A promoter. Pryor, 4 
collet. a. The small horizontal plane, or face 
at the bottom of the brilliant-cut gem 
stone, Hess. b. A split sleeve used to hold 
work or tools during machining or grind- 
ing. ASM Gloss. c. Same as culet. Shipley. 
d. A flange on which a gem stone is set. 
Shipley. 
Eng. Strictly speaking, a man 
who mines coal with a pick though com- 
monly applied to anyone who works in or 
about a colliery. Fay. b. Eng. A steam 
or sailing vessel carrying a cargo of coal. 
Fay. c. Eng. A coal merchant or dealer 
in coal. Fay. d. A miner responsible for 
working the coal from his stall, or stint, 
on a longwall face and for setting supports 
adequate for safety. A person must have 
had some years experience at the coal face 
as an assistant before he is entitled to 
become a collier, Colliers are usually paid 
in accordance with a pricelist in force at 


the mine. Also called hewer; stallman. 
Nelson. 

Collier. Explosive; used in mines. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 


collier’s coal; house coal. A certain weight of 
coal or a load of 1 ton, which is supplied 
at agreed periods and either free or at a 
cheap rate, to colliery workers who are 
householders. Nelson. 

collier’s lung. See anthracosis. Fay. 

collier’s ton. Eng. A weight of often several 
hundredweight in addition to the standard 
ton of 2,240 pounds. In former times as 
much as 28 hundredweight was reckoned 
as 1 ton. Fay. 

colliery. a. A whole coal mining plant, gen- 
erally used in connection with anthracite 
mining but sometimes used to designate the 
mine, shops, and preparation plant of a 
bituminous operation. B.C.I. b. A_ coal 
mine. Pryor, 3. c. A ship, or ships, used in 
the coal trade. Standard, 1964. 

colliery agent. Gr. Brit. A colliery chief 
official with a status between the manager 
and owner. Under private enterprise, the 
colliery agent may or may not be a quali- 
fied mining engineer. See also agent, c. 
Nelson. 

colliery bailiff. Derb. The superintendent of 
the colliery. Fay. 

colliery boss. See superintendent, colliery. 
D OxPai 

colliery carpenter. A full-time carpenter em- 
ployed at a colliery who prepares the tim- 
ber for ventilation doors and ventilation 
regulators and may go underground to 
erect them. He does all work involving 
timber frames, formwork, etc. Nelson. 

colliery clerk. In coal mining, one who keeps 
all the records pertaining to the operation 
of acoal mine. D.O.T. 1. 

colliery consumption. That part of the coal 
output at a colliery which is used for steam 
generation and other purposes ‘connected 








235 


with the working of the colliery itself. 
Nelson. 

colliery explosion. An explosion in the work- 
ings or roadways of a colliery as a result 
of the ignition of firedamp or coal dust or 
a mixture of both. See also coal-dust ex- 
plosion; methane; stone-dust barrier. Nel- 
son. 

colliery official. The term, in ordinary usage, 
refers to an overman or deputy and also 
officials on special duties. See also superior 
official ; underofficial. Nelson. 

colliery plans. Gr. Brit. The maps of the 
mine workings, and sections of the shafts 
and seams being worked, which the colliery 
manager must keep at the pithead office 
in accordance with the Surveyors and 
Plans Regulations, 1956, of the Act. Nelson. 

colliery surveyor. A surveyor appointed to 
carry out surveying work and to prepare 
plans and sections of a mine, but who is 
not the surveyor for the mine. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 1. 

colliery warnings. Eng. Telegraphic mes- 
sages sent from signal service stations to 
the principal colliery centers to warn man- 
agers of mines when sudden falls of the 
barometer occur. Zern. 

colligative properties. These are properties 
only of solutions and include vapor pres- 
sure, freezing point, boiling point, and 
osmotic pressure changes which occur with 
changes in the characteristics of the solu- 
tion. Seawater does not follow the general 
rules of solutions, but departures are pro- 
portional. Hy. 

collimate. a. To bring into line, as the axes 
of two lenses or of two telescopes; also, to 
make parallel, as refracted or reflected 
rays. Standard, 1964. b. To determine or 
to correct the direction of the line of sight 
(of a telescope) by the use of a collimator, 
or by vertical reflection from the surface 
of a basin of mercury. Standard, 1964. 

collimating marks. In photographic mapping, 
index marks to define the x and y coordi- 
nate axes and the principal point of the 
photograph, These marks are registered on 
the negative either by metal points in the 
frame of the camera or by marks engraved 
on the pressure plate. Seelye, 2. 

collimation. a. Alinement axially of parts of 
optical system. Collimation error is one 
due to line of sight of survey instrument 
not coinciding with traversing gear, scales, 
or leveling devices. Collimation line is line 
of sight, passing through intersection of 
crosshairs of reticule. Collimation method 
is height-of-instrument method of leveling 
whereby fore-and-aft readings are made 
on leveling staff by instrument placed inter- 
mediately so that rise or fall between fore 
station and back station is shown by 
change in staff reading. Pryor, 3. b. Con- 
version of a divergent beam of energy or 
particles into a parallel beam. ASM Gloss. 

collimation axis. The straight line passing 
through the optical center of the object 
glass and the horizontal rotation axis per- 
pendicular to the latter. Webster 2d. 

collimation error. An error produced in sur- 
veying instruments when the line of signt 
is out of alinement either horizontally or 
vertically. Ham. 

collimation line. The line of sight of a sur- 
veying instrument which passes through 
the intersection of the cross hairs in the 
erticule. Ham. 

collimation method. In leveling, the height 
of the instrument is always known by tak- 
ing the first sight on a point of known 





collision waves 


level, generally a bench mark, The level 
of any other point can then be worked 
out by subtracting the staff reading from 
the height of the instrument. This method 
is convenient for obtaining the levels of 
several points from one setup of the instru- 
ment. Ham. 

collimation plane. The plane described by 
the collimation axis during the revolution 
of a transit. Webster 2d. 

collimation position. The ideal position of 
the line of sight of a telescope; that is, the 
optical axis, See also line of sight. Seelye, 2. 

collimator. a. A fixed telescope with spider 
lines in its focus, used to adjust a second 
telescope by looking through it in a reverse 
direction with the latter, so that images of 
the spider lines are formed in the focus of 
the second telescope, as if they originated 
in a distant point. Standard, 1964. b. A 
device for confining the elements of a beam 
within an assigned solid angle. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. 

collinite. a. A variety of euvitrinite. The 
micropetrological constituent, or macerai, 
of collain. It consists of completely jellified 
plant material precipitated from solution 
and subsequently hardened. Compare ul- 
minite, A.G.I. b. A variety of the major 
maceral vitrinite. The micropetrological 
constituent, or maceral, of structureless 
vitrain. Preserved plant structure is not 
discernible. Term recommended by the 
Heerlen Committee of 1935 as being perf- 
erable to the term euvitrinite. Compare 
telinite. A.G.I. 

collinsite. A light brown hydrous phosphate 
of calcium, magnesium, and iron, 2CaO.- 
(Mg,Fe) O.P205.2'’2H2O. Fibrous nodules. 
Triclinic. From Francois Lake, British Co- 
lumbia, Canada. English. 

Collins miner. A type of remote-controlled 
continuous miner for thin seam extraction. 
The coal seam is extracted in a series of 
parallel stalls 6 to 7 feet wide and 100 
yards long, Full extraction of the seam is 
the objective. The extraction is controlled 
entirely from the roadway at the entrance 
of each stall, and the cutting unit carries 
with it an automatically extending belt 
conveyor, ventilation ducting and cables 
for power and control. The equipment is 
largely contained in a train of nine, rail- 
mounted bogies, sited in the central road- 
way from which the stalls are to be driven. 
One bogey is the launching platform on 
which the cutting unit is carried from one 
stall to the next. The cutting unit, which 
enters the stalls, consists essentially of three 
trepan heads feeding a short conveyor pass- 
ing through the center of the machine and 
discharging onto the belt extending to the 
angle station outby. The miner is con- 
trolled by one man in the control cabin 
and there are special instruments, such as 
methanometers, coal-sensing device, etc. 
The machine was conceived by H. E. 
Collins of the National Coal Board of 
Great Britain, and its production is the 
result of teamwork which was coordinated 
by the Central Engineering Establishment. 
It is now undergoing trials. It is antici- 
pated that the machine will eventually 
produce in the region of 1,000 tons per 
day working three shifts, and the man- 
power should not exceed 20 men. Nelson. 

collision blasting. Blasting in which different 
sections of the rocks are blasted out against 
each other. Langefors, p. 51. 

collision waves. Two waves that are propa- 
gated in opposite directions through the 


collite 


burned gases, and originating at the point 
where two explosion waves meet. Fay. 

collite. Another name for euvitrain, See also 
collain. Tomkeieff, 1954. : 

collobrierite. Proposed by Lacroix (in 1917) 
for a metamorphic rock composed of gru- 
nerite, fayalite, red garnet, magnetite, and 
some feldspar. A.G_I. 

colloclarain. A type of coal consisting of the 
maceral collinite and other macerals, and 
in which the quantity of other macerals, 
mainly exinite, exceeds collinite. Compare 
clarocollain. A.G.I. 

colloclarite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween collite (predominant) and clarite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

collodion. A solution of guncotton in ether 
and alcohol. It is deposited as a film on 
the evaporation of ether. Standard, 1964. 

colloform. a. Rounded reniform masses of 
mineral which result from colloidal pre- 
cipitation. A.G.I, b. A texture in minerals 
that originated through solidification of 
colloidal matter and consisting of a series 
of concentrically curved or scalloped layers. 
Schieferdecker. 

colloid. a. A substance composed of extremely 
small particles, ranging from 0.2 micron 
to 0.005 micron which when mixed with 
a liquid will not settle, but remain perma- 
nently suspended; and the colloidal suspen- 
sion thus formed has properties that are 
quite different from the simple, solid-liquid 
mixture or a solution, (that is, salt in 
water). Typical colloids are glue, starch, 
gelatin, swelling bentonite. Many other 
clays may be practically colloidal. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. A jellylike or gelatinous 
substance, as the celloid formed when 
ground bentonite is mixed with water. 
Long. c. Extremely small particles of mate- 
rial so finely ground that when mixed in 
a fluid, the particles remain permanently 
suspended. Long. d. A state of subdivision 
of matter which consists either of single 
large molecules or of aggregations of smaller 
molecules. These particles of ultramicro- 
scopic size may be solid, liquid, or gaseous 
and are surrounded by different matter 
which may also be solid, liquid, or gaseous. 
Colloidal particles are subject to floccula- 
tion and deflocculation depending on their 
nature and the electrolyte added to col- 
loidal suspensions. Colloidal properties of 
an enamel frit, color pigment, clay, and 
opacifier all work together in bringing 
about the set-up of a liquid enamel so 
important to good enamel workability, etc. 
The clay addition is, of course, the most 
colloidal of these materials but it is under- 
stood that each other material, to the 
minute extent at least, acts advantageously 
in forming the proper liquid enamel set-up. 
Hansen. e. A substance (as gelatin, albu- 
min, or starch) that, when apparently dis- 
solved in water or other liquid, diffuses not 
at all or very slowly through a membrane 
and shows other special properties (as 
lack of pronounced effect on the freezing 
point or vapor pressure of the liquid). 
Webster 3d. 

colloidal. a. Designating matter of very small 
particle size, usually in the range of 10-° 
to 10% centimeter in diameter. ASTM 
STP No, 148-D. b. A state of subdivision 
of suspended matter in which the particle 
size ranges between 5 and 200 millionths 
of a millimeter. Bateman. 

colloidal clay. A clay, such as bentonite, 
which, when mixed with water, forms a 
gelatinous-like liquid. Long. 





236 


colloidal concrete. Concrete of which the 
aggregate is bound by colloidal grout. 
Taylor. 

colloidal fuel. A mixture of finely pulverized 
coal and fuel oil, which remains homo- 
geneous in storage. It has a high calorific 
value and is used in oil-fired boilers as 
substitute for fuel oil alone. Nelson. 

colloidal gold; collaurin; collaurum. Col- 
loidal gold particles dispersed in an aque- 
ous suspension, ranging in color from blue 
to red to yellow, depending on the particle 
size. Bennett 2d, 1962; CCD 6d, 1961. 

colloidal graphite. Graphite ground in oil or 
water to produce a colloidal suspension. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

colloidal grout. A grout which has artificially 
induced cohesiveness or ability to remain 
in suspension. Taylor. 

colloidal metal. A colloidal dispersion of a 
metal; for example, colloidal gold. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

colloidal mud. A drilling mud in which the 
gelatinous constituents, such as bentonite, 
will remain in suspension in water for a 
long time. Long. 

colloidal particles. Particles so small that 
their surface activity has an appreciable 
influence on the properties of their aggre. 
gate. ASCE P1826. 

colloidal solution. a. Consists of a liquid 
medium containing dispersed solid particles 
larger than simple molecules, but too’ small 
to be resolved by the ordinary microscope. 
Hawkes, p. 260. b. A-solution somewhere 
between a suspension and a true solution. 
Very minute particles are suspended in the 
liquid ; for example, glue in water. Cooper. 

colloidal state. One in which, following 
grouping of the molecules of solute, these 
cannot pass through a semipermeable mem- 
brane. Pryor, 3. 

colloidal sulfur. Amorphous sulfur in a finely 
divided condition. Prepared by the action 
of dilute sulfuric acid on sodium thiosul- 
fate or by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide 
and sulfurous acid. Also prepared by mix- 
ing equivalent solutions of hydrogen sulfide 
and sulfur dioxide, Forms a clear yellow 
solution containing very minute suspended 
particles of sulfur; the addition of a little 
alum immediately precipitates the sulfur. 
Also called milk of sulfur. Cooper, pp. 
A PEER 

colloidal water treatment. A method of treat- 
ing hard water, involving the use of col- 
loids, usually proprietary substances. They 
are either added to the feed water or intro- 
duced into the boiler. The colloid forms an 
envelope around the solid particles, thus 
preventing their adherence to pipework 
or the boiler shell, See also chemical water 
treatment; zeolite process. Nelson. 

colloid chemistry. Study of dispersed phase 
in dispersion medium at colloid sizes. 
Pryor, 3, p. 80. 

colloid mill. Grinding appliance such as two 
discs set close and rotating rapidly in oppo- 
site directions, so as to shear or emulsify 
material passed between them. Pryor, 4. 

colloid minerals. Minerals deposited ‘as grad- 
ually hardening gelatinous or flocculent 
masses instead of assuming crystalline form. 
Schieferdecker. 

Collum washer. Mineral jig with quick down- 
stroke of plunger and retarded return. 
Pryor, 3. 

collophane. The massive, cryptocrystalline 
types of apatite that constitute the bulk 
of phosphate rock and fossil bone. Dana, 
17, pp. 373-374. 





color 


collophanite. Synonym for collophane. Hey 
2 deo 5a: 

colluvial. Consisting of alluvium in part and 
containing angular fragments of the origi- 
nal rocks. Contrasted with alluvial and 
diluvial; also, consists of talus and cliff 
debris, the material of avalanches. Fay. 

colluvial clay. A clay transported down a 
slope, either by gravity or wash, and de- 
posited at or near the base of the slope. 
ACSB, I. 

colluyium. Applied to loose and incoherent 
deposits, usually at the foot of a slope or 
cliff and brought there chiefly by gravity. 
Talus and cliff debris are included in such 
deposits. A.G.I. 

Colmol miner. A continuous miner for opera- 
tion in coal headings. The coal is com- 
pletely augered by two banks of cutting 
arms fitted with picks and rotating at 52 

- revolutions per minute. The arms rotate 
in opposite directions to assist in gathering 
up the cuttings for the central conveyor. 
The cutting height is between 38 and 438 
inches. The crawler tracks provide a con- 
tinuous thrust on the picks and a cutting 
rate of about 4 inches per minute is pos- 
sible. Nelson. 

Colmol mining machine. A machine in which 
the coal is hewed from the solid by ten 
rotating chipping heads in two rows of five, 
each with the lower row in advance of the 
upper. Each head consists of a bit supple- 
mented by widely spaced teeth, each tooth 
being stepped back to the outside of the 
head. The circular kerfs made by the heads 
overlap, and as the machine moves for- 
ward, the effect is to break the coal ahead 
of the teeth into the free spaces, thereby 
minimizing the production of fines. Mason, 
V. 2, p. 547. 

colog. Abbreviation for cologarithm. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

Cologne earth; Cologne umber. An earthy 
black or brown lignite used as a pigment. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Cologne umber. See Cologne earth. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

cololite. A substance appearing to be the 
petrified intestines of fishes or their con- 
tents, but more probably formed of worm 
casts. Frequently found in the lithographic 
slates of the odlite. Fay. 

colophonite. A cloudy yellow-brown common 
variety of andradite garnet, rarely, if ever, 
cut as a gem. Also a nongem variety of 
vesuvianite. Shipley. 

color. a. The shade or tint of the soil or rock 
that indicates ore, for example, gossan 
coloration. Fay. b. A partitcle of metallic 
gold found in a prospector’s pan after a 
sample of soil or of cryshed rock has been 
panned out. Prospectors say, for example, 
the dirt gave so many colors to the panful. 
Fay. c. Color is one of the most important 
properties used in megascopic and micro- 
scopic determination of minerals. It de- 
pends upon the selective absorption of cer- 
tain wavelengths of light by the mineral 
during transmission or reflection. The color 
of metallic (or metal-bearing) minerals is 
a fairly constant porperty; whereas that of 
nonmetallic minerals is generally less so 
owing to the pigmentation effect of im- 
purities. The color of a massive mineral 
is sometimes different from the color of its 
powder or streak. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
d. The Munsell notation has come into 
wide use for the designation of colors of 
rocks and soils. In this system, a color is 
specified by the three variables of hue 




















Coloradoan 


(dominant spectral color), value (bril- 
liance), and chroma (saturation or purity), 
and written in the order and form: hue 
value/chroma. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

Coloradoan. Middle Upper Cretaceous. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

Colorado aquamarine. Aquamarine from 
Mount Antero, Colo. It is usually pale blue 
to pale blue-green, but occasionally of the 
most valued color, pale light blue. Shipley. 

Colorado diamond. Transparent smoky 
quartz. Shipley. 

coloradoite. Natural mercury telluride; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3; specific gravity, 8.6. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

Colorado jet. Jet from Colorado; of good 
quality. Shipley. 

Colorado lapis lazuli. Dark blue lapis lazuli 
from the Sawach Range, Colo. Shipley. 

Colorado ruby. An incorrect name for the 
fiery-red garnet (pyrope) crystals obtained 
from Colorado, C.M.D. 

Colorado silver; Colorado metal. A mislead- 
ing name for a German silver containing 
57 percent copper, 25 percent nickel, and 
18 perecnt zinc. Camm. 

Colorado topaz. True topaz of a brownish- 
yellow color obtained in Colorado, but 
quartz similarly colored is sometimes sold 
under the same name. C.T.D. 

Colorado tourmaline. Pink, lilac, green, and 
colorless tourmaline which, for a while 
after 1906, was found near Royal Gorge, 
Colo. Shipley. 

color-aging. Term applied to slates whose 
color may change somewhat in a relatively 
short time. Sometimes this improves the 
appearance of the slate. In general, color- 
aging is not a weathering process that is 
deleterious to the endurance of the slate. 
AIME, p. 792. 

color black. Finely divided carbon black. 
Used as a pigment. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

color buffing. Producing a final high luster 
by buffing; sometimes called coloring. 
ASM Gloss. 

color centers. Color absorption within a crys- 
tal as a result of a point defect (vacancy, 
interstitialcy, or substitution) which pro- 
duces an electronic transition. VV. 

color code. A system of standard colors for 
identifying conductors for polarity, etc., 
and for identifying external terminals of 
motors and starters to facilitate making 
power connections between them. ASA 
M2.1-1963. 

colored frit. A frit containing a colorant in 
order to produce a strong color in the 
porcelain enamel. ASTM C286-65. 

colored silica brick. Mottled silica brick. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

colored slates. The so-called colored slates 
are quarried in slate belts extending from 
Rutland County, Vt., into Washington 
County, N.Y. They are of two geologic 
ages, those of Ordovician age including the 
red, bright green, and black slates, and 
those of Cambrian age including green, 
purple, and variegated slates, One type, 
the sea-green slate, is gray or greenish 
gray when first quarried, but after a few 
years of exposure the color changes to a 
buff or brownish gray. Another type, un- 
fading green slate, maintains its greenish- 
gray color indefinitely. The so-called pur- 
ple slate is a purplish brown. A variegated 
type is greenish brown with irregular 
purple patches giving a mottled effect. Red 
slates associated with bright green varieties 
of Ordovician age occur near Granville, 
Washington County, N.Y. The red color is 





237 


due to abundant finely divided hematite. 
AIME, pp. 793-794. 


colorer. One who applies glazes of various 


colors to spaces marked on tile, using bulb 
pent). O.Te1- 


color grade. The grade or classification into 


which a gem is placed by examination of 
its color in comparison to the color of 
other gems of the same variety. Shipley. 


colorimeter. a. Instrument or device for the 


chemical analysis of liquids by comparison 
of the color of the given liquid with stand- 
ard colors. Webster 3d. Two major types 
are used in the U.S. oil industry: The 
ASTM colorimeter for analyzing lubricat- 
ing oils, and the Saybolt colorimeter for 
analyzing light oils. Shell Oil Co. b. An 
instrument for measuring absorption char- 
acteristics of substances, gases, liquids, or 
solids at selected electromagnetic spectral 
frequencies, generally in the ultraviolet, 
visible, and infra-red region. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 


colorimeter test. A method of estimating the 


composition of mine-road dusts by compar- 
ing their color with a standard sample of 
80 percent incombustible dust. Nelson. 


colorimetric analysis. Method of chemical 


analysis in which filtered solutions are 
compared for color with known concen- 
trations of compound imparting that color 
to the solution or with specially tinted 
transparent films which have been suitably 
calibrated. A colorimeter either compares 
the colored test solution with a known 
standard or measures the amount of mono- 
chromatic light transmitted through a col- 
ored liquid. Pryor, 3. 


colorimetric determination. An analytical pro- 


cedure based on measurement, or compari- 
son with standards, or color naturally pres- 
ent in samples or developed therein by 
the addition of reagents. ASTM STP No. 
148-D. 


colorimetric method. This method, for the 


determination of incombustible matter, 
may only be used in relation to mine roads 
which have been stone-dusted with white 
limestone dust (or other dust of white or 
nearly white color), because it depends on 
the contrast in color between the white, 
or nearly white, stone dust and the black 
coal dust. The samples which are lighter 
in color are presumed to contain more 
incombustible matter than the standard 
dust and are not analyzed further; on the 
other hand those that are darker than the 
standard dust are analyzed by one of the 
approved chemical methods. At present, 
the standard sample must contain 80 per- 
cent incombustible matter, or some suitably 
chosen higher percentage. Cooper, p. 419. 


colorimetric value. An indication of the 


amount of organic compounds present in 
fine aggregate. Taylor. 


color index. In petrology, the sum of the 


dark or colored minerals in a rock ex- 
pressed in percentages; especially applied 
in the classification of igneous rocks. Ac- 
cording to the index, rocks may be divided 
into leucocratic (color index, 0 to 30), 
mesotype or mesocratic (color index, 30 to 
60), and melanocratic (color index, 60 to 
100). Shand recognized a fourth subdivi- 
sion, hypermelanic (color index, 90 to 


100). A.GJ. 


coloring. Producing desired colors on metal 


by a chemical or electrochemical reaction. 


See also color buffing. ASM Gloss. 


colorless. Devoid of any color, as is pure 


water, a pane of ordinary window glass, or 





columbium 


a fine diamond; therefore, distinctly differ- 
ent from white, as is milk, or white jade. 
As only transparent objects can be color- 
less, and no opaque object can be colorless, 
such terms as white sapphire and white 
topaz are misnomers. Rock crystal is a 
colorless variety of quartz; milky quartz is 
a white variety. Shipley. 

color measurement. There are two basic 
methods of measurement: (1) spectropho- 
tometer, typified by the Beckman and the 
Hardy instruments; (2) Tristimuius filter 
method, typified by the colormaster, Hilger, 
and Hunter instruments. The subject of 
color measurement is important in the 
ceramic industry, particularly for glazed 
tiles, sanitary ware and vitreous enamel- 
ware, which may have to match. Dodd. 

color oxide. A nonmetallic or metallic oxide 
(or a mixture) which is used to impart 
color to ceramic ware, enamels, glasses, 
and glazes. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

color play; play of colors. Prismatic colors 
produced by the dispersion of light. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

color range. All colors shown by various 
specimens of a mineral, an oil, or a rock. 
Hess. 

color ratio. The ratio of light (felsic) to dark 
(mafic and heavy) minerals in an igneous 
rock. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. Synonym 
for color index. A.G_I. 

colors. a. The specks of gold seen after the 
successful operation of a gold pan, when 
finely crushed ore has been panned to re- 
move bulk of light minerals. The residual 
heavy fraction is then scanned for visual 
evidence of gold by the prospector. Pryor, 
3. b. In optical mineralogy, the colors of 
doubly refracting substances as seen in 
doubly polarized light (crossed nicols). 
Fay; Hess. c. See metallic colors. AC'SG, 
1963. 

color twist. Twisted colored glass rods as a 
form of decoration within a wine glass 
stem. Dodd. 

colrake. A shovel used to stir lead ores dur- 
ing washing. Fay. 

Columbia-Gel. Gelatinous permissible explo- 
sive; used in mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Columbia group. A series of fluvioglacial 
marine and estuarial deposits of sand and 
gravel, overlying the Lafayette formation 
along the Atlantic Coast of the United 
States, south of New York, formed in the 
Pleistocene during the final glacial retreat. 
Fay. 

columbite; tantalite; niobite. A natural oxide 
of niobium, tantalum, ferrous iron, and 
manganese, found in granites and peg- 
matites, (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2Os. Some tin 
or tungsten may be present in the mineral. 
Iron black to brownish-black color; streak, 
dark red to black; luster, submetallic; 
Mohs’ hardness, 6; specific gravity, 5.2 to 
7.9. Found in Maine, North Carolina; 
Greenland; U.S.S.R.; Germany. A source 
of niobium and tantalum. CCD 6d, 1961. 

columbium; niobium. A white to steel-gray 
metallic element in group V of the peri- 
odic system, occurring between arsenic 
and antimony. Symbol, Cb (columbium) 
or Nb (niobium) ; valences, 2, 3, 4?, and 
5; isometric; atomic number, 41; atomic 
weight, 92.906; specific gravity, 8.57 (at 
20° GC); melting point, 2,468°+10° C; 
boiling point, 4,927° C; specific electrical 
resistivity, 20 microhms per cubic centi- 
meter; and insoluble in water and in 
acids. Occurs in a number of rare miner- 
als. Used in austenitic stainless steel to 


columbium carbide 


diminish susceptibility to intercrystalline 
corrosion. C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-123. 
The name niobium was adopted by the 
International Union of Pure and Applied 
Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of con- 
troversy. Many leading chemical societies 
and Government organizations refer to it 
as niobium. Most metallurgists, leading 
metals societies, and all but one of the 
leading U.S. commercial producers. still 
refer to the metal as columbium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-123. 


columbium carbide; nobium carbide. Black 


crystals; lavender-gray powder; isometric; 
CbCG (NbC); molecular weight, 104.92; 
insoluble in water and in all acids except 
in nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid; melt- 
ing point, about 3,500° C; hardness, 2,400 
kilograms per square millimeter; and spe- 
cific gravity, 7.6 or 7.82. Used in cemented 
carbide tipped tools, certain special steels, 
and in the preparation of columbium (ni- 
obium) metal. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-198. 


columbium chloride; columbium pentachlo- 


ride; niobium chloride; niobium penta- 
chloride. Yellow to white; crystalline; 
CbCl; (NbCls) ; molecular weight, 270.17; 
soluble in alcohol, in ether, in carbon tetra- 
chloride, in hydrochloric acid, and in con- 
centrated sulfuric acid; melting point, 194° 
C or 204.7° C; boiling point, 241° C or 
254° C; specific gravity, 2.75; deliques- 
cent; and decomposes in water and in 
moist air with the evolution of hydrogen 
chloride fumes. Used in the preparation 
of pure columbium (niobium) and as an 
intermediate. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
pb. B-198, 

columbium pentachloride; niobium penta- 
chloride. See columbium chloride. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

columbium-potassium oxyfluoride; potassium- 
columbium oxyfluoride; potassium penta- 
fluocolumbate; potassium oxycolumbate; 
niobium-potassium oxyfluoride; potassium- 
niobium oxyfluoride; potassium pentafluo- 
niobate; potassium oxyniobate. Color- 
less or white; monoclinic; lustrous plates 
or leaflets; KeGbOF;.H2O (KzNbOF;.H:O) ; 
greasy to touch; and soluble in water and 
in concentrated hydrofluoric acid. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-199, Used in 
the separation of columbium (niobium) 
from tantalum and in the electrolytic prep- 
aration of columbium metal (niobium 


metal). CCD 6d, 1961. 


columbotantalite. A noncommittal term for 


members of the columbite-tantalite series. 
Hey, M.M., 1961. 

columbretite. An ash-gray lava, a variety of 
feldspathoidal latite porphyry, composed 
of phenocrysts of sanidine, and of augite 
and magnetite after hornblende. The com- 
pact groundmass contains microlites of 
oligoclase having corroded outlines filled 
with analcite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 168. 
column. a. A round column set vertically or 
horizontally in a heading and to it the 
machine drill is clamped. This column is 
provided with a head at one end, and a 
shoe at the other end provided with a 
screw for setting it up against the rock 
walls. A column gives a firmer support, 
as a rule, than the tripod also used for 
holding the drill. Blocks of tough wood are 





238 


placed between the column end and the 
rock, Stauffer. b. The rising main or length 
of pipe conveying the water from the mine 
to the surface. Fay. c. See motive column. 
Fay. d. A solid core cut from a borehole. 
Fay. e. A supporting pillar. Webster 3d. 
f. The water above the valve in a set of 
pumps. Fay, g. Synonym for drill column. 
Long. h, The drill-circulation liquid con- 
fined within a borehole. Long. i. A long 
section of drill core. Long. j. The water 
confined within a pipe above a pump. 
Long. k. In borehole casing, a row of cas- 
ing sections screwed together and forming 
a whole. Stoces, v. 1, p. 85. 1, A member, 
such as a steel prop, primarily carrying 
axial loads by means of compression 
stresses. See also beam. Nelson. m. In ion 
exchange, a rubber-lined or noncorrodable 
cylinder filled to half its height with resin 
beads which rest on a bed of sand. Ar- 
ranged usually in a series of two, three, 
or four with pipes and valves permitting 
feed, discharge, flush, and circulation of 
solutions, according to whether the column 
is stripping. (loading) a pregnant solu- 
tion or being eluted. Pryor, 3. n. A cave 
formation caused by the union of a stalac- 
tite with a stalagmite. Synonym for sta- 
lacto-stalagmite. Schieferdecker. o. A mass 
of plastic material, such as clay, shaped 
by forcing it continuously through a die. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 


column analogy. An analogy used in struc- 


tural design as described by. Professor 
Hardy Cross. It is applied to equations 
for slope and deflection of a beam sub- 
jected to bending and those for load and 
moment in a short column, loaded eccen- 
trically. See also Hardy Cross method. 
Ham 


columnar. a. A mineral with a structure ob- 


scurely resembling prisms, for example, 
hornblende. Nelson. b. Composed of col- 
umnlike individuals. Schieferdecker. 


combed 


c. Columns, 9 to 14 centimeters in diam- 
eter and 1 to 1.4 meters in length, found 
in some calcareoeus shales or argillaceous 
limestones; oval to polygonal in section. 
Columns are perpendicular to bedding. 
Possibly a desiccation structure. Pettijohn. 
d. A coarse structure of parallel columns 
of grains, having the long axis perpendicu- 
lar to the casting surface. ASM Gloss. 

columnar charge. a. A continuous charge in 
a quarry borehole. Compare deck charge. 
B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. b. Charge uni- 
formly distributed in the principal part of 
a straight drill hole. The degree of pack- 
ing is smaller than for the bottom charge. 
Fraenkel. 

column drill. A tunnel rock drill supported 
by a vertical steel column jacked tightly 
between the roof and floor. It is being re- 
placed by various types of drill mounting 
and air-leg supports. Nelson. 

column head. In the mushroom type of re- 
inforced concrete construction, the en- 
largement of the column where it meets 
the slab. Ham. 

column load. A single continuous charge. 
Carson, p. 320. 

column of mud. Synonym for mud column. 
Long. 

column pipe. The large cast-iron (or 
wooden) pipe through which the water is 
conveyed from the mine pumps to the 
surface. A mounting pipe; a rising main. 
Fay. 

columns of ore. Deposits of ore in lodes 
having a small lateral but considerable 
vertical extent. An ore shoot. Fay. 

colusite. a. Possibly a sulfide, arsenide, tellu- 
ride, and antimonide of copper, iron, molyb- 
denum, tin, and zinc, (Cu,Fe,Mo,Sn,Zn) «- 
(S,As,Te,Sb)s-4. Isometeric; bronze-gray 
color; granular. Said to be a member of 
the sphalerite group. From Butte, Mont. 
English. b. A variety of tetrahedrite con- 
taining 3.21 percent tin; from Japan. 





columnar coal. Coal with a columnar struc- 
ture, usually due to thermal metamor- 
phism. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

columnar crystals. Elongated crystals that 
grew at right angles to a surface. C.M.D. 

columnar jointing. Jointing that breaks the 
rock into columns. The joints usually form 
a fairly well defined prism ‘that is hexag- 
onal in cross section. It is most characteris- 
tic of diabase and basalt. Generally con- 
sidered to be shrinkage cracks resulting 
from the cooling of the igneous mass in 
which they occur. A.G.I. See also col- 
umnar structure, b. 

columnar section. A geologic illustration that 
shows in a graphic manner, and by use of 
conventional symbols for different rock 
types, the successive rock units that occur 
throughout a given area or at a specific 
locality. It may be accompanied by a very 
brief description of lithology and by ap- 
propriate brief notations indicating the 
thickness, age, and classification of the 
rocks. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

columnar structure. a. A mineral possesses a 
columnar structure when it is composed of 
slender crystals of prismatic cross section, 
as some amphiboles are. When the columns 
are flattened, the structure is said to be 
bladed. Hess. b. A structure common in 
diabase and basalt dikes, sills, and lava 
sheets. It consists of parallel, more or less 
regular prismatic columns generally trans- 
verse to the rock mass and generally con- 
sidered to be shrinkage cracks caused by 
cooling. Fay. See also columnar jointing. 





Comanche series. The 


combed. A 





Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 


comagmatic. a. Applied to igneous rocks, or 


to the region in which they occur, having 
a common set of chemical, mineralogical, 
and textural features, and hence regarded 
as having been derived from a common 
parent magma. Essentially synonymous 
with consanguineous. A.G.I. b. Igneous 
rocks having certain chemical or mineral- 
ogical characteristics in common and 
hence, regarded as derived from a com- 
mon parent magma; consanguineous; may 
be applied to igneous rocks in a district or 
region, but not necessarily to all the ig- 
neous rocks in the district. Fay. 


comagmatic region. An area in which the 


igneous rocks are of the same general 
geologic age, have certain distinguishing 
characteristics in common, and are re- 
garded as comagmatic; a petrographic 
province. Fay. 

Lower Cretaceous 
series of rocks in the western Gulf regicn 
of North America. Standard, 1964. 


Comanchian. Lower Cretaceous. A.G.I. Supp. 
comb. The place, in a fissure which has been 


filled by successive deposits of minerals 
on the walls, where two sets of layers thus 
deposited approach most nearly or meet, 
closing the fissure and exhibiting either a 
drusy central cavity or an interlocking of 
crystals. Fay. 

surface texture of narrowly 
spaced lines produced on clay facing bricks 
by fixing wires or plates above the extrud- 
ing column of clay so that they comb its 











combed finish tile 


surface. Dodd. 

combed finish tile. Tile whose face surfaces 
are altered by more or less parallel 
scratches or scarfs in manufacture to give 
increased bond for mortar, plaster, or 
stucco. ASTM C43-65T. 

combed structure. In its simplest form this 
structure consists of a fissure lined with 
crystals on each side, having their bases 
on the walls and their apexes directed to- 
ward the center. In some cases the fissure 
is thus altogether filled up with two sets 
of crystals meeting in the center. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

combed veins. See banded vein; comb. Fay. 

combed ware. Decoration effected by means 
of a toothed tool drawn across slip, over 
a body of a different color. C.T.D. 


i combeite. A rhombohedral mineral, NaiCas- 


$ics016(OH,F) 2. In nephelinite from Kivu, 
Republic of the Congo. Spencer 21, M.M., 
1958. 

combination. A union of two or more ele- 
ments. Crispin. 

combination die. In dic casting, a dic having 
two or more different cavities for different 
castings. ASM Gloss. 

combination drill. A drill equipped for cable- 
tool and/or diamond-drilling operations, 
or for a cable-tool and/or rotary drilling 
operations. Long. 

combination driller. A driller versed in cable- 
tool and diamond- or rotary-drilling tech- 
niques. Long. 

combination electric locomotive. A minc 
locomotive which can operate as a trolley 
locomotive or as a battery locomotive. 
While operating on the battery, it can be 
used, under certain conditions, at the coal 
face. Also it may be used on the main 
haulage trolley system where, due to 
higher voltage, higher speeds are possible. 
Nelson. 

combination gas. Natural gas rich in oil 
vapors. Wet gas. Also called casing-head 
gas. Fay. 

combination longwall. See longwall, b. Fay. 

combination mill. An arrangement of a con- 
tinuous mill for roughing, and a guide or 
looping mill for shaping. ASM Gloss. 

combination of subslicing and stoping. See 
sublevel stoping, b. Fay. 

combination rig. a. A rig comprising a com- 
plete cable-tool outfit and a complete 
rotary outfit. Porter. b. Synonym for com- 
bination drill. Long. 

combination sampler. A universal-type soil- 
sampling device in which some of the con- 
structional features of two or more special- 
use samplers are combined. Long. 

combination shot. A blast made by dynamite 
and permissibles, or permissible explosives 
and blasting powder in the same hole. It 
is bad practice and in many States is pro- 
hibited by law. Fay. 

combination socket. A finishing tool. Long. 

combination stoping. See combined overhand 
and underhand stoping. Fay. 

combination-type electric mine locomotive. 
See electric mine locomotive. 

combined carbon. The part of the total 
carbon in steel or cast iron that is present 
as other than free carbon. ASM Gloss. 

combined cyanide. The cyanide of a metal- 
cyanide complex ion. ASM Gloss. 

combined moisture. Moisture in coal that 
cannot be removed by ordinary drying. 
Compare free moisture, a. Cooper, p. 397. 

combined overhand and underhand stoping. 
This term signifies the workings of a block 
simultaneously from the bottom to its top 








239 


and from the top to the bottom. The mod- 
ifications are distinguished by the support 
used, as open stopes, stull-supported stopes, 
or pillar-supported stopes. Also known as 
combined stopes; combination stoping; 
overhand stoping and milling system; back 
and underhand stoping milling system. Fay. 

combined shrinkage stoping and block cav- 
ing. In this method the ore body is worked 
from the top down in successive layers of 
much greater thickness than in top slicing. 
The mass of ore is weakened by a series of 
shrinkage stopes, which are extended up 
between the ribs, pillars, or blocks, which 
are subsequently caved. The intervening 
blocks are under cut and caved as in 
block caving. The cover follows the caved 
ore. Also called overhand stoping with 
shrinkage and simultaneous caving. Fay. 

combined side and longwall stoping. See 
overhand stoping, b. Fay. 

combined stopes. See combined overhand 
and underhand stoping. Fay. 

combined stresses. Any state of stress that 
cannot be represented by a single com- 
ponent of stress; that is, one that is more 
complicated than simple tension, compres- 
sion, or shear. ASM Gloss. 

combined system. A system of drainage in 
which a set of drains and sewers carries 
both soil and surface water. See also sepa- 
rate system. Ham. 

combined top slicing and shrinkage stoping. 
In this method the ore body is worked 
from the top down in successive slices. In 
the working of each slice the unit is 
worked as a shrinkage stope. The broken 
ore serves to give lateral support to the 
sides of the unit and also serves as a 
working platform from which the back is 
reached. After working a unit the cover 
is caved. No timber mat is used. Also 
known as the Kimberley method. Fay. 

combined twinning. A rare type of twinning 
in which the twin operation can be de- 
scribed as composing a rotation of 180° 
around the c axis with reflection over 
1120. AM, 1. 

combined water. See chemically combined 
water. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

combining weight. a. The relative weight of 
an element that has the same combining 
capacity as a given weight of another ele- 
ment, the standard now usually being 8 
for oxygen but it was formerly 1 for hydro- 
gen: The atomic weight divided by the 
valence. Webster 3rd. b. The relative 
weight of a radical or compound that com- 
bines with a given weight of an element, 
radical, or compound; especially, the 
weight of a compound that reacts with 
one equivalent of an element. Webster 3d. 

comb rack. a. Refers to a bar of acid-re- 
sistant metal used to space and separate 
ware in a pickling basket. Enam. Dict. b. 
A burning tool shaped like a comb. ASTM 
C286-65. 

comb ridge. a. Spires, most of which are 
more than 2,000 feet above the adjacent 
valley, surmount a narrow comb ridge, 
which is a thin partition of rock, or a 
gigantic arete. A.G.J. b. The coalescence 
of cirques has produced a comblike pali- 
sade of sharp rock needles which consti- 
tutes the aiguille type of mountain ridge. 
Such a ridge has, perhaps, most frequently 
been designated by the term arete (fish- 
bone), though in the Alps, the term grat 
(edge) has been applied especially to the 
smaller and lateral ridges of this type. 
Comb ridge was proposed for all such pal- 





comeback 


isades of needles derived by this process. 
A.G.I, 

comb texture. A texture in which individual 
crystals have their long axes perpendicular 
to the walls of a vein. Schieferdecker. 

combustibility. An assessment of the speed 
of combustion of a coal under specified 
conditions. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

combustible. Capable of undergoing com- 
bustion or of burning. Used especially of 
materials that catch fire and burn when 
subjected to fire. Compare flammable. 
Webster 3d. 

combustible carbon (in coal). The total car- 
bon in the coal less that which is present 
as mineral carbonates. B.S. 1016, 1961, 
Pt. 16; 

combustible gas indicator. The most com- 
mon type of unit uses a heated platinum 
wire to ignite combustible gases in the 
sample. Heat of combustion changes the 
electrical resistance of the wire, which in 
turn affects the meter. Calibration is 
usually in terms of percentages of the 
Lower Explosive Limit of a particular gas, 
conversion for other gases being made by 
table. Although flame arrestors are built 
into the combustion chamber orifices, haz- 
ardous locations normally require use of 
tubes to carry the sample to a safe area 
for measurement. Bests, p. 581. 

combustible schist. Another name for carbo- 
naceous or bituminous shale. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

combustible shale. Synonym for tasmanite. 
Fay. 

combustion. The action or operation of 
burning; the continuous combination of 
a substance with certain elements, such 
as oxygen or chlorine, for example, ac- 
companied by the generation of light and 
heat. Standard, 1964. See also ignition 
temperature. 

combustion arch. A flat or curved refractory 
roof over a furnace to promote combus- 
tion by reflection of heat. AISI, No. 24. 

combustion chamber. a. The enclosure in 
which fuel is burned. ACSG, 1963. b. Part 
of a furnace or kiln. ASCG, 1963. 

combustion engineer. An engineer with prac- 
tical training and knowledge of all kinds 
of fuels and their combustion characteris- 
tics. In general, he has not the technical 
qualifications of the fuel technologist. 
Nelson. 

combustion furnace. A long, narrow, portable 
furnace used in the combustion method. 
Fay. 

combustion method. A method for the quan- 
titative determination of certain elements 
(such as carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen) 
in organic compounds by combustion. 
Webster 3d. 

combustion rate. The weight of fuel burnt 
per square foot of grate area per hour. 
Nelson. 

combustion tube. A glass tube especially de- 
signed to withstand great heat as pro- 
duced by the combustion method. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

come-along. a. An open, fixed-jaw spanner 
used to grip, hold, and lift rods, casing, or 
piping. Compare lowering iron. Long. b. 
A device consisting of two serrated jaws 
so attached to a ring that a pull on the 
ring causes the opposing jaws to close and 
grip a wire, cable, or any cylindrical piece 
of drill equipment. Long. 

comeback. In enameling, comeback refers to 
the length of time necessary for a furnace 
to return to its peak temperature after the 


comedown 


introduction of a load of ware. Enam. 
Dict. 

comedown; comb dung. Softish stone occur- 
ring in the roof of a coal seam and easily 
falling*down when coal is removed. Arkell. 

comendite. A sodic rhyolite containing al- 
kalic amphibole and/or pyroxene. A.G.I. 

come out. To withdraw or hoist the drill 
string or tools from a borehole. Long. 

comet. In Wales, a hand lamp with a long, 
torchlike flame. Fay. 

come-to-nature. The charge settling down 
into a pasty mass after boiling. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 443. 

come water. The constant or regular flow of 
water in a mine proceeding from old work- 
ings or from water-bearing rocks. Fay. 

comfort air conditioning. Air conditioning 
that controls the atmosphere which human 
beings breathe. Hartman, p. 4. 

comfort zone. Used to describe the cffective 
temperature in British mines that nor- 
mally falls in the range of 54° to 68° F 
on the basic scale. Roberts, I, p. 136. 

coming out. The process of withdrawing or 
hoisting the drill string or tools from a 
borehole. Long. 

coming up to grass; coming up to day. Eng. 
Common terms used by miners for the 
word basset, or outcrop. Fay. 

Comleyan. Lower Cambrian. A.G.J. Supp. 

command. Group of signals which initiates 
a step in execution of a program. Pryor, 
Sapo 

commencing operations. The performance of 
some act which has a tendency to produce 
an intended result. Ricketts, II. 

commercial deposit. A deposit of oil, gas, 
or other minerals in sufficient quantity for 
production in paying quantities. Williams. 

commercial dust. Impure gold dust. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

commercial flux. A flux sold under a trade 
name; prepared for use in soldering, braz- 
ing, and welding. Crispin. 

commercial granite. This term includes gran- 
ite, gneiss, gneissic granite, granite gneiss, 
and the rock species known to petrologists 
as syenite, monzonite, and granodiorite, 
species intermediate between them, the 
gneissic varieties and gneisses of corre- 
sponding mineralogic compositions and the 
corresponding varieties of porphyritic tex- 
tures. The term commercial granite shall 
also include other feldspathic crystalline 
rocks of similar textures, containing minor 
amounts of accessory minerals, used for 
special decorative purposes, and known to 
petrologists as anorthosite and laurvikite. 
ASTM C119-50. 

commercial idler bearing. A bearing having 
either ground or unground races and in 
which the bore and outside diameter toler- 
ances are held to thousandths of an inch 
and the width tolerance to hundredths of 
an inch. NEMA MBI1-1961. 

commercially disposable coal. A statistical 
term referring to saleable coal, less colliery 
consumption and coal supplied to em- 
ployees. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

commercial marble. A crystalline rock com- 
posed predominantly of one or more of the 
following minerals: calcite, dolomite, or 
serpentine, and capable of taking a polish. 
ASTM C119-50. 

commercial mine. A coal mine operated to 
supply purchasers in general as contrasted 
with a captive mine, Zern. 

commercial ore. Can. Mineralized material 
currently profitable at prevailing metal 
prices. Hoffman. 





240 


commercial quantity. A quantity of oil, gas, 
or other minerals sufficient for production 
in paying quantities. Williams. 

commercial quarry. a. Term that includes 
quarries for aggregate and quarries for 
the production of limestone for industrial 
and agricultural purposes. Streefkerk, p. 
16. b. Not owned or controlled by con- 
sumer. Contrasted with a captive quarry. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

commercial sampling. The American So- 
ciety for Testing and Materials divides 
coal sampling into commercial sampling 
and special purpose sampling. Commercial 
sampling procedures are intended to pro- 
duce an accuracy such that if a large 
number of samples are taken froma single 
lot of coal, 95 out of 100 test results will 
be within plus or minus 10 percent of the 
average of these samples. Compare special 
purpose sampling. Mitchell, p. 81. 

commercial zinc. See spelter. Nelson. 

comminute. To reduce solids to minute par- 
ticles by crushing, grinding, or pulverizing. 
Crispin. 

comminution. a. The act or action of com- 
minuting or the fact of being comminuted ; 
pulverization; trituration. Webster 3d. b. 
The breaking, crushing, or grinding of 
coal, ore, or rock. Nelson. c. In powder 
metallurgy, the same as_ pulverization. 
ASM Gloss. 

commission broker. A broker who buys and 
sells on order for customers, who may be 
scattered throughout the country, and 
who are reached by a network of branch 
commission houses in various cities. Hoouv, 
p. 280. 

commission ore. Uranium-bearing material 
of 0.10 percent UsOs or higher, for which 
the Atomic Energy Commission has an 
established price. Ballard. 

common banded coal. The common variety 
of bituminous and subbituminous coal. It 
consists of a sequence of irregularly alter- 
nating layers or lenses of (1) homogene- 
ous black material having a brilliant vitre- 
ous luster; (2) grayish-black, less brilliant, 
striated material usually of silky luster; 
and (3) generally thinner bands or lenses 
of soft, powdery, and fibrous particles of 
mineral charcoal. The difference in luster 
of the bands is greater in bituminous than 
in subbituminous coal. ASTM D493-39. 
See banded coal. 

common bond. See American bond. A.R.I. 

common brick. Brick such as is used for 
rough work or for filling in or backing. 
Crispin. See also building brick. 

common-brick clay. A red-to-brown burning 
clay which usually has a high percentage 
of fluxing impurities, is plastic enough for 
shaping, and fires to a very hard and 
strong solid with little warping or crack- 
ing at a relatively low temperature. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

common goods; rejections; rubbish. Terms 
applied to the less desirable diamond: mate- 
rial used for abrasive purposes. I.C. 8200, 
1964, p. 3. 

common ion effect. Change in concentration 
of an ion in a saturated solution through 
addition of another electrolyte which yields 
an ion in common with the solid substance 
present in excess. The ion product. re- 
mains Constant, but with the increase of 
concentration of one ion that of the other 
diminishes correspondingly. Since the solu- 
tion is already saturated, precipitation oc- 
curs, the effect being a reversal of the 
process of ionization. Pryor, 3. 





compact 


common iron. The poorest quality of com- 
mercial iron. Standard, 1964. 

common lead (pronounced like the verb led). 
Lead having four isotopes (mass numbers 
204, 206, 207, and 208) in the propor- 
tions generally obtained by analyzing lead 
from rocks and lead minerals which are 
associated with little or no radioactive 
material; commonly considered to be the 
lead present at the time of the earth’s 
formation, as distinguished from lead pro- 
duced later by radioactive decay. A.G.I. 

common opal. Opal without play of color. 
Most varieties are of no gemmological in- 
terest or importance, others because of 
their color or markings are set in jewelry. 
See also precious opal. Shipley. 

commons. Clay building bricks that are made 
without attention to appearance and in- 
tended for use in the inner leaf of cavity 
walls or for internal walls. The crushing 
strength of such bricks varies from about 
1,500 to 6,000 per square inch, the water 
absorption from about 10 to 30 wt., per- 
cent. Dodd. 

common salt. See halite; sodium chloride. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

common solder. Soft solder of about 60 per- 
cent lead, 40 percent tin, optional an- 
timony to about 1.5 percent. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

communication road. Scot. An underground 
road between two coal mine shafts. Fay. 

commutated current. Electric current of 
constant strength of which the direction 
of flow is reversed at constant intervals 
of time. Schieferdecker. 

commutator. a. A contrivance for reversing 
the direction of electric current in any Cir- 
cuit. Crispin. b. Apparatus to convert di- 
rect current into commutated current. 
Schieferdecker. c. A cylindrical ring or 
disk assembly of conducting members, in- 
dividually insulated in a supporting struc- 
ture with an exposed surface for contact 
with current-collecting brushes and ready 
for mounting on an armature shaft. Low- 
enheim. 

commutator compound. Generally a mixture 
of paraffin and beeswax, used to lubricate 
the brushes and commutator of a dynamo 
or motor, and to reduce sparking. Porter. 

commutator-controlled welding. Spot or pro- 
jection welding in which several electrodes, 
in simultaneous contact with the work, 
function progressively under the control 
of an electrical commutating device. ASM 
Gloss. 

commuting transformer. A transformer re- 
sembling a dynamo, but with a revolving 
commutator. Webster 2d. 

Como beds. In geology, a thin series of beds 
extending from Wyoming along the east 
base of the Rocky mountains into Colo- 
rado, containing a rich land fauna of 
mammals and reptiles. The beds are re- 
ferred either to the Upper Jurassic or the 
Lower Cretaceous. Standard, 1964. 

compact. a. In powder metallurgy, an object 
produced by the compression of metal 
powder, generally while confined in a die, 
with or without the inclusion of non- 
metallic constituents. Synonymous with 
briquette. See also compound compact; 
composite compact. ASM Gloss. b. To 
treat glass in a manner, such as by heat- 
treatment, to approach maximum density. 
ASTM C162-66. c. Marked by an ar- 
rangement of parts or units closely pressed, 
packed, grouped, or knit together with 
very slight intervals or intervening space. 














compacted yards 


Webster 3d. 


‘| compacted yards. Measurement of soil or 


rock after it has been placed and com- 
pacted in a fill. Nichols. 

compacting factor. The ratio obtained by 
dividing the observed weight of concrete 
which fills a container of standard size and 
shape when allowed to fall into it under 
standard conditions of test, by the weight 
of fully compacted concrete which fills the 
same container. Taylor. 


| compacting factor test. For freshly prepared 


concrete made by weighing a container 
filled under standardized conditions, there- 
fore obtaining the specific gravity of the 
mix. Pryor, 3. 


_ compaction. a. Decrease in volume of sedi- 


ments, as a result of compressive stress, 
usually resulting from continued deposi- 
tion above them, but also from drying and 
other causes. See also differential compac- 
tion. A.G.I. b. In soil mechanics, the den- 
sification of a soil by means of a mechani- 
cal manipulation. ASCE P1826.'c. Reduc- 
tion in bulk of fill by rolling, tamping, or 
soaking. Nichols, 2. d. The expulsion of air 
from a soil mass and so achieve a high 
density. This results in (1) increased bear- 
ing capacity; (2) reduced tendency to 
settlement or deformation under load; and 
(3) reduced liability to moisture changes, 
that is, increased all-round stability. Com- 
paction is normally specified as a_ soil 
density (pound per cubic foot) to be 
achieved. Density measurement is neces- 
sary to assess progress and completion. 
See also relative compaction. Nelson. e. 
One stage in the process by which sedi- 
ments are converted into rocks. Wheeler. 
f. The process of inducing a closer pack- 
ing of the aggregate particles in concrete 
by the reduction of voids. Taylor. 
compaction curve; Proctor curve. The curve 
showing the relationship between dry unit 
weight (density) and the water content 
of a soil for a given compactive effort. 
ASCE P1826. 

compaction plant. Machines, such as rollers, 
to expel air from a soil mass and_ so 
achieve a high density. Smooth-wheel roll- 
ers are best for gravels, sands, and gravel- 
sand-clay soils with reasonably high mois- 
ture contents. Pneumatic-tired rollers are 
best for clays with reasonably high mois- 
ture contents and sheepsfoot rollers are the 
best for clays with low moisture contents. 
The economical limit beyond which fur- 
ther rolling gives only slight increase in 
density is: pneumatic-tired rollers, 4 to 8 
passes; smooth-wheel rollers, 8 to 16 
passes; sheepsfoot rollers, 32 to 64 passes. 
Nelson. 

compaction shale. Shale that owes its strength 
to compaction rather than to cementation. 
Compare cemented shale. A.G.J. Supp. 
compaction test; moisture-density test. A 
laboratory compacting procedure whereby 
a soil at a known water content is placed 
in a specified manner into a mold of given 
dimensions, subjected to a compactive ef- 
fort of controlled magnitude, and the re- 
sulting unit weight determined. The pro- 
cedure is repeated for various water con- 
tents sufficient to establish a relationship 
betwezn water content and unit weight. 
ASCE P1826. 

compact material. Material which can be 
excavated with a pick, generally a gran- 
ular soil with a relative compaction of 90 
percent or more. Ham. 

compact rock. A rock so closely grained that 





241 


no component particles or crystals can be 
recognized by the eye. Nelson. 

companion heading. A subsidiary heading 
driven alongside a main heading to act 
as a return airway and sometimes for 
bringing in supplies. Nelson. 

company. a. Eng. A number of butty colliers, 
or partners who work in a stall or room. 
Fay. An association of persons for carrying 
on a commercial or industrial enterprise 
or business. Webster 3d. 

company account. Drilling done by a com- 
pany on its property using its own equip- 
ment operated by personnel working for 
the company. Long. 

company driller. See company miner. 

company drilling machine operator. See 
company miner. 

company hand. See company man. D.O.T. 1. 

company house. A house in which a minc- 
worker lives and pays rent to the coal 
company he works for. Korson. 

company man. A man who works for the 
company by the hour or by the day, such 
as tracklayers, timbermen, drivers, and 
cagers, as distinguished from miners who 
work under contract, as by the ton, yard, 
etc. He also brushes down the walls and 
roofs when apparently dangerous and loads 
the loose rock and debris into cars and 
pushes them out to the haulageway. Fay. 

company miner. In mining, one who drills, 
blasts, and loads rock or ore into cars in 
a mine. He is usually enagaged in develop- 
ment work, that is, driving underground 
passages, to open up a vein for actual 
mining, and prospecting for new deposits; 
and is paid on a day basis and may receive 
a bonus based on footage of advance. Also 
called company driller; company drilling- 
machine operator. See also miner, j. 
Di Owe « 

company store. A retail store associated with 
and usually owned and operated by an in- 
dustrial company. Webster 3d. This type 
of store is common in mining and lumber 
camps. Fay. 

company weighman. See master’s weighman. 
Nelson. 

company work. Work for which miners are 
paid a fixed rate of wages per shift. See 
also day wage. Nelson. 

company worker. See company man. D.O.T.1/. 

comparator. a. In photographic mapping, a 
device for measuring accurately the two 
rectangular coordinates of the image of a 
point on a photograph. Seelye, 2. b. An 
apparatus facilitating comparison of test 
material with known standard, or with 
other substances. A comparator miscro- 
scope has a duplicate optical system, so 
that the observer sees two fields simul- 
taneously (one with each eye). The Lovi- 
bond comparator has colored disks which 
can be matched against colored liquids to 
give approximate pH value, etc., using 
the same principle as with a set of pH 
color tubes in a more permanent and com- 
pact style. Pryor, 3. 

comparator base. A carefully measured hori- 
zontal distance, usually one tape-length 
long, used as a means of checking and 
comparing the tapes used in the field. 
Seelye, 2. 

comparison prism. A_ small, right-angled 
prism placed in a front of a portion of the 
slit of a spectroscope or a spectrograph for 
the purpose of reflecting light from a 
second source of light into the collimator, 
so that two spectra may be viewed simul- 
taneously. See also comparison spectrum. 





compass points 


CODE 

comparison spectrum. A spectrum which con- 
tains a number of sharply defined, well- 
identified lines of standard wavelength 
that is used as a standard of comparison 
in studying other spectra. Usually photo- 
graphed on the same plate above and be- 
low the photograph of the spectrum being 
studied. Gaynor. 

compartment. a. A separate division or sec- 
tion of anything. Webster 2d. Mining 
shafts usually are divided into two or more 
compartments or sections, separated by 
framed timbers and planking. Fay. b. A 
space or division in a shaft formed by 
cross buntons. The main compartments in 
a winding shaft are two for cages or skips. 
See also rectangular shaft, a. Nelson. c. 
One section or unit in a coal- or mineral- 
treatment plant. Nelson. 

compass. a. An instrument for determining 
directions, usually by the pointing of a 
magnetic needle free to turn in a hori- 
zontal plane, as, for example, the ordinary 
surveyors compass. Also, a dip compass, 
for tracing magnetic iron ore, having a 
needle hung to move in a vertical plane. 
Fay. b. An instrument for describing cir- 
cles, transferring measurements, and _ simi- 
lar operations consisting in its simple form 
of two pointed branches joined at the 
top by a pivot, one of the branches gen- 
eraly have a pen or pencil point. Webster 
3d. c. A Maas or other compass device 
used in borehole-survey work. Long. 

compass and wedge. Term sometimes used 
for a brick that has a taper both on the 
side and on the face, for example a 9-inch 
brick tapered 414/3¥%2 inches and 21%/2 
inches. Dodd. 

compass deflection. a. The difference, ex- 
pressed in degrees, between the direction 
a magnetic compass needle points and 
true or astronomical north. This is termed 
magnetic declination. Long. b. Differences, 
expressed in degrees, between magnetic- 
north directions and the direction a mag- 
netic compass points, owing to local mag- 
netic interferences. This is termed mag- 
netic deviation. Long. 

compass direction. Direction as indicated by 
a compass without any allowances for 
compass error. The direction indicated by 
a magnetic compass may differ by a con- 
siderable amount from the true direction 
referred to a meridian of the earth. H&G. 

compass error. The amount by which a com- 
pass direction differs from the true direc- 
tion. The error is usually expressed in de- 
grees and is marked (+) or minus (—) 
according to whether the compass dircc- 
tion as read in degrees of azimuth is less 
or greater than the true azimuth. The 
error is to be applied according to sign 
to the compass reading to obtain the true 
azimuth direction. The compass error 
combines the effects of the deviation and 
variation of the compass. H&G. The error 
is also expressed as number of degrees 
east or west of true azimuth north. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

compass points. The four principal points of 
the compass—north, east, south, and west, 
are called the cardinal points. Midway be- 
tween the cardinal points are the inter- 
cardinal points—northeast, southeast, 
southwest, and northwest. Midway _be- 
tween each cardinal and _ intercardinal 
point is a point with a name formed by 
combining that of the cardinal and inter- 
cardinal point, the former being placed 





compass rule 


first, as north-northeast, east-northeast, 
and so forth. Midway between the points 
already indicated are points bearing the 
name of the nearest cardinal or - inter- 
cardinal point followed by the word by 
and the name of the cardinal point in the 
direction in which it lies, as north by east, 
northeast by north, and so forth. In all, 
there are 32 points separated by intervals 
of 1114°. Each of these intervals is sub- 
divided into quarter points. H&G. 
compass rule. The compass rule is most gen- 
erally used for balancing a traverse. This 
rule states that correction in latitude or 
departure equals: 
closure in latitude or departure 


perimeter (the length of traverse) mae ude 
Corrections found by this formlua are al- 
gebraically applied to the respective lati- 
tudes or departures. Staley, p. 65. 

compass traverse. The framework for a sur- 
vey in which a number of straight lines 
are accurately measured by tape or pace, 
their bearings being taken by a compass, 
which should be of the prismatic type. 
The latitude and departure of each line 
is calculated and the necessary corrections 
are made to provide a closed traverse. 
Ham. 

compatibility triangle. Subsystem of com- 
patible phases in a ternary system. VV. 

compeb mill. A closed, horizontal, rotating, 
steel cylinder containing compartments, 
each having different-sized balls for grind- 
ing and pulverizing raw cement materials. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 235, 

compensated grades. Grades which have 
been reduced to keep total resistance the 
same on curves and tangents. Urquhart, 
Sec. 2, p. 26. 

compensating diaphragm. Fitting added to 
the telescope of a theodolite in stadia 
work which varies the interval between 
the stadia hairs when a sloping sight 1s 
taken, in order that the horizontal dis- 
tance from the instrument to the staff can 
be calculated. See also stadia hairs. Ham. 

compensating drive. In a four-wheel drive 
truck, a freewheeling unit in the front 
propeller shaft that allows the front wheels 
to go farther than the rear on curves. 
Nichols. 

compensating error. Random error equally 
liable to be plus or minus, and if of small 
dimensions, reasonably likely to be com- 
pensated by. further errors. In contrast, 








systematic or biased errors all fall on same 
side of correct measurement and may 
therefore accumulate and produce serious 


discrepancies. Pryor, 3. 

compensating rope. Balance weight ropes 
having direct connection with hoisting 
ropes. Ham. 

compensation. An amount paid, per week 
or as a lump sum, in respect of incapacity 
or death caused as the result of an injury 
by accident arising out of, or in the course 
of, a workman’s employment. Nelson. 

compensation, isostatic. A theory of equillib- 
rium of the earth’s crust assuming that 
columns of rock and water standing on 
bases of equal area have equal weights 
irrespective of the elevation and configura- 
tion of their upper surfaces. A.G.I. 

compensation method. Procedure for deter- 
mining the voltage difference between two 
points in the ground by compensating this 
voltage difference with a known and ad- 
justable voltage difference. Schieferdecker. 

compensation water. The quantity of water 
which must be allowed to pass through a 


complete combustion. 





242 


dam in order to meet the needs of those 
who used the water before the dam was 
built. Ham. 


compensator. Instrument to determine the 


voltage difference between two points in 
the ground by the compensation method. 
Schieferdecker. 


competence. In hydraulics, the measure of 


the ability of a stream to carry a piece of 
rock. This is a guide in prospecting work, 
when tracing alluvial deposits to their 
source. Pryor, 3. 


competence of a stream. Relates to the larg- 


est fragment or boulder which a stream 
can carry. A term used in tracing placers 
or outcrops along streams. Nelson. 


competent. a. Strata or rock structure com- 


bining sufficient firmness and _ flexibility 
to transmit pressure, and, by flexure under 
thrust, to lift a superincumbent load. 
Standard, 1964. b. Streams able to trans- 
port debris of a given size. Standard, 1964. 
c. Rock formations in which no artificial 
support is needed to maintain a cavefree 
borehole. Long. d. Rock capable of with- 
standing an applied load under given 
conditions without falling or collapsing. 
Long. 


competent bed. a. A rock formation which, 


because of massiveness or inherent strength, 
is able to lift not only its own weight but 
also that of the overlying rock. A.G.I. b. A 
bed that has a physical characteristic such 
that it responds to tectonic forces by fold- 
ing and faulting, rather than by crushing 
and flowing. A competent bed is relatively 
strong; an incompetent bed, relatively 
weak. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 


competent rock. Rock which, because of its 


physical and geological characteristics, is 
capable of sustaining openings without 
any structural support except pillars and 
walls left during mining (stulls, light 
props, and roof bolts are not considered 
as structural support). BuMines Bull. 587, 
1960,tpH0: 


complement. a. The complement of an arc 


is 90° minus the arc. Zern, p. 54, b. See 
rock fracture. Roberts, I, p. 111. 


complementary dikes. Associated dikes (or 


other minor intrusions) composed of dif- 
ferent but related rocks, regarded respec- 
tively as the leaucocratic and the melano- 
cratic differentiation products from a 
common magma; for example, aplite and 
lamprophyre; bostonite and camptonite. 
Holmes, 1928. 


complementary forms. In crystallography, 


two forms which, when combined geomet- 
rically, produce a form having higher 
symmetry. Fay. 


complementary rocks. Suggested by Brégger 


for the basic rocks, which, usually in the 
form of dikes, accompany larger intrusions 
of more acidic types and complement them 
in a chemical sense. Compare lampro- 
phyre; oxyphyre; radial dikes, Fay. 


complete analysis. One complete within re- 


quirement of a specific investigation, as 
regards identification of each mineral spe- 
cies in a sample of ore, the establishment 
of its formula and possibly stereostructure 
and the correct quantification of all ele- 
ments likely to enter the problem of de- 
vising a suitable method of treatment. 
Pryor, 3. 

Occurs when the 
products of combustion leaving the fur- 
nace or appliance do not contain any 
gaseous combustible matter. See also per- 
fect combustion. Nelson. 








complicated pneumoconiosis. 


component of coal 


complete fusion. Fusion which has occurred 


over the entire base-metal surfaces exposed 
for welding. ASM Gloss. 


complex. a. An ore is complex when it car- 


ries several metals difficult to extract. 
von Bernewitz. b. Combination of two or 
more compounds or ions (example, K.Fe- 
(Cn)s, ex 4KCN and Fe(CN):). A com- 
plex ion is an electrically charged group 
of atoms. Pryor, 3. c. An assemblage of 
rocks of any age or origin that has been 
folded together, intricately mixed, in- 
volved, or otherwise complicated. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 


complex crystals. Those having many crys- 


stal forms and faces. Shipley. 


complex fold. A fold which is cross-folded; 


that is, a fold, the axial line of which is 
folded. Fay. 


complex gravitational crystallization differ- 


entiation. A complicated process of mag- 
matic differentiation accomplished by the 
combined effects of crystal settling, trans- 
port by convection currents, and gaseous 
transfer. Schieferdecker. 


complex ore. a. An ore containing several 


metals. Bateman. b. Ores named for two 
or more valuable metals such as lead-zinc 
ores, gold-silver ores, etc. Newton, Joseph. 
Introduction to Metallurgy, 1938, p. 205. 
c. This term has no precise meaning. It 
generally signifies an ore that is difficult or 
costly to treat because of the presence of 
unusual minerals, for example, a gold ore 
with arsenic and antimony minerals, or an 
ore containing two or more metals, or ore 
composed almost wholly of several sulfide 
minerals. Nelson. 


complex steel. An alloy steel containing 


more than two alloying elements, such as 
high-speed tool steel. It contains more ele- 
ments than quaternary steel. Fay. 


complexing agent. A substance that is an 


electron donor and that will combine with 
a metal ion to form a soluble complex ion, 
ASM Gloss. 


complex ion. An ion that may be formed by 


the addition reaction of two or more other 
ions. ASM Gloss. 


complex pegmatite. A pegmatite body char- 


acterized by pneumatolytic-hydrothermal 
replacement and. rare minerals. Schiefer- 
decker. 

A condition 
superimposed on simple pneumoconiosis 
by the effect of tubercle. Nelson. 


compo. Eng. Fine-grained, loamy sand, 
streaked with silty partings. Arkell. 


component. a. A constituent part, for ex- 





ample, a mineral is a component of a rock. 
Webster 3d. b. An ingredient of a chem- 
ical system, the concentration of which in 
the different phases is capable of inde- 
pendent variation. Webster 3d. c. Any one 
of the vector terms added to form a given 
vector sum or resultant. Webster 3d. d. 
One of the independent substances present 
in each phase of a heterogeneous equilib- 
rium. The number of components in a 
system is the minimum number of chem- 
ical constituents which must be specified 
in order to describe the composition of 
each phase present. A.G.I. 


component of coal. The term component 


was introduced in 1920 by R. Thiessen. 
In discussing the various petrographic lay- 
ers or bands of banded bituminous coal, 
he refers to these layers or bands as com- 
ponents of coal, which are petrographic 
entities, recognizable visually as bands or 
layers of coal that have distinctive physical 














composite 


appearance and characteristic microstruc- 
tural features from coal to coal. Therefore, 
the component anthraxylon is described as 
representing bright, glossy bands of coal 
that under the microscope always show 
traces of more or less well-preserved cellu- 
lar tissues indicating its derivation from 
woody plant material. Thiessen recognized 
three components of banded bituminous 
coals—anthraxylon, attritus, and fusain. 
The term component is somewhat com- 
parable with the term microlithotype of 
the Stopes-Heerlen Nomenclature. JHCP, 
1963, part I. 

composite. Made up of separate parts or ele- 
ments; combined or compounded; not sim- 
ple. Standard, 1964. 

composite compact. In powder metallurgy, 
a compact consisting of two or more ad- 
hering layers of different metals or alloys 
with each layer retaining its original 
identity. ASM Gloss. 


}. composite cone. A volcanic cone, usually of 


large dimensions, built of alternating lay- 
ers of lava and pyroclastic material. Es- 
sentially, synonymous with stratified cone 
and stratovolcano. See also volcanic cone. 


A.G.I, 


_ composite construction. A type of construc- 


tion made up of different materials, for 
example, concrete and structural steel, or 
of members produced under different con- 
ditions, for example, in situ concrete and 
precast concrete. Taylor. 

composite dike. A dike formed by two. or 
more intrusions of different ages into the 
same fissure. The adjective composite is 
similarly applied to sills, laccoliths, and 
other intrusions. Fay; Hess. 

composite electrode. a. Filler-mctal elec- 
trode, used in arc welding, consisting of 
more than one metal component combined 
mechanically. It may or may not include 
materials which protect the molten metal 
from the atmosphere, improve the proper- 
ties of the weld, or stabilize the arc. Coal 
Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 1961, p. 91. b. A 
tubular electrode having a flux-filled core. 
ASM Gloss. 

composite explosives. Explosives of this type 
contain a mechanical mixture of substances 
which consume and give off oxygen with 
one or several simple explosives. Nobel’s 
extra dynamite (1879) is a good example 
of this type. They can be regarded as 
mixed explosives with an addition of one 
or more simple explosives as sensitizers, 
which makes for easier initiation of the 
mixture and gives greater assurance of 
complete. transformation. The great ma- 
jority of commercial explosives belong to 
this category. Fraenkel, v. 3, Art. 16:0, p 
Bil 

composite fold. A fold having smaller folds 
on its limbs, regardless of dimensions. 
A.G.I. 

composite gneiss. A banded rock resulting 
from intimate penetration of magma 
(usually granite) into the country rocks. 
See also injection gneiss; migmatite. A.G.I. 

composite intrusion. An intrusion composed 
of two or more kinds of rock intruded at 
different times but making use of the 
same channel of injection. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

composite joint. A joint in which welding is 
used in conjunction with mechanical join- 
ing. ASM Gloss. 

composite map. A map on which several 
levels of a mine are shown on a single 
sheet. Horizontal projection of data from 





243 


different elevations. McKinstry. 

composite materials. Structural materials of 
metal alloys or plastics with built-in 
strengthening agents which may be in the 
form of filaments, foils, or flakes of a 
strong material. H&G. 

composite plate. An electrodeposit consisting 
of layers of at least two different com- 
positions. ASM Gloss. 

composite sampling scheme. One in which 
different parts, or stages, of the sample are 
reached by differing methods. Pryor, 3. 

composite seam. A coal bed consisting of 
two or more parts that are in contact 
where intervening strata have wedged out. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

composite section. Projection of data from 
various locations to a single vertical (or in- 
clined) section. McKinstry. 

composite sill. A sill composed of two or 
more intrusions having different chemical 
and mineralogical compositions. Billings, 
1954, p. 295. 

composite stome. Same as assembled stone. 
Shipley. 

composite stones. A comprehensive term 
which includes doublets, triplets, etc., in 
which a stone consists of two or more parts 
either of the same or of different mate- 
rials cemented or otherwise joined to- 
gether. Anderson. 

composite vein. A large fracture zone, up to 
many tens of feet in width, consisting of 
several parallel ore-filled fissures and con- 
verging diagonals, the walls of which and 
the intervening country rock have under- 
gone some replacement. Bateman, 1950, 
pais 

composite wheel. A bonded product where 
two or more specifications are bonded to- 
gether in one wheel. ACSG, 1963. 

composite working. N. of Eng. A system 
of organization in which all members of a 
team undertake all face tasks and share 
in the common paynote. T7ist. 

composition. a. An aggregate, mixture, mass, 
or body formed by combining two or more 
elements or ingredients. Webster 3d. b. 
The mineralogical or chemical constitu- 
tion of a rock. A.G.J. c. The elements 
present in a substance and the propor- 
tions in which they occur. C.T.D. d. An 
alloying ingredient for hardening gold, 
used in the jewelry trade, consisting of 2 
parts copper to | part zinc. Hess. 

composition brick. Scot. A common build- 
ing brick made by the stitff plastic process 
from clay and colliery waste; character- 
istically, it has a black core. Dodd. 

composition face; composition plane. The 
face or plane by which the parts of a twin 
crystal are united. Standard, 1964. 

composition of forces. If two or more forces 
acting on a body can be replaced by a 
single force the forces are said to have 
been compounded. This is known as com- 
position of forces. Morris and Cooper, p. 
175% 

composition plane. See 
Standard, 1964. 

compound. a. A lubricant applied to the in- 
side and outside of ropes, preventing cor- 
rosion and lessening abrasion of the rope 
when in contact with hard surfaces. Zern. 
b. The walled or fenced enclosure of a 
European residence or factory in India, 
China, the Malayan settlements, or the 
Republic of South Africa; also, a similar 
enclosure containing a group of native 
houses. Standard, 1964. Also used in the 
Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, for 


composition face. 





compound lode 


the living quarters of the Kaffir miners. 
Fay. c. Composed or produced by the 
union of two or more elements, ingredients, 
or parts; a composite. Standard, 1964. d. 
A combination of the atoms or ions of 
different elements. The mechanisms by 
which they are combined is called a bond. 
Leet. 

compound air lift. More than one air-lift 
pump in series. Pryor, 3. 

compound compact. In powder metallurgy. 
a compact consisting of mixed metals, the 
particles of which are joined by pressing 
or sintering, or both, with each metal par- 
ticle retaining substantially its original 
composition. ASM Gloss. 

compound compression; stage compression. 
In compound compression, the work of 
compression is divided into two or more 
stages or cylinders. In two-stage com- 
pression, air is compressed in the first or 
low-pressure cylinder to a certain point, 
then forced into an intercooler where it 
is cooled to approximately its original 
temperature, then passes into the second 
or high-pressure cylinder, in which it is 
compressed to the final or delivery pres- 
sure. The ratio of compression in each 
cylinder of a two-stage compressor is 
equal to the square root of the overall 
ratio of compression, that is, the square 
root of the final absolute pressure divided 
by the absolute atmospheric pressure. In 
three-stage work, the ratio of compression, 
in each cylinder is the cube root of the 
overall ratio of compression. Lewis, p. 666. 

compound cradle. An apparatus composed 
of three tiers of blanket tables, a shaking 
table, and a quicksilver riffle for catching 
gold. Fay. 

compound curve. A continuous curve com- 
posed of two or more arcs of different 
radil. Zern, p. 4505. 

compound die. Any dic so designed that it 
performs more than one operation on a 
part with one stroke of the press, such as 
blanking and piercing where all functions 
are performed simultaneously within the 
confines of the particular blank size being 
worked. ASM Gloss. 

compound dredger. A type of dredger com- 
bining the suction or suction cutter ap- 
paratus with a bucket ladder. C.T.D. 

compound dynamo; compound motor. A di- 
rect-current electric machine in which 
shunt and field winding are in a series. 
Pryor, 3. 

compound engine. An engine in which the 
steam does useful work in two stages, that 
is, first in a small high-pressure cylinder 
and then in a larger low-pressure cylinder. 
This compound arrangement gives higher 
efficiencies than a single-cylinder engine. 
Nelson. 

compound fault. A series of closely spaced 
parallel or nearly parallel faults. C.T.D. 

compound foreset bedding. A cross-bedded 
unit with tangential foresets and a concave 
base. Pettijohn. 

compound girder. A rolled steel joist strength- 
ened by plates attached to the flanges by 
riveting or welding. Ham. 

compounding. Expanding the steam in two 
or more engine cylinders, in order to pre- 
vent the lowering of the efficiency of the 
engine by condensation. Mason, V. 2, pp. 
368-369. 

compound lode. Veins seldom. occur alone. 
There are often a number of parallel de- 
posits, or a series of intersecting veins. 
Such a system is called a compound lode. 


compound motor 


Higham, p. 5. 

compound motor. See compound dynamo. 
Pryor, 3. 

compound oils. Mineral oils which are mixed 
with animal or vegetable oils to increase 
viscosity or adhesion. Porter. 

compound oxides. Behave like a compound 
of two oxides, though they may not actu- 
ally be so. Thus, triferric. tetroxide 
(FesO:) behaves like a compound of fer- 
rous and ferric oxides—FeO and ‘FesO;— 
and forms ferrous and ferric salts with 
acids. Cooper. 

compound proportion. A proportion between 
two ratios, either or both having more 
than one condition which affects the prob- 
lem. In problems of this type, all of the 
terms appear in pairs, with the exception 
of one term, and this is always expressed 
in the same units as the required term. 
Jones, 2, p. 65. 

compound ripple marks. Two or more sets 
of ripple marks, one superimposed on the 
other. Pettijohn. 

compound ripples. Type of ripple marks re- 
sulting from simultaneous. interference of 
wave-oscillation with current action. Petti- 
john. 

compound rolls. Two or more pairs of crush- 
ing rolls arranged above one another, the 
upper pair acting as a primary crusher 
and the lower pair as a secondary crusher. 
Compound rolls find use in the size-reduc- 
tion of brick clays. Dodd. 

compound shaft. A shaft in which the upper 
stage is often a vertical shaft, while the 
lower stage, or stages, may be inclined and 
driven in the deposit. In this type shaft, the 
wind is divided into two or more stages, 
and underground winding engines are in- 
stalled to deal with the lower stages, with 
transfer points and ore bins at the junc- 
tion of two stages. Sinclair, V, p. 2. 

compound shoreline. Shoreline, the features 
of which combine elements of submerged 
and emerged coasts as a result of sub- 
mergence followed by emergence. Schiefer- 
decker. 

compound spherulite. A spherulite which 
appears to have been formed by the rapid 
growth of rays of plumose spherulitic ag- 
gregates outwards from a central core and 
the final radial growth of a denser layer 
forming an outer spherical shell. Com- 
pound spherulites are known with a diam- 
eter of more than 10 feet, Schieferdecker. 

compound transmission. A gear set in which 
power can be transmitted through two sets 
of reduction gears in succession. Nichols. 

compound twins. In crystallography, indi- 
vidual crystals of one group united accord- 
ing to different laws. Standard, 1964. 

compound vein. a. A vein or lode consisting 
of a number of parallel fissures united by 
cross fissures, usually diagonally. Fay. b. A 
vein composed of several minerals. Fay. 

compound ventilation. a. An arrangement of 
a number of major ventilation systems 
serving various large working areas and 
served by more than two shafts and their 
associated fans, but integrated to form one 
ventilation system. Usually adopted in 
large combined mines. See also radial ven- 
tilation. B. S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. b. Ven- 
tilation by means of a number of splits, 
which is now normal practice. See also 
ventilation, c. Nelson. 

compound-wound motor. A_ direct-current 
motor which has two separate field wind- 
ings—one connected in parallel and the 
other in series with the armamature Cir- 








244 


cuit. Lowenheim. 

comprehensive mechanization. N. of Eng. 
Preparation-getting machines in conjunc- 
tion with flexible armored (snaking) face 
conveyors and power-assisted stonework. 
The advancing of the conveyor and of 
walking chocks are triggered by the pas- 
sage of the cutter loader in recent experi- 
ments in the introduction of automation. 
Comprehensive mechanization is still rare 
in low seams. T’rist. 

compressed. Pressed together; compacted; 
or reduced in volume by pressure. Web- 
ster 3d. 

compressed air. Air compressed in volume 
and transmitted through pipes for use as 
motive power for underground machines. 
Compressed air is costly to transmit long 
distances but has certain advantages, 
namely, it cools the air at the working face 
and is relatively safe in gassy mines. 
Nelson. 

compressed-air blasting; air shooting. A 
method originated in the United States for 
breaking down coal by compressed air. 
Air at a pressure of 10,000 to 12,000 
pounds per square inch is conveyed in a 
steel pipe to a tube or shell inserted in a 
shothole. The air is admitted by opening a 
shooting valve and is released in the hole 
by the rupture of a shear pin or disc. The 
sudden expansion of the air in the con- 
fined hole breaks down the coal. Ad- 
vantages: (1) a high proportion of large 
coal; (2) no danger of methane ignition; 
and (3) no toxic or disagreeable fumes. 
Nelson. 

compressed-air disease. See caisson diseasc. 
Nelson. 

compressed-air-driven lamps. These lamps 
are self-contained units and comprise a 
strong alloy casing within which are a 
compressed-air turbine and a small alter- 
nating-current generator with stationary 
windings and revolving field magnets, The 
air enters the casing at one side, passes 
through a filter and then through a.reduc- 
ing valve which maintains a constant pres- 
sure of 40 pounds per square inch on the 
turbine blades. The air escaping from the 
turbine is used to scavenge the inside of 
the lamp and remove any firedamp that 
might have entered when the lamp was 
not in use. It is finally discharged through 
a series of holes of such a size that the 
pressure inside the lamp casing is 2 to 3 
pounds per square inch above atmos- 
pheric. Should this pressure be lost due to 
the lamp glass being broken, the light is 
extinguished automatically by a  spring- 
loaded diaphragm, which  short-circuits 
the generator unless held open by the 
excess pressure. Also called air turbolamp. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 259. 

compressed-air intoxication. See 
narcosis. H@G. 

compressed-air locomotive. A mine locomo- 
tive driven by compressed air. It is very 
safe and much used in gassy mines in 
Europe. The air is brought down by pipe- 
line from the surface to a charging station 
near the pit bottom. See also locomotive 
haulage. Nelson. 

compressed-air measurement. Compressed 
air may be measured by two methods: (1) 
full pressure, a method in which the vol- 
ume of air delivered by a compressor is 
measured by noting the entire volume of 
the compressed-air system or of the main 
parts of the system, such as the receiver 
at the compressor, the main pipelines, and 


nitrogen 





compressional wave 


a receiver at the other end of the pipeline. 
The volumes of the receivers and pipeline 
are calculated, and the system is assumed 
to be free from any leakage. Without dis- 
charging into the pipeline, the compressor 
is run for 1 hour or more until the metal 
parts have attained normal operating 
temperature. The discharge from the com- 
pressor is now switched to deliver air to 
the pipe system, and the number of revolu- 
tions required to bring the pressure in the 
pipeline up to normal operating pressure 
should be noted by a revolution counter. 
The pressure and temperature in each part 
of the system are recorded, that is, in the 
first receiver, in the pipeline, and in the 
second receiver, each being provided with 
a thermometer and pressure gauge. The 
volume of compressed air in each part of 
the system is reduced to cubic feet of free 
air and these volumes are totaled to give 
the total free air in the system; and (2) 
low pressure, a method in which the Com- 
pressed Air Society recommends that the 
output from a compressor be measured 
under low pressure as it flows from a 
smooth nozzle. Lewis, pp. 679-680. 

compressed-air plan. A plan showing the 
position and details of certain compressed- | 
air equipment in the mine. B.S. 3618, | 
1963, séced: 

compressed-air turbines. Turbines used for 
driving coal cutters, belt conveyors, and 
similar duties. They are not so efficient in 
their use of the air as piston engines, but 
possess the merits of extreme simplicity 
and robustness, and therefore are pre- 
ferred for coal face use. Mason, V.2, p. 


382. 


compressed pellets. Blasting powders manu- | 


factured in cartridge form for use in small 
diameter shotholes. These pellets are par- 
ticularly useful for horizontal shotholes. 
McAdam II, p. 13. 

compressibility. a. Property of a soil per- 
taining to its susceptibility to decrease in 
volume when subjected to load. ASCE 
P1826. b. The compressibility of a sub- 
stance is usually defined as the relative 
change in volume per unit change in pres- 
sure referred’ to an arbitrary initial pres- 
sure. Lewis, p. 580. c. In powder metal- 
lurgy, the reciprocal of the compression 
ratio where the compact is made follow- 
ing a procedure, in which the die, the 
pressure, and the pressing speed are speci- 
. fied. ASM Gloss. d. A density ratio deter- 
imned under definite testing conditions. 
ASTM B243-65. e. The reciprocal of the 
bulk modulus. See also coefficient of com- 
pressibility. C.T.D, 

compression. a. In steam practice, the action 
of the piston in compressing the steam 
remaining in the cylinder, after the closure 
of exhaust valves into the clearance space. 
Fay. b. The point in the cycle of opera- 
tions, or on the corresponding indicator 
diagram, at which this act occurs; also, 
the period over which compression takes 
place. Webster 2d. c. For steel wheel 
rollers, the compacting effect of the weight 
at the bottom of the roll, measured in 
pounds per linear inch of roll width 
Nichols. d. A system of forces or stresses 
that tends to decrease the volume or to 
shorten a substance, or the change of vol- 
ume produced by such a system of forces. 
AIGHE 

compressional wave; longitudinal wave. a. 
A traveling disturbance in an elastic me- 
dium characterized by volume changes 


























compression curve 


(and hence density changes) and by par- 
ticle motion in line with the dircction of 
travel of the wave. A.G.I. b. A longitudinal 
wave (as a sound wave) propagated by 
the elastic compression of the medium. 
Webster 3d. 

compression curve. See pressure-void ratio 
curve. 

compression efficiency. The ratio of the the- 
oretical power required to compress air to 
the actual power required in the cylinder. 
The theoretical power may be computed 
as either isothermal or adiabatic power, 
and the compression efficiency is expressed 
on the corresponding basis. Lewis, p. 663. 

compression fault. A fault resulting from 
compressive forces in the earth’s crust. 
Schieferdecker. 

compression flange. That part of a beam 
which is compressed; it is the upper part 
at midspan of a simply supported beam, 
and the lower part at the support of a con- 
tinuous beam. Ham. 

compression gasoline. Natural or casing-head 
gasoline made by compressing natural gas. 
Hess. 

compression-ignition engime. An _ internal- 
combustion engine in which ignition of the 
liquid fuel injected into the cylinder is per- 
formed by the heat of compression of the 
air charge. C.T.D. 

compression index. The slope of the linear 
portion of the pressure-void ratio curve 
on a semilog plot. ASCE P1826. 

compression of air. See isothermal compres- 
sion; isothermal expansion; adiabatic com- 
pression; adiabatic expansion; compound 
compression. 

compression ratio. a, In powder metallurgy, 
the ratio of the volume of the loose pow- 
der to the volume of the compact made 
from it. ASM Gloss. b. The ratio of the 
volume of space above a piston at the bot- 
tom of its stroke to the volume above the 
piston at the top of its stroke. Nichols. 
c. The ratio of absolute pressure after and 
before compression. Strock, 10. 

compression roll. The drive wheel of a steel 
wheel roller. Also called drive roll. Nichols. 

compression strength. Resistance of material 
to rupture under compression, expressed as 
force per unit area. Pryor, 3. 

compression subsidence. That condition in 
sedimentation in which the flocs or par- 
ticles are conceived to be in close contact, 
further subsidence occurring as a direct 
effect of compression resulting in the elimi- 
nation of water from the flocs and inter- 
stitial spaces. The settling velocity decreases 
with time of settling. Mitchell, p. 611. 

compression tests. Tests performed during 
site investigations to determine soil strength 
and particularly applicable to clay de- 
posits. See also unconfined compression 
appliance. Nelson. 

compression zone. The surface arca affected 
by compressive strain. See also neutral 
zone ; tension zone. Nelson. 

compressive force. A type of force such as 
the heavy weight of a building on its foun- 
dation or the weight of a mine roof on a 
prop, chock, or pack. Morris and Cooper, 
p. 141. 

compressive strength. a. The load per unit 
of area under which a block fails by shear 
or splitting. A.G.J. b. The load per unit 
area at which an unconfined prismatic or 
cylindrical specimen of soil will fail in a 
simple compression test. Also called uncon- 
fined compressive strength. ASCE P1826. 
c. The maximum compressive stress that a 





245 


material is capable of developing, based on 
original area of cross section, In the case 
of a material which fails in compression 
by a shattering fracture, the compressive 
strength has a very definite value. In the 
case of materials which do not fail in com- 
pression by a shattering fracture, the value 
obtained for compressive strength is an 
arbitrary value depending upon the degree 
of distortion that is regarded as indicating 
complete failure of the material. ASM 
Gloss. 


compressive stress. A stress that tends to 


push together the material on opposite 
sides of a real or imaginary plane. Billings, 
1954, p. 14. 


compressor. a. A machine, steam or elec- 


trically driven, for compressing air for 
power purposes. Small air compressors may 
be compound steam and double-stage air. 
Large compressors may be triple-expansion 
steam and three-stage air and always used 
with condensers. Underground rock drills 
require an effective air pressure of about 
100 pounds per square inch. Nelson. See 
also air compressor. b, Any kind of recipro- 
cating, rotary, or centrifugal pump for 
raising the pressure of a gas. C.T.D.c. A 
machine which compresses air. Nichols. 


compressor station repairman. A mainte- 


nance man in a factory or a mill who 
maintains and repairs compressor station 
structures and operating equipment, such 
as steam and internal-combustion engines, 
compressors, water pumps, generators, and 


boilers. D.O.T. 1. 


Compton absorption. The absorption of a 


photon in the Compton effect. NCB. 


Compton effect. When short homogeneous 


X-rays are scattered by light elements their 
wavelength is slightly increased, the scat- 
tered radiation containing usually both the 
original and the modified wavelengths. For 
an angle of scattering of 90°, the increase in 
wavelength is always 0.024 angstrom unit. 
whatever the scattering element. The effect 
is due to the collision of a photon with 
an electron and the consequent decrease 
in the energy of the photon. C.T.D. 


comptonite. An opaque variety of thom- 


sonite from the Lake Superior region; 
often cut cabochon as a curio stone. Shipley. 


computed ultimate bending strength. See 


modulus of rupture in bending. Ro. 


computed ultimate twisting strength. Sec 


modulus of rupture in torsion. Ro. 


computer. a. A generic term for machines 


which can be used to solve mathematical 
problems. The two principal classes of 
computers are: (1) analog computers 
which use physical magnitudes to solve the 
problems, and (2) digital computers which 
perform the calculations using numbers 
that represent the various quantities and 
are composed of digits represented accord- 
ing to a predetermined code. Gaynor. An 
analog computer acts on internally stored 
information to solve complex mathematical 
problems; and a digital computer com- 
putes information in digital form. It is 
more accurate than the analog computer. 
Crispin. b. In seismic prospecting, one who 
with one or two assistants, carries on the 
routine work of transforming the “wiggly 
lines” on the reflection records into thc 
form in which they are finally used. Where 
corrected record sections are prepared he 
must compute the corrections and must 
assemble the other information to be fed 
into the playback so that it will turn out 
properly corrected records. In addition to 





concave fillet weld 


handling corrections, the computer must 
mark the records, read and plot times, and 
otherwise maintain the flow of data. 
Dobrin, p. 56. 

computer, gravity prospecting. In petroleum 
production, one who computes and inter- 
prets variations in gravity pull of different 
earth formations, from the readings of a 
gravity meter, torsion balance, or other 
gravity measuring instruments recorded by 
a gravity prospecting party, to disclose 
indications of subsurface strata likely to 
contain petroleum deposits. D.O.T. 1. 

computer helper. In metal mining, one who 
performs routine calculations from the 
measurements recorded at various field 
locations by a prospecting party searching 
for petroleum or ore reserves, using an 
integrator, a planimeter, mathematical for- 
mulas, charts, or other computational de- 
vices. May be designated according to kind 
of prospecting done, as computer helper, 
gravity prospecting. Also called chart clerk. 
D.O.T, Supp. 

computing time. In computing time, when 
notice is given in land office proceedings. 
the first day is excluded and the last day 
included. Ricketts, I. 

computor helper, gravity prospecting. In 
petroleum production, one who performs 
routine calculations from the measure- 
ments of gravity pull recorded at various 
field locations by a gravity prospecting 
party searching for petroleum reserves, 
using an integrator, a planimeter, mathe- 
matical formulas, charts, or other compu- 
tional devices. D.O.T. 1. 

computer, magnetic prospecting. In petro- 
leum production, one who computes and 
interprets variations in magnetic attraction 
of earth formations, from the readings of 
a magnetometer taken at different loca- 
tions by a magnetic prospecting party, to 
disclose indications of subsurface strata 
favorable to further petroleum exploration 
activities. D.O.T. 1. 

computer, seismograph. In petroleum pro- 
duction, one who computes depths of sub- 
surface rock strata from seismograph re- 
cordings, obtained by one or more seismic 
prospecting parties, to provide data for 
delineating contours of subsurface stratigra- 
phy which may reveal earth formations 
favorable to petroleum deposition. Also 
called seismic coordinator. D.O.T. 1. 

comstockite. A mineral, (Mg,Cu,Zn)SO,- 
5H:2O, containing 5.60 percent ZnO, 9.40 
percent MgO, 9.00 percent CuO, 39.07 
percent HeO; from the Comstock Lode, 
Nev. Synonym for zinc-magnesia chalcan- 
thite, Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

concaye. Hollowed or rounded inward like 
the inside of a bowl; having a shape that 
curves inward; a curved recess, Opposite 
of convex. Webster 3d. 

concave bit. a. A new design of tungsten 
carbide drill bit for percussive boring. The 
cutting edge is concave, while in the con- 
ventional type the edge is convex. The 
new bit remains sharper for a longer period 
before regrinding becomes necessary and 
gives a higher penetration speed. Also 
called saddleback tip. Nelson, b. See plug 
bit, b. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

concave crossbedding. Crossbedding depos 
ited on a lower concave surface. Also used 
to describe crossbedding with tangential 
or concave foresets. Pettijohn. 

concave crown. Synonym for concave bit. 
Long. 

concave fillet weld. A fillet weld having a 


concealed coalfield. 


concave inclined bedding 


concave face. ASM Gloss. 


concave inclined bedding. Crossbedding with 


concave, generally tangential, foresets. 


Pettijohn. 


concavity. A concave condition applicable 


to the width of any flat surface. Light 
Metal Age, v. 16, No. 9, October 1958, 
pp. 17-24. 

A coalfield which is 
totally buried beneath newer deposits, usu- 
ally Permian and ‘Trias strata, which re- 
pose unconformably on the Coal Measures 
in the basin, A good example of a con- 
cealed coalfield is that of Kent, in south- 
east England. See also exposed coaltield. 
Nelson. 


concentrate. a. In mining, the product of 


concentration. Used in plural form as 
“arrangements for treating the concen- 
trates were complete.” Concentrates are 
called ore at Joplin, Mo.; mineral at Mich- 
igan copper mines; and tailings at Black 
Hawk, Colo. Fay. b. In mining, to separate 
ore or metal from its containing rock or 
earth. The concentration of ores always 
proceeds by steps or stages. Thus the ore 
must be crushed before the mineral can be 
separated, and certain preliminary steps, 
such as sizing and classifying, must pre- 
cede the final operations, which produce 
the finished concentrates. Ricketts, I. c. 
Can. Enriched ore after removal of 
waste in beneficiation mill. Hoffman. d. 
The clean product recovered in froth flota- 
tion. B.S. 3552, 1962. e. To intensify in 
strength or to purify by the removal of 
valueless or unneeded constituents; con- 
dense; intensify. Standard, 1964. 


concentrated charge. a. The heavy explosive 


charge loaded into the enlarged chamber 
at the bottom of a quarry blasthole. See 
also chambering, a. Nelson. b. Means that 
the height of the charge is small compared 
with the burden which can be given quan- 
titatively. Langefors, p. 61. 


concentrate filter operator. One who scparates 


mineral concentrates from water or chemi- 
cal solutions prior of the smelting of the con- 
centrate to recover the mineral. D.O.T. 1. 


concentrated load. A load that is confined to 


a very small area, a knife-edge load being 
a particular type of concentrated load. 
Ham. 


concentrating plant. See concentrator. Fay. 
concentrating table. A device consisting of 


a riffed deck, usually inclined in two direc- 
tions to the horizontal, to which a differen- 
tial reciprocating motion in a substantially 
horizontal direction is imparted; the mate- 
rial to be separated is fed in a stream of 
water, the heavy particles collect between 
the rifles and are there conveyed in the 
direction of the reciprocating motion while 
the lighter particles are borne by the cur- 
rent of water over the riffles to be dis- 
charged laterally from the table. B.S, 3552, 
1962. 


concentration. a. Separation and accumula- 


tion of economic minerals from gangue. 
See also ore dressing. Bateman; Fay. b, A 
placer deposit is a natural concentration 
of economic minerals. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. Increasing the strength of aqueous 
solutions by evaporating part of their 
water. Fay. d. The area covered by the 
diamonds as compared with the total area 
of the cutting surface of a surface-set bit. 
Long. e. The volume of diamonds, ex- 
pressed in percent, compared to the total 
volume of the crown of an impregnated 
bit. Long. f. The percentage of acid com- 


concentration criterion. 





246 


pared with the volume of water added to 
produce a dilute solution. Long. g. The 
ratio of the dry weight of sediment to the 
weight of water sediment mixture of which 
it is part, Sediment concentration is com- 
monly expressed in parts per million 
(ppm). USGS Prof. Paper 462-F. h, The 
process. of increasing the dissolved solids 
per unit volume of solution, usually by 
evaporation of the liquid; the quantity of 
solute dissolved in a unit volume of solu- 
tion. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 


concentration cell. An electrolytic cell, the 


electromotive force of which is due to a 
difference in concentration of the electro- 
lyte or active metal at the anode and the 
cathode. Osborne. 
concentration, chemical. Strength of solu- 
tion, expressed as a percentage (grams per 
100 millimeters); molarity (moles per 
liter) ; molality (moles per kilogram) ; Nor- 
mality (equivalent grams per liter). A 
mole is one gram molecule, the molecular 
weight of the compound in grams. Pryor, 3. 
The ratio between 
the density in a liquid of two minerals 
which are to be separated (Mn and Mi 
being the heavy and light one respectively ) 
a 
c= — ‘ 
M: — 1 
the liquid. This ratio indicates the grain 
size above which separation by gravity 
methods should be commercially practi- 
cable. Above 2.5 fine sands (down to 
below 200-mesh) can be tabled. At 1.75 
the lower limit is 100-mesh; ‘at 1.5 about 
10 mesh, and 1.25 only gravel sizes can be 
treated. Pryor, 3. 
concentration effect, law of. The rate of a 
simple chemical reaction is directly pro- 
portional to the concentration of each re- 
actant, raised to a power equal to the 
number of molecules of the reactant in the 
equation for the actual reaction, See also 
mass action, law of. Pryor, 3. 
concentration factor. A parameter used in 
modifying the Boussinesq equations to de- 
scribe various distributions of vertical stress. 
ASCE P1826. 
concentration of output. Essentially, to se- 
cure the maximum output of coal from the 
minimum length of face with due regard 
to safety and development. To measure 
the degree of concentration at a colliery, 
the following data are collected: (1) the 
total length of coalface; (2) the total 
length of main haulage roads; and (3) 
the total output. In general, the greater 
the dispersion of the workings, the greater 
the unproductive manpower employed and 
the higher the costs of production, See also 
face concentration; geographical concen- 
tration ; overall concentration. Nelson. 
concentration plant. Equipment for the re- 
covering of valuable minerals from ores by 
physical means, that is, by washing or flo- 
tation. C.T.D. 
concentration ratio. a. Weight or tonnage 
ratio (K) of the weight of feed (F) to 
the weight of concentrate (C) produced: 
F 
K oe for a two-product treatment. 
Pryor, 3. b. Grade, ratio (K) of grade of 
valuable constituent in feed to grade of 
valuable constituent in concentrate. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 
concentration, stage. In ore treatment series 
reduction of size, with removal of a fin: 
ished product at each such reduction stage 





where water (S.G.1) is 








conchilite 


Pryor, 3. 

concentration table. A table on which a 
stream of finely-crushed ore and water 
flows downward, and the heavier metallic 
minerals lag behind and flow off in a sep- 
arate compartment. Weed, 1922. 

concentration units, solutions. Two types of 
expression are used, which involve the 
quantity of solute, solvent, and/or solu- 
tion: (1) group A, solute per solution in 
grams per liter. Moles of solute per liter 
of solution, or molarity. Gram equivalents 
per liter, or normality; and (2) group B, 
percent solute per solvent. Grams per 100 
or gram percent. Weight of solute in sol- 
vent grams per liter, Moles of solute per 
liter solvent, or molality. Pryor, 3, 

concentrator. a. A plant where ore is sepa- 
rated into values (concentrates) and re- 
jects (tails). An appliance in such a plant, 
for example, flotation cell, jig, electromag- 
net, shaking table. Also called mill; reduc- 
tion works; cleaning plant. Pryor, 3. Com- 
pare separator, b. An apparatus in which, 
by the aid of water or air and specific 
gravity, mechanical concentration: of ores 
is performed. A concentration plant. Fay. 
c. A general term for a worker who tends 
concentrating tables, vanners, and other 
types of equipment used to separate valuable 
minerals from waste material. D.O.T. 1. 

concentric. That which has a common center 
with something else. Webster 3d. 

concentric fold. See parallel fold. A.G-J. 

concentric fractures. A system of. fractures 
more or less concentrically disposed about 
a center. A.G.I. 

concentricity. Adherence to a common cen- 
ter, as in the inner and outer walls of a 
tube or hollow shape. Light Metal Age, 
v. 16, No. 9, October 1958, pp. 17-24. 

concentric pattern. Diamonds set in bit face 
in concentric circles so that a slight uncut 
ridge of rock is left between stones set in 
adjacent circles. Compare eccentric pat- 
tern. Long. 

concentric weathering. See spheroidal weath- 
ering. 

concentric wheel. A bonded product con- 
taining two or more concentric sections of 
different (abrasive) specifications. ACSG, 
1963. 

concertina structure. A sheet formed by the 
repeated folding of a bed on itself, after 
the manner of the bellows of a concertina 
when shut up. The sheet is formed enitrely 
of the one bed and thus the structure dif- 
fers from ordinary isoclinal folding, where 
distinct beds are involved. Challinor. 

concessionary coal. See collier’s coal. Nelson. 

concessions. See concession system. 

concession system. Under this system the 
state or the private owner has the right 
to grant concessions or leases to mine op- 
erators at discretion and subject to certain 
general restrictions. It had its origin in the 
ancient regalian doctrine that all mineral 
wealth was the prerogative of the crown 
or the feudatory lord and applies in almost 
every mining country in the world except 
the United States. Compare claim system. 
Hoov, p. 365. 

conchilite. A bowl-shaped rock with a smooth 
or an irregular and scalloped outline, It 
has growth lines parallel to the margin. 
It ranges from 1 inch to 3 feet in diameter, 
and from less than 1 inch to more than 
3 inches in height. Composed of limonite 
and goethite, and sometimes contains mag- 
netite or manganite. It formed through the 
activity of a hemispherical colloid cell. 














= 





conchoidal 


G.I 


conchoidal. Shell-shaped; the more com- 


pact rocks, such as flint, argillite, felsite, 
etc., break with concave and convex sur- 
faces and are said to have a conchoidal 
fracture. Fay, 


conchoidal fracture. A fracture with smooth, 


curved surfaces showing concentric undu- 
lations resembling the lines of growth on 
a shell. Conchoidal fracture is well dis- 
played in quartz and flint, and to a lesser 
extent in anthracite. See also even fracture. 
Nelson. 


concluded angle. Triangulation: The third 


angle of a triangle, not measured, but cal- 
culated from the other two angles. Seelye, 2. 


- concordant. Intrusive igneous bodies, the 


contacts of which are parallel to the bed- 
ding (or foliation) of the country rock. 
Billings, 1954, p. 290. 


concordant injection. An igneous mass in- 


jected along bedding planes. Fay. 


concrete. a. An intimate mixture of stone, 


sand, water, and a binder (usually port- 
land cement) which hardens to a stonelike 
mass. See also breeze concrete; cement; 
reinforced concrete; standard mix. Nelson. 
b. A similar mass made with tar or asphalt 
(rare). Hess. 


concrete aggregate. Normal (as opposed to 


lightweight) concrete aggregate includes 
sand and gravel, crushed rock of various 
types and slag, The nomenclature is given 
in British Standards 812; the mineralogi- 
cal composition is dealt with in American 
Society for Testing and Materials, C294 
and C295. Dodd. 


concrete blocks. a. Solid or hollow precast 


blocks of concrete used in mines for lining 
roadways and building construction, etc. 
Nelson. b. The properties required of con- 
crete blocks, both dense and lightweight, 
are specified in the United Kingdom in 
British Standard 2028. In the United 
States, the properties required of a solid 
concrete building block are specified in 
the American Society for Testing and 
Materials, C145; the properties of hollow 
concrete blocks are specified in American 
Society for Testing and Materials, C90 
and C129; for methods of sampling and 
testing see American Society for Testing 
and Materials, C140 and C426. Dodd. 


concrete breaker. A compressed-air tool, spe- 


cially designed and constructed to break 
up concrete. See also compressed air. Ham. 


concrete brick. A building brick made from 


portland cement and a suitable aggregate 
Dodd. 


concrete caisson sinking. A_ shaft-sinking 


method sometimes used through soft 
ground down to bedrock. It is similar to 
caisson sinking except that reinforced con- 
crete rings are used and an airtight work- 
ing chamber is not adopted. Nelson. 


concrete finishing machine. A machine used 


in the construction of roads or airfield 
runways. It is generally mounted on rails 
and runs on flanged wheels, smoothing and 
compacting the concrete to the required 
shape. Ham. 


concrete mixer. A machine with a rotating 


drum in which the constituents of concrete 
are thoroughly mixed. Mixer sizes are dis- 
tinguished by two figures, as follows: 
5/3%, 7/5, 10/7, and 14/10. The first, 
always the larger, is the capacity of the 
mixer in cubic feet of damp aggregate and 
dry cement; the second figure is the volume 
of aggregate and cement after water has 
been added. Ham. 


264-972 O-68—17 





247 


concrete mixer operator. In the concrete 
products industry, one who operates a 
small, portable concrete mixing machine 
to mix sand, gravel, cement, and water to 
make concrete. Also called cement mixer 
operator; concrete mixer; mixer; mixer 
man; mixer operator; mixer runner; mix- 
ing machine operator; mixing man. 
D Opals 

concrete paver. A concrete mixer for road 
making which moves either along rails or 
on crawler tracks, carrying a concreting 
boom used to place the concrete. Ham. 

concrete pile. A precast reinforced or pre- 
stressed concrete pile driven into the 
ground by a pile driver. This term also 


applies to a cast in situ pile which is cast | 


in a hole bored in the ground. See also 
in situ concrete piles. Ham. 

concrete plug. A thick layer of reinforced 
concrete placed in the bottom of a shaft 
after it has been sunk to the desired depth 
and permanently lined. The plug resists 
floor lifting and provides a clean, smooth 
sump. Nelson. 

concrete precision index. Coefficient of vari- 
ation of concrete. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

concrete pump. An apparatus which drives 
concrete to the placing position through 
a pipeline of 6-inch diameter or more, 
using a special type of reciprocating 
pump. The latter can force concrete 
through such a pipe to a distance of 1,000 
feet and lift it to a height of 100 feet. 
The rate of placing is about 20 cubic 
yards per hour for one pump. Ham. 

concrete roofs. There are many different 
types of applications of concrete roofs, the 
simplest being solid reinforced in situ slabs 
for a maximum span of 20 feet. Hollow 
precast reinforced or prestressed units are 
suitable for spans between 15 and 35 feet, 
being both lighter and thinner than solid 
units. For large spans of about 100 feet 
reinforced or prestressed beams can be 
used with in situ or precast units as in- 
filling. Where such beams are undesirable 
an elliptical dome or shell design is suit- 
able. See also precast concrete; prestressed 
concrete. Ham. 

concrete shaft lining. See permanent shaft 
support; shaft wall. Nelson. 

concrete sprayer. A compressed air machine 
for spraying liquid concrete on mine road- 
ways. See also Aliva concrete sprayer. 
Nelson. 

concrete spreader. A road-making machine 
supported by the concrete forms, or run- 
ning on rails set parallel to them. It 
spreads the concrete evenly. Ham. 

concrete vibrating machine. A machine which 
travels with the work, similar to a spreader 
or concrete finisher, vibrating up to 40 
cubic yards per hour of concrete. See also 
vibrated concrete. Ham. 

concrete vibrator. Machine which helps the 
aggregate to consolidate with minimum 
interstitial porosity. Gives greater strength 
as less water is incorporated in the mix, 
and as consolidation is better than with 
punning. Pryor, 3. 

concreting boom. A light steel truss sup- 
ported on frames at one end close to a 
concrete mixer, and at the other end on 
wheels. A concrete bucket travels along 
its lower member, running on a pair of 
overhead wheels. A bucket of 7 cubic feet 
capacity can be carried on a boom 40 feet 
long, weighing 400 pounds. Ham. 

concretion. An accumulation of mineral mat- 
ter that forms around a center or axis of 





condenser operator 


deposition after a sedimentary deposit has 
been laid down. Cementation consolidates 
the deposit as a whole, but the concretion 
is a body within the host rock that repre- 
sents a local concentration of cementing 
material. The enclosing rock is less firmly 
cemented than the concretion. Commonly 
spheroidal or disk-shaped, and composed 
of such cementing agents as calcite, dolo- 
mite, iron oxide, or silica. Leet. 

concretionary. Tending to grow together. 
Particles of like chemical composition 
when free to move, combine, and form 
nodules of various sizes and shapes that 
are called concretions. Clay and ironstone 
nodules, pyrite balls, turtle stones, etc., 
are examples. Some greenstones also ex- 
hibit concretionary structure. Fay. 

concretionary and nodular. Minerals, usu- 
ually monomineralic aggregates, which are 
found in detached masses, the forms being 
sometimes spherical, sometimes irregular, 
for example flint. Nelson. 

concretionary structure. a. A nodular or ir- 
regular concentration of siliceous, calcare- 
ous, or other materials formed by localized 
deposition from solution in sedimentary 
rocks. C.T.D. b. A zonal texture charac- 
terized by concentric shells of slightly 
varying composition and properties; nor- 
mally the result of variation during 
growth; closely related to banded, gel, and 
colloform textures. Schieferdecker. 

concretor. A skilled worker who spreads and 
levels concrete with or without formwork, 
shaping it to cambers or falls if required. 
Ham. 

concurrent heating. Using a second source of 
heat to supplement the primary heat in 
cutting or welding. ASM Gloss. 

concussion. Shock or sharp airwaves caused 
by an explosion or heavy blow. Nichols. 

concussion table. An inclined table, agi- 
tated by a series of shocks, and operating 
at the same time like a buddle. It may be 
made self-discharging and continuous by 
substituting for the table an endless rub- 
ber cloth, slowly moving against the cur- 
rent of water, as in the Frue vanner. Fay. 
Also called percussion table. 

cond Abbreviation for conductivity. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 58. 

condensate. A product of condensation; es- 
specially, a liquid obtained by the con- 
densation of a vapor or gas. Webster 3d. 

condensation. a. In hydrology, the process 
by which water changes from the gaseous 
state into the liquid state or solid state. It 
is the reverse of evaporation. A.G.J. b. The 
change of a substance from a vapor into a 
liquid state due to cooling. Crispin. 

condensation point. The temperature at 
which the vapor changes into its liquid 
state, for instance, steam into water. Mor- 
ris and Cooper, p. 107. 

condenser. a. An apparatus for removing 
heat from a gas (steam) so as to cause the 
gas to revert to the liquid state (water). 
ASTM STP No. 148-D. b. An apparatus 
used for condensing vapors obtained dur- 
ing distillation; it consists of a condenser 
tube, either freely exposed to air or con- 
tained in a jacket in which water cir- 
culates. C.T.D. c. An accumulator of 
electrical energy. Crispin. 

condenser maker. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who operates an auto- 
matic machine in which fire clay con- 
densers, used in smelting zinc ores, are 
made. D.O.T. 1. 

condenser operator. In ore dressing, smelt- 


condenser setter 


ing, and refining, one who recovers mag- 
nesium particles from dust-bearing gas, 
using shock-chilling condensers and other 
dust-collecting apparatus. Also called dust 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 

condenser setter. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who sets up condensers 
in which zinc vapor is collected and con- 
densed after being driven off by the ap- 
plication of intense heat to the ore in 
retorts in a zinc furnace. D.O.T. 1. 

condensing lens. A lens for producing con- 
vergent light. Fay. 

condensoid. The atmospheric contaminants 
commonly called ‘fume,’ when consisting 
of solids, and “fog”? when composed of 
liquid dispersoids. I. C. 7210, May 1942, 
pe2. 

condie. See waste, d. 

conditioned sinter. A name given to sinter 
with lime additions. The lime addition (8 
percent in some plants) has led to im- 
provements in blast furnace performance 
and economy. See also sintering. Nelson. 

conditioner. An apparatus in which condi- 
tioning takes place. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

conditioners. Those substances added to the 
pulp to maintain the proper pH (measure 
of acidity or alkalinity of the pulp) to 
protect such salts as NaCN, which would 
decompose in an acid circuit, etc. NasCO; 
and CaO are the most common condition- 
ers, since most flotation pulps should be 
alkaline. Newton, p. 101. 

conditioning. Stage of froth-flotation process 
in which the surfaces of the mineral species 
present in a pulp are treated with appro- 
priate chemicals to influence their reac- 
tion when the pulp is aerated. Pryor, 4. 

conditioning period, drilling. Time spent in 
circulating a higher-than-normal volume 
of fluid through the drilling string while 
slowly rotating and lowering the string 
from the last few feet above to the bottom 
of a borehole to wash away any obstruct- 
ing material before resuming coring opera- 
tions. Long. 

conditioning time, flotation. The period dur- 
ing which the pulp is agitated with a given 
chemical, or combination of chemicals, in 
the series of conditioning operations which 
precede separation of various minerals in 
the ore by froth flotation. Pryor, 3. 

conditioning zone. a. The part of a tank 
furnace for flat glass where the tempera- 
ture of the glass is adjusted before it 
flows into the forehearth or drawing cham- 
ber. Dodd. b, That part of the feeder, away 
from the wall of a glass-tank furnace, in 
which the temperature of the molten glass 
is adjusted to that required for working. 
Dodd. 

condition line. The infinite number of com- 
binations of wet- and dry-bulb tempera- 
tures which will satisfy the requirements 
of an air supply for a given room condi- 
tion from what is known as the condition 
line on the psychometric chart. Strock, 10. 

condition the hole. To circulate a higher- 
than-normal volume of drill fluid while 
slowly rotating and lowering the drill 
string from a point a few feet above the 
bottom to the bottom of the borehole to 
wash away obstructing materials before 
resuming coring operations. Long. 

conduct. Aust. See cundy, b, Fay. 

conductance. a. The quantity of heat (usu- 
ally Btu) transmitted per unit time (usu- 
ally 1 hour) from a unit of surface 
(usually 1 square foot) to an opposite 
unit of surface of material under a unit 





248 


temperature differential (usually 1°F) be- 
tween the surfaces. Strock, 10. b, Gonduct- 
ance is the reciprocal of resistance, and is 
measured by the ratio of the current flow- 
ing through a conductor to the difference 
of potential between its ends. Lowenheim. 

conducting materials, electrical. Materials 
which allow a current to flow easily; such 
as metals, the conductivity ranging from 
silver, which is 1.06 times as effective as 
copper, to steel, which has only about 0.1 
times the conductivity of copper. In ad- 
dition, there are many special alloys which 
have a resistance of more than 50 times 
that of a copper conductor of the same 
size. Mason, v. 2, p. 393. 

conduction. a. The transfer of heat through 
matter by the communication of kinetic 
energy from particle to particle rather 
than by a flow of heated material. Com- 
pare convection. Webster 3d. b. The main- 
tenance of an electric current through 
metals by a general movement of conduc- 
tion ‘electrons; through electrolytes by a 
movement of both positive and negative 
ions; or through gases by the passage of 
cathode rays, ionized molecules, or anode 
rays. Webster 3d. c. The flow of heat 
through a body by the transfer of kinetic 
energy from molecule to molecule without 
gross mixing. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

Conductive Silver Preparation. Specially 
compounded materials containing silver 
powder in a suitable vehicle, with or with- 
out ceramic flux; can be coated on base 
materials such as titanate bodies, mica, 
glass, porcelain, steatite, plastics, wood, 
cloth and paper by stencil screenings 
(squeegee), spraying, dipping, brushing, 
roller coating, banding wheel, or other 
suitable method. Fixed by air-drying, bak- 
ing at low temperatures, or firing at ele- 
vated temperatures. Used to produce ca- 
pacitor electrodes, ceramic-to-metal solder 
seals, electrical shields, surfaces of high 
conductivity on nonconductive materials; 
as a base for electroplating on ceramic and 
nonceramic surfaces. CCD 6d, 1961. 

conductivity. a. The quality or power of 
conducting or transmitting, as heat or 
electricity. The reciprocal of resistivity. 
Webster 3d. b. The relative ability of 
materials to carry an electrical current. 
Crispin. 

conductor. a. Guides of rope or of rigid 
construction to guide the cages or skips in 
the shaft. Mason. b. A wooden cylinder, 
12 to 13 feet long, used in the United 
States when sinking a new oil well. The 
conductor, which has a slightly greater 
diameter than that of the first string of 
casing, is inserted in the drill hole, and 
extends from the bottom of the first cas- 
ing to the floor of the derrick. The object 
of the conductor is to guide the casing, 
great care being taken to secure its ab- 
solute vertically in the first place. Fay. c. 
A relatively short length of pipe driven 
through the unconsolidated zone of top 
soil as the first step in collaring a bore- 
hole. Also called conductor pipe; stand- 
pipe. Long. d. In petroleum drilling, the 
piping carried through overburden to bed- 
rock or the first string of casing placed in 
a borehole. Long. e. See brakeman, c. 
D.O.T, 1. f. A substance or a body capa- 
ble of readily transmitting electricity, heat, 
or sound. Webster 3d. g. A material which 
offers a low resistance to the passage of 
an electric current. C.T.D. h. That part 
of an electric transmission, distribution, or 





cone angle 


wiring system which actually carries the 
current. C.T.D. i. One of the wires form- 
ing the windings of an electric machine. 
C.T.D, j. The metallic conductor in a 
cable; it is invariably of copper surrounded 
by an insulating dielectric material. C.T.D. 

conductor-cable locomotive. An_ electric 
locomotive having a cable on a reel and | 
connected both with the locomotive motor 
and the trolley wire in the entry, so that 
the locomotive may be driven into an un- 
wired room. Zern. 

conductor casing. See standpipe, c. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 3. 

conductor pipe. Synonym for conductor, c. 
Long. 

conductor string. See conductor, d. Long. 

conduit. a. An airway. Zern. b. A natural or 
artificial channel through which water or 
other fluid passes or is conveyed; an aque- 
duct, a pipe. Webster 3d. c. A pipe, tube, 
or tile for receiving and protecting electric 
wires or cables (as for telephones or pow- 
erlines). Webster 3d. d. Pipe or casing 
placed in a borehole. See also casing, c; 
drivepipe, a. Long. e. A pipe or tile carry- 
ing water, wire, or pipes. Nichols. 

conduit for electric cable. See cable cover. 
Dodd. 

conduit hole. A flat or nearly horizontal hole 
drilled for blasting up a thin piece in the 
bottom of a level. Zern. 

conduit pipe. Wrought-iron pipe used as 
armor for electric wires. A tubular con- 
duit. Fay. 

cone. a. A device used on top of blast 
furnaces to enable charge to be put in 
without permitting gas to escape. Also 
called bell. C.T.D. b. The conical part of 
a gas flame next to the orifice of the tip. 
ASM Gloss. c. The conical hill or conical | 
mountain built by an active volcano. Ex- 
plosive volcanoes build their cones from 
debris, ranging in size from dust to huge 
blocks, thrown out from the vent and 
have steep slopes approaching or exceding 
the angle of repose. Quieter volcanoes 
that pour out lava have much gentler 
slopes. Hess. d. A  three-sided pyramid 
made of unfired ceramic materials whose 
composition is such that when heated at 
a controlled rate will deform and fuse at 
a known temperature. It is placed inside 
a kiln or furnace with ceramic ware to 
indicate the temperature of the kiln and 
the fired condition of the ware. See also 
pyrometric cone. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
e. A solid with a circle for a base and 
with a convex surface that tapers uni- 
formly to a vertex. Jones 2, p. 119. f. 
Geometric pattern formed by the recessed 
portion of the face of a concave bit. Long. 
g. Geometric pattern of the rock plug or 
stickup left in the bottom of a borehole 
drilled by a concave bit. Long. h. Beveled 
copling device on a small diamond drill 
or percussion rock drill by means of 
which it may be attached to a drill col- 
umn. Long. 

C-one; C-1. A symbol commonly used to 
designate the best quality drill-diamond- 
grade congos. See also congos; C-two. 
Long. 

cone angle. a. The angle included between 
the opposite sides of the cone in a con- 
cave bit, measured in degrees. Long. b. 
The angle that the cutter axis makes with 
the direction along which the blades are 
moved for adjustment, as in adjustable 
blade reamers where the base of the blade 
slides on a conical surface. ASM Gloss. 

















cone bit 


| cone bit. a. Synonym for roller bit. Long. b. 

| A cone-shaped noncoring bit, which may 

be set with diamonds or other cutting 
media. Long. c. Colloquial term, improp- 
erly applied to bullnose bit. Long. 

|| cone classifier. a. A hydraulic or free-settling 

| classifier of conical shape. Pryor, 3. b. A 
conical sheet-steel vessel usually a 60° 
cone, with the point at the bottom, through 
which water, clear or weighted, flows up- 
ward. Ore, coal, or other mineral matter 
is fed in at the top. The current carries 
the smaller particles or those of lowest 
gravity over the rim and others settle. 
Hess. See also Callow cone; Caldecott 
cone; Allen cone; Chance cone; Menzies 
cone separator; Jeffrey-Robinson cone. 

cone crusher; gyratory crusher. A machine 
for reducing the size of materials by means 
of a truncated cone revolving on its ver- 
tical axis within an outer chamber, the 
anular space between the outer chamber 
and cone being tapered. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
See also gyratory breaker. 

|) cone cut. A cut in which a number of cen- 

tral holes are drilled towards a_ focal 

point and, when fired, break out a conical 

| section of strata. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

cone equivalent pyrometric. The number of 

that standard cone whose tip would touch 
the supporting plaque simultaneously with 
a cone of the material being investigated 
when tested under standard conditions. 
Hess. 

cone-face bit. A cone or concave-face bit. 
Long. 

cone gear. A belt driven between two similar 
cones. As the belt is moved by its striker 
gear parallel with the axes of rotation, the 
gear ratio is changed. Pryor, 3. 

» cone hip. See hip tile. Dodd. 

\ cone-in-cone coal. Coal showing a structure 
known as cone-in-cone which consists of 
a set of reentrant cones closely packed to- 
gether. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cone-in-cone structure. a. A secondary struc- 
ture occurring in marls, limestones, iron- 
stones, coals, etc. It is a succession of small 
cones of approximately the same size one 
within another and sharing a common 
axis. Holmes, 1928. b. Coal exhibiting a 
peculiar fibrous structure passing into a 
singular toothed arrangement of the par- 
ticles is called cone-in-cone coal or crystal- 
lized coal. Fay. 

cone man. One who tends cones in which 
fine materials (slimes) are separated from 
coarser materials (sands) by the lifting ef- 
fect of a current of water. D.O.T. 1. 

Conemaughian. Upper Middle Pennsylvan- 
ian. A.G.I. Supp. 

cone of depression. a. The depression, which 
is approximately conical in shape, that is 
produced in a water table or in the piezo- 
metric surface by pumping or artesian 
flow. A.G.I. b. The funnel-shaped depres- 
sion produced in the water-level surface 
around a pumped well. Legrand. c. The 
dried up area of soil around a single un- 
derground suction point. Nichols. d. The 
space enclosed between the water table, 
at which water would stand naturally in 
the ground, and the position at which it in 
fact stands owing to drainage or pumping 
at some point in the vicinity. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 4. 

cone of influence. See cone of depression, a. 

cone penetration test. An in situ soil-testing 
procedure whereby, through the use of a 
cone penetrator, information may be ob- 
tained to allow an engineer to calculate 





249 


some of the load-bearing characteristics 
of silty or fine to medium-coarse sand 
materials. Long. 

cone penetrator. A 30° to 60° cone having 
a basal diameter approximately the same 
size as an a-size diamond-drill rod used 
to determine the force required to thrust 
the cone downward into silty or fine to 
medium-coarse sands, and hence to obtain 
information that a foundation or soils 
engineer may use to calculate some of the 
load-bearing capabilities of such forma- 
tions. Also called cone penetrometer. Long. 

cone penetrometer. A cone  penetrator 
equipped with a device that will register 
the pressure required to drive the cone 
downward into the formation being tested. 
See also cone penetrator; penetrometer. 
Long. 

cone pulley. Stepped pulley, worked in con- 
junction with similar one to which it is 
connected by belt drive. To change gear- 
ing the belt is moved to the next larger 
step on one pulley and the next smaller 
on the other. Pryor, 3. 

cone rock bit. a. A rotary drill, with two 
hardened knurled cones which cut the 
rock: as they roll. Porter. b. Synonym for 
roller bit. Long. 

cone runner. In coal mining, one who oper- 
ates gravity separation device, known as 
cone, in which coal is separated from slate, 
rock, or other impurities by action of 
rising current of water, regulating flow of 
coal and impurities into top of cone and 
flow of water into the bottom so that 
pressure will prevent coal from sinking and 
carrying it off in overflow while rock or 
slate sinks through opening at bottom. 
Also called cone tender. D.O.T. 1. 

cone sampling. Another name for quartering. 
Pearl, p. 78. 

cone screen test. A method for testing fine- 
ness of milled enamels. A given quantity 
of liquid enamel is washed through a brass 
screen in the form of a cone and gradu- 
ated along the side. The degree of fine- 
ness is reported as the depth of residue in 
the bottom of the screen. This method has 
been found considerably less accurate than 
the present 50 cubic centimeter through 
200 mesh method and has been almost 
universally replaced by the latter. Enam. 
Dict. See also screen test. 

cone settler. Conical vessel fed centrally with 
fine ore pulp. Undersize is discharged 
through a flexible pipe (gooseneck), which 
permits variation of hydrostatic pressure. 
This apex discharge is thick and carries 
the larger sized particles. The peripheral 
top overflow is thin and carries the finer 
fraction of the solids. Pryor, 3. 

cone sheet. A curved dike or sheet that is 
part of a concentric set of curved dikes 
or sheets that dip inward, Billings, 1954, 
p: 311. 

cone structure; corrugated structure. Form 
taken by asbestos seams, and especially 
amosite and crocidolite, resulting in vary- 
ing fiber lengths. Sinclair, W. E., p. 483. 

come system. The method of preparation 
whereby impurities are separated from an- 
thracite in a metallic cone containing a 
mixture of sand and water with a specific 
gravity higher than that of anthracite and 
lower than the impurities. The anthracite 
floats. The impurities sink. Hudson. 

cone tender. See cone runner. D.O.T. 1. 

Conewangoan. Upper Upper Devonian. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cone wheel. A relatively small wheel in the 








congenial 


shape of a cone or cylinder where length 
is greater than diameter and containing a 
threaded bushing for mounting on a 
grinder. ACSG, 1963. 

Conferva peat. Peat derived from freshwater 
algae (Conferva) and other water plants. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

confidence interval. Term used in statistical 
methodology. Limits of error of quantity 
which is calculable from given data when 
allowance has been made for known 
chance variance in collection of such data, 
are confidence limits. Space between is 
confidence interval, within which lies the 
true value, shown with sufficient precision 
for the required purpose of the work in 
hand. Pryor, 3. 

configuration. In electrical prospecting, the 
relative position of the electrodes. Porter. 

confined groundwater. Synonym for artesian 
water. A.G.I. 

confining bed. a. A watertight bed above or 
below a stratum containing artesian water. 
Fay. b. An impervious stratum above and/ 
or below an aquifier. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. 

confluence. A junction or flowing together 
of streams; the place where streams meet. 
Standard, 1964. 

confluent. a. A stream that unites with 
another; a fork or branch of a river: espe- 
cially applied to streams nearly equal in 
size, and distinguished from affluent. 
Standard, 1964. b. Flowing together to 
form one stream. Standard, 1964. 

conformability; conformity. The mutual re- 
lationship of comfortable beds. Fay. 

conformable. Successive beds or strata are 
conformable when they lie one upon an- 
other in unbroken and parallel order and 
no disturbance or denudation took place 
at the locality while they were being de- 
posited. If one set of beds rests upon the 
eroded or the upturned edges of another, 
showing a change of conditions or a 
break between the formations of the two 
sets of rocks, they are unconformable. Fay. 

conformable coast. See longitudinal coast. 
Schieferdecker, 

conformal map projection. A map projec- 
tion on which the shape of any small area 
of the surface mapped is preserved un- 
changed. Sometimes termed orthomorphic 
map projections, orthomorphic meaning 
right-shape. This is misleading because, 
if the area mapped is large, its shape will 
not be preserved, but only the shape of 
each small section of it. The exact condi- 
tion for a conformal map projection is 
that the scale at any point be the same 
in all directions. The scale may change 
from point to point, but at each point it 
will be independent of the azimuth. 
Among the more important conformal map 
projections are the Mercator, the stereo- 
graphic, the transverse Mercator, and the 
Lambert conformal map projections; the 
last two are used in the State coordinate 
systems. A.G.I. 

congela. Coba with a high 
A.G.I. Supp. 

congelation temperature. a. The freezing 
point. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The 
temperature at which an oil becomes a 
solid or is reduced to a standard pasty 
state. Tests on the congelation temperature 
give different results as they do not agree 
on the final consistency of the material. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

congenial. Applied to rocks in which lodes 
became ore bearing. Fay. 


salt content. 


conglomerate 


conglomerate. a. A cemented clastic rock 
containing rounded fragments of gravel or 
pebble size. Monogenetic and polygenetic 
types are recognized, according to the uni- 
formity or the variability of the composi- 
tion and the source of the pebbles. Holmes, 
1928. b. Also referred to as pudding stone; 
millstone grit. Hudson. 

conglomerate ore. Usually refers to uranium 
ore mine from the Shinarump conglom- 
erate formation. Ballard. 

conglomeration. The heaping together of 
diverse materials into one mass. Challinor. 

conglomerite. A conglomerate that has 
reached the same state of induration as a 
quartzite. A.G_I. 

congo bort. Congos used industrially as bort. 
See also bort, congos. Long. 

congo diamond. See congos. Long. 

Congo emerald. Dioptase. Shipley. 

Congo gum; Congo copal. Yellowish; amor- 
phous solid; specific gravity, 1.06 to 1.07. 
Used as a substitute for amber. One of 
the hardest fossil resins. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

congo rounds. Spherical- or near-spherical- 
shaped congos. See also congos. Long. 

congos. a. Originally and commonly used as 
a name for a variety of diamonds found 
in the Republic of the Congo diamond dis- 
trict in Africa and more recently as a de- 
scriptive term applied to all diamonds hav- 
ing the appearance and characteristics of 
those produced in the Republic of the 
Congo. Congos are white to gray green 
and yellow, drusy-surfaced, opaque to 
somewhat translucent diamonds, having 
shapes corresponding to the many forms 
characteristic of the isometric (cubic) 
crystal system. At one time, congos were 
considered fit only for use in fragmented 
form, but a considerable number are now 
used as tool stone and drill diamonds. See 
also diamond. Long. b. Sometimes desig- 
nates drill diamonds ranging from 1 to 
8 stones per carat in size. Long. 

congressite. A very light-colored, coarsely 
granular igneous rock composed mainly of 
nepheline with small amounts of sodalite, 
plagioclase, mica, calcite, and ilmenite. 
Holmes, 1928. 

congruent forms. In crystallography, two 
forms which may each be derived from 
the other by rotation about an axis of 
symmetry. Fay. 

congruent melting. A geologic or metallurgi- 
cal process in which a binary compound 
melts at a certain concentration to a liquid 
of its own composition. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

congruent transformation. An isothermal or 
isobaric phase change in which both of 
the phases concerned have the same com- 
position throughout the process. ASM 
Gloss. 

Coniacian. Lower Senonian. A.G.J, Supp. 

conical. Cone-shaped. In mineralogy, usually 
an elongated cone as are most icicles. 
Shipley. 

conical drum. A winding drum cone-shaped 
at each end, for balancing the load upon 
the engine during winding operations. The 
heavily loaded upgoing rope winds on the 
small diameter while the lightly loaded 
downgoing rope winds off the large diam- 
eter of the cone. See also winding drum. 
Nelson. 

conical flute casts. Plain, conical flute casts. 
Pettijohn. 

conical head gyratory crusher. This crusher 
is of the gyratory type for secondary re- 
duction and is identified by the character- 





250 


istic shape of its breaking head. The in- 
cluded angle of the breaking head surfaces 
is large and this larger angle greatly in- 
creases the ratio of discharge to feed area. 
The large ratio permits crushed materials 
to relocate themselves far enough apart to 
prevent power-consuming clogging and 
packing. Also, its higher gyrating speed 
and the large discharge area. make it 
eminently suitable for the task of fine 
crushing at a high capacity. Pit and 
Quarry, 53rd, sec. B, p. 29. 

conical mill. Hardinge ball mill. Pryor, 3. 

conical refraction. The refraction of a ray 
of light at certain points of double-re- 
fracting crystals, so that on emerging from 
the crystal it widens from an apex into a 
hollow cone (external conical refraction), 
or on entering diverges into a cone and 
issues as a hollow cylinder (internal coni- 
cal refraction). Standard, 1964. 

conical roll. A crusher in which clay ma- 
terial passes between a moving set of rolls, 
conical in shape. ACSG, 1963. 

conichalcite. A pistachio-green to emerald- 
green basic arsenate of calcium and cop- 
per, CaCu(AsOx) (OH), occurring reni- 
form and massive, and resembling mala- 
chite. Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 806-807. 

conic map projection. A map projection pro- 
duced by projecting the geographic me- 
ridians and parallels onto a cone which is 
tangent to, or intersects, the surface of 
a sphere, and then developing the cone 
into a plane. A.G_I. 

coning. a. Important method of obtaining a 
true sample from a pile of ore. Material 
is shoveled onto center of heap, so that it 
forms a cone. The shoveler works around 
and drops each load as vertically as pos- 
sible. Still working steadily around, he 
next flattens the cones, and removes shov- 
elfuls successively onto four separate heaps, 
of which two are rejected. If the material 
permits, he thus rejects two opposite quad- 
rants and proceeds to recone and requarter 
the remainder. For good work, there must 
be a relation between the maximum indi- 
vidual particle size and the weight (or 
volume) of the sample pile. As the latter 
shrinks it must be crushed to a smaller 
size to permit accurate blending of the 
various sized particles during mixing. See 
also quartering. Pryor, 3. b. The upward 
intrusion of bottom water sometimes re- 
sulting when an oil well or a gas well is 
overproduced, or insufficient back pres- 
sure is maintained on the well. Also, ap- 
plied in a different sense to underground 
gas storage reservoirs, referring to the 
coned pressure gradient surrounding a 
well during or shortly after input. A.G.I. 

coning and quartering. A method of sample 
reduction. See also quartering. Nelson. 

conjugate center. In aerial photography, the 
image point on a photograph of the prin- 
cipal point of an adjacent overlapping 
photograph. Seelye, 2. 

conjugated joints. Two sets of related joints 
that dip in different directions, such as 
those resulting from compressional stresses. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

conjugated veins. a. Two sets of related 
veins that dip in different directions. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. b. Originally con- 
jugated joints that were filled with vein 
material. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

conjugate fault system. A system of two in- 
tersecting sets of parallel faults. Schiefer- 
decker. 

conjugate impedance. Two impedances hav- 





connecting section 


ing resistive components which are equal 
and reactive components which are equal 
in magnitude but opposite in sign are 
known as conjugate impedances. H@G. 
conjugate joint systems. Sets of intersecting 
joints which are sometimes perpendicular 
or rectilinear, and often mineralized to 
form vein systems. Joint patterns, such 
as these, are believed to be the result of 
compressive stresses which were relieved 
by joint formation rather than the forma- 
tion of a single fissure. Lewis, pp. 411, 593, 
conjugate layers. In solvent extraction, the 
two immiscible solutions in equilibrium 
with each other. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

Conkling magnetic separator. A conveying 
belt which passes under magnets, below 
which belts run at right angles to the line 
of travel of the main belt. The magnetic 
particles are lifted up against these cross- 
belts and are thus removed. Liddell 2d, p. 
386. 

Conklin process. A dense-media coal clean- 
ing process in which the separating me- 
dium consists of minus 200-mesh mag- 
netite (5.2 specific gravity) in water in 
the proportions of 4.4 parts of water to 1 
part of magnetite, to get an effective spe- 
cific gravity of about 1.9. An advantage 
claimed for this process is that the medium 
requires little agitation to keep it in sus- 
pension and that the medium is easily 
removed from the clean coal and refuse. 
Mitchell, pp. 494-495. 

connate. a. Born, produced, or originated 
together. Webster 3d. b. Applied to waters 
(and extended to include CO: in lime- 
stone and other volatile materials) buried 
with fragmental and volcanic rocks and 
remaining stagnant except as they are in- 
corporated in new minerals found in the 
rock. Holmes, 1928. 

connate water. Water that was deposited 
simultaneously with the solid sediments, 
and which has not, since its deposition, 
existed as surface water or as atmospheric 
moisture. Fay. 

connecting. The operation of joining adjacent 
electric blasting cap wires to each other, 
to connecting and leading wires, in such a 
way than an electric current will flow 
through with the least possible resistance. 
Fay. 

connecting curve. A curve introduced to con- 
nect a turnout with a side track. Zern, p. 
476. 

connecting frame. A device similar to a 
guide frame for shaker conveyors but 
with provision for insertion of the puller 
rod. A connecting frame can be inserted 
between any two standard trough sections 
to serve as a substitute for a connecting 
trough on single-arm electric or air de- 
vices. Jones. 

connecting link. For a roller chain, a pin 
link made with one link plate easily de- 
tachable to facilitate connecting or discon- 
necting the two ends of a chain. J@M. 

connecting rod. A rigid rod that transmits 
power from one rotating part of a machine 
to another in reciprocating motion (as 
from a crankpin to a piston). Webster 3d. 

connecting section. That part of a mining 
belt conveyor which consists of a framing 
and the belt idlers supported by the fram- 
ing, both of which carry the belt from the 
intermediate section to the head section 
and return the belt to the intermediate 
section. The connecting section may or 
may not be interchangeable with the in- 
termediate section increments or parts. 























connecting trough 





NEMA MBI1-1961. 

_. connecting trough. A shaker conveyor trough 

. of standard length to which special lugs 

or plates have been attached to provide a 

means of connecting the trough to the 

driving arms of the conveyor drive unit. 

All motion of the conveyor is transmitted 

through the connecting trough. The term 

drive trough is frequently used for this 

special type of trough. Jones. 

|| connecting trough support. The means of 

supporting connecting troughs where they 
pass over the drive unit. The support is 
attached to the drive unit frame and is 
designed to allow the connecting trough 
freedom of movement in the direction of 
the panline. Supports may be of the ball 
frame, wheel, rolled, or rocker arm types. 
Jones. 

connecting wire, blasting. a. A wire generally 
of smaller gage than the shot-firing cord 
and used for connecting the electric blast- 
ing cap wires from one drill hole to those 
of an adjoining one in mines, quarries, 
and tunnels. ASA C42.85:1956. b. A wire 
of smaller gage than the leading wire 
used for connecting the electric blasting 
cap wires from one borehole to those of 

i an adjoining one. Fay. 

| connection. a. Adding a length of drill pipe 
to the drilling shaft as drilling progresses. 
Brantly, 2. b. A connecting rod to transmit 
motion and force from the revolving crank 
or eccentric to the slide of a press. ASM 
Gloss. 

connection box, electrical. A boxlike en- 
closure with removable face or plate with- 
in which electric connections between sec- 
tions of cable can be made. ASA C42.85: 

1956. 

» connection man. See parting and connection 
man. D.O.T. 1. 

connector, electrical. Any device for holding 
in electrical contact the ends of conducting 
wires in such a manner that they may be 
readily released when it is desired to dis- 
connect them. Crispin. 

connellite. A blue hydrated copper chlorite, 
possibly Cu(SO:) Cli(OH) s2.3H2O, hex- 
agonal; from Cornwall, England. An end- 
member of the connellite buttgenbachite 
series. Synonym for caeruleofibrite; cerule- 
ofibrite. Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 572-573. 

Connemara marble. Dark green to grayish 
gem quality serpentine. Shipley. 

conny. Eng. The same as coombe coal, Not- 
tinghamshire. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

conode. Isothermal construction line between 
two equilibrated phases. VV. 

conoplain. A gentle, conical plain that has 
been partly built and partly cut and that 
slopes outward in all directions. This form 
is considered to be the normal one in a 
mountainous arid region, differences of 
topographic age being marked by differ- 
ences in slope. A.G.J. 

conoscope. a. A palariscope for examining 
the interference figures produced by crys- 
tals in convergent polarized light. Webster 
3d. b. In optical mineralogy, the instru- 
ment or polarizing microscope used for 
the study and observation of interference 
figures and related phenomena, partic- 
ularly for measuring the axial angle (2E). 
A.G.I. 

conoscopic. The arrangement of a polariz- 
ing microscope for obtaining the inter- 
ference figures of minerals. Hess. 

Conrad counterflush coring system. A system, 
the notable feature of which, is the pro- 
vision of a reversed mud flush circulation 











251 


which permits uninterrupted core recovery 
in the rotary system of drilling. Sinclair, 
IT, p. 216. 


Conrad machine. Mechanized pit digger used 


in checking of alluvial boring. 5 foot long 
sections of tubing 24 inches in internal 
diameter are worked into the ground from 
their mounting on a tractor, the spoil be- 
ing at the same time removed by means of 
a bucket or grab. In suitable ground 50 
feet or more depth has been reached. 
Pryor, 3. 


consanguineous. Synonym for comagmatic. 


Schieferdecker, 


consanguineous association. Natural group 


of sediments or of rocks of related origin. 
A.G.I. Supp. 


consanguinity. The genetic relationship of 


igneous rocks that were presumably de- 
rived from a common parent magma. Fay. 


consequent. a. Pertaining to or characterizing 


the earth movements which result from the 
external transfer of material in the process 
of gradation; opposite of antecedent. 
Standard, 1964. b. Streams or drainage 
patterns having a course or direction de- 
pendent on or controlled by the geologic 
structure, or by the form and slope of the 
surface. Fay. 


consequent drainage. A river system directly 


related to the geologic structure of the 
area in which it occurs. C.T.D. 


consequent lake. a. A constructional lake de- 


creases in size by filling at the inlet and 
cutting down at the outlet; while thus 
dwindling away, it is a consequent lake. 
A.G.I. b. Those lakes which occupy origi- 
nal depressions in a land surface. They 
may be irregularities of the ocean bottom 
which were preserved when it was lifted 
above sea level. Other examples of this 
type are lakes occupying depressions on 
the surface of lava flows, depressions in 
sand dunes, and depressions in the glacial 
till or modified glacial drift. A.G.J. 


consequent stream. a, If considered on a 


basis of relationship to the rocks in which 
they originated, the streams described by 
Powell as superimposed would be called 
consequent. Synonym for superimposed (or 
superposed) stream; inherited stream; epi- 
genetic stream. A.G.J. b. A stream which 
follows a course that is a direct conse- 
quence of the original slope of the surface 
on which it developed. A.G.I. 


consertal. A textural arrangement in which 


irregularly shaped crystals in juxtaposi- 
tion are closely fitted together, interlocked, 
or conserted. Fay. 


conservation. Conserving, preserving, guard- 


ing, or protecting ; keeping in a safe or 
entire state; using in an effective manner 
or holding for necessary uses, as mineral 
resources. Hess. 


conservation of energy. a. The total energy 


of an isolated system remains constant ir- 
respective of whatever internal changes 
may take place, energy disappearing in 
one form and reappearing in another. 
Webster 3d. b. The sum total of the energy 
of the universe neither diminishes nor in- 
creases, though it may assume different 
forms successively. Standard, 1964. 


conservation of matter; indestructibility of 


matter. When a chemical action takes 
place the sum of the weights of the re- 
acting substances equals the sum of the 
weights of the products; for example, 4 
grams of hydrogen plus 32 grams of oxy- 
gen form 36 grams of water. Also called 
conservation of mass. Cooper. 











consistometer 


conservative properties. Those properties of 
the ocean, such as salinity, the concentra- 
tions of which are not affected by the pres- 
ence or activity of living organisms but 
which are affected only by diffusion and 
advection. Hy. 

conserving agent. A reagent added to an ore 
pulp to protect other flotation agents from 
attack by substances present in the pulp. 
Taggart, p. 846. 

conset jig. Jig developed for Mesabi iron 
ores in which vertical movement of water 
is produced by low-pressure inflation and 
deflation of rubber tubes just below 
screens. Pryor, 3. 

consey. Scot. An underground branch road 
in stoop-and-room workings. Fay. 

consideration. a. Something given as recom- 
pense; as, a payment or a reward. Web- 
ster 3d. b. Price, motive, etc., of a con- 
tract. Pryor, 3. c. A money allowance 
agreed to be paid in addition to the usual 
pricelist, when miners are working in 
abnormal places or conditions. See also 
allowance. Nelson. d. N. of Eng. Pay- 
ment made to a man or a team to make 
up earnings which are below an equitable 
level or as compensation for extra work or 
abnormal conditions. T7ist. 

consideration miner. A miner who, because 
of abnormal working conditions is not paid 
on a regular scale, but on a consideration 
rate. Zern. 

consignment sampling. The sampling of a 
single consignment of coal or coke to a 
specified accuracy. B.S. 1017, 1960, Pt. 1. 

comsistence. a. The capacity of fresh con- 
crete, mortar, or cement paste to resist 
deformation or flow. Taylor. b. Before the 
workability and volume yield of a lime 
putty can be determined under the condi- 
tions laid down in British Standard 890, 
Building Limes, the consistency of the 
putty must be adjusted to a_ specified 
standard value. This value is known as 
Standard Plastering Consistence, and is 
achieved by addition or removal of water. 
Stowell. 

consistency. a. The degree of solidity or 
fluidity of bituminous materials. Fay. b. 
The relative ease with which a soil can 
be deformed. ASCE P1826. c. A property 
of a material determined by the complete 
flow-force relation. ASTM C 11-60. d. 
The properties of a slip that control its 
draining, flowing, and spraying behavior. 
ASTM C 286-65. e. Percentage of solids 
in pulp. Pryor, 3. f. Fluidity. Pryor, 3. g. 
In concrete testing, the behavior with the 
slump test or the weight with the compact- 
ing test. Pryor, 3. h. The condition (as of 
a material) of standing together or re- 
maining fixed in union; firmness. Webster 
3d. i. A degree of density, viscosity, or re- 
sistance to movement or to separation of 
constituent particles. Webster 3d. 

consistency index. See relative consistency. 
ASCE P1826. 

consistency limits. The liquid limit, plastic 
limit, and shrinkage limit. These all apply 
to the water content of a clay, each in a 
certain state as defined by British Stand- 
ard 1377. Nelson. 

Consistodyne. Trade name; a device for at- 
tachment to the barrel of a pug for con- 
trolling the workability of the clay. Dodd. 

consistometer. An instrument for the meas- 
urement of relative consistency of mineral 
suspensions and other materials, It is cali- 
brated in terms of viscosity with water- 
sugar solutions. RJ. 3469, September, 


consolidated drained test 


1939, pp. 10-12. The Irwin consistomer 
and the Bingham mobilometer are instru- 
ments used in the determination of mobil- 
ity and yield values (consistency) of 
enamel slips. Enam. Dict. 


consolidated drained test. A soil test in which 


essentially, complete consolidation under 
the confining pressure is followed by addi- 
tional axial (or shearing) stress applied in 
such a manner that even a fully saturated 
soil of low permeability can adapt itself 
completely (fully consolidate) to the 
changes in stress due to the additional 
axial (or shearing) stress. ASCE P1826. 


consolidated immediate shear test. This is a 


method of measuring the variation in 
shear strength with the variation in a 
load placed normal to the plane of failure. 
It is applied to a soil which has been first 
consolidated under the normal load. See 
also drained shear test; quick test. Ham. 


consolidated sediments. Sediments which 


have been converted into rocks by com- 
paction, deposition of cement in pore 
spaces and/or by physical and chemical 
changes in the constituents. Hy. 


consolidated undrained test. A soil test in 


which essentially, complete consolidation 
under the vertical load (in a direct shear 
test) or under the confining pressure (in 
a triaxial test) is followed by a shear at 
constant water content. Also called con- 
solidated quick test. ASCE P1826, 


consolidation. a. In geology, any or all of 


the processes whereby loose, soft, or liquid 
earth materials become firm and coherent. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. In soil mech- 
anics, it refers to the adjustment of a 
saturated soil in response to increased 
load and involves the squeezing of water 
from the pores and decrease in void ratio. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. c. The gradual 
reduction in volume of a soil mass result- 
ing from an increase in compressive stress. 
See also initial consolidation; primary con- 
solidation; secondary consolidation. ASCE 
P1826. 


consolidation curve. See consolidation time 


curve. ASCE P1826. 


consolidation hole. Borehole into which 


chemical solutions or grout are injected to 
cement or consolidate fragmental rock 
material. Compare grout hole. Long. 


consolidation press. Laboratory equipment 


for obtaining data on the voids ratio of a 
clay sample, from which the coefficient of 
consolidation can be determined. Ham. 


consolidation ratio. The ratio of the amount 


of consolidation at a given distance from 
a drainage surface and at a given time to 
the total amount of consolidation obtain- 
able at that point under a given stress in- 
crement. ASCE P1826. 


consolidation settlement. The gradual settle- 


ment of loaded clay. Nelson. 


consolidation test. a. A test in which the 


specimen is laterally confined in a ring and 
is compressed between porous plates. 
ASCE P1826. b. The test may be made in 
an odometer. An undisturbed sample of 
clay measuring 6 centimeters in diameter 
and 2 centimeters thick is confined later- 
ally in a metal ring and compressed _ be- 
tween two porous plates which are kept 
saturated with water. A load is applied 
and the clay consolidates, the excess pore 
water escaping through the porous stones. 
After each increment of load is applied, 
it is allowed to remain on the sample un- 
til equilibrium is established, and a con- 
solidation curve showing the deformation 





252 


with time is obtained for each increment. |{ 
Nelson. 

consolidation time curve. A curve that shows 
the relation between the degree of con- 
solidation and the elapsed time after the 
application of a given increment of load. 
Also called time curve, consolidation 
curve, and theoretical time curve. ASCE 
P1826. ; 

consolidation trickling. During closing of 
bed or particles in the suction half of 
jigging cycle, interstitial burrowing down 
of fastest moving small particles before 
the mass of particles becomes too compact 
for movement. Pryor, 3. 

consolute. Mutually soluble or miscible in 
all proportions. Webster 3d. 

conspicuous place. Open to view; catching 
the eye; easy to be seen; manifest; obvious 
to the sight; seen at a distance; exposed to 
view; clearly visible; prominent and dis- 
tinct; prominently; openly and convenient 
to the public. Ricketts, I. 

constant. Any property of a substance, nu- 
merically determined, that remains always 
the same under the same conditions, as 
the specific gravity; the melting point; the 
freezing point; or the electrical conduc- 
tivity. Standard, 1964. 

constantan. A group of copper-nickel alloys 
45 to 60 percent copper with minor 
amounts of iron and manganese, and char- 
acterized by relatively constant electrical 
resistivity irrespective of temperature; used 
in resistors and thermocouples. ASM Gloss. 

constant composition law. See definite pro- 
portions law. 

constant error. See biased error. Pryor, 3, p. 
159. 

constant-weight feeder. a. An automatic de- 
vice which maintains a constant rate of 
feed of ore from the bin or stockpile to 
the grinding circuit. It is controlled by tilt 
due to the weight of ore on a balanced 
length of the belt conveyor; by electrically 
vibrated chute; by pusher gear; by timed 
delivery from automatically loaded hop- 
pers. Pryor, 3. b. A feeder intended to de- 
liver a certain weight per unit of time. 
ASCG, 1963. 

constituent. a. One of the ingredients which 
make up a chemical system. ASM Gloss. b. 
A phase or combination of phases which 
occur in a characteristic configuration in 
an alloy microstructure. ASM Gloss. 

constituent of attritus. This term, although 
it has its prevailing general usage, has 
been commonly, and more or less consist- 
ently, used by the U.S. Bureau of Mines 
since this conventional usage was adopted 
by R. Thiessen in 1931. Constituents are 
the petrographic entities of the attritus 
which are recognizable in thin sections 
only by the microscope. The following con- 
stituents may be distinguished in coals: 
translucent humic degradation matter; 
brown or semitranslucent matter; opaque 
matter (granular; massive); resins and 
resinous matter; spores and pollen; cuti- 
cles and cuticular matter; algae and 
algae matter. The term constituent, which 
applies mainly to the microscopic entities 
composing the attritus in the U. S. Bureau 
of Mines terminology, is equally applicable 
to the macerals of the Stopes-Heerlen sys- 
tem although its use has not been so 
definitely restricted. JHCP, 1963, Part I. 

constitution. a. Structural arrangement of 
linkage of elements in a substance. Pryor, 
3. b. This term refers to the type of con- 
stituent or constituents present in a solid | 





construction joint 


metal or alloy and the proportions of each 
type concerned. C.T.D. 

constitutional ash; constitution coal. Ash re- 
sulting from complete combustion of clean 
coal. Fixed ash, originating in the vegeta- 
tion from which the coal was formed, as 
distinct from free ash, the entrained shale 
trapped into the coal seam at time of de- 
position. Pryor, 3. See also inherent ash, a. 

constitutional change. Transformation of a 
constituent in an alloy (for example, aus- 
tenite into pearlite. Pryor, 3. 

constitutional formula. One which shows 
how the atoms in a molecule are arranged. 
Pryor, 3. 

constitutional water. Water definitely bound 
into a hydrated crystal (for example, 
CuSO,..5H2O). Pryor, 3. 

constitution diagram. A graphical represen- 
tation of the temperature and compoiition 
limits of phase fields in an alloy system 
as they actually exist under the specific 
conditions of heating or cooling (synony- 
mous with phase diagram). A constitution 
diagram may be an equilibrium diagram, 
an approximation to an equilibrium diag- 
ram, or a representation of metastable con- 
ditions or phases. Compare equilibrium 
diagram. ASM Gloss. 

constraint. Any restriction that occurs to the 
transverse contraction normally associated 
with a longitudinal tension, and _ that 
hence causes a secondary tension in the 
transverse direction. ASM Gloss. . 

constringence. See Abbe number. Dodd. 

construction. The number of strands in a 
rope and the number of wires in the strand. 
These numbers should be separated by a 
multiplication sign, thus 6 x 19 signifies 
a 6-stranded rope having 19 wires per 
strand. The division (or over) sign should 
be used to denote the separate layers of 
wires in the strand (thus, a 6 x 19 
(12/6/1) rope indicates that its strands 
have 12 wires laid over 6 wires laid over 
1). Ham. 

construction account. An account in mining 
finance to which all construction expenses 
are charged. Many of the Lake Superior 
copper mines summarize their finances so 
that the cost of operation is divided into 
two classes, one being for general working 
expenses and the other for construction, 
sometimes classed as capital account. It 
includes new buildings and machinery on 
the surface and frequently new mine open- 
ings. Weed, 1922. 

constructional. In geology, owing its form, 
position, direction, or general character to 
building processes, such as accumulation by 
deposition or by volcanic extrusion. Fay. 

constructional land form. A land form cre- 
ated by the accumulation of material; 
examples are volcanic cones, deltas, and 
floodplains. The term also applies to 
forms created by diastrophism, such as 
fault blocks or folds. Stokes and Varnes, 
T95S 

constructional plain. Constructional plains 
owe their origin and present surface fea- 
tures principally to the distribution and 
deposition of earth material in sublevel 
sheets along the streamways or at the 
margin of the ocean, or to the distribution 
of lava sheets or other volcanic ejecta 
over the surface. A.G.I. 

construction joint. The vertical or horizontal 
face in a concrete -structure where con- 
creting has been stopped and continued 
later. The concrete on each side of the 
vertical (or sloping) faces forming the 











construction way 


joint is generally united by continuous 

reinforcement crossing the joint. When 

|| stopping on a horizontal plane adhesion 
| is usually attained by well-roughening the 
set concrete surface before pouring new. 

Ham. 

b construction way. The temporary works em- 

| ployed for transport of men and materials 

during construction of the finished or 

permanent way. C.T.D. 

_| constructive possession. That possession which 

the law annexes to the legal title or owner- 

ship of property, when there is a right to 
the immediate actual possession of such 
property but no actual possession. Rick- 

etts, I. 

| constructive waves. Waves that build a 

shoreline feature, such as a beach, a bar, 

or a spit. Opposite of destructive waves. 

. Schieferdecker. 

i) peonsulting engineer. A specialist employed 

in an advisory capacity. Normally, does not 

manage or direct any operation, and is at 
the service of the board rather than of the 
company’s administrative and executive 

‘ staff, Pryor, F 

i “consulting mining engineer. A highly quali- 

| fied mining engineer with a wide back- 

| ground of experience in his particular field. 
He may be asked by a client or company 
to examine a property and prepare a 
report and valuation, or to give advice 
or expert evidence in cases of alleged 
subsidence damage. Nelson. 

-consumable electrode-arc melting. A method 
of arc melting in which the electrode itself 
serves to supply the metal; this method 
is commonly employed for melting tita- 
nium and zirconium. Newton, p. 510. 

| consume. To usc up; to expend; to waste; as 

| in the chemical and mechanical loss of 

mercury in amalgamation. Fay. 

je consumption charge. That portion of a util- 

ity charge based on energy actually con- 

sumed, as distinguished from the demand 

charee. Strock, 10. 

|: contact. a. The place or surface where two 

different kinds of rocks meet. Applies to 
sedimentary rocks, as the contact between 
a limestone and a sandstone, for example, 
and to metamorphic rocks; and it is espe- 
cially applicable between igneous intru- 
sions and their walls. Fay. b. S. Afr. A 
lode of considerable length and between 
two kinds of rocks, one of which is gen- 
erally an igneous intrusive. Fay. c. The 
line of delimitation between a metallifer- 
ous vein and its wall, or country rock. 
Standard, 1964. d. As used by drillers in 
the Midwestern United States, the upper 
surface of the basement of igneous rocks 
underlying the sedimentary rocks. Long. 
e. The coming together (touching) of two 
or more specially arranged ends of electri- 
cal conductors to complete an electrical 
circuit or circuits. Crispin. 

contact aerator. A tank in which sewage is 
treated by aeration with compressed air. 

Ham. 

| contact angle. a. The angle across the water 

phase of an air-water-mineral system, used 

to measure effect of surface conditioning. 

Pryor, 4. The angle between the tangent 

to the interface and the tangent to the 

solid surface at any point along the line of 
|| contact of the interface between two fluids 
and a solid; usually measured inside the 
water phase where water is involved. Maxt- 

} mum and minimum values, measured 

| under static conditions, termed advancing 

and receding contact angles respectively, 











253 


are usually qualified by stating the phase 
in which the angle is measured (for exam- 
ple, oil-advancing contact angle). B.S. 
3552, 1962, 

contact bed. In geology, a bed lying next to 
or in contact with a formation of different 
character. Fay. 

contact breaker. A device for quickly and 
automatically breaking or making an elec- 
tric circuit. Crispin. 

contact breccia. A breccia resulting from the 
shattering of wall rocks around laccolithic 
and other igneous instrusive masses. The 
breccia may consist of fragments of both 
the wall rock and the intrusive. In some 
instances, the outside of an igneous mass 
may crystallize and later be brecciated be- 
fore the entire mass solidifies, the frag- 
ments subsequently becoming welded to- 
gether or cemented by the still fluid parts 
of the same magma. A.G.I. 

contact deposit. A mineral deposit between 
two unlike rocks, usually applied to an 
ore body at the contact between a sedi- 
mentary rock and an igneous rock. Weed, 
1922. A contact lode or contact vein. Fay. 

contact erosion valley. A valley that has been 
eroded along the contact between two 
different kinds of rock, as between two 
different sedimentary formations, between 
igneous and sedimentary rocks, along a 
fault, or along an upturned unconformity. 
Stokes and Varnes, 19509. 

contact goniometer. A protractor for measur- 
ing the angles between adjacent crystal 
faces. Fay. 

contact line. The line of intersection of a 
contact surface with the surface of an 
exposure or with the surface of bedrock 
covered by mantle rock; a contact line 
may be exposed or concealed. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

contact lode. See contact, b; 
posit; contact vein. Fay. 

contact logging. In this type log, provision 
is made for electrodes to be pressed firmly 
against the borehole wall. By doing this, 
current flowing from the electrodes to the 
wall of the borehole no longer has to 
traverse the mud. The path from the elec- 
trodes through the mud filter cake which 
sheaths permeable beds is also reduced to 
a minimum, The electrode spacing of con- 
tact logging devices is very small by com- 
parison with the spacings used in conven- 
tional logging devices, Consequently, con- 
tact logging devices see very much more 
detail in the beds they pass through. 
Wyllie, pp. 98-99. 

contact logging device. A contact logging 
device consists of a spring bow very anal- 
gous to a section gage. On one arm of the 
bow is a rubber pad shaped to fit the 
curvature of the hole. In this pad, slightly 
recessed. are three electrodes about one- 
half inch in diameter and located at 1-inch 
intervals. These three electrodes are used 
to record two resistivity curves, One curve 
is a three-electrode type with a spacing 
of 1% inches and the second is a two- 
electrode type with a spacing of 2 inches. 
Wyllie, p. 99. 

contact metamorphic. Applied to rocks and/ 
or minerals that have originated through 
the process of contact metamorphism. 
A.G.I, 

contact-metamorphic deposit. An ore body 
that formed along the contact of a mass 
of igneous, country, or invaded rock, the 
ore having been derived wholly, or in part, 
from the intrusive mass. If the term con- 


contact de- 





contact rocks 


tact-metamorphic deposit is used for this 
type, it would not necessarily conflict with 
the term contact deposit applied to any 
ore body occurring along the boundary 
between two formations or two kinds of 
rock, Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

contact metamorphism. a. Metamorphism 
genetically related to the intrusion (or 
extrusion) of magmas and taking place 
in rocks at or near their contact with a 
body of igneous rock. See also thermal 
metamorphism, A.G.J. b. The changes that 
take place along the contact of an igneous 
rock and the enclosing rocks into which 
it has been intruded, or the underlying 
rocks over which it has been extruded. 
Some of the contact-metamorphic changes 
are the recrystallization of limestone and 
the formation of the typical lime-silicate 
minerals of the contact zone. Metamorphism 
produced by the heat of an igneous intru- 
sion. Also called thermal metamorphism; 
thermometamorphism; local metamorph- 
ism. Fay, See also metamorphic aureole. 

contact-metasomatic deposit. A deposit 
formed by high-temperature magmatic 
emanations along an igneous contact. Bate- 
man. 

contact metasomatism. a. A mass change in 
the composition of the rock other than the 
elimination of gases involved in simple 
metamorphism. USGS Prof. Paper 57, 
1907, p. 117, b. Replacement of the con- 
tact rocks adjacent to an intrusive result- 
ing from high-temperature emanations, 
from a deep-seated magma, from which 
constituents are carried out that combine 
with some of the rock constituents to form 
a suite of high-temperature minerals. Much 
material is added. Bateman. 

contact mineral. A mineral formed by contact 
metamorphism. Fay. 

contactor. A device for making and break- 
ing an electric power circuit repeatedly. 
ASM Gloss, 

contact plating. Deposition of a metal, with- 
out the use of an outside source of current, 
by immersion of the work in a solution 
in contact with another metal. Lowenheim. 

contact pressure. The unit of pressure that 
acts at the surface of contact between a 
structure and the underlying soil mass. 
ASCE P1826. 

contact print. A print on paper sensitive to 
light, such as ferroprussiate paper, made by 
placing a drawing or tracing in contact 
with this paper, exposing it to light for 
the required period. See also blueprint; 
photostat printing. Ham. 

contact process. A process for making sulfuric 
acid. Sulfur dioxide gas (obtained by burn- 
ing pyrite) is purified by electrical pre- 
cipitation, and is passed over a catalytic 
agent to form sulfur trioxide which com- 
bined with water produces sulfuric acid. 
CLT D: 

contact reef. S. Afr. The term generally de- 
notes the Ventersdorp contact reef, that 1s, 
a gold-bearing conglomerate occurring 
beneath the Ventersdorp lavas and fre- 
quently overlying mineralized horizons of 
the Witwatersrand system. Beerman. 

contact resistance. Transition resistance be- 
tween an electrode and the ground. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

contact rocks. Rocks produced by igneous in- 
trusions along their contacts or walls, They 
include both the border rocks of the intru- 
sion and the metamorphosed or recrystal- 
lized portions of the intruded rocks, such 
as products from shales, slates, or lime- 


contact scanning 


stones; sandstones are less influenced by 
intrusions. Lewis, p. 603. Also called 
skarm; tactite. 

contact scanning. In ultrasonics, a planned 
systematic movement of the beam relative 
to the object being inspected, the search 
unit being in contact with and coupled to 
this object by a thin film of coupling mate- 
rial. ASM Gloss, 

contact shoe. Collector shoe, which maintains 
contact between the conducting wire or 
rail and the electric vehicle being pow- 
ered. Pryor, 3. 

contact twin. The simplest type of twin, in 
which two portions of a crystal appear to 
have been united along a common plane 
after one portion has been rotated 180° 
relative to the other portion. The plane 
of contact (plane of union or the com- 
position face) may or may not be the twin- 
ning plane. See also juxtaposition twin. 
Fay. 

contact vein. A variety of fissure vein, be- 
tween different kinds of rock occupying a 
typical fracture from faulting, or it may 
be a replacement vein formed by mineral- 
ized solutions percolating along the con- 
tact where the rock is usually more per- 
meable and there replacing one or both 
of the walls by a metasomatic process, Also 
called contact deposit. Fay. 

contact zone. See aureole. A.G.I. 

container winding. This winding system makes 
use of a coal receptacle on small rollers 
which fits closely in the cage. During the 
previous wind it is filled near the shaft, 
and similarly it is emptied very quickly 
at the surface and returned to the pit bot- 
tim on the next wind. Sinclair III, pp. 
199-200. 

containment. The provision of a gastight shell 
or other enclosure around a reactor to con- 
fine fission products that otherwise would 
be released to the atmosphere as a result 
of a major accident. L@L. 

contaminant. See impurity. Herman, p. 195. 

contaminate. The admixture or introduction 
of undesired substances to a medium, 
thereby reducing the value of the medium 
or making it unfit for its intended use. Ex- 
ample: cave material from nonore zones 
admixed with sludge sample from an ore 
zone. Long. 

contaminated. Made radioactive by the ad- 
dition of (sometimes) minute quantites of 
radioactive material. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

contamination. a. The presence of any foreign 
material in a drilling fluid which may tend 
to change the properties of the drilling 
fluid, such as cement, anhydrite, salt, 
shale cuttings, etc. Brantly, 1. b, Applied 
to magmas and denoting the addition of 
foreign rock material, as by assimilation of 
wall rock. A.G.I. c. The accidental intro- 
duction of foreign, deleterious matter at 
any stage in the enameling process, This 
may be caused by unclean mills, dirt, fur- 
nace scale, etc. Hansen. d. The presence 
of unwanted radioactive matter, or the 
soiling of objects or materials with radio- 
active dirt. L@L. e. The act or process 
of a substance being diluted or admixed 
with another material, which may render 
the original substance unfit for use. See 
also contaminate. Long. 

contamination engineer. One who inspects oil 
line systems, and analyses oil samples ex- 
tracted from piping, tanks, and pumping 
units to ascertain and correct conditions 
causing oil contamination, and to facili- 
tate flow of oil through system; makes 





254 


chemical and physical analyses of oil, 
using portable laboratory equipment, to 
determine factors, such as excessive oil 
viscosities hindering free passage of oil 
through pipes, or presence of oil contami- 
nation, D.O.T. 1. 


contemporaneous. Originating, arising, or be- 


ing formed or made at the same time. 
Examples include interbedded volcanic 
rocks and sedimentary rocks (in contrast 
with sills that are later than the enclosing 
sedimentary rocks) ; segregation veins and 
patches (compare schlieren) in igneous 
rocks; and dolomites produced from lime- 
stones soon after the deposition of the 
limestones. Generally, all rocks and facies 
of them that were developed while the 
processes of formation of the enclosing 
rocks were still operating. Webster 3d; 
Holmes, 1928. 


contemporaneous deformation. Deformation, 


especially folding and faulting, that takes 
place while the rocks are being deposited. 
In contrast to the folding and faulting 
that take place long after the sedimenta- 
tion, A.G.I. 


contemporaneous erosion. Erosion of local 


character that occurs while sedimentation 
is taking place generally elsewhere. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 


contemporaneous filling. Methods of mining 


where the stopes are filled as in filled 
stopes. Nelson. 


contemporary carbon. The average carbon 


of living matter. It contains the maxi- 
mum natural proportion of carbon 14 and 
has a radioactivity of about 16 disintegra- 
tions per gram-minute. A.G.I. 


content. Something that is contained; the 


thing, things, or substance in a receptable 
or an enclosed space. Webster 3d. Often 
used in mining, as ore content, mineral 
content, copper content, etc. Fay. 


cont hp Abbreviation for continental horse- 


power. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 


contiguous. a. Touching without fusion; ap- 


plicable whether the parts are like or un- 
like. A.G.I. b. Touching along boundaries. 
often for considerable distances. Next to or 
adjoining with nothing similar intervening. 
Synonym for nearby; close; not distant. 
Touching or connected throughout. Syno- 
nym for continuous; unbroken; uninter- 
rupted. Webster 3d. c. Immediate preced- 
ing or following in time or in sequence. 
Without an intervening interval or item; 
also, involving items so occurring or so 
arranged. Near in time or sequence. Syno- 
nym for adjacent. Webster 3d. 


contiguous claims. Mining claims which have 


a side or end line in common. Lewis, p. 31. 


contiguous limonite. Limonite in the gangue 


around and adjoining a cavity or a group 
of cavities formerly occupied by iron- 
bearing sulfide. A.G.I. 


continent. a. A large landmass rising more or 


less abruptly above the deep ocean floor. 
It includes marginal areas that are shal- 
lowly submerged. At present continents 
constitute about one-third of the earth’s 
surface. A.G.J. Supp. b, A continuous ex- 
tent or mass of land, One of the great divi- 
sions of land on the globe. Specifically, a 
large body of land differing from an island 
or a peninsula in its size and in its struc- 
ture, which is that of a large basin bor- 
dered by mountain chains. Webster 3d. c. 
A large segment of the earth’s outer shell 
including a terrestrial continent and the 
adjacent continental shelf. Webster 3d. 


continental alluvium. Alluvium produced by 





continental plateau 


the erosion of a highland area and de- 
posited by a network of rivers to form an 
extensive plain. A.G.J. Supp. 

continental basin. A region in the interior of 
a continent that may comprise one or 
several closed basins. Webster 2d. 

continental borderland. a. This term is ap- 
propriate when the zone below the low- 
water line is highly irregular and includes 
depths well in excess of those typical for 
continental shelves. Schierferdecker. b. A 
zone bordering a continent, below sea 
level, that is highly irregular and includes 
depths well in excess of those typical of a 
continental shelf. A.G.J. Supp. c. A ter- 
raced area or a submerged plateau ad- 
jacent to a continental shelf but at greater 
depth. A.G.J. Supp. d. Synonym for bor- 
derland. A.G.I. Supp. 

continental deposit. A sedimentary deposit 
laid down within a general land area in 
lakes or streams or by the wind, as con- 
trasted with marine deposits, laid down 
in the sea. Fay. 

continental drift. The hypothesis that the 
continents can drift on the surface of the 
earth because of the presumed viscosity of 
the substratum, much as ice drifts through 
water. For example, the supposed move- 
ment of North America and South Amer- 
ica away from Europe and Africa to which 
they were once joined according to the 
hypothesis. A.G.I.; Hess. 

continental drift theory. A theory. that all 
continents were at one time a single land 
mass that broke up and drifted apart. 
MacCracken. 

continental geosyncline. A geosyncline filled 
with nonmarine sediments. A.G.JI. Supp. 

continental glacier. A glacier or ice sheet cov- 
ering a large portion of a continent, as 
the ice cap of Greenland; specifically, the 
ice cap which covered the northern third 
of the globe at the height of the glacial 
epoch. Standard, 1964. 

continental gland-type capping. A wire rope 
capping method in which a rope-clamping 
device is used instead of a capping. The 
end of the rope is turned back upon itself 
over a suitably radiused and grooved block. 
and the short end of the rope is clamped 
on to the main rope above the block. Sin- 
clair, V, p. 28. 

continental island. a. An island that is near 
and geologically related to a continent, as 
Great Britain. Webster 3d. b. A continental 
island is merely a detached remnant of the 
continent near which it lies and from 
which it is separated, in almost all in- 
stances, by shallow water. The boundary 
between deep and shallow water is the 
100-fathom (600-foot) line, and nearly 
all continental islands rest upon submarine 
platforms which are less than 100 fathoms 
(600 feet) deep and run into the sub- 
merged continental shelf. A.G.I. 

continental margin. The zone separating the 
emergent continents from the deep sea 
bottom. It generally consists of the con- 
tinental shelf, the continental slope, and 
the continental rise. A.GJ. Supp. 

continental ocean. That part of the deep 
ocean overlying a layer of sial, as con- 
trasted with true ocean floored by sima. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

continental plate. Thick crust underlying a 
continent. A.G.I. Supp. 

continental plateau. A broad protuberance of 
the surface of the lithosphere, coinciding 
approximately with a continent but includ- 
ing also the continental shelf. Synonym 

















continental platform 


for continental platform. Contrasted with 
ocean basin, Webster 3d; Fay. 

continental platform. The platformlike mass 
of a continent that stands above the sur- 
rounding oceanic basins. Synonym for con- 
tinental shelf. A.GJ. Supp. 

continental process. In copper smelting, the 
reduction of copper ores in a shaft fur- 
nace, after roasting, if necessary. Also 
called Swedish process; German process. 
Fay; Hess. 


_ continental rise. The submarine surface be- 


yond the base of the continental slope, 
generally having a gradient of less than 
1 to 1,000, occurring at depths from 4,500 
to 17,000 feet, and leading down to abys- 
sal plains. A.G.J. Supp. 


| continental rock. A rock unit deposited on 


land as opposed to one deposited: in sea 
water which would be a marine rock, It 
may be eolian, fluvial, lacustrine, palus- 
trine, or volcanic. A.G_I. 

continental sediment. A sediment deposited 
upon a continent (in the nonmarine en- 
vironment). It may be of aqueous origin 
(river, lake, or swamp) or of terrestrial 
origin, (desert or glacial). Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

- continental shelf. a. The gently sloping tread 
around a continent, extending from the 
low-water line to the depth of approxi- 
mately 100 fathoms, at which depth there 
is a marked increase of slope toward the 
great depths. Shhieferdecker. b. The gently 
sloping, shallowly submerged marginal zone 
of the continents extending from the shore 
to an abrupt increase in bottom inclina- 
tion. The greatest average depth is less 
than 60 feet, and the width ranges from 
very narrow to more than 200 miles. 
A.G.I. Supp. c. A component of the con- 
tinental terrace. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


| continental slope. a. The declivity from the 


offshore border of the continental shelf at 
depths of approximately 100 fathoms (600 
feet) to oceanic depths. It is character- 
ized by a marked increase in gradient. 
A.G.I. b. Continuously sloping portion of 
the continental margin with gradient of 
more than 1 to 40, beginning at the outer 
edge of the continental shelf and bounded 
on the outside by a rather abrupt decrease 
in slope where the continental rise begins 
at depths ranging from about 4,500 to 
10,000 feet. Formerly considered to extend 
to the abyssal plains. A.G.J. Supp. c. A 
component of the continental terrace. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

continental talus. See insular talus. H@C. 

continental terrace. The zone around the con- 
tinents, extending from low water line to 
the base of the continental slope. H&G. 

continuity. a. The manner of joining floors 
to beams, and of beams to beams and to 
columns, so that they bend together when 
loaded and thereby strengthen each other. 
This objective is readily achieved with 
welded steel or reinforced concrete but 
is more difficult with other materials. 
Ham. b. The concept that where there is 
no change of state, seawater is incompres- 
sible and the liquid matter is neither cre- 
ated nor destroyed. If there is any vertical 
contraction in a volume of fluid therefore, 
there must be a horizontal expansion, so 
that the original voluume is maintained. 
This is accomplished by motion resulting 
in changes of the shape of the original 
parcel of water. Hy. 

continuous azimuth method. A method of 
traversing by which the azimuth of the 





255 


survey lines is obtained from the instru- 
ment. B.S, 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

continuous beam. A beam covering several 
spans in one straight line, constructed so 
that a given load on one span will produce 
on the others an effect which can be cal- 
culated. Such continuity is both safe and 
economical where the supports are not 
likely to settle. Ham. 

continuous-bucket elevator. This type eleva- 
tor has the buckets so shaped and attached 
to the chain or belt that the back of each 
serves as a discharge chute for the one 
immediately succeeding it. They are so 
close together as to be nearly in contact, 
so that but little spill occurs between them. 
By locating the discharge spout some dis- 
tance down from the top, this elevator will 
handle material that has a tendency to 
pack in the buckets and requires time to 
leave them so that it is not easily dis- 
charged centrifugally. This type elevator 
should be loaded directly into the buckets 
by means of a loading “leg” or chute 
which fits closely around the buckets on 
the uprun. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. C, 
p. 34, See also bucket elevator; continuous 
elevator bucket. 

continuous-bucket excavator. An excavator 
consisting of a series of buckets attached to 
a continuous chain, guided by two or 
more ladders. The buckets are drawn 
against the bank face, taking a cut of 
constant depth, while simultaneously the 
machine moves slowly along the ground 
on a bench above or below the bank; often 
used in opencast mining in soft deposits. 
Nelson. 

continuous casting. A casting technique in 
which an ingot, billet, tube, or other 
shape is continuously solidified while it 
is being poured, so that its length is not 
determined by mold dimensions. ASM 
Gloss. 

continuous chamber kiln. See transverse arch 
kiln. Dodd. 

continuous charge. A charge of explosive that 
occupies the entire drill hole except for 
the space at the top required for stemming. 
Fay. 

continuous clarifier. See continuous thickener. 
Nelson. 

continuous coal cutter. A coal mining ma- 
chine of the type that cuts the face of the 
coal without being withdrawn from the 
cut. Fay. 

continuous coring. A borehole-drilling tech- 
nique whereby, the cuttings-removal agent 
is countercirculated through an_ inside 
flush-coupled-type drill string to deliver 
both the cuttings and core produced to 
a tray or container at the surface. Long. 

continuous-countercurrent decantation (CCD) 
process. A thickening process in which the 
ore flows in one direction through the line 
of thickeners, and the wash water flows 
in the opposite direction. The spigot prod- 
uct from the last thickener is discarded 
if it has been washed sufficiently; if not, it 
is sent to a filter. Newton, p. 420. 

continuous cutters. Coal cutting machines 
such as the shortwall cutter, longwall cut- 
ter, and overcutting machines. They are 
known as continuous cutters because a con- 
tinuous cut can be made the full width 
of the face without stopping these ma- 
chines, while machines of the intermittent 
variety must be frequently reset. Kiser, /, 
Pye. 

continuous deformation. Deformation accom- 
plished by flowage of rocks rather than 











continuous mining 


by rupture. G.S.A. Memoir 6, 1938, p. 33. 

continuous drier. A drier in which the ware 
moves through the drying cycle in an un- 
interrupted flow pattern in contrast to a 
batch drier. ASCG, 1963. 

continuous driving. In this operation the same 
personnel do the drilling, blasting, and 
mucking while working continuously round 
after round. They can in this way—except 
for the time for ventilation—be at work 
during the whole shift. Continuous driv- 
ing is used when the advance per round is 
low and the mucking or the drilling and 
blasting do not need more than a part of 
the shift. Langefors, p. 206. 

continuous elevator bucket. A bucket having 
sides projecting beyond the front and 
which when spaced continuously with 
other buckets forms a chute for the mate- 
rial discharged by the following bucket 
as they pass over the elevator head wheel. 
High front, medium front and low front 
are terms used to designate continuous 
buckets having a relatively small or large 
included angle between the front and back. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

continuous extraction. Extraction (leaching) 
of solids by liquid which cycles continu- 
ously countercurrent to the material it is 
depleting of the sought value (for exam- 
ple, gold in cyanide process), the preg- 
nant liquid at a certain stage being 
stripped of value and returned as barren 
solution. Pryor, 3. 

continuous filament. See fiber. ASTM C162- 
66. 

continuous filters. See Oliver filter; American 
disk filter. 

continuous-flight auger. A drill rod with con- 
tinuous helical fluting, which acts as a 
screw conveyor to remove cuttings pro- 
duced by an auger drill head. Also called 
auger. Long. 

continuous furnace. A furnace in which the 
charge enters at one end, moves through 
continuously, and is discharged at the 
other. Many methods are used for moving 
the charge; they vary according to the 
weight, shape, and nature of the stock 
being treated. C.T.D. 

continuous grading. A particle-size distribu- 
tion in which all intermediate size frac- 
tions are present, as opposed to gap grad- 
ing. Taylor. 

continuous kiln. a. A kiln which is loaded 
and fired continuously, (that is, tunnel 
kiln). Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A kiln in 
which the waste heat from the hot brick 
chambers is used to heat the wares in 
other compartments still to be burned. 
Fay. c. A lime kiln that is fed from above 
and delivers continuously below; a running 
kiln; a draw kiln. Fay. 

continuous mill. A rolling mill consisting of 
a number of stands of synchronized rolls 
(in tandem) in which metal undergoes 
successive reductions as it passes through 
the various stands. ASM Gloss. 

continuous miner. A mining machine de- 
signed to remove coal from the face and 
to load that coal into cars or conveyors 
without the use of cutting machines, drills, 
or explosives. Jones. See also Colmol 
miner; Crawley-Wilcox continuous miner; 
Goodman miner; Joy miner; Marietta 
miner. 

continuous mining. a. Mining in which the 
continuous mining machine cuts or rips 
coal from the face and loads it onto con- 
veyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous 
operation. Thus, the drilling and shooting 


continuous mixer 


operations are eliminated, along with the 
necessity for working several headings in 
order to have available a heading in which 
loading can be in progress at all times. 
Woodruff, v. 3, p. 35, b. Methods of coal 
mining using ploughs or similar machines, 
have become known, broadly, as continu- 
ous mining. The longwall machine and 
conveyor are in the same track which is 
situated between the last row of props and 
the face. The conveyor is moved forward 
progressively as the coal is cut and loaded 
by the machine. There are no separate or 
cyclic operations as in conventional ma- 
chine mining and the aim is to make each 
shift a continuation of the previous shift. 
Where the conditions are favorable, faces 
up to 250 yards in length may be so 
worked. See also cyclic mining. Nelson. 


continuous mixer. A concrete mixer into 


which the water, cement, and aggregate 
are fed without stopping, and from which 
the mixed concrete pours in a continuous 
stream. Ham. 


continuous permafrast zone. A regional zone 


predominantly underlain by permafrost. 
There is no permafrost at widely scattered 
sites. A.GLI. 

continuous phase. In an alloy or portion of 
an alloy containing more than one phase, 
the phase that forms the background or 
matrix in which the other phase or phases 
are present as isolated units. ASM Gloss. 


continuous precipitation. Precipitation from 


a supersaturated solid solution accompa- 
nied by a gradual change of lattice param- 
eter of the matrix with aging time. It is 
characteristic of the alloys which produce 
uniform precipitate throughout the grains. 
See also discontinuous precipitation. ASM 
Gloss. 

continuous process of distillation. A petro- 
leum distillation process in which the 
crude oil flows slowly by gravitation 
through a series of stills or retorts each 
placed slightly lower than the preceding 
one. Each still has a carefully maintained 
temperature, and yields, therefore, con- 


tinuously a product of given volatility. 
Fay. 


continuous profiling. A seismic method of 


shooting in which seismometer stations are 
placed uniformly along the length of a 
line and shot from holes also spaced along 
the line so that each hole records seismic- 
ray paths identical geometrically with 
those from immediately adjacent holes, so 
that events may be carried continuously by 
equal-time comparisons. A.G.I. 
continuous rating. An electrical machine, or 
other piece of apparatus, is said to be 
continuously rated when it gives its rated 
output continuously without exceeding a 
certain specified temperature rise or suffer- 
ing any ill effects. Compare intermittent 
rating. C.T.D. 


continuous reaction series. That branch of 


Bowen’s reaction series comprising the 
plagioclase group, in which reaction of 
early-formed crystals with later liquids 
takes place continuously, that is, without 
abrupt phase changes. A.G_I. 

continuous recording. In geophysics, the proc- 
ess of making uninterrupted records of 
observations over selected periods of time. 
A.G.I. 

continuous ropeway. An aerial ropeway which 
operates on the same principle as the end- 
less rope haulage. The loaded buckets are 
hauled by an endless rope in one direction 
and the empty buckets travel back on the 














256 


return rope alongside. Nelson. 

continuous sampling. Taking a sample from 
each unit so that increments are taken at 
regular intervals whenever the coal or 
coke is handled at the point of sampling. 
BiS) LOL7 1960, (Peed. 

continuous sintering. Presintering, or sinter- 
ing, in such manner that the objects are 
advanced through the furnace at a fixed 
rate by manual or mechanical means. 
Synonymous with stoking. ASTM B243-65. 

continuous smelter. Any smelter which is fed 
constantly and which discharges frit in a 
continuous stream, The passage of the 
material through the smelter is generally 
effected by gravitational flow. Enam. Dict. 

continuous spectrum. a. The band of all the 
rainbow colors, red, orange, yellow, green, 
blue, and violet, merging one into the 
other, produced by all incandescent solids. 
Anderson, p. 354. b. The spectrum of a 
wave, the components of which are con- 
tinuously distributed over a frequency 
region. H&G. 

continuous stream. A stream that does not 
have interruptions along its course. It may 
be perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral, 
but it does not habitually have wet and 
dry stretches, A.G_I. 

continuous stream conveyor. See en masse 
conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

continuous tank furnace. A glass furnace in 
which the level of glass remains constant 
because the feeding of batch continuously 
replaces the glass withdrawn. ASTM 
C162-66. 

continuous thickener; continuous clarifier. A 
large cylindrical tank with a conical base. 
Rakes rotate on a shaft and move the set- 
tled sludge towards the central discharge 
to be drained or pumped away. Nelson. 

continuous velocity log. A seismic log made 
by instruments which record the velocity 
of sound or of seismic waves continuously 
over small intervals as the logging device 
traverses a borehole and emtis sound which 
traverses the walls of the hole. A.G.I. 

continuous vertical retort. A type of gas re- 
tort. built of silica or siliceous refractories. 
Coal is charged into the top of the retort, 
coke is extracted from the bottom, and 
town gas is drawn off, the whole opera- 
tion being continuous. Continuous vertical 
retorts are also used in the zinc industry, 
in which case they are built of silicon car- 
bide refractories. Compare horizontal re- 
tort, a. Dodd. 

continuous weld. A weld extending continu- 
ously from one end of a joint to the other; 
where the joint is essentially circular, com- 
pletely around the joint. Contrast with in- 
termittent weld. ASM Gloss. 

contorted. Bent or twisted together; used 
where strata are folded or crumpled on a 
large scale. If on a small scale, the strata 
are corrugated. Fay. 

contortion. The folding and bending to which 
rock strata have been subjected. Fay. 

contour. a. The outline of an object. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. A line connecting points of equal 
value on a map or diagram, most com- 
monly points of equal elevation on a map. 
A.GI. Supp. c. A line drawn through 
points of equal elevation on any surface. 
It is the intersection of a horizontal plane 
with the surface. Rice, d. An imaginary 
line on the surface of the ground, every 
point of which is at the same altitude. 
Fay. e. A line or a surface at all points 
of which a certain quantity, otherwise 
variable, has the same value (as lines of 








contour, topographic 


equal elevation on the ground or isother- 
mal surfaces in a heat-conducting solid). 
Synonym for contour line. Webster 3d. f. 
Topographic maps have contours and are 
very useful in showing the relief of a 
particular area. Bureau of Mines Staff. g. 
As a verb, to construct (as a road) in con- 
formity to a contour. To provide (as a 
map) with contours (contour lines). To 
draw or to plot a contour. Webster 3d. h. 
The profile or cross-sectional outline of a 
bit face Long. 

contour diagram. A type of petrofabric dia- 
gram prepared by the contouring of a 
point diagram. Its purpose is to obtain 
easier visualization of the results of the 
petrofabric study. A.G I. 

contour forming. See stretch forming; tan- 
gent bending; wiper forming. ASM Gloss. 

contour gradient. A line marked on the 
ground surface at a given constant slope. 
Ham. 

contouring. There are two general methods 
in use: (1) the direct method, when the 
actual points of equal level are located on 
the ground and surveyed, and (2) the in- 
direct method, when the levels of the cor- 
ners of a grid system are obtained and 
the contour lines interpolated. The control 
being the nature and the steepness of the 
area to be contoured. Mason, V. 2, p. 730. 

contour interval. a. The difference in eleva- 
vation between two adjacent contour lines, 
A.G.J. b. The vertical distance between 
the elevations represented by “adjacent 
contour lines on a map. Webster 3d. 

contour line. a. line on a map representing 
a contour. A.G.I. b, Contour line and con- 
tour are synonoymous according to present 
usage. A.G.J. c. A line connecting points 
of equal elevation above or below a datum 
plane such as sea level. It may be topo- 
graphic or structural. A.G.J. d. Topographic 
maps have contour lines and are very useful 
in showing the relief of a particular area. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. e. A line on a map 
connecting points of equal thickness of 
sedimentary units. Synonym for isopach 
line. A.G.I. f. The recording of quantified 
properties of sediments by contour lines 
has been advocated. A.G.I. 

contour machining. Machining of irregular 
surfaces, such as those generated in tracer 
turning, tracer boring, and tracer milling, 
ASM Gloss. 

contour map. a. A map showing the config- 
uration of a surface by means of contour 
lines drawn at regular intervals of eleva- 
tion, as one for every 20 feet. A crowding 
of the contour lines indicates steepness. 
Webster 3d; Fay. b. A map showing by 
contours (or contour lines) topographic, 
or structural, or thickness. or facies differ- 
ences in the area mapped. A.G.I. 

contour milling. Milling of irregular surfaces. 
See also tracer milling, ASM Gloss. 

contour plan. A plan drawn to a suitable 
scale showing surface contours or calcu- 
lated contours of coal seams to be devel- 
oped. These plans are important during the 
planning stage of a project. Nelson. 

contour race. A watercourse following the 
contour of the country. Fay. 

contour, structural. An imaginary line of 
equal elevation on a selected stratigraphic 
horizon, called the structural datum. 
aGer. 

contour, topographic. An imaginary line on 
the ground, all points of which are at the 
same elevation above (or below) a speci- 
fied datum surface. A.G.I. 











contract driller. 





contraband 


contraband. In coal mining, a term meaning | 


cigars, cigarettes, pipes and other con- 
trivances for smoking, matches, and me- 
chanical lighters. In Great Britain, at 
safety lamp mines, it is an offence to take 
contraband below ground or to have con- 
traband in one’s possession below ground. 
Workmen are searched periodically before 
they enter the cage or spake at’ the begin- 
ning of the shift. Nelson. 

contraclinal valley. A valley, the longitudinal 
slope of which is counter to the dip of 
the underlying strata. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

contract. a. A bargain or agreement volun- 
tarily made upon good consideration, be- 
tween two or more persons capable of con- 
tracting to do, or forbearing to do, some 
lawful act. Hoov. p. 359. b. In mining, 
applies to an agreement between operator 
and workman to pay the latter so much 
per foot for excavating drift or stope. 
These men are known as contract miners 
and are usually skilled workmen. They 
work harder than men on wages due to the 
incentive of higher earnings. Weed, 1922. 
c. Agreement between contractor and em- 
ploying company to construct, erect, install 
and operate specified works under agreed 
conditions, A cost-plus contract is one in 
which the contractor undertakes a com- 
prehensive activity, part of which he may 
subcontract (or let out). A unit contract is 
one in which company awards a restricted 
part of job to the contractor. Pryor, 3 
See contract miner, a. 
TOO Ng he 

contract drilling. Drilling work done for a 
company or person by a person or company 
furnishing the drilling equipment and la- 
bor for a specified cost, which is based 
on the amount and type of work. Compare 
company account. Long. 

contract drilling-machine operator. See con- 
tract miner, a. D.O.T. /. 

contract weir. A notch set in a dam narrower 
than the width of a channel along which 
water is flowing, and which is used to 
measure the rate of flow. Such a weir has 
end contractions. Ham. 

contraction. a. The action or process of be- 
coming smaller, shorter, or pressed to- 
gether. For example, the contraction of a 
gas on cooling. A decrease of size. The 
quality or state of being contracted. Web- 
ster 3d. b, Shrinking. In changing from a 
vitreous to a crystalline character, rocks 
shrink. Contraction may account for sub- 
sidence in certain areas, The whole globe 
of the earth is believed by many to have 
shrunk by cooling, an example of con- 
traction. Fay. 

contraction cavities. The bulk of the contrac- 
tion that accompanies the solidification 
of metals is concentrated in the feeder 
heads and risers, from which molten metal 
flows to compensate for contraction in the 
casting of ingot proper. When, however, 
the supply of molten metal fails at cer- 
tain points, contraction cavities are formed. 
CalDs 

contraction hypothesis. The theory that com- 
pression causing folding and thrusting is a 
result of the shrinking of the earth. The 
crust must decrease in size to accommodate 
itself to the shrinking interior of the 
earth. A.GJ. 


contraction in area. The difference between 


the original cross-sectional area of a ten- 
sile test piece and the area at the point of 
fracture. Usually stated as a percentage of 








257 


the original area. C.T.D. 

contraction joint. The designed break in a 
structure to allow for the drying and tem- 
perature shrinkage of concrete, brickwork, 
or sumilar material, thereby preventing the 
formation of harmful cracks Ham. 

contraction vein. A vein formed by the filling 
of a fissure caused by contraction resulting 
from the drying or cooling of the sur- 
rounding rock. Fay. 

contract loader. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who is paid a certain rate per ton or 
car of coal mined, and employs one or 
more loaders whom he pays out of his 
earnings. D.O.T. 1. 

contract man. See contract miner, a. D.O.T. 1. 

cuntract manager. An experienced man em- 
ployed by the contractor responsible for 
carrying out a building or civil engineer- 
ing contract. Ham. 

cuntract miner. a. In anthracite and bitumi- 
nous coal mining, one who operates elec- 
tric or compressed-air machines to drill 
holes into the working face of coal or rock 
for blasting, and shovels coal into cars 
after blasting. A contract miner is usually 
engaged in production work, that is, the 
mining of coal only, and is paid on a ton- 
nage basis. In anthracite regions, he is 
paid the wage rate of a consideration miner 
when encountering obstructions of rock 
or slate that prevent his earning an amount 
in excess of a fixed or specified rate per 
day. Also called contract driller; contract 
drilling-machine operator; contract man; 
contractor. D.O.T. 1, b. In metal mining, 
one who drills, blasts, and loads ore or 
rock into cars in a mine. Is usually en- 
gaged in production work, that is, the 
mining of ore only, and is paid on a con- 
tract basis (so much per ton, cubic yard, 
or cars of ore produced. D.O.T. 1. 

contractor. a. The person who signs a con- 
tract to do certain specified work at a 
certain rate of payment, In mining, the 
contractor is an experienced miner or a 
hard-heading man. He employs other men 
and the work may proceed on a three-shift 
basis. Nelson. b. S. Afr. Mine worker under- 
taking special tasks on a contractual basis, 
such as shaft sinking, development blasting, 
etc. Beerman. 

contract ration. The ration of the reflectance 
of a coating over black backing to its re- 
flectance over a backing of reflectance of 
0.80 (80 percent). ASTM C286-65. 

contract work. Work which is outside the 
scope of the mine price list and is per- 
formed on the basis of an agreement be- 
tween a miner and the mine manager. 
The agreement may be only verbal and 
renewable weekly or monthly. Payment is 
made according to performance, In devel- 
opment work the contract rate is usually per 
yard advance. There may be bonus pay- 
ments for good work or for extra per- 
formance. See also piecework, Nelson. 

contraflexure. A change in the direction of 
bending of a structural member. It is the 
point at which there is zero bending 
moment. Ham. 

contragradation. Stream aggradation caused 
by an obstruction. Synonym for dam grada- 
tion. A.GJ. 

contralode. a. Counterlode. Hess. b. See cross 
course. Fay. 

contraposed shoreline. A shoreline on which, 
in the course of time, the surface of the 
resistant undermass has been resurrected 
from beneath a loose marine cover; the re- 
sult is a rejuvenation of the coastal forms. 





contrasted differentiation. 


control, automatic volume 


Schieferdecker. 


contra-rotating axial fam. A modification of 


the axial-flow fan. It consists of two im- 
pellers with aerofoil shaped blades which 
rotate in opposite directions. The drive 
is by means of a single motor through dif- 
ferential gears, or two separate motors, one 
for each impeller. They are placed in the 
airstream and act as streamlined hubs. 
These fans are available for auxiliary 
ventilation in mines, See also axial-flow 
auxiliary fan. Nelson. 


contrast. A ratio expressing the geochemical 


relief, computed as the ratio either of 
maximum value to threshold, of maximum 
to background, or of threshold to back- 
ground values. Hawkes. 

Introduced by 
Nockolds who recognizes that, although 
progressive fractionation is an important 
mechanism of magmatic. differentiation, 
there is evidence that differentiation in 
intercrustal magma basins yields two con- 
trasted magmas, acidic and basic; hence 
contrasted differentiation, He points out 
that varying degrees of reaction between 
these contrasted magmas may produce in- 
termediate rock types which resemble in 
every way the intermediate types normally 
regarded as a result of progressive frac- 
tionation. A.G.J. 


Contravec. Trade name; a system for the 


blowing in of air at the exit end of a tun- 
nel kiln to counteract the normal convec- 
tion currents. Dodd. 


contributory negligence. In mining, means 


that the law imposes upon every person 
the duty of using ordinary care for his 
own protection against injury. It is not 
synonymous with assumption of risk. 
Ricketts, I. 


control. a. Something that affords a standard 


of comparison or a means of verification, 
such as a control experiment. Webster 3d. 
b. A system of relatively precise field 
measurements (as a traverse or a tri- 
angulation system) with which local sec- 
ondary surveys may be tied in to insure 
their essential accuracy, Webster 3d. c. 
Any of the factors determining the nature 
of geologic formations at a given place. 
Webster 3d. d. In geology, the background 
and the quantity of data which are re- 
sponsible for the interpretation placed on a 
map or a cross section. A.G.I. e. As a verb, 
to check, to test, or to verify by counter 
or parallel evidence or experiments. To 
verify by comparison or by research, Web- 
ster 3d. f. An attempt to guide a borehole 
to follow a predetermined course through 
the use of wedges or by manipulation of 
the drill string. Long. g. A mechanism by 
which the speed or rate of an operation 
may be regulated. Long. h. Points on the 
ground, accurately fixed in position hori- 
zontally or vertically (or both), which are 
used as accurate starting and closing 
points for traverses, planetable surveys, 
terrestrial or aerial photographic | sur- 
veys, etc. A system of control points «is 
usually established by triangulation or 
traverses, and by leveling. Seelye, 2. i. 
That part of a conduit where the water 
level gives a good indication of the rate 
of flow. See also Venturi flume. Ham. 


control assay. An assay made by an umpire 


to determine the basis on which a pur- 
chaser shall pay the seller for ore. See also 
umpire, b. Fay. 


control, automatic volume. A device incor- 


porated in seismic instruments to control 


control chart 


the amplitude of responses before their 
recording, including the rapid recovery of 
response levels after an onset of energy 
and the increase of sensitivity with the 
decay of amplitudes received with time. 
A.G.I. 

control chart. Graph showing, horizontally, 
the operating norm and also the upper and 
lower limits within which deviations must 
be held. Should these exceed the permitted 
variance, special steps must be taken to 
locate and correct the upsetting factor or 
factors. Pryor, 3. 

control factor. The ratio between the min- 
imum compressive strength and the aver- 
age compressive strength. Taylor. 

control head. A large gate valve designed to 
provide a clear opening for the passage of 
drilling tools into a borehole and to act 
as a head or cap on the casing at the 
collar of the borehole. Long. 

control joints. Provision for the dimensional 
change of different parts of a structure 
due to shrinkage, expansion, temperature 
variation or other causes, so as to avoid 
the development of high stresses. See also 
expansion joint, b. Taylor. 

controlled atmosphere. An atmosphere cir- 
culated through, or contained in, a muffle 
furnace or other heating unit, the oxygen 
content of which is regulated or adjusted 
to a level low enough to prevent oxidation 
of diamonds during the sintering stage of 
producing a diamond bit by a powder 
metal process. Long. 

controlled caving. A mining method utilizing 
the advantages of longwalls but at the 
same time without filling. In this method, 
the working room in front of the working 
face is protected by close lines of props 
and cribs, which are portable and easily 
taken to pieces. As the face proceeds the 
cribs are shifted as well as the props with 
the face, leaving the mined-out room to 
cave. This method is also called mining 
with self-filling. Stoces, v. 1, p. 315. 

controlled cooling. Cooling from an elevated 
temperature in a predetermined manner 
to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal 
damage, or to produce a desired micro- 
structure. This cooling usually follows a 
hot-forming operation. ASM Gloss. 

controlled footage. The specified maximum 
number of feet of borehole a single dia- 
mond- or other-type bit may be allowed 
to drill in a specific-type rock, as pre- 
determined by the drill foreman. Long. 

controlled gravity conveyor. See controlled 
velocity roller conveyor ASA MH4.1-1958. 

controlled mosaic. A mosaic fitted to a con- 
trol plot by rephotographing the compo- 
nent vertical photographs to compensate 
for scale variations resulting from tilt and 
for variations in flight altitude. A.G.I. 

controlled-pressure cycle. A forming cycle 
during which the hydraulic pressure in the 
forming cavity is controlled by an adjust- 
able cam that is coordinated with the 
punch travel. ASM Gloss. 

controlled pressure pouring. A process for by- 
passing the ingot phase in iron and steel- 
making. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britan- 
nica Book of the Year, 1965. p. 457. 

controlled production. Production of oil by 
the manipulation of gas pressures so as to 
produce a maximum quantity of oil and 
a minimum of gas. Porter. 

controlled rectifier. A rectifier in which means 
for controlling the current flow through 
the rectifying devices is provided. Coal 
Age, 1. 








258 


controlled splitting. When airways are ar- 
ranged in parallel and a prescribed quan- 
tity of air is made to flow through each 
branch. Hartman, p. 131. 

controlled strain test. A test in which the load 
is so applied that a controlled rate of 
strain results. ASCE P1826. 

controlled stress test. A test in which the 
stress to which a specimen is subjected is 
applied at a controlled rate. ASCE P1826. 

controlled thermonuclear reaction. See ther- 
monuclear reaction. L@L. 

controlled velocity roller conveyor. A roller 
conveyor having means to control the ve- 
locity of the objects being conveyed. See 
also roller conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

controller. Any mechanical or electrical de- 
vice which is part of or added to a ma- 
chine or device for automatic regulation 
or control. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

controlling rate. That at which the key ma- 
machine in a series arranged for continu- 
ous ore processing is set to work, The con- 
trol function may be for quantity passing 
per time, ratio of size reduction from feed 
to discharge, or for a necessary physical 
or chemical change of state of solid or 
liquid phase of the process Pryor, 3. | 

controlling system. In flotation, that portion 
of an automatic feedback control system 
which compares functions of a controlled 
variable and a command and adjusts a 
manipulated variable as a function of 
the difference. It includes the reference 
input elements, summing point, forward 
and final controlling elements, and feed- 
back elements. Fuerstenau, pp. 542-543. 

control man. One who maintains depth and 
composition of cryolite bath in aluminum 
reduction pots within limits favorable to 
efficient aluminum production. D.O.T. I. 

control managerial. Definition of function, 
development of methods, statistical fact- 
finding, correction of variations. Pryor, 3. 

control on fracture. In quarrying, control on 
fracture is based on the experimental de- 
termination of the type and the grade of 
explosive, the loading ratio, and the pat- 
tern of boreholes. Streefkerk, p. 64. 

control pipe. A pipe of sufficient diameter 
and length to contain a core barrel. The 
upper end of the pipe is equipped with a 
rod-stuffing box and relief valve, and the 
lower end is coupled to the exposed side 
of a control-head gate valve. Used to 
enable a driller to remove core barrel from 
borehole when a high-pressure flow of 
water is encountered in drilling. Long. 

control point. Accurately located station (as 
regards latitude, longitude and elevation) 
to which survey can be tied. Essential in 
air survey connection to ground. Pryor, 3. 

control production. Design, loading and 
regulating flow, improving productivity. 
Pryor, 3. 

control rod. A rod, plate, or tube containing 
a strong neutron-absorbing material (haf- 
nium, boron, etc.). Used to control the 
power of a nuclear reactor. A control rod 
absorbs neutrons, preventing them from 
causing further fissions. See also regulating 
rod: safety rod; shim rod (which are types 
of control rods). L@L. 

control samples. In any continuous process, 
samples taken often enough (whether by 
hand or mechanically) so that the opera- 
tion process may be guided by the sam- 
ples and weights of the materials in- 
volved. Newton, Joseph. Introduction to 
Metallurgy, 1938, p 476. 

control signal. A signal passed to the equip- 











conventional machine mining 


ment governed by the control system, in 
order to apply a change or correction. 
NCB. 
control size; checking size; testing size. A 
single size chosen to test the accuracy of 
a sizing operation; may be the same as 
the designated size. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
control system. A system composed of a num- 
ber of elements of any kind to control any 
operation or equipment. NCB. 
control unit. A section which handles informa- 
tion transfers and arithmetic. Pryor, 3, 
p. 31. 
control valve. A valve for controlling constant 
flow in a pipeline irrespective of pressure; 
also modifications of such a valve for di- 
viding flows, or introducing other flows to 
make up a given quantity of fluid. Ham. 
convection. a. The transfer of heat by means 
of the upward motion of the particles of 
a liquid or a gas which is heated from 
beneath. Shell Oil Co. b. The circulatory 
motion that occurs in a fluid at a non- 
uniform temperature owing to the varia- 
tion of its density and the action of gravity. 
The transfer of heat by this automatic 
circulation of a fluid. Webster 3d. c. A 
process of mass movement of portions of 
any fluid medium (liquid or gas) in a 
gravitational field as a consequence of 
different temperatures in the medium and 
hence different densities, The process thus 
moves both the medium and the heat, 
and the term convection is used to signify 
either or both. A.G.I. d. The flow of elec- 
tricity by the motion of charged particles 
of air passing off currents from a pointed 
electrical conductor. Crispin. 
convectional rain. Rain caused by convection 
in the atmosphere. When surface layers of 
the latter are heated, air laden with mois- 
ture will rise in a convection current. In 
rising, the air is cooled down to dewpoint 
temperature when its water vapor will 
condense to form a cloud. A convection 
current may be so strong that a cloud will 
be very high, when the proportion of 
water will become so great that heavy 
rain results. Thundery rain in a temperate 
region is typical of convectional rain, Ham. 
convection current. a. A stream of fluid pro- 
pelled by thermal convection. Thermally 
produced vertical air flow. Webster 3d. b. 
-A transfer of material due to differences in 
density, generally brought about by heat- 
ing. Characteristic of the atmosphere and 
of bodies of water. Drag along the base of 
the crust by convection currents generated 
within the interior of the earth has been 
suggested to be a cause of orogeny. A.G.I. 
c. A closed circulation of material some- 
times developed during convection. Con- 
vection currents normally develop in pairs; 
each pair is called a convection cell. Leet. 
conventional checkerwork. See pigeonhole 
checkerwork. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
conventional coring. a. Cutting and recover- 
ing core by generally accepted methods 
and standard diamond-drilling equipment. 
Long. b. As used by individuals associated 
with petroleum well-drilling operations, to 
cut and recover core using any type of 
annular-shape cutting head other than a 
diamond bit See also calyx, c. Long. 
conventional machine mining. A system of 
mining established for many years in 
British coal mines, The longwall face is 
undercut, blasted and loaded by hand on 
to a face conveyor. The conveyor is then 
moved forward ready for the next day, 
the packs are built and the back props 








conventional milling 


withdrawn. Such faces still produce about 
60 percent of the total output and is 
known as conventional machine mining. 
It has the disadvantage that there are 
limits to production because it is cyclic 
mining, that is, it involves separate opera- 
tions as enumerated above. See also con- 
tinuouse mining. Nelson. 

conventional milling. Milling in which the 
cutter moves in the direction opposite to 
the feed at the point of contact. ASM 
Gloss. 

conventional mining. The cycle of operations 
which includes cutting the coal, drilling 
the shot holes, charging and shooting the 
holes, loading the broken coal, and in- 
stalling roof support. Also known as cyclic 
mining. Woodruff, v. 3, pp. 34-35. 

conventional mud. A drilling fluid containing 
essentially clay and water. Brantly, 1. 

conventional strain. See strain. ASM Gloss. 

conventional stress. See stress ASM Gloss. 

convergence. a. Applied to the diminishing 
interval between geologic horizons. In 
some instances, this is due to an uncon- 
formable relationship and in other in- 
stances to variable rates of deposition. 
See also isopach. A.G.IJ. b. The line of 
demarcation between turbid river water 
and clear lake water, which denotes a 
downstream movement of water on the 
lake bottom and an upstream movement of 
water at the surface. A.G.I. c. In refrac- 
tion phenomena, the decreasing of the 
distance between orthogonals in the direc- 
tion of wave travel. This denotes an area 
of increasing wave height and energy con- 
centration. A.G.I. d. In paleontology, re- 
semblance which cannot be attributed to a 
direct relationship or to genetic affinity. 
See also convergent evolution. A.G.I. e. 
In oceanography, an area or zone in which 
the water sinks slowly downward from 
the ocean surface. Schieferdecker. £. When 
a coal seam is extracted on a longwall face, 
the roof lowers and the floor lifts causing 
a convergence of roof and floor, with con- 
sequent loss of height. Convergence is an 
important factor in thin seam mining. 
Nelson. 

convergence map. See isochore map. A.G.I. 

convergence recorder. An appliance for meas- 
uring changes in vertical height usually 
at the coalface. It consists of a telescopic 
strut set between roof and floor and carry- 
ing a pen which records the movement on 
a clockwork-driven chart. See also romom- 
eter. Nelson. 

convergent evolution. a. The process in which 
phylogenetic stocks that are not closely 
related produce forms that are similar in 
appearance. Such forms are not as closely 
related genetically as they appear to be. 
Synonym for adaptive convergence. A.G.I. 
b. The evolution toward a common adap- 
tation when it occurs in forms which inde- 
pendently have developed similar adapta- 
tions and are far removed from each other 
in the scale of relationship. A.G.I. 

convergent light. Light tending to one point 
or focus. Fay. 

converse lock joint. A joint, for wrought 
pipe, that is made up with a cast-iron 
hub. Fay. 

conversion. A short conduit for uniting two 
others having different hydraulic elements; 
a transition. Seelye, 1. 

conversion burners. Fuel-burning devices 
(usually oil or gas) intended for installa- 
tion in a wide variety of boilers or fur- 
naces. Strock, 10. 











259 


conversion coating. A coating consisting of a 
compound of the surface metal, produced 
by chemical or electrochemical treatments 
of the metal. ASM Gloss. 

conversion factor. A number facilitating state- 
ment of units of one system in correspond- 
ing values in another system. Pryor, 3. 

conversion ratio. The ratio of the number of 
atoms of fissionable fuel generated to the 
number of atoms of fissionable fuel con- 
sumed in a conveyor reactor L@&L. 

convertal process. A German process which 
cleans the coal and also reduces the mois- 
ture content to about 10 percent. Heavy 
oil is added to a coal slurry containing 50 
to 60 percent of water. On mixing, the 
coal particles become coated with oil and 
hence resistant to water, whereas the shale 
particles remain uncoated and _ easily 
wetted. By high-speed centrifuging the 
coal/oil mixture is retained in the centri- 
fuge while the shale particles pass out 
with the water. The process is not as effi- 
cient as froth flotation. Nelson. 

converter. a. An apparatus for transforming 
the quality or quantity of electrical energy ; 
a term formerly applied to the transformer, 
but now restricted to a machine utilizing 
mechanical rotation. Standard, 1964. b. 
A furnace in which air is blown through a 
bath of molten metal or matte, oxidizing 
the impurities and maintaining the tem- 
perature through the heat produced by 
the oxidation reaction. ASM Gloss. Also 
used in converting copper matte. Fay. c. A 
heat exchanger for transferring heat from 
steam to water. Strock, 10. 

converter air. See primary air, a. Newton, p. 
DID 

converter foreman. A foreman who supervises 
workers engaged in converting copper 
matte to blister copper; and directs ac- 
tivities concerned with charging converter, 
blowing charge, pouring of slag and cop- 
per, casting of blister copper, and removal 
of castings. D.O.T. Supp. 

converter plant. A plant that takes up an 
insoluble element from the soil, builds it 
into its living structure, and at death re- 
turns it to the soil in soluble form. Hawkes. 

converter reactor. A nuclear reactor that 
produces some fissionable fuel, but less 
than it consumes. In some usages, a re- 
actor that produces a fissionable material 
different from the fuel burned, regardless 
of the ratio. The process is known as con- 
version in both usages. See also breeder re- 
actor. L@L. 

converter skimmer. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who makes blister cop- 
per (high-grade crude copper) by oxidizing 
iron and sulfur impurities in copper matte, 
using a converter. D.O.T. Supp. 

converting. a. The process of removing im- 
purities from molten metal or metallic 
compounds by blowing air through the 
liquid. The impurities are changed either 
to gaseous compounds, which are removed 
by volatization, or to liquids which are 
removed as slags. E.C.T., v. 8, p. 937. b. 
The process was applied to the metallurgy 
of copper by Pierre Manhes. Air is blown 
through molten copper matte in the pres- 
ence of free silica. The iron is oxidized to 
FeO which forms a slag with the silica; the 
sulfur is oxidized and goes off as SOs. 
Liddell 2d, p. 493. 

converting coal. Mid. A local name given 
to coal suitable for steelmaking purposes 
at Sheffield. Fay. 

Convertol process. A process for flocculating 


conveyor, belt-type 


the coal particles in a pulp by means of 
oil so that they are retained on a suitable 
screening surface and thereby separated 
from unflocculated material and the bulk 
of the water. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

convex. Curving like the surface of a sphere. 
Crispin. 

convex cutting. Cabochon cutting. Shipley. 

convex fillet weld. A fillet weld having a 
convex face. ASM Gloss. 

convex incline bedding. Crossbedding with 
convex (upward) foresets. Petetijohn. 

convey. To impart; to communicate; to trans- 
port. Crispin. 

conveyer. One who or that which conveys, 
transports, transmits, imparts, or transfers, 
or specifically ; any mechanical contrivance 
for conveying material in the working of 
mills, elevators, etc., such as endless chains, 
etc. Standard, 1964. See conveyor. 

conveying, hydraulic. Use of flowing water 
or slow settling fluids based on water 
mixed with suitable heavy minerals to 
convey rock, coal, etc., in pipes. Pryor, 3. 

conveying, pneumatic. Use of compressed air 
to move fairly fine aggregates laterally 
and/or vertically, as with small coal, ce- 
ment, etc. Pryor, 3. 

conveyor. a. A mechanical contrivance gen- 
erally electrically driven, which extends 
from a receiving point to a discharge point 
and conveys, transports, or transfers mate- 
rial between those points. ASA C42.85: 
1956. b. The apparatus, belt, chain, or 
shaker, which, in conveyor mining, moves 
coal from the rooms and entries to a 
discharge point or to the surface. “Mother 
conveyors” are the conveyors which receive 
the coal from several unit conveyors in 
rooms or entries. B.C.J. See also armored 
flexible conveyor; gate conveyor; shaker 
conveyor, a; trunk conveyor. c. Included 
are skip hoists and vertical reciprocating 
conveyors; typical exceptions are those 
devices known as industrial trucks, trac- 
tors, and trailers, tiering machines (truck- 
type), cranes, hoists, monorails, power 
and hand shovels, power scoops, bucket 
draglines, platform elevators designed to 
carry passengers or the elevator operator, 
and highway or rail vehicles. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

conveyor air-lock. A ventilation stopping or 
separation door through which a conveyor 
has to run. It consists of at least two well- 
built partitions, each with some form of 
air-lock designed to pass the belt and yet 
to reduce to a minimum the leakage of 
air and the raising of dust. An air-lock 
chute is sometimes used. Nelson. 

conveyor belt. A belt used to carry materials 
and transmit the power required to move 
the load being conveyed. See also cord 
conveyor belt; interwoven conveyor belt; 
rubber conveyor belt; solid woven con- 
veyor belt; steel band belt; steel cable con- 
veyor belt; stitched canvas conveyor belt; 
wire mesh conveyor belt. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

conveyor belt friction. See friction, a. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

conveyor belt joint. The joining of two ends 
of a belt conveyor to make a continuous 
band without gaps or exposed ends. The 
vulcanized joint is the best type and some 
authorities give its strength as about 80 
percent or more of that of the belt. Nelson. 

beltman. See 


conveyor conveyor man. 
DIORTT 

conveyor belt sag. See sag, d. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 


conveyor, belt-type. A conveyor consisting of 


conveyor chain 


an endless belt used to transport material 
from one place to another, ASA C42.85: 
1956. 

conveyor chain. A chain used in the convey- 
ing medium of conveyors. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

conveyor, chain-type. A conveyor using a 
driven endless chain or chains, equipped 
with flights which operate in a trough and 
move material along the trough. ASA 
C42.85: 1956. 

conveyor creep. The downward slippage of 
a conveyor on an inclined face. With pow- 
ered supports, this movement is liable to 
cause ram damage. Anchor stations are 
necessary to arrest conveyor creep. See 
also stell prop. Nelson. 

conveyor dryer. An appliance in which the 
coal or ore is moved through a chamber 
containing hot gases on a_ perforated 
plate or a heavy mesh, stainless-steel con- 
tinuous belt. Nelson. 

conveyor elevator. A conveyor which follows 
a path part of which is substantially hori- 
zontal or on a slope less than the angle of 
slide of the material and part of which is 
substantially vertical or on a slope steeper 
than the angle of slide. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

conveyor face. A longwall face on which the 
coal is loaded direct onto a face conveyor. 
The coal may be loaded by hand or me- 
chanically. The face conveyor delivers its 
load of coal into tubs or cars or onto a 
gate conveyor. Nelson. 

conveyor-feeder operator. See mill feeder. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

conveyor loader. a. conveyor that at its ex- 
tremity has a digging head that moves 
with the conveyor and works its way under 
the coal, which, by the unequal shaking of 
the conveyor, is carried back to the car. 
Also called shaking-conveyor loader. Zern. 
b. One who loads on a conveyor. Zern. 
See also loader. 

conveyor man. a. One who sets up and tends 
chain, belt, or shaker (reciprocating) con- 
veyors to transport coal or metal ore about 
a tipple at surface or from working face 
in mine. Also called beltman; loading- 
boom operator. D.O.T. 1. b. In the quarry 
industry, one who tends an endless con- 
veyor belt used to transport rock from the 
crusher to storage bins. Also called con- 
veyor beltman. D.O.T. 1. 

conveyor-operator tripper. See tripper man. 
D.O.T, Supp. 

conveyor, shaker-type. A conveyor designed 
to transport material along a line of 
troughs by means of a reciprocating or 
shaking motion. ASA C42.85:1956. 

conveyor shifter; flitter; pan shifter. A mem- 
ber of a team responsible for advancing the 
face conveyor as the coal is worked away. 
In many modern layouts, the armored con- 
veyor is pushed forward by hydraulic rams. 
Nelson. 

conveyor speed. See speed, b. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

conveyor track. The path, parallel to the 
face, occupied by a longwall conveyor. The 
track is advanced everey turnover. Nelson. 

conveyor-tripper operator. See tripper man. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

conveyor-type feeder. Any conveyor, such as 
apron, belt, chain, flight, pan, oscillating, 
screw, or vibrating, adapted for feeder 
service. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

conveyor, vibrating-type. A conveyor consist- 
ing of a movable bed mounted at an angle 
to the horizontal, which vibrates in such 
a way that the material advances. ASA 








260 


C42.85:1956. 

convolute bedding; convolute lamination; 
curly bedding; slip bedding. Wavy or con- 
torted laminations that die out both up- 
ward and downward within a given sedi- 
mentation unit. Pettijohn. 


convolute current-ripple lamination. De- 
formed current-ripple _cross-lamination. 
Pettijohn. 

convolute lamination. See convolute bedding. 
Pettijohn. 


convolutional balls; roll up structure. A com- 
paratively small, concentric ball formed in 
association with convolute bedding. Petti- 
john. 

convoy. Eng. A wooden brake formerly ap- 
plied to one of the wheels of a coal wagon. 
Fay. 

convulsion. A sudden and violent disturbance 
of the order of the rocks; a terrestrial 
catastrophe; cataclysm. Standard, 1964. 

Cooke elutriator. A skort column hydraulic 
elutriator for sub-sieve sizes designed by 
S. R. B. Cooke. Dodd. 

cookeite. An aluminosilicate of lithium with 
the formula, 4[LiAl(Si,Al)«<O(OH)s], 
with about 3 percent silicon. Hey 2d, 1955, 

coolant. a. Any medium, such as air, water, 
gas, oil, mud, etc., used as a circulation 
medium in drilling operation. Long. b. A 
liquid used to dissipate the heat generated 
by a cutting tool, Coolants most frequently 
used are soda water, lard oil, kerosine, and 
turpentine, or combinations of these. Cris- 
pin. c. In metal cutting, the preferred term 
is cutting fluid. ASM Gloss. d. The liquid 
used to cool the work during grinding and 
to prevent it from rusting. It also lubri- 
cates, washes away chips and grits, and 
aids in obtaining a finer finish. ACSG, 
1963. e. Any fluid that is circulated 
through a nuclear reactor to remove heat. 
Common coolants are water, alr, carbon 
dioxide, and liquid sodium. L&L, 

coolant fluid. Synonym for coolant. Long. 

cooler. When used in the Portland Cement 
industry, the term refers to the ancillary 
unit of a cement kiln into which hot 
clinker is discharged to cool before it is 
conveyed to the grinding plant. Dodd. 

cooler arch. An opening of truncated-cone 
shape in tuyére breast of furnace. The 
tuyére cooler is placed in it. Fay. 

coolers. Coolers in which atmospheric air is 
blown by a fan, through a nest of pipes, 
into a tower or chamber in which it comes 
into intimate contact with fine particles 
of water from atomizing nozzles. By the 
evaporation of some of this water the air 
rapidly becomes saturated at the wet-bulb 
temperature, the remaining water running 
off at the same temperature. This water is 
collected and pumped back through. the 
nest of pipes, thereby cooling the air be- 
fore it enters the spray chamber. The en- 
tering air then has a lower dry-bulb 
temperature than the atmosphere and, 
since its moisture content is unaltered, the 
wet-bulb is lower also. Spalding, p. 268. 

cooling. Applied to minerals which, like salt- 
peter, give a sense of cooling when touched 
by the tongue. Hess. 

cooling agent. A chemical added to an ex- 
plosive during manufacture to suppress or 
inhibit the flame produced in blasting. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

cooling arch. A furnace for the annealing of 
glassware, which is placed in the furnace 
and remains stationary throughout the 
annealing. Compare lehr. Dodd. 

cooling curve. A curve showing the relation 








Cooper-Hewitt lamp 


between time and temperature during the 
cooling of a material. ASM Gloss. 

cooling-down period. a. The time elapsing 
after a covered pot is opened before the 
glass is cool enough to work. ASTM 
C162—66. b. The period between fining 
stage and the removal of the glass from 
the furnace. ASTM C162-66. 

cooling floor. A floor upon which hot ore is 
placed for the purpose of cooling. Fay. 

cooling load. The total amount of heat to be 
removed from a space to maintain de- 
sired designed conditions. For mines in 
operation, it is possible to meaesure the 
actual amount of heat generated in under- 
ground openings by observing temperature 
changes in a known weight flow rate of 
mine air. For projected mines and exten- 
sions of operating mines, the amount of 
heat produced must be calculated, knowing 
which of the sources of underground heat 
is operative. Hartman, p. 346. 

cooling power. The rate at which air will 
remove heat from a body and may be 
measured dry or wet. The cooling power 
of air, as determined by the kata thermom- 
eter, is one of the basic environmental 
standards. Hartman, p. 302. 

cooling-power thermometer. See katather- 
mometer. Nelson. 

cooling rate. See setting rate. ASTM C162-66. 

cooling stresses. Residual stresses resulting 
from nonuniform distribution of tempera- 
ture during cooling. ASM Gloss. 

cooling striae. Whorls of parallel lines seen 
in most glass imitations of gems. Shipley. 

cooling system of a rectifier. The cooling sys- 
tem of a rectifier is the equipment, that 
is, parts and their interconnections, used 
for cooling a rectifier. It includes all or 
some of the following: rectifier water 
jacket, cooling coils or fins, heat exchanger, 
blower, water pump, expansion tank, in- 
sulating pipes, etc. Coal Age, 1. 

cooling tower. A device in which hot water 
from a steam condenser or refrigerating 
plant, is pumped to the top of a tower 
and cooled by allowing it to flow down- 
ward in thin streams from one container 
to another. Hess. 

cooling zone. That part of the continuous 
furnace in which the ware is allowed to 
cool after firing. ASTM C286-65. 

cool time. In multiple-impulse and seam 
welding, the time interval between suc- 
cessive heat times. ASM Gloss. 

coolth. Absence of heat. Spalding. 

coom. a. Scot. Wooden centering for an 
arch; hence, the roof of a mine or road- 
way is said to be coomed when it is arch- 
shaped. Fay. b. Scot. Soot; the dust of 
coal. Fay, c. See calm. Arkell. 

coombe coal. Term used among British miners 
for crushed coal or coal slack. Also used 
in Nottinghamshire as a name of a bright 
coal seam situated on the top of Hard 
seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Coombs’ criterion. An empirical statistical 
criterion for stopping extraction of factors 
in factor analysis. Applicable only to anal- 
yses in which the table of correlations con- 
tains only positive or zero values. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

coontail ore. Banded ore consisting mainly of 
fluorite and sphalerite in alternate light- 
and dark-colored layers; occurs in the 
Cave-in-Rock district of southern Illinois. 
A.GI. Supp. 

Cooper-Hewitt lamp. An efficient lamp usu- 
ally operated on 110-volt direct-current 
circuits. It consists of a glass tube, several 




















cooperite 


feet long, containing mercury vapor at low 
vapor tension. Crispin. 


‘\cooperite. a. A steel-gray platinum sulfide, 


PtS; tetragonal; minute crystal grains. 
This mineral was earlier classified as 
orthorhombic and isometric. In platinifer- 
ous norite of the Bushveld, Transvaal, 
Republic of South Africa. Not to be con- 
fused with cooperite of Adam, 1869, nor 
with the trade name for an alloy of nickel, 
zirconium, tungsten, etc. English. b. Syn- 
onym for marmolite. Hey 2d, 1955. 


/ | Cooper’s lines. An anastomosing meshwork of 


minute curved and branching lines pro- 
duced in rock by shearing under pressure. 
G.S.A. Memoir 50, 1952, p. 31. 


-coor. Eng. A period of 6 or 8 hours’ work 


by miners, making four or three periods 
to the day of 24 hours; a shift. See also 
core, t. Fay. 


‘coordinate. a. Any one of a set of variables 


or parameters used in specifying the state 
of a substance (as temperature, pressure, 
or entropy) or the motion of a particle 
(as position, velocity, or momentum). 
Webster 3d. b, Any one of a set of num- 
bers used in specifying the location of a 
point on a line, in space, or on a given 
plane or other surface; for example, lati- 
tude and longitude are coordinates of a 
point on the earth’s surface. Webster 3d. 
c. One of the linear or angular quantities 
(usually two-dimensional) which designate 
the position which a point occupies in a 
given reference plane or system. A.G.J. d. 
Graphic or Cartesian are two measure- 
ments plotted at right angles. One, the Y- 
axis is vertical (the ordinate). The other is 
horizontal (the X-axis or abscissa). They 
are used to locate a point in a plane. 
A series of such points, plotted with one or 
both of the measured quantities changing is 
a graph. Geometrical coordinates are used 
in surveying to locate a point with refer- 
ence to a north-south ordinate and east- 
west abscissa. Pryor, 3. 


| coordinate bond. A convalent bond, typical 


of coordination complexes, that is held to 
consist of a pair of electrons donated by 
only one of the two atoms it joins. Also 
called dative bond; semipolar bond. Web- 
Ster 3d, 


‘ coordinate valence. A special form of covalent 


bond, in which the shared electrons are 
contributed by one atom, for example, hy- 
drogen ion H;0-+. Pryor, 3. 


‘coordination complex. A compound or an 


ion that contains a central, usually metal- 
lic atom or ion combined by coordinate 
bonds with a definite number. of sur- 
rounding ions, groups, or molecules, that 
retains its identity, more or less, even in 
solution, and that may be nonionic, cati- 
onic, or anionic. Webster 3d. 


‘coordination number. a. The number of at- 


tachments being usually four or six to the 
central atom in a coordination complex. 
Webster 3d. b. A number used in classify- 
ing various arrangements in space of con- 
stituent groups of crystals, the number being 
a function of the relative sizes and polari- 
zation properties of oppositely charged 
ions forming the solid crystal lattice. Web- 
ster 3d. c. The number of atoms, ions, 
groups, or molecules that can be directly 
attached to a central atom. It refers com- 
monly to the number of oxygen atoms that 
can surround a central cation. A.G.I, 


| coordinator, geophysical. An interpreter who 


coordinates geophysical data with geolog- 
ical data in order to assemble more ac- 





261 


curate maps of the areas explored. A.G_I. 

coorongite. a. Elastic, bituminous substances 
derived from algae. Schieferdecker. b. A 
boghead coal in the peat stage. Named 
from the Coorong River in southern Aus- 
tralia. Stutzer and Noe, 1940, p. 118. 

coose. a. Lean; said of ores. Hess. b. See 
coarse lode. Fay. 

Copacite. Trade name; a Canadian sulfite 
lye. Dodd. 

copaiba balsam. An oleoresin from various 
leguminous trees of tropical America. 
Used in many graining pastes. Enam, Dict. 

copal. A class of natura] resins, both recent 
and fossil. The principal recent, or soft, 
copals are Philippine, Manila, and ponti- 
anak. The principal fossil, or hard, copals 
are Congo and kauri. Yellow to red; semi- 
transparent; brittle lumps; conchoidal 
fracture; and vitreous luster. In general, 
the copals have higher acid numbers than 
the dammar resins. The soft copals are 
partly soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and 
turpentine. The hard copals are nearly in- 
soluble in the usual solvents but, on strong 
heating, the resins lose 10 to 25. percent 
of their weight and become soluble in 
turpentine and linseed oil. Found in the 
East Indies, the Philippines, Australia, and 
Africa. CCD 6d, 1961. 

copaline. Same as copalite. Fay. 

copalite. An oxygenated hydrocarbon resem- 
bling copal, from the blue clay of High- 
gate, near London, England. Fay. 

Copaux-Kawecki fluoride process. A process 
for converting beryl to beryllium oxide. 
In this process, beryl containing 10 to 12 
percent BeO is crushed, ground in a wet 
ball mill to minus 200 mesh, and filtered. 
It is then mixed in batches with soda ash, 
sodium silicofluoride, and sodium ferric 
fluoride and made into briquets. The 
briquets are dried, sintered, cooled, 
crushed, and ground in a wet pebble mill 
to which hot water is added, and the 
slurry is pumped to a tank for leaching. 
More water is added and the mixture is 
agitated, leached, and allowed to settle. 
The liquid, containing soluble sodium 
beryllium fluoride, is decanted to separate 
it from the solids, which contain aluminum 
and iron oxides and silica. Caustic soda is 
added to the heated solution io precipi- 
tate beryllium hydroxide, which is filtered 
and calcined to conyert it into beryllia. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, pp. 103-104. 

cope. a. Derb. To contract to mine lead ore 
by. the dish, load, or other measure. Fay. 
b. An exchange of working places be- 
tween miners. Also spelled coup. Zern. c. 
Derb. A duty or royalty paid to the lord 
or owner of a mine, Fay. d. Eng. A 
superficial deposit covering or coating the 
substrata. A cold, stiff, and wet clay. 
Arkell. e. The upper or topmost section 
of a flask, mold, or pattern. ASM Gloss. 

copel, An alloy containing 55 percent copper 
and 45 percent nickel, used for thermo- 
couples. Newton, Joseph. Introduction to 
Metallurgy, 1938, pp. 183, 349. 

Copenhagen water. See normal water. Hy. 

coper. Derb. One who contracts to mine 
lead ore at a fixed rate; a miner. Fay. 

coper, hand. In the stonework industry, one 
who cuts large, irregular, rough-sawed 
slabs of marble into two or more pieces and 
shapes them to approximate specified di- 
mensions. Also called marble  coper. 
I OO )EI he 

coper, machine. In the stonework industry, 
one who cuts large marble slabs into blocks 














copper 


or smaller slabs of specified dimensions 
on a coping machine which is especially 
adapted to the accurate and smooth cut- 
ting of stone, also called coper machine 
operator, coping machine cutter; coping 
machine man; coping machine operator; 
coping saw operator; stone trimmer. 
DOT lee 

coper machine operator. See coper, machine 
DOs 

copi. Gypsum, generally weathered. Fay. 

copiapite. A basic, ferric sulfate, perhaps, 
2Fe2035SO318H:O. Also called yellow cop- 
peras; misy. Fay. 

coping. a. The top or cover of a wall usually 
made sloping to shed water. b. In marble 
works, the process of trimming the edges 
of slabs of stone. See also coping machine. 
Fay. c. In quarrying, the process of cutting 
one slab into two without regard to the 
finish of the edges. AIME, p. 332. d. Cut- 
ting or slotting stone with a thin abrasive 
wheel. ASM Gloss. e. The material or 
units used to form a cap or finish on top 
of a wall, pier, or pilaster to protect the 
masonry below from the penetration of 
water from above. ACSG. f. Shaping stone 
or other hard nonmetallic material by use 
of a grinding wheel. ACSG, 1963. 

coping and sawing foreman. In the stonework 
industry, a foreman who supervises the 
cutting of large blocks and slabs of stone 
into smaller blocks and slabs preparatory 
to milling and finishing the stone for 
building or monumental purposes. D.O.T. 1. 

coping machine. A machine, consisting of a 
gearing and a carborundum wheel for 
cutting and trimming marble slabs, as for 
baseboards, tile, ete. Fay. 

coping machine cutter. See coper, machine 
DOs 1 

coping machine man. See coper, machine 
DOr, I. 

coping machine operator. See coper, machine 
DOP 2 

coping out. The cutting away of the sand 
face in the drag half of the mold to bring 
it to the proper parting line. For any de- 
pression thus made, there is a correspond- 
ing projection of sand from the face of 
the cope. Crispin. 

coping saw operator. See coper, machine 
DEO Wiad 

coping tile. Special tile used for the top course 
of a soaking pit. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coplaning. a. The process of moving the head 
of a theodolite laterally until its vertical 
axis lies in the produced vertical plane 
common to two plumblines. Also called 
alinement. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. b. 
Slang for coplaning is “jiggling in”, Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

coppaelite. A porphyritic volcanic rock com- 
posed of phenocrysts of augite in a holo- 
crystalline groundmass of pyroxene, meli- 
lite, phlogopite, minor perovskite, and 
minor apatite; from Coppaeli di Sotto, 
Umbria, Italy. Holmes, 1928. 

coppel. The same as cupel. Standard, 1964. 

copper. A reddish metallic element in group 
I of the periodic system. Symbol, Cu; val- 
ences, 1 and 2; atomic number, 29; atomic 
weight, 63.54; specific electrical resistivity, 
1.682 microhms per cubic centimeter (at 
20° C). Copper and native copper crys- 
tallize in the isometric system. Native 
copper frequently occurs in dendritic 
clusters or in sheets or in plates filling 
narrow cracks or fissures. Malleable; duc- 
tile; high electrical and thermal conduc- 
tivity; good resistance to corrosion; spe- 


copper acetoarsenite 


cific gravity, 8.96 (at 20° C); melting 
point, 1,083° C; boiling point, 2,595° C; 
insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid 
and in hot sulfuric acid; and very slightly 
soluble in hydrochloric acid and in am- 
monium hydroxide. It has many uses, 
notably as an electrical conductor and it 
is the basis of brass, bronze, aluminum- 
bronze, and other alloys. C.T.D.; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-107. Found sometimes native 
and also in the following minerals: azurite, 
atacamite, azurmalachite, bornite, brochan- 
tite, chalcanthite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite 
(copper pyrites), chrysocolla, covellite, 
cuprite, enargite, malachite, stromeyerite, 
tennantite, tenorite, tetrahedrite. Leading 
producers are United States, Chile, Peru, 
Canada, Africa, and the U.S.S.R. CCD 64d, 
1961. 

copper acetoarsenite; cupric acetoarsenite; 
copper acetate metaarsenate; Paris green. 
An emerald-green powder; (CuO)sAszOs. 
Cu(C:H;O2)2; soluble in acids; and in- 
soluble in water and in alcohol. CCD 6d, 
1961. Molecular weight, 1,013.77. Used 
in pigments. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-171. 

copper amalgam. See amalgam. Hess. 

copper arsenite; cupric arsenite; copper ortho- 
arsenite; Scheele’s green. CuHAsO; (?) ; 
molecular weight, 187.47; yellowish-green 
powder; insoluble in water; and poison- 
ous. Used as a pigment. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-171. 

copperas. Hydrated iron sulfate ; FeSO..7H2O; 
color, green; Mohs’ hardness 2; specific 
gravity 1.9. Copper sulfate (blue); fer- 
rous sulfate (green to yellow), and zinc 
sulfate are sometimes incorrectly called 
copperas. Pryor, 3. 

copperasine. A sulfate of iron and copper re- 
sulting from the docomposition of copper 
pyrites. Standard, 1964. 

copperas stone. Synonym for pyrite, from 
which copperas is often made. Fay. 

copperas, white. See goslarite. C.M.D. 

copper barilla. Bol. Native copper in gran- 
ular form mixed with sand. See also coro- 
coro; barilla. Fay. 

copper bath. A solution of copper salt, as the 
sulfate, used in electroplating. Standard, 
1964. 

copper-bearing steel. A steel which is highly 
resistant to corrosion. It contains up to 
0.6 percent copper. Nelson. 

copper bit. A soldering iron. Hess. 

copper bottoms. A metallic product of very 
indefinite composition, made (usually) in 
reverberatory furnaces by smelting rich 
cupriferous substances without sufficient 
Aare to quite satisfy the copper present. 
ay. 

copper brazing. Brazing with copper as the 
filler metal. ASM Gloss. 

copper calcine. Copper-bearing sulfide ore 
which has been crushed, ground, and me- 
chanically concentrated with or without 
a part separation of pyrite from the cop- 
per sulfides by flotation. The concentrates 
are then roasted. Hess. 

copper carbonate; basic copper carbonate; 
azurite; blue carbonate of copper; azure 
copper; chessylite. 2CuCO;.Cu(OH).2; mo- 
lecular weight, 344.65; blue; monoclinic; 
specific gravity, 3.88; Mohs’ hardness, 3.5 
to 4; and insoluble in water. Used as a 
source of copper; a pigment; and in jewelry. 
Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of Chemistry 





262 


and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-171. 
Also added to glazes where, instead of 
getting the blues and greens of copper 
oxide, it is desirable to get the lavenders, 
reds, and purples obtainable under re- 
ducing conditions. Lee. 

copper cement. See amalgam. Hess. 

copper chalcanthite. Synonym for chalcan- 
thite, CuSO,..5H2O, which with siderotil, 
FeSQ,.5H:O, and cobalt chalcanthite = 
bierberite, CoSQ..5H:O, is classed as sub- 
species under a_ species, chalcanthite. 
Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

copper chloride; cupric chloride. A brown or 
yellow powder; CuCh; hygroscopic; and 
specific gravity, 3.054. Used in refining 
copper, gold, and silver; in recovering 
mercury from its ores by the wet process; 
and in electroplating copper on aluminum. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

copper chloride dihydrate; cupric chloride di- 
hydrate. Green; deliquescent; orthorhom- 
bic; CuCls..2H2O; and specific gravity, 2.39. 
Used in refining copper, gold, and silver; 
in recovering mercury from its ores by 
the wet process; and in electroplating cop- 
per on aluminum. CCD 6d, 1961. 

copper compress operator. A laborer who 
compresses copper scrap into bales for 
use in charging refining furnaces, by oper- 
ating a hydraulic ram. D.O.T. 1. 

copper concentrate. The product of any one 
of a number of forms of concentration 
processes. Ricketts, I. 

copper dipper. A metal dipper used in the 
sampling of pickling solutions. ACSB, 3. 

copper direct-firing process. An ingenious 
metallurgical process developed by the 
U.S. Bureau of Mines for recovering 
copper from low-grade complex ores. Lean 
ores—usually 95 percent or more quart- 
zite, limestone, sandstone, or  limonite 
rock—are crushed and mixed with a small 
quantity of salt and coke, When the mix- 
ture is held at the reaction temperature 
of 830° C for half an hour, the oxides 
or sulfides reduce to metal that migrates 
or segregates in the form of thin films or 
flakes. These are later recovered by con- 
ventional flotation procedures. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

copper emerald. Dioptase. Shipley. 

copper enamel. An enamel designed for ap- 
plication to prepared copper surfaces. 
Enam. Dict. 

copper flower. Any one of several indicator 
plants that serve as guides when prospect- 
ing for copper ores. See also Ocimum 
homblei; Acrocephalus robertii; Gypsophila 
patrini; California poppy. Hawkes, 2, p. 
B12. 

copper fluoride dihydrate; cupric fluoride di- 
hydrate. Blue; monoclinic; CuF:.2H:O; 
slightly soluble in water; and soluble in 
acids. Used in ceramics and enamels. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-172. 

copper fulminate. Cu(ONC)2; molecular 
weight, 147.61. Used as a detonator in 
coal mines. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

copper glance. See chalcocite. Fay. 

copperheads. Copper-colored spots, generally 
in first coat on iron, and not easily covered 
with second coat. Copperheads are spots of 
excessive oxidation with red iron oxide 
producing the color. Bryant. 

copper ingots. Notched bars of commercial 
copper used for casting purposes. The 
notches are left for convenience in break- 
ing up the bars. Mersereau, 4th, p. 505. 

copperization. Impregnation with copper, or 








copper oxide 


with some compound containing copper. 
Fay. 

copper lapis. Azurite. Shipley. 

copper lead. An alloy bearing metal; more 
effective than babbitt in withstanding high 
load pressures and high temperatures. 
Crispin. 

copperlight. A glass window pane, % inch 
thick and up to 16 square inch size, fitted 
in a special copper frame and used as a 
fire stop. Dodd. 

copper loss. Electrical energy wasted as heat 
in a copper conductor. Webster 3d. 

copper malachite. Chrysocolla. Shipley. 

copper metaborate; copper borate; cupric 
borate. Bluish-green; crystalline; Cu- 
(BO2z)2; specific gravity, 3.859; soluble in 
water and in acids. Used in pigments and 
in painting on porcelain. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-171. 

copper mica. A miner’s name for chalcophyl- 
lite. Weed, 1918. 

copper minerals. Those of the oxidized zone 
of copper deposits (zone of oxidized en- 
richment) include azurite, chrysocolla, 
copper metal, cuprite, and malachite. 
Those of the underlying zone (that of 
secondary sulfide enrichment) include 
bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, covellite. 
The zone of primary sulfides (relatively 
low in grade) includes the unaltered min- 
erals bornite and chalcopyrite. Striking 
advances in percolation-leaching tech- 
niques now make it practicable to extract 
copper from extremely low-grade deposits 
more-or-less in situ, values of less than 1 
pound per ton being reported as economic 
in some of the disseminated ores (the so- 
called porphyrys. Pryor, 3. 

copper monoxide. See copper oxide. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

copper, native. Like those of gold and silver, 
crystals of copper are of the cubic system, 
but well-shaped cubes are quite excep- 
tional, and even complex crystals are rare. 
The metal usually has the form of thin 
plates filling narrow crevices in igneous 
rocks, slate, or sandstone; these are often 
dendritic. Mossy aggregates are also com- 
mon, particularly in the upper parts of 
veins of copper ore, Native copper is usu- 
ally dull and tarnished. It is seldom in 
sufficient quantity to be worked. C.M.D. 

copper nickel. See niccolite. Fay. 

copper nitride. Dark green powder; Cu;N; 
molecular weight, 204.63; specific gravity, 
5.84 (at 25° C, referred to water at 4° 
C) ; decomposes at 300° C; decomposes in 
cold water and in acids. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-173. 

copper oleate; cupric oleate. A brown powder 
or greenish-blue mass; Cu(CisHs;O2) 2; sol- 
uble in ether; and insoluble in water. Used 
as an ore-flotation agent. CCD 6d, 1961. 

copper ore. Rock carrying copper mineral or 
minerals. Weed, 1922. See also chalcopy- 
rite, atacamite; azurite; torbernite, lin- 
arite; malachite ; tetrahedrite. 

copper-ore germ. A mixture of various copper 
minerals, such as green malachite, green 
or blue chrysocolla, blue azurite, and red 
cuprite. Schaller. 

copper ore, plush. See cuprite. 

copper ore, ruby. See cuprite. 

copper oxide; cupric oxide; copper monoxide; 
tenorite; melaconite; black copper oxide; 
paramelaconite. CuO; molecular weight, 
79.54; black; monoclinic; specific gravity, 
6.40; and insoluble in water. Bennett 2d, 








copper oxide, red 


1962; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. B—173. Soluble in acids 
and melting point, 1,326° C. Used for 
producing green or blue colors on glass, 
faience, porcelain, and stoneware; as a 
source of copper; in electroplating; and as 
a solvent for chromic iron ores. CCD 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-173. 

copper oxide, red; cuprous oxide; cuprite. 
Reddish-brown; isometric; CuO; loses 
oxygen at 1,800° C; soluble in acids; in- 
soluble in water; and specific gravity, 5.75 
to 6.09. Used in ceramics; porcelain red 
glaze; red glass; in electroplating; and as 
a source of copper. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-173. 


copper phosphate. Libethenite. Weed, 1918. 


copper picker. In metal mining, one who picks 
out copper, which occurs in a native state, 
from the lower grade ore. D.O.T. J. 


copper pipe. Size rated by either inside or 


outside diameters; thickness of wall is 
measured by Stub’s wire gage. Much used 
in plumbing and in the industries. Crispin. 


copper pitch. A jet black to brownish pitch- 


like material carrying from 12.12 to 84.22 
percent CuO and found in the oxidized 
zone. It has a conchoidal fracture, and 
where it occurs in large enough pieces may 
resemble obsidian or anthracite coal, It ap- 
parently may be a mixture of the hydrous 
oxides of copper and iron, oxide and car- 
bonate of copper, oxide and silicate of 
copper, or more or less hydrated oxides of 
copper and manganese. All the varieties 
may have more or less chalcedony mixed 
with them. Hess. 


copper pitch ore. A jet-black to brown mix- 


ture of several hydrous oxides (of copper, 
iron, and manganese), often with silicates 
and carbonates, in a more or less colloidal 
state. The mixture imbraces chiefly the 
minerals tenorite, chrysocolla, limonite, 
malachite and a manganese oxide. Amor- 
phous. English. 


copper plates. Aust.; Pac. Sheets laid down 


in front of a stamp mill cleaned and 
amalgamated with quicksilver, so that 
when the crushed ore and water flow over 
them, the gold is arrested and amal- 
gamated. von Bernewitz. 

copper powder. A bronzing powder made by 
saturating nitrous acid with copper, and 
precipitating the latter by the addition of 
iron. The precipitate is then thoroughly 
washed. Fay. 

copper precipitate. More or less impure copper 
which has been precipitated from copper- 
bearing solutions; it may contain iron and 
arsenic; cement copper. Camm. 


copper-precipitation drum operator. In ore 


dressing, smelting, and refining, one who 
precipitates copper from mine water by 
tumbling mine water and shredded tin 
cans in a revolving drum, D.O.T. Supp. 


copper pyrite. Chalcopyrite. Pryor, 3. 
copper rain. Minute globules thrown up from 


the surface of molten copper, when it con- 
tains but little suboxide. Fay. 


copper ruby glass. See ruby glass. Dodd. 


copper segregation process. This process was 
discovered in 1923 during experimental 
work in which oxide copper ores were 
being treated with coal to reduce the cop- 
per to the metallic state before leaching 
with an ammoniacal ammonium carbonate 
solution. The process involves heating the 
oxidized ore with a reducing agent and a 
halide salt at about 700 degrees C to 


264-972 O-68—18 











263 


produce metallic copper, which may then 
be recovered by ammonia leaching or by 
flotation with conventional copper sulfide 
collectors. RJ. 5501, 1959, p. 3. 

copper slate. Slate impregnated with copper 
minerals, Fay. 

coppersmiths’ copper. Hot-rolled copper sheet 
in soft temper and relatively heavy thick- 
ness. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

copper smoke. The gases from the calcination 
of copper sulfide ore. Fay. The gases con- 
tain sulfur dioxide, SOs. Hess. 

copper suboxide. Cuprous oxide in chemistry ; 
cuprite in mineralogy. Weed, 19/8. 

copper sulfate. See chalcanthite. Fay. 

copper sulfate pentahydrate; cupric sulfate 
pentahydrate; blue vitriol; blue copperas; 
chalcanthite. a. CuSO,.5H.O; blue; tri- 
clinic; loses 5H2O at 150° C; white when 
dehydrated; slowly effloresces in air; solu- 
ble in water and slowly soluble in glycerol ; 
and specific gravity, 2.284. Used in ore 
flotation and as a source of copper. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-173. Some- 
times used in the production of copper- 
ruby glass. Lee, b. Blue, poisonous crystals 
obtained by the action of dilute sulfuric 
acid on copper oxide in large quantities, 
with evaporation and crystallization. Cris- 
pin. 

copper sulfide; cupric sulfide; covellite; in- 
digo copper. a. CuS; molecular weight, 
95.60; black: hexagonal or monoclinic; 
specific gravity, 4.6; and Mohs’ hardness, 
1.5 to 2. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964; p. 
B-173, b. A source of copper. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

copper titanate. CuTiO;. Sometimes added in 
quantities up to 2 percent to BaTiO; to 
increase the fired density. Dodd. 

copper uranite. See uranite; torbenite. Fay. 

copper vitriol. See chalcanthite. Fay. 

copper xanthate; copper ethylxanthogenate. 
Cu(C3H;sOS:)2; molecular weight, 305.94; 
yellow precipitate; insoluble in water and 
in carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in 
ethyl alcohol; and soluble in ammonium 
hydroxide. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-174. 

coppite. a. A niobium-containing mineral 
used as raw material in the production of 
ferroniobium. Osborne. b. A variety of 
tetrahedrite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

copraloy. A special alloy steel containing cop- 
per as one of its elements. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 469. 

coprecipitation. a. The process of precipitat- 
ing together. Webster 3d. b. The carrying 
down by a precipitate of substances that 
are normally soluble under the conditions 
of precipitation. A.G.I, 

coprolite. a. The fossilized excrement of fishes, 
reptiles, and mammals. Coprolites are 
composed largely of calcium phosphate. 
Holmes, 1928. b. The fossilized undigesti- 
ble residue that has been eaten and passed 
through the alimentary canal of some ani- 
mal. A.G.J. c. Petrified excrement. A.G.I. 
d. Synonym for fecal pellet; castings. A.G.I. 
e. Workmen’s name, adopted from geolo- 
gists, for phosphatic nodules worked for 
fertilizer. Arkell. 

copropel. Dark-brown or gray coprogenic 
ooze, containing chitinous exoskeletons of 
benthonic arthropods in addition to re- 
worked organic matter. A.G.I. 

copt. Eng. Irregular smooth surface of a vein 
side, with rounded knobs, Yorkshire lead 








Corallian 


mines. Arkell. 

coquille. Derived from the French word mean- 
ing shell, a thin glass with a radius of 
curvature of 3% inches used in the pro- 
duction of sun glasses. See also micoquille. 
Dodd. 

coquimbite. A granular, massive, hydrated 
sulfate of ferric iron, Fe2(SO,)3.9H.O. 
Color pale violet to deep amethystine; also 
yellowish to green. Dana, 7, v. 2, pp. 532- 
D3oR 

coquina. a. Soft porous limestone composed 
of broken shells, corals, and other organic 
debris. A.G.I. Supp. b. A porous, friable 
variety of limestone made up chiefly of 
fragments of shells and of coral cemented 
together as rock. Fay, c. A detrital lime- 
stone consisting wholly, or nearly so, of 
sorted debris of shell and/or coral of ex- 
tinct or living species. It is more or less 
cemented coarse shell debris. Pettijohn, 
2d, 1957, pp. 401-402. 

coquinoid. a. As a noun, an autochthonous 
deposit of limestone consisting mainly of 
more or less entire shells in situ. Pettijohn, 
2d, 1957, p. 402. b. A lithified coquina. 
A.G.I. c. As an adjective, referring to 
coquina, which is a deposit of shells or 
shell fragments. A.G.I. 

coquinoid limestone. Limestone consisting of, 
and built mainly by, sedentary organisms 
(for example, shell beds, crinoid beds, etc.) 
and not swelling into moundlike or lenslike 
forms. Synonym for biostromal limestone. 
The bedded character distinguishes it from 
the moundlike or lenslike bioherm. See 
also biostrome. Compare bioherm, The 
fossils in coquinoid limestones are pre- 
dominantly unbroken. A.G_IJ. 

coracite. a. An alteration product of uraninite 
partly changed to gummite. Standard, 
1964. b. Synonym for uraninite. Crosby, 
p. 93. 

coral. a. A bottom-dwelling marine coelen- 
terate, either solitary or, more commonly, 
growing in large colonies of countless in- 
dividuals. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The 
solid secretion and external skeleton of 
coral polyps that is composed of calcium 
carbonate, as calcite or aragonite. The 
polyps have formed large fringing and off- 
shore coral reefs, such as the Great Barrier 
Reef of Australia, for example, and struc- 
tureless, resistant masses of limestone. 
Corals have been important rock builders 
during all geologic times since the early 
Ordovician period. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. The calcareous skeleton of a coral or of 
a group of corals. A.G.I. Supp. 

coral agate. Any agate resembling fossilized 
coral. More specifically, agatized or silici- 
fied coral, in which white coral skeletons 
appear against flesh-red background. A 
variety of beekite. Shipley. 

coral cap. A thick section of reef coral over- 
lying materials of noncoral origin. A.G.I. 

coral, colonial. A coral in which the individ- 
uals are attached together as a unit, and 
do not exist as separate animals. A.G_I. 

coral, compound. The skeleton of a colonial 
coral. A.G.I. 

coral formation. A formation, generally de- 
veloped on cave walls, nodular in form 
with a rough or granular surface resem- 
bling coral. Synonym for cave coral. A.G.I, 

coralgal. Refers to carbonate sediment de- 
rived from corals and algae. A.G.I. Supp. 

coral head. A massive mushroom or pillar- 
shaped coral growth. Hy. 

Corallian. Synonym for Lusitanian. A.G_J. 


Supp. 


coral limestone 


coral limestone. a. A limestone composed of 
coral fragments. Fay. b. A rock consisting 
of the calcareous skeletons of corals often 
cemented by calcium carbonate. Synonym 
for coralline limestone. Webster 3d. 

coralline. a. Pertaining to, composed of, or 
having the form of corals; as, coralline 
limestone. Fay. b. Like coral in color or in 
form. Composed of coral. Webster 3d. 

coralline limestone. Synonym for coral lime- 
stone. Webster 3d. 

coralloid; coralloidal. a. Having the form 
or the appearance of coral. Branching like 
coral. Webster 3d. b. Like coral, or con- 
sisting of interlaced flexuous branchings. 
Fay. 

coral mud and sand. Marine deposits formed 
around coral islands and coasts bordered 
by coral reefs, containing abundant frag- 
ments of corals. Near the reefs the particle 
sizes are relatively coarse and the deposit 
is described as coral sand; farther out, 
the particles become gradually smaller 
until the material is a coral mud. Holmes, 
1928. 

coral ore. A curved, lamellar variety of liver- 
colored cinnabar from Idria, Austria. 
Standard, 1964. 

Coralox. Trade name for fused aluminum 
oxide. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coral rag. Eng. The upper member of the 
Middle Odlite (Jurassic), so called be- 
cause it consists, in part, of continuous 
beds of corals, for the most part retaining 
the position in which they grew and some- 
times forming masses 15 feet thick. Fay. 

coral red. A ceramic color. One form of coral 
red consists of basic lead chromate; this 
compound is unstable and the decorating 
fire must be at a low temperature. Dodd. 

coral reef. a. A structure formed by reef- 
building coral polyps, which precipitate 
calcium carbonate from the sea water to 
form their internal skeletons. A.G.I. b. A 
mass of coral detritus which attains, or 
nearly attains, the surface of the sea. A.G.I. 
c. A ridge or mound of coral limestone, 
the top of which lies or, at the time of 
its formation, lay near the surface of the 
ocean. It is composed primarily of calcium 
carbonate secreted by marine organisms, 
the most important of which are corals. 
A.G.1I.d, A complex of skeletal and shell 
growths and accumulations. The frame- 
work is coral in place but a large part of 
the reef may be the calcium-carbonate 
debris of marine species other than coral. 
Less than one-half of a reef may be com- 
posed of coral. The existence and the 
growth of the reef depend on the success- 
ful growth of corals constantly resisting 
wave erosion. A.G.I, 

coral-reef coast. A coast having deposits of 
coral and algae origin fringing the shore 
piie |ananty exposed at low tide. Shepard, 
Hs 26: 

coral-reef lagoon. A shallow body of water 
forming the center of an atoll or separat- 
ing a barrier reef from the shore. A.G.I. 

coral-reef shoreline. A shoreline formed by 
coral polyps building reefs upward from 
a submarine floor or outward from the 
margins of any land area. Whatever the 
influence which past subsidence of the sea 
bottom or elevation of the water surface 
may have exerted upon the particular 
forms assumed by coral reefs, does not 
affect the fact that the present shorelines 
of the reefs owe their existence to agencies 
which operate independently of such 
changes of level. A.G.I. 





264 


coral rock. Reef limestone differs from most 
fragmental and organic rock deposits be- 
cause it is largely built up in a solid co- 
herent form from the outset, and therefore, 
constitutes a rock mass without any cemen- 
tation process. A.G.J. 

coral sand. Sand-size particles formed from 
coral fragments. Hess. See also coral mud. 

coral zone. The depth of the sea at which 
corals thrive. Fay. 

corbel. A supporting projection of the face 
of a wall; an arrangement of brick in a 
wall in which each course projects beyond 
the one immediately below it to form a 
support, shelf, or bafle. HW. 

corbel out. To lay one or more courses of 
brick, each projecting beyond the one be- 
low it to form a support. A.R.J. 

corbond. An irregular mass or “dropper” from 
a lode. Fay. 

cord. a. Any of various units of quantity for 
wood cut for fuel or pulp; especially, a unit 
equal to a stack 4 by 4 by 8 foot or 128 
cubic feet. Webster 3d, b. An attenuated 
glassy inclusion possessing optical and other 
properties differing from those of the sur- 
rounding glass. ASTM C162-66. 

Cordaites. A plant group, which is now ex- 
tinct, includes the Coniferales (pines and 
firs) and the Cycadales (cycads), The 
Cordaites were tall, slender trees which 
often attained heights of 100 feet. For a 
considerable height above the ground, the 
trunk was devoid of branches. The long, 
straplike leaves now form matted masses 
among the Coal Measure fossil plants. 
Nelson. 

cord-belt conveyor. A rubber belt consisting 
of spaced cotton duck cords embedded in 
the rubber and protected at the top by a 
breaker strip with thick rubber cover. The 
bottom of the belt contains one or two 
plies of heavy duct, to give transverse 
strength. See also nylon belt. Nelson. 

cord conveyor belt. A rubber conveyor belt 
in which the carcass is composed of a 
single ply, or multiple plies of cotton or 
synthetic cords acting as longitudinal ten- 
sion-carrying members in combination with 
plies of fabric to provide transverse strength 
and to hold the cords together. ASA MH- 
41-1958. 

Coreau detonnant. Cordtex. Detonating fuse 
used in blasting. Pryor, 3. 

corded pahoehoe. A type of pahoehoe, the 
surface of which is marked by a series of 
small cordlike ridges, commonly alined par- 
allel to the direction of flow. The cords 
are usually an inch or less in diameter and 
may be superimposed on still larger rope- 
like convolutions of the crust. The term 
ropy lava is essentially synonymous. USGS 
Bull. 994, 1953, p. 35, 

corder. Eng. The man who makes and re- 
pairs corves (small cars). Fay. 

codierite. A silicate of magnesium and alu- 
minum, MgzAls(AlSisOis), found as an 
accessory mineral in granite, gneiss (cordi- 
erite gneiss), schists, and in contact meta- 
morphic zones. Orthorhombic; color is 
different shades of blue; Mohs’ hardness, 
7 to 72; transparent to translucent; luster, 
vitreous; specific gravity, 2.60 to 2.66. In 
the United States it is found chiefly in 
Connecticut and New Hampshire. Also 
found in Finland, Greenland, Malagasy 
Republic, and Bavaria. Sometimes used as 
a gem. Also called iolite; dichroite; water 
sapphire. Dana 17, p. 426. 

cordierite-anthophyllite rock. A pneumato- 
lytic metamorphic rock consisting essen- 





corduroy 


tially of anthophyllite (as radiating aggre- 
gates or irregularly distributed prisms) and 
cordierite. Biotite, garnet, quartz, plagio- 
clase and magnetite may be present in 
varying amounts, and by increasing the 
quantity of plagioclase, the rock becomes 
plagioclase gneiss. Holmes, 1928. 

cordierite ceramic. Any ceramic whiteware in 
which cordierite, (2MgO.2Al2Os.5SiOz), is 
the essential crystalline phase. ACSB-4. 

cordierite norite. Metamorphosed norite con- 
taining cordierite. Muscovadite is a related 
rock containing a notable quantity of bi- 
otite. Holmes, 1928. 

cordierite porcelain. A vitreous ceramic white- 
ware for technical application in which 
cordierite, (2MgO.2A10203.5SiOz), is the 
essential crystalline phase. ASTM C242-60. 

cordierite whiteware. Any ceramic whiteware 
in which cordierite, (2MgO.2A1203.5SiO2), 
is the essential crystalline phase. ASTM 
C242-60. 

cordillera. Sp. A continuous chain or range 
of mountains. Generally, a whole mountain 
province, including all the subordinate 
mountain ranges and groups and the in- 
terior plateaus and basins. Specifically, 
when it is capitalized as a proper name, 
the great mountainous region of western 
North America, lying between the Great 
Plains and the Pacific Ocean, and extend- 
ing from central Mexico into Alaska; the 
Cordilleran province. Fay. b. A group of 
mountain ranges forming a mountain sys- 
tem of great linear extent, often consisting 
of a number of more or less parallel chains. 
For example, the North American cordil- 
lera includes all the mountains from the 
eastern face of the Rocky mountains to the 
Pacific Ocean. Webster 3d. c. A group of 
mountain ranges including the valleys, 
plains, rivers, lakes, etc. The component 
ranges may have various trends but the 
cordillera will have one general direction. 
A mountain range, or a mountain system, 
and, in some instances, the main mountain 
axis of a continent. A.G.I. 

Cordirie process. The refining of lead by con- 
ducting steam through it, while molten, to 
oxidize certain metallic impurities. Fay. 

cordite. An explosive compound consisting of 
cellulose nitrate and a restrainer, such as 
vaseline, used chiefly as a_ propellant. 
Standard, 1964. 

cord of ore. About 7 tons, but measured by 
wagonloads, and not by weight. The expres- 
sion ‘“‘cord” is a term used in some parts of 
Colorado and applied only to low-grade 
ore; the smelting ore is reckoned by the 
ton. Fay. 

Cordtex. A detonating fuse suitable for open- 
cast and quarry mining. It consists of an 
explosive core of pentaerythritol tetrani- 
trate (PETN) contained within plastic 
covering. It has an average velocity of 
detonation of 6,500 meters per second 
(21,350 feet). This is practically instanta- 
neous. Cordtex detonating fuse is initiated 
by electric or a No. 6 plain detonator at- 
tached to its side with an adhesive tape. 
Nelson. 

Cordtex relay. A new device to achieve short- 
interval delay firing with Cordtex. A relay 
is an aluminum tube with a delay device, 
and is inserted in a line of Cordtex where 
required. The relays are made with two 
delays, 15 and 20 milliseconds respectively. 
Nelson. 

corduroy. a. A ribbed and napped textile ma- 
terial used for recovering coarse gold or 
other heavy metal or mineral from a stream 

















corduroy spar 


of sand passing over it. The corduroy 
blanket is replaced every 4 hours or so for 
washing to remove the gold. Nelson. b. A 
road made of logs laid crosswise on the 
ground or on other logs. Nichols. 


\ corduroy spar; graphic granite. An inter- 


growth of potash feldspar (orthoclase or 
microcline) and quartz. AIME, pp. 340- 
341. 


i) corduroy texture. Bands of coarse-grained 


qupartz and albite or microcline. Hess. 


|. cordwood. Wood cut in 4-foot or shorter 


lengths to be used as fuel. Nichols. 


_cordylite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 


hexagonal mineral, (Ce,La)2Ba(COs) sFs, 
found in pegmatitic veins in nepheline- 
syenite associated with aegirite, ancylite, 
synchisite, and neptunite; colorless to wax 
yellow when fresh, but commonly ocher- 
yellow in the surface because of alteration. 


Crosby, pp. 69-70. 


| core. a. A cylindrical sample of rock obtained 


in core drilling. A.G.J. Supp. The sample 
of rock obtained through the use of a 
hollow drilling bit, which cuts and retains 
a section of the rock penetrated. A.G.I. b. 
A portion removed from the interior of a 
mass usually to determine the interior 
composition or the hidden condition. For 
example, a core taken from the well drilling 
for geologic and chemical analysis. Webster 
3d. c. The central part of the earth below 
a depth of about 1,800 miles (2,900 
kilometers), probably consisting of iron- 
nickel alloy. It is divisible into an outer 
core that may be liquid and an inner core, 
about 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) in 
radius, that may be solid. A.G.I. Supp. d. 
The central part of the earth having a 
radius of about 2,100 miles (3,400 kilo- 
meters) and displaying notably different 
physical properties from the surrounding 
mantle and crust. Webster 3d. e. The cen- 
tral part of something, especially, the filling 
of a hollow object. A.G.J. Supp. f. The 
shield of a continent. Webster 3d. g. The 
plug or neck of a volcano. Webster 3d. h. 
The central part of an anticlinal structure, 
or of a domal structure, or of mountains 
having a folded or a completely crumpled 
structure. Webster 3d. i. A hard, unburned 
central part of a piece of coal or limestone. 
Also, an unburned or an overburned piece 
of limestone in hydrated lime. Webster 3d. 
j. A nodule of obsidian, flint, or other stone 
from which flakes have been struck for 
making implements. Webster 3d. k. As a 
verb, to take a core from, as a sample of 
interior composition. For example, to core 
an oil well; or to core a salt formation. 
Webster 3d. 1. A specially formed material 
inserted in a mold to shape the interior or 
another part of a casting which cannot be 
shaped as easily by the pattern. ASM Gloss. 
m. In a ferrous alloy, the inner portion that 
is softer than the outer portion, or case. 
ASM Gloss. n. A body of green or dry sand 
placed in the mold to form a corresponding 
cavity in the casting. Freeman. o. The cen- 
tral part of a plaster mold of the type used 
in solid casting. Dodd. p. The central part 
of a sand mold as used in foundries. Dodd. 
q. A one piece refractory or heat-insulating 
shape for use at the top of an ingot mold 
and serving the same purpose as a hot-top; 
this type of core is also sometimes called 
a dozzle. See also hot-top. Dodd. r. One or 
more members supported within an extru- 
sion die to form holes in extruded brick or 
tile. ACSG, 1963. s. The center of a nuclear 
reactor containing the fuel elements and 








265 


usually the moderator, but not the reflector. 
L@L. t. Corn. A miner’s underground 
working time or shift. Also spelled coor. 
Fay. u. The central part of a rope forming 
a cushion for the strands. In wire ropes, 
it is sometimes made of wire, but usually 
it is of hemp, jute, or some like material. 
See also independent wire rope core; wire 
strand core. Zern. v. A cone or V-shaped 
mass of rock that is first blasted out in 
driving a tunnel. Fay. w. In several Euro- 
pean methods of tunneling, the sidewalls 
are built first in special drifts, and the arch 
area is then excavated and the arch built, 
leaving the central mass to be removed last. 
This center of rock. or earth is called the 
core. Stauffer. x. The central portion of a 
bit mold that forms the inside diameter of 
the bit. Long. y. A cone or inverted V- 
shaped stub of rock left in the bottom of a 
drill hole by a cone noncoring bit. Com- 
pare standoff. Long. z. Short for drill core. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. aa. Device placed 
in a mold to make a cavity in a casting. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

core analysis. a. The characteristics of the 
minerals contained in a specific section of 
a core sample as determined petrographic- 
ally, by metallurgical treatments and/or 
by chemical or cupelling methods. Also 
called core assay; core values. Long. b. As 
used by the petroleum industry, a study 
of a core sample to determine its water and 
oil content, porosity, permeability, etc. 
Long. 

core assay. Sometimes used as a synonym for 
core analysis, but more commonly it infers 
that the mineral content of a core sample 
has been determined by fire methods. Long. 

core balance protection. A system of protec- 
tion applied to circuits in an alternating- 
current system having its neutral point 
earthed and utilizing a core balance trans- 
former to measure the earth leakage cur- 
rent. See also earth fault protection. B.S. 
3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

core balance system. See earth fault protec- 
tion. Nelson. 

core balance transformer. A form of current 
transformer, the primary windings of which 
are connected in each phase (and neutral 
if any) of a circuit and are wound on a 
common core. The flux resulting from an 
out-of-balance current in the primary wind- 
ings induces a voltage in a secondary wind- 
ing. B.S. 3618, 1965, Sec. 7. 

core barrel. a. A hollow cylinder attached to 
a specially designed bit and which is used 
to obtain and to preserve a continuous 
section, or core, of the rocks penetrated in 
drilling. A.G.J. b. A tube inside a drill pipe 
and which is supported by a bit to receive 
the core in core boring. Webster 3d. 

core-barrel bit. Obsolete name for a core bit 
that could be coupled directly to the bottom 
end of a core barrel. Long. 

core-barrel head. The coupling unit between 
the single- or dual-tube, tubular body of 
a core barrel and the drill-rod string. For 
the swivel-type double-tube core barrel, the 
core-barrel head also contains the bearing 
mechanism to which the inner of the two 
body tubes is attached. Long. 

core-barrel rod. Synonym for guide rod. Long. 

core basket. Synonym for core picker. Long. 

core binder. Organic material added to 
foundry sand to aid in formation of a strong 
core for casting. Flour, linseed oil, starch 
and resins are among matcrials used. 
Pryor, 3. 

core bit. A hollow, cylindrical boring bit for 








cored ammonium 


cutting a core in rock drilling or in boring 
unconsolidated earth material. It is the 
cutting end of a core drill, Bureau of Mines 


Staff. 


core-bit tap. A tapered, tap-threaded fishing 


tool designed to recover a core bit lost in 
a borehole. Long. 


core block. An obstruction inside a bit, ream- 


ing shell, or core barrel consisting of im- 
pacted core fragments or drill cuttings, 
which prevents entry of core into the core 
barrel. Long. 


core blower. A machine for making foundry 


cores using compressed air to blow and pack 
the sand into the corebox. ASM Gloss. 


core boring. As used by soil- and foundation- 


testing engineers, a synonym for core; core 
drilling. Long. 


core borings. As used by soil- and foundation- 


testing engineers, a synonym for core; cut- 
tings; drill sludge. Long. 


core box. a. The box in which the core, or 


mass of sand producing any hollow part of 
a casting is made. Fay. b. A lidded wood, 
metal, or cardboard container designed to 
hold core in parallel grooves. Long. 


core-box plane. A plane for making circular 


core boxes. When the right-angle sides of 
the plane rest on the edges of the cut, the 
point of the plane will cut on the circum- 
ference of the circle. Crispin. 


core breaker. a. Synonym for core lifter. Long. 


b. A sharp-cornered pluglike device inside 
an annular-shaped bit, which breaks up any 
core produced into pieces small enough to 
be washed out of the borehole as cuttings. 
Long. 


core catcher. a. Sievelike tray or device on 


or in which the core is ejected continu- 
ously from the upper end of a drill string, 
and is caught and held when core is re- 
covered by counterflow or reverse-flow con- 
tinuous core-drilling techniques. Long. b. 
Synonym for core lifter. Long. c. A steel 
spring fitted at the lower end of a soil 
sampler to keep the sample from dropping 
out. Nelson. d. In deep boring, a ring of 
steel of wedge form cut into vertical stripes 
which encircles and rides on the core when 
drilling, but wedges the core in the core 
barrel when drilling ceases and the rods are 
lifted. Nelson. e. A valvelike device which 
permits a sediment sample to enter the 
core barrel as it is driven into the sea bot- 
tom and which closes from the weight of 
the sample within the tube to prevent loss 
of sample while coring device is being 
brought to the surface. Hy. 


core-catcher case. Synonym for lifter case. 


Long. 


core clip. See core lifter. B.S. 3618, 1963, 


sec. 3. 


core cutter; core lifter. An attachment at the 


base of the core barrel which grips and 
breaks the core at the bottom when the 
rods are extracted. Nelson. 


cored ammonium nitrate dynamite. The dy- 


namites of this class come in cartridges 4 
inches and up in diameter and in weight 
strengths from 20 to 70 percent. Their 
water resistance is considered good (the 
gelatin core being responsible for this), but 
their fume characteristics are rated as poor. 
Besides providing increased water-resist- 
ance, these explosives tend to exhibit the 
higher velocities characteristic of gelatin 
explosives (10,500, 15,000 and 17,000 feet 
per second), rather than the low and me- 
dium velocities characteristic of other 
straight ammonia dynamite. In addition, 
the gelatin core assures propagation of 


cored bar 


detonation through the entire explosives 
column. Gelatin cored ammonia dynamites 
also are very useful when an operator 
wishes to practice alternate velocity load- 
ing to attain a more effective one-two punch 
in conjunction with the use of short period 
or millisecond delay, electric blasting caps. 
Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. A, p.79. 

cored bar. In powder metallurgy, a compact 
of bar shape, the interior of which has been 
melted by passage of electricity. ASM Gloss. 

cored bomb. A volcanic bomb consisting of 
a xenolithic nucleus coated with an outer 
shell of congealed lava. The nucleus may 
consist of an accidental fragment of base- 
ment rock, an accessory fragment picked 
up from the walls of a conduit, or an essen- 
tial fragment produced during an erup- 
tion. USGS Bull. 994, 1953, p. 83. 

cored brick. A brick that is at least 75 per- 
cent solid in any plane parallel to the bear- 
ing surface. ACSG, 1963. 

cored hole. a. A borehole put down by a core 
drill. Nelson. b. A cast hole cored with a 
dry-sand core instead of delivering as a 
hole directly from the pattern. In general, 
the term is applied to any hole in a casting 
which is not bored or drilled in the shop. 
Crispin. 

core dressing. Solution, such as ethy] silicate, 
used to form clear skin at surface of core. 
Pryor, 3. 

core drill. a. A mechanism designed to ro- 
tate and cause an annular-shaped rock- 
cutting bit to penetrate rock formations, 
produce cylindrical cores of the formations 
penetrated, and lift such cores to the sur- 
face, where they may be collected and ex- 
amined. See also adamantine drill; calyx 
drill; diamond drill; rotary drill; shot drill. 
Long. b. The act or process of producing a 
cylindrical core of rock, using a core-drill- 
ing machine and equipment. Long. c. A 
drilling machine equipped with a hollow 
bit (core bit) and a core barrel which by 
rotation cuts out and recovers a rock core 
sample. A.G.I. Supp. d. A drill that removes 
a cylindrical core from the drill hole. Com- 
pare diamond drill; short drill. Webster 3d. 

core driller. See diamond driller. D.O.T. 1. 

core-drill fittings. All pieces of equipment 
used in drilling a borehole for the purpose 
of collecting cores of the rock formation 
penetrated, such as bits, core barrels, drill 
rods, casing, drivepipe, other related or 
accessory tools, and equipment. Long. 

core drilling. a. Process of obtaining cylindri- 
cal rock samples by means of annular- 
shaped rock-cutting bits rotated by a bore- 
hole-drilling machine. Long. b. The process 
of obtaining natural or undisturbed samples 
of soil or rock by drilling. Three general 
types of drills are in use for deep holes, the 
calyx shot drills, diamond drills, and rotary 
drills. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. Drill- 
ing with a hollow bit and a core barrel in 
order to obtain a rock core. A.G.I. 

core-drill_ operator. See diamond driller. 
DIO Tiga, 

core-drill sampling. The act or process of ob- 
taining cylindrical samples of rock in the 
form of a core. Long. 

core-dryer. A form in foundry work which 
serves to retain the shape of a core while it 
is being baked. Crispin. 

cored solid solution. Se coring. C.T.D. 

core equipment. Bits, core barrel, and other 
bottom-hole and drill-string equipment used 
when core samples are being recovered from 
rock formations through which a borehole 
is drilled. Long. 








266 


core exposure. Length of core that is subjected 
to washing action of circulation medium 
when exposed between the bit face and 
lower end of the inner tube of a core barrel 
or core-barrel extension. Long. 

core extractor. a. A special tool that works like 
screw or hydraulic jack, used to push core 
out of a core barrel. Also called core plung- 
er; core pusher. Long. b. A fishing tool de- 
signed to recover core dropped from a core 
barrel and resting on the bottom of a bore- 
hole. Also called basket; core basket; core 
fisher; core grabber; core picker, Long. 

core fisher. Synonym for core picker. Long. 

core grabber. a. A term used by drillers for 
the engineer, geologist, or fieldman who 
supervises the drilling and the collection of 
core and sludge; keeps records of progress, 
extras, time, etc.; and does preliminary log- 
ging of core, core splitting, preparation and 
shipment of samples and all other supervis- 
ory work within his experience and capac- 
ity on a diamond-drilling job. Also called 
core snatch; sample grabber. Long. b. Syno- 
nym for core picker. Long. 

core gripper. Synonym for core lifter. Long. 

core-gripper case. Synonym for lifter case. 
Long. 

core grouting. Material used in and/or the 
act or process of injecting small fragments 
of rock or coarse sand into a core barrel to 
wedge the core inside the barrel when no 
core lifter is used, as when using straight- 
wall bits or drilling with a shot drill. Long. 

core head. Obsolete synonym for core bit. 
Long. 

core hole. A boring by a diamond drill or 
another machine that is made for the pur- 
pose of obtaining core samples. A.G.J. Supp. 

core hole driller. In petroleum production, one 
who drills shallow boreholes and extracts 
core samples of earth formations, using a 
coring bit and barrel, to determine strati- 
graphy and locate petroleum deposits. 
DEOutar ia 

core house. Synonym for core shack. Long. 

core intersection. The point in a borehole 
where an ore vein or body is encountered, 
as shown by the core; also, the width or 
thickness of the ore body, as shown by the 
core. Also called core interval. Long. 

core interval. Synonym for core intersection. 
Long. 

core iron. In founding, a strengthening iron 
grate in a core. Webster 2d. 

core jam. Synonym for core block. Long. 

core library. A structure in which boxed cores 
from numerous recorded localities are 
stored and kept available for inspection and 
study. Compare core house; core shack; 
core shanty. Long. 

core lifter; core spring. A spring clip at the 
base of the core barrel which grips the 
core, enabling it to be broken off and 
brought out of the hole. Also called core 
catcher; core clip; core grabber; core 
gripper; core spring; ring lifter; spring 
lifter; split-ring lifter. See also core cutter. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, Sec. 3. 

core-lifter adapter. A device used in Canada 
between a straight-wall bit and core barrel 
in which a core spring may be placed. 
Usually used only to recover core when dry 
blocking is inadvisable. Long. 

core-lifter case. Synonym for lifter case. Long. 

core-lifter wedges. The tapered sliding wedges 
that grip and hold the core inside a wedge 
core lifter. Long. 

core loss. The portion of rock cored but not 
recovered. Compare core recovery. Long. 

core machine. In foundry work, a hand- or 











core sampler 


power-driven machine having a hopper 
with a horizontal worm at the bottom. Used 
for making round and square cores. Crispin. 

core of the earth. a. The dense central part of 
the earth, below a depth of about 1,800 
miles (2,900 kilometers). Synonym for 
centrosphere. Schieferdecker. b. The earth 
is believed to consist of the following: inner 
core, solid, 860 mile radius; outer core, 
liquid, 1,300 miles thick; mantle, solid, 
1,800 miles thick; and crust, solid, 622 
miles thick. H&G. 

core oils. Those oils used as binders in making 
sand cores in foundry work. Linseed oil or 
linseed oil mixed with less expensive vege- 
table oil is frequently used. Crispin. 

core orientation. The act or process of using 
information obtained from magnetic po- 
larity or other measurements of a piece of 
core in an attempt to determine the down- 
hole bearing of the structural features of 
the rock formation as displayed in the core. 
Long. 

core oven. The oven in which foundry cores 
are baked. Crispin. 

core. petroleum. Petroleum plus core gas in 
core as brought to surface in drilling wells. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

core picker. a. A core-fishing device consisting 
of a tube fitted internally at its lower end 
with flat, flexible spring fingers that permit 
core to enter the tube but close when the 
device is hoisted from the borehole, pre- 
venting its escape. Also called basket; core 
basket; core extractor; core fisher; core 
grabber. Long. b. Synonym for core lifter. 
Long. 

core plug. A cylinder containing chemically 
treated sand and used for stemming shot- 
holes in coal mines. Nelson. 

core plunger. a. The flat pistonlike head on 
the end of a bar or rod of a core-extractor 
device. Long. b. Synonym for core ex- 
tractor. Long. 

core print. A projection on a pattern which 
forms an impression in the sand and lo- 
cates and holds the core in position while 
the mold is being poured. Crispin. 

core pusher. a. A plunger used for extracting 
a core from the core barrel. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. Synonym for core extractor. See 
also core extractor, a. Long. 

core rack. a. A framework built to support 
several tiers of core boxes. Long. b. Grooved 
or partitioned tray, supported on legs or 
sawhorses, on which core is placed when 
removed from a core barrel for inspection 
or temporary storage before being placed 
in boxes. Long. 

core recovery. The proportion of the drilled 
rock column recovered as core in core 
drilling. A.G.JI. Supp. The amount with- 
drawn generally is expressed as a percent- 
age of the theoretical total obtainable or 
in general terms, as excellent, good, fair, 
or poor. Compare core loss. Long. 

core rod. In powder metallurgy, the part of 
a die used to produce a hole in a compact. 
ASM Gloss. 

core run. Technically, the distance cored per 
round trip, which is expressed in number 
of feet or in relative terms, as short or 
long. Core blocks may occur before the 
core barrel is filled; the barrel then is 
short of being full, resulting in a short core 
run. Loosely, the amount of core recovered 
per round trip. Long. 

core sample. One or several pieces of whole 
or split parts of core selected as a sample 
for analysis or assay. Long. 

core sampler. A weighted tube for obtaining 











core sand 


stratified samples of seabed deposits. C.T.D. 

Supp. 

\ core sand. Silica sand to which a binding 

| material has been added in order to obtain 
good cohesion and porosity after drying for 
the purpose of making cores. Osborne. 

core saw. A machine capable of rotating at 
high speed, equipped with a thin metal disk 
having diamonds inset in its edge. Used 
somewhat like a bench saw to cut core 
longitudinally into sections. Compare core 
splitter. Long. 

\ core shack. A roofed and enclosed structure 

in which core-filled boxes are stored. Also 

called core house; core shanty. Long. 

_core shanty. Synonym for core shack. Long. 

| core shell. a. A special coupling between the 
diamond bit and the core barrel; it con- 
tains a spring that prevents the core from 
slipping out of the barrel. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. Synonym for reaming shell. Long. 

core sludge. The slurry produced during abra- 
sion by the cutting bit, or through fracture 
and grinding of part of the sample during 
this process. Pryor, 3, p. 109. 

core snatcher. a. A company man who col- 
lects and takes care of drill cores when 
the drilling is being done by contract. Fay. 
b. See core grabber, a. Long. c. Synonym 

| for core lifter. Long. 

| core splitter. Tool employing a chisel to split 

core longitudinally in half, rarely in 

quarter, sections. One-half usually is as- 

sayed, and the other half is retained and 

stored. Term also may be applied to a 

diamond saw used for the same purpose. 

Long. 

| core spring. Synonym for core spring. Long. 

core-spring adapter. Synonym for core-lifter 

adapter. Long. 

}\ core-spring case. Synonym for lifter case. 

je Long. 

‘core storage. See core library. Long. 

core table. a. Table on which core in boxes 
or trays is placed while being examined or 
logged. Long. b. See core rack, b. Long. 

core test. A hole drilled with a core drill, 
usually for the purpose of securing geologic 
information and sometimes with the pur- 
pose of investigating geologic structure. See 
also strat test. A.G.I. 

core texture. In this texture, a second mineral 
occurs on the inside of an area of another 
mineral. Where the residual rim is at the 
same time enclosed in a mass of the in- 
vading mineral, the term atoll texture is 
more appropriate. Synonym for atoll tex- 
ture. Schieferdecker. 

core tongs. A come-along-type open-end 
wrench used to grip and handle core as it 
is being removed from a large diameter or 
extra-long core barrel suspended in a verti- 
cal position above the drill platform. Long. 

core tray. An open or lidless core box. See 
also core box; core rack, b. Long. 

core tube. Synonym for inner tube, of a core 
barrel. Long. 

core-type spiral chute. A spiral chute having 
a center core or column about which it is 
fabricated, with the core serving as the 
inside guard. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

' core values. Used in a general sense as a syn- 

onym for core analysis; core assay. In a 

strict sense, the term should not be used to 

designate the mineral content of the core 

sample unless the valuable mineral is gold, 

silver, platinum, etc. Long. 

\ core velocity. The zone of maximum air ve- 

locity in a mine roadway, usually at or near 

_ the center of the road. Nelson. 
core wall. In a battery wall those courses of 











267 


brick, none of which are directely exposed 
on either side. AISI No. 24. 

core wash. a. The portion of the core lost 
through erosive action of the drill circula- 
tion fluid. Long. b. The act or process of 
erosion of core by washing action of the 
drill circulation fluid. Long. c. A mixture 
used for painting foundry cores. Crispin. 

Corex glass. One of the glasses that is trans- 
parent to ultraviolet light. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

corf; corfe; corve; cauf. a. Newc. A large 
basket used in hoisting coal; from the 
German korb. Fay. b. A wooden frame to 
carry coal. Fay. c. A sled or low wagon for 
the same purpose. When used for bringing 
up the rock from a sinking shaft the cores 
are made without wheels, and are more 
like a basket. In early days corves were 
wicker baskets, having wooden bows or 
handles; they held about 4% hundred- 
weight of coal. See also hutch. a. Fay. 

corf bater; corf bitter. N. of Eng. A boy who 
cleans the dirt or mud off corves. See also 
corf, a. Fay. 

corf bow. Eng. The handle of a corf. Fay. 

Corindite. Trade name for an artificial prod- 
uct consisting mainly of corundum and 
used as an abrasive. English. 

coring. A variable composition between the 
center and surface of a unit of structure 
(such as a dendrite, grain, or carbide par- 
ticle) resulting from nonequilibrium growth 
which occurs over a range of temperature. 
ASM Gloss. 

coring bit. Synonym for core bit. Long. 

coring devices. Coring devices are essentially 
steel tubes that are driven into the ocean 
floor bottom for the purpose of obtaining 
and investigating a sediment sample or core 
from a particular topography. Phleger, 
Kullenberg, Ewing, Moore, Emery-Dietz 
are some of the coring devices used for this 
purpose. H&G. 

coring equipment. See core equipment, Long. 

coring out. Forming of the interior portions 
of foundry castings with cores. Crispin. 

coring tool; corer. A tool which is used when 
a core is required. In drilling, where speed 
is the aim, cores are not made. When, how- 
ever, an important bed or horizon is ap- 
proached, and detailed geological informa- 
tion is required, the coring bit is inserted 
and core drilling commenced. Nelson. 

coring up. The placing of the cores in their 
position in a foundry mold ready for cast- 
ing. Crispin. 

coring weight. The amount of feed pressure 
that should be applied to a core bit to 
obtain optimum results in the way of core 
recovery and bit performance while drilling 
a specific rock. Long. 

Corinthian process. See Carinthian process. 
Fay. 

Coriolis force. Named after the French civil 
engineer and mathematician, G. G. Cor- 
iolis. It is the apparent force, corresponding 
to the Coriolis acceleration of a body, equal 
to the product of the mass by the Coriolis 
acceleration. It is caused by the earth’s 
rotation which deflects a moving body on 
the surface of the earth to the right (clock- 
wise) in the northern hemisphere and to 
the left (counterclockwise) in the southern 
hemisphere. As a result of the earth’s ro- 
tation, it is responsible for the deflection 
of projectiles to the right, the motion of 
the winds to the right, and the spinning of 
water in a vortex to the right in the 
northern hemisphere, and all these motions 
to the left in the southern hemisphere. Be- 








Corning 


cause the first complete explanation of this 
apparent force was by American meteorolo- 
gist, W. Ferrel, it is also called Ferrel’s law. 
See also Ferrel’s law. Bureau of Mines Staff ; 
Webster 3d; A.G_I. 

corker. See capper. D.O.T. 1. 

cork fossil. A variety of amphibole or horn- 
blende, resembling cork; the lightest of all 
minerals. Fay. 

corkscrew. a. A device resembling a cork- 
screw, used as a fishing tool. Compare 
Jamaica open-spiral auger. Long. b. A bore- 
hole following a spiraled course. Long. c. 
A cylindrical surface, such as the outer sur- 
face of a piece of spirally grooved core. 
Also called fluted core. Long. 

corkscrew core. See fluted core. Long. 

corkscrew flute casts. Flute cast with cork- 
screw form; with twisted beak. Pettijohn. 

cork stone. Stone made by mixing ground cork 
and a mineral substance which also acts as 
the binder. Bennetet 2d, 1962. 

corncob. Synonym for taper bit. Long. 

corncob bit. Obsolete synonym for taper bit. 
See also taper bit. Long. 

cornean. Eng. An igneous rock, so called 
from its tough, compact, and hornlike tex- 
ture. Also known as asphanite. Fay. 

corneite. A biotite hornfels formed during the 
folding of a shale. See also hornfels, A.G.I. 

cornelian. A translucent red variety of chal- 
cedony. C.M.D. Synonym for carnelian. 

Cornelius furnace. A type of glass-melting 
furnace in which the glass is heated by 
direct electrical resistance. Dodd. 

corneous manganese. Synonym for photicite. 
Hey 2d, 1955, 

corner. A point on a land boundary at which 
two or more boundary lines meet. It is 
not the same as a monument, which is the 
physical evidence of the location of the 
corner on the ground. A.G_J. 

corner angle. On face milling cutters, the 
angle between an angular cutting edge of 
a cutter tooth and the axis of the cutter, 
measured by rotation into an axial plane. 
ASM Gloss. 

corner break. The separation of a block of 
stone from a solid ledge by breaking it 
simultaneously along two faces meeting at 
a corner. Fay. 

corner-fastened tray conveyor. See suspended 
tray conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

corner-hung tray conveyor. See suspended 
tray conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

corner joint. A joint between two members 
located approximately at right angles to 
each other in the form of an L. ASM 
Gloss. 

corner racking. Square or triangular strips of 
pinewood fixed vertically down each cor- 
ner of a rectangular shaft to secure and 
stiffen the timber sets. Nelson. 

corners. In Wales, bands of clay ironstone. 
Fay. 

corner wear. The tendency of a grinding 
wheel to wear on a corner so that it does 
not grind up to a shoulder without leaving 
a fillet. ACSG, i963. 

cornetite. A peacock-blue, basic copper phos- 
phate, Cus(PO,)2.3Cu(OH)»s; orthorhom- 
bic minute crystals and crusts. From Ka- 
tanga, Republic of the Congo; Bwana 
M’Kubwa, Northern Rhodesia. English. 

cornice glacier. One of various shapes of gla- 
ciers on ledges on the face of a cliff. Also 
called cliff glacier. A.G_I. 

corning. Scot. Mealtime. Fay. 

Corning. Trademark for glass and glassware 
of various compositions and physical prop- 
erties, and accessories used therewith. CCD 


Corning table 


6d, 1961. 

Corning table. See Bilharz table. Fay. 

cornish. Term in use among Welsh miners for 
cannel coal or anthracitized cannel coal. 
Tomketeff, 1954. 

Cornish. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic 
of Cornwall, England. Webster, 3d. b. Of, 
relating to, or characteristic of Cornish- 
men. Webster 3d. 

Cornish boiler. A steam boiler which resembles 
the Lancashire boiler except that there is 
only one furnace tube, The diameter of 
the boiler shell is commonly about 5 to 6 
feet. The furnace tube contains cross tubes 
to increase the evaporative power of the 
boiler. Nelson. 

Cornish clay. Same as Cornish stone, a. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

Cornish diamond. Eng. A quartz crystal from 
Cornwall. Webster 3d. 

Cornish engine. See Cornish pump. 

Cornish mining ton. The weight equal to 21 
hundredweight of 112 pounds each, or 
2,352 pounds (1,066.87 kilograms). Web- 
ster 2d. 

Cornish pump; Cornish engine. A single-act- 
ing engine in which the power for pump- 
ing operations was transmitted through 
the action of a cumbersome beam. These 
pumps began to be introduced early in 
the 19th century and held the field for 
practically 100 years. Nelson. 

Cornish rolls. A geared pair of horizontal 
cylinders, one fixed in a frame and the 
other held by strong springs. The distance 
apart is adjusted by distance pieces of 
shims. Pryor, 3, Used for grinding. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

Cornish stone. a. A partially weathered feld- 
spar, used as a flux and fusible ingredient 
in porcelain and tiles. Sometimes called 
china stone. CCD 6d, 1961. b. Eng. A 
quartz crystal from Cornwall. CCD, 6d, 
1961. 

cornubianite. a. Proposed by Boase from the 
classic name for Cornwall, England, for a 
contact hornfels, consisting of andalusite, 
mica, and quartz. Bonney suggested re- 
stricting cornubianite to tourmaline horn- 
fels. Fay. b. A very fine-grained nonfissile 
metamorphic rock composed of quartz, 
feldspar, and mica. See also hornfels; lep- 
tynolite; proteolite; seebenite. A.G.I. 

cornubite. A basic copper arsenate, Cus(As- 
Ox)2(OH)s, dimorphous and_ associated 
with cornwallite. The name was provision- 
ally given as cornubianite, earlier applied 
to a metamorphic rock, hornfels. Spencer 
21, M.M., 1958. 

cornuite. a. A yellow, gelatinous substance, 
apparently in albumen with 97 percent 
water; found in fissures in diatomite de- 
posit of Luneburger Heide, Hanover, Ger- 
many. It may be an organic matter derived 
from the diatoms or a fungus. Tomkeieff, 
1954, b. A blue, green, hydrous copper 
silicate, CuSiO;.2H»O; glassy. The colloi- 
dal phase of chrysocolla. English. 

Cornwall. A county in England forming a 
peninsula at the southwestern extremity of 
Great Britain renouned for its copper and 
tin mines which have been worked for 
centuries. Encyclopaedia Americana. 

cormnwallite. An emerald-green, massive, hy- 
drous copper arsenate, CusAsxOs.2Cu(OH)s 
+H20. Fay. 

Cornwall stone. a. A highly weathered and 
partly kaolinized feldspathic rock used to 
replace feldspar and kaolin in some ce- 
ramic applications. BuMines Bull. 585, 
1960, p. 284. b. A feldspar-quartz-kaolinite 








268 


product obtained from weathered alaskite- 
type granite in Cornwall, England. A.G.I. 
coro-coro. A dressed product of copper works 
in South America, consisting of grains of 
native copper mixed with pyrite, chalcopy- 
rite, mispickel, and earthy minerals. See 
also copper barrilla; barrilla. Fay. 
Coromant cut. A new drill hole pattern in 
which two overlapping holes of about 2% 
inches in diameter are drilled in the tun- 
nel center and left uncharged. These holes 
form a slot roughly 4 by 2 inches to which 
the easers can break. All the holes in the 
round are parallel and in-line with the 
tunnel. Short-delay detonators are used for 
the easer holes and Y2-second delays for 
the rest of the round. A pull of 10 feet 
per round has been obtained in strong 
rock with 10-foot 6-inch holes. Explosive 
consumption for the easer holes is about 
0.2 pounds per foot of hole. Nelson. 
corona. a. A Spanish term meaning crown. 
Sometimes used in the Southwestern United 
States as a synonym for diamond bit. Long. 
b. A zone of minerals, usually radial 
around another mineral, or at the contact 
between two minerals. The term has been 
applied to reaction rims, corrosion rims, 
and originally, crystallized minerals. Also 
called kelyphite. A.G.J. c. A luminous dis- 
charge from the surface of a conducting 
wire when voltage causes breakdown of 
surrounding air. Observed with Cottrells, 
high-tension separators. Pryor, 3. d. In 
spot welding, an area sometimes surround- 
ing the nugget at the faying surfaces, con- 
tributing slightly to overall bond strength. 
ASM _ Gloss. 
coronadite. A black manganate of lead and 
manganese, (Mn,Pb)Mn;O;, massive; fi- 
brous. Probably a mixture of hollandite and 
an unknown lead mineral, From the Coro- 
nado vein, Clifton-Morenci district, Ariz. 
English. Resembles psilomelane in general 
aspect. Fay. 
coronite. Corona-bearing rock. A.G.I. Supp. 
corporal. Mid. A district foreman in charge 
of the underground haulageways. Fay. 
corporation. A legal entity and can have no 
greater rights than an individual in ac- 
quiring public lands. Hence a corporation, 
regardless of the number of its stockhold- 
ers, may lawfully locate no greater area 
than is allowable in the case of an indi- 
vidual. A corporation is a citizen of the 
state within which it is incorporated and 
it is conclusively presumed that all of its 
stockholders are citizens. Ricketts, I. 
corpse light. A blue flame (due to methane) 
made in a miner’s safety lamp when concen- 
tration of dangerous gas is high, Pryor, 3. 
corrading stream. When the debris supplied 
to a stream is less than its capacity for 
carrying load, the stream abrades its bed 
and is a corrading, downcutting, or de- 
grading stream. A.G_I. 
corrasion. a. The wearing away of the surface 
of the earth through the friction of solid 
material transported by water or air. It is 
one form of erosion. Fay. b. Mechanical 
erosion performed by moving agents such 
as wear by glacial ice, by wind, by run- 
ning water, etc. A.G.J. c. The wearing 
away of rocks and soil by the abrasive 
action of material moved along by wind, 
waves, streams, or glaciers. One of the 
several processes of erosion. Webster 3d. 
corrected effective temperature. The scales of 
effective temperature take into considera- 
tion the temperature, humidity and speed 
of the air. The effects of radiant heat can 








correlation 


be included in an assessment of effective 
temperature by using the globe thermom- 
eter temperature instead of the dry-bulb 
temperature in those cases when the read- 
ing of the globe thermometer is higher 
than the dry-bulb temperature. In such 
cases the result is described as the cor- 
rected effective temperature. Roberts, I, 
p. 343, 

corrected loupe. See loupe, corrected. Shipley. 

corrected width. S. Afr. The same as esti- 
mated true width of a reef or vein after 
allowing for the angle at which a drill 
has intersected the reef or vein. The length 
of the intersection is the borehole width 
of the reef or vein and may be consid- 
erably larger. Beerman. 

correcting wedge. A deflection wedge used to 
deflect a crooked. borehole back into its 
intended course. See also deflecting wedge. 
Long. 

correction chart. A chart, graph, or table 
giving the true angle of the inclination of 
a borehole for specific apparent angles as 
read from the etch line in a specific-size 
acid bottle. See also capillarity-correction 
chart. Long. 

correction factor. See assay plan factor. Tru- 
scott, p. 99. 

correction table. See correction chart. Long. 

correctly placed material. a. Material correct- 
ly included in the products of a sizing or 
density separation. B.S, 3552, 1962. b. In 
cleaning, the material of specific gravity 
lower than the separation density which 
has been included in the low density prod- 
uct, or material of specific gravity higher 
than the separation density which has been 
included in the high density products. B.S. 
3552, 1962. c. In sizing, the undersize 
contained in the underflow, or oversize 
contained in the overflow, of a sizing 
operation. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

correlate. a. To find horizons of the same age 
in the strata at different places that are 
either distant or are separated by geologic 
disturbances; to find which coalbeds in 
one coalfield or part of a coalfield corre- 
spond with (or are the same as) those of 
another coalfield. Mason. b. To plot or to 
arrange two different surveys, the surveys 
of two different mines, or the underground 
and the surface on the same base line or 
to a common meridian. Mason. c. To 
establish a definite stratigraphic relation- 
ship between. For example, to correlate 
the fossil faunas or the formations of two 
areas. Webster 3d. 

correlated. Belonging to the same stratigraph- 
ic horizon. Correlated strata, for example. 
Webster 3d. 

correlation. a. The determination of the 
equivalence in geologic age and in strati- 
graphic position of two formations or other 
stratigraphic units in separated areas; or, 
more broadly, the determination of the 
contemporaneity of events in the geologic 
histories of two areas. The same fossils 
constitute the chief evidence in problems 
of correlation. Fay. b. Determination of 
synchrony of homotaxis, or of relation to 
the scale of geologic time; usually used in 
the comparison of geologic formations or 
of fossil faunas or fossil floras belonging 
to different districts. Webster 3d. c. Cor- 
relations may be based on paleontologic 
or physical evidence. A.G.J. d. In seismic 
interpretation, the picking of correspond- 
ing phases, obtained at two or more sepa- 
rated seismometer spreads, of those seismic 
events which appear to originate at the 














correlation shooting 


same geologic formation boundary. A.G.I. 
e. Commonly, in coal mining, correlation 
signifies the recognition of identical seams 
in different exposures. See also coal-seam 
correlation; lithologic correlation. Nelson. 
f. The process of orientating underground 
survey lines or of coordinating under- 
ground survey stations to the National 
Grid. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. g. Procedure 
of finding peaks and troughs on the seis- 
mograms that correspond to the same phase 
of reflections against the same boundary 
plane. Schieferdecker. 

correlation shooting. A seismic shooting 
method in which isolated profiles are shot 
and correlated to obtain relative struc- 
tural positions of the horizons mapped. 
Opposite of continuous profile shooting. 
A.G.I. 


corrensite. It is suggested that the name 


corrensite be restricted to a 1:1 regularly 
interstratified chlorite—swelling chlorite. 
American Mineralogist, v. 46, No. 5-6, 
May-June 1961, p. 769. 


corridor dryer. Term sometimes used for a 


chamber dryer. See also chamber dryer. 
Dodd. 


corridor system. See methane drainage. Rob- 


erts, I, p. 81. 


corrie. Scot. A circular hollow on the side 


of a hill or a mountain; a cirque. Also 
spelled corry. See also cirque. A.GI.; 
A.GI. Supp. 


corrity. York. Applied to crossbedded rocks. 


Arkell. 


corrode. a. To eat away by degrees as if by 


gnawing. Webster 3d. b. To wear away 
or to diminish by gradually separating or 
destroying small particles or converting 
into an easily distintegrated substance; 
especially, to eat away or to diminish by 
acid or alkali reaction or by chemical 
alteration. Webster 3d. 


corroded. a. A diamond surface that has the 


appearance of having been etched by acid. 
Long. b. Eaten away, or with the surface 
pitted by a corrosion liquid or gas. Long. 


corroded crystal. A phenocryst that after crys- 


tallization is more or less reabsorbed or 
attacked by the magma, or a crystal in a 
vein or a pegmatite that is partly dis- 
solved by later solutions. The process is 
probably much the same in all three in- 
stances. Hess. 


corroding lead. Lead of purity exceeding 


99.94 percent, suitable for the production 
of white lead. C.T.D. 


corrosion. a. Erosion of land or rock; specif- 


ically, the removal of soil or rock by the 
solvent or chemical action of running 
water. Compare corrasion. Webster 3d. b. 
It is necessary to distinguish between the 
wearing or denuding action of a river on 
its bed and on its banks. The cutting 
away and deepening of the bed is known 
as corrosion, and the wearing away of its 
banks is known as erosion. A.G.I. c. The 
eating away of rock due to chemical solu- 
tion. Corrosion is frequently used to de- 
note chemical denudation. A.G.J, d. Chem- 
ical erosion, whether accomplished by 
motionless or moving agents. A.GJ. e. 
Gradual destruction of a material usually 
by solution, oxidation, or other means at- 
tributable to a chemical process. Lowen- 
heim. 


corrosion and gumming test. The complete 


evaporation of gasoline under standard 
laboratory conditions to determine the 
quantity of tarry residue and the amount 
of discoloration of the copper cup in which 





269 


the test is made. Porter. 

corrosion border; corrosion rim; corrosion 
zone. a. A modification of the outlines of 
phenocrysts caused by the corrosive action 
of a magma upon minerals which were 
previously stable under different condi- 
tions. It is a special case of the reaction 
rim. See also corona; reaction rim. Johann- 
sen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 171. b. Synonymous 
with resorption border. Webster 3d. 

corrosion embrittlement. The severe loss of 
ductility of a metal resulting from cor- 
rosive attack, usually intergranular and 
often not visually apparent. ASM Gloss. 

corrosion fatigue. Effect of the application of 
repeated or fluctuating stresses in a corro- 
sive environment characterized by shorter 
life than would be encountered as a result 
of either the repeated or fluctuating stresses 
alone or the corrosive environment alone. 
ASM Gloss. 

corrosion, magmatic. A process of resolution 
in which an early formed phase, such as 
quartz phenocrysts, later becomes corroded 
or embayed as the result of some change 
in the conditions affecting the solubility 
of the phase; sometimes corrosion rims 
result. A.G.I. 

corrosion of refractories. Deterioration or 
wearing away of refractory bodies largely 
at their surfaces through chemical action 
of external agencies. HW. 

corrosion potential. The steady-state irrevers- 
ible potential of a metal or alloy in a con- 
stant corrosive environment. BuMines Bull, 
619, 1964, p. 206. 

corrosion rate. The rate which a metal or 
alloy is removed because of corrosion. This 
may be expressed in terms of loss in weight 
or loss of thickness in a given period of 
time. (Corrosion rates in terms of thick- 
ness change refer to the loss of metal 
from one side only.) H&G. 

corrosion spring swamp. Corrosion spring 
swamps include a very small group of de- 
posits formed in a peculiar manner. Where 
springs, such as that of the Big Bone Lick 
in Kentucky, carry to the surface a con- 
siderable quantity of dissolved rock mate- 
rials, such as salt, calcium carbonate, etc., 
the leaching of the soluble minerals from 
the underground rocks may be so much 
that the surface gradually sinks, forming 
a swampy area. Generally, the rate of 
ablation of the district is so rapid that 
the local downsinking, produced by the 
process of solution, results in a widespread 
lowering of the surface. In rare instances, 
as at the Big Bone Lick and at other 
saline springs in Kentucky, a small area 
of marsh land is produced, A.G_I. 

corrosion surface; corrosion zone. Blackened, 
pitted, irregular bedding surface found in 
some limestones; attributed to submarine 
solution or resorption. Pettijohn. 

corrosion zone. See corrosion surface. Petti- 
john. 

corrosive. Anything that corrodes, especially 
a chemical agent, such as an acid; any- 
thing that wears away or disintegrates. Fay. 

corrosive water. Aggressive water, such as 
water containing free COs, capable of dis- 
solving calcium carbonate. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

corrugated. When on a small scale beds are 
much wrinkled, folded, or crumpled, they 
are said to be corrugated. On a larger 
scale, they are said to be contorted. Fay. 

corrugated friction socket. A fishing tool. 
Long. 

corrugated ripple mark. A longitudinal rip- 








corvusite 


ple mark with a symmetrical rounded crest 
and trough. Such ripple marks are rarely 
branched. A.G.I. Supp. 

corrugated trough. A trough with corruga- 
tions formed into the bottom to assist coal 
travel on steep grades or under wet con- 
ditions. Jones. 

corrugating. Forming sheet metal into a series 
of straight, parallel, alternate ridges and 
grooves by using a rolling mill equipped 
with matched roller dies or by using a 
press brake equipped with special-shaped 
punch and die. ASM Gloss. 

corrugator. See pipe finisher. D.O.T. 1. 

Corsican green. A mineral similar to bastite; 
used as a substitute for it in ornamental 
objects. Shipley. 

corsilite; corsilyte. A rock from Corsica com- 
posed of smaragdite replacing diallage, 
more or less of the original diallage, and 
saussurite (feldspars altered to a mixture 
of albite, zoisite, epidote, quartz, musco- 
vite, calcite, etc. Hess. 

corsite. An orbicular variety of gabbro. A.G.I. 

cortex. In coal, that part of the axis of a 
vascular plant which surrounds the central 
cylinder and is separated from the cylinder 
by the endodermis, and limited on the 
outside by the epidermis. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

cortlandtite. A peridotite composed of large 
hornblende crystals with poikilitically in- 
cluded olivine crystals. A.GJI.; A.GI. 
Supp. 

corundolite. A rock consisting of corundum 
and iron oxides. See also emery rock. A.G_I. 

corundophilite. A chlorite, (Mg,Fe)s(Al,Fe)s- 
(Si,Al).«O1(OH)s, consisting of magne- 
sium, iron, aluminum hydroxyl silicate. 
Webster 3d. 

corundum. An aluminum oxide, Al2Os, occur- 
ring commonly as an accessory mineral in 
the metamorphic rocks, such as crystal- 
line limestone, mica-schist, gneiss. Rhom- 
bohedral. Color various; usually some 
shade of brown, pink, or blue. May be 
white, gray, green, ruby-red, or sapphire- 
blue. Luster adamantine to vitreous. Trans- 
parent to translucent. Mohs’ hardness, 9; 
specific gravity, 4.02. The colored and clear 
varieties form the gems sapphire, ruby, 
oriental emerald, and oriental topaz. The 
granular impure variety is known as emery. 
Artificial corundum is manufactured from 
bauxite on a large scale. This synthetic 
material together with other manufactured 
abrasives, has largely taken the place of 
natural corundum as an abrasive, The 
main use of natural corundum is for gem 
stones such as ruby, and sapphire. Dana 
17, pp. 290-292. 

corundum cat’s eye. Corundum with a bluish, 
reddish, or yellowish reflection of light of a 
lighter shade than the stone itself. Schaller. 

corundum syenite. A medium-grained, light 
yellow or place rose rock containing large 
crystals of corunudm in a groundmass of 
microperthite. Accessory minerals are 
quartz and biotite. Stokes and Varnes, 
19595. 

corve. A small tub or tram. The original corve 
or corf was a wooden basket for carrying 
coal from the face to the shaft bottom and 
up the shaft. Nelson. 

corvers. N. of Eng. Carpenters who make 
corves (baskets). Also, formerly, one who 
brought corves out of the mine, and kept 
them in repair. Fay. 

corvusite. A very rare, purplish, blue-black 
to brown, weakly radioactive vanadium 
mineral, V20,..6V20;.nH2O; from the car- 


cos 


notite region of Colorado and Utah. 
Crosby, pp. 119-120; Hess; E.C.T., v. 14, 
p. 436. 

cos Abbreviation for cosine. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

cosalite. A sulfide of lead and bismuth, Pbo- 
BiSs, containing 42 percent bismuth. 
Sanford. 

cosecant. The cosecant of an arc is the secant 
of the complement of the arc. Zern, p. 55. 

cosedimentation. Contemporaneous deposi- 
tion. A.G.JI. Supp. 

coseismic line. A diagrammatic line drawn 
through those places which suffer earth- 
quake shocks simultaneously. These lines 
are generally elliptical, the center point of 
the ellipse being known as the epicenter. 
Ham. 

cosh Abbreviation for hyperbolic cosine. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. 

cosine. The cosine of an arc is the sine of its 
complement; or it is the distance from 
the foot of the sine to the center of the 
circle. Zern, p. 54. 

coslettized iron. Iron which has been im- 
mersed in a dilute solution of iron phos- 
phate and phosphoric acid, near its boiling 
point. A very thin hard and tenacious 
coating of gray iron phosphate is formed 
on the surface of the iron, which it protects 
from rust. Camm. 

Coslett treatment. Use of hot phosphoric acid 
bath to form an anticorrosion surface film 
on steel. When grain of surface is modified 
by addition of manganese salts, process is 
Parkerizing. Pryor, 3. 

cosmic. Of, from, or relating to the cosmos, 
the extraterrestrial vastness, or the uni- 
verse in contrast to the earth alone. Web- 
ster 3d. 

cosmic dust. a. Fine particles of cosmic or 
meteoric origin, or the remains of small 
meteorites which have been decomposed on 
passing through the earth’s atmosphere. 
A.G.I. b. Very fine particles of solid matter 
in any part of the universe, including 
meteoric dust and zodiacal light particles 
in the solar system. Webster 3d. 

cosmic radiation. Radiation made up of cos- 
mic rays. Webster 3. 

cosmic ray. a. A stream of atomic nuclei of 
heterogeneous, extremely penetrating char- 
acter that enter the earth’s atmosphere from 
outer space at speeds approaching that of 
light and with energies ranging from a few 
billion to at least 10’ billion electron volts 
and that bombard atmospheric atoms to 
produce mesons as well as secondary parti- 
cles possessing some of the original energy. 
Webster 3d b. Radiation incident on the 
earth from outer space. A.G.J. 

cosmic sediment. Particles of extraterrestrial 
origin reaching the surface of the earth. 
These particles are found chiefly in deep- 
sea sediments, in the form of black mag- 
netic spherules. A.G.J. 

cosmites. Used by M. E. Wadsworth to desig- 
nate mineral decorative materials, orna- 
mental stones, and gems. Fay. 

cosmochemistry. a. The study of the distribu- 
tion of elements in the universe. Schiefer- 
decker b. The study of the chemical com- 
position of and changes in the universe. 
Webster 3d. 

cosmogony. a. A part of the science of astron- 
omy that deals with the origin and the 
development of the universe and its com- 
ponents. Webster 3d. b. The creation, the 
origination, or the manner of coming into 
being of the world or the universe. A 
theory of the origination of the universe. 








270 


Also spelled cosmogeny. Webster 3d. c. 
Speculation regarding the origin of the uni- 
verse, including the origin of the earth. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cosmology. The 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cossacks. Nickname for coal and iron police. 
Korson. 

cost account. Detailed statement of items of 
cost in each major section of the overall 
expenditure, suitably related to product 
made. Can be valuable instrument in tech- 
nical process control in mineral industry. 
Pryor, 3. 

cost book. Corn. A book used to keep ac- 
counts of mining enterprises carried on 
under the cost-book system, peculiar to 
Cornwall and Devonshire, and differing 
from both partnership and incorporation. 
It resembles the mining partnership system 
of the Pacific States. Fay. 

cost-book system. This form of organization 
consisted of a system whereby a mine was 
divided into shares, which were purchased 
by a limited number of part-owners, usu- 
ally living in the mining community. The 
joint owners, or adventurers as they were 
called, supplied all the capital and shared 
all profits. The cost-book system cannot be 
called a partnership, because it is some- 
thing more; nor can it be termed a joint- 
stock company, since it is something less 
than the modern company, of which it was 
the forerunner. Hoov, p. 232. 

cost controller. An engineer/accountant based 
at a large colliery, responsible for analyz- 
ing costs, pinpointing wastage, and fram- 
ing procedures to reduce costs. He works 
closely with his production colleagues on 
the preparation of estimates and forecasts, 
and in inculcating a cost consciousness in 
all departments. Nelson. 

costean. a. A trench cut across the conjec- 
tured line of outcrop of a seam or ore body 
to expose the full width. Nelson b. The 
channel eroded by a flow of water to ex- 
pose mineral deposits during prospecting 
work. See also trenching, b. Nelson c. 
Corn, Fallen or dropped tin. From the 
Cornish, cothas, meaning dropped, and 
stean, meaning tin. Fay. 

costeaning. a. The removal of soil and sub- 
soil by a rushing of water, in order to 
expose rock formations in prospecting for 
reefs or lodes C.T.D. b. Proving an ore 
deposit or vein by trenching across its out- 
crop at approximately right angles. Weed, 
1922 c. Tracing a lode by pits sunk 
through overburden to underlying rock. 
Pry Oty di. 

costean pit. Corn. A pit sunk to bedrock in 
prospecting. Standard, 1964. 

cost, fixed; overhead. That part of the out- 
going which is constant, whatever tonnage 
is mined. Includes administrative manage- 
ment, amortization, rentals, and fixed in- 
teresteeenvonma. 

costing. For technical and financial control 
of mining operations, special developments 
from cost accountancy are used. They in- 
clude budgetary control, standard costing 
and responsibility control and work by ex- 
amining variances either of details in com- 
parable accounting periods, or by compar- 
ing estimated with actual costs. Pryor, 3. 

cost, insurance and freight. Term showing 
that these items have been paid by the 
shipper of concentrates, metal, etc, Pryor, 3. 

costra. Low-grade Chilean soduim nitrate. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

cot. Abbreviation for cotangent. BuMin Style 


science of the universe. 





cotton fabric multiply belt 


Guide, p. 58. 

cotangent. The cotangent of an arc is equal 
to the tangent of the complement of the 
arc. Zern, p. 54. 

coteau. A French term signifying a small hill 
or hillock. In the northern United States 
it was generally applied by the early 
French travelers to a range of hills or to 
an escarpment forming the edge of a 
plateau. Such an escarpment is usually 
dissected, so that it resembles a range of 
hills, at a distance. The Coteau des Prairies 
and the Coteau du Missouri are escarp- 
ments of this character. USGS Bull. 611, 
1915, p. 45. 

cotectic line. A special case of the boundary 
line, in ternary systems, along which one 
of the two crystalline phases present reacts 
with the liquid, upon decreasing the tem- 
perature, to form the other crystalline 
phase. Synonym for reaction curve; reac- 
tion line. A.G_I. 

cotectic surface. A curved surface in a quat- 
ernary system, representing the intersection 
of two primary phase volumes, one or 
both of which are solid solution series. It is 
the bivariant equivalent of the univariant 
cotectic line in ternary systems. A.G_I. 

coth. Abbreviation for hyperbolic cotangent. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

Cotham marble. A member of the Rhaetic 
rocks of England. It is an impure lime- 
stone characterized by arborescent or moss- 
like markings; a type of landscape marble. 
Cul DD 

coticule. A fine-grained honestone from Bel- 
gium. It is compact, yellow in color, and 
contains minute crystals of yellow manga- 
nese garnet with potash mica and tourma- 
line. It may be prepared for marketing by 
cutting to include a blue-gray phyllite for 
additional strength or support. Brady, p. 
824. 

cotidal lines. Lines on a map or chart passing 
through all points at which high waters 
occur at the same time. The lines show the 
lapse of time, usually in lunar-hour inter- 
vals, between the moon’s transit of the 
Greenwich meridian and the occurrence of 
high water for any point lying along the 

line. Hy. 

cotter. a. Eng. To mat together; to en- 
tangle. Frequently applied to a hard, cross- 
grained, tough stone or coal, as cottered 
coal. Fay b. A tapered rod or pin, gen- 
erally flat in section, used for wedging the 
ends of rods or of strap ends over their 
rods. Crispin. 

cotterite. A variety of quartz having a pecul- 
iar metallic pearly luster. Standard, 1964. 

cotter pin. Usually a form of split pin which 
is inserted into a hole near the end of a 
bolt to prevent a nut from working loose. 
Crispin. 

cottle. A retaining wall placed around a 
model to hold poured plaster until it sets 
to forma mold. ACSG, 1963. 

cottles. Leather strips of various widths. Noke. 

cotton ball. See ulexite. Fay. 

cotton chert. Synonym for chalky chert. Ob- 
solete. A.G.I. 

cotton fabric multiply belt. A rubber belt 
consisting of a rubber cover and impregna- 
tion and the cotton duct fabric. The rub- 
ber cover protects the fabric from abrasion 
and prevents the penetration of moisture 
or oil. The rubber cover ranges up to 
three-eights of an inch or more in thick- 
ness, depending on the material carried. 
The belt contains about 40 percent rub- 
ber and 60 percent fabric. The strength of 











cotton miner 


the belt lies in the fabric. See also solid- 

woven fabric belt. Nelson. 

| cotton miner. Can. In Quebec, a miner em- 

| ployed in an asbestos mine. Fay. 

‘| cotton rock. a. A variety of chert with a 

| black, dense interior and a white or light- 
colored exterior. A.G.J. b. A white to 
slightly gray or buff variety of limestone 
which has a soft, somewhat chalky, and 
porous appearance suggestive of cotton. 
Missouri cotton rock isusually dolomitic, 
siliceous, and fine-grained Lower Silurian. 
The term is colloquial. A.G.I. 

cotton stone. A variety of mesolite. Fay See 
also cotton rock. 

Cottrell meter. This instrument applies the 
veiling brightness method of producing 
threshold conditions. When in use the 
sighting telescope is directed towards some 
critical detail of the visual task and the 
veiling brightness is adjusted until it 
matches the background. The gradient 
filter is then turned until the target detail 
is at threshold visibility. Roberts, II, p. 102. 

Cottrell operator. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, one who recovers magnesium 
dust particles remaining in magnesium 
gas after processing, using a battery of 
Cottrell electrical precipitators. Also called 
agglomerator operator; dust operator. 
DOT 

Cottrell precipitator. An electrostatic device 
whereby negatively charged dust or fume 
particles are attracted to a wire electrode 
positively charged enclosed in a flue, the 
walls of which act as the other electrode. 
Widely used for treating sulfuric acid mist, 
cement mill dust, power-plant fly ash, 
metallurgical fumes, etc. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cotunnite. A soft white to yellowish lead 
chloride, PbCle. Occurs in acicular crys- 
tals of the orthorhombic system and in 
semicrystalline masses. Fay. 

CO, process. See carbon dioxide process. 
Dodd. 

coulch. Derb. A piece of earth falling from 

the roof or side in soft workings. Fay, 

| coulee; coulie. a. A_ solidified stream or 
sheet of lava extanding down the side of 
a volcano, and often forming a ridge or 
spur. Fay. b. A short, blocky, steep-sided 
lava flow, generally of glassy rhyolite or 
obsidian, issuing from the flank of a 
volcanic dome or from the summit crater 
of a volcano. A.G.J. c. Generally applied 
throughout the northern tier of States to 
any steep-sided gulch or water channel 
and at times even to a stream valley of 
considerable length. USGS Bull. 611, 
1915, p. 42 d. A small often intermittent 
stream. A dry creek bed sometimes run- 
ning with water in a wet season. Webster 
3d e. A steep-walled valley or ravine 
varying widely in size and often having a 
stream at the bottom. Webster 3d f. A 
small valley or low-lying area. Webster 3d. 

coulee lake. Sometimes lava is deposited 
across a valley, and the river channel is 
dammed. Volcanic dams are common, and 
some important lakes were formed by them. 
Geologists call a sheet of lava a coulee and, 
therefore, a lava-dammed lake is called a 
coulee lake. A.G.I. 

coulomb. The practical meter-kilogram- 
second (mks) unit of electric charge 
equal to the quantity of electricity trans- 
ferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 sec- 
ond; the standard in the United States. 
Webster 3d Also called an ampere-sec- 
ond. Newton, p. 453. 

coulomb attraction. The attraction between 





271 


ions of opposite electric charges. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

coulomb damping. a. The dissipation of 
energy that occurs when a particle in a 
vibrating system is resisted by a force 
whose magnitude is a constant inde- 
pendent of displacement and_ velocity, 
and whose direction is opposite to the 
direction of the velocity of the particle. 
Also called dry friction damping. H&G 
b. See specific damping capacity. Lewis, 
p. 569. 

Coulombs law. a. In electromagnetics, the 
force between two poles is directly as the 
product of their pole strengths and in- 
versely as the square of the distance be- 
tween them. Pryor, 3. b. In electrostatics, 
the force between two charges in vacuo 
is directly as the product of their magni- 
tudes, and inversely as the square of the 
distance between them. Pryor, 3. 

coulometer. An electrolytic cell arranged to 
measure the quantity of electricity by the 
chemical action produced in accordance 
with Faraday’s laws. Lowenheim. 

coulsonite. A vanadiferous iron ore assumed 
to have the composition FeO.(Fe,V):Os. 
Patches in magnetite. First named vanado- 
magnetite. From northeastern India, Eng- 
lish. 

coulter. A knife or wheel on a plow to cut 
the sod when plowing. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 285. 

Coulter counter. A high speed device for 
particle size analysis designed by W. H. 
Coulter and now made by Coulter Elec- 
tronics, Inc., Chicago. A suspension of the 
particles flows through a small aperture 
having an immersed electrode on either 
side with particle concentration such that 
the particles traverse the aperture substan- 
tially one at a time. Each particle, as it 
passes, displaces electrolyte within the 
aperture, momentarily changing the resist- 
ance between the electrodes and producing 
a voltage plus of magnitude proportional 
to practical volume. The resultant series 
of pulses is electronically amplified, scaled, 
and counted. Dodd. 

counter. a. A gangway driven obliquely up- 
wards on a coal seam from the main gang- 
way until it cuts off the faces of the work- 
ings, and then continues parallel with the 
main gangway. The oblique portion is 
called run. Fay. b. An apparatus for record- 
ing the number of strokes made by a pump, 
an engine, or other machinery. Fay. c. A 
crossvein. Fay. d. An instrument for the 
detection of uranium and thorium. Nelson 
e. A contraction used for any device which 
registers radioactive events, that is, alpha 
counter, beta counter, Gieger-Mueller 
counter, scintillation counter, The term is 
correctly used only for devices which 
actually register number of events, but is 
often erroneously applied to count rate 
meters which register events per unit time. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

counter-arched revetment. A revetment to a 
cutting in brickwork having arches turned 
between counterforts in a similar manner 
to a multiple-arch dam. Ham. 

counterbalance; counterpoise. A weight used 
to balance another weight or the vibrating 
parts of machinery. Fay. 

counter blow. In the blow-and-blow process 
of shaping glassware, the operation during 
which the parison is blown out. Dodd. 

counterblow hammer. A forging hammer in 
which both the ram and anvil are driven 
simultaneously toward each another by 





counterflow 


air or steam pistons. ASM Gloss. 

counterbored coupling. A drill-rod coupling 
in which the opening at each end is 
counterbored or tapered to an included 
angle of 20°; hence drilling fluid can flow 
through the coupling with less turbulence 
and loss of head than when pumped 
through a standard drill-rod coupling. Also 
called steamflow-rod coupling. Long. 

counterboring. Drilling or boring a flat- 
bottomed hole, often concentric with other 
holes. ASM Gloss. 

counterbracing. Two diagonal cross braces 
provided in the panels of steel trusses and 
frames to withstand wind pressure and to 
stabilize the structure. Ham. 

counter chute. A chute through which the 
coal from counter-gangway workings is 
lowered to the gangway below. Fay. 

counter coal. Coal worked from breasts or 
bords to the rise of a counter gangway. Fay. 

countercurrent. a. Arrangement in which ore, 
or pulp, proceeds in one direction and is 
progressively stripped of part of its con- 
tained mineral, while the enriched fraction 
thus produced moves in the opposite direc- 
tion, the results being centra] feed, with 
discharge of high-grade concentrate at one 
end of the process and low-grade or barren 
tailing at the other. In countercurrent, 
decantation (C.C.D.) the sand, slime, or 
slurry moves through a series of washing 
and settling operations while the wash 
water or solvating liquid moves in the 
opposite direction until it is sufficiently 
rich (pregnant) to be discharged for 
stripping of its value and return to the 
sand discharge end of the semicontinuous 
process. Pryor, 3. b. A current that flows 
in a direction opposite to the normal flow. 
The subsurface cold stream is an example. 
MacCracken. 

countercurrent braking. Braking accom- 
plished by reversing the motor connections, 
at the same time inserting appropriate 
resistance in the rotor circuit to adjust 
the negative torque to the desired value. 
With this method complete control of 
deceleration is obtained, even to a dead 
stop. Its greatest disadvantage is that it is 
expensive in current consumption. It is 
unsuitable for winders sited at depth, owing 
to the heat given out. Spalding, pp. 350- 
aoa 

countercurrent circulation. 
counterflush. Long. 

countercurrent decantation. The clarification 
of washery water and the concentration of 
tailings by the use of several thickeners 
in series. The water flows in the opposite 
direction from the solids. The final prod- 
ucts are slurry which is removed as fluid 
mud and clear water which is reused in 
the circuit. Nelson. 

countercurrent pipe exchange. A heat ex- 
changer, constructed of pipe, in which the 
direction of the cold oil is opposite to that 
of the hot oil. Porter. 

countercurrent principle. A means of main- 
taining the chemical potential at a uni- 
form level during a reaction. Newton, 
Joseph. Introduction to Metallurgy, 1938, 
p. 302. 

counter drain. The drain formed along the 
foot of a canal bank or dam to both carry 
away leakage and to strengthen the bank. 
Ham 

counterflow. In a heat exchanger, where the 
fluid absorbing heat and the fluid losing 
heat are so directed that lower and higher 
temperature of the one is adjacent to the 
lower and higher temperature of the other, 


Synonym for 


counterflush 


respectively. Ordinarily, the one fluid is 
flowing in the opposite direction from the 
other, hence the term. Strock, 10. 

counterflush. Synonym for reverse circulation. 
Long. 

counterflush boring; reversed flush boring. 
A method of core drilling in which the 
circulating fluid passes down the borehole 
and returns up the inside of the rods, 
providing continuous recovery of the core. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

counterfort. A strengthening pier bonded and 
perpendicular to the inner side of a re- 
taining wall, thereby stabilizing it against 
overturning, and increasing its strength. 
Ham. 

counter gangway.. A gangway driven ob- 
liquely across the workings to a higher 
level, or a gangway driven between two 
lifts and sending its coal down to the 
gangway below through a chute. Fay. 

counterhead. Mid. An underground head- 
ing driven parallel to another, and used 
as the return air course. Fay. 

counter ions. Those able to neutralize an- 
chored ions of opposite polarity. Pryor, 3. 

counterlode. A smaller vein running across 
the main lode. See also countervein. Fay. 

counterpoijse. See counterbalance. Fay. 

countershaft. a. A shaft which receives power 
from a parallel main shaft, and transmits 
it to another part of the main shaft or to 
working parts. Nichols. b. A shaft that 
allows one end of a main shaft to drive 
the other through reduction gears. Nichols. 

countersink. In a twist drill, the tapered and 
relieved cutting portion situated between 
the pilot drill and the body. Osborne. 

countersinking. Forming a flaring depression 
around the top of a hole for deburring, for 
receiving the head of a fastener, or for 
receiving a center. ASM Gloss. 

countervein. A crossvein running at approxi- 
mately right angles to the main ore body. 
Weed, 1922. See also counterlode. Fay. 

counterweight. a. A weight used with a cylin- 
drical drum to reduce the hoisting moment 
of a single load. May be shaped like the 
hammer of a piledriver, being made of 
cast-iron sections or composed of a series 
of round cast-iron disks contained within 
a pipe in the manway side of the shaft. 
Lewis, p. 243. b. A dead or nonworking 
load attached to one end or side of a 
machine to balance the weight carried on 
the opposite end. Nichols. c. A working 
part attached or positioned partly for the 
purpose of improving machine balance. 
Nichols. 

countess. Slate, size 20 by 10 inches; a 
duchess is 24 by 12 inches, and a princess 
is 24 by 14 inches. Terms descriptive of 
those trimmed for roofing. Pryor, 3. 

counting assay. Approximate method of ana- 
lysis, where particles of value and gangue 
are similar in shape and size, and their 
proportions can be assessed by inspection, 
probably under a low-powered microscope. 
Pryor, 3. 

count rate; counting rate. Number of counts 
per unit time. NCB. 

count-rate meter; counting-rate meter. An 
instrument which gives a continuous indi- 
cation of the average rate of arrival of 
pulses from a counter. NCB. 

country. The name given by miners to the 
rock in which the lode, vein, or reef is 
situated. Gordon. See also country rock. 

country bank. Ark. A small mine supplying 
coal for local use only. Fay. 

country rock. a. The rock traversed by or 
adjacent to an ore deposit. Fay. b. Applied 





272 


to the rocks surrounding and penetrated 
by mineral veins or invaded by and sur- 
rounding an igneous intrusion. Holmes, 
1920. c. The rock in which a mineral 
deposit or an intrusion is enclosed. Syn- 
onym for country. Webster 3d. d. The 
common rock of a region. Webster 3d. e. 
The valueless rock surrounding a lode. 
Pryor, 4. 

country sale. Scot. Sale of coal at the mine; 
sale by cart, as distinguished from disposal 
by rail or sea. Fay. 

County of Durham system. A combination 
of the panel and room-and-pillar method 
of mining. See also room-and-pillar, Fay. 

coup. a. N. of Eng. To exchange cavils 
(lots) with the consent of the foreman. 
Fay. b. Scot. A bank, or face of a heap 
where debris is dumped. Fay. c. To over- 
turn. Fay. d. N. of Eng. An informal 
exchange of workplace, task, or shift time. 
Trist. 

couple. a. Mid. To conduct water down 
the sides of shafts into water curbs or gar- 
lands. Fay. b. To connect or screw together. 
Long. c. Synonym for double. See also 
double. Long. d. Common term for thermo- 
couple. See also thermocouple. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. e. Two equal and. opposite 
forces that act along parallel lines. Webster 
3d. 

coupled. Connected together. Long. 

coupled wave. A surface seismic wave of com- 
plex motion in an elastic medium. It is 
described only by mathematical explana- 
tion. Also called C-wave. A.G.I. 

coupler. a. In mining, a laborer who connects 
drawbar, hook, chain, or automatic coupl- 
ing of mine cars underground and at the 
mine surface to make up trips (trains) for 
haulage. When coupling empty cars, he 
is known as empty coupler. Also called 
car coupler; car hooker; hooker; loco- 
motive coupler; main-line coupler; mine- 
car coupler; motorman coupler; snapper. 
D.O.T. 1. b. See shackle, c. Nelson. c. See 
shakler. Nelson. 

couplet. Synonym for double. See also double. 
Long. 

couple up. Synonym for couple. See also 
couple, b. Long. 

coupling. a. A device for connecting tubs or 
mine cars to form a set or journey. See also 
automatic clip; shackle, c. Nelson. b. A 
connector for drill rods, casing, or pipe 
with identical box or pin threads at either 
end. Compare sub, c. Long. c. A threaded 
sleeve used to connect two pipes. Fay. d. 
A device for joining two rope ends with- 
out splicing. Zern. e. York. An attach- 
ment for joining a chain to the end of 
a rope. Fay. f. The degree of mutual inter- 
action between two or more elements 
resulting from mechanical, acoustical, or 
electrical linkage. ASM Gloss. g. Occa- 
sionally used to mean any jointing device 
and may be applied to either straight or 
reducing sizes. Strock, 3. h. An arrange- 
ment for transferring electrical energy from 
one Circuit to another, in one or both 
directions. C.T.D. i. A device for connect- 
ing two vehicles, as railway coaches. C.T.D. 
j. A connection between two coaxial shafts, 
conveying a drive from one to the other. 
CAPD. 

coupling chains. Scot. Short chains connect- 
ing the cage with the winding rope. See 
also bridle chains. Fay. 

coupling tongs. Scot. A tool used in joining 
flanged pipes. Fay. 

coupon. A piece of metal from which a test 
specimen is to be prepared—often an extra 





courthouse inspector 


piece as on a casting or forging. ASM 
Gloss. 

coup-over. Aust. A small chamber, into 
which an empty skip can be upset so as 
to allow a full skip to pass when there is 
only a single line. Called coup-up in Scot- 
land. Fay. 

coup plate. In coal mining, steel plate on 
which tubs are turned from one set of 
rails to another. Pryor, 3. 

course. a. To conduct the ventilation back- 
ward and forward through the workings, 
by means of properly arranged stoppings 
and regulators. Fay. b. Som. A seam of 
coal. Fay. c. A progressing or proceeding 
along a straight line without change of 
direction. Webster 3d. d. To ventilate a 
number of faces in series. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2. e. Corn. An unproductive vein 
as opposed to be a lode. See also cross- 
course. f. The horizontal direction of a 
geologic structure. Synonym for strike. 
Webster 3d. g. A channel through which 
water flows. Synonym for watercourse. 
Webster 3d. h. An influx of water from one 
direction. Standard, 1964. i. A horizontal 
layer or row of brick in a structure. HW. 

coursed blockwork. When concrete blocks 
weighing from 10 to 50 tons are used in 
breakwater construction, the blockwork is 
laid in horizontal, bonded layers or courses. 
Ham. 

coursed rubble. Rubble in courses of differ- 
ing breadths. Standard, 1964. 

coursed ventilation. Mine ventilation*by the 
same air current, that is, without splitting 
of air. Nelson. 

course of employment. In mining, means 
where a miner is working within the pe- 
riod of the employment at a place he may 
reasonably be and while he is reasonably 
fulfilling the duties of his employment or 
is engaged in doing something incidental 
thereto. Ricketts, I. 

course of ore. a. A horizontal shoot. Nelson. 
b. See chute, b; course, f. Fay. 

course of vein. Its strike. The horizontal line 
on which it cuts the country rock. Fay. 

course stacking. The method of shovel opera- 
tion in which no ground is hauled away. 
-The shovel simply stacks the ground on 
the opposite side from the working cut, 
or it may turn entirely around, dumping 
the spoil on a bank behind. Lewis, p. 399. 

coursing. The system of ventilation in mines, 
as by doors, brattices, and stoppings. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

coursing bubble. One rising freely through 
cell during froth flotation. Pryor, 4. 

coursing joint. The mortar joint between 
two courses of bricks or stones. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

coursing pole. Rod used to keep courses 
straight in bricklaying. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

coursing the air. See course, a. Fay. 

coursing the waste. See course, a. Fay. 

courthouse. A method used by companies 
for checking the amount of refuse in coal. 
The refuse is picked from a few cars of 
run-of-mine coal daily, and when the 
amount of refuse is considered unreason- 
able, it is shown to the miner and his 
laborers. They may be suspended from 
work if the amount and size of refuse is 
too high. Mitchell, p. 216. 

courthouse inspector. In bituminous coal 
mining, one who examines mine cars of 
coal for impurities, such as slate, rock, and 
dirt, by the courthouse system (selecting 
cars at random for examination). Rejects, 
on basis of inspection, any group or lot 





————E 


ee 




















courtzilite 


of cars containing too much impurity. 
D.O.T. 1. 

, courtzilite. A form of asphaltum allied to 
gilsonite. Fay. 


|} cousie. Scot. A self-acting plane. Fay. 
\ cousie wheel. Scot. The drum or pulley on 





a self-acting plane. Fay. 


| 
‘| cousin Jack. Cornish miner, usually far from 


home. Pryor, 3. 
| Couvinian. Lower Middle Devonian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 


|, covalent bond. a. A nonionic chemical bond 


formed by shared electrons, usually a pair 
belonging originally each to a different 
atom or both to one atom. Distinguished 
from electrovalent bond. See also coordi- 
nate bond. Webster 3d. b. A linkage be- 
tween two atoms in a molecule, with no 
difference in electric charge on the two 
atoms. A linkage formed by the sharing 
of electron pairs. A.G.I. 


| cove. a. A small sheltered inlet or bay. For 


example, an irregular shoreline broken by 
many coves. Webster 3d. b. A shallow 
tidal stream or arm of the sea. A back- 
water near the mouth of a tidal stream. 
Webster 3d. c. A deep recess or a small 
valley in the side of a mountain. A level 
area sheltered by hills or mountains. Web- 
ster 3d. d. A small bay or an open harbor. 
Also applied to small areas of a plain or 
a valley that extend into a mountain or 
a plateau. A precipitously walled, cirque- 
like opening at the head of a small steep 
valley produced by erosion of shale below 
a thick massive sandstone. In Arizona and 
New Mexico, a re-entrant in the border 
of a mesa or a plateau is also called a 
rincon (from the Spanish meaning an 
inner corner). See also rincon. USGS Bull. 
730, 1923, p. 87. e. A basin or a hollow 
where the surface of the land has caved 
in, as from the dissolving away of the 
underlying rock by aqueous solution. Web- 
ster 3d. f. Scot. A hollow in a rock forma- 
tion. Synonym for cavern. Webster 3d. 
covelline. See covellite. Pryor, 3. 


|}: covellite; covelline. A copper sulfide; CuS; 


hexagonal; color indigo-blue; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 1.5 to 2; specific gravity, 4.6. Copper 
66.4 percent. Pryor, 3, Also known as 
indigo copper. 

_ cover. a. The thickness of rock, solid or in- 
coherent, between the workings and the 
surface (or seabed). Nelson. b. The pattern 
or number of drill holes (pilot holes) 
deemed adequate to detect water-bearing 
fissures or structures in advance of mine 
workings. Compare area cover. Long c. 
Shelter over and around a drill rig. Long. 
d. Total thickness of material overlying 
mine workings or an ore body. Also called 
burden; mantle. Long. e. A loose term 
for overburden. B.C.I. f. Chiefly stratified 
rocks overylying the basement, which de- 
form by folding under the proper condi- 
tions. Hess. g. Eng. In Somerset, thick 
cover and thin cover, two limestone beds 
used for paving. Arkell. h. The vertical 
distance between any position in the strata 
and the surface or any other position used 
as reference. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5.1. In 
underground installations, the depth below 
the surface that is reached by an opening. 
The thickness of rock and soil that forms 
the roof of an opening. Compare rock 
cover. A.G.I. 

‘cover binding. Corn. See plank timbering. 

Fay. 

‘cover blocks; spacers. Small precast mortar 
blocks used inside formwork or shuttering 
to ensure the correct cover to reinforce- 





273 


ment. Taylor. 

cover brick. Common term for arch brick 
used to line soaking pit covers. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cover coat. The top or last coat of. porcelain 
enamel, as distinguished from the first or 
ground coats. Some modern enamels are 
one coal enamels, thus serving as ground 
and cover coats simultaneously. Enam. 
Dict. 

covered electrode. Filler-metal electrode, used 
in arc welding, consisting of a metal core 
wire with a relative thick covering which 
provides protection for the molten metal 
from the atmosphere, improves the prop- 
erties of the weld metal and stabilizes the 
arc. Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 1961, 
p. 91. 

covered pot. See pot, k. Dodd. 

cover gap. The area in advance of mine 
workings not adequately probed by pilot 
holes to detect the presence of water-bear- 
ing fissures or structures. Long. 

cover half. In die casting, the stationary half 
of a die. ASM Gloss. 

cover hole. One of a group boreholes drilled 
in advance of mine workings to probe for 
and detect water-bearing fissures or struc- 
tures. Long. 

covering bords. York. A series of bords 
(rooms) formed on the side of a shaft 
pillar, from which longwall working is 
commenced. Fay. 

covering formation. Very often beds con- 
taining economic deposits of minerals are 
faulted, folded, and in part eroded. If 
later they are covered with other younger 
layers which do not include economic 
minerals or contain deposits of a different 
kind from those found in the deeper 
sequence, then this layer is spoken of as 
the covering formation. Stoces, v. 1, p. 44. 

covering power. a. The degree to which a 
porcelain enamel coating obscures the un- 
derlying surface. ASTM C 286-65. b. The 
degree to which a glaze hides or obscures 
a ceramic surface. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. The ability of a solution to give a satis- 
factory plate at very low current densities, 
a condition which would exist in recesses 
and pits. This term suggests ability to 
cover but not necessarily with a uniform 
coating, while throwing power suggests 
ability to get a uniform thickness on an 
irregularly shaped object. ASM Gloss. 

cover line. The point at which the over- 
burden meets the coal. B.C.I. 

cover load. The load due to the weight of 
the superincumbent rock. Isaacson, pp. 
73-74. 

cover mass. The material overlying the plane 
of an angular unconformity. A.G.J. Supp. 

cover rock. See cover, a. 

coversed sine. The versed sine of the com- 
plement of the arc. Zern, p. 55. 

cover stress. The stress induced by the cover 
load only and which is uninfluenced by the 
propinquity of any excavations, Isaacson, 
p 74. 

cover wood. Eng. See lofting. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. 

cover work. Lumps of copper too large to 
pass the screen and which accumulate in 
the bottom of the mortar of the stamp. Fay. 

cove skirting. A special shape of ceramic wall 
tile. Dodd. 

covite. A plutonic rock composed of sodic 
orthoclase, abundant hornblende and sodic 
pyroxene, nepheline, and accessory sphene, 
apatite, and opaque oxides. A relatively 
dark variety of nepheline syenite. A.G-I. 

cow. a. A kind of self-acting brake for in- 





erab 


clined planes; a trailer. Compare cousie. 
Fay. b. York. The finest crushed lead ore. 
Also called coe. Arkell. 

coward diagram. A chart which gives an 
indication of the explosive potential of 
any gaseous mixture, such as methane/air 
or hydrogen/air. Nelson. 

cowl. N. of Eng. A wrought-iron water barrel, 
or tank for hoisting water. Fay. 

Cowles process. Direct manufacture of alu- 
minum alloys, such as copper aluminum, 
from aluminum ores by reacting with 
carbon in an electric furnace in the pre- 
sence of the alloying metal. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

cowp. Newc. To overturn; to exchange work- 
ing places. See also coup. Fay. 

Cowper-Siemens stove. A hot-blast stove of 
firebrick on the regenerative principle. Fay. 

Cowper stove. See hot-blast stove. Dodd. 

cowshut; cushat marl. Gray marl. Arkell. 

cow stone. Eng. A local term for greensand 
boulders. Fay. 

cow sucker. A cylindrical heavy piece of iron 
attached to a cable or wire line, making 
it descend rapidly into a borehole when 
the cable or line is not attached to a 
string of drilling tools or equipment. Also 
called bug; bullet; go-devil. Long. 

coyote blasting; coyote-hole blasting; gopher- 
hole blasting. A term applied to the 
method of blasting in which large charges 
are fired in small adits or tunnels driven, 
at the level of the floor, in the face of a 
quarry or slope of an open-pit mine. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

coyote hole. A small tunnel driven horizon- 
tally into the rock at right angles to the 
face of the quarry. It has two or more 
crosscuts driven from it parallel to the 
face. It is in the ends of these crosscuts 
that the explosive charge is generally 
placed, and the remaining space in the 
tunnel is filled up with rock, sand, timbers, 
or concrete, to act as stemming or tamping. 
Same as gopher hole. Fay. 

coyote-hole blasting. See coyotc 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

coyoting. Pac. Mining in irregular openings 
or burrows, comparable to the holes of 
coyotes or prairie foxes; gophering. Fay. 

cp a. Abbreviation for candlepower; centi- 
poise. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. b. Ab- 
breviation for chemically pure. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

C.P. Hemborn dust extractor. A dust trap 
in which the clean air flows inwards 
around the outside of the drill rods, and 
the dust and chippings are extracted in 
the airstream passing through the hollow 
rods. It includes a drum-type dust con- 
tainer with filter units. The appliance 
requires special rods and bits. Nelson. 

cps Abbreviation for cycles per second. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. 

Cr. Chemical symbol for chromium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

crab. a. Any of various machines or appara- 
tus especially for raising or hauling heavy 
weights: as (1) a winch mounted (as on 
skids) so that it can be moved; (2) the 
part of an overhead traveling crane that 
rolls along the track and carries the load; 
and (3) a claw for anchoring a portable 
machine. Webster 3d. b. A machine for 
moving heavy weights. Especially, the 
engines employed for lowering into place 
the pumps, rods, pipes, etc., of Cornish 
pitwork. See also crab winch. c. An iron 
rod forked at one end, attached to loaded 
coal cars coming up out of a slope. Fay. 


blasting. 


erabhole 


d. A hoisting winch used to pull ladles, 
cars, or iron plate in a boilershop, Also 
called mule; car dumper. Fay. e. In photo- 
grammetry the angle between the edge of 
a photograph and the flight line. A.G.I. 

crabhole. Aust. A hole, apparently water- 
worn, found in the bedrock under the 
drift. Fay. 

crab locomotive. A trolley locomotive fitted 
with a crab or winch for hauling mine 
cars from workings where a trolley wire is 
not installed. Nelson. 

crab operator. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who maintains and operates a crab 
(electric motor equipped with a drum 
and haulage cable mounted on a small 
truck) to pull loaded mine cars from 
working places to haulageways in the mine. 
DROVE MIO 

crab rock. Eng. Breccia or brockram, near 
base of New Red series, Barrow in Furness 
district. Compare rabbit eye; toad’s-eye. 
Arkell. 

crab winch. An iron machine consisting of 
two triangular uprights between which are 
two axles, one above the other. These 
machines are frequently used in connection 
with pumping gear where mine shafts are 
not deep. See also crab, b. Fay. 

cracker. a. A coalbreaker. Fay. b. A manila 
cable, usually 100 feet long, placed between 
a string of tools and a wire cable to give 
the desired elasticity. Porter. c. Used jocu- 
larly for miner. Korson. d. A machine for 
the coarse crushing of pitch used as binder. 
Also called fixed beater. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cracker boss. An official in charge of the 
screen room in a breaker. Korson. 

crackers. a. Eng. The so-called Portland 
crackers, huge spheroidal doggers of cal- 
ciferous sandstone, blue-hearted, on Shot- 
over Hill. Also applied to big mudstone 
septaria in the Oxford and Kimmeridge 
clays. Arkell. b. Eng. A subdivision of 
the Lower Greensand in the Isle of Wight 
containing large calcareous sandstone 
crackers or doggers. Arkell. 

cracket. N. of Eng. A tool used by miners 
in mining coal. Fay. 

cracking. a. A process in which relatively 
heavy hydrocarbons (such as fuel oils and 
naphthas from petroleum) are broken up 
into lighter products (such as gasoline 
and ethylene) by means of heat, and usu- 
ally pressure, and sometimes catalysts. 
Webster 3d. b. A process of breaking down 
organic compounds of high molecular 
weight into compounds of lower molecular 
weight. Shell Oil Co. c. Breaking of bisque 
enamels which usually results in tearing 
in the fired enamel. Rough handling of 
sprayed ware and low dry film strength 
of the bisque enamel combine to promote 
cracking of the dried surface. Enam. Dict. 
d. Cracks that occur in ceramic ware dur- 
ing drying, firing, or cooling. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cracking off. The severing of shaped glass- 
ware from the moil. See also moil. Dodd. 

cracking of oil. A name given to the method 
by which hydrocarbons of one composition 
are reduced to lower members of the same 
series, or converted into other hydrocarbons 
during distillation. It originated about 50 
years ago by the stillmen in the old Penn- 
sylvania refineries and means just what its 
connotation conveys, namely a part altera- 
tion, as distinguished from the more com- 
plete decomposition which would disrupt 
the molecule largely into carbon and per- 
manent gas. Cracking simply alter the 
molecules to an extent that produces an 





274 


amount of low-boiling fractions that cannot 
be obtained by simple distillation. It may 
not be accomplished by any considerable 
production of permanent gas, the product 
being largely a liquid condensate, but of 
different character from that obtained by 
simple distillation. Fay. 

crackle. a. A crazed or cracked surface on 
art pottery or glass. To produce the effect 
on pottery the glaze is compounded so 
as to have a higher thermal expansion 
than the body; the craze pattern is some- 
times emphasized by rubbing coloring mat- 
ter, such as umber, into the fine cracks. 
With glass, the ware is cracked by quench- 
ing in water; it is then reheated and 
shaped. Dodd. b. A cracked vitreous ena- 
mel, the surface appearing to be wrinkled 
due to its mottled texture, can be pro- 
duced by the wet process of application. 
Dodd. 

crackle breccia. A breccia, the fragments of 
which are parted by planes of fission and 
which have undergone little or no relative 
displacement. A.G.I. 

crackled. a. Glassware, the surface of which 
has been intentionally cracked by water 
immersion and partially heated by reheat- 
ing before final shaping. ASTM C162-66. 
b. A mottled textural effect in a wet pro- 
cess porcelain enamel resembling a wrin- 
kled surface. ASTM (C286-65. c. Enamel 
characterized by a novel pattern-work of 
surface resulting from special application 
and handling. Enam. Dict. 

crackled quartz. See crackled stones. Shipley. 

crackled stones. Stones in the structure of 
which numerous small cracks or fissures 
have been produced by heating and sudden 
cooling in water, at which time dyes may 
be forced into the cracks producing stones 
of various colors. See also Indian emerald. 
Shipley. 

crackled texture. A concentric texture in 
which minute cracks have developed by 
shrinkage during crystallization. Schiefer- 
decker. 

crackle ware. A term applied to glazed ware 
in which the glaze shows extensive crazing. 
ACSG, 1963. 

crack off. The process of severing a glass 
article by breaking, as by scratching and 
then heating. ASTM C162-66. 

crack off man. See breaker, sprues, D.O.T. 1. 

cracks. a. Scot. Vertical planes of cleavage 
in coal. Planes at right angles to the 
bedding. Fay. b. Irregular fractures within 
the crystal that may be natural or may 
arise from blasting, rough handling, or 
other causes. Skow. 

cracks of gas. Puffs or explosions of gas in 
blast furnaces. Fay. 

crack wax. A dark-colored variety of ozoker- 
ite showing a granular fracture. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

cradle. a. Eng. A movable platform or 
scaffold suspended by a rope from the 
surface, upon which repairs or other work 
is performed in a shaft. Fay. b. Eng. In 
the Midland coalfield, a loop made of a 
chain in which a man is lowered and 
raised in a shaft not fitted with a cage. 
Fay. c. A wooden box, longer than wide, 
provided with a movable slide and hopper, 
and mounted on two rockers. It is used 
for washing gold-bearing earths. See also 
rocker. Fay. d. The part of a car dumper 
in which the car rests when it is dumped. 
Fay. e. To wash, as gold-bearing gravel, 
in a mining-cradle. Standard, 1964. f. The 
balance platform for the cage in some 
shafts at the bottom. Mason. g. Device by 





crandallite 


means of which a small diamond or per- 
cussive-type drill may be attached to a 
drill column or arm. Also called saddle. 
Long. h. Mounting for rock drill. Pryor, 3. 
i. The trough-shaped metal support for a 
mounted pneumatic drill. C.T.D. j. A 
support bracket with a hinged connection 
to its load. Nichols. k. A carriage. Nichols, 

cradle dump. A tipple which dumps cars with 
a rocking motion. Fay. 

cradling. Scot. Stone walling in a mine shaft. 
Fay. 

Craelius drilling machine. A small, fairly 
light boring machine constructed by the 
Swedish engineer Craelius for shallow ex- 
ploratory borings underground. It drills 
in any direction (downwards, upwards, 
horizontally, or obliquely) to depths of 
from 200 to 1,000 meters, but usually only 
50 meters. It uses coring or solid bits, with 
or without flushing and can be driven 
either by hand, any oil engine, compressed 
air, or electricity. Stoces, v. 1, p. 83. 

crag. a. A steep, rugged rocky eminence; a 
rough broken cliff or projecting point of 
rock. Webster 3d. b. A sharp, detached 
fragment of rock. Webster 3d. 

craigmontite. A light-colored variety of ne- 
pheline syenite, containing in descending 
order of abundance, nepheline, oligosclase, 
and muscovite, with small amounts of cal- 
cite, corundum, biotite, and magnetite; 
from Craigmont Hill, Ontario, Canada. 
Holmes, 1928. 

craignurite. A glassy variety of rhyodacite. 
A.G.I. 

cramp. a. Rail bender; Jim Crow. Mason. 
b. A short bar of metal having its two ends 
bent downwards at right angles for inser- 
tion into two adjoining pieces of stone, 
wood, etc., to hold them together. Fay. 
c. A pillar of rock or mineral] left for 
support, Fay. d. Derb. A fastening used 
to keep pumps in place. See also clamp, 
a. Fay. e. A contrivance for holding parts 
of a frame in place during construction. 
It usually consists of a steel bar along 
which slide two brackets between which 
the work is fixed, one of the brackets being 
pegged into a hole in the bar while the 
other is adjustable for position by means of 
a screw. C.T.D. f. A locking bar of in- 
corrodible metal used to bind together 
adjacent stones in a Course, and having 
bent ends, one of which is fastened into 
each stone. Also called a cramp iron. 
(CAB ION 

crampet. Eng. A bracket. See also cramp, d. 
Fay. 

crampon; crampoon. An appliance for hold- 
ing stones or other heavy objects that are 
to be hoisted by crane. It consists of a 
pair of bars hinged together like scissors, 
the points of which are bent inwards for 
gripping the load, while the handles are 
connected by short lengths of chain to a 
common hoist ring. C.T.D. 

cranch. a. Derb. A pillar of ore left to 
support the roof or hanging wall. See also 
cramp, c. Fay. b. Part of a vein left un- 
worked during previous mining operations. 
Nelson. 

crandall. a. A stonecutter’s hammer for 
dressing ashlar. Its head is made up of 
pointed steel bars of square section wedged 
in a slot in the end of the iron handle. 
Standard, 1964. b. To dress stone with 
a crandall. Standard, 1964. 

crandallite. A hydrous phosphate of calcium 
and aluminum, CaO.2A].O3.P20;.6H:2O; 
probably orthorhombic; white to light 
gray; compact to cleavable masses, or 








crane 


fibrous. Formerly called kalkwavellite. 

From Tintic district, Utah; Dehrn, Nassau, 

Germany. English. 

j;crane. A machine for lifting and transporting 

| heavy weights, generally from above. Mer- 

| sereau, 4th, p. 414. 

}icrane bed. Eng. A pale, earthy limestone 

with imperfectly formed oolitic particles. 

Arkell. 

j:crane board. N. of Eng. A return air course 

| connected directly with the furnace. Fay. 

|.crane boom. A long, light boom, usually of 
lattice construction. Nichols. 

}:crane brae. Scot. A short incline in steep 

working. Fay. 

jjverane ladle. A pot or ladle supported by a 
chain from a crane; used for pouring 
molten metals into molds. Fay. 

‘craneman, a. Eng. One whose business it 
is to hoist coal with the crane. Fay. b. A 
man who operates any type of a crane. Fay. 

‘ecraneman, kiln setting. One who operates 

an overhead crane equipped with a setting 
machine that grabs piles of brick and sets 
them in kiln for burning. D.O.T.1. 

‘crane post. The vertical member of a jib 
crane, to the top of which the jib is con- 

nected by a tie rod. C.T.D. 

| crane rope. Wire rope consisting of 6 strands 

| of 37 wires around a hemp center. H & G, 

t £.129. 

}\ crane tower. That tower of a derrick crane 
which carries the jib and crane machinery. 
The two other towers are known as anchor 
towers. Ham. 

‘crank. a. Small coal, Wales. Fay. b. Term 
used in the pottery industry in two related 
senses: (1) a thin refractory bat used as 
an item of kiln furniture in the glost firing 
of wall tiles. A number of cranks, each 
supporting one or more tiles, are built-up 
to form a stack; the cranks are kept apart 
by refractory distance pieces known as 
dots; and (2) a composite refractory struc- 
ture for the support of flatware during 
glost firing and decorating firing ; the crank 
is designed to prevent the glazed surfaces 
of the ware from coming into contact with 
other ware or kiln furniture. Dodd. 

crank angle. In the petroleum industry, (1) 
the angle made by the centerline of the 
crank with the centerline of the cylinders 
or the centerline of the attached slider; 
and (2) the angle through which the crank 
turns in a unit time. Porter. 

crank press. A mechanical press, the slides 
of which are actuated by a crankshaft. 
ASM Gloss. 

crankshaft. The engine shaft that converts 
the reciprocating motion and force of 
pistons and connecting rods to rotary 
motion and torque. Nichols. 

cranny. Any small opening, fissure, or crevice, 
as in a wall or rock. Fay. 

crapply. York. A term applied to friable 
rocks. Arkell. 

craquelé. See crackle, a. Dodd. 

crate dam. A dam built of crates filled with 
stone. Fay. 

crater. a. In general, a bowl-shaped topogra- 
phic depression with steep slopes and gen- 
erally of considerable size. A.G.I. Supp. 
b. The depression above or around the 
orifice of a volcano that often appears as 
a funnel-shaped pit maintained by succes- 
sive explosions at the top of a built-up 
cone. Webster 3d. c. The flaring or bowl- 
shaped opening of a geyser. Webster 3d. 
d. A depression formed by the impact of 
a meteorite. Webster 3d. e. Any one of 
thousands of formations on the surface of 
the moon that. range in size from small 




















275 


pocks less than 1 mile in diameter to 
walled plains nearly 150 miles across and 
thought by many investigators to have 
been caused by the impact of huge meteo- 
rites and by others to be of igneous origin. 
Webster 3d. f. In blasting, the funnel of 
rupture, which in bad rock may have very 
steep sides and a relatively small volume of 
broken rock. Stauffer. g. The formation 
of a large funnel-shaped cavity at the top 
of a well, resulting from a blowout or 
occasionally from caving. Brantly, 1. h. In 
machining, a depression in a cutting tool 
face eroded by chip contact. ASM Gloss. 
i. In arc welding, a depression at the term- 
ination of a bead or in the weld pool 
beneath the electrode. ASM Gloss. 

crateral; craterine; craterous. Of or belonging 
to a crater. Webster 3d. 

crater cone. A cone built up around a vol- 
canic vent by lava which reached the 
surface through that vent, either in a 
molten state or in fragmental condition. 
A.G.I. 

crater cuts. These cuts consist of one or 
several fully charged holes in’ which blast- 
ing is carried out towards the face of the 
tunnel, that is, towards a free surface at 
right angles to the holes. Langefors, p. 230. 
These represent in principle a completely 
new type of cut and make use of the crater 
effect which is obtained in blasting a 
single hole at a free rock surface. The 
possibility of a uniform enlargement can 
be counted on. This means that if the 
scale is enlarged so that the diameter and 
depth of hole and length of the charge 
are all doubled, for example, a crater of 
double the depth will be obtained. The 
number cf holes can be increased instead 
of increasing the diameter of the holes. 
Langefors, p. 251. 

cratered. Having a crater or craters. Full of 
craters, as the cratered moon. Webster 3d. 

crater fill. A mass of congealed lava in the 
bottom of a volcanic crater. It is generally 
of lenticular form and has pronounced 
columnar jointing. Usually it is bordered 
by cinders, talus, or weathered rock that 
has fallen down from the crater wall. 
A.G.I. 

crater lake. A lake, generally of freshwater, 
formed by the accumulation of rain and 
ground water in a volcanic crater or cal- 
dera having a relatively impermeable floor 
and impermeable walls. Crater Lake, Ore., 
is an example. A.G.I. 

craterlet. A little crater. Webster 3d. 

crater lip. In explosion-formed crater nomen- 
clature, the elevation increase at the crater 
edge formed by (1) uplifting of strata and 
(2) deposition of ejecta from the crater. 
About 25 percent of the apparent crater 
volume is deposited on the lip. Mining and 
Minerals Engineering, v. 2, No. 2, February 
1966, p. 65. 

crater, volcanic. A steep-walled depression 
at the top of a volcanic cone or on the 
flanks of a volcano. It is directly above 
a pipe or vent that feeds the volcano, and 
out of which volcanic materials are ejected. 
In its simplest form, it is usually a flat- 
bottomed or pointed, inverted cone more 
or less circular in plan. The diameter of 
the floor is seldom over 1,000 feet; the 
depth may be as much as several hundred 
feet. It is primarily the result of explosions 
or of collapse at the top of a volcanic con- 
duit. See also crater; explosion crater; lat- 
eral crater; pit crater, A.G.I. 

crater well. A gas or oil well which blows 








crawling 


its pipe out or leaks alongside the pipe and 
washes the soil away from the well until, 
around the well, a pond or small lake is 
formed. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


cratogenic. a. Of or pertaining to a craton. 


A.G.I. Supp. b. Formed in or in relation 
to a craton. A.GJI. Supp. 


craton. A relatively immobile part of the 


earth and generally of large size. Also 
spelled kraton but craton is preferred in 
the United States. A.G.I. 


cratonic shelf. The zone lying between the 


more positive and negative areas of a cra- 


ton. A.G.I. Supp. 


craunch. A piece of a vein left uncut as a 


support. Arkell. 


Craven Sunflower method. A method of mine 


roadway area measurement utilizing the 
Sunflower apparatus. This instrument con- 
sists essentially of a graduated brass rod, 
of adjustable length, which can be rotated 
through 360° in a vertical plane. Radial 
measurements are made from a central 
point in the airway, and at observed angles, 
and these are taken to the periphery of the 
road. From the data so obtained, either 
a scale diagram of the roadway section is 
prepared, or else the area is calculated. 


Roberts, I, pp. 59-60. 


craw coal. See crow coal. Fay. 
crawl. a. A defect of glazes in which the glaze 


draws up into droplets or globules, leaving 
parts of the surface with insufficient glaze. 
ACSG. b. Synonym for crawlway; cat run. 
Schieferdecker. 


crawler. a. One of a pair of an endless chain 


of plates driven by sprockets and used in- 
stead of wheels, by certain power shovels, 
tractors, bulldozers, drilling machines, etc., 
as a means of propulsion. Also any ma- 
chine mounted on such tracks, Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. Local term for an apron 
feeder to a pan mill used in brickmaking. 


Dodd. 


crawler tracks; caterpillars. An endless chain 


of plates used instead of wheels by certain 
power shovels, continuous miners, etc. A 
crawler-track machine is more stable and 
can travel over softer ground. Nelson. 


Crawley midget miner. A longwall cutter 


loader taking a 4-foot 3-inch web in seams 
22 to 28 inches in thickness and traveling 
at 3 feet per minute. The machine is 
single-ended and has four boring arms 
spaced at about a 72-degree lag to each 
other. These operate ahead of the periph- 
ery chain which clears any uncut and un- 
loaded coal. The chain cludes flight pick 
boxes for loading the coal. The machine 
can be fitted with a sensing device which 
automatically adjusts the vertical height 
of the machine. See also coal-sensing probe. 


Nelson. 


Crawley-Wilcox miner. A continuous miner 


for use in narrow headings in seams 22 to 
46 inches thick, It has two augers, the 
diameters of which can be varied to suit 
seam thickness, with picks on front cutting 
edges and auger scrolls. The augers rotate 
in opposite directions and the coal is dis- 
charged onto a bridge conveyor and then 
onto a chain conveyor. It can operate on 
gradients up to 1 in 3 dipping and 1 in 
2% rising. Nelson. 


crawling. A condition very similar to tearing 


which occurs when firing a sprayed enamel 
coating over another coating already fired. 
The characteristic of crawling is the aggre- 
gating of the top-coat into balls of irregu- 
lar-shaped islands during firing, thus ex- 
posing the first coat between these islands. 


crawlway 


May be caused by too heavy application, 
improper drying conditions or too finely 
ground enamel. Hansen. 

crawlway. A low passageway that only per- 
mits the passage of a man by crawling. 
A.G.I. 

craw picker. Scot. One who picks stones from 
coal or shale. Fay. 

craze. a. Corn. The tin ore which collects 
in the middle part of the buddle; mid- 
dlings. Also called creaze. Fay. b, Hairlike 
cracks appearing in a glaze. Also called 
crazing. C.T.D. 

crazeproof enamel. An enamel which will 
not craze when given a severe thermal 
shock test. Hansen. 

crazing. a. The cracking of a surface layer 
into small irregularly shaped contiguous 
areas. Taylor. b. Almost invisible cracking 
in a finished enamel surface, extending 
down to the base metal. This condition 
should not be confused with ‘“hairlines’’. 
Enam. Dict. 

crazing pot. Popular name in the pottery 
industry for an autoclave. Dodd. 

cream. A rusty impure meerschaum. Fay. 

cream bed. Som. Fine-grained, grayish lime- 
stone. Arkell. 

creams. Sometimes designates a very high 
quality drill diamond. Long. 

crease. a. A limestone quarry in the side of 
a mountain. Nelson. b. An old stream 
channel. Fay. 

crease limestone. Forest of Dean. Division 
of the Carboniferous limestone containing 
iron ore. Arkell. 

creashy peat. Term used in Scotland for a 
variety a highly bituminous peat. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

creasote. See creoesote. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

creaze. Corn. Low-grade middling which col- 
lects in middle zone in buddling. Pryor, 3. 

crednerite. An iron-black to steel-gray metal- 
lic mineral with a black to brownish streak 
and perfect cleavage, CuMnsO.. Dana 7d, 
Ul, pol 23 4 

creedite. A colorless, purple hydrous sulfate 
and fluoride of calcium and aluminum, 
2CaF2. 2Al(F,OH);.CaSOx.2H20; mono- 
clinic; prismatic crystals, grains, and radi- 
ating masses. From Wagon Wheel Gap, 
Colo. ; Tonopah, Nev. English. 

creek. a. In maritime districts, a small tidal 
inlet. Fay. b. In inland districts, a small 
stream or branch of a river; a brook, Fay. 
c. A stream of less volume than a river. 
A small tidal channel through a coastal 
marsh. Local in Maryland and Virginia, 
a wide arm of a river or bay. A long shal- 
low stream flowing intermittently or an 
arroyo; local in the southwestern United 
States. A.G.I. 

creek claim. A claim which includes the bed 
of a creek. Under the statute of Oregon, 
a tract of land 100 yards square, one side 
of which abuts on a creek or rather extends 
to the middle of the stream. Fay. 

creekology. a. An ironical term for unscien- 
tific methods of choosing drilling sites or 
prospective oil or gas acreage and particu- 
larly applied to selection based on the 
general appearance of outcrops, topogra- 
phy, drainage, etc. A.G.J. b. The term was 
derived from the primitive, unscientific 
practice of locating drilling sites for oil 
wells along creeks in Pennsylvania in the 
1860°s and 1870's. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

creek placers. Placers in, adjacent to, and at 
the level of small streams. Fay. 

creek right. The privilege of diverting water 
for the purpose of working a creek claim. 





276 


Fay. 
creel. Scot. A kind of basket in which coal 
and rock are conveyed from the mine. Fay. 


creep. a. A slow movement of rock debris or 
soil due to gravity, down a slope for in- 
stance. It is usually imperceptible except 
to observations over a long period. ASCE 
P1826. b. The slow and imperceptible 
movement of finely broken up rock mate- 
rial from higher to lower levels. Also the 
material itself that has moved. A.G.I. c. An 
imperceptibly slow, more or less continuous 
downward and outward movement of slope- 
forming soil or rock. The movement is 
essentially viscous, under shear stresses that 
are large enough to produce permanent 
deformation but are too small to produce 
shear failure, as occurs in a landslide. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. d. Slow deforma- 
tion that results from long application of 
a stress. By many investigators, it is limited 
to stresses below the elastic limit. Part of 
the creep is a permanent deformation. Part 
of the deformation is elastic and from this 
part of the specimen recovers. A.G.J. c. 
Eng. A squeeze or crush forcing the 
pillars down into the floor which often give 
the miner the impression that the floor is 
rising, due to its being softer than the roof. 
Any slow movement of mining ground. 
Also called squeeze; pull. Compare thrust. 
Fay. f. A gradual movement of loose rock 
material such as clay, due to alternate 
freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, 
or other causes. Fay. g. To rise above the 
surface of a solution upon the walls of a 
vessel, as salt crystals in a voltaic cell. 
Webster 2d. h. A very slow movement of 
a winding engine, when the brake is not 
sufficiently applied to hold it. Fay. i. A 
very slow gradual movement of the drill- 
hoist drum when the brake is worn or not 
securely set, Long. j. See drag, q. Higham, 
p. 104, k. The action of a belt in alter- 
nately losing speed on the driving pulley 
because of contraction in length due to 
lowered tension when leaving, and gaining 
speed on the driven pulley because of 
stretching caused by the tight side tension. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 1. Very slow travel of 
a machine or a part. Nichols. m. Un- 
wanted turning of a shaft due to drag in 
a fluid coupling or other disconnect device. 
Nichols. n. Time-dependent strain occur- 
ring under stress. The creep strain occur 
ring at a diminishing rate is called primary 
creep; that occurring at a minimum and 
almost constant rate, secondary creep; that 
occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary 
creep. ASM Gloss. 0. A slow inelastic or 
plastic deformation of concrete or steel 
under continued stress. Taylor. p. The rise 
of a precipitate on the wet walls of a 
vessel. C.T.D. q. The formation of crystals 
on the sides of a vessel above the surface 
of an evaporating liquid. C.T.D. 


creeper. An endless chain, with projecting 
bars at intervals which catch the car axles 
and haul them up an inclined plane. They 
are used on the surface and around the 
pit bottom. Creepers are also used on 
relatively flat roadwavs to retard or propel 
the cars as required. See also retarder. 
Nelson. 

creeper crane. A crane of high lifting capac- 
ity for building steel arch and cantilever 
bridges. It generally travels along the top 
chord of such a bridge during construction. 
Ham. 

creeping. Eng. The settling or natural sub- 





creosote 


sidence of the surface caused by extensive 
underground mining. Fay. 

creep limit. a, The maximum stress that will 
cause less than a specified quantity of creep 
in a given time. ASM Gloss. b. The maxi- 
mum nominal stress under which the creep 
strain rate decreases continuously with 
time under constant load and at constant 
temperature. Sometimes used synonymously 
with creep strength. ASM Gloss. 

creep recovery. Time-dependent strain after 
release of load in a creep test. ASM Gloss. 

creep-rupture test. Same as stress-rupture 
test. ASM Gloss. 

creep strength. a. The constant nominal stress 
that will cause a specified quantity of 
creep in a given time at constant tempera- 
ture. ASM Gloss. b. The constant nominal 
stress that will cause a specified creep rate 
at constant temperature. ASM Gloss. 

creep tests. Methods for measuring the re- 
sistance of metals to creep. Time-extension 
curves under constant loads are deter- 
mined. The methods used vary with respect 
to the duration of the tests and the pro- 
cedure adopted in estimating behavior dur- 
ing long periods of time. C.T.D. 

creep wrinkles. Small microfolds or corruga- 
tions on the bedding plane, perpendicular 
to the direction of movement (slumping 
or creep). See also crinkle marks; pseudo- 
ripple marks. Pettijohn. 

creeshy; greasp blaes. Scot. Smooth-faced 
nodules of shale or bind occasionally found 
in the roof of some coal seams. Nelson. 

creeshy clods. Peat which on drying breaks 
into irregular clods which burn with a 
clear bright flame like a lump of tallow 
or grease. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Cremer kiln. A German design of tunnel kiln 
that can be divided into compartments by 
a series of metal slides to permit better 
control of temperature and atmosphere. 
The fired ware is cooled by air currents 
through permeable refractory brickwork in 
the kiln roof or by water-cooling coils. 
Dodd. 

Cremnitz white. White pigment consisting of 
lead carbonate and hydrated lead oxide. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

crenitic. Derived from the Greek for spring. 
Used by Crosby to describe mineral veins 
which have been deposited by uprising 
springs. Fay. 

crenulate shoreline; indented shoreline. Un-: 
graded shoreline, showing many sharp 
headlands; typical of a shoreline in an 
early stage of shoreline development. 
Schieferdecker. 

crenulation. A small fold with a wavelength 
of a few millimeters that occurs chiefly in 
metamorphic rocks. Synonym for wrinkle. 
A.G.I. 

creoline. A purplish epidotized basalt in 
Massachusetts. Hess. 

creolite. Banded jasper from Shasta County, 
California. Schaller. 

creosote. a. A colorless to yellowish oily 
liquid compound consisting of a mixture 
of phenols distilled from wood, and having 
a smoky odor and burning taste, Standard, 
1964. b. To impregnate (wood) with creo- 
sote oil. Webster 3d. c. As used in wood 
preservation, a distillate of coal tar pro- 
duced by high-temperature carbonization 
of bituminous coal; it consists principally 
of liquid and solid aromatic hydrocarbons, 
and contains appreciable quantities of tar 
acids and tar bases; it is heavier than 
water; and has a continuous boiling range 
of at least 125° C beginning at about 200° 




















creosote, beechwood 


C. Also called creosote oil; creosote dis- 

tillate. ASTM D324-41. 

_ creosote, beechwood. See creosote, wood-tar. 

CCD 6d, 1961. 

| creosote coal-tar solution. A solution of coal 
tar in creosote in various proportions. 
Usually contains 20 to 40 percent of coal 
tar. ASTM D324-41. 

creosote, wood-tar; creosote, beechwood. A 
colorless or faintly yellow, oily liquid ; char- 
acteristic smoky odor; miscible with alco- 
hol, ether, and fixed or volatile oils; and 
specific gravity, 1.080. Used as an ore- 
flotation agent. CCD 6d, 1961. 

creosoting. The injecting of creosote into 
timber which is to be exposed to the 
weather, in order to increase its durability. 
Crispin. 

creosoting cylinder. Strong wrought-iron cyl- 
inder in which railroad ties, etc., are ex- 
hausted of their moisture and filled with 
creosote pumped in under pressure. Crispin. 

crept bord. Eng. A bord or room more or 
less filled up from the effects of creep. Fay. 

crept pillars. Eng. Pillars of coal which 
have passed through the various stages of 
creep. Fay. 

crescent cast. See current crescent. Pettijohn. 

crescentic. Resembling or suggesting a cres- 
cent, which is the shape or figure defined 
by a convex and concave edge. Like a 
crescent moon. Webster 3d. 

crescentic dune. Synonym for barchan. A.G.I. 

crescentic fracture. A curved fracture made 
by glacial ice that is convex upcurrent. 
Pettijohn. 

crescentic gouge. See gouge marks. Pettijohn. 

crescentic lake. Synonym for oxbow. A.G.I. 

crescentic scour mark. See current crescent. 
Pettijohn. 

crescent-type cross-bedding. Same as trough 
cross-stratification. Pettijohn. 

cresol; methyl phenol; cresyl alcohol. CH:;- 
C.vH:OH. Used as a flotation agent. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

Crespi hearth. A type of open-hearth steel 
furnace bottom characterized by the fine- 
ness of the particles of dolomite used for 
ramming; after it has been burned-in, the 
hearth is very dense and resistant to metal 
penetration. Dodd. 

cressed. Reduced about one-eighth inch in 
diameter for a short distance at ends. A 
foreign term, used on artesian well casing. 
Fay. 

crest. a. The summit of any eminence; the 
highest natural projection which crowns 
a hill or mountain, from which the surface 
dips downward in all directions, or in 
opposite directions, A.G.J. b. The highest 
point on an anticline. See also crestline. 
A.G.I. c. The line connecting the highest 
points on the same bed in an infinite num- 
ber of cross sections across a fold. Billings, 
1954, p. 36. d. In oceanography, a narrow 
rise having an irregular longitudinal profile 
and constituting the top of a sea-bottom 
elevation. Schieferdecker. 

crestal plane. The plane formed by joining 
the crests of all beds in an anticline. See 
also crest. A.GI. 

crested. Consisting of groups of tabular crys- 
tals forming ridges. Shipley. 

crest gate. A gate for maintaining or lowering 
water level, erected at the crest of a dam. 
See also roller gate; sliding gate. Ham. 

cresting. Trimming used on the ridge of 
tiled roofs. Same as hip roll. Fay. 

crestline. In an anticline, the line connecting 
the highest points on the same bed in an 


infinite number of cross sections. Not neces- | 








277 


sarily the same as the axis of a fold. See | 


also crest, b. A.G.I. 

crest of berm. The seaward margin of the 
berm. See also berm. Hy. 

cresyl alcohol. See cresol. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cresylic. Mixture of cresol isomers. Frother 
and froth stabilizing agent in flotation 
process. Emulsion stabilizer. Pryor, 3. 

cresylic acid. The trade designation for com- 
mercial mixtures of phenolic materials 
boiling above the cresol range. Consists of 
phenols, cresols, and xylenols and higher 
phenols in various proportions, according 
to its source and boiling range. Used as a 
flotation agent. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Cretaceous. a. From the Latin creta, mean- 
ing chalk. Applied to the third and final 
period of the Mesozoic era, Extensive ma- 
rine chalk beds were deposited during this 
period. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. Of the 
nature of chalk or relating to chalk. Fay. 
c. Also the system of strata deposited in 
the Cretaceous period. Fay. 

crevasse; crevyass. a. A break, opening, or 
chasm of some width and considerable 
depth. Webster 3d, b. A split or cleavage 
through massed ice, a glacier, a snow field, 
or through earth after earthquakes. Web- 
ster 3d. c. A breach in the levee of a river. 
Webster 3d. 

crevasse filling. An elongate kame believed to 
have been deposited in a crevasse. A.G.I. 

crevasse ridge. Fluvial material deposited in 
a glacial crevasse and now occurring as a 
more or less straight ridge rising above the 
general land surface and extending parallel 
to the direction of ice movement. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

crevet. A goldsmith’s crucible. Hess. 

crevice. a. Pac. A shallow fissure in the 
bedrock under a gold placer, in which 
small but highly concentrated deposits of 
gold are found. Fay. b. The fissure contain- 
ing a vein. As employed in the Colorado 
statute relative to a discovery shaft, a crev- 
ice is a mineral-bearing vein. Fay. 

crevice corrosion. A type of concentration- 
cell corrosion; corrosion of a metal that is 
caused by the concentration of dissolved 
salts, metal ions, oxygen, or other gases, 
and such, in crevices or pockets remote 
from the principal fluid stream, with a 
resultant building up of differential cells 
that ultimately cause deep pitting, ASM 
Gloss. 

crevice oil. Oil occurring in the cracks in 
shale, as in the Florence, Colo., oilfield. 
Porter. 

crevicing. Collecting gold that is in the crev- 
ices of a rock. Fay. 

crew loader. In bituminous coal mining, one 
of a crew of loaders who shovels coal, 
blasting from working face, onto a con- 
veyor that transports it from the under- 
ground working place to a point where 
it is loaded into mine cars. D.O.T. /. 

crib. a. A shaft-sinking curb, Also used for 
a timber chock. Nelson. b. A structure 
composed of frames of timber laid hori- 
zontally upon one another, or of timbers 
built-up as in the walls of a log cabin. Fay. 
c. A miner’s luncheon. Fay. d. Eng. A 
cast-iron ring in a shaft upon which tub- 
bing is built up. See also wedging curb. 
Fay. e. Eng. A wooden foundation upon 
which the brick lining or walling of a shaft 
is built. Fay, f. An interval from work 
underground for croust, bait, snack, downer, 
piece, chop, snap, bit, or tiffin. C.T.D. 
g. A job. C.T.D. h. A drill base made of 
timber stacked log-cabin fashion. Long. 








Crimp and Bruges’ formula 


i. To support walls of an excavation by 
lining the opening with timbers and boards. 
Long. See also cog; curb, a; nog; chock; 
pack, 

cribadura. Sp. Screening. Hess. 

cribbe. Mex. Cribbing, including rock-filled 
cribs to support the roof. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

cribbing. a. The construction of cribs, or tim- 
bers laid at right angles to each other, 
sometimes filled with earth, as a roof sup- 
port or as a support for machinery, B.C_I. 
b, The close setting of timber supports 
when shaft sinking through loose ground. 
The timber is usually square or rectangular 
and practically no ground is exposed. The 
method is also used for constructing ore 
chutes. See also barring; close timbering. 
Nelson. c. A method of timbering used 
primarily to rectify a mistake of removing 
too great a percentage of the coal on the 
advance, and has the effect of replacing 
part of the coal. Some are made by using 
timbers in pigpen style; first laying timbers 
one way then placing other timbers across 
the first. This is continued until the area 
between the bottom and the roof is filled 
and wedged tight. Others are made by 
laying a layer of timbers first in one direc- 
tion, then another layer across at right 
angles to the bottom layer. Space between 
the timbers in a layer varies according to 
requirements. The hollow type are gen- 
erally filled with gob. Kentucky, p. 142. 

cribble. A sieve. Fay. 

crib dam. A dam constructed of interlocking 
rectangular sections of timber or precast 
concrete, laid to a batter, and forming cells 
which are filled with earth or broken rock. 
See also gravity retaining wall. Ham. 

crib kettle. A dinner pail. Zern. 

cribs. Segments of oak to encircle the shaft. 
Peel. 

cribwork. A construction of timbering made 
by piling logs or beams horizontally one 
above another, and spiking or chaining 
them together, each layer being at right 
angles to those above and below it. See 
also crib, b. Fay. 

crichtonite. A variety of ilmenite in which 
the proportion of titanic oxide is less than 
normal. Standard, 1964. 

cricks. a. Som. Clay galls. Arkell. b. Verti- 
cal joints affecting only the lower strata 
in a quarry. Arkell. c. Joints in slate with 
an inclination opposite to the dip of the 
rock. Arkell. 

criggling. Term used in South Wales for a 
carbonaceous shale or clay associated with 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. ; 

Crilley and Everson process. A flotation 
process in which the ore is crushed to 50 
mesh and mixed with a thick black oil. 
Boiling water containing enough acid to 
give it a tart taste is then added. This 
process was tried at Baker City, Ore. and 
at Denver, Colo., in 1889. Liddell 2d, p. 
406. 

crimp. a. The flattening made by a crimper 
near the mouth of a blasting cap for hold- 
ing the fuse in place. Fay. b. To fix deto- 
nator on blasting fuse by squeezing it with 
special pliers. Pryor, 3. c. A tight bend in 
metal made under pressure. Nichols. 

Crimp and Bruges’ formula. A formula con- 
necting the rate of flow in a sewer with its 
hydraulic mean depth and slope: 

v = 124m*"/i, 
where v is the velocity of flow, m is the 
hydraulic mean depth, and i is the hydrau- 
lic gradient. The units are in feet per 


crimper 


second and feet. See also Barnes’ formula. 
Ham. 

crimper. A tool specially made for fastening 
a cap to a fuse. Stauffer. See also cap 
crimper. 

crimping. a. The action of squeezing the open 
end of a plain detonator, or detonating 
relay, over a length of fuse. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. 6. b. Forming relatively small corru- 
gations in order to: (1) set down and lock 
in a seam, (2) create an arc in a strip of 
metal, and (3) reduce an existing arc or 
diameter. ASM Gloss. c. An operation 
wherein the metal around or along the 
edge of the piece is shaped into the form 
of a roll or curl. Hansen. 

crimson night stone. Purple fluorite from 
Idaho. Schaller. 

crinanite. A rock composed of sodic plagio- 
clase, much titanaugite and olivine, with 
minor analcite, apatite, and opaque oxides. 
The texture is ophitic. A variety of thera- 
lite. A.G.I. 

crinkle. A small fold, usually a fraction of 
an inch in wavelength, A.G.I. 

crinkled. A textural effect on a porcelain 
enamel surface having the appearance of 
fine wrinkles or ridges. ASTM C286-65. 

crinkled bedding. Bedding or laminations dis- 
playing minute wrinkles; in carbonate rocks 
crinkled bedding is believed related to 
algal mats. Term also used for convolute 
bedding. Petetijohn. 

crinkled stone. A diamond with a shallowish, 
wavy, or rough surface. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

crinkle marks. A series of sub-parallel corru- 
gations of the bedding surface related to 
very small-scale crumpled internal lamina- 
tions ascribed to subaqueous solifluction. 
See also creep wrinkles. Pettijohn. 

crinkling. Drawing up of the enamel surface 
into ridges. ACSB, 3. 

crinoid. A marine invertebrate animal be- 
longing to the phylum Echinodermata. 
Fossil crinoids are found in rocks of Upper 
Cambrian and all subsequent ages. Typi- 
cally, they are attached by a jointed stem 
and have a shape resembling a lilylike 
plant; hence the name sea lily is commonly 
applied. Crinoids were especially abundant 
in the Devonian and Mississippian periods, 
declined at the end of the Paleozoic era, 
and achieved a secondary maximum in 
the middle of the Mesozoic era. About 650 
species still exist. See also Crinoidea. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

crinoidal limestone. A marine limestone com- 
posed largely of fossil crinoid remains, such 
as plates, disks, and stems or columns. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Crinoidea. a. A large class of chiefly tropical 
or fossil echinoderms that have a more 
or less cup-shaped body provided with five 
or more feathery arms that are commonly 
bifurcated or many-branched and bearing 
pinnules, a mouth lying between the arms 
on the concave upper surface, and oppo- 
site the mouth usually a long jointed stalk 
fixed to the base of the body and having 
its opposite end divided into rhizoid proc- 
esses that anchor the animal to the sea 
bottom. Webster 3d. b. A class of stemmed 
or secondarily free echinoderms with regu- 
larly arranged body plates and arms that 
continue the structures of the lateral body 
plates. Range from the Ordovician period 
to the Recent, See also crinoid. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

cripple. (Dialect) A swampy or low wet 
ground usually covered with brush or 








278 


thickets. Webster 3d. 

crippling load. The load under which a long 
column starts to bend. Hooke’s law ceases 
to apply at such a load, so that a very 
slight increase of load causes a very large 
increase of deflection. Ham. 

crisis. An old and not much used term denot- 
ing the stage of melting when the firing 
could be reduced to allow the glass to cool 
off and the last traces of bubble to dis- 
appear. C.2.D. 

crispite. Sagenite. Schaller. 

cristobalite. A mineral, like quartz, SiOs, and 
is present in many siliceous volcanic rocks, 
both as the lining of cavities and as an 
important constituent in the fine-grained 
groundmass. Tetragonal (?); pseudoiso- 
metric; colorless; luster, vitreous; translu- 
cent; stable only above 1,470° CG; Mohs’ 
hardness, 7; specific gravity, 2.30. High- 
temperature cristobalite is isometric and 
frequently forms in small octahedral crys- 
tals. In the United States, it is found asso- 
ciated with tridymite in the lavas of the 
San Juan district, Colo. It is an important 
constituent of silica brick. Dana 17, p. 485. 

cristograhamite. Grahamite from the Cristo 
mine, Huasteca, Mex. Fay. 

critch. Lime in its strong state; the stratum 
above a stone bed; critchy (stony). Arkell. 

critical. See criticality, L@L. 

critical angle. a. The angle at which a ray 
of light in passing from a dense medium, 
such as a gem stone, into a rarer medium, 
such as air, is refracted at 90° to the nor- 
mal. Any rays reaching the intersurface at 
angles greater than the critical angle are 
unable to pass into the rarer medium, and 
are totally reflected. Anderson. b. The 
angle of incidence at which refracted light 
just grazes the surface of contact between 
two different media. A.G.I. Supp. c. See 
stalling angle. Sinclair, I, p. 102. 

critical area. In prospecting work, an area 
found to be favorable, from geological age 
and structural considerations. See also fa- 
vorable locality. Nelson. 

critical area of extraction. The area of coal 
required to be worked to cause a surface 
point to suffer all the subsidence possible 
from the extraction of a given seam. Nelson. 

critical assembly. An assembly of sufficient 
fissionable material and moderator material 
to sustain a fission chain reaction at a low- 
power level. This permits the study of the 
behavior of all the components of the 
assembly for various types of fissionable 
material and for many different geometric 
arrangements. L@L. 

critical circle; critical surface. The sliding 
surface assumed in a theoretical analysis 
of a soil mass for which the factor of safety 
isa minimum. ASCE P1826. 

critical coefficient. The ratio of the critical 
temperature to the critical pressure. Web- 
ster 3d. 

critical cooling rate. The minimum rate of 
continuous cooling just sufficient to prevent 
undesired transformations. ASM Gloss. 

critical current. As applied to electric blast- 
ing caps, the minimum current that can 
be employed to fire detonators connected 
in series so that the chance of a misfire 
will be less than 1 in 100,000. Fraenkel, 
v. 3, Art. 16:10, p. 3. 

critical current density. In an electrolytic 
process, a current density at which an 
abrupt change occurs in an operating vari- 
able or in the nature of an electrodeposit 
or electrode film. ASM Gloss. 

critical damping. The point at which the 








critical minerals 


damping constant and the undamped fre- 
quency of a seismometer or seismograph 
are equal. After deflection, the moving 
mass approaches rest position without over- 
swing and the motion is said to be aperiodic. 
A.G.I. 

critical density. a. The density of a substance 
at its critical temperature and under its 
critical pressure. A.G.J. b. The unit weight 
of a saturated granular material below 
which it will lose strength and above which 
it will gain strength when subjected to 
rapid deformation, The critical density of 
a given material is dependent on many 
factors. ASCE P1826. c. In particle classi- 
fication under approximately free condi- 
tions of fall through water, the minimum 
ratio of solid to liquid at which the hinder- 
ing effect conferred by the solid-liquid 
mixture is effective. Pryor, 3. 

critical depth. A given quantity of water in 
an open conduit may flow at two depths 
having the same energy head. When these 
depths coincide, the energy head is a mini- 
mum and the corresponding depth is 
Belanger’s critical depth. Seelye, 1. 

critical distance. In refraction seismic work, 
that distance at which the direct wave in 
an upper medium is matched in arrival 
time by that of the refracted wave from 
the medium below having greater velocity. 
A.G.I. 

critical experiment. An experiment conducted 
to verify the results of calculations relative 
to the critical size and other physical data 
affecting a reactor design. The power is 
kept so low that equipment to remove heat 
is not reequired. L@L. 

critical facility. A facility where critical ex- 
periments are conducted. L@L. 

critical flow. A condition of flow for which 
the mean velocity is at one of the critical 
values. See also critical velocity; subcritical 
flow ; supercritical flow. Seelye, 1. 

critical height. The heights of vertical cuts 
in a cohesive soil (for example, clay) at 
which they will stand without supports. 
Nelson. 

critical hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic 
gradient at which the intergranular pres- 
sure in a mass of cohesionless soil is re- 
duced to zero by the upward flow of water. 
ASCE P1826. 

criticality. The state of a nuclear reactor 
when it is sustaining a chain reaction, See 
also dry criticality; wet criticality. L@L. 

critical mass. The smallest mass of fissionable, 
material that will support a self-sustaining 
chain reaction under stated conditions. 
L&L. 

critical material. A material that is vital to 
the national defense, the main source of 
which is within the continental limits of 
the United States, and which may not be 
produced in quality and in quantity suf- 
ficient to meet requirements. A.G.I. 

critical minerals. a. Minerals essential to the 
national defense, the procurement of which 
in war, while difficult, is less serious than 
those of strategic minerals because they 
can be either domestically produced or 
obtained in more adequate quantities or 
have a lesser degree of essentiality, and for 
which some degree of conservation and 
distribution control is necessary. See also 
strategic minerals; essential mineral. Hess. 
b. Minerals or mineral associations that 
are stable only under the conditions of one 
given metamorphic facies and will change 
upon change of facies. For example, in 
Eskola’s greenschist facies, sericite and 


| 























critical path schedule 


chlorite, albite and epidote are critical 
mineral associations because these combi- 
nations cannot persist out of the field of 
the greenschist facies, although any one of 
the individual minerals may be found in 
' more than one facies. Schieferdecker. 
, \peritical path schedule. A methodical and 
| graphical means of programming work 
with the aid of a line diagram, on which 
are shown by one line per activity the 
duration, cost and inter-relationships of all 
| activities comprising a project. Taylor. 
| ‘critical point. a. The point at which the prop- 
erties of a liquid and its vapor become 
indistinguishable. It is generally synony- 
mous with critical temperature. A.G.J. b. 
The temperature or pressure at which a 
change in crystal structure, phase, or physi- 
cal properties occurs, The same as trans- 
formation temperature. ASM Gloss. c. In 
an equilibrium diagram, that specific value 
of composition, temperature, and pressure, 
or combinations thereof, at which the 
phases of a heterogeneous system are in 
equilibrium. ASM Gloss. 
\ critical potential. A potential which produces 
a sudden change in magnitude of the cur- 
rent, ASM Gloss. 
}) critical pressure. a. The maximum feed pres- 
| sure that can be applied to a diamond bit 
without damaging the bit or core barrel. 
Long. b. The minimum load, in pounds 
per effective diamond cutting point in a 
bit face, at which the diamonds cut the 
rock. Below this load, the diamonds slide 
on the rock surface without penetrating 
the rock, and the diamonds polish, become 
dull, and are rendered unfit for further use 
in that particular ground unless reset. 
Long. c. The pressure exerted by a sub- 
stance in its critical stage. Webster 3d. 
d. The pressure at which a gas may just be 
liquefied at its critical temperature. C.T.D. 
critical range. The range of temperature in 
which the reversible change from austenite 
(stable at high temperature) to ferrite, 
pearlite, and cementite (stable at low tem- 
perature) occurs. The upper limit varies 
with carbon content; the lower limit for 
slow heating and cooling is about 700° C. 
CPPD ; 
critical rate. The rate of cooling required to 
prevent the formation of pearlite and to 
secure the formation of martensite in steel. 
With carbon steel this means cooling in 
cold water, but it is reduced by the addi- 
tion of other elements, hence oil- and air- 
hardening steels. C.T.D. 
critical slope. a. The maximum angle with 
the horizontal at which a sloped bank of 
soil or given height of soil will stand un- 
supported. ASCE P1826. b. Synonym for 
angle of repose. A.G.I. 
critical speed. a. The speed at which a rotat- 
ing drill stem begins to vibrate excessively ; 
hence by either decreasing or increasing 
the rotational speed of the drill stem the 
vibration may be reduced or alleviated. 
Long. b. The theoretical speed at which 
a ball is held to the inner surface of the 
smooth ball mill liners by centrifugal force 


ee ee] where n equals revolutions per 


minute, and d the mill diameter in feet. 
Pryor, 4. c. A rotational speed that corre- 
sponds to a natural frequency of the rotat- 
ing member. ASM Gloss. 

critical state. An unstable condition of a sub- 
stance when on the point of changing from 
a liquid to a vapor, or vice versa, defined 


264-972 O-68—19 





279 


by its critical temperature and its critical 
pressure. The former is the highest tem- 
perature at which that particular substance 
can exist in the liquid state at any pres- 
sure, The latter is the vapor pressure at 
the critical temperature. For example, the 
critical temperature for carbon dioxide is 


31° C and its critical pressure is 73 atmos- 
pheres. Standard, 1964. 


critical strain. The strain just sufficient to 


cause the growth of very large grains dur- 
ing heating where no phase transforma- 
tions take place. ASM Gloss. 


critical stress. Maximum compressive and 


tensile stress on boundary of opening. Bu- 


Mines Bull. 587, 1960, p. 2. 


critical surface. See critical circle. ASCE 


P1826. 


critical temperature. a. That temperature 


above which a substance can exist only in 
the gaseous state, no matter what pressure 
is exerted. A.G.J. b. The temperature of 
a substance in its critical state. The highest 
temperature at which it is possible to sepa- 
rate substances into two fluid phases (the 
vapor phase and the liquid phase). Web- 
ster 3d. c, The transition temperature of 
a solid from one allotropic form to another 
(as the Curie point of a metal, for ex- 
ample; or the temperature (573° C) at 
which alpha quartz changes to beta quartz). 
Synonym for transformation temperature. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. d. The temperature 
at which a change takes place in the physi- 
cal form of a substance; for example, the 
change of diamond to the amorphous form 
of carbon begins at a temperature of 
1,800° F in presence of oxygen. Long. 
e. Synonymous with critical point if the 
pressure is constant, ASM Gloss. {. The 
temperature above which the vapor phase 
cannot be condensed to liquid by an in- 
crease in pressure. ASM Gloss. 


critical velocity. a. Reynolds’ critical velocity 


is that at which the flow changes from 
laminar to turbulent, and where friction 
ceases to be proportional to the first power 
of the velocity and becomes proportional to 
a higher power—practically the square. 
Seelye, 1. b. Kennedy’s critical velocity is 
that in open channels which will neither 
deposit nor pick up silt. Seelye, J. c. Belan- 
ger’s critical velocity is that condition in 
open channels for which the velocity head 
equals one-half the mean depth. See also 
critical depth. Seelye, 1. 


critical void ratio. The void ratio correspond- 


ing to the critical density. ASCE P1826. 


critical volume. The specific volume of a sub- 


stance in its critical state. Webster 3d. 


crizzle. A roughness on the surface of glass, 


clouding its transparency. Standard, 1964. 


crizzling. Fine cracks in the surface of the 


glass, occasioned by local chilling during 
manufacture. C.T.D. 


crocidolite; blue asbestos; cape blue. Variety 


of asbestos; (OH) 2NasFesSisO22; lavender- 
blue in color; suited for spinning and 
weaving. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


corcidolite opal. A common opal containing 


inclusions of crocidolite. See also opal 
cat’s-eye. Shipley. 


corcidolite quartz. Tiger eye. Shipley. 
crockery. A term covering all kinds of domes- 


tic pottery. C.T.D. 


Crockett magnetic separator. Series of flat 


magnets of alternate polarity, with pole 
pieces pointed down and forming a con- 
tinuous arc, below which is a continuous 
belt. This assembly is submerged in a tank 
with several hoppers through which pulp 





crop 


flows. Magnetic solids adhere to underside 
of belt and are dragged clear. Pryor, 3. 
crocoisite. See crocoite. 

crocoite. An orange Siberian mineral consist- 
ing of lead chromate, PbCrO:; monoclinic. 
Also spelled crocoisite, A.G.J. Also called 
red lead ore. Webster 3d. 

crocus. A term used in the Milford, N.H., 
quarries to denote gneiss or any other rock 
in contact with granite. Fay. 

crocus cloth. Cloth to which pulverized oxide 
of iron is glued; used for polishing. Crispin. 

crocus martis. A name used for impure red 
ferric oxide pigments and polishing pow- 
ders, usually produced by heating iron 
sulfate containing calcium sulfate, lime, or 
other inert filler. Also sometimes applied 
more generally to other impure oxides of 
red or yellow color. CCD 6d, 1961. 

crocus of antimony. Brownish-yellow; mainly 
sodium or potassium thioantimonite; Naz- 
SbS; or K;SbS;. Obtained as a slag in refin- 
ing antimony. Webster 3d. 

crocus of Venus. An old name for cuprous 
oxide. Used in making red glass and glazes. 
Hess. 

crocus, red. A red pigment based on ferric 
oxide but containing a large proportion of 
calcium sulfate or similar material. Similar 
to Venetian red. CCD 6d, 1961. 

crog balls; crogs. Eng. Large to immense 
concretionary masses of limestone. Arkell. 

croha. Belg. A local name in Liege for a 
coal closely resembling English cannel coal. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Croixan. The rocks of the Upper Cambrian 
age in the Pacific province in North Amer- 
ica, so named from St. Croix, Minn., the 
type locality. C.T.D. 

cromaltite. An alkali pyroxenite, containing 
aegirine-augite, melanite, and biotite; from 
the Cromalt Hills, Assynt, Scotland. Holmes, 
1928. 

Croning process (C process). A shell-molding 
process. ASM Gloss. 

Cronite #1. Explosive; used in mines, Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962, 

cronstedtite. A coal-black to brownish-black 
hydrous iron silicate, 6[Fe’2Fe” ’2S10s- 
(OH).], with some replacement of Fe” ’s 
by Fe” Si (?); sometimes contains mag- 
nesium; structurally related to kaolinite; 
not a chlorite. Fay; Hey 2d, 1955. 

crook. A self-acting apparatus for running 
the hudges (boxes on runners) on inclines 
in step coalbeds, Bureau of Mines Staff. 

crooked hole. A borehole which has deviated 
from the vertical or frem the direction 
along which it was started. Horizontal and 
inclined diamond drill holes over 300 feet 
in length are liable to deviate badly. Holes 
which are drilled vertically may also devi- 
ate but not usually to the same degree. 
A borehole may become crooked due to 
(1) dipping strata of different hardness; 
(2) fault planes or shear zones; or (3) 
drilling defects or inefficiency. See also 
borehole surveying. Nelson. 

Crookes glass. Glass made with rare earths 
having low transmission for ultraviolet 
light. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

crookesite. a. A massive, compact, metallic, 
lead-gray selenide of copper, thallium, and 
silver, (CGu,Tl,Ag)2Se. Fay. b. Synonym of 
tammite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

croot; crutch. Som. A mealy white stone, 
marted with ore, and soft, associated with 
the lead ore, Mendips. Compare critch; 
crouch clay. Arkell. 

crop. a. The outcrop of a lode; or the coal 
of poor quality at the outcropping of a 


crop coal 


seam. Standard, 1964. b. As a verb, to 
appear at the surface; to outcrop. Webster 
3d. c. The roof coal or stone which has to 
be taken down in order to secure a safe 
roof in the workings. Fay. d. Corn. See 
crop tin. Fay. e. To leave coal at the bot- 
tom of a bed. See also cropping coal. Fay. 
f. To fine when the coal in a tub contains 
too much refuse; it is done by deducting 
a percentage of the weight. Standard, 
1964. g. A defective end portion of an 
ingot which is cut off as scrap. ASM Gloss. 

crop coal. a. Coal of inferior quality near the 
surface. Fay. b. N. of Eng. Coal remain- 
ing on the floor after face has been under- 
cut, caused by the cutterjib rising from 
the floor. Has to be taken up by picks. In 
higher, wet seams may be deliberately left 
to allow water to drain from the face into 
the goaf. Trist. c. The coal next to the roof 
in a seam. Nelson. 

crop fall. A caving in of the surface at the 
outcrop of the bed caused by mining oper- 
ations. Applied also to falls occurring at 
points not on the outcrop of the bed. 
Synonymous with day fall. Fay. 

cropline. A line following the outcrop. Austin. 

crop load. The mixture of crushing bodies, 
ore particles, and water being tumbled in 
the ball mill. Pryor, 4. 

crop ore. Eng. First-quality tin ore, cleaned 
for smelting. Standard, 1964. 

crop out. a. Synonym for outcrop, Long. 
b. To be exposed at the surface; referring 
to bedrock surface exposures. See also out- 
crop. Fay. 

cropper. Eng, A shot placed at the highest 
side or edge of a shaft bottom. Fay. 

cropping. a. Coal cutting beyond the normal 
cutting plane. Mason. b. Portions of a vein 
or other rock formation exposed at the sur- 
face. Fay. c. An outcrop. Standard, 1964. 
d. The operation of cutting off the end or 
ends of an ingot to remove the pipe and 
other defects. C.T.D. 

cropping coal. The leaving of a small thick- 
ness of coal at the bottom of the seam in 
a working place, usually in back water. 
The coal so left is termed “cropper coal.” 
Zern. 

cropping out. The natural exposure of bed- 
rock at the surface, That part of a vein 
that appears at the surface is called the 
cropping or outcrop. Fay. 

crop tin. The chief portion of tin ore sepa- 
rated from waste in the principal dressing 
operation. Fay. 


crop upwards. Eng. In miners’ parlance, to | 


rise. Fay. 

cross. a. A pipe fitting with four branches 
arranged in pairs, each pair on one axis, 
and the axes at right angles. When the 
outlets are otherwise arranged, the fittings 
are branch pipes or specials. Strock, 3. 
b. See crosscut, from Wales. Fay. c. See 
andre. Mason. 

crossarm, a. The top member of a drill der- 
rick of H-frame from which the sheave 
wheel is suspended. Long. b. Horizontal 
bar fitted between two drill columns on 
which a small diamond or other type rock 
drill can be mounted. Compare sidearm. 
Long. 

cross assimilation. The simultaneous exchange 
of material from the magma to the wall 
rock and from the wall rock to the magma, 
tending to develop the same phases in 
both. A.G.I. 

crossbar; collar; cap; roof bar. The hori- 
zontal roof member of a timber set on 
mine roadways, or a flat supported by 





280 


props on the face. See also beam. Nelson. 

cross-bearing. A check bearing on a survey 
point not in the immediate sequence of 
stations being located. Pryor, 3. 

crossbedded. Having minor beds or laminae 
lying oblique to the main beds of strati- 
fied rock. For example, crossbedded sand- 
stone. Webster 3d. 

crossbedding. a. The quality or state of be- 
ing crossbedded. A crossbedded structure. 
Webster 3d. b. Lamination, in sedimen- 
tary rocks, confined to single beds and in- 
clined to the general stratification. Caused 
by swift local currents, deltas, or swirling 
wind gusts, and especially characteristic 
of standstones, both aqueous and eolian. 
Fay. c. Crossbedding is generally trun- 
cated by the overlying stratum. However, 
at the base of the crossbedded formation, 
the crossbedding is not truncated but it 
approaches the contact with the under- 
lying stratum in a broad tangential curve. 
Forrester, p. 68. d. The arrangement of 
laminations of strata transverse or oblique 
to the main planes of stratification of the 
strata concerned. Inclined, often lenticu- 
lar, beds between the main bedding 
planes. It is found only in granular sedi- 
ments. A.G.I. e. Should be applied to in- 
clined bedding found only in profiles at 
right angles to the current direction. 
A.G.I. 

crossbedding, torrential. Fine, horizontally 
laminated strata alternating with uni- 
formly crossbedded strata composed of 
coarser materials. It is believed to have 
originated under desert conditions of con- 
centrated rainfall, abundant wind action, 
and playa lake deposition. A.G.I. 

crossbelt. A belt changed to run from the 
top of one pulley to the bottom of an- 
other to produce a reversal of direction. 
Crispin. 

crossbend test. A test in which fired or 
bisque porcelain enamel panels are pro- 
gressively distorted by bending to deter- 
mine the resistance of the coating to 
cracking. ASTM C286-65. 

cross-bladed chisel bit. Synonym for cross 
chopping bit. Long. 

crossbond. a. A bond connected from the 
rail on one side of the track to the rail 
on the opposite side. It should be pro- 
vided about 200 feet apart along the en- 
tire track, as well as at every switch latch 
and just beyond every switch frog, to lo- 
calize the adverse effect of an open rail or 
defective rail joint. See also bonding. 
Kentucky, p. 246. b. The bond in the 
wall, obtained by the use of header brick, 
to bond the stretchers of adjacent courses. 
See also English crossbond. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cross-breaking strength. See modulus of rup- 
ture. ACSG, 1963. 

cross channel. A channel connecting two 
successive lows, running transverse to the 
beach. Schieferdecker. 

cross chopping bit. Bit with cutting edges 
made by two chisel edges crossing at right 
angles with the intersection of chisel 
edges at the center of the bit face. Used 
to chop (by impact) lost core or other 
obstructions in a borehole. Also called 
cross bit; cross-braded chisel bit; cruciform 
bit. Long. 

cross conveyor. Any conveyor used for trans- 
porting ore or waste from one room or 
working place through a crosscut to an 
adjacent room or working place. Used 
principally where the cross conveyor re- 





crossed nicols 


ceives ore or waste from a conveyor and! 
delivers it to another conveyor or a car. 
Jones. 

cross-country mill. A rolling mill in which) 
the mill stands are so arranged that their 
tables are parallel with a transfer (or. 
crossover) table connecting them. They 
are used for rolling structural shapes, 
rails, and any special form of bar stock. 
not rolled in the ordinary bar mill. ASM | 
Gloss. 

cross course. a. A vein or lode, which inter- 
sects the main productive veins or lodes. 
Sometimes known as crossvein or cross. 
lode. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. b. A contra- 
lode. Fay. See also crossvein. 

cross-course spar. Corn. Radiated quartz. 
Fay. 

crosscut. a. A small pasageway driven at 
right angles to the main entry to connect 
it with a parallel entry or air course. In. 
Arkansas, also used instead of break- 
through. Fay. b. A tunnel driven at an 
angle to the dip of the strata, to connect 
different seams or workings. Nelson. c. 
A crosscut may be a coal drivage. See 
also pillar-and-stall. Nelson. d. An under- 
ground passage directed across an ore 
body to test its width and value or from 
a shaft to reach the ore body. See also 
level crosscut. Nelson. e. A_ horizontal 
opening driven across the course of a 
vein or in general across the direction of — 
the main workings. A connection from a 
shaft to a vein. Lewis, p. 21. f In room 
and pillar mining, the piercing of the 
pillars at more or less regular intervals 
for the purpose of haulage and ventila- 
tion. Synonym for breakthrough. Ken- 
tucky, p. 332. g. In general, any drift 
driven across between any two openings 
for any mining purpose. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. h. A level or tunnel driven through 
the country rock, generally from a shaft, 
to intersect a vein or lode. C.T.D. i. A 
borehole directed so as to cut through a 
rock strata or ore vein essentially at right 
angles to the dip and strike of the rock 
strata, a vein, or a related structure. Long. 
j. See stenton. B.S. 3618, 1963, Sec. 2. 
k. A road connecting two other more im- 
portant roads. Mason. 1. A double-handled 
saw. Mason. 

crosscut method (combined with removal 
of pillars). See top slicing and cover cav- 
ing. Fay. 

crosscut method of working. See overhand 
stoping. Fay. 

crosscut tunnel. A tunnel driven at approxi- 
mately right angles to a main tunnel, or 
from the bottom of a shaft or other open- 
ing, across the formation to an objective 
point. The term “crosscut’? would seem 
more appropriate as the term tunnel im- 
plies being open to the surface at both 
ends, as a railroad tunnel. Fay. 

crossed belt. A driving belt which has a 
twist between the driving and the driven 
pulleys causing a reversal of direction. 
Crispin. 

crossed dispersion. In optical mineralogy, 
the dispersion that produces an interfer- 
ence figure with color distribution sym- 
metrical to the center of the figure. Fay. 

crossed nicols. a. Two nicol prisms so ar- 
ranged that their vibration planes are 
mutually at right angles. Fay. b. In opti- 
cal mineralogy, an anisotropic crystal is 
interposed between the nicol prisms to 
observe its optical interference effects. 
The petrographic microscope is normally 





crossed off 


used with nicol. prisms (or equivalent 

polarizing devices) in the crossed posi- 

tion. A.G.I. c. Nicols is often capitalized 

(crossed Nicols). Two nicol prisms placed 

one in front of the other, or one below 

the other, and so oriented that their 

/| transmission planes for plane-polarized 

light are at right angles with the result 

that light transmitted by one is stopped 
by the other unless modified by some in- 
tervening body. Webster 3d. 

|| crossed off. A road or working place at the 

entrance to which fencing or crossbars 

have been erected to warn workmen not 
to enter these places because of danger. 
| Nelson. 

| crossed twinning. a. Repeated twinning af- 

ter two twinning laws, as in microcline. 

Fay. b. Polysynthetic twinning, according 

to two twin laws, and in which the com- 

| position planes of one type of twinning 
intersect the composition planes of the 
other type of twinning at right angles, or 
| nearly at right angles. Also called quad- 

| rille twinning. It is characteristic of mi- 

| crocline and pseudoleucite. Bureau of 

| Mines Staff. 

\crossel; crossil. Mid. Breccia or conglom- 

erate. Arkell. 

‘| eross entry. a. An entry or set of entries, 
turned from main entries, from which 
recom entries are turned. U.S. BuMines 
Federal Mine Safety Code—Bituminous 
Coal and Lignite Mines, Pt. I Underground 
Mines, October 8, 1953. b. A horizontal 
gallery driven at an angle or at right 
angles to a main entry. The meanings of 
double cross entry and triple cross entry 
are as given for main entry. Nelson. 

crosses and holes. Eng. In Derbyshire, the 
discoverer of a lode secures it temporarily 
by making ‘‘crosses and holes” in the 
ground. Fay. 

cross face. A coal face having a general di- 
rection between end and bord line. TIME. 








girdle facets. Shipley. 

cross fault. A fault that strikes diagonally 
or perpendicularly to the strike of the 
faulted strata. A.GI. 

crossfed grinding (surface). The amount of 
horizontal feed of the wheel across the 
table. ACSG, 1963. 

cross fiber. a. In a vein, fibrous minerals 
formed or occurring at right angles to the 
vein walls; applied mainly to asbestos 
veins. A.G.I. b. One of the three recog- 
nized forms in which asbestos fiber is 
found in rock deposits. In this, the most 
common form of deposition, the fibers, 
closely packed together, are set at right 
angles to the rock faces of the seam or 
vein in which they occur. Sinclair, W. E., 
p. 35. 

crossfired furnace. See 
ASTM C162-66. 

cross flucan. A name given by Cornish min- 
ers to clay seams crossing a vein. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

cross fold. A fold, the axis of which inter- 
sects the axis of another fold, generally 
the lesser or younger of two folds. (In 
structural petrology, efforts have been 
made to distinguish different types of 
cross folds by writing crossfold, cross-fold, 
and (cross-)fold; but the usage is not 
standardized. A.G.J. Supp. 

|! cross-folding. A system of folding in which 

there are two fold trends, more or less at 

right angles. Usually one trend is domi- 

nant, the folds following the other trend 


side-fired furnace. 


cross facets. Same as break facets. See also | 





281 


being then termed cross-folds, so that 
cross-folding might apply in a restricted 
sense to these cross-folds only. Challinor. 

cross frog. A frog adapted for railroad tracks 
that cross at right angles. Webster 2d. 

crossgate. a. A gate road driven at an angle 
off the main gate in longwall mining, to 
form new intermediate gates or new faces 
inside a_ disturbance. Well-sited cross 
gates result in reduction of inby convey- 
ors and in roadway maintenance. Nelson. 
b. Eng. See crossheading, d. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. c. York. Short headings driven on 
the strike end at right angles to the main 
gates or roads. Fay. 

cross gateway. Aust. A road, through the 
goaf, that branches from the main gate- 
way. Fay. 

cross-grained rock. A local term in Ohio 
for certain sandstone beds that exhibit 
cross bedding. Fay. 

cross-grains. In mica, lines, striations, crenu- 
lations, or sharp folds that lie in the plane 
of cleavage. They may result in tears or 
breaks during splitting. Skow. 

cross-grooves. Two or more intersecting sets 
of groove casts. Pettijohn. 

crosshair. a. In microscopes and surveying 
instruments, the wire or hair crossing at 
right angles in the exact line of the optic 
center of the instrument. Also called cross 
wire. Porter. b. Spider’s thread mounted 
in eyepiece of telescope of theodolite for 
use in sighting. Pryor, 3. 

crosshead. a. A runner or framework that 
runs on guides, placed a few feet above 
the sinking bucket in order to prevent it 
from swinging too violently. Fay. b. A 
beam or rod stretching across the top of 
something; specifically, the bar at the 
end of a piston rod of a steam engine, 
which slides on the ways or guides fixed 
to the engine frame and connects the 
piston rod with the connecting rod. Fay. 
c. See squaring shear. ASM Gloss. 

crosshead guide. A guide for making the 
crosshead of an engine move in a line 
parallel with the cylinder axis. Standard, 
1964. 

crossheading. a. A passage driven for venti- 
lation from the airway to the gangway, 
or from one breast through the pillar to 
the adjoining working. Also called cross 
hole; cross gateway; headway. Fay. b. 
One driven from one drift or level across 
to another to improve ventilation. Pryor, 
3.c. A heading driven at an angle off the 
main level to cut off stalls or intermediate 
headings, and form new ones on the face 
side of the heading. Also called oblique 
heading; cutting-off road. Nelson. d. 
Eng. A road in longwall working to cut 
off the gateways. Synonym for crossgate; 
slope. Also called crossbow; crossend. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

cross hole. a. A term used in Wales for a 
short cut-through communicating with 
two headings for ventilation purposes. Fay. 
b. See stenton. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

crossing. a. The place where two or more 
lines of rails extending in different direc- 
tions cross each other. Fay. b. Eng. See air 
crossing. Fay. c. A crosscut, Wales. Fay. 

crossing balk; carrying bar; carrying girder. 
Eng. The plank, balk, or girder set across 
the entrance to a road to support one end 
of the planks, balks, or girders set to the 
roof of a roadway junction. Also called 
crossing girder. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

erossite. A blue soda-amphibole intermedi- 
ate between glaucophane and riebeckite. 





cross-ripples 


Lath-shaped crystals and grains. From 
Berkeley, Calif. ; Venzolasca, Corsica Island, 
France. English. 

cross joint. a. A joint in an igneous rock 
oriented more or less perpendicular to 
the flow lines. Synonym for tension joint. 
A.GI, Supp. b. A joint in sedimentary 
rocks that crosses more prominent joints 
at approximate right angles. A.G.I. Supp. 
c. See head joint. ACSG. 

cross-joint fan. A system of cross joints in 
igneous rock, the joints diverging in a 
fanlike manner because of the arching of 
the flow lines which are more or less per- 
pendicular to the joints. G.S.A. Memoir 
Oy LOST ae Die 

cross lamination. a. The structure com- 
monly present in granular sedimentary 
rocks that consists of tabular, irregularly 
lenticular, or wedge-shaped bodies lying 
essentially parallel to the general stratifi- 
cation and which themselves show a pro- 
nounced laminated structure in which the 
laminae are steeply inclined to the gen- 
eral bedding. Synonym for crossbedding; 
false bedding. A.G.I. b. An arrangement 
of laminations, transverse to the planes 
of stratification of the strata concerned. 
They generally end abruptly at the top 
but in general tend to become more or 
less parallel to the bedding planes below. 
A.G.I. c. Cross-stratification with foresets 
less than 1 centimeter thick. Pettijohn. 

cross latches. A cross switch. Hess. 

cross lode. Synonym for crossvein. A.G.I. 

cross measure. A heading driven horizon- 
tally or nearly so, through or across in- 
clined strata. Fay. 

cross-measure borehole. A borehole drilled 
at an angle through the rock strata gen- 
erally for the purpose of firedamp drain- 
age. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

cross-measure borehole system. See methane 
drainage. Roberts, I, p. 77. 

cross-measure drift. a. A development drift 
driven across the strata from the surface 
to intersect and work coal seams. Nelson. 
b. A development heading driven from a 
level in one coal seam to intersect and 
work upper or lowcr seams. Nelson. 

cross measure tunnel. A roadway or airway 
driven across pitching measures on, or 
nearly on, a level to reach a bed of coal 
or other objective, or to drain off water. 
Zern. 

cross-off. Clev. To stack out; to wall off the 
entrance to a goaf. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

crossover. a. A stretch of track which con- 
nects two parallel tracks, and enables a 
train to pass from one track to the other. 
Zern, p. 476. b. A pipe fitting with a 
double offset, or shaped like the letter U 
with the ends turned out. Used to pass 
the flow of one pipe past another when 
the pipes are in the same plane. Strock, 3. 

crossover tee. A fitting made along lines 
similar to the crossover, but having at 
one end two openings in a tee-head, the 
plane of which is at right angles to the 
plane of the crossover bend. Strock, 3. 

crosspiece. a. The short piece of timber in 
a wooden pillar or crib. See also edger. 
Fay. b. Synonym for crossarm. Long. 

cross poling. Short poling boards placed 
horizontally to cover the gap between 
runners in excavation trench timbering. 
Ham. 

cross-ripple mark. An interference ripple 
mark consisting of roughly rectangular 
cells, A.GJI. Supp. 

cross-ripples. A type of interference ripples. 


crossroad 


Pettijohn. 

crossroad. Scot. A main road driven at 
a more moderate inclination than directly 
to the rise of the strata. Fay. 

cross rolling. The rolling of sheet so that 
the direction of rolling is changed about 
90° from the direction of the previous 
rolling. ASM Gloss. 

cross-roll straightener. A machine having 
paired rolls of special design ‘for straight- 
ening round bars or tubes, the pass being 
made with the work parallel to the axes 
of the rolls. ASM Gloss. 

cross section. a. A profile portraying an in- 
terpretation of a vertical section of the 
earth explored by geophysical and/or geo- 
logical methods. A.G.J. b. A cutting or a 
section across. A section at right angles 
to, especially the longer axis of anything. 
For example, the cross section of a fold 
drawn at right angles to the fold axis. 
Webster 3d; Bureau of Mines Staff. c. A 
piece of something cut off in a direction 
at right angles to an axis. Webster 3d. d. 
A view, a diagram, or a drawing repre- 
senting such a cutting. Webster 3d. e. A 
horizontal grid system laid out on the 
ground for determining contours, quan- 
tities of earthwork, etc., by means of ele- 
vations of the grid points. Seelye, 2. f. A 
measure of the probability that a nuclear 
reaction will occur. Usually measured in 
barns. It is the apparent area presented 
by a target nucleus (or particle) to an 
oncoming particle. L@L. 

cross-section. a. The verb is hyphenated 
but the noun is two words not hyphen- 


ated. Webster 3d. b. To represent in cross | 


section. To make a cross section of. Web- 
ster 3d. c. To cut or to divide into cross 
sections. Webster 3d. 

cross-sectional area. The area of a surface 
cut by a plane passing through the body 
and perpendicular to the long axis of the 
body if one exists. If not, any such area 
cut by a plane. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cross-sectional method. An ore reserve esti- 
mation method in which assay and other 
data are projected to predetermined 
planes and the areas of influence of the 
assay data are determined mainly by 
judgment. This method is helpful not 
only for ore reserve computations, but 
also to mine planning. Krumlauf, p. 81. 

cross-section paper. Paper ruled in squares 
for convenience in drawing and measur- 
ing. Nichols. 

cross spread. Seismometer spread perpen- 
dicular to the shooting line. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cross-spur. A vein of quartz that crosses a 
lode. Fay. 

cross staff. Box mounted on light staff, with 
cross sighting slits, giving user two sight- 
ing lines at right angles. Pryor, 3. 

cross-stone. Synonym for andalusite and 
staurolite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

cross stoping. See overhand stoping. Fay. 

cross strata. Minor laminations oblique to 
the plane of the main stratum which they 
help to compose. Ballard. 

cross-stratification. a. The minor laminations 
are oblique to the plane of the main 
stratum which they help to compose. See 
also crossbedding. Standard, 1964; Fay. 
b. The arrangement of layers at one or 
more angles to the dip of the formation. 
A cross-stratified unit is one with layers 
deposited at an angle to the original dip 
of the formation. Many investigators have 
used crossbedding and cross lamination 








282 


as synonymous with cross-stratification, 
but it is proposed to restrict the terms 
crossbedding and cross lamination to a 
quantitative meaning depending on the 
thickness of the individual layers or cross 
strata. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

cross stratum. A single layer of homogeneous 
or gradational lithology deposited at an 
angle to the original dip of the formation 
and separated from adjacent layers by 
surfaces of erosion, surfaces of nondeposi- 
tion, or by abrupt changes in character. 
Cross bed and cross lamina have been 
used as synonyms for cross stratum, but 
it is proposed that they be restricted to 
a quantitative meaning. A cross bed is 
more than 1 centimeter thick and a cross 
lamina is 1 centimeter or less in thick- 
ness. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

crosstie. A timber or metal sill placed trans- 
versely under the rails of a _ railroad, 
tramway, or mine-car track. Fay. 

cross valve. a. A valve fitted on a transverse 
pipe so as to open communication at will 
between two parallel lines of piping. Much 
used in connection with oil and water 
pumping arrangements, especially on ship 
board. Strock, 3. b. Usually considered as 
an angle valve with a back outlet in the 
same plane as the other two openings. 
Strock, 3. 

crossvein. a. A vein that crosses or inter- 
sects an older, a larger, or a more pro- 
ductive vein. Webster 3d. b. An intersect- 
ing vein. Synonym for cross lode. Fay. 
c. It has also been applied to a vein which 
crosses the bedding planes of strata. This 
usage appears to be unnecessary and con- 
flicts with the same term applied to in- 
stances where two veins actually cross 
each other. Fay. 

cross wall. Eng. A wall built to a face pack 
parallel to the general line of advance 
of the face. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

cross-wire weld. A projection weld made be- 
tween crossed wires or bars. ASM Gloss. 


crotch. A fitting that has the general shape. 


of the letter Y. Caution should be exer- 
cised not to confuse the crotch and wye. 
Strock, 3. 
crotch height. For a silent chain, the height 
of the link crotch above the pitch line of 
the link. /@M. 
crouam. Corn. Granite, especially if soft 
ae decomposed. See also grouan; growan. 
ay. 
crouch clay. Eng. White pottery clay. Com- 
pare croot; crutch; critch. Arkell. 
crouch ware. a. A kind of fine pottery made 
in the 17th century. Fay. b. A salt-glazed 
ea: made at Burslem, England. 
ay. 
crowbar. A heavy pinch bar of iron or steel 
flattened to a chisellike point at one end, 
used as a lever. Crispin. 
crow coal. Certain earthy coal which con- 
tains very little bitumen and a large per- 
Bee of ash. Also called craw coal. 
ay. 
crowd. a. The process of forcing a bucket 
into the digging, or the mechanism which 
does the forcing, Used chiefly in reference 
to machines which dig by pushing away 
from themselves. Nichols, 2. b. Used by 
some drillers as a synonym for overfeed. 
Long. c. As used by handsetters, the un- 
even calking of a diamond resulting in its 
being pinched or forced out of its intended 
position in a bit. Long. d. To place or set 
diamonds too closely together in the crown 
of a bit. Long. 





crown flint glass 


crowding. In power shovel nomenclature, 


crowding is the thrusting of the dipper 
stick forward over the shipper shaft; re- 
tracting is the reverse of crowding. Carson, 


p. 38. 


crowding baffle. In froth flotation, a slanted 


board used to direct the rising mineralized 
froth toward the overflow lip of the cell. 
Pryor, 3. 


crowding barrow. A handbarrow for bricks; 


it has a base and front, but no sides. Dodd. 


Crowe process. The treatment of pregnant 


cyanide solution to remove air before the 
gold is precipitated. Nelson. 


crowfoot. a. A V-shaped notch in an arch 


block; sometimes made in the bottom block 
where this rests upon the wallplate. Stauf- 
fer. b. A tool with a sideclaw, for grasping 
and recovering broken rods in deep bore- 
holes. Fay. c. An iron claw or fork, to 
which a rope is attached, and by which 
the rods are lowered and raised when 
changing the tools in deep boreholes. Fay. 
d. Irregular or zigzag markings found in 
Tennessee marble. Also called  stylalite. 
AIME, p. 331. 


crown. a. A timber crossbar up to 16 feet 


long, supported by two heavy legs, or up- 
rights, one at each end. Crowns may be 
set at 3-foot intervals and sometimes a roof 
bolt is put up through the center of the 
crown. Nelson. b. The elevation of a road 
center above its sides, Nichols. c. The 
curved roof of a tunnel. Nichols. d. As 
used by the drilling and bit-setting indus- 
tries in the United States, the portion of 
the bit inset or impregnated with diamonds 
formed by casting or pressure-molding and 
sintering processes; hence the steel bit 
blank to which the crown is attached is not 
considered part of the crown. Long. e. The 
topmost part of a drill tripod, derrick, or 
mast. Long. f. Used in some countries 
other than the United States as a syno- 
nym for bit. Long. g. The part of a fur- 
nace forming the top or roof. ASTM 
C162-66. h. A contour on a sheet or roll 
where the thickness or diameter increases 
from edge to center, ASM Gloss. i. The top 
section of a press structure where the cylin- 
ders and other working parts may be 
mounted. Also called dome; head; top 
platen. ASM Gloss. 


crown arch. The arched plate which supports 


the crown sheet of the firebox of a boiler. 
Fay. 


crown bar. a. One of the bars on which the 


crown sheet of a locomotive rests. Fay. 
b. Strong timber, usually round, used in 
supporting the roof of a tunnel in the 
English method of driving. Stauffer. 


crown blast. The procedure of blowing air at 


roof level into the exit end of a tunnel kiln 
to counteract the natural flow of gases in 
this part of the kiln. Dodd. 


crown block. A pulley, set of pulleys, or 


sheaves at the top of a drill derrick on 
and over which the hoist and/or other 
lines run. Also called crown pulley; crown 
wheel. Long. 


crown brick. See key brick; center brick. 


Dodd. 


crown die. Synonym for bit mold. Long. 
crowned pulley. In power transmission, one 


with convex curve of driving rim, aiding 
flat belt to remain centered. Pryor, 3. 


crown fire. A fire burning in tree tops. 


Nichols. 


crown flint glass. An optical crown glass 


bordering on optical flint glass because of 
the addition of a substantial content of 


eS eT ee Ee 








crown formation 


lead oxide and with somewhat higher dis- 
| persion than optical crown glass. ASTM 
|| C162-66. See also lead crown glass. 
)crown formation. Aust. Used in Bendigo 
| for the outcrop of saddle reefs crowning 
|! the hills, from which points the reefs dip 
| in opposite directions. Fay. 
!) crown glass. a. Glass of the alkali-lime-silica 
| type, as opposed to lead glass (flint glass) ; 
| used for electric lamp bulbs. Also called 
soda-lime glass. C.T.D. b, Glass of uneven 
| thickness and slightly convex (therefore, 
| producing some optical distortion), hand- 
made by blowing and spinning. Compare 
optical crown glass. Dodd. 

/yerown gold. Gold that is eleven-twelfths fine 
(91.67 percent pure gold). Used in the 
minting of the crown of the rose from 1526 
and adopted in 1634 as the standard for 
other English gold coins. Webster 3d. 

) crown-in. The pressure of the overlying strata 
causing falls of roof or creep in the floor 

of a rock salt mine. Nelson. 

| crowning. The heaving or lifting of the floor 

| beds along a roadway to form a ridge or 

| crown along the center line. Nelson. 

| crownings-in. S. Staff. The strata forming 

| the roof or cover. Fay. 

| crown life. Synonym for bit life. Long. 

‘crown metal. Synonym for diamond matrix. 

| See also diamond matrix, a. Long. 

- crown mold. Synonym for bit mold. Long. 

‘crown optical glass. A low-dispersion rela- 
tively low-index glass. Commonly used in 
the converging elements of lenses. Any 
glass with a Nu-value of more than 55.0 
(or between 50.0 and 55.0 if the index is 
more than 1.60). VV. See also optical 
crown glass. ASTM C162-66. 

ferown pulley. A pulley whose diameter is 

_ greater at the middle than at the edges of 

| its face. This crown tends to prevent the 
belt from running off the pulley provided 
the belt is not slipping. Crispin. 

crown sheet. The plate that forms the top 
of the furnace or firebox of an internally 
fired steam boiler. Webster 3d. 

\crownstone. A hard, smooth, flinty gritstone. 
See also ganister. Fay. 

}\crown tree; crown. A piece of timber set on 

props to support the mine roof. Zern. 

|) crown wheel. a. A cogwheel having the teeth 

on the plane of the wheel’s circle instead 

of upon its circumference. Fay. b. One 
driven by pinion, notably in drive of ball 

mill. Largest wheel of any reduction gear. 

| Pryor, 3. c. Synonym for crown block. Long. 

\ crow’s-foot. A clawlike tool used to withdraw 
broken rods from a borehole. See also 
screw bell; spiral worm. Nelson. 

jcrowst. Corn. Miners’ lunch; (elevenses). 
Pryor, 3. 

' crowstones. a. Black cherts in the Carbonifer- 
ous limestone. Arkell. b. Eng. Hard, sili- 
ceous sandstone beds in the Yoredale series 
of the Yorkshire and Derbyshire coalfields, 
and in the Jurassic of Yorkshire. In min- 
ing, crow is used to denote any poor or 
impure bed, as of coal or limestone. Arkell. 

| Croxdale stretcher tram. A stretcher used as 
an ambulance trolley in transporting cas- 
ualties from underground workings. It is 
similar to the Briggs stretcher carriage in 
design, except for the adjustable handles 
at each end of the tram and the rubber- 
tired wheels, which can be replaced by 
pneumatic tires for roadways not equipped 
with tub track. McAdam, pp. 106-107. 

feroyl. Eng. Indurated clay with shells, Car- 
boniferous of Grassington. Arkell. 
heroylstone. A variety of finely crystallized 











283 


barite. Standard, 1964. 

crozling coal. Eng. Term used in Derbyshire 
for caking coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

crozzle. a. To shrivel or cake with heat; to 
burn to a cinder. Also spelled crozle. Web- 
ster 2d. Said of coal. Fay. b. Eng. Con- 
torted noncarbonaceous shale, Coal Meas- 
ures of Staffordshire and Derbyshire. A 
cinder. Crozzling of coal, means caking. 
Arkell. 

crozzling. The fusing of burning coal. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

crucible; crucible furnace. The hearth of a 
blast furnace, cupola, or open hearth; a 
refractory vessel for melting or calcining 
metals, ores, etc. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

crucible assay. See assay; lead button. Nelson. 

crucible clays. Ball clays that are relatively 
refractory, for use in producing crucibles 
that will withstand high temperatures. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

crucible furnace. See crucible. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

crucibles, clay. A pot made of fired refractory 
clay, used to smelt small batches of enamel 
or glaze mixes. Enam. Dict. 

crucible steel. Steel made by melting blister 
bar, wrought iron, charcoal, and ferro- 
alloys in crucibles which hold about 100 
pounds. This was the first process to pro- 
duce steel in a molten condition, hence the 
product called cast steel. Mainly used for 
the manufacture of tool steels, but now 
largely replaced by the electric-furnace 
processs iGal.D» 

crucible swelling number. The number which 
defines, by reference to a series of standard 
profiles, the size and shape of the residue 
produced when a standard weight of coal 
is heated under standard conditions. B.S. 
1016, 1961, Pt. 16. 

crucible tongs. Tongs used for handling cru- 
CiblesianG...D» 

cruciform bit. a. Synonym for cross chopping 
bit. Long. b. Percussive rock drill bit hav- 
ing four chisel-shaped cutting edges in the 
form of a cross on the face of the bit. Also 
called cross bit. Long. 

crucite. Same as andalusite. Fay. 

crude. A substance in its natural unprocessed 
state. Crude ore or crude oil, for example. 
In a natural state; not cooked or prepared 
by fire or heat; not altered or prepared 
for use by any process; not refined. Syno- 
nym for raw; crude oil. Webster 3d. 

crude anthracene. Solid product containing 
anthracene. Obtained on cooling the coal- 
tar distillate collected above about 270° C. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

crude antimony. Antimony sulfide ore. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

crude asbestos. Hand selected cross-vein ma- 
terial of longest fibres in native or unfiber- 
ized form. It comes in chunks and must 
be mechanically processed to develop the 
usefulness of the fibre. Arbiter, pp. 66-67. 

crude asphalt; crude pitch. Raw asphalt as it 
pe from the lake. Mersereau, 4th, p. 

6. 

crude benzol. Recovered from coke-oven gas 
and from other coal gases produced at high 
temperatures, by scrubbing the gas with 
gas oil, or creosote oil, or by absorption on 
active carbon, after tar vapors, water, and 
ammonia have been removed. A small per- 
centage of benzol is also present in coal 
tar, from which it may be recovered by 
distillation. Crude benzol may contain as 
impurities sulfur compounds (for example, 
carbon disulfide and thiophene), phenols, 
pyridine, indene, coumarone, naphthalene, 





crump; bump 


and traces of scrubbing oil. Francis, 1965, 
v. 1, p. 302. 

crude iron ore. The material, as mined, 
prior to any processing for removing waste 
constituents, though it may be crushed 
and screened. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 458. 

crude mica. The crude crystals or books as 
extracted from the mine. Skow. 

crude mineral oil. Crude petroleum. Fay. 

crude naphtha. Unrefined petroleum naph- 
tha. Standard, 1964. 

crude naphthalene. Solid product, consist- 
ing essentially of naphthalene, obtained 
on cooling crude intermediate fractions 
from the distillation of coal tar and dur- 
ing purification of coal gas. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

crude oil. a. Raw petroleum as it comes from 
the earth. Mersereau, 4th, p. 198. b. A 
bitumen of liquid consistency, compara- 
tively volatile, and composed principally 
of hydrocarbons, usually with traces of 
sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen compounds. 
A.G.I. 

crude oil treater. In petroleum production, 
one who treats crude oil from wells in 
chemical, electrical, or centrifugal units 
to remove sediment and water. Also called 
dehydrator operator, dehydrator plant 
operator, pumper, treater. D.O.T. 1. 

crude ore. The unconcentrated ore as it 
leaves the mine. Schieferdecker. 

crude-ore bin. A bin in which ore is dumped 
as it comes from the mine. Fay. 

crude petroleum. A naturally occurring mix- 
ture, Consisting predominantly of hydro- 
carbons, and/or sulfur, nitrogen, and/or 
oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons, which 
is removed from the earth in liquid state 
or capable of being so removed. ASTM 
D288-57. 

crude pitch. See crude asphalt. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 206. 

crude shale oil. The oil obtained as a distil- 
late by the destructive distillation of oil 
shale. ASTM D288-57. 

crude sulfur; brimstone. Elemental sulfur 
that is 99.0 to 99.9 percent pure and is 
free from arsenic, selenium, and tellurium. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 903. 

crude tar. Bituminous product, viscous or 
liquid, resulting from the destructive dis- 
tillation of organic materials. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

crude tar bases. Mixtures of those constitu- 
ents of coal tar which can be extracted 
from the lower boiling distillates by di- 
lute mineral acid. Consists essentially of 
basic compounds of the pyridine series. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

crudy asbestos. Refers to asbestos which has 
been only partially milled, so that the 
fiber has not been fluffed but only sepa- 
rated from the rock. Most of the asbestos 
is still in the form of bundles of fibers 
like spicules. AIME, p. 45. 

crudey state. Fiber strands not fully opened 
up or only partly fiberized. Sinclair, W. E., 
p. 483. 

crumber. A bulldozer blade that follows the 
wheel or ladder of a ditching machine to 
clean and shape the bottom. Nichols. 

crumble coal. English translation of German 
formkohle. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

crumble peat. Friable earthy peat or peaty 
earth. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

crump; bump. Ground movement, perhaps 
violent, due to failure under stress of 
ground surrounding underground work- 
ings usually in coal, so named because of 
sound produced. See also bump. Pryor, 3. 


crumpled ball 


crumpled ball. Highly irregular, crumpled- 
up masses of laminated sandstone, 5 to 25 
centimeters across, flattened parallel to the 
bedding as opposed to slump balls which 
have smooth surfaces. Pettijohn. 

crumpled mud-crack casts. Sand fillings (of 
mud cracks) that display ptygmatic de- 
formation or crumpling produced by ad- 
justment of fillings to compaction of en- 
closing mud matrix. Pettijohn. 

crup. A gradual settling of the measures 
overlying a mine caused by the weight 
crushing the pillars, or forcing them down 
into the floor. A variation of creep. Fay. 

crush. a. A general settlement of the strata 
above a coal mine due to failure of pil- 
lars; generally accompanied by numerous 
local falls of roof in mine workings. Fay. 
b. A species of fault in coal. Fay. c. 
Breakage of supports of underground 
workings under roof pressure. Pryor, 3. 
d. A casting defect caused by a partial 
destruction of the mold before the metal 
was poured. ASM Gloss. 

crushability. The relative ease of crushing 
a sample under standard conditions. B.S. 
3992, 1962: 

crush belt. A belt of intensely crushed rock. 
Challinor. 

crush border. A microscopic granular tex- 
ture sometimes characterizing adjacent 
feldspar particles in consequence of their 
having been crushed together during or 
subsequent to their crystallization. Fay. 

crush breccia. a. A breccia produced by the 
shattering of rocks along a fault. Fay. b. 
A breccia formed essentially in situ by 
cataclasis. See also cataclasite; crush con- 
glomerate. A.G.I. 

crush bursts. Rockbursts in which there is 
actual failure at the face, accompanied 
by movement of the walls. Higham, p. 
208. 

crush conglomerate. a. A conglomerate pro- 
duced by the crushing of rock strata in 
the shearing often accompanying folding. 
Standard, 1964. b. Similar to a fault 
breccia except the fragments are more 
rounded in a crush conglomerate. A.G.I. 
c. Synonymous with tectonic conglom- 
erate. See also pseudoconglomerate; crush 
breccia. A.G.I. 

crush dressing. The process of using steel 
rolls to form or dress the face of grind- 
ing wheels to any desired contour. ACSG, 
1963. 

crushed gravel. The product resulting from 
the artificial crushing of gravel with sub- 
stantially all fragments having at least 
one face resulting from fracture. ASTM 
C125-66. 

crushed gypsum. Gypsum subjected to a pri- 
mary crushing operation. ASTM C11-60. 

crushed steel. A metallic abrasive made 
from high carbon and crucible sheet steel 
specifically treated to impart brittleness. 
It is then crushed to sizes ranging from 
2 to 200 mesh. After screening, each 
batch is heattreated and separated into 
25 sizes ranging from 20 to 200 mesh. 
AIME, p. 19. 

crushed stome. a. The product resulting 
from the artificial crushing of rocks, 
boulders, or large cobblestones, substan- 
tially all faces of which have resulted 
from the crushing operation. ASTM 
C125-66. b. Term applied to irregular 
fragments of rock crushed or ground to 
smaller sizes after quarrying. Also called 
broken stone. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 885. 





284 


crushed vein. A mineralized zone or belt of 


crushed material. The crushing was caused 
by folding, faulting, or shearing. Fay. 


crusher. A machine for crushing rock or 


other materials. Among the various types 
of crushers are the ball-mill, gyratory 
crusher, Hadsel mill, hammer mill, jaw 
crusher, rod mill, rolls, stamp mill, and 
tube mille. Fay; Hess. 


crusher-and-blender operator. In the coke 


products industry, one who prepares coal 
for coking by mixing coal of various com- 
positions and pulverizing it in mechanical 
blending and crushing plant. D.O.T. Supp. 


crusher feeder. In quarry industry, one who 


feeds broken rock into crusher after it is 
dumped from trucks or cars, by pushing 
it down a chute with a shovel or bar, or 
by pushing it directly into crusher from 
a platform. Also called crusher loader; 


laborer, crusher; stone breaker; trap man. 
Di@ Wiel: 


crusher foreman. A foreman who supervises 


workers engaged in unloading, transport- 
ing, crushing, and storing ore. Oversees 
activities, such as unloading of ore from 
cars into bins, discharging of ore from 
bins onto conveyor belts leading to crush- 
ers, crushing of ore to designated size, 
selection of ore by mechanical samplers, 
and transportation of ore by elevators and 
belts to various bins or storage areas. 


D.O.T. Supp. 


crusher laborer. A general term used to des- 


ignate workers performing any one or a 
combination of unskilled tasks, concerned 
with crushing and grinding ore prepara- 
tory to concentration of metal. D.O.T. 


Supp. 


crusher loader. One who feeds crusher. Bu- 


reau of Mines Staff. 


crusher man. a. In anthracite and bitumi- 


nous coal mining, one who operates a 
crusher through which large coal is run 
to break it into smaller sizes. D.O.T. 1. 
b. In quarrying, one who operates a 
crusher through which broken quarry 
rock is run to break it into crushed stone 
for construction work. D.O.T. 1. 


crusher operator. In the concrete products 


and construction industry, one who oper- 
ates an electric, gasoline, or steam-pow- 
ered rock-crushing machine that may be 
provided with screens to sift the material 
and with a hose system to wash it. D.O.T. 1. 


crusher rolls. Steel or chilled iron rollers 


with parallel horizontal axes and periph- 
eries at a fixed distance apart so that 
rocks, coal, or other substances of greater 
thickness cannot pass between without 


crushing. Rolls may be toothed or ribbed, |! 


but for rock, including ores, the surfaces 
are usually smooth. Hess. 


crusher rock. a. Term used in quarrying to 


describe the weathered overlying rock that 
occurs at most quarry operations and 
which is sold for use as road base. Bu- 
Mines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 888. b. The 
total unscreened product of a stone 
crusher. Shell Oil Co. 


crusher-run stome. Rock that has been 


broken in a mechanical crusher and 
which has not been subjected to any sub- 
sequent screening process. Taylor. 


crusher setting; set. The distance between 


roll faces or plates in a crusher. In the 
case of jaw and roll crushers, the setting 
controls the maximum size, and to some 
extent the grading of the product pro- 


duced. The best setting is usually that | 


which produces 10 to 15 percent of over- 





crushing strength 


size pieces, which are fed back for re- 
crushing. Gyratory breakers do not permit 
any marked variation in the setting or in 
the size of the product. Nelson. 

crusher stower. A machine which crushes 
ripping stone in headings and projects it 
through a pipe into gate side packs. It 
may also be used for filling old roadways 
or roof cavities. See also pneumatic stow- 
ing. Nelson. 

crush forming. Shaping a grinding wheel by 
forcing a rotating metal roll into its face 
so as to reproduce the desired contour. 
ASM Gloss. 

crush gate. A gate in a development face 
designed to be abandoned with a view to 
localizing the crush effect consequent on 
the winning of the coal immediately 
above or immediately below the develop- 
ment face. TIME. 

crushing. a. Reducing ore or quartz by 
stamps, crushers, or rolls. Fay. b. The 
quantity of ore so pulverized or crushed 
at a single operation. Fay. c. Aust. The 
equivalent of millrun. Fay. d. See com- 
minution. e. Size reduction into relatively 
coarse particles. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

crushing bort. Diamond material with radial 
or confused crystal structure lacking dis- 
tinct cleavage forms. Color is faintly 
milky to grayish or dark and is suitable 
only for crushing into grit powder or dust. 
Diamond fragments from cutting estab- 
lishments or recovered from waste are 
frequently classed as crushing bort. The 
Bakwanga mine, Republic of the Congo, 
is the principal source of this material. 
I.C. 200, 1964, p. 149. 

crushing bortz. Synonym for bort. Long. 

crushing cycle. The sequence of operations 
in crushing a material, including, for ex- 
ample, the screening of the primary 
product and the recirculation of the screen 
overflow. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

crushing drilling. A rotary drilling method 
in which drilling is performed by the 
crushing or grinding action of a roller bit 
which rotates while being pressed against 
the rock. Fraenkel, v. 1, Art. 8 : 30, p. 
21. Also called roller-bit drilling. 

crushing machine. A machine constructed 
to pulverize or crush stone and other hard 
and brittle materials; a stone crusher. 
Fay. 

crushing mill. Same as stamp mill. See also 
crusher. Fay. 

crushing rolls. A machine consisting of two 
heavy rolls between which ore, coal, or 
other mineral is crushed. Sometimes the 
rolls are toothed or ribbed, but for ore 
their surface is generally smooth. Fay. 

crushing strain. The strain which causes the 
failure of a material by compression. 
Crispin. 

crushing strength. a. The resistance which 
a rock offers to vertical pressure placed 
upon it. It is measured by applying grad- 
uated pressure to a cube, one inch square, 
of the rock tested. A crushing strength of 
4,000 pounds means that a cubic inch of 
the rock withstands pressure to 4,000 
pounds before crushing. The crushing 
strength is greater with shorter prisms 
and less with longer prisms. Fay. b. The 
pressure or load at which a material fails 
in compression; used for comparing the 
strength of walling and lining materials, 
such as concrete, masonry, stone, packs, 
etc. Nelson. c. The maximum load per 
unit area, applied at a specified rate, that 
a material will withstand before it fails. 











! crushing test 


Typical ranges of value for some ceramic 

materials are: 

| fireclay and silica refractories 

}| 2,000 to 5,000 pounds per square inch 

| common building bricks 

2,000 to 6,000 pounds per square inch 

| engineering bricks, Class A 

above 10,000 pounds per square inch 

| sintered alumina 

i above 50,000 pounds per square inch. 

ie Dodd. 

)crushing test. a. A test of the suitability of 

} stone to be used for roads or building 

purposes; a cylindrical specimen of the 

stone, 1 inch in diameter and 1 inch long, 

is subjected to axial compression in a 

testing machine. C.T.D. b. A radial com- 

pressive test applied to tubing, sintered- 

metal bearings, or other similar products 

for determining radial crushing strength 

(maximum load in compression). ASM 

Gloss. c. An axial compressive test for 

| determining quality of tubing, such as 

| soundness of weld in welded tubing. ASM 

| Gloss. 

})erush line. A line along which rocks, under 

| great compression, yield, usually with the 

| production of schistosity. Fay. 

‘}crush movement. Compression, thrust, or 

lateral movement tending to develop shat- 

tered zones in rocks. Fay, 

/, crush plane. A plane defining zones of shat- 

} tering which result from lateral thrust. 

meeltiay: 

|.crush zone. A zone of faulting and breccia- 
tion in rocks. Fay. 

‘crust. a. A hard layer on the surface of 


outer layer of the earth, originally con- 
sidered to overlie a molten interior, now 
named in various ways: Lithosphere, sial, 
material above the Mohorovicic disconti- 
nuity, tectonosphere, etc. Commonly used 
in a figurative and an imprecise sense. 
A.G.I, Supp. c. The outer shell of the 
solid earth, the lower limit of which may 
be defined in various ways. According to 
one definition, the crust would be con- 


kilometers) to 31 miles (50 kilometers) 

thick. Sometimes the term crust is used 

synonymously with sial, in which case the 
crust is about 19 miles (30 kilometers) 
thick under those portions of the conti- 

nents near sea level, about 31 miles (50 

kilometers) thick under the higher moun- 

tain ranges, and absent under the Pacific 

Basin. The term was originally based on 

the idea of an outer solid crust resting 

on a liquid substratum. A.G.IJ. d. Shrop. 

A fine-grained white sandstone. Fay. 

| crustal instability. Synonym for tectonism. 

A.G.I. 

} crustal plate. A portion of the earth’s crust 

| beneath an oceanic or continental region. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

‘crustation. A thin mineral deposit coating 
rock or forming a film on pools of stand- 
ing water. A crustation is often composed 
of calcite. A.G_I. 

‘crust fracture. An extended fracture in the 
earth’s crust. Fay. 

‘crustification. a. The layering of crusts of 
different minerals deposited successively 
on the walls of a cavity. Bateman. b. Sug- 
gested for those deposits of minerals and 
ores that are in layers or crusts and which, 
therefore, have been deposited from solu- 
tion. Fay. 

|) crustified banding. A structure of certain vein 

fillings resulting from a succession and 








softer material. A.GJ. Supp. b. The ! 


sidered to be of the order of 19 miles (30 | 





285 


often times a rhythmic deposition of crusts 
of unlike minerals upon the walls of the 
open space. Schieferdecker. 

crustified vein. A vein which has been filled 
with a succession of crusts of ore and 
gangue material. Schieferdecker. 

crust movement. An extensive movement of 
the earth’s crust. Fay. 

crust of the earth. a. The exterior shell of 
the earth. Synonym for earth’s crust. 
Schieferdecker. b. That part of the earth 
lying above the Mohorovicic disconformity. 
A.G.I, 

crust stone. A fragile, flaky crust of calcite, 
or of other minerals, covering portions of 
cave walls. A.G.I. 

crust stress. Pressure within the rocks of the 
earth’s crust. Fay. 

crust torsion. A twisting stress in the earth’s 
crust. Fay. 

crut. A short heading excavated into the 
face of a coal seam; a heading or drift 
across the strata, or from one deposit to 
another. Nelson. 

crutch. See croot. Arkell. 

crutt. N. Staff.; Som. A road or heading 
driven in coal measures, turned from a 
level, etc. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cry. Sound made by rod of metallic tin 
when bent. Pryor, 3. 

cry-; cryo-; kryo-. Combining form from the 
Greek kryos meaning icy cold. It is used 
to indicate cold or freezing. Webster 3d. 

Cryderman loader. A clamshell-type loader 
activated by hydraulic cylinders operated 
from a traveling base suspended on the 
stage. Used in shaft sinking operations. 
Lewis, p. 186. 

cryocarbide. See pearlite. 

cryoconite. a. A fine-grained, almost powder- 
like substance found on the surface of 
glaciers. Absorption of radiation by the 
cryoconite causes ablation and the forma- 
tion of cryoconite holes or dust wells. 
A.G.I. b. It is formed as a result of the 
differential melting of the ice, Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cry of tin. The peculiar crackling noise pro- 
duced in bending a piece of metallic tin. 
Fay. 

cryogenic switching elements. In information 
processing, logical switching information 
processing elements which utilize the vari- 
ability of the transition to superconductiv- 
ity as a function of magnetic field strength. 
H&G. 

cryogenic period. An informal designation for 
a time interval in geologic history during 
which large bodies of ice occurred at or 
near the poles and the climate of the earth 
was generally suitable for the growth of 
continental glaciers. A.G.I. 

cryohydrate. a. A salt that contains water of 
crystallization only at a low temperature ; 
for example, a eutectic mixture of salt and 
ice. Hackh’s Chem. Dict. b. The solid that 
separates as a result of the freezing of a 
saturated solution. It is composed of the 
solvent and the solute in the same propor- 
tions as they were in the saturated solution. 
Henderson. 

cryolite. Sodium-aluminum fluoride, NasAl.Fs ; 
compact, granular. Colorless to red-brown. 
Mohs’ hardness, 2.5; white streak; specific 
gravity, DSM] Contains 54.3 percent fluo- 
rine and 12.9 percent aluminum. Of out- 
standing value in fusion of bauxite, melting 
at low temperature. Pryor, 3. 

cryolite glass. A semitransparent or milky- 
white glass, made of silica and cryolite 





cryptoexplosion structure 


with oxide of zinc, melted together. Also 
called milk glass; fusible porcelain. Fay. 

cryolite; synthetic; sodium fluoaluminate. 
Colorless; monoclinic; NasAlFs; specific 
gravity, 2.90; melting point, 1,000° C; 
soluble in solutions of aluminum and ferric 
salts; slightly soluble in water; and refrac- 
tive index, 1.338. Used in ceramics and 
in the production and refining of alumi- 
num from bauxite. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-222. 

cryolithionite. A colorless fluoride of lithium, 
sodium, and aluminum, Lij;NasAleFi2. Iso- 
metric. Rhombic dodecahedrons, large. 
From Ivigtut, Greenland; Ural Mountains, 
U.S.S.R. English. 

cryology. a. In the United States, the study 
of refrigeration. A.G.J. b. In Europe, a 
synonym for glaciology. A.G.I. c. The study 
of ice and snow. A.G.J, d. The study of 
sea ice. A.G.I, 

cryoluminescence. The low-temperature in- 
crease of weak luminescence, or its devel- 
opment in normally nonfluorescent mate- 
rial. A.G.I. Supp. 

cryopedology. The science of intensive frost 
action and of permanently frozen ground, 
including studies of the processes and their 
occurrence and also the engineering de- 
vices which may be invented to avoid or 
to overcome the difficulties induced by 
them. A.G.I. 

cryosphere. All of the earth’s surface that is 
permanently frozen. A.G.I, 

cryoturbation. Frost action including frost 
heaving. A. G. I. Supp. 

crypt-; crypto-; krypt-; krypto-. Combining 
form from the Greek kryptos, meaning 
hidden, covered, secret, invisible, latent. 
Cryptocrystalline, for example, means in- 
visibly crystalline. Webster 3d. 

crypthydrous. Refers to vegetable accumula- 
tions laid down on a wet substratum in 
contrast to those deposited under water. 
Compare phenhydrous. A.G.J. Supp. 

crytobatholithic. Refers to the first of six 
stages in the erosion of a batholith. The 
batholith is not exposed but its presence 
is indicated by dikes, sills; and mineral 
veins in the roof, or by areas of alteration 
in the overlying rock. A.G_I. 

cryptobatholithic deposit. A mineral deposit 
in the roof of a batholith which has not 
yet been exposed by erosion. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cryptobatholithic stage. A stage in the erosion 
of a batholith, The batholith is not yet 
exposed by erosion, and its presence is 
only indicated by dikes, sills, and veins 
occurring in what seems to be the roof 
of a batholith. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cryptoclastic. a. Compact; composed of ex- 
tremely small, broken, or fragmental par- 
ticles that are barely visible under a 
microscope. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. 
Composed of microscopic fragmental par- 
ticles. Webster 3d. 

cryptocrystalline. a. Crystalline, but so fine 
grained that the individual components 
cannot be seen under a microscope. Formed 
of crystals of an almost unresolvable small 
size, but not glassy; same as microcrypto- 
crystalline. A.G.I.; Hess. b. Indistinctly 
crystalline. Having a structure that, though 
crystalline, is so fine that no distinct parti- 
cles are recognizable even under the micro- 
scope. Webster 3d. 

cryptoexplosion structure. This structure may 


cryptoflorescene 


be the result of meteoric impact. Synonym 
for cryptovolcanic structure. A.G.I. Supp. 

cryptoflorescene. Term for soluble salts that 
have crystallized in the interior of a clay 
building product and are therefore hidden. 
Dodd. 

cryptographic. a. Having a graphic structure 
of intergrowths that is so small that it 
cannot be resolved by a microscope, Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. Denoting a texture of rocks 
that is so fine that the individual constitu- 
ents cannot be distinguished under a micro- 
scope. Usually the result of a crypto-crys- 
talline intergrowth of quartz and feldspar. 
A.G.I. 

cryptohalite. A gray ammonium fluosilicate, 
(NH4)2.SiFs, that crystallizes in the iso- 
metric system. Standard, 1964. 

cryptohydrous. The conditions under which 
coal was formed. Decay under water in 
swamps. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

cryptomagmatic deposit. A mineral deposit 
of supposed magmatic origin developed in 
surroundings which do not reveal in any 
way its relationship to a body of eruptive 
parent rock. Schieferdecker. 

cryptomelane. Potassium-manganese (barium- 
manganate) giving an X-ray pattern dis- 
tinct from psilomelane (barium-manganese 
manganate). Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

cryptomere. A fine-grained rock, the constit- 
uents of which are not determinable mega- 
scopically. Synonym for kryptomere; apha- 
nite. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 182. 

cryptomerous. a, A very fine crystalline tex- 
ture. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. Of or 
pertaining to cryptomere. Johannsen, v. 1, 
2d, 1939) pele2: 

cryptoperthite. A  submicroscopic lamellar 
intergrowth of potassic and sodic feldspar. 
The lamellae are detectable only by means 
of X-ray diffraction or an electron micro- 
scope. See also perthite, A.G.I.; Webster 
3d. 

Crypto system. Trade name for an impulse 
system of oil firing, more particularly for 
the top firing of annular kilns. Dodd. 

cryptovoleanic. Produced by completely con- 
cealed volcanic activity. Webster 3d. 

cryptovolcanic structure. A small, nearly cir- 
cular area of highly disturbed strata in 
which there is no trace of volcanic mate- 
rials to confirm a volcanic origin. Hence, 
the combining form crypto meaning hid- 
den. A.G.I. 

Cryptozoic. Eon of hidden life. Synonym for 
Precambrian. A.G.J, Supp. 

Cryptozoic eon. Time of little or no visible 
fossil remains. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

crys ground. Limestone strata with occasional 
beds or bands of iron ore. Nelson. 

crystal. a. A regular polyhedral form, bounded 
by planes, which is assumed by a chemical 
element or compound, under the action 
of its intermolecular forces, which passing, 
under suitable conditions, from the state 
of a liquid or gas to that of a solid. A 
crystal is characterized first by its definite 
internal molecular structure and second, 
by its external form. Fay. b. The regular 
polyhedral form, bounded by plane sur- 
faces, which is the outward expression of 
a periodic or regularly repeating internal 
arrangement of atoms. A.G.I. c. A body 
formed by the solidification under favorable 
conditions of a chemical element, a com- 
pound, or an isomorphous mixture and 
having a regularly repeating internal ar- 
rangement of its atoms; especially such a 
body that has natural external plane faces 





286 


as a result of the internal structure. 
Webster 3d. d. Quartz that is transparent 
or nearly so and that is either colorless 
or only slightly tinged. Also a piece of 
this material. Also called rock crystal. 
Webster 3d. e. A colorless transparent dia- 
mond. Webster 3d. f. Glass of superior 
quality and often with ornamental cutting. 
Synonym for flint glass. Also a piece of 
this material. Webster 3d. g. As an adjec- 
tive, consisting of or resembling crystal. 
Synonym for crystalline; clear; transparent. 
Relating to or using a crystal. Webster 3d. 

crystal aggregate. A number of crystals grown 
together so that each crystal in the group 
is large enough to be seen by the unaided 
eye and each crystal is more or less perfect. 
In gemmology it differs from a crystalline 
aggregate, as a homogenous gem stone can 
be cut only from an individual crystal of 
a crystal aggregate. Same as crystal group. 
Shipley. 

crystal analysis. The study of the arrange- 
ment of atoms, ions, or molecules in crys- 
tals, chiefly by X-ray methods aided by the 
theory of their possible grouping in space. 
Hess. 

crystal axes. Imaginary lines passing through 
a crystal in important symmetry directions, 
intersecting in the origin at the center of 
the crystal, The axes are usually three in 
number, and they are chosen to act as a 
frame of reference by means of which the 
relative positions of the crystal faces can 
be described. Anderson. 

crystal axis. A reference axis used for the 
description of the vectorial properties of a 
crystal. There are generally three non- 
coplanar axes, chosen parallel to the edges 
of the unit cell of the crystal structure 
so as to be parallel to symmetry directions 
if possible. A.G.I. 

crystal bar. Hafnium produced by the van 
Arkel and de Boer process. Thomas. 

crystal bar process. See iodide process. 
Thomas. 

crystal boundaries. The surfaces of contact 
between adjacent crystals in a metal, Any- 
thing not soluble in the crystals tends to 
be situated at the crystal boundaries, but 
in the absence of this, the boundary be- 
tween two similar crystals is simply the 
region where the orientation changes. 
GEELD: 

crystal casts; crystal imprints. Fillings of 
cavities left by solution or sublimation of 
crystals embedded in fine-grained sediment. 
See also ice crystal marks; ice crystal casts. 
Pettijohn. 

crystal chemistry. The study of the factors 
that determine the forms in which solids 
crystallize, and the relations between the 
properties of solids and their structures. 
A.G.I. 

crystal class. One of the 32 crystallographi- 
cally possible combinations or groups of 
symmetry operations that leave one point, 
or origin, fixed. A.G.I. 

crystal defects. Irregularities in a lattice 
structure that affect resistance to crushing. 
Microdefects are due to irregular distri- 
bution of ions. Macrodefects are incipient 
strain areas or discontinuities in an other- 
wise regular lattice. Mosaic defects are 
orderly blocks of regular lattice that are 
packed together. to form a larger and 
imperfect particle. Pryor, 3. 

crystal detector. A detector that depends for 
its operation on the rectifying action of the 
surface of contact between certain crystals 





crystalline chondrite 


(as of galena) and a metallic electrode. 
Webster 3d. 

crystal diamagnetism. The abnormal ratio 
of magnetization to the magnetizing force 
responsible for it, as observed in some 
crystals, such as those of bismuth. Hess. 

crystal face. One of the several flat or plane 
exterior surfaces of a crystal. See also 
crystal. Long. 

crystal flotation. The act or process of float- 
ing of lightweight crystals in a body of 
magma. Opposite of crystal settling. A.G-_I. 

crystal form. The form or shape in which 
crystals occur; the cube, the octahedron, 
and others. Shipley. 

crystal form, ideal. One in which the like 
faces are of the same size and shape. 
Shipley. 

crystal fractionation. Migmatic differentia- 
tion resulting from the settling out of 
crystals from a melt. A.GJ. Supp. 

crystal glass. A colorless glass, highly trans- 
parent, frequently used for art or tableware. 
ASTM C162-66. 

crystal glazes. Devitrified glazes in which 
crystallization has taken place. Rosenthal. 

crystal grating. A diffraction grating for 
X-rays or gamma rays utilizing the natural 
spacing of a crystal lattice as the grating 
space. Webster 3d. 

crystal group. Same as crystal aggregate. 
Shipley. 

crystal habit. The habit of crystalline mineral 
is described as prismatic (long to needle- 
shaped) ; tabular to platy and scaly (mica- 
ceous). Intergrowths are given by specific 
description. Pryor, 3. 

crystal imprints. See crystal casts. Pettijohn. 

crystal indices. Numbers or other representa- 
tions which indicate the inclination of a 
crystal face to the crystal axes. Shipley. 

crystall-; crystallo-. Combining form meaning 
crystal. Webster 3d. 

crystal lattice. a. The regular and repeated 
three-dimensional arrangement of atoms 
that distinguishes crystalline solids from all 
other states of matter. Essentially the regu- 
larity displayed by a crystal lattice is that 
of a three-dimensional mesh which divides 
space into identical parallelepipeds. Imag- 
ine a number of identical atoms placed 
at the intersections of such a mesh; then 
we have what is known as a simple lattice 
(synonymous with Bravais lattice). A.G.J. 

crystallic. Relating to crystals or crystalliza- 
tion. Webster 3d. 

crystalliferous. Producing or bearing crystals. 
Webster 3d. 

crystalliform. Having a crystalline form. 
Standard, 1964. 

crystalline. a. Made of crystal. Webster 3d. 
b. Resembling crystal. Webster 3d. c. Of 
the nature of or relating to a crystal. 
Formed by crystallization. Having a regu- 
lar arrangement of the atoms in a space 
lattice. Opposite of amorphous. Having the 
internal structure, though not necessarily 
the external form, of a crystal; for example, 
granite is only crystalline, but a quartz 
crystal is perfectly crystallized. Webster 3d. 
d. Crystalline rock is composed of crystals 
or fragments of crystals. Webster 3d. e. 
Transparent, clear, or pure. Long. 

crystalline aggregate. An aggregate of crys- 
talline grains or fragments, such as granite, 
not showing well-defined crystal forms. 
Fay. 

crystalline chondrite. A hard, crystalline 
stony meteorite of bronzite and olivine 
with firm chondri breaking with the mass. 
Hess. 


























crystalline enstatite-anorthite 


crystalline enstatite-anorthite chondrite. A 
hard, crystalline stony meteorite of ensta- 
tite, anorthite, and nickel-iron with firm, 
round, radial chondri that break with the 
matrix. Hess. 

crystalline form. The external geometrical 
shape of a crystal. C.M.D. 

crystalline fracture. A fracture of a poly- 
crystalline metal characterized by a grainy 
appearance. Contrast with fibrous fracture. 
ASM Gloss. 

crystalline glaze. A glaze containing macro- 
scopic crystals. ASTM C242-60. 

crystalline grains. Minute crystals or crys- 
talline particles which compose a granular 
crystalline aggregate. Distinguished from 
minute fiberlike crystals which compose 
fibrous crystalline aggregates. Shipley. 

crystalline granular texture. A primary tex- 
ture due to crystallization from a fluid 
(aqueous) medium. Examples are rock 
salt (halite), gypsum, and anhydrite. 
A.G.I. 

crystalline limestone. A marble formed by 
the recrystallization of sedimentary lime- 
stone strata. As the result of recrystalliza- 
tion, the calcite grains composing the 
limestone increased in size and the en- 
larged calcite crystals became mutually 
interlocking. Crystalline limestone or mar- 
ble is either the product of metamorphism 
or of diagenesis of sedimentary limestone 
strata in most instances. See also marble. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

crystalline material. Same as crystal material. 
Shipley. 

crystalline quartz. A term used to distinguish 
all the varieties of quartz which are not 
cryptocrystalline, such as rock crystal, 
amethyst, citrine, cairngorm, rose quartz, 
tiger eye, etc. Shipley. 

crystalline rock. a. A rock composed of 
minerals plainly in the crystalline state. 
A.G.I. Supp. b. An inexact general term 
for igneous and metamorphic rocks as 
opposed to sedimentary rocks. A.G.I. Supp. 

crystalline schist. A rock that has been en- 
tirely or partly recrystallized by meta- 
morphism. It is named after its predom- 
inate mineral, for example, chlorite schist, 
hornblende schist, mica schist, etc. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

crystalline solution. Synonym for solid solu- 
tion. Webster 3d. 

crystalline tonstein. This type tonstein con- 
tains vermicular, prismatic or tabular ka- 
olinite crystals and may be either light 
or dark in color according to the propor- 
tion of contained carbonaceous matter. 
Occasionally granular kaolinite may also 
be recognized. The crystals lie embedded 
in either a finely crystalline or crypto- 
crystalline kaolinite groundmass. I[HCP, 
1963, part I. 

crystallinic metamorphism. A molecular 
change which renders an amorphous min- 
eral body crystalline; as, limestone con- 
verted to marble. Fay. 

crystallinity. a. The degree of crystallization 
exhibited by an igneous rock; expressed 
by such terms as holocrystalline, hypo- 
crystalline, holohyaline, etc. Holmes, 1928. 
b. The quality or the state of being cry- 
stalline; the degree of crystallization. Web- 
ster 3d. 

crystallite. a. A general term for a minute 
body that does not react to polarized 
light and that occurs in glassy igneous 
rocks; for example, globulite, longulite, 
margarite, trichite, and other forms of 
incipient crystalltzation that cannot be 





287 


referred to a definite mineral species. 
Holmes, 1928. b. A small, rudimentary 
or embryonic crystal that is not referable 
to a definite mineral species. Fay. c. A 
minute mineral form like those common 
in glassy volcanic rocks. It is usually not 
referable to any mineral species but it 
marks the first step in the crystallization 
process. Webster 3d. d. A single grain in 
a polycrystalline medium. Also a crystal- 
lographically homogeneous domain within 
such a grain. Webster 3d. 


crystallitic. Of, pertaining to, or formed of, 


crystallites. A.G.I. 


crystallizable. Capable of forming or of 


being formed into crystals. Webster 3d. 


crystallization. a. The formation of mineral 


crystals during the cooling of a magma 
or by precipitation from a solution. Bate- 
man. b, The process through which crys- 
talline phases separate from a fluid, a 
viscous, or a dispersed state (gas, liquid 
solution, or rigid solution). Holmes, 1920. 
c. The process of crystallizing. A form 
of body resulting from crystallizing. Web- 
ster 3d. 


crystallization differentiation. a. Magmatic 


differentiation by the separation of crys- 
tals from the magma. Bateman. b. A 
process of fractional crystallization in 
which an originally, theoretically homo- 
geneous melt, such as a magma, splits up 
into constrasting parts which may even- 
tually constitute separate bodies of differ- 
ent kinds of rocks (magma differentiates). 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 


crystallization interval. a. The interval of 


temperature (or less frequently, pressure) 
between the formation of the first crystal 
and the disappearance of the last drop of 
liquid from a magma on cooling. It usu- 
ally excludes the late-stage aqueous fluids. 
A.G.I. b. More specifically, when referring 
to a given mineral, the range or the ranges 
of temperatures over which that particular 
phase is in equilibrium with liquid. In the 
case of equilibria along reaction lines or 
reaction surfaces, crystallization intervals, 
as thus defined, include temperature 
ranges in which certain solid phases are 
actually decreasing in amount with de- 
crease in temperature. A.G.I. 


crystallization magnetization. Chemical mag- 


netization. A.G.I. Supp. 


crystallization nucleus. A small particle of 


any kind around which crystals begin to 
form when a substance crystallizes. Bureau 


of Mines Staff. 


crystallization schistosity. Fissility resulting 


from the preferred orientation of crystals 
that grew in the easiest direction. G.S.A. 
Memoir 6, 1938, p. 68. 


crystallization systems. The 32 possible crys- 


tal groups, distinguished from one an- 
other by their symmetry, are classified 
under 6 systems, each characterized by 
the relative lengths and inclinations of 
the assumed crystallographic axes. These 
are isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, or- 
thorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. Fay. 


crystallize; crystalize. To cause to form 


crystals or to assume crystalline form; 
especially to cause to assume perfect or 
large crystals. To cause to take a fixed 
and definite form. To become converted 
into crystals. To assume crystalline form. 
To solidify by crystallizing. To deposit 
crystals. To become fixed and definite in 
form. Webster 3d. 


crystallized. a. Erroneously used to describe 


drill-string equipment or machine parts 





erystallogeny . ; 


that have failed by fatigue fractures 
caused by prolonged subjugation to vibra- 
tion, bending, or twisting. Long. b. Con- 
verted from an amorphous or molten state 
to a crystalline form. Long. c. Formed 
‘into crystals. Definite in form. Webster 3d. 

gle bene ae coal. See cone-in-cone structure. 

crystallized tinplate. Tinplate having crystals 
formed by the action of diluted nitric and 
hydrochloric acids. Standard, 1964. A 
rather low grade of tinplate. See also 
tinplate. Fay. 

crystallizing force. The potentiality, or the 
expansive force, by which a mineral tends 
to develop its own crystal form against 
the resistance of the surrounding solid 
mass. This may be a differential force that 
causes the crystal to grow preferentially 
and more rapidly in one crystallographic 
direction than in another. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

crystalloblast. One of the mineral compo- 
nents of a crystalloblastic rock or crystal- 
loblastic rock mass. Webster 3d. 

crystalloblastesis. Deformation accomplished 
by metamorphic recrystallization. G.S.A. 
Memoir 6, 1938, p. 34. 

crystalloblastic. a. In a rock, of or relating 
to any crystalline texture resulting from 
metamorphism. Webster 3d. b. Denoting a 
structure produced by crystals growing 
in a solid solution. Webster 3d. c. A crys- 
talline texture due to metamorphic re- 
crystallization. A characteristic of this 
texture is that the essential constituents 
are simultaneous crystallizations and are 
not formed in sequence, so that each may 
be found as inclusions in all the others. 
Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 207. 

crystalloblastic series. An arrangement of 
metamorphic minerals in an order of de- 
creasing crystallization force so that crys- 
tals of any of the listed minerals tend 
to assume idioblastic outlines at surfaces 
of contact with simultaneously developed 
crystals of all minerals occupying lower 
positions in the series. This crystalloblastic 
series corresponds closely to an arrange- 
ment in order of decreasing specific grav- 
ity. See also idioblastic. Bureau of Mines 
Stasi AnGels 

crystalloblastic texture. a. The texture of 
metamorphic rocks which have recrystal- 
lized under conditions of directed pres- 
sure, elevated temperature, and high vis- 
cosity in contrast to igneous rocks in which 
successive crystallization of minerals oc- 
curs under conditions of relatively low 
viscosity and nearly uniform pressure. 
C.T.D.; Holmes, 1920. b. This texture 
is correlated with a mode of origin in 
which every individual crystal exerted its 
own force of crystallization against a resis- 
tance offered by the enclosing medium and 
its constituent competing crystals. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

crystalloceramie. Name under which Apsley 
Pellatt patented his cameo encrustations 
or porcelain reliefs and cameos enclosed 
in glass. Haggar. 

crystallochemical element. An element essen- 
tial to the composition and the structure 
of a mineral. A.G.JI. Supp. 

crystallogenesis. The production or forma- 
tion of crystals. Webster 3d. 

crysatllogenic. Crystal-producing. Webster 3d. 

crystallogeny. a. The science and the theory 
of the production of crystals. Standard, 
1964. b. That branch of crystallography 
that deals with the formation of crystals. 


erystallogram 
Webster 3d. 
crystallogram. A photographic record of 


crystal structure obtained through the use 
of X-rays. Webster 3d. 

crystallographic. Relating to or dealing with 
crystallography or crystals. For example, 
crystallographic textures and _ crystallo- 
graphic axes. Webster 3d. 

crystallographic axes. Three axes intersect- 
ing at right angles, the vertical one being 
the X-axis and the two horizontal ones 
the Y and Z. The position of a crystal 
face is defined by the ratio of its intercepts 
with these axes. Pryor, 3. 

crystallographic direction. Refers to direc- 
tions in the various crystal systems which 
correspond with the growth of the mineral 
and often with the direction of one of 


the faces of the original crystal itself. 
Shipley. 
crystallographic discolorations. Bands of 


lighter or darker shades of the basic color 
of the block of mica. Such bands generally 
are parallel to the crystallographic faces 
of the crystal from which the block was 
separated. Skow. 

crystallographic notation. A concise method 
of expressing the relationship of any crys- 
tal face to the axes of reference in the 
enystal, G.ii.De 

crystallographic planes. Any set of parallel 
and equally spaced planes that may be 
supposed to pass through the centers of 
atoms in crystals. As every plane must 
pass through atomic centers and no cen- 
ters must be situated between planes, the 
distance between successive planes in a 
set depends on their direction in relation 
to the arrangement of atomic centers. 
GaiD: 

crystallographic system. Any of the major 
units of crystal classification, embracing 
one or more symmetry classes. C.T.D. 

crystallographic texture. Any texture in 
which the crystallographic properties of 
the host mineral control the distribution 
of mineral inclusions or veinlets. This 
texture may be the result of replacement 
as well as exsolution. Many types are 
included, such as lamellar, triangular, etc. 
Schieferdecker. 

crystallography. a. The science of the inter- 
atomic arrangement of (solid) matter, its 
causes, its nature, and its consequences. 
A.G.I. b. The science of crystals and of 
crystallization dealing with the system of 
forms among crystals, their structure, and 
their forms of aggregation. Webster 3d. 

crystalloid. a. A substance (as a salt, for 
example) that forms a true solution, in 
solution diffuses readily through a mem- 
brane, and is capable of being crystal- 
lized. Compare colloid. Webster 3d. b. 
Formerly, it was considered to be the 
antonym for colloid. Now it is known that 
many colloids can be crystallized and 
many crystalloids can be prepared in the 
colloidal state. A.G.J. c. As an adjective, 
having some or all of the properties of 
crystal. Webster 3d. 

crystalloidal. Having the properties of or 
relating to a crystalloid. Webster 3d. 

crystallology. The science of the structure 
of crystals. It embraces crystallography 
and crystallogeny. Standard, 1964. 

crystalloluminescence. The emission of light 
by a substance during its crystallization. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

crystallomagnetic. Relating to the magnetic 
properties of crystals and crystal struc- 
tures. Webster 3d. 





288 


crystallothrausmatic. Designating a type of 
orbicular rock in which early phenocrysts 
form the nuclei of the orbicules. Schiefer- 
decker. 

crystallurgy. The process of crystallization. 
Fay. 

crystal material. Any substance possessing 
crystal structure but no definite geometric 
form visible to the unaided eye. Also 
known as crystalline material. Shipley. 

crystal mush. Partially crystallized magma. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

Crystalon; Crystolon. Silicon carbide prod- 
uct; used for refractory and abrasive 
purposes. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

crystal optics. The science which treats of 
the transmission of light in crystals. Fay. 

crystal pattern. A space lattice of a crystal 
structure. Hackh’s Chem. Dict. 

crystal properties. Optical include color, 
streak, luster (submetallic, vitreous, resin- 
ous), diapheaneity transparence, (translu- 
cence, opacity), isotropy, refractive index, 
polarizing quality. Physical include hard- 
ness, measured on Mohs’ scale; cleavage, 
characterized by appearance of cleavage 
plane along which crystal breaks most 
readily and smoothly; fracture (even, 
conchoidal) ; tenacity (brittleness, elastic- 
ity, flexibility); specific gravity; para- 
magnetism; ferromagnetism; dielectric, 
constant, etched patterns or figures on 
corrosion. Pryor, 3. 

crystal recovery. The recovery of the original 
properties in a crystal that has been dis- 
torted by stress resulting from continued 
relief from stress, heating, or decrease in 
the speed of deformation. G.S.A. Memoir 
6, 1938, p. 106. 

crystal rectifier. A point contact between a 
metal and a crystal (such as copper and 
galena), or between two crystals (such as 
zincite and bornite). It has marked uni- 
directional conductivity. C.T.D. 

crystals. a. Geometrical forms, with plane 
faces, of infinite variety, assumed by the 
majority of minerals. Weed, 1922. b. 
Trade term for fourth grade diamonds; 
colorless diamonds. Hess. c. Australian 
synonym for drill diamonds. Long. d. 
Atomic structures with long-range order. 
(Euhedral surfaces are not required.) VV. 

crystal sandstone. In siliceous sandstone it 
may be that the deposited silica is pre- 
cipitated upon the rounded or angular 
quartz grains in crystalline position, thus 
converting them outwardly into crystals. 
Examination with a lens shows the crystal 
forms and faces of the little regenerated 
quartz grains. The sandstone is known as 
crystal sandstone. A.G.I. 

crystal sedimentation. The settling of crystals 
in a liquid magma. Compare crystal set- 
tling. A.G.I. Supp. 

crystal settling. Gravitational sinking of crys- 
tals from the liquid magma in which they 
formed, by virtue of their higher density. 
The settling may be aided by convection 
currents carrying the crystal-laden magma 
downward. A.G.I. 

crystal soldered emerald. Same as soldered 
emerald, but with rock crystal substituted 
for beryl. Shipley. 

crystal sorting. The separation by various un- 
specified processes, of crystals from a 
magma, or of one crystal phase from 
another, during the crystallization of a 
magma. A.G.I. 

crystal spectrometer. An X-ray spectrometer 
employing a crystal grating. Webster 3d. 

crystal structure. a. The periodic or repeated 





cubanite 


arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A.G.I. 
b. The arrangement in most pure metals 
may be imitated by packing spheres, and 
the same applies to many of the constitu- 
ents of alloys. See also face-centered cubic; 
close-packed hexagonal structure. C.T.D. 

crystal systems. a. A classification of crystals 
based on the intercepts made on the crys- 
tallographic axes by certain crystal faces 
(or bounding planes). C.M.D. See also 
crystallization systems. b. The six main 
symmetry groups into which all crystals, 
whether natural or artificial, can be 
classified. Anderson. 

crystal texture. The size and arrangement of 
the individual crystals in a crystalline 
mass. C.M.D. 

crystal tuff. a. An indurated deposit of vol- 
canic ash dominantly composed of intra- 
telluric crystals blown out during a volcanic 
eruption. The term should be restricted 
to tuffs containing more than 75 percent 
by volume of crystals. See also tuff. A.GI. 
b. The crystals usually are broken euhedra: 
of the common phenocrysts of the lava, 
and they may be sheathed in an envelope 
of glass. A.G.I. 

crystal-vitric tuff. Tuff consisting of 50 to 
75 percent of crystal fragments and 25 to 
50 percent of glass fragments, A.G.J. Supp. 

crystobalite. Crystal modification of quartz 
which is formed by heating the clay silica 
bodies at temperatures above 1,100° C.; 
it increases the thermal expansion and 
decreases the danger of crazing. Rosenthal 

Crystolon. A trade name for silicon carbide, 
SiC. AIME, p. 18. 

Cs Chemical symbol for cesium. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

ese Abbreviation for cosecant. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

esch Abbreviation for hyperbolic cosecant. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

C.S. jar collar. A thick-wall steel collar, the 
inside surface of which is tapered to fit 
two serrated-face taper sleeves. The assem- 
bly may be fitted at any point over a casing 
or pipe and serves as a drive collar in 
sinking casing or pipe by driving and 
choping. Also called self-tightening jar 
collar; self-tightening jar coupling; Sim- 
mons jar block, Simmons jar collar. Long. 

CST Abbreviation for central standard time. 
Also abbreviated C, Ct, c s t. Zimmerman, 
pp. 23, 383. 

ct Abbreviation for carat. Zimmerman, p. 21. 

ctenoid cast. Cast with form of an obliquely- 
cut, longitudinally ribbed cylinder, Prob- 
ably bounce casts made by equisetiform 
plant steams. Very rare. Pettijohn. 

C. T. Nozzle. Trade name; a refractory noz- 
zle for steel pouring designed to give a 
constant teeming rate (therefore, the 
name). The nozzle consists of an outer 
fireclay shell and a refractory insert of 
different composition. Strictly speaking, 
the term refers to a particular type of 
insert developed for the teeming of free 
cutting steels. Dodd. 

C to C Abbreviation for center to center. 
Zimmerman, p. 200. 

C-two; C-2. Commonly designates the lowest 
of two qualities of congo diamonds nor- 
mally used as drill-grade diamonds Long. 

cu. Abbreviation for cubic. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 58. 

Cu Chemical symbol for copper. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

cubanite. In Cuba, a bronze-yellow sulfide 











cubbling 


of copper and iron mineral, 

j CuFesS. or CuS.FesSs. Fay. 

| cubbling. Breaking up pieces of flatiron to 

be piled or fagoted, heated, and rolled 

Fay. 

‘| cubbyhole. A niche cut in the rib or wall 
for the storage of explosive or detonators. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cube. a. Scot. A ventilating furnace in a 
mine. Fay. b. The crystal form in the iso- 
metric system that consists of six like, 
mutually perpendicular faces and differs 
from the geometric cube in that the six 
faces need not be square but must bear like 
relations to the internal structure of the 
crystal. Webster 3d. c. A relatively rare 
crystal form of diamond having six equal- 
area faces at right angles to each other. 
Long. d. A rectangular prism having 
squares for its ends and faces. Jones, 2, 
p. 116. 

cube coal. a. A layer of hard greenish clay 
found at the top of a coal seam in parts 
of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It 
breaks readily into cubes of nearly perfect 
shape. Sometimes called rooster coal. Fay. 
b. Eng. Coal broken into cubes, of about 
1 foot on each side, to suit certain trade. 
Fay. 

cubek. The oil content of sedimentary rock 
in terms of barrels per cubic kilometer of 
sediments. A.G.I. 

cubem. The oil content of sedimentary rock 
in terms of barrels per cubic mile of sedi- 
ments. A.GI. 

cube ore. Eng. An arsenate of iron, 
6FeASO,.2Fe(OH):+12H:20, of an olive- 
green to yellowish-brown color, and oc- 
curring commonly in cubes with the copper 
ores of Cornwall. Pharmacosiderite. Fay. 

cube powder. Gunpowder made in large cubi- 
cal grains and burning more slowly than 
the small or irregular grains. Fay. 

cue spar. Same as anhydrite. Standard, 1964. 

cube test. Determining the strength of a 
Portland cement by testing to destruction 
a cube of mortar made under standard 
conditions, using a mix of 1 part cement, 
3 parts by weight of standard sand, and 
10 percent by weight of water. Test cubes 
are of 6-inch sides and are generally sent 
to a laboratory for test at 7 and 28 days. 
Such test cubes are normally supplemented 
by small concrete beams, cast and tested on 
site. Ham. 

cubic. Having the form of a cube, as a cubic 
crystal; or referring to directions parallel 
to the faces of a cube, as cubic cleavage. 
See also cubic system. Shipley. 

cubic centimeter. A measure of volume in the 
metric system. One cubic centimeter is 
equal to 0.061 cubic inch. Abbreviation, cc. 
Enam. Dict. 

cubic cleavage. Equally good cleavage in 
three mutually perpendicular directions. 
Fay. 

cubic foot. A volume of a size equal to that 
of a cube 1 foot on a side. Equal to 
28.316 liters, or 6.2288 imperial gallons, 
or 0.028317 cubic meter. Beerman. 

cubic inch. A volume of a size equal to that 
of a cube 1 inch ona side. Equal to 16.387 
cubic centimeters. Beerman. 

cubicite; cubizite. Cubic zeolite; analcime. 
Fay. 

cubic meter. A volume equal to that of a 
cube 1 meter on a side. Equal to 35.315 
cubic feet, or 219.97 imperial gallons. 
Beerman. 

cubic packing. The manner of arrangement 
of solid units in a sediment in which the 


perhaps 





289 


unit cell is a cube, the eight corners of 
which are the centers of the spheres or 
solids involved, This is the loosest or most 
open type of systematic packing. A.G_I. 

cubic plane. A plane perpendicular to any 
one of the three crystallographic axes of 
the cubic (isometric) system; the Miller 
indices are {100$. ASM Gloss. 

cubic stock. Blocks of stone approximately 
cubical in form as contrasted with thin 
stock or slabs. Fay. 

cubic system. The crystal system which has 
the highest degree of symmetry; it em- 
braces such forms as the cube and the 
octahedron. C.M.D. 

cubing rolls. Crushing rolls having projec- 
tions and used for breaking down hard 
slabby clays into a cubelike product that 
is more suitable for feeding to a secondary 
grinding unit. See also crushing rolls. Dodd. 

cubo-octahedron. A crystal form which has 
faces of both the cube and the dodeca- 
hedron. Shipley. 

cucalite. A chloritic diabase passing locally 
into chlorite schist. See also basic schist; 
epidiorite; greenstone; greenschist; lavia- 
lite; metabasite; ophite; ophiolite; prasi- 
nite; timazite. A.G.I.; Holmes, 1920. 

cuckhold. An iron tool for cutting off lumps 
of prepared clay, from a pug, ready for 
the hand molding of building bricks. Dodd. 

cuckoo shots. Subsidiary shots in the roof 
of a longwall working, between the coal 
face and the waste, or in any waste. Nelson. 

cu cm Abbreviation for cubic centimeter. 
Also, cc and cm*. BuMin Style Guide, p. 58. 

cuddy. a. Scot. A donkey. Fay. b. A lever 
mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, 
leveling up railroad ties, etc. Fay. c. A 
weight mounted on wheels; a loaded bogie, 
used to counterbalance the tub or car on 
an inclined roadway. Also spelled cuddie. 
Fay. 

cuddy brae. Scot. An inclined roadway, 
worked in the same manner as a self- 
acting incline. Fay. 

cuesta. Sp. a. A sloping plain, especially one 
with the upper end at the crest of a cliff. 
A hill or a ridge with a steep face on one 
side and a gentle slope on the other. 
Common in the southwestern United 
States. Webster 3d. b. A landform com- 
monly found in regions of gently tilted 
sedimentary rocks and consisting of an 
inclined upland, the slope of which con- 
forms with the dip of a resistant bed or 
series of beds and a relatively steep escarp- 
ment descending abruptly from its crest. 
Webster 3d. c. See hogback; wold. A.G.I. 

cueya. Sp. A cave or grotto. Fay. 

Cuisian. Synonym for Bruxellian. 
Supp. 

culasse. The part of a brillant-cut stone 
below the girdle. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

culbuteur, Belg. A dumping apparatus which 
turns completely over, or around, when 
emptying cars. Fay. 

culet; collet. The small lower terminus of a 
brilliant-cut gem. It is parallel to the table. 
Standard, 1964. 

cull. Equivalent of the English waster. Dodd. 

cullet. a. Broken glass that can be recharged 
to the glass furnace. The word is derived 
from the French collet, the little neck left 
on the blowing iron when bottles were 
handblown; these collects were returned 
to the glass pot and remelted, Factory 
cullet or domestic cullet is from the same 
glassworks at which it is to be used; 
foreign cullet is from a different glass- 
works. Dodd. b. The portion of a glass 


ARG. 





culture 


article which will later be cutoff and 
discarded or remelted. ASTM C162-66. 
c. Waste glass used with the batch to 
improve the rate of melting and to save 
waste of materials. C.T.D. 

cullet cut. Synonym for block reek. ASTM 
C162-66. 

culls. Brick rejected because of imperfection 
in size, shape, or quality. AISI No. 24. 

culm. a. A vernacular term variously applied, 
according to the locality, to carbonaceous 
shale, or to fissile varieties of anthracite 
coal. Rice. b. Small coal, particularly an- 
thracite smalls. B.S. 3323, 1960. c. Eng. 
Anthracite; a kind of coal, of indifferent 
quality, burning with a small flame, and 
emitting a disagreeable odor. Fay. d. 
Penna. The waste or slack of the Penn- 
sylvania anthracite mines, consisting of 
fine coal, more or less pure, and coal 
dust and dirt. Fay. e. Anthracite fines 
which will pass through a screen with 
Y%-inch holes. Nelson. f. Rocks of the 
Carboniferous age in the southwest of 
England, consisting of shales and sand- 
stones with occasional thin layers of 
crushed coal or culm. Nelson. g. All coal 
refuse finer than rice. Before a market 
was developed for fine coal, it used to 
be piled in banks and left for waste; 
culm banks are now being reclaimed. Kor- 
son. h. In anthracite terminology, the 
waste accumulation of coal, bone, and 
rock from old dry breakers. Mitchell, 
p. 610. i. In bituminous coal preparation, 
culm corresponds to slurry or slime, de- 
pending upon the size distribution of the 
suspended solids. Mitchell, p. 610. 

culm bank; culm dump. The deposit on the 
surface of culm usually kept separate from 
deposits of larger pieces of slate and rock. 
Hudson. 

culm bar. A peculiar bar used in grates 
designed for burning culm or slack coal. 
Fay. 

culm driver. In anthracite coal mining, one 
who hauls cars of culm (anthracite waste) 
to the dumping or loading point. D.O.T. 1. 

culm footman. In anthracite coal mining, 
one who works at the bottom of the plane 
(incline) up which cars of culm (anthra- 
cite waste) are hauled by a hoisting cable 
for dumping. D.O.T. 1. 

culm headman. In anthracite coal mining, 
oné who works at the top (head) of a 
plane (incline) up which cars of culm 
(anthracite waste) are hauled by a hoist- 
ing cable for dumping. D.O.T. /. 

culmiferous. Containing culm as coal. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

culmination. a. Applied to the highest point 
on the crown of a nappe. A.G.J. b. Portion 
of a fold system, generally more or less 
at right angles to the folds, and away 
from which the folds plunge. A.G I. 

culm loader. In anthracite coal mining, one 
who shovels culm (anthracite waste) into 
mine cars for haulage. D.O.T. 1. 

culm man. In anthracite coal mining, a gen- 
eral term applied to workers handling culm 
(anthracite waste) as distinguished from 
coal, Usually designated according to job, 
as culm driver; culm engineer; culm foot- 
man; culm headman; culm loader; culm 
runner. D.O.T. 1. 

culm measures. The name for the shaly and 
gritty formation containing them. Arkell. 

culm runner, See car runner. D.O.T. 1. 

cultch. Broken bricks. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

culture. Those features of the terrain that 
have been constructed by man, such as 


culture tube 


roads, trails, buildings, and canals; also, 
boundary lines and all names and legends. 
Seelye, 2. 

culture tube. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

culver. Som. A blue stone used for steps. 
Arkell. 

culvert. A covered channel, or a pipe of 
large diameter taking a watercourse below 
ground level. Also applies to a tunnel 
through which water is pumped into, or 
emptied from, a drydock. Ham. 

cumberlandite. An ultramafic igneous rock 
composed of magnetite, ilmenite, olivine, 
and minor plagioclase. A.G.I. 

Cumberland method of mining. See top 
slicing and cover caving; top slicing com- 
bined with ore caving. Fay. 

cumbraite. A dacite or rhyodacite contain- 
ing calcic plagioclase (bytownite pheno- 
crysts and labradorite groundmass) and 
pyroxene in a glassy groundmass which 
is potentially composed of andesine, sani- 
dine, and quartz. A.G J. 

cumengeite. A light indigo-blue oxychloride 
of lead and copper, PbCle.Cu(OH)>:; 
tetragonal. Small crystals of pyramidal 
form. English. 

cumengite. a. Same as cumengeite. English. 
b. Same as volgerite. English. 

Cummings’ sedimentation method. An ap- 
proximate method of particle size analysis 
having the merit of giving a weight and/or 
size (weight/size) distribution directly. 
Dodd. 

cummingtonite. a. An amphibole, (Mg,Fe), 
(SisOz2) (OH )2; monoclinic. Same composi- 
tion as anthophyllite but usually higher in 
iron. Dana 17. b. Synonym for rhodonite. 
Hey 2d, 1955. 

cumulative curve. A curve relating the total 
percentage (ordinate) smaller than a given 
value (abscissa) into which the total statis- 
tical population has been subdivided (that 
is, specific gravity less than a given value 
or size fraction smaller than a given value). 
Total ordinate equals 100 percent at the 
upper end of the range. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

cumulative error. Noncompensating, bias due 
to error in method, personal equation, or 
mechanism, which always operates either 
to show shortfall or high result. Pryor, 3. 

cumulative float curve. The curve obtained 
from the result of a float and sink analysis 
by plotting the cumulative yield at each 
specific gravity against the mean ash of 
the total floats at that specific gravity. 
BS. 35992, 1962: 

cumulative frequencies (sea and swell). Per- 
centages of surface waves or pressure fluc- 
tuations exceeding any specified height and 
period combination. Hy. 

cumulative plot. Graphic representation of 
cumulative curve results of screen analysis, 
in which the cumulative percentage of 
weight is plotted against the screen aper- 
ture, usually both to logarithmic scale. 
Pryor, 3. 

cumulative sink curve. The curve obtained 
from the results of a float and sink analysis 
by plotting the cumulative yield of sinks 
at each specific gravity against the mean 
ash of the total sinks at that specific 
gravity. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cumulite. Proposed by Vogelsang for a type 
of crystallite formed of a more or less 
rounded aggregate of globulites, usually 
occurring in the groundmass of glassy vol- 
canic rocks. A.G.I. 

cumulo dome. A protrusion of viscous lava 
from a volcanic vent with little lateral 











290 


spreading. A.GJ. Supp. 

cumulophyre. Used by Cross, Iddings, Pirs- 
son, and Washington for a _ porphyritic 
rock in which the phenocrysts are arranged 
in clusters or in irregular groups. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cumulophyric. Applied to glomeroporphyritic 
texture in the widest sense, that is, when 
the clusters of crystals forming composite 
phenocrysts are not necessarily aggregates 
of the same mineral. Synonym for glo- 
meroporphyritic. Holmes, 1928; A.G.I. 

cumulose. Pertaining to accumulations of 
dead plant and animal remains that have 
formed in place with relatively little de- 
trital sediment; cumulose deposits include 
peat, muck, and swamp soils. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

cumulose deposits. See cumulose. 

cumulo-volcano. Synonym for cumulo dome. 
A.GI. Supp. 

cundered. A lifter hole or a hole drilled to 
throw the burden upward. Such a hole is 
known as a cundered hole. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

cundy; cundie. a. Scot. The spaces from 
which coal has been worked out, partly 
filled with dirt and rubbish between the 
packs. See also goaf. Fay. b. Aust. The 
passage under a roadway into which an 
endless rope passes out of the way at the 
end of its track. Also called conduct. A 
variation of conduit. Fay. c. Any small pas- 
sageway made to improve ventilation or 
facilitate movement of materials, It is 
generally made through a pack or along 
the rib side of a longwall face. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. 

cuneiforme. Fr. Wedge-shaped. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cup. a. Sheet metal part, the product of the 
first deep-drawing operation. ASM Gloss. 
b. Any cylindrical part or shell closed at 
one end. ASM Gloss. c. Synonym for cup 
leather. Long. 

cupaloy. A copper alloy containing 99.4 per- 
cent copper, 0.5 percent chromium, and 
0.1 percent silver. Hess. 

cup-and-ball jointing. A cross jointing of co- 
lumnar igneous rocks, in which one face 
of the joint is concave and the other face 
is convex; as in the columns of the Giant’s 
Causeway, Ireland. Holmes, 1928. 

cup and cone. A machine for charging a 
shaft furnace, consisting of an iron hopper 
with a large central opening, which is 
closed by a cone or bell, pulled up into 
it from below. In the annular space around 
this cone, the ore, fuel, etc., are placed, 
then the cone is lowered to drop the mate- 
rials into the furnace, after which it is 
again raised to close the hole. Fay. 

cup and cone fracture. See cup fracture. 

cup baller. See batter-out II. D.O.T. 1. 

cup coral. A solitary coral, as opposed to a 
colonial coral. A.G.I. 

cupel. a, A small cup made of bone ash used 
in gold or silver assaying with lead, A.G_I. 
b. The hearth of a small furnace used in 
commercial separation of precious metals 
from lead. Webster 3d. 

cupel dust. A powder used in purifying 
metals. Also called coppel dust. Fay. 

cupellation. a. The process of assaying for 
precious metals with a cupel. A.G.J. Supp. 
b. Oxidation of molten lead containing 
gold and silver to produce lead oxide 
thereby separating the precious metals 
from the base metal. ASM Gloss. 

cupellation process. A process for freeing 
silver, gold, or other nonoxidizing metals 











cupping 


from base metals which can be oxidized. 
The metallic mixture is placed in a cupel, 
which is a shallow, porous cup, and roasted 
in a blast of air. The base-metal oxides 
are absorbed in the cupel, leaving the pure 
metal to be decanted. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cupeller. One who refines gold and silver in 
type of reverberatory furnace known as 
cupel, D.O.T. Supp. 

cupelo. A small shaft furnate. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

cupferron. A colorless crystalline salt, CcsHsN- 
(NO)ONH:, that is a precipitant for 
copper and iron from solutions and is 
also used*in the analysis of other metals, 
especially of the uranium group. Webster 
3d. 

cup fracture; cup-and-cone fracture. Frac- 
ture, frequently seen. in tensile test pieces 
of a ductile material, in which the surface 
of failure on one portion shows a central 
flat area of failure in tension, with an 
exterior extended rim of failure in shear. 
ASM Gloss. 

cup grease. A heavy-bodied, semisolid grease 
used as a lubricant. Crispin. 

cup gun. A spray gun with a fluid container 
as an integral part. ASTM C286-65. 

cup handler. See handler. D.O.T. J. 

cupid’s darts. See fleches d’amour. C.M.D. 

cup jolly. See cup maker. D.O.T. 1. 

cup leather. The shallow, cup-shaped pack- 
ing disk or ring on a pump or hydraulic 
piston made of leather or a resilient ma- 
terial such as rubber-impregnated fabrics. 
Long. 

cup maker. One who forms cups of pliable 
clay on revolving mold by pressing a 
shaping tool, called a jolly, down into the 
clay. Also called cup jolly; jollier. 
iD OMG L 

cupola. a. A cylindrical vertical furnace for 
melting metal, especially gray iron, by 
having the charge come in contact with 
the hot fuel, usually metallurgical coke. 
ASM Gloss. b. A dome-shaped projection 
of the igneous rock of a batholith. Many 
stocks are cupolas on batholiths. Fay. c. 
A circular kiln, with a domed roof, used 
for burning brick. Fay. 

cupola block. A modified circle brick. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

cupola brick. See key brick. Dodd. 

cupola furnace. A shaft furnace used in 
melting pig iron (with or without iron or 
steel scrap) for iron castings. The lining 
is firebrick. Metal, coke, and flux (if used) 
are charged at the top and air is blown 
in near the bottom. C.T.D. 

cupola ‘efractories. Destruction-resistant re- 
fractories as used in the cupola furnace. 
Usually dense, stiff-mud fire clay brick 
is used in the hot zone, but sometimes 
natural silica stone and mica schist are 
used. For extreme conditions of abrasion 
and slag erosion, high-heat duty firebrick 
may be more economical than intermedi- 
ate heat duty firebrick. Patching mixtures 
usually are of either silica sand ‘and first 
quality plastic fire clay or crushed refrac- 
tory brick and plastic fire clay. Henderson, 
pp 264-265. 

cupped wire. Wire in which internal cavities 
have been formed during drawing. C.T.D. 

cupping. a. The first deep drawing operation. 
ASM Gloss. b. The fracture of severely 
worked rods or wire where one end has 
the appearance of a cup and the other 
that of a cone. ASM Gloss. c. Pouring slip 
over areas of a (porcelain enamel) part 
during draining to produce uniform ap- 








| cu 





cu 





cu 


cu 





| cu 





cuppy fracture 


plication. ASTM C286-65. d. A convex 
or concave arcing of a coated abrasive, 
caused by an excess or lack of moisture 


in the backing and the bond. ACSG, 1963. 


i cuppy fracture. A condition occurring in 


wiredrawing when too great a reduction 
of area is attempted at each drawing thus 
causing the wire to lose its ductility. 


Sinclair, V, p. 3. 


/cuprene. (C;Hs)2; molecular weight, 180.23; 


polymerization product of acetylene ob- 
tained by passing acetylene over reduced 
copper at or above 180° C; a yellowish- 
brown solid. Used in explosives. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

pric. a. Used in naming copper com- 
pounds in which the copper has a valence 
of 2, or is bivalent. CCD 6d, 1961. b. Of, 
pertaining to, or containing copper in the 
bivalent state; for example, cupric oxide 


(CuO). Webster 3d. 


| cupric borate. See copper metaborate. CCD 


6d, 1961. 
cupric chloride. See copper chloride. CCD 
le 6d, 196T. 
cupric oleate. See copper oleate. CCD 6d, 
We L967: 
cupric oxide. Tenorite, when found in na- 


ture; copper monoxide in chemistry. 


Weed, 1918. 


cupriferous. Yielding or containing copper. 


Standard, 1964. 


\ cupriferous pyrite. See chalcopyrite. C.M.D. 


prite; ruby copper ore; red oxide of copper. 
A secondary mineral, CuzO; crimson, scar- 
let, vermilion, deep or brownish-red color; 
adamantine or dull luster; superior in 
hardness to cinnabar and proustite and 
differs from them in color or streak; 
inferior in hardness to hematite; brownish- 
red streak; specific gravity, 5.85 to 6.15; 
contains 88.8 percent cuprous oxide, 11.2 
percent oxygen; soluble in nitric and 
concentrated hydrochloric acids. Found in 
the United States, England, Germany, 
France, Siberia, Australia, China, Peru, 
Be Bolivia. A source of copper. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

proapatite. A variety of apatite from Chile 
containing copper. Standard, 1964. 
proauride. The gold cupride of Karabash, 
Ural Mountains, is a mixture of 63 per- 
cent CusAus and AgAu,. The former, as 
a new mineral, is called cuproaride. Spen- 


cer 15, M.M., 1940. 


cuprocalcite. Apparently merely an intimate 


mixture of cuprite and calcium carbonate; 
Mohs’ hardness, 3; specific gravity, 3.9; 
vermilion-red color; soluble in  hydro- 
chloric acid. Weed, 1918. 


cuprocopiapite. A variety of copiapite con- 


taining 6 percent CuO, from Chile. Spen- 
cer 15, M.M., 1940. 


cuprodescloizite. A green to greenish-black 


hydrous vanadate of lead, zinc, and 
copper, between descloizite and mottra- 
mite, 7(Pb,Zn,Cu) O.2V.0;.H:O; 6.74 per- 
cent CuO, 12.24 to 14.85 percent ZnO, 
53.01 to 54.93 percent PbO, and 17.40 
to 22.50 percent V2O;; Mohs’ hardness, 
3.5; specific gravity, 5.9 to 6.2. Part of 
the vanadium may be replaced by arsenic. 
Found only in the oxidized zone; usually 
in radial mammillary or reniform masses. 
Hess. 

proferrite. Pisanite. Weed, 1918. 


| cuprojarosite; kuprojarosit. A variety of me- 


lanterite containing copper (4.40 percent 
CuO) and magnesium (4.29 percent 
MgO). See also jarosite. Spencer 15, 
M.M., 1940. 





291 


cuprokirovite. A variety of melanterite, (Fe,- 
Mg,Cu)SO;.7H2O, containing 3.36 per- 
cent MgO and 3.18 percent CuO, result- 
ing from underground fires in the Kalata 
mine, Kirovgrad, Ural Mountains. See also 
kirovite. Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

cupromagnesite. A copper and magnesium 
sulfate; crystallization monoclinic; occurs 
in crust on lava; bluish-green color. An 
alteration product, occurring as incrusta- 
tions, from Mt. Vesuvius. Weed, 1918. 

cupromontmorillonite. Interpretation of the 
Russian name medmontite. Spencer 19, 
MM., 1952. 

cuproplumbite. Sulfide of lead and copper, 
near CuzPbeS3. Probably a mixture. Hey 
2d, 1955. 

cuprorivaite. Hydrous silicate of copper, 
calcium, aluminum, and sodium, as small 
blue grains from Vesuvius. Named from 
a supposed relation to rivaite. Spencer 15, 
M.M., 1940. 

cuprosklodowskite. A strongly radioactive, 
grass green mineral, Cu(UOz) SisO;.6H2O; 
orthorhombic, occurring as a secondary 
mineral resulting from the alteration of 
pitchblende; found associated with other 
uranium minerals. Crosby, pp. 13-14. 

cuprotungstite. A tungsten-bearing mineral, 
CuWO.z-+ 2H2O, also (CaCu) WO,+ 2H.0. 
Its composition is variable and may easily 
be mistaken for some mineral of the 
epidote group. Fay. 

cuprous. Of, pertaining to, or containing 
copper in the univalent state; for example, 
cuprous oxide (CuO). Webster 3d; Hess. 

cuprous manganese. A variety of bog man- 
ganese containing appreciable percentages 
of copper oxide, also frequently containing 
cobalt oxide. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

cuprous oxide. See copper oxide, red. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

cuprous sulfide; copper sulfide; chalcocite. 
Black; orthorhombic; CuzS; melting point, 
1,100° C; soluble in nitric acid; insoluble 
in water; and specific gravity, 5.52 to 
5.82. Occurs as the mineral chalcocite. 
A source of copper. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-173. 

cuprozincite. A bluish-green basic carbonate 
of copper and zinc, RCO;.R(OH):, with 
R=Cu: Zn=9:2. A zinc-bearing mala- 
chite, botryoidal or earthy; monoclinic. 
From Tsumeb, south west Africa. English. 

cup wheel. A grinding wheel shaped like.a 
cup or bowl. See also flaring cup. ACSG, 
1963. 

curb. a. A timber frame, circular or square, 
wedged in a shaft to make a foundation 
for walling or tubbing, or to support, with 
or without other timbering, the walls of 
the shaft. Fay. b. The heavy frame or 
sill at the top of a shaft. Fay. c. In tunnel 
construction, a ring of brickwork or of 
cast iron, at the base of the shaft, sur- 
mounting a circular orifice in the roof 
of the tunnel. A drum curb is a flat ring 
of cast iron for supporting the brickwork 
having the same diameter externally as 
the shaft of brickwork. Temporary curbs 
of oak are also used. Fay. d. An iron 
border to the incorporating bed of a 
gunpowder mill. Webster 3d. e. An iron 
casing in which to ram loam molds for 
casting. Webster 2d. f. The walls of a 
chamber in which sulfuric acid is manu- 
factured. Webster 3d. g. A wood, cast- 
iron, or reinforced concrete ring, made in 
segments, forming a foundation for a 
masonry or cast-iron circular shaft lining. 





curium 


The curb is set on a firm ledge of rock 
notched into the periphery of the shaft. It 
may be removed at a later stage. Synonym 
for wedging curb; bricking curb; crib. See 
also foundation curb; water ring. Nelson. 
h. A socket of wrought iron or steel for 

- attaching a ring hook or swivel to the 
end of a rope used for mine hoisting or 
haulage. C.T.D, 1. A coaming around the 
mouth of a well or shaft. Hess. j. See 
binder. Mason. k. A shaft support ring 
for walling or tubbing. Mason. |. The 
border of a road at the edging to- a verge 
or footpath, made of precast concrete or 
granite blocks. Ham. 

curb bend. A special shape of wall tile. Dodd. 

curbing. See curb, a; crib; cribbing; back 
casing. Fay. 

curb tubbing. Eng. A solid wood lining of 
a shaft. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

curf. a. Som. The floor of an underground 
road which is being taken up. See also 
canch. Fay. b. Synonym for kerf. Long. 

curie. a. The unit of radioactivity. Defined 
as the quantity of any radioactive nuclide 
in which the number of disintegrations 
per second is 3.70 XK 10° NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. b. An earlier definition of the 
curie was: The quantity (in grams) of 
radon in equilibrium with 1 gram of 
radium. NRC-ASA WNI1.1-1957. c. The 
basic unit that describes the intensity of 
radioactivity in a sample of material. One 
curie equals 37 billion disintegrations per 
second or approximately the radioactivity 
of 1 gram of radium. L@L. 

Curie point; Curie temperature. a. The tem- 
perature at which there is a transition in 
a substance from one phase to another 
of markedly different magnetic properties. 
Specifically, the temperature at which 
there is a transition between the ferro- 
magnetic and paramagnetic phases. Web- 
ster 3d. b. The temperature at which the 
anomaliés that characterizes a ferroelectric 
substance disappear; either the upper or 
the lower temperature limit of the ferro- 
electric statee. Webster 3d. 

Curie’s law. The susceptibility of a para- 
magnetic substance is inversely propor- 
tional to the absolute temperature. A law 
of magnetism that has been replaced by 
the Curie-Weiss law. Webster 3d. 

Curie temperature. The temperature of mag- 
netic transformation below which a metal 
or alloy is magnetic and above which it 
is paramagnetic. ASM Gloss. 

curing. a. Any process which keeps concrete 
moist during the early stages of hardening. 
Curing may be performed by (1) prevent- 
ing the rapid evaporation of mixing 
water; (2) periodical wetting of concrete; 
or (3) a combination of both. Nelson. b. 
The process adopted to insure the harden- 
ing of concrete by preventing excessive 
evaporation or extremes of temperature. 
Taylor. c. The process during which po- 
lymerization takes place. Phillips. 

curiol. A term in Costa Rica for jasper 
blackened by enclosed manganese. Hess. 

curite. A very rare, orange-red, strongly 
radioactive, orthorhombic mineral, 2PbO.- 
5UO;3.4H2O, an oxidation product of 
uraninite ; found associated with torbernite, 
soddyite, sklodowskite, fourmarierite, and 
other secondary uranium minerals; at 
times, found as complete pseudomorphs 
after uraninite. Crosby, p. 14. 

curium. A silvery metallic element, atomic 
number, 96, discovered in 1944 by Sea- 
borg, Pames, and Ghiorso. They synthe- 


curl 


sized curium 242 by helium-ion bombard- 
ment of plutonium 239. Named for Pierre 
and Marie Curie. The only known valance 
is 3; symbol, Cm; specific gravity, about 
7. NRC-ASA NI1.1-1957; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-108. This very rare metal has been 
isolated in extremely small quantities from 
neutron-irradiated americium during work 
on atomic-energy projects. The metal was 
prepared by reduction of curium fluoride 
(CmF;) with barium metal vapor at 
1,275° C. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

curl. Eng. Gray calcareous grit, often blue 
inside. Arkell. 

curled bedding. See curly bedding. Pettijohn. 

curley cannel; curly cannel. a. Eng. Can- 
nel coal which breaks with a conchoidal or 
curly fractures. Fay. b. Eye coal. Arkell. 

curling. An enamel defect similar to crawl- 
ing. Enam. Dict. 

curlstone. Shrop. Ironstone exhibiting cone- 
in-cone formation. Fay. 

curly bedding. Small-scale deformation pre- 
served in formerly unconsolidated or plas- 
tic sediments that is confined to a single 
bed or a zone between undisturbed beds. 
Usually formed by subaqueous slumping 
or gliding. Synonym for slip bedding. 
A.GJI. See also convolute bedding. 

curly coal. Coal which has a curly or con- 
choidal fracture. Compare wool. Arkell. 

curly coal. a. Scot. A pumpherstone oil 
shale. Its thickness is about 6 feet, and it 
yields 20 gallons of crude oil and 60 to 70 
pounds of ammonium sulfate per ton. Fay. 
b. In the United States, any folded and 
distorted oil shale. Fay. 

curly stone. Shrop. Shale belonging to the 
coal formation, which on exposure to the 
air hardens and assumes a peculiar form, 
sometimes called cone-upon-cone. Also 
called curlstone. Arkell. 

current. a. The part of a fluid body (as 
water or air) moving continuously in a 
certain direction. Webster 3d. b. The 
swiftest part of a stream. Webster 3d. c. 
A tidal or a nontidal movement, often 
horizontal, of lake or ocean water. Syn- 
onym for drift. Webster 3d. d. Condition 
of flowing. Flow marked by force or 
strength. Synonym for flow; flux. Webster 
3d. e. The velocity of flow of a fluid in a 
stream. Webster 3d. 

current bedding. a. A particular form of 
crossbedding. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. b. 
Synonym for crossbedding. Hess. See also 
false bedding. Fay. 

current crescent; crescentic scour mark; 
crescent cast. Small crescentic rounded 
ridge, commonly with pit in center; 
crescent convex up-current. A cast of a 
horse-shoe shaped moat eroded on up- 
current side of an obstacle such as a peb- 
ble, shell, etc. Pettijohn. 

current cross ripple. One of the ripples that 
result from the interference of a current 
with a pre-existing set of ripples. They 
are formed only if the action of the cur- 
rent is sufficiently weak and of very short 
duration. As there is no oscillation of the 
current, there is no reason for a trans- 
formation into the hexagonal pattern, and 
the two sets of ripples may intersect at 
any angle. A.G_I. 

current decay. In spot, seam, or projection 
welding, the controlled reduction of the 
welding impulse from its peak current am- 
plitude to a lower value in controlled 
time to prevent rapid cooling of the weld 
nugget. ASM Gloss. 





292 


current density. The amount of current per 
unit area of electrode. ASM Gloss. 

current drift. Synonym for ripple mark. 
A.G.1. 

current efficiency. The proportion of current 
used in a given process to accomplish a 
desired result; in electroplating, the pro- 
portion used in depositing or dissolving 
metal. ASM Gloss. 

current electrode. A piece of metal con- 
nected to a cable which, when buried in 
the earth in a shallow hole or lowered 
into a well, provides enough contact to 
permit the passage of substantial electrical 
currents into the surrounding earth. 
A.G.. 

current leakage tester. See earth-fault tester. 
Langefors, p. 145. 

current lineation. 
Pettijohn. 

current mark. An irregular structure pro- 
duced by erosion on tidal flats where the 
falling tidal watérs erode numerous chan- 
nels and leave uneroded areas as flat 
plateaus between channels. Channel fill- 
ings made during the burial of such sur- 
faces may resemble casts of logs. Current 
marks are also made in the beach zone on 
the lee side of obstructions. A small de- 
pression begins at the obstruction and 
extends downward toward the water. They 
are common on beaches in the tidal zone 
on the downshore side of pebbles, shells, 
etc. A.G.I. 

current meter. a. An instrument, as a gal- 
vanometer, for measuring the strength 
of an electric current. Standard, 1964. b. 
An instrument for measuring the velocity 
of a current. It is usually operated by 
a wheel equipped with vanes or cups 
which is rotated by the action of the im- 
pinging current. A recording device is 
provided to indicate the speed of rotation 
which is correlated with the velocity of 
the current. H&G. 

current ripple. A type of ripple mark pro- 
duced by the action of a current flowing 
steadily in one direction over a bed of 
sand. A current ripple has a long, gentle 
slope toward the direction from which 
the current comes, and a shorter, steeper 
slope on the lee side. Sand grains removed 
from the gentle slope are carried to the 
crest of the current ripple and are dropped 
down the steeper slope, causing the ripple 
to migrate slowly with the current, much 
as sand dunes migrate with the wind. 
Some investigators restrict the term ripple 
mark to oscillation ripples and use the 
term current mark for the asymmetrical 
type. A.G.I. 

current ripple mark. a. A common synonym 
for transverse ripple mark. Pettijohn. b. 
See water-current ripple mark. A.G.I. 

current rose. A graphical representation of 
currents, usually by 1° quadrangles, using 
arrows of different length for the cardinal 
and intercardinal compass points to show 
resultant drift and frequency of set for a 
given period of time. Hy. 

curry pit. Leic. A hole sunk from an upper 
to a lower portion of a thick seam of coal 
through which the return air passes from 
the stalls to the airway. Fay. 

cursing in work. Can. False affidavit of assess- 
ment work on mining claims. Hoffman. 

curtain. a. A sheet of brattice cloth hung 
across an entry in such a way that it pre- 
vents the passage of the air current but 
does not hinder the passage of mules or 
mine cars, Fay. b. In coal mines, curtains 


See parting lineation. 





curved fracture cleavage 


are used to deflect the air from the entries 
into the working rooms and are used to 
hold the air along the faces. They are 
usually made of a number of overlapping 
strips of heavy curtain material which 
should be of fireproof or fire-resistant ma- 
terial. Also called check curtains. Ken- 
tucky, p. 93. See also blasting curtain. c. 
Synonym for cover. Long. d. A thin sheet 
of dripstone hanging from the ceiling or 
projecting from the wall of a cave. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

curtain arch. An arch of refractory brick- 
work that supports the wall between the 
upper part of a gas producer and the gas 
uptake. Dodd. 

curtain drain; intercepting drain. A drain 
that is placed between the water source 
and the area to be protected. Nichols. 

curtain hole. Synonym for cover hole. Long. 

curtain of coal. In Western Pennsylvania, a 
thin pillar left in lieu of timbers for sup- 
port. It also has the advantage of being 
a permanent wall and thus assists in di- 
recting ventilation. Fay. 

curtains. Darkened areas in the ground coat 
enamel, presumably the result of a boiling 
or blistering condition during the ground 
coat firing and often showing a bronzed 
condition as from hard firing. Sometimes 
called “loops? or “looping.” Enam. Dict. 

curtain wall. A nonbearing wall built be- 
tween columns or piers for the enclosure 
of a building but not supported _at each 
story. ACSG. 

curtisite. a. A crystalline hydrocarbon, in 
composition corresponding to CosHis. It is 
found in a form of greenish deposits from 
a hot spring in California. Tomkeieff. 
1954. b. A discredited term equal to idri- 
alite. American Mineralogist, v. 41, No. 
1-2, January-February, 1956, p. 168. 

curvature, earth (correction for). An adjust- 
ment applied to a long line of sight in the 
computation of difference in elevation. 
Atmospheric refraction partially compen- 
sates for earth curvature. Hence, correc- 
tion tables take both curvature and refrac- 
tion into account. A.G-I. 

curvature of gravity. A vector quantity cal- 
culated from torsion-balance data indicat- 
ing the shape of the equipotential surface. 
It points in the direction of the longer 
radius of curvature. A.G.I. 

curvature value. Quantity, determined by 
the torsion balance, that is related to the 
second derivative of the gravity potential 
with respect to the horizontal coordinates. 
Schieferdecker. 

curve. A smooth bend in a mine roadway or 
railway. See also haulage curve; vertical 
curve. Nelson. 

curved brakes. A caliper or suspended post 
type of brake for winding or other en- 
gines. The two brakeshoes are curved to 
the brake path and anchored near the 
center line of the drum. Nelson. 

curved discharge trough. A short curved sec- 
tion of trough used on the discharge end 
of a shaker conveyor which is located 
alongside car tracks or another conveyor. 
It permits discharge of the coal with a 
minimum of spillage. Jones. 

curved fault. The fault surface is curved. 
Schieferdecker. 

curved fracture cleavage. The cleavage 
planes in graded beds that cut more di- 
rectly across the lower coarser parts of the 
bed and curve to a more diagonal direc- 
tion in the upper finer parts of the bed. 
The curved fracture cleavage is convex 











curved jib 


outward from an anticlinal axis. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

curved jib. A chain coal cutter jib with the 
outer end bent upwards or downwards 
through 90°. Thus, the machine can make 
a horizontal and also a vertical cut in one 
operation. Curved jibs make coal prepara- 
tion easier but their use is limited due to 
the excessive strain and wear on the cutter 
chain. See also multicut chain. Nelson. 

curved line. One which changes its direction 
constantly; that is, no part of the line is 
straight. Jones, 2, p. 81. 

curved ripple marks. Ripple marks with 
crests which appear curved or crescentic 
in plan view. Pettijohn. 

curved-tube manometer. This is a modifica- 
tion of the inclined tube manometer. The 
tube is curved in such a form that it js 
possible to have approximately equal spac- 
ing of the divisions on a velocity or flow 
scale. This gage, while retaining the ad- 
vantage of increased sensitivity at low dif- 
ferential pressures common to the in- 
clined type, enables a wide range of flow 
measurements to be made with one setting 
of the instrument. It can be supplied with 
a pressure, velocity, or quantity scale, the 
pressure scale being the most universal in 
its application. Roberts, I, p. 28. 


curve grease. A grease adapted for use on 


railroad curves. Porter. 

curve resistance. This resistance may be 
taken from one-half to 1 pound per ton 
per degree of curve for that part of the 
train on the curve. The degree of curve is 
found by dividing 5,730 by the radius of 
the curve in feet, since 5,730 is the radius 
of a 1° curve. Lewis, p. 213. 

curvette. A horst or a graben 
A.G.I. Supp. 

curvilinear fault. A fault with a curvilinear 
displacement in the fault plane. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cusec. A unit of water flow or airflow and 
equals 1 cubic foot per second, See also 
modified Atkinson formula. Nelson. 

cuselite. Light-colored varieties of biotite- 
augite porphyry containing abundant phe- 
nocrysts of andesine and a few pheno- 
crysts of the manganese-iron minerals in a 
feldspathic groundmass; from Cusel, Saar 
basin, Germany. Holmes, 1928. 

cushion. a. A course of some compressible 
substance, such as soft wood, inserted be- 
tween more rigid material. In mine sup- 
port, it can be placed between the foot- 
wall or the hanging wall and the concrete, 
or internally in the support. Spalding, p. 
109. b. Same as die cushion. ASM Gloss. 

cushion blasting. A method of blasting in 
which an airspace is left between the ex- 
plosive charge and the stemming, or in 
which the shothole is of substantially larger 
diameter than the cartridge. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. 

cushion cut. A style of faceting gems in which 
the finished gem is roughly rectangular in 
outline but with gently outward curving 
sides and rounded corners. Sinkankas. 

cushioned jiammer. A power hammer strik- 
ing a cvshioned blow. Standard, 1964. 

cushion firing. See water ampul stemming. 
Nelson. See also cushion shot. 

cushion idlers. Special idler rollers covered 
with some form of shock-absorbing mate- 
rial, for example, rubber, and normally 
used at ransfer points. Nelson. 

cushion shooting. See cushion shot. 

cushion shot; cushioned shot. A shothole that 
is not tamped from the explosive to the 


structure. 





293 


mouth of the hole but has an untamped 
length between the explosive and the 
tamping in which the gases formed by the 
explosion can expand and press on the 
coal or other rock to be broken. Some- 
times a spacer is inserted and sometimes 
a cartridge of untamped, finely ground 
rock dust. Sometimes the space is left be- 
side or above the cartridge or both above 
and around it. Any of these spaces forms 
a cushion. Zern. 

cusp. a. A landform characterized by a pro- 
jection with indentations of crescent shape 
on either side (as along a shoreline or in 
a mountain front). Webster 3d. b. One of 
a series of naturally formed mounds of 
beach material separated by crescent- 
shaped troughs spaced at more or less 
regular intervals along the beach face. 
Also called beach cusp. A.G.J. 

cuspate. Having a cusp; shaped like a cusp. 
A cuspate shoreline or a cuspate delta, for 
example. Webster 3d. 

cuspate bar; cuspate barrier. A V-shaped bar 
or barrier formed by the growing together 
of two oblique spits. Schieferdecker. 

cuspate barrier. See cuspate bar. Schiefer- 
decker. 

cuspate foreland. A triangular foreland of 
alluvial material. Schieferdecker. 

cuspate ripple mark. Asymmetric current 
ripple marks with a somewhat barchan- 
like shape, the horns pointing into the 
current. Also known as current mark; 
linguoid ripples; cusp ripples. Pettijohn. 

cuspidate. a. Having a cusp; terminating in 
a point. Webster 3d. b. With an apex 
somewhat abruptly and sharply concavely 
constricted into an elongated, sharply 
pointed tip. A.G.I. 

custom mill; customs mill. a. A mill which 
buys ores for treatment or which treats 
ores for customers. Hess. b. A plant re- 
ceiving ore for treatment from more than 
one mine. Pryor, 4. 

custom ore. Ore bought by a mill or smelter, 
or treated for customers. Hess. 

custom plant; custom mill. A mill, concen- 
trator, or smelter which receives ore or 
partly processed mineral for treatment in 
terms of an appropriate contract, priced on 
tonnage, complexity of operation, permis- 
sible losses, and specification of feed, prod- 
uct, and (perhaps) lost tailings. Pryor, 3. 

custom smelter. A smelter which buys ores 
or treats them for customers. Hess. 

cut. a. To intersect a vein or working. Fay. 
b. To excavate coal. Fay. c. To shear one 
side of an entry or crosscut by digging out 
the coal from floor to roof with a pick. 
See also undercut, a. Fay. d. Eng. In 
Somerset, a staple or drop pit. Fay. e. 
Scot. See buttock. Fay. f. Eng. The 
depth to which a drill hole is put in for 
blasting. Fay. g. A term applied where the 
cutting machine has cut under the coal to 
a depth of five feet and for a width of 
fifteen feet. Fay. h. The drill hole pattern 
for firing a round of shots in a tunnel or 
sinking shaft, for example, the burn cut. 
Nelson. i. A machine cut in a coal seam, 
for example, floor cut. Nelson. j. See stint. 
Nelson. k. An excavation, generally applied 
to surface mining; to make an incision in 
a block of coal; in undereground mining, 
that part of the face of coal that has been 
undercut. B.C.J. 1. In mining, when used 
in conjunction with shaft and drift, a sur- 
face opening in the ground intersecting a 
vein. Ricketts, I. m. To drive to or across 
a lode. Gordon. n. The group of holes fired 





cut-chain brae 


first in a round to provide additional free 
faces for the succeeding shots. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. 0. Depth to which material is 
to be excavated (cut) to bring the surface 
to a predetermined grade; the difference in 
elevation of a surface point and a point 
on the proposed subgrade vertically below 
it. Seelye, 2. p. S. Afr. In development 
work the term cut refers to the location 
and direction of holes blasted first to pro- 
vide a free face to which other holes may 
break, for example, draw cut, horizontal 
cut, pyramid cut, burned cut, etc. Beer- 
man. q. S. Afr. The term is used for 
machine stoping of reef and for intersect- 
ing a reef. Beerman. r. To lower an exist- 
ing grade. Nichols. s. An artificial depres- 
sion. Nichols. t. To stop an engine, or 
throttle it to idling speed. Nichols. 
cutain. A Russian bituminous coal composed 
largely of cuticles. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
cut-and-carry method. Progressive die-fabri- 
cating method where the part remains at- 
tached to the strip or is forced back into 
the strip to be fed through the succeeding 
stations of a progressive die. ASM Gloss. 
cut and cover. A method of construction in 
which excavation is made to formation 
level and then filled back over a tunnel 
after its lining has been constructed. Ham. 
cut and fill. a. The construction of a road or 
railway on undulating ground which is 
partly excavation and partly fill, Nelson. 
b. In a meander, the lateral planation that 
occurs on one side of the stream is ac- 
companied by deposition on the opposite 
side of the stream. A.G.J. c. A structure 
resulting from the removal of a small por- 
tion of a bed or lamina before deposition 
of an overlying bed or lamina. A.G.J. d. 


Small erosional channels subsequently 
filled. Also called scour and fill; washout. 
Pettijohn. 


cut-and-fill stoping. A stoping method in 
which the ore is excavated by successive 
flat or inclined slices, working upward 
from the level, as in shrinkage stoping. 
However, after each slice is blasted down 
all broken ore is removed, and the stope 
is filled with waste up to within a few 
feet of the back before the next slice is 
taken out, just enough room being left 
between the top of the waste pile and the 
back of the stope to provide working space. 
The term cut-and-fill stoping implies a 
definite and characteristic sequence of 
operations: (1) breaking a slice of ore 
from the back; (2) removing the broken 
ore; and (3) introducing filling. BuMines 
Bull. 390, 1936, p. 10. 

cutback asphalt. Asphalt to which is added 
a solvent to make the asphalt transport- 
able or to permit its use for various pur- 
poses, for example, as a binder of an ag- 
gregate of stones and gravel in roadbuild- 
ing. As the solvent evaporates, the asphalt 
hardens into a solid again. Williams. 

cutback products. In roadbuilding, petroleum 
or tar residuums which have been fluxed 
with distillates. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cutbank. The concave bank of a meandering 
stream that is maintained as a steep or 
even overhanging cliff by the impinging of 
water at its base. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

cut chain. Scot. A system of working under- 
ground self-acting inclined planes from 
several different levels, by means of chains 
of various lengths which are regulated ac- 
cording to the level from which coal is 
lowered. Fay. 

cut-chain brae. Scot. An incline on which 


eut coal 


cut chains are used. Fay. 

cut coal. Scot. In stoop-and-room working, 
coal cut on two sides where two rooms at 
right angles to each other just meet. Fay. 

cut gears. Gears with machine-cut teeth as 
distinguished from cast gears. Crispin. 

cut glass. Fine quality of glass articles pro- 
duced by forming and afterward decorat- 
ing with designs by grinding and polishing 
on special wheels. Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

cut glaze. A faulty glaze, spots or patches 
being bare or only very thinly covered. 
The common cause is contaminated area 
on the biscuit ware, that is patches of oil, 
grease, dust, or soluble salts. A fault re- 
sulting in a similar appearance is knock- 
ing. See also knocking. Dodd. 

cut holes. a. The first hole or group of holes 
fired in a drift or tunnel face. Also known 
as the cut portion of the blasting round. 
Lewis, p. 164. b, In tunneling, easers so 
drilled and fired as to break out a leading 
wedge-shaped hole and thus enable the 
later holes in the complete round of shots 
to act more effectively. Pryor, 3. See also 
drill-hole pattern. 

cuticle. Waxy layer formed on outer walls of 
epidermal cells. A.G.I. 

cutinite. a. A variety of exinite. The micro- 
petrologic constituent, or maceral, of cuti- 
cular material. Compare sporinite. A.G.I. 
b. Maceral of the exinite group consisting 
of plant cuticle. A.G.J. Supp. 

cutinite coal. This type coal consists of more 
than 50 percent of cuticle, the fragments 
of which occur embedded in gelito-col- 
linite, fusinito-collinite and collinite of 
fusinitic nature. In addition to cuticle, 
spores, resin bodies and fragments of finely 
fusinized and gelified tissue are present. 
Leaf parenchyme and stem tissue, bor- 
dered by cuticle, may also be seen, Hand 
specimens of this type of coal are grayish- 
black, matt or semi-matt, finely striated 
or sometimes even banded. It breaks angu- 
larly, and generally has high ash. Cutinite 
coal occurs as thin bands in seams of dif- 
ferent geological age and its use is largely 
determined by the other forms of coal with 
which it is associated. THCP, 1963, part I. 

cutlery marking. See silver marking. Dodd. 

cutoff. a. In firing a round of shots, a mis- 
fire due to severance of fuse owing to rock 
shear as adjacent charge explodes. Pryor, 
3. b. A quarryman’s term for the direction 
along which the granite must be channeled, 


because it will not split. Same as hardway. | 


Fay. c. See cutoff entry. Fay. d. The num- 
ber of feet a bit may be used in a particu- 
lar type of rock (as specified by the drill 
foreman. Long. e. Minimum percentage of 
mineral in an ore that can be mined profit- 
ably. Long. f. A wall, collar, or other 
structure intended to reduce percolation 
of water along otherwise smooth surfaces, 
or through porous strata. Seelye, 1. g. A 
device for cutting off; as a mechanism for 
shutting off the admission of a working 
fluid (as steam) to an engine cylinder. 
Webster 3d. h. The point in the stroke of 
the piston of a steam engine where the 
entrance of live steam is stopped by the 
closure of the inlet valve. Long. i. To 
close, shut off, or terminate, Long. j. A 
new and relatively short channel formed 
when a stream cuts through the neck of 
an oxbow. Webster 3d. 

cutoff entry. An entry driven to intersect 
another and furnish a more convenient 
outlet for the coal, Also called cutoff. See 
also entry, b. Fay. 





294 


cutoff grade. a. In ore estimation, the lowest 
grade that will meet costs. McKinstry, p. 
473. b. The lowest grade of mineralized 
rock that qualified as ore in a given de- 
posit, that is, rock of the lowest assay that 
is included in an ore estimate, A.G.J. c. 
Term sometimes used to define the assay 
grade below which an ore body cannot be 
profitably exploited. Pryor, 3. 

cutoff hole. Missed hole resulting from the 
failure of a blasting cap to detonate owing 
to the breaking of a fuse or conductor or 
to some other similar cause. Fraenkel. 

cutoff machine man. See cutoff saw operator. 
DO sal. 

cutoff man. See brick-cutting machine oper- 
AtOneD Olen De 

cutoff saw operator. In the stonework in- 
dustry, one who operates an abrasive saw- 
ing machine to cut off the ends of slabs 
or blocks of marble, granite, and stone to 
reduce them to specified length. Also 
called cutoff machine man. D.O.T. /. 

cutoff scar. Marks on the base of a glass 
bottle made by the Owen’s suction ma- 
chine; however, the scar is largely caused 
during the final blowing operation. Dodd. 

cutoff shot. A shot in a delay round in which 
the charge has been wholly or partially 
exposed to atmosphere by reason of the 
detonation of an earlier shot in the round. 
B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

cutoff wheel. A thin abrasive wheel for sev- 
ering or slotting any material or part. 
ASM Gloss. 

cutout. a. The act or process of removing 
diamonds from a used or dull bit by dis- 
solving the crown metal by corrosive ac- 
tion of an acid or electrolytic dissolution. 
Also, the diamonds recovered or salvaged 
by such means. Long. b. Opening made in 
a mine working in which a drill or other 
equipment may be placed so as not to in- 
terfere with other mining operations. Long. 
c. A place in a coal seam where part of 
the coal has been removed by erosion and 
the hollow or channel filled by sand or 
shale. See also washout; low, a. A.G.J. d: 
(Forest of Dean). See crut; branch, a. 
Fay. e. Eng. A fault which dislocates 
a seam of coal more than its entire thick- 
ness. Fay. f. A device (as a switch, circuit 
breaker, valve, or clutch) for interrupting 
or closing a connection. Webster 3d. g. 
See washout. Pettijohn. 

cut over. Mid. To cut a seam of coal in a 
longwall working, over or beyond the first 
joint or cleat. Fay. 

cut point. a. The point of intersection of a 
drill hole and a fault plane. A.G.I. Supp. 
b. The value of a property (for example, 
density or size) at which a separation into 
two fractions is desired or achieved. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

cuts. Scot. Strips of coal worked off the sides 
of pillars. Also called slices; skips. Fay. 

cut shot. a. A shot designed to bring down 
coal which has been sheared or opened on 
one side. Fay. b. A shot which initially 
breaks ground to provide a free face for 
subsequent shots. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

cut sizes. Any flat glass sheet cut to specific 
dimensions. ASTM C162-66. 

cut stone. a. Originally, an artificially broken 
and shaped carbon; now generally, a faceted 
diamond used as an ornament. See also 
gem. Long. b. Structural unit for limestone 
that consists of blocks that are cut to speci- 
fied dimensions and surface tooled. AIME, 
p. 330. 

cuttable. Diamond material suitable for cut- 








cutter loader 


ting into gems. I.C. 8200, 1964, p. 149. 
cutter. a. A term employed in speaking of 
any coal-cutting or rock-cutting machines; 
the men operating them, or the men en- 
gaged in underholing by pick or drill. Fay. 
b. A joint, usually a dip joint, running in 
the direction of working; usually in the 
plural. Fay. c. At Mount Pleasant, Tenn., 
an opening in limestone, enlarged from 
cracks or fissures by solution, that is filled 
by clay and usually contains valuable 
quantities of brown phosphate rock. Fay. 
d. A solution crevice in limestone under- 
lying Tennessee residual phosphate de- 
posits. A.G.I. Supp. e. A joint in a rock 
that is parallel to the dip of the strata. 
C.T.D. f. A crack in a crystal that destroys 
or lessens its value as a lapidary’s stone. 
Fay. g. On a hydraulic dredge, a set of 
revolving blades at the end of the suction 
line. Nichols, 2. h. An apparatus used for 
removing scale from the inside of pipes. 
Sinclair, IV, p. 32. i. A workman engaged 
in grinding designs on glass, ASTM C162— 
66. j. One who cuts flat glass. ASTM 
C162—66. k. The tool used in cutting glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 1. A device whereby the 
material is severed from the original mass 
by means of passing knives, wires, or simi- 
lar equipment through the mass. ACSG, 
1963. m. Synonym for underreamer lug. 
See also cutting edge, b. Long. n. Applied 
to closed or inconspicuous seams along 
which the rock may separate or break 
easily. BuMines I.C. 8182, 1963, p. 7. 
cutter bar. That part of a chain mining ma- 
chine that supports the cutting chain and 
extends under the coal; the bar provides 
the track for the cutting chain. Fay; 
BiGues 
cutter chain. The endless chain carrying 
picks which travels around the jib of a 
chain coal cutter at a speed varying from 
320 to 650 feet per minute. See also coal- 
cutter picks. Nelson. 
cutter-down. One who cuts excess glass from 
stems of heated glassware, using pincers 
(nippers) or a wooden stick. Also called 
glass cutter-down; stem cutter. D.O.T. 1. 
cutter dredge; suction cutter. In alluvial min- 
ing, one which loosens the alluvium by 
means of a cutting ring, at the end of a 
suction pipe through which the products 
are pumped up for treatment. Pryor, 3. 
cutterhead pipeline dredge. A _ hydraulic 
dredge in which the suction action is aug- 
mented by a rotating propeller that oper- 
ates at the point of suction, The cutter- 
head performs two functions: it cuts into 
and loosens compacted soils and soft rock 
such as coral, and it increases dredge 
capacity by channeling the soils into the 
end of the suction pipe. The efficiency of 
a dredge is based on its capacity to handle 
soils rather than water, and the cutter- 
head serves to maintain an optimum ratio 
of about 1 cubic foot of soil handled per 
5 cubic feet of water. Carson, p. 354. 
cutter helper. See machine helper. D.O.T. 1. 
cutter loader. A longwall machine that cuts 
and loads the coal onto a conveyor as it 
travels across the face. Cutter loaders may 
be grouped according to the thickness of 
web cut: as (1) thick web machines, such 
as the A.B. Meco-Moore, which cuts and 
loads up to 6 feet; (2) medium web ma- 
chines, which take about 2% feet, such 
as the Gloster-getter, Anderton shearer, 
and Trepanner; (3) narrow web or plough- 
type machines, which take from 1 to 12 
inches of coal during each traverse of the 

















cutter, machine 






face. Nelson. 
| cutter, machine. See machine man. D.O.T. 1. 
‘cutter-off. One who cuts surface of window 
|} glass with steel cutting wheel as contin- 
uous glass sheet emerges from top of auto- 
matic drawing machine. Also called 
window-glass cutter-off. D.O.T. 1. 
_ cutter operator. See machine man. D.O.T. 1. 
‘cutter plough; Schramhobel cutter plough. 
i A plough-type cutter loader developed for 
use in hard coal seams. It has four hori- 
zontal stepped precutting blades, which 
make a precut from 8 to 12 inches, to 
weaken the coal immediately in front of 
the machine. It can be single or double- 
ended, and is hauled along the face by 
winches. The coal is loaded onto a panzer 
conveyor which is advanced behind the 
machine by compressed air rams. See also 
plough. Nelson. 
‘cut terrace. A shelf carved in the shore of a 
lake by the action of waves and currents. 
It is bounded on both its shoreward and 
lakeward margins by steeper slopes; the 
former inclines upward and forms a sea 
cliff, the latter slopes downward and forms 
a terrace scarp. The upper limit is a hori- 
zontal line marking the level of the water 
at the time it was formed, and its sur- 
face slopes gently lakeward. A.G.I. 
cutter stall. N. of Eng. A small area of coal 
flanking the mother gate which the cutter 
cannot reach and which is removed by 
hand. Usually this is made ahead of the 
face line and so facilitates cutter turning 
and provides easy access to the face when 
the cutter is parked at the mother gate 
| end. Tvist. 
| cuttery. Scot. Much intersected with joints 
. or fissures, for example, cuttery sandstone. 
Fay. 
cut-through. a. Thirling; slit; a short con- 
necting road. Mason. b. N. Staff. An 
opening betwen headings every 18 to 20 
yards in mines having a steep inclination. 
See also dip, 1 and m. Fay. c. Aust. A 
connection between bords, used for ventil- 
ation and traveling purposes. Fay. d. A 
passage cut through the coal, connecting 
two parallel entries. Also called crosscut; 
breakthrough. Rice, George S. 
cutting. a. Eng. The end or side of a stall 
next to the solid coal where the coal is 
cut with a pick in a vertical line to facili- 
tate breaking down; channeling. Fay. b. 
The opening made by shearing or cut- 
ting. Fay. c. Low-grade ore or refuse ob- 
tained from dressing ore. Fay. d. The op- 
eration of making openings across a coal 
seam as by channeling, or beneath a coal 
seam as by undercutting. Fay. e. Holing by 
hand or machine. Mason. f. Buttock; fast 
side. Mason. g. N. of Eng. The opera- 
tion of undercutting coal with a mechani- 
cal cutter. The machine, which runs on 
electricity, employs two cuttermen. T7ist. 
h. Excavating. Nichols. i. Lowering a grade 
Nichols. j. Scoring flat glass with a dia- 
mond or a steel wheel, and breaking it 
along the scratch. ASTM C162-66. k. 
Producing cut glass. ASTM C162-66. 
cutting box. A box into which diamond dust 
falls when the diamonds which are ce- 
mented into the cutter and setter are 
rubbed against each other. Fay. 
cutting chain. The sprocket chain which 
carries the steel points used for undermin- 
ne the coal with chain mining machines. 
ay. 
cutting compound. Lard oil, soda water, or 
any of the various coolants used on work 


264-972 O-68—20 








295 


being machined. See also coolant. Crispin. 

cutting curb. A curb upon which a shaft is 
built preparatory to forcing it into the 
ground by means of heavy weights known 
as kentledge in order to proceed with 
excavation inside the shaft. Ham. 

cutting down. a. The trimming of shaft walls 
to increase its sectional area. Zern. b. 
Removing roughness or irregularities of a 
metal surface by abrasive action. ASM 
Gloss. 

cutting drilling. A rotary drilling method in 
which drilling is effected through the cut- 
ting action of the drill steel which rotates 
while being pressed against the rock. 
Fraenkel, v. 1, Art. 8: 30, p. 21. 

cutting edge. a. The point or edge of a 
diamond or other material set in a bit 
that comes in contact with and cuts, chips, 
or abrades the rock. Also called cutting 
point. Long. b. That part of a bit in actual 
contact with rock during drilling opera- 
tions. Long. c. The leading edge of a lathe 
tool where a line of contact is made with 
the work during machining. ASM Gloss. 

cutting face. That part of a bit containing 
the cutting points, excluding the points 
inset as reamers. Long. 

cutting flame. See oxidizing flame. 

cutting fluid. A fluid, usually a liquid, used 
in metal cutting to improve finish, tool 
life, or dimensional accuracy. On being 
flowed over the tool and work, the fluid 
reduces the friction, the heat generated 
and the tool wear, and prevents galling. 
It conducts the heat away from the point 
of generation and also serves to wash the 
chips away. ASM Gloss. 

cutting grain. The direction along a plane 
on which a diamond can be most easily 
abraded. Long. 

cutting horizon. The position in a coal seam 
in which a horizontal machine cut is made. 
The normal cutting horizon is along the 
bottom of the seam. See also bottom cut. 
Nelson. 

cutting list. The list of steel reinforcing bars 
for reinforced concrete construction, show- 
ing diameters and lengths, from which the 
contractor orders the reinforcement re- 
quired. See also summary of reinforcement. 
Ham. 

cutting machine. A power-driven machine 
used to undercut or shear the coal to facili- 
tate its removal from the face. B.C.I. 

cutting-machine operator. See machineman. 
ID KORG kes slp 

cutting motor. The motor in a cutting ma- 
chine which provides power for the opera- 
tion of the cutting chain. Is used only 
where the machine has more than one 
motor. Jones. 

cutting off. Removing a pot from the potters’ 
wheel by cutting with a wire or string. 
ACSG, 1963. 

cutting-off cutter. See cutting-off table. Dodd. 

cutting-off road. A slant road in longwall 
workings, out of which the stall gates are 
branched parallel to the main road, and 
which at certain distances cut off a range 
-of stalls to the rear. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cutting-off table; cutting-off cutter. A frame 
carrying a tightly stretched wire, or a 
system of such frames and wires, that op- 
erates automatically at a short dist>nce 
from the mouthpiece of a pug or auger 
to cutoff clots or finished bricks or pipes 
from the extruded columns. Dodd. 

cutting-off wheel; parting wheel. A _ thin 
abrasive wheel of the type used for cutting- 





cut-work man 


off or for making slots; such wheels gen- 
erally have an organic bond. Dodd. 

cutting oils. Any of the heavy oils or com- 
bination of oils used as a metal lubricant 
in machining operations. The term does 
not properly include those watery solu- 
tions used merely as coolants. Crispin. 

cutting-out piece. A short length of trench 
timbering which can be sawn out to facili- 
tate striking of the timbering. Ham. 

cutting point. Synonym for cutting edge. See 
also cutting edge, a. Long. 

cutting price. Gr. Brit. The main item in 
a coal miner’s pricelist. It gives the pay- 
ment rate for cutting, winning, and load- 
ing the coal, as so much per ton or per 
cubic yard of coal seam worked. See also 
seam structure. Nelson. 

cutting rate. a. Synonym for feed rate. Long. 
b. The amount of material removed by a 
grinding wheel per unit of time. ACSG, 
1963. 

cuttings. a. The particles of rock produced in 
a borehole by the abrasive or percussive 
action of a drill bit; excess material 
caused by the rubbing of core against core 
or core against steel; erosive effect of the 
circulating liquid; or cavings from the 
borehole. Also called borings; drill cut- 
tings; drillings; sludge. Long. b. The frag- 
mental rock samples broken or torn from 
the rock penetrated during the course of 
drilling. A.G.I. c. Eng. See holings. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. d. See bug dust. Mason. 

cutting sand. Is composed of sharp, solid 
quartz grains and is used as the abrasive 
for sawing stone. It is usually ungraded 
and about equivalent to a No. 1 sand- 
blasting sand. AIME, p. 15. 

cutting shoe. A wedge at the bottom of tub- 
bing in caisson sinking to assist penetra- 
tion in soft ground. Nelson. 

cutting shot. Ark. A shot put in beside a 
cutting so as to blast some coal into it 
and to shatter the coal beyond for aid in 
making the next cutting. See also shot. 
Fay. 

Witting size. Synonym for set diametr. Long. 

cutting speed. a. The linear or peripheral 
speed of relative motion between the tool 
and workpiece in the principal direction 
of cutting. ASM Gloss. b. Synonym for 
feed rate. Long. 

cutting stones. Diamonds set in a bit face 
having points or edges that will be in 
contact with and will cut or abrade the 
rock when drilling. Compare cutting edge; 
reaming stones. Long. 

cutting table. Mechanical unit upon which 
the severing or slicing of a clay column 
is carried out. ACSG, 1963. 

cutting tip. The part of a cutting torch from 
which gas issues. ASM Gloss. 

cutting tools. See tool tips. Dodd. 

cutting torch. See torch. ASM Gloss. 

cutting wheel. A cutting disk, the edge of 
which is impregnated with an abrasive, 
such as diamond dust or aloxite. It is 
rotated at high speed and used to cut 
rock specimens into suitable sections for 
microscopic inspection after polishing. 
Pryor, 3. 

cutty clay. a. Plastic clay used for making 
tobacco pipes. A cutty pipe is a short 
tobacco pipe, also known as a Cutty, that 
is, short. Arkell. b. A variety of English 
ball clay that was formerly used for 
making tobacco pipes. Dodd. 

cut-up. Scot. An excessive roof fall leaving 
a large open space above. Fay. 

cut-work man. One who cuts burned roofing 


cuvette 


tile according to pattern, using a band 
saw, and colors the tile, using a paint 
spray gun. Also called special-shapes man. 

Onn: tL. 

cuvette. a. Fr. A bowl or basin of pottery 
or china; a flat-bottomed piece containing 
a waterpot. Standard, 1964. b. The vessel 
in which molten glass is received from 
the refining pot and borne to the table 
for casting and rolling. Standard, 1964. 
c. A basin in which sedimentation is going 
on. Challinor. 

cuyamite. A dark dike rock consisting of 43 
to 46 percent labradorite, 30 to 32 per- 
cent augite, 20 percent analcite, 4 to 8 
percent magnetite, 0 to 8 percent haiiyne, 
and 0 to 8 percent hornblende. Johann- 
sen, v. 4, 1938, p. 243. 

Cuylen conveyor. A single-chain conveyor 
with an open side to facilitate power 
loading. Sinclair, V, p. 305. 

Cuyuna. The name of an iron range in 
Minnesota. It is composed of the syllables, 
“Cuy” and ‘Una’, the former being a 
contraction of the given name of Cuyler 
Adams who was active in the early de- 
velopment of that territory, and the last 
syllable is the name of his dog ‘‘Una.” 
Fay. 

CVR Abbreviation for continuous vertical 
retort. See also continuous vertical retort. 
Dodd. 

C-wave. Synonym for coupled wave. A.G.I. 

cwm Same as cirque. Sinclair, II, p. 32. 

ewt Abbreviation for hundredweight; either 
100 avoirdupois pounds or 112 avoirdu- 
pois pounds. Fay. 

Cyamite. Trademark for an ammonia nitrate 
blasting agent which is not sensitive to the 
shock of an electric blasting cap, rifle 
slug, or primacord. The borehole must be 
primed with regular dynamite to shoot. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

Cyamon. Trademark for an ammonium 
nitrate blasting agent which is designed 
for safe handling in the field. It is not 
sensitive to a blasting cap, rifle slug, 
primacord, flame, or impact of heavy steel 
weights. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Cyamon Primers for Explosives. Trademark 
for special primers sensitive to an electric 
blasting cap and primacord, used to deto- 
nee Cyamon blasting agents. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

Cyanamid. A trade name for a material 
containing about 50 percent true cyana- 
mide (CH2Nz) and 25 percent calcium 
hydroxide (Ca(OH).2). Commercial Cy- 
anamid is made by passing nitrogen over 
a heated mass of calcium carbide (CaCz) ; 
it contains 35 percent nitrogen. Fay. 

cyanamide. White; crystalline; CHsNe. 
Formed variously by the action of cyano- 
gen chloride on ammonia. Standard, 1964. 

cyanicide. Any substance present in a pulp 
which attacks or destroys the cyanide salt 
being used to dissolve precious metals. 
Pryor, 4. 

cyanidation. A process of extracting gold and 
silver as cyanide slimes from their ores 
by treatment with dilute solutions of 
potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide. The 
slimes are subsequently fused and cast into 
ingots or bullion. Henderson. 

cyanidation vat. A large tank, with a filter 
bottom, in which sands are treated with 
sodium cyanide solution to dissolve out 
gold. C.T.D. 

cyanide. a. A compound of cyanogen usually 
with a more electropositive element or 
radical; a salt or an ester of hydrocyanic 





296 


acid. Webster 3d. b. Potassium cyanide. 
Webster 3d. c. Sodium cyanide. Webster 
3d. d. As a verb, to treat with a cyanide; 
as to subject to the cyanide process; to 
treat (iron or steel) by immersion in 
molten cyanide in order to produce a hard 
surface (casehardening) by causing car- 
bon and nitrogen to be taken up in a 
thin outer layer. Webster 3d. e. Usually 
refers to cyanide solution in circulation 
in a mill treating gold or silver ores. The 
stock or solution is of two main types, 
barren from which all possible value has 
been extracted, and pregs or pregnant, 
which is charged with gold or silver and 
awaits their removel. Pryor, 4. 

cyanide copper. Copper electrodeposited 
from an alkali-cyanide solution containing 
a complex ion made up of univalent cop- 
per and the cyanide radical; also, the 
solution itself. ASM Gloss. 

cyanide hardening. Introducing carbon and 
nitrogen into the surface of a steel alloy 
by heating in a bath of molten sodium 
cyanide and usually followed by quench 
hardening. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

cyanide man. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, one who tends equipment in 
which finely ground gold or silver ore is 
treated with a cyanide solution to separate 
free gold or silver from the gangue (waste 
material). D.O.T. 1. 

cyanide mill. A mill in which the cyanide 
process is used. Webster 3d. 

cyanide neutralizer. See neutralizer. Dodd. 

cyanide process. A process for the extraction 
of gold from finely crushed ores, concen- 
trates, and tailings by means of cyanide 
of potassium or sodium used in dilute 
solutions. The gold is dissolved by the 
solution and subsequently deposited upon 
metallic zinc or by other means. See also 
MacArthur and Forest cyanide process. 
Fay. 

cyanide pulp. The mixture obtained by 
grinding crude gold and silver ore and 
dissolving the precious-metal content in 
a sodium-cyanide solution. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cyanide slimes. Precious metals in the form 
of finely divided particles precipitated 
from cyanide solutions used in their ex- 
traction from ores. ASM Gloss. 

cyanide solution. In commercial dissolution 
of gold from its ores, a weak alkaline 
aqueous solution of sodium or calcium 
cyanide. When first applied to the pulped 
ore it is barren. When rich in gold it is 
pregnant. When contaminated to the 
point where it is no longer an efficient 
solvent it is foul and is discarded or re- 
generated. Pryor, 3. 

cyaniding. a. The process of treating finely 
ground gold and silver ores with a weak 
solution of sodium or potassium cyanide, 
which readily dissolves these metals. The 
precious metals are obtained by precipita- 
tion from solution with zinc. C.T.D. b. In- 
troducing carbon and nitrogen into a 
solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac: 
in contact with molten cyanide of suitable 
composition. The cyanided alloy is usu- 
ally quench-hardened. ASM Gloss. 

cyanite. See kyanite. 

cyanochalcite. A phosphoriferous variety of 
chrysocolla; from Nijni Tagilsk, Perm, 
U.S.S.R. Weed, 1918. 

cyanochroite. A hydrous copper and potas- 
sium sulfate, CuSO,K,SO,+-6H;:O, carry- 
ing 14.3 percent copper. Crystallization, 
monoclinic; color, clear blue. An altera- 
tion product from Mt. Vesuvius. Weed, 














cycle 


1918. 

cyanogen. a. A univalent radical; CN; pres- 
ent in hydrogen cyanide and in other 
simple and complex cyanides (as ferricy- 
anides). Webster 3d. b. Colorless; flamma- 
ble; poisonous gas; (CN)s; an odor like 
that of peach leaves; variously formed 
(as by heating mercuric cyanide) ; and it 
polymerizes readily. Webster 3d. 

cyanosite. Synonym for chalcanthite. Hey 
2d, 1955. 

cyanotrichite. A  sky-blue to smalt blue, 
minutely crystalline or spheroidal hydrous 
sulfate of copper and aluminium, perhaps 


4CuO.Al.0;SO03.8H20; 49.3 percent CuO; - 


a weathered zone mineral. Also called lett- 
somite. Dana 6d, p. 963. 

cyanotype. A photographic picture, as a 
blueprint, made with the use of a cyanide. 
Standard, 1964. 

cyanuric chloride; cyanuric _ trichloride. 
Crystals; pungent odor; CsN:Cls; cyclic; 
specific gravity, 1.32; melting point, 146° 
C; soluble in chloroform, in carbon tetra- 
chloride, in hot ether, in dioxane, and in 
ketones; and very slightly soluble in water 
(hydrolyzes in cold water). Used in ex- 
plosives. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cybernetics. a. The new science of coordina- 
tion, communication, and control of all 
operations within a mine or other under- 
taking. See also automation. Nelson. b. 
The science of automatic control. Osborne. 
c. The theory of control and communica- 
tion in machines or animals. NCB. 

cybotaxis. A transient orientation of mole- 
cules in a liquid revealed by X-ray diffrac- 
tion effects that are analogous to those 
produced by crystals. Webster 3d. 

Cycadophytes. A phylum of Gymnosperms 
having both fernlike and cycadlike as- 
semblages, including the three great 
groups Cycadofilidales (extinct), Ben- 
nettitales (extinct), and Cycadales (re- 
cent); found in coal. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

cycle. a. N. of Eng. The complete se- 
quence of face operations required to get 
coal. Trisi. b. The length of time between 
the commencement, say, of two consecu- 
tive coal producing shifts; the sequence of 
operations, say, between two consecutive 
coal producing shifts. Mason. c. Two 
alternations in alternating electric cur- 
rent. Mason. d. The sequence of opera- 
tions before one operation or event is 
repeated. Mason. e. An operation of a 
number of events which when completed, 
starts the same series of events over in 
the same order. Thus a mechanical re- 
frigeration cycle consists of compression, 
condensing, expansion, evaporation, re- 
peated over and over. Strock, 10. f. A 
series of events that is repeated. Shell Oil 
Co. g. An interval of time during which 
one sequence of a regularly recurring 
succession of events or phenomena is com- 
pleted. Webster 3d. h. A series of changes, 
usually but not necessarily, leading back 
to the starting point. Webster 3d. i. The 
period in which a continent or any part of 
it is reduced from its initial form of uplift 
to base level. The time necessary to wear 
down a land and deposit its waste under 


the bordering sea. A.G.I. j. A periodic ~ 


repetition of a phenomenon. In enamels, 
refers to the time required to load, fire, 
and unload a charge in a furnace or 
smelter. Enam. Dict. k. In _ open-pot 
practice (glass), the time between the 
first fill of batch and the casting. ASTM 














cycle, igneous 


C162-66. 1. A cycle is the complete se- 
quence of values of a periodic quantity 
that occurs within one period. H&G. 


!| cycle, igneous. The usual sequence of igne- 


ous events. First there are lava flows, 
then large intrusions, and finally dikes. 
A.G.I. 


| eycle of denudation. The alternate uplifting 


and wearing down by erosion, together 
constitute a cycle of denudation; from 
base level back to base level. Compare 
cycle of erosion. A.G_I. 


|}. cycle of erosion. a. The complete series of 


changes or stages through which a land- 





mass passes from the inception of erosion 
on a newly uplifted or exposed surface 
through its dissection into mountains and 
valleys to the final stage when it is worn 
down to the level of the sea or to some 
other base level. The cycle is usually sub- 
divided into youthful, mature, and old- 
age stages. One type or many types of 
erosion may be involved, and the land- 
forms produced and destroyed depend to 
a large extent on the climate, geographic 
situation, and geologic structure of the 
landmass. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. 
The sequence of changes in a landscape 
from the start of its erosion by running 
water, waves and currents, or glaciers 
until it has been reduced to the base level 
of erosion which limits the activity of 
the agents concerned. Also called the 
geomorphic cycle. Webster 3d. 

cycle of marine erosion. See shoreline cycle. 
Schieferdecker. 

cycle of operations. In mining operations, 
such as tunnel driving, shaft sinking, and 
coal winning, there are certain tasks which 
must be repeated in cyclic fashion. In 
tunnel driving, they are (1) drilling the 
round; (2) charging and firing; (3) 
loading; and (4) supporting and track 
extension. This cycle of operations is time 
analyzed to achieve maximum efficiency 
and speed. For longwall face work, see 
cycle mining. Nelson, 

cycle of sedimentation. a. A sequence of 
related processes and conditions repeated 
in the same order that is recorded in a 
sedimentary deposit. A.G.I. Supp. b. The 
cycle of sediment formation, transporta- 
tion, and deposition. A.G.J. Supp. 

cycle skipping. An instrumental phenomenon 
occurring in acoustic velocity logs. Very 
briefly, it consists of intervals where the 
velocity recorded drops sharply to very 
low values and, equally sharply, returns 
to a normal scale figure. Such a log is 
spiky. Wyllie, pp. 144, 182. 

cycle time. The time required for the dipper 
of a mechanical shovel to push through 
the bank and fill, swing to the haul unit, 
unload, and swing back to the digging 
position. Cycle time is established under 
standard conditions of a 90° angle of 
swing and with an optimum depth of cut. 
Carson, p. 46. 

cyclic. Applied to any action or process that 
after going through a certain course, or 
accomplishing a definite order of changes, 
begins again the same course or order, 
and so on indefinitely until some new in- 
fluence stops or changes the action. Fay. 

cyclic mining. A mining system in which 
each shift has a specific task to complete 
on the conveyor face. If the task on any 
shift is not completed in time, the follow- 
ing shifts are disorganized. In general, the 
face is machine cut during the night 
shift, shot-firing and hand-filling of the 





297 


coal occupied the day shift, and the after- 
noon shift was responsible for moving the 
conveyor and roof supports to the new 
line of face. See also conventional machine 
mining; conventional mining. Nelson. 

cyclic surge. In classification, periodic up- 
set of correct separating density of pulp, 
resulting in wrong release of oversize from 
the closed grinding circuit. Pryor, 3. 

cyclic test. In batch testes of small quantities 
of ore during development of method of 
concentration, the retention of selected 
fractions (usually middlings) for admix- 
ture with fresh samples. Purpose is to 
study effect of recycling minerals or solu- 
tions which they may have contaminated; 
also to observe effect of increased con- 
centration of such compounds on the 
process as a whole. Pryor, 3. 

cyclic twin. Composed of parts which appear 
to have been alternately revolved 180° 
upon nonparallel twinning planes. De- 
pending on how many individual parts 
are involved, they are called trillings (3), 
fourlings (4), sixlings (6), and eightlings 
(8). Fay. 

cyclic twinning. The repeated twinning of 
three or more individuals according to 
the same twin law but with the twinning 
axes not parallel. Often simulates a higher 
order of symmetry than that of the un- 
twinned crystal. A.G.I. 

cyclic winding. See automatic cyclic wind- 
ing. Sinclair, V, p. 124. 

cycling. The process of injecting gas, from 
which condensable hydrocarbons have 
been removed, into an oil and gas reservoir 
in order to maintain reservoir pressures and 
thus prevent retrograde condensation and 
loss of such liquids. In recycling, the 
stripped gas is injected repeatedly and 
the recovered vapors are extracted or 
stripped on the surface. A.G.I. 

Cyclo-cell. A trade name for a modified 
form of froth flotation of coal, in which 
agitation is achieved by submerged vortex 
chambers which discharge a high-velocity 
jet of agitation slurry in the form of a 
hollow cone. Air admitted into this spray 
is split into a multitude of uniformly 
minute bubbles which disperse through 
the cell. Many of these washers are used 
in Pennsylvania. Nelson. 

cyclograph. An electronic instrument in 
which the piece of metal to be tested is 
inserted in a coil: which is part of the 
instrument and also part of a tuned cir- 
cuit; the test piece thus becomes the core 
of the coil and produces measurable 
power losses in the tuned circuit which 
are used to produce cathode-ray oscillo- 
grams on screens incorporated in the in- 
strument panel. The changes in the pat- 
terns produced on the screen, as different 
test pieces are inserted in the coil, indicate 
changes in such properties as case depth, 
core hardness, and carbon content. The 
instrument is particularly useful for sort- 
ing steels according to chemical analysis 
or heat treatment. Osborne. 

cycloidal tooth. A type of gear tooth not 
now in common use. The side of the 
tooth is machined with a compound curve 
as distinguished from the involute tooth 
now in universal use. Crispin. 

cyclone. a. Refers to the conical-shaped ap- 
paratus used in dust collecting operations 
and fine grinding applications. In prin- 
ciple, the cyclone varies the speed of air 
which determines whether a given par- 
ticle will drop through force of gravity or 





cyclosteel 


be carried through friction of the air. 
Enam. Dict. b. A circular blowing ap- 
paratus for separating asbestos fibers from 
the rock after they have been loosened 
by fiberizing. Mersereau, 4th, p. 210. c. A 
classifying (or concentrating) separator 
into which pulp is fed, so as to take a 
circular path. Coarser and heavier frac- 
tions of solids report at apex of long cone 
while finer particles overflow from central 
vortex. Also called hydrocyclone. Pryor, 
4. See also cyclone washer; centrifugal 
separation; centrifuge. 

cyclone angle. Included angle of conical sec- 
tion of hydrocyclone. Pryor, 3. 

cyclone classifier. A device for classification 
by centrifugal means of fine particles sus- 
pended in water, whereby the coarser 
grains collect at and are discharged from 
the apex of the vessel, while the finer par- 
ticles are eliminated with the bulk of the 
water at the discharge orifice. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 

cyclone dust collector. An apparatus for 
the separation by centrifugal means of 
fine particles suspended in air or gas. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. 

cyclone furnace. A forced circulation heat 
treatment furnace. The gas circulates at 
the rate of 176 feet per minute. The 
furnace is designed to operate at a maxi- 
mum temperature of 760° C. and is either 
gas fired or electrically heated. Osborne. 

cyclone overflow. A finer classified fraction, 
which leaves via vortex finder of hydro- 
cyclone. Pryor, 3. 

cyclone separator. A funnel-shaped device 
for removing material from an airstream 
by centrifugal force. ASM Gloss. 

cyclone size. Diameter of cylindrical section 
of hydrocyclone. Also of inlet orifice diam- 
eter if round; dimensions or area in square 
inches if rectangle. Pryor, 3. 

cyclone underflow. A coarser sized fraction 
which leaves via apex aperture of hydro- 
cyclone. Pryor, 3. 

cyclone washer. Cyclone washing of small 
coal originates from the Netherlands. 
Clean separation is effected with the aid 
of centrifugal force. The heavier shale 
particles move to the wall of the cyclone 
and are eventually discharged at the bot- 
tom while the lighter coal particles are 
swept towards the central vortex and are 
discharged through an outlet at the top. 
The washer may be used for cleaning coal 
up to three-fourths of an inch. The coal 
is normally de-slimed at about 0.5 milli- 
meter before cleaning. The separating 
medium is water and ground magnetite, 
the bulk of which is recovered and re- 
turned to the circuit. A 20-inch cyclone 
has a feed capacity of about 50 tons per 
hour of coal sized between one-half inch 
and one-half millimeter. See also cen- 
trifugal separation. Nelson. 

cyclonite. White; crystalline; (CHe)3Ns- 
(NOz)3; a cyclic molecule; specific grav- 
ity, 1.82 (at 20° C); soluble in acetone; 
insoluble in water, in alcohol, in carbon 
tetrachloride, and in carbon disulfide; 
and slightly soluble in methanol and in 
ether. A very powerful explosive, 1.5 
times as powerful as TNT. CCD 6d, 1961. 

cyclopean stone. Blocks of hard unfractured 
rock at least 4 feet in smallest diameter 
suitable for constructing breakwaters. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

cyclops agate. An eye agate with but one 
eye. Shipley. 

cyclosteel. Steel produced by blowing iron- 


cyclothem 


ore powder. into a hot gas. C.T.D. Supp. 


cyclothem. A series of beds deposited dur- 


ing a single sedimentary cycle of the type 
that prevailed during the Pennsylvanian 
period. The cyclothem, which ideally con- 
sists of 10 members (in western Illinois, 
the fifth member is a coal layer), indicates 
an unstable coastal environment in which 
marine submergence and emergence oc- 
curred. A cyclothem ranks as a formation 


in the scale of stratigraphic nomenclature. 
A.G.I. 


cyclotron. A particle accelerator in which 


charged particles receive repeated syn- 
chronized accelerations or kicks by elec- 
trical fields as the particles spiral outward 
from their source. The particles are kept 
in the spiral by a powerful magnet. L@L. 


cylinder. In hydraulic systems, a hollow 


cylinder of metal, containing a piston, 
piston rod, and end seals, and fitted with 
a port or ports to allow entrance and exit 


of fluid. Nichols, 2. 


cylinder bushing. Different bore-size metal 


sleeves replacing the liners in a pump 
pressure cylinder, thereby changing pump 
delivery from low pressure with high vol- 
ume to a higher pressure with lower 
volume, or vice versa. Compare pump 
liner. Long. 

cylinder clearance. The volume remaining 
between the head of a piston and the end 
of the enclosing cylinder with the piston 
at the end of the stroke. In steam engines 
the clearance is the lineal distance be- 
tween the piston and the cylinder head. 
Long. 

cylinder cuts. In cylinder cuts the blasting 
is performed towards an empty hole in 
such a way that as the charges in the 
first, second, and subsequent holes deto- 
nate, the broken rock is thrown out of 
the cut. The opening is successively and 
uniformly (cylindrically) enlarged in its 
entire length. Langefors, p. 230. 

cylinder displacement. The volume swept 
out of a cylinder in one working stroke 
of the piston. Long. 

cylinder, graduated. a. A carefully gradu- 
ated glass cylinder used for measuring the 
volume of liquids in the laboratory. Shell 
Oil Co. b. It is used in sedimentary 
petrography in particle-size analyses for 
determining the settling times and the 
equivalent spherical diameters of micro- 
scopic and _ submicroscopic (colloidal) 
mineral particles suspended in a fluid 
medium that are settling according to 
Stokes’ law. The fluid medium is usually 
water or a dilute aqueous solution. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

cylinder liner. A replaceable tubular insert 
lining the pressure cylinder of a piston 
pump or the cylinder of a reciprocating 
engine. Compare cylinder bushing. Long. 
cylinder man. One who bakes lime bricks 
and cinder blocks in steam-pressure cyl- 
inders to hasten chemical reaction of 
hardening. D.O.T. 1. 


cylinder oil. Mixture of mineral oil with 5 


to 15 percent of animal or vegetable oils. 
Crispin. 

cylinder penetration test. This is similar to 
the California bearing ratio test as origi- 
nally developed by Porter in 1938 for the 
design of highway pavement thickness, 
but is used in particular relation to sta- 
bilized soils. Ham. 

cylinder process. A process for manufacture 
of window glass wherein molten glass is 
blown and drawn into the form of a 





298 


cylinder, which is subsequently split longi- 
tudinally, reheated in a flattening kiln, 
and flattened. ASTM C162-66. 

cylinder wheel. A grinding wheel with a 
comparatively large hole, typically several 
inches in height, used in surface grinding 
where work is done by the side rather 
than the peripheral surface of the wheel. 
ACSG, 1963. 

cylindrical drum. See parallel drum. Nelson. 

cylindrical grinding. Grinding the outer sur- 
face of a part that rotates on centers or in 
a chuck. See also index feed. ACSG, 1963. 

cylndrical Iand. Land having zero relief. 
ASM Gloss. 

cylindrical map projection. A map projection 
produced by projecting the geographic 
meridians and parallels onto a cylinder 
which is tangent to (or intersects) the 
surface of a sphere, and then developing 
the cylinder into a plane. A.G_I. 

cylindrical mill. Same as tube mill. Stoces, 
uv. 1, p. 583. 

cylindrical screen feeder. One type of feeder 
for plastic clay. It consists of a vertical 
cylindrical screen through which clay is 
forced by blades fixed to a vertical shaft 
that rotates within the cylinder. This ma- 
chine not only feeds, but also mixes and 
shreds the clay. Dodd. 

cylindrical structures; sandstone pipes. Ver- 
tical structures in sandstones, a few cen- 
timeters to several decimeters in diameter 
and several or more decimeters in length, 
with structureless interiors, attributed to 
rising water columns or spring channels. 
Pettijohn. 

cylindrite. A blackish lead-gray, sulfostan- 
nate and sulfoantimonate of lead, PbsSn.- 
SbeSuu. In cylindrical forms separating 
under pressure into distinct shells or folia. 
Massive. From Poopo, Bolivia. English; 
Dana 7, v. 1, p. 482. 

cylindroconical drum. A combination of a 
cone and a cylinder. The ascending rope 
is wound on the smaller diameter of the 
cone at first, and as the engine reaches 
full speed after the period of acceleration 
the rope is wound on the larger cylindrical 
part. For deep shafts the rope is wound 
back on itself for the last part of the 
hoisting period, thus reducing the width 
of the drum. Lewis, p. 244. See also bi- 
cylindoconical drum. 

cymogene. This term is archaic and should 
not be used. ASTM D288-57. 

cymoid loop. The splitting of a vein along 
its dip or strike into two branches, both 
of which curve away from the general 
trend and then unite to resume a direc- 
tion parallel to but not in line with the 
original trend. See also cymoid structure. 
A.G.I, 

cymoid structure. A vein, or a vein-shaped 
structure, shaped like a reverse curve. See 
also cymoid loop, A.G.I. 

cymophane. Synonym for cat’s-eye. See 
chrysoberyl. Dana 17. 

cymrite. Barium aluminum silicate, Ba- 
A1Sis0s(OH), as hexagonal crystals from 
the Benallt manganese mine, Wales. 
Named from Cymru, the Welsh name for 
Wales. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

cyprine. A variety of vesuvianite or idocrase, 
of a blue tint, which is supposed to be 
due to copper. Fay. 

cypritic steel. A steel containing approxi- 
mately 15 percent chromium and 9 per- 
cent copper. It is claimed to be resistant 
to corrosion in the atmosphere and tap 
water, but its corrosion-resistant properties 








d 


are inferior to the conventional austenitic 
chromium-nickel steels of the 18/8 type. 
Osborne. 

cyrilovite. Brown tetragonal crystals, 4Fe2Os.- 
3P.0;.514H2O, in pegmatite from Cyrilov, 
Moravia. Named from locality. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955. 

cyrotolite. A yellowish to brownish mineral 
containing zirconia, yttria, ceria, and 
other rare earths; also contains appreci- 
able amounts of uranium and thorium. 
Found in pegmatites. Sanford; Crosby, p. 
88. 


cyst pearl. True pearl, which occurs in a sac 
or pouch within the tissues of a mollusc 
as distinguished from pearl which forms 
outside of the tissues or mantle, such as 
blister pearl, which is not a true pearl. 
Shipley. 

Czochralski’s reagent. An etchant for irom 
or steel, consisting of a solution of 10 to 
20 percent ammonium persulfate in water. 
Osborne. 

Czochralski technique. A method of growing 
single crystals of refractory oxides, and 
of other compounds, by pulling from the 
pure melt; the compound must melt con- 
gruently. Dodd. 


D 


d a. Abbreviation for density. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. b. Abbreviation for. specific 
volume. Zimmerman, p. 100. c. Abbrevia- 
tion for dyne. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 
d. Abbreviation for deuteron. Webster 3d. 
e. Abbreviation for daughter of a radio- 
active element. Webster 3d. f. Abbrevia- 
tion for derivative or differential coeffi- 
cient; differential; differential of; for 
example, dx is the differential of x. Zim- 
merman, p. 132. g. Abbreviation for the 
prefix deci-, which indicates that the basic 
unit that follows is multiplied by one-tenth 
or by 107%. Zimmerman, p. 33. h. sym- 
bol for the spacing between successive 
identical planes in a crystal lattice. The 
list of d values obtained by X-ray methods 
is characteristic for each crystalline sub- 
stance and is used for mineral identifica- 
tion. A.G.J. i. Abbreviation for decom- 
poses. Handbook for Chemistry and Phys- 
tes, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-97. j. Abbrevia- 
tion for per unit of weight. Zimmerman, 
p. 119. k. Abbreviation for penny referring 
to a troy weight. Zimmerman, p. 80. 1. 
Abbreviation for degree; dimensional. 
Webster 3d. m. Abbreviation for distance. 
Zimmerman, p. 37. n. Abbreviation for 
day. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-97. o. Abbreviation 
for dam, date, division, double. Webster 3d. 
p. Abbreviation for drizzle; drizzling. Zim- 
merman, p. 424. q. As a subscript, the 
symbol for dissolution. Zimmerman, p. 172. 
r. As a subscript, the symbol for dilution. 
Zimmerman, p. 172. s. The symbol for 
intreplanar distance in Bragg’s law (nA = 
2dsing, in which n is any integer, \ is the 
wavelength of the X-ray beam, and @ is 
the angle between the incident or the re- 
flected X-ray beam and the diffracting 
planes of the crystal). The distance ex- 
pressed by d is also called the spacing of 
the Bragg planes in a crystal; the crystal 
plane separation; the spacing between suc- 
cessive identical planes in a crystal struc- 
ture; or the d-spacing. The list of d values 
with the relative intensities of the corre- 
sponding spectra obtained by X-ray diffrac- 

















d 


tion methods is unique for each substance 
and is used to identify unknown minerals 
and other substances. Bureau of Mines 
| Staff; A.GI. 

da. Symbol for density. Zimmerman, p. 169. 
|b. Symbol for interplanar distance in 
Bragg’s law; spacing of Bragg planes in a 
crystal. Zimmerman, pp. 151, 152, 158, 
162, 165. c. Symbol for distance between 
corresponding points of a grating or for 
grating space. Zimmerman, pp. 154, 157. 
d. Symbol for dextro-; dextrorotary. See 
also d-. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. C-74, F-97. 
e. Symbol for differential operator. Zim- 
merman, p. 145. f. Symbol for diameter. 
Zimmerman, p. 169. g. Symbol for dis- 
tance. Zimmerman, p. 169. h. Symbol for 
distance between lens units in an optical 
system. Zimmerman, p. 154. 

\\i\d- a. Abbreviated prefix meaning dextro- 
rotatory or dextrorotary. Usually printed 
in italic; for example, d-tartaric acid. 
Webster 3d. b. Abbreviated prefix which 
generally, and according to convention, 
refers to optical rotation (dextrorotatory 
or dextrorotary), but which is sometimes 
used to refer to dextral molecular con- 
figuration, for which the capital letter D-, 
or the small capital letter p, is ordinarily 
reserved. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. C.-74, F-97; 
Webster 3d. c. Lowercase d- and l- mean 
dextrorotatory and levorotatory, respec- 
tively, but the symbolic prefixes (-++)- and 
(—)- are preferred for these. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

'D a. Symbol for deuterium or hydrogen 2. 
Webster 3d. b. Symbol for Devonian. USGS 
Sugg., p. 86. c. Abbreviation for density 
and in parentheses, as (D), a symbol for 
density. Zimmerman, pp. 34, 160. d. 
Symbol for derivative for differential co- 
efficient; for example, Dxy is the deriva- 
tive of y with respect to x. Zimmerman, 
pp. 34, 132. e. As & subscript, the symbol 
for a line in the spectrum of sodium and 
for sodium light; for example nj,” is the 
symbol for the index of refraction at 20° 
C in sodium light. Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-74. f. 
Symbol for diffusion coefficient and with 
subscript v, as Dy, the symbol for diffusivity 
of vapor. Zimmerman, p. 36. g. Abbrevia- 
tion for diameter. Also abbreviated d. 
Zimmerman, p. 35. h. Symbol for distilla- 
tion rate. Zimmerman, p. 37. i. Symbol for 
diopter. Zimmerman, p. 36. j. Symbol for 
electric flux density; dielectric flux den- 
sity; displacement flux density; electric 
induction density; electric displacement; 
electric flux displacement; flux density dis- 
placement. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmer- 
man, pp. 153, 154, 156, 158, 258. k. 
Abbreviation for drop. Zimmerman, p. 
202. |. Abbreviation for double. Zimmer- 
man, p. 214. m. Abbreviation for day. 
Zimmerman, p. 33. n. Abbreviation for 
dust. Zimmerman, p. 440. o. Abbreviation 
for descend; descending. Zimmerman, p. 
384. p. Roman numeral for 500, and over- 
scored as D, the Roman numeral for 
500,000. Zimmerman, p. 128. 

| D a. Symbol for density. Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98. 
b. Symbol for diameter. Zimmerman, p. 
145. c. Symbol for distillation rate. Zim- 
merman, p. 148. d. Symbol for coefficient 
of diffusion of, a fluid and with subscript 
v, as D,, the symbol for the diffusivity of 








299 


vapor. Zimmerman, pp. 145, 153. e. Sym- 
bol for optical density; optical attenu- 
ation. Zimmerman, pp, 153, 161. f. Sym- 
bol for the power of a lens system; 
refracting power. Zimmerman, p. 162. g. 
Symbol for the angle of minimum devia- 
fons angular dispersion. Zimmerman, p. 

D- a. Symbol for the abbreviated prefix in- 
dicating dextral or dextro-, meaning on or 
toward the right. Having a similar con- 
figuration at a selected asymmetric carbon 
atom in an optically active molecule to 
the configuration of dextrorotatory glyc- 
eraldehyde (D-glyceraldehyde). The D 
is usually printed in italic, as D or as a 
small capital letter D; for example, D- 
fructose. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-74; Webster 
3d. b. A prefix signifying the stereoiso- 
meric form of an organic substance. It 
means that the substance has been cor- 
related with the structure of D-glycer- 
aldehyde or L-glyceraldehyde. However, 
for amino acids, D- or L- refers to the 
configuration of the lowest numbered 
asymmetric center (alpha-carbon atom), 
whereas for carbohydrates it refers to the 
configuration of the highest numbered 
asymmetric center. Lowercase d- and I[- 
mean dextrorotatory and_ levorotatory, 
respectively, but the symbolic prefixes 
(+)- and (—)- are preferred for these. 
CCD 6d, 1961. c. Symbol generally refers 
to dextral molecular configuration accord- 
ing to convention, but sometimes it refers 
to optical rotation (dextrorotatory or dex- 
trorotary) for which d- is ordinarily re- 
served. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-74. 

dab sampling. Same as spot sampling. Sin- 
clair, I, p. 255. 

dachiardite. a. A white to colorless mono- 
clinic zeolite, a hydrous silicate of potas- 
sium, sodium, calcium, and aluminum, 
with some strontium and very small quan- 
ties of cesium and rubidium, (Na»,K2,Ca) 5- 
Al,(SisO3)9, from a pegmatite at San 
Piero, Elba. Also called achiardite; zeolite 
mimetica. Hess; English. b. A new anal- 
ysis corresponds to the formula 
(Ke,Nas,Ca) 2.5 (A15Si19Os ) .14H:O. Dichi- 
ardite is therefore a dimorph of mor- 
denite. American Mineralogist, c. 46, No. 
5-6, May-June 1961, p. 769. 

Dacian. Lower Upper Pliocene. A.G.I. Supp. 

dacite. The extrusive equivalent of quartz 
diorite (tonalite). The principal minerals 
are plagioclase (andesine and oligoclase), 
quartz, phroxene or hornblende or both, 
minor biotite, and minor sanidine. All 
these minerals may occur as phenocrysts 
in a glassy or finely crystalline groundmass 
of alkalic feldspar and silica minerals. 
Biotite, sanidine, and hornblende are more 
prominent in rocks transitional into quartz 
latite and rhyodacite. A.G.I. 

dacitoid. A volcanic rock having the chem- 
ical composition of dacite but free from 
modal quartz. Holmes, 1928. 

dacker. Eng. Insufficient ventilation of a 
mine; dead air. Fay. 

dacker of wind. Derb. Poor ventilation in 
a mine. Fay. 

dactylite. A symplectite in which one of the 
minerals projects fingerlike into the second 
mineral. Schieferdecker. 

dactylitic. A textural term applied to finger- 
like projections from a continuous crystal, 
for example, fingers of biotite and the in- 
tercalated quartz between them, together 





daily manning sheet 


forming a symplectite. Holmes, 1928. 
dactylotype. A textural term applied by 
Shand in 1906 to the intergrowth of 
sodalite with orthoclase in borolanite and 
its associates. The sodalite has been altered 
to pinitic mica and appears in threadlike 
or vermicular aggregates closely packed in 
a matrix of orthoclase. Holmes, 1928. 
dactylotype intergrowth. A mineral inter- 
growth in which thin successive layers re- 
semble a fingerprint pattern, as in some 
orthoclase-nepheline intergrowths. Hess. 

dad. N. of Eng. In coal mining, to mix 
(firedamp) with atmospheric air to such 
an extent that the mixture is incapable of 
exploding. Also called dash. Fay. 

dadding. The circulation, control, and _ util- 
ization of air produced by the fan to ven- 
tilate the mine workings. See also circula- 
tion of air. Nelson. 

Daelen mill. An early type of universal roll- 
ing mill provided with both vertical and 
horizontal rolls so that a part could be 
rolled on all sides in one operation. Os- 
borne. 

Daeves’s reagent. An etchant used to dis- 
tinguish carbides in chromium steels and 
tungstides in high speed steels. The solu- 
tion contains 20 grams of potassium ferri- 
cyanide and 10 grams of potassium hy- 
droxide in 100 milliliters of water. In the 
cold it etches carbides in chrome steels 
and tungstides in about 20 seconds but 
about 5 minutes in boiling solution is re- 
quired to color cementite. Osborne. 

dag. a. Aust. A system whereby the earn- 
ings of members of the Coal miners’ Fed- 
eration are practically equalized. Compare 
darg. Fay. b. Corn. Hand ax. Pryor, 3. 
c. Corn. Deflocculated Acheson graphite 
used in aquadag, oil dag, etc. Pryor, 3. 

dagger. Ark. A t-shaped iron about 4 feet 
long, used to force an auger into hard 
coal. The point is placed in a hole dug 
in the floor while the miner drilling the 
hole presses his breast against the crossbar. 
The end of the auger fits into any one of 
a number of recesses in the stem of the 
dagger. Fay. 

Dagner condenser. A series of muffle-shaped 
pipes through which distilled zinc is passed 
for condensation. Fay. 

dahamite. A name derived from Dahamis, on 
the island of Socotra, and given by Pelikan 
to a brown dike rock, having a compact 
texture and red phenocrysts of tabular 
albite or albite-oligoclase. The mineral- 
ogical composition obtained by recasting 
an analysis was 43.8 percent albite, 2.8 
percent anorthite, 12.2 percent orthoclase, 
31.5 percent quartz, and 6.8 percent 
riebeckite. The rock appears to be a 
variety of paisanite. Fay. 

dahlite. A carbonate-apatite mineral, or asso- 
ciation, occurring as concretionary spher- 
ulites. Pettijohn, 2d, 1957, p. 202. 

dahllite. A resinous yellowish white hydrous 
calcium phosphate and carbonate, 2 
CasPsO0s.CaCOs.%2H2O; contains 39 per- 
cent P2Os; H. 5; G. 3.053. Hess. 

Dahlstrom’s Formula. Classification through 
the hydrocyclone. Pryor, 3. 

daily manning sheet. A sheet which informs 
the mine manager, on a daily basis, exactly 
where his men are working on every shift; 
which jobs are manned and which are 
not; what output and O.M.S. is achieved; 
what overtime is worked; what allowances 
have been agreed, and what is the approxi- 
mate daily labor cost for each district and 


daily report 


for the mine. See also manpower deploy- 
ment chart. Nelson. 

daily report. See boring journal. Fay. 

Dakota WC3. An aircraft equipped for car- 
rying out airborne mineralogical searches. 
The equipment includes 35 millimeter 
cinecamera: magnetometer, scintillation 
counter, and electromagnetic detector. All 
instruments are used simultaneously dur- 
ing a survey. The camera provides a con- 
tinuous photographic coverage of the sur- 
vey country. The crew consists of four 
men: pilot, navigator, and two techni- 
cians. See also geophysical prospecting. 
Nelson. 

Dakotan. Lower Upper Cretaceous. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

dale. a. Scot. A measure by which coal 
was formerly sold in the east of Scotland. 
Fay. b. A river valley running between 
hills or through high land. Synonym for 
valley. Webster 3d. 

dalk. See dauk. Arkell. 

dalles. A plural noun from the French plural 
of dalle meaning gutter. The rapids in a 
river confined between the walls of a can- 
yon or a gorge. Also, the nearly vertical 
walls of a canyon or a gorge, usually con- 
taining a rapid. Locally used in the north- 
western United States. Webster 3d; A.G.I. 

Dalmation-type of coast. A drowned longi- 
tudinal coast, the mountain ranges of 
which have become islands, whereas the 
longitudinal and transverse valleys have 
become straits. Schieferdecker. 

Dalton’s law. a. In a mixture of gases, the 
total pressure is equal to the sum of the 
pressures that the gases would exert sepa- 
rately. Standard, 1964. b. See law of mul- 
tiple proportions. C.T.D. 

dalyite. Potassium zirconium silicate, KsZr- 
SicOis, triclinic, from Ascension Island, At- 
lantic Ocean. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

dam. a. A barrier to keep foul air or water, 
from mine workings. See also stopping; 
bulkhead. Fay. b. A retaining wall or bank 
for water, C.T.D. c. An airtight barrier to 
isolate underground workings which are 
on fire. C.T.D. d. A concrete seal or stop- 
ping built underground to prevent an in- 
rush of water. The dam is keyed into 
solid ground and may be constructed with 
steel doors to give access for small mine 
cars. Nelson. e. A barrier to confine or 
raise water for storage or diversion or to 
create an hydraulic head. Seelye, 1. f. An 
obstruction, generally artificial, across a 
stream channel that serves to form a pond 
or a lake. A.G.I. Supp. g. A barrier pre- 
venting the flow of water. Especially a 
barrier (As a bank of earth or a wall of 
masonry or wood) built across a water- 
course to confine and to keep back flow- 
ing water. Webster 3d. h. A body of water 
confined or held by a dam (as a mill- 
pond or a reservoir). Webster 3d. i. The 
wall of refractory material, forming the 
front of the forehearth of a blast furnace, 
which is built on the inside of a support- 
ing iron plate (dam plate). Iron is tapped 
through a hole in the dam, and cinder 
through a notch in the top of the dam. 
See also Lurmann front. Fay. 

damaged-ground rent. Eng. Usually double 
agricultural rent for land occupied by en- 
gines, heapstead, shops, houses, railways, 
etc. Fay. 

damaging stress. The least unit stress, of a 
given kind and for a given material and 
condition of service, that will render a 








300 


member unfit for service before the end 
of its normal life. It may do this by pro- 
ducing excessive set, or by causing creep 
to occur at an excessive rate, or by caus- 
ing fatigue cracking, excessive strain hard- 
ening, or rupture. Ro. 

damask. The etched or watered surface pro- 
duced on polished (welded) steel by cor- 
rosion. Fay. 

dam gradation. Synonym for contragradation, 
AGI. 

damkjernite. An igneous dike rock from the 
Fen region of southern Norway. Possibly 
a variety of tjosite. Contains 32 percent 
pyroxene, 23 percent biotite, 16 percent 
nepheline, 8 percent epidote, 6 percent 
orthoclase, 4 percent magnetite, 2 percent 
titanite, 2 percent calcite, and 1 percent 
apatite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 277. 

damourite. A hydrous muscovite. Fay. 

damourite schist. A schistose metamorphic 
rock composed largely or entirely of da- 
mourite. Fay. 

damouritization. The process by which the 
feldspars and other aluminous silicates of 
a rock are transformed into damourite (a 
variety of muscovite). Ordinarily referred 
to as sericitization. Holmes, 1928. 

damp. Any mine gas, or mixture of gases, 
particularly those deficient in oxygen. Damp 
is probably derived from the German 
dampf, meaning a fog or vapor. See also 
afterdamp; blackdamp; chokedamp; fire- 
damp; stinkdamp, white damp. Nelson. 

damp course. A course or layer of impervious 
material in a wall or floor to prevent the 
entrance of moisture from the ground or 
a lower course by capillarity. ACSG. 

damped. Eng. Suffocated by gas or foul air 
in a mine. Fay. 

damped balance. Has magnets or air dash- 
pots to oppose beam oscillation and bring it 
to rest rapidly. Pryor, 3. 

dampener. a. A mechanical modulating de- 
vice used to reduce deleterious effect of 
sharp line-pressure fluctuations on pres- 
sure gages. Also called damper; gage 
saver, Long. b. A resilient material having 
the ability to absorb vibrations. Long. 

damper. a. A mass of metal, or a short-cir- 
cuited winding, placed on a machine in 
such a way as to tend to oppose any 
changes in the angular velocity, that is, 
to prevent hunting. It is also sometimes 
used on the moving part of an indicating 
instrument. C.T.D. b. An adjustable iron 
plate or shutter fitted across a boiler flue 
to regulate the draft. C.T.D.c. A device 
for damping out torsional vibration in an 
engine crankshaft, the energy of vibration 
being dissipated frictionally within the 
damper. C.T.D. d. A mechanical modu- 
lating device. See also dampener, a. Long. 

damper man. In the coke products industry, 
a laborer who regulates dampers of pipes 
leading to coke ovens. D.O.T. 1. 

damping. a. In seismology, a resistance, con- 
trary to friction, independent of the nature 
of the contacting surface. Being propor- 
tional to the speed of motion, it diminishes 
with the latter to nothing. Schieferdecker. 
b. A force opposing vibration, damping 
acts to decrease the amplitudes of succes- 
sive free vibrations. Damping may result 
from internal friction within the system, 
from air resistance, or from mechanical 
or magnetic absorbers. A.G.I. Compare 
attenuation. 

damping capacity. The ability of a metal to 
absorb vibration (cyclical stresses) by in- 








dancer rolls 


ternal friction, converting the mechanical] | 


energy into heat. ASM Gloss. 

damping constant. In damped seismographs 
this term is by definition equal to one-half 
the ratio of the damping resistance (force 


per unit velocity) to the moving mass. It | 


has the dimensions of a frequency. A.G.I. 
damping down. In pyrometallurgy, reduction 
of air supply to a furnace, to lower temper- 
ature or reduce working rate. Pryor, 3. 
damping factor. The ratio of the damped 
and the undamped frequency of a seismo- 
graph or seismometer. A.G.I. 


damping ratio. a. The damping ratio for a 


system with viscous damping is the ratio 
of actual damping coefficient to the criti- 
cal damping coefficient. H&G. b. The 
ratio of two equiphase peak amplitudes 


within one period of a damped seismograph | 


or seismometer. The ratio is always greater 


than unity since the greater amplitude is | 


divided by the 


A Gels 


succeeding amplitude. 


damping ropes. A term sometimes applied | 


to rubbing ropes. Nelson. 

dam plate. In a blast furnace, the cast-iron 
plate which supports the dam or dam stone 
in front. See also dam. Fay. 

damposcope. Scot. An instrument invented 
by Professor Forbes, Glasgow, for detecting 
firedamp. Fay. 

dampproofing. The treating of a wall with 
some impervious material to prevent 
moisture from oozing through. Grispin. 

damp sheet. S. Staff. A large sheet placed 
as a curtain or partition across a gate road 
to stop and turn an air current. Fay 

dampy. Mid. Mine air mixed with so much 
carbonic-acid gas as to cause the lights 
to burn badly or to go out. Fay. 

dam shale. A Scottish oil shale. Fay. 

damsite testing. Boreholes drilled to deter- 
mine petrological and structural features 
of the rock or overburden materials at or 
near the area on which the foundations 
of a dam will rest. Long. 

dam stone. The wall of firebrick or stone in- 
closing the front of the hearth in a blast 
furnace. See also dam. Fay. 

dan. a. Mid. A tub or barrel, sometimes 
with and sometimes without wheels, in 
which mine water is conveyed along under- 


ground roadways to the sump or raised to | 


the surface. Fay. b. A small box or sledge 
for carrying coal or waste in a mine. Fay. 
danaite. A variety of mispickel or arseno- 
pyrite, (Fe,Co) AsS, in which 5 to 10 per- 


cent of the iron is replaced by cobalt. | 


Monoclinic. C.M.D.; Dana 17. 
danalite. A vitreoresinous, flesh-red to gray, 


translucent sulfosilicate, (GlFeZnMn)-Sis- | 


OS, crystallizing in the isometric system. 
It is a zinciferous variety of helvite. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

danburite. A mineral, CaBz(SiO.):2, that is 
cut for collectors; transparent to translu- 
cent; dark orange-yellow, yellowish-brown, 
yellowish-brown to colorless, grayish color; 
orthorhombic; Mohs’ hardness, 7 to 7.5; 


specific gravity, 3.0; refractive index, 1.630 | 


to 1.636; phosphoresces reddish when 
heated; fluoresces pale blue. It resembles 


topaz, more in chemical composition and | 


physical properties than in appearance. 
Shipley. 

dancalite. An extrusive igneous rock that is 
an analcite trachyandesite with feldspar 
phenocrysts in a gray-brown groundmass. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 189. 


dancer rolls. Rolls for the control of the rate 








dancer rolls 


of travel of coiled strip through a pickling 
bath in continuous operations. Osborne. 
) dander. Gr. Brit. A piece of slag; a calcined 
cinder. Webster 3d. 
|| dandered coal. Scot. Coal burned by, and 
generally mixed with, trap rock. See also 
natural coke. Fay. 
| dandered rock. Term used among Scottish 
miners for coal altered by an igneous in- 
trusion. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
| dandies. York. A miner’s term for the lower 
| part of a coal seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
| dandy. Staff. A miner’s term for black car- 
bonaceous shale (bass) weathered brown 
between the laminae. It is combustible 
and can be used as an inferior fuel. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 
i danger board. a. A barrier erected by any 
employee to denote a dangerous condi- 
tion in a place, usually marked “‘DAN- 
GER” and which can only be removed at 
an official’s direction. B.C.J. b. (Scot.) A 
board on which notice is given, warning 
|| against entering a dangerous part of the 
mine workings. See also fireboard. Fay. 
| | danger signal. A signal consisting of a board, 
1 shovel, or other material with appropriate 
markings thereon, placed in front of a 
; room or entry containing an explosive 
| mixture of firedamp. Also, a placard to 
| indicate the location of dangerous ma- 
chinery, electric wires, explosives, mine 
openings, etc. Fay. 
I dangler. The flexible electrode used in barrel 
plating to conduct the current to the work. 
ASM Gloss. 
|! Danian. Lowermost Paleocene or uppermost 
Cretaceous. A.G.J. Supp. 
|! Daniell cell. A primary cell with a constant 
electromotive force of about 1.1 volts hav- 
| ing as its electrodes copper in a copper 
sulfate solution and zinc in dilute sulfuric 
acid or zinc sulfate, the two solutions 
being separated by a porous partition. 
Webster, 3d. 
|| Danielson-Lindemann deflection test. A pro- 
cedure for assessing the ability of vitreous 
enamelware to suffer a small degree of 
bending without the enamel cracking. The 
procedure has been standardized by the 
| American Ceramic Society. Dodd. 
|| Danish amber. Amber from the coasts of 
| Denmark. See also Baltic amber. Shipley. 
|| Danish flint pebbles. Pebbles of superior 
hardness, toughness, and uniformity found 
on the shores of Greenland but marketed 
through Denmark. For grinding media, 
they have long been a standard and are 
marketed in sizes ranging from 1 to 8 
|| inches. AIME, p. 14. 
|| danks. Black shale mingled with fine coal. 
| Standard, 1964. 
|| danks’ puddler. A revolving mechanical pud- 
dler. See also puddling. Fay. 
|| dannemorite. A manganiferous member of 
| the cummingtonite-grunerite series from 
Dannemora, Sweden; yellowish-brown to 
greenish-gray, columnar or fibrous; spe- 
cific gravity, 3.4 to 3.5. Dana 6d, p. 386. 
|| Danner process. A mechanical process for 
continuously drawing glass cane or tubing 
from a rotating mandrel. ASTM C162-66. 
| danny. An open crack at the base of the 
| neck of a bottle. Dodd. 
| D’Ansite. A tetrahedral mineral, MgSQu.- 
3NaCl.9Na2SOx; isotropic; probably formed 
in close association with vanthoffite. Amer- 
ican Mineralogist, v. 43, No. 11-12, No- 
} vember-December 1958, p. 1221. 
| dant. a. Eng. In the Newcastle coalfield, 








; 
| 








301 


soft, inferior coal; mineral charcoal. Fay. 
b. Soft sooty coal found in face and back 
slips or cleats; fine slack coal. C.T.D. c. 
See danty coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. d. To re- 
duce, as a metal, to a lower temper. 
Standard, 1964. 

danty. N. of Eng. Disintegrated coal. Fay. 

danty coal; danty metal; dant; dent. Eng. 
Term used among Northumberland and 
Durham mines for soft, sooty coal or coaly 
shale. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

danty metal. See danty coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

daourite. Same as rubellite. Shipley. 

dap. a. A notch cut in a timber to receive 
another timber. Zern. b. See legs. Ken- 
tucky, p. 141. 

dapeche. Coallike organic material of un- 
known nature. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Dapex process. In leaching of uranium ores, 
the stripping of the pregnant or royal 
solution with dialkylphosphoric acid dis- 
solved in kerosine. Pryor, 3. 

daphnite. An iron aluminum silicate. Osborne. 

dapple. External or internal surface irregu- 
larity in a glass container. Dodd. 

darapskite. A hydrous sodium nitrate and sul- 
fate mineral, NaNO;Na2SO.+ H2O. Fay. 

Darby process. A method of carburizing 
open hearth steel which consists of treating 
the molten steel with carbon in the form 
of charcoal, graphite, or coke. Osborne. 

Darco. U.S. Trade name for activated char- 
coal. Hess. 

darcy. A unit of porous permeability in 
physics equal to the permeability of a me- 
dium through which the rate of flow of 
a fluid having one centipoise viscosity 
under a pressure gradient of one atmos- 
phere per centimeter would be one cubic 
centimeter per second per square centi- 
meter cross section. Compare Darcy’s law. 
Webster 3d. 

Darcy’s law. a. A statement in fluid dynam- 
ics: the velocity of flow of a liquid through 
a porous medium due to difference in 
pressure is proportional to the pressure gra- 
dient in the direction of flow. Webster 3d. 
b. Applies to the velocity of the percolation 
of water in saturated soil. It is the product 
of the coefficient of permeability and the 
hydraulic gradient. Ham. 

darg. a. A specified day’s work, usually at 
the coalface. See also stint. Nelson. b. A 
task, or a fixed quantity of coal, agreed 
to be produced per shift for a certain 
price. C.T.D. c. Scot. To work by the 
day. Fay d. Compare dag. Fay. e. A north 
German name for meadow or moor peat 
buried under clay. Tomkeieff, 1954. f. Peat 
formed from marine vegetation. Holmes, 
1928. 

darger. Scot. One who works by the day. 
Standard, 1964. 

dark adaptation. When the eye experiences 
a change in environment the retina alters 
sensitivity to accord with the prevailing 
conditions. If the change is to a higher 
brightness level, decrease in retinal sensi- 
tivity is accomplished rapidly, but if the 
change is to a lower level, increase in sen- 
sitivity of the retina takes time. Complete 
adaptation to darkness may reqire from 30 
to 40 minutes, varying for different indi- 
viduals. Roberts, II, p. 84. 

dark-colored mineral. Synonym for dark min- 
eral. A.G.J. Supp. 

dark field illuminator. A device incorporated 
in certain tyeps of inverted metallurgical 
microscopes by means of which the speci- 
mens may be obliquely illuminated on all 








dating 


sides. Osborne. 

dark ground. Indirect illumination of stage 
of microscope, causing objects to be brightly 
displayed by oblique rays against a dark 
background. Pryor, 3. 

dark mineral. Any one of a group of rock- 
forming minerals that are dark-colored 
even in thin section. Synonym for mafite. 
A.GI, Supp. 

Darko. A trade name for a material made 
by carbonizing lignite and pulverizing the 
coke to pass a 60 mesh screen. It is used 
for decolorizing oils, syrups, and other 
liquids. Gasoline and other cleaning liquids 
are treated with darko and caustic soda. 
Hess. 

dark-red heat. Next to the lowest color on 
the color scale, generally given as about 
650° C (1,202° F). Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dark red silver ore. Pyrargyrite. Pryor, 3. 

dark ruby silver. See pyrargyrite. Fay. 

dark sulfur. Crude sulfur containing up to 
1 percent oil or carbonaceous material and 
is dark in color. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 903. 

darlingite. A varietey of lydian stone from 
Victoria, Australia. English. 

darrlinge. Ger. Residue of copper resulting 
from the process of separating silver from 
copper by liquidation. Fay. 

dart valve. A drain for a well bailer that 
opens automatically when rested on the 
ground. Nichols. 

Darwin glass. Tasmanian tektite. A.G.I. Supp. 

darwinite. A misnomer for whitneyite. Dana 
6d, p. 45. 

dash. N. of Eng. See dad. Fay. 

dashing. Eng. Increasing the amount of air 
in mines to prevent explosions of mine 
gases. See also dad. Fay. 

dashpot. a. An appliance for damping out 
vibration, It consists of a piston attached 
to the object to be damped and fitting 
loosely in a cylinder of oil. See also hydra- 
brake retarder. Nelson. b. A similar device 
for closing the valves in a Corliss engine, 
actuated by atmospheric pressure or by a 
contained spring. Webster 2d. 

dasymeter. An instrument for testing the 
density of gases. It consists of a thin glass 
globe, which is weighed in the gas or gases 
under observation, and then in an atmos- 
phere of known density. Osborne. 

data for settlement. Agreed terms on which 
payment for a consignment of mineral is 
made. Pryor, 3. 

dataller. A day wage man in a coal mine, 
for example, engine driver, laborer, pump 
attendant, and sometimes repairers and 
packets. Nelson. 

datalling. Eng. Blowing (blasting ) 
roof in a mine. Fay. 

datal worker. N. of Eng. A _ day-wage 
worker employed in areas up to but not 
at the face, for example, on the haulage. 
Trist. 

data processing. A series of planned actions 
motivated by input signals for a defined 
purpose. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 

datholite. Synonym for datolite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

dating. Any of a variety of methods used to 
determine the age of a naturally occurring 
substance or artifact. When a process is 
known to proceed at a certain rate in a 
material, leading to either the buildup or 
to the loss of a component, the age may 
be determined by an analysis that measures 
the amount of the buildup or loss. These 
processes may be either chemical or nuclear, 
and the latter may be either spontaneous 


down 


dating 


or induced by cosmic rays. Examples of 
the former include the dating of ancient 
bones from the known rate of deposition 
of fluoride in bone when exposed to ground 
waters, and the dating of glass from its 
degree of devitrification. Nuclear methods 
have been uniquely valuable for dating be- 
cause the rates of such processes remain 
unchanged within the range of the ex- 
tremes of conditions found on earth. By 
measuring the quantity of helium or of 
lead in uranium-bearing minerals, the age 
of the substance, or at least the length of 
time that the substance has existed as a 
solid deposit, may be calculated. By infer- 
ence, this same measurement applied to 
the oldest igneous rocks gives an age for 
the earth. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dative bond. See semipolar bond. Pryor, 3. 

datlers. Lanc. Men who work underground, 
and are paid by the day; not contractors. 
Fay. 

datolite. A hydrous silicate of boron and cal- 
cium, CaB(SiO.) (OH); usually in crys- 
tals; monoclinic. The mineral is used as 
a gem. Sanford; Dana 17. 

datolite group. A group of minerals, the spe- 
cies of which are usually regarded as ortho- 
silicates, HR’R”’SiOs or ’gR”2(SiOs) 23 
Ri = Ca, Beyhe, wchieilys. Ri Boron, 
the yttrium (and cerium) metals, etc. All 
of the minerals of this group crystallize in 
the monoclinic system. Hay. 

datum. A point, line, or surface with refer- 
ence to which positions (as elevations) are 
measured or indicated (as a permanent 
bench mark in leveling or mean sea level 
in a topographical survey) ; specifically, the 
mean low-water mark of all tides assumed 
as a basis of reckoning but not admitting 
rigorous scientific determination, Webster 
3d. 

datum level. The level (usually mean sea 
level or the mean level of the nearest con- 
siderable body of water) from which alti- 
tudes are measured in surveys. Weed, 1922. 

datum plane. A horizontal plane used as a 
reference from which to reckon heights or 
depths. H@G. 

datum water level. The level at which water 
is first struck in a shaft sunk on a reef or 
gutter. Zern. 

daub. Eng. Clay mixed with chopped straw, 
used for plastering, Lancashire. Arkell. 

dauberite. Synonym for zippeite. Crosby, p. 62. 

daugh. a. Scot. The floor of a coal seam 
or where holing is done. Nelson. b. Under- 
clay, soft fire clay. Compare dauk. Arkell. 

daughter element. The element formed when 
another element undergoes radioactive de- 
cay. The latter is called the parent, The 
daughter may or may not be radioactive. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

daughter products. Decay products of freshly 
purified and isolated uranium. When all 
daughter elements are present in the same 
amount, no further change takes place in 
the quantity of daughter elements. The 
substance is then in equilibrium. Ballard. 

dauk; dawk; douk. Eng. Tough; compact; 
sandy clay. Fay. 

Dauphine diamond. Rock crystal (quartz). 
Shipley. 

Dauphine law. The law governing a twinning 
observed in the hexagonal system com- 
monly shown by quartz in which two right- 
hand or two left-hand crystals interpene- 
trate after one has revolved 180° about 
the twinning axis. Hess. 

Dauphine twin. See Dauphine law. Hess. 











302 


Dautriche test. See velocity of detonation. 

davainite. A rock consisting essentially of 
brown hornblende which is paramorphic 
after pyroxene, the amount of other min- 
erals, such as feldspar, being small. Holmes, 
1928. 

davidite. A moderately to strongly radioactive 
mineral containing titanium, iron, rare 
earths, uranium, vanadium, and chromium; 
dark brown to brownish-black. Found in 
pegmatites associated with quartz, biotite, 
ilmenite, rutile, iron, and copper sulfides. 
Also found in hypersthene gabbro and an- 
orthosite accompanied by scapolite, quartz, 
calcite, molybdenite, rutile, sphene, and 
tourmaline; it is obvious that the minerali- 
zation was introduced into the basic rocks 
by emanations from underlying granites. 
This is the only known occurrence of pri- 
mary uranium minerals in basic rocks. One 
of three known primary uranium ore min- 
erals. Crosby, pp. 70-71; BuMines Bull. 
556. 1956. p. 945. 

davidsonite. A term for greenish-yellow beryl. 
Shipley. 

Davis bit. Synonym for Davis cutter bit. Long. 

Davis calyx drill. A rotary drill similar to the 
diamond core drill except that the annular 
groove is cut either by a steel chisel or by 
a plain hollow rod using chilled shot. 
When the core is of sufficient length to 
be withdrawn, some grit is added to the 
mud flush, which becomes wedged tightly 
between the core and base of the barrel. 
When the rods are raised the core is broken 
off and brought to the surface. Nelson. 

Davis cutter bit. An annular-shaped, saw- 
toothlike bit used on shot drills to cut core 
in soft formations in which shot is. ineffec- 
tive as a cutting medium. Also called Davis 
bit. Long. 

Davis furnace. A long, one-hearth reverbera- 
tory furnace, heated by lateral fireplaces 
for roasting sulfide ore. Fay. 

Davis magnetic tester. An instrument for 
testing the magnetic content of ores and 
for checking the efficiency of wet magnetic 
separators recovering magnetite and ferro- 
silicon in heavy-media processes. It consists 
of an inclined glass tube set between the 
pointed poles of a powerful electromagnet 
or permanent magnet. The ore sample is 
introduced into the water-filled tube and 
agitated to insure thorough washing of the 
arrested magnetics. The unit is continu- 
ously rated, having a power consumption 
of 230 watts, the motor drive being one- 
twentieth of a horsepower. Nelson. 

davisonite. A white hydrous phosphate of cal- 
cium and aluminum, 6CaO.AI]:O3.2P2Os.- 
5HO.; stout fibers forming botryoidal crusts. 
Probably hexagonal. From Fairfield, Utah. 
English. 

Davis Revergen kiln. The word Revergen is 
a trade mark. A gas-fired kiln of the open 
flame type; the flame does not come in 
actual contact with the ware. The com- 
bustion air is preheated by regenecrators 
(hence the name) below the kiln. The 
design was introduced by Davis Gas Stove 
Companay, Ltd., Luton, England; the firm 
has since been absorbed by Gibbons Bros., 
Ltd., Dudley, England. Dodd. 

Davis wheel. A railway tire consisting of a 
soft plate and boss, and a wear resistant 
tread of water toughened manganese steel, 
cast integrally within. Osborne. 

davreuxite. A hydrated mica in narrow plates 
that looks like acicular crystals. Hess. 

Davy lamp. A safety lamp invented by Sir 





day stones 


Humphrey Davy in 1815 for the protection 
of coal miners. Its safety feature consisted 
of a fine-wire gauze inclosing the flame to 
keep it from coming in contact with mine 
gas. Fay. See also flame safety lamp; safety 
lamp. 

Davy man. Newc. The man who trims and 
repairs the Davy lamps. Fay. 

davyne; davina. A colorless to white, trans- 
lucent, vitreous to pearly silicate and car- 
bonate of aluminum and calcium of uncer- 
tain composition but near cancrinite. Hess. 

dawling. Derb. A failing ore body, both in 
quality and quantity. Fay. 

dawsonite. A basic carbonate of aluminum 
and sodium, NasAl(COs)3.2Al(OH)s, oc- 
curring in thin incrustations of white radi- 
ating bladed crystals. Fay. 

Dawson producer. A furnace used for the 
manufacture of producer gas. Fay. 

day. a. A term used to signify the surface; 
for example, driven to day, meaning to 
daylight, therefore to the surface. Fay. b. 
Wales. The surface of the ground over 
a mine. Fay. c. Eng. In the Derbyshire 
coalfield, ore that is found near the sur- 
face. Fay. d. Applied to coal or any useful 
rock found at or very near the surface, for 
example, day coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. e. In 
mining, generally a period of 8 hours for 
work on the three-shift system, or 24 
hours if referring to the output or to ma- 
chinery. C.T.D. 


day coal. The topmost stratum of coal; so 


called from its being nearest to daylight. 
Standard, 1964. 

day drift. An adit, drift, or tunnel ending at 
the surface. Pryor, 3. 


day eyes. In Wales, inclined planes driven ~ 


from the surface to the coalbed. Fay. 

day fall. See crop fall. Fay. 

day hole. Any heading or level in a mine 
communicating with the surface. Fay. 

day level. Scot. A level driven from the sur- 
face; an adit. Fay. 

daylight. a. Synonym for day shift. Long. 


b. When an underground mine working _ 
meets the surface it is said to daylight. | 
Long. c. The maximum clear distance be- — 


tween the pressing surfaces of a hydraulic 
press with the surfaces in their usable open 
position. Where a bolster is supplied, it 
shall be considered the pressing surface. 
See also shut height. ASM Gloss. 

daylight lamps. Artificial daylight lamps are 
either ordinary lamps, but with a special 
blue glass casing, or mercury vapor lamps. 
Considerable use of these lamps is made in 
the enameling industry for such work as 
matching colors, checking production ware 
against standard color samples, etc. Many 
plants and laboratories have standardized 
on daylight lamps for all lighting equip- 
ment. This equipment is particularly valu- 
able on dark or cloudy days. Hansen. 

daylight mine. Scot. A mine or drift extend- 
ing to the surface. Fay. 

dayman. A coal mine employee paid by the 
day as distinguished from those paid by 
the piece, or by contract. Also called com- 
pany man. Fay. 

day pair. Corn. Miners who work under- 
ground during the day; the day shift. Fay. 

day shift. A group of drillers, miners, or 
laborers, who work during the daylight 
hours. Also called daylight. Long. 


dayside. Corn. The upper side. Bureau of | 


Mines Staff. 


day stones. Loose stones on the surface. 


Arkell, 















| 





day tank 


day tank. A periodic melting unit, usually de- 


signed to be emptied by each day of hand 
gathering. ASTM C162-66. 


I day wage. A fixed rate of wages per shift, of 


so many hours, irrespective of the amount 
of work done. The day wage system applies 
to men on varied work which is not amen- 
able to piecework. Nelson. Also called day- 
work ; company work. Pryor, 3. 


| day water. Surface water. Webster 2d. 
} | daywork. All work other than that done by 


the piece or contract, such as repairing 
roads, handling cars, etc. Also called com- 
pany work and does not include work for 
which the men are paid by the month. 
Work performed by daymen. Fay. 


| dazed. Eng. Timber that is decayed is called 


dazed timber. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 


| dazzling white heat. Division of the color 


scale, generally given as above 1,540° C 
(2,804° F). Bureau of Mines Staff. 


}/db Abbreviation for decibel. BuMin Style 


Guide, p. 59. 


) de Abbreviation for direct current. BuMin 


Style Guide, p. 59. 


de (direct chill) casting. A continuous method 


of making ingots or billets for sheet or 


extrusion by pouring the metal into a short 
mold. The base of the mold is a platform 
that is gradually lowered while the metal 
solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting 
as a retainer for the liquid metal below the 
wall of the mold, The ingot is usually 
cooled by the impingement of water di- 
rectly on the mold or on the walls of the 
solid metal as it is lowered. The length of 
the ingot is limited by the depth to which 
the platform can be lowered; therefore, it 
is often called semicontinuous casting. 


ASM Gloss. 


|| DCL fusion-cast refractory. A fusion-cast re- 


fractory, for example, glass tank block, 
made by a process that largely eliminates 
the cavities liable to occur as a result of 
shrinkage during cooling; the mold is 
L-shaped and is tilted while it is being 
filled so that the shrinkage cavities con- 
centrate in the smaller leg of the L (the 
lug), which is then sawed off and dis- 
carded. DCL = diamond cut lug. Dodd. 


|| D-coal. A maceral made of substances which 


predominate in the durainous bands of 
coal. Applied to the microscopic coal par- 
ticles found in the lungs of miners. Tom- 


keieff, 1954. 


|| Deacidite resins. Trade name of synthetic 


ion-exchange resins. Pryor, 3. 


| deactivation. a. In froth flotation, treatment 


of one or more species of mineral particles 
to reduce their tendency to float; modifica- 
tion of action of activating agent for simi- 
lar purpose. Pryor, 3. b. The process of 
prior removal of the active corrosive con- 
stituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive 
liquid by some chemical means, such as 
the controlled corrosion of expendable 
metal. Henderson. 


(dead. a. Eng. In Cornwall, unventilated. 


Fay. b. Applied to a vein or piece of 
ground, unproductive. Fay. c. Eng. The 
creep, after subsidence or upheaval has 
taken place to the full extent. Fay. d. An 
unproductive mine. Pryor, 3. e. A term 
used to describe wire rope that does not 
spin. Sinclair, V, p. 6. f. Means at, or 
about, zero potential, and disconnected 
from any live system. Nelson. g. Said of 
coal when it is under no pressure, and 
without sound. When such a condition 
exists, it does not warp and burst. Com- 








303 


pare alive, d. Stoces, v. 1, p. 270. 

dead air. a. The air of a mine when it con- 
tains carbonic-acid gas (blackdamp), or 
when ventilation is sluggish, Fay. b. Stag- 
nant air. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

dead annealing. Heating steel to a tempera- 
ture above the critical range, holding at 
that temperature, followed by very slow 
cooling, in order to develop the greatest 
possible commercial softness or ductibility. 
Osborne. 

dead axle. a. A fixed shaft functioning as a 
hinge pin. Nichols. b. A fixed shaft or beam 
on which a wheel revolves. Nichols. 

dead band. In flotation, the range through 
which an input can be varied without initi- 
ating response. Fuerstenau, p. 545. 

dead beds. Unproductive strata or veins as 
opposed to bearing or quick beds. Also 
called dead veins. See also deads; barren 
ground. Arkell. 

dead-burned. a. The state of a basic refrac- 
tory material resulting from a heat treat- 
ment that yields a product resistant to 
atmospheric hydration or recombination 
with carbon dioxide. ASTM C 71-64. b. 
Completely calcined. A.I.S.I. No. 24. 

dead-burned dolomite. A specially sintered or 
double-burned form of dolomitic quicklime, 
which is further stabilized by the addition 
of iron, that is chemically inactive and is 
employed primarily as a refractory for Jin- 
ing open-hearth steel furnaces. Boynton. 

dead-burned magnesia. A sintered product 
consisting mainly of magnesia in the form 
dense weather stable refractory granules. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dead-burned magnesite. The granular prod- 
uct obtained by burning (firing) magnegite 
or other substances convertible to magnesia 
upon heating above 1,450° C long enough 
to form dense, weather-stable granules suit- 
able for use as a refractory or in refractory 
products. ASTM C 71-64. 

dead-burned refractory dolomite. Raw re- 
fractory dolomite that has been heated 
with or without additives to a temperature 
sufficiently high and for a long enough 
time to decompose the carbonate structure 
so as to form calcium oxide and periclase 
in a matrix that provides resistance to sub- 
sequent hydration and recombination with 
carbon dioxide. ASTM C 71-64. 

dead burnt. Calcination of limestone, dolo- 
mite, magnesite to point where associated 
clay vitrifies and reduces slaking quality. 
Pryor, 3. 

dead-burnt plaster. Anhydrous CaSO; made 
by heating plaster for 3 hours at 800° F. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

dead cave. A cave in which the formations 
are dry; a cave in which deposition and 
excavation have ceased, A.G.I. 

dead center. a. Perfectly alined and centered. 
Long. b. A position in which a single- 
cylinder engine cannot start itself because 
the crank arm parallels the centerline of 
the piston and cylinder, a condition that 
may occur when the piston is at either end 
of the stroke. Long. c. A stationary center 
to hold rotating work. ASM Gloss. 

dead chert. Synonym for chalky chert. A.G.I. 

dead coal. a. A Kansas term for a noncoking 
coal mined from strip pits. Fay. b. When 
coal is allowed to stand for a length of 
time, the weieght of the roof on the pillars, 
caused by crush and creep, renders the coal 
dead or tough. Also called tough coal. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 103. 

dead-dipping. The act or process of giving a 








deadline 


pale dead color by acid, as to brass. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

dead end. a, An entry, gangway, level, or 
other mine passage extending beyond the 
mine workings into solid coal or ore; a 
stub. See also stub entry. Fay. b. Under- 
ground passageway either blocked or not 
holed through. Pryor, 3. c. Blind alley 
underground. Pryor. d. The unworked end 
of a drift or working, Hess. e. An unventi- 
lated underground mine passage extending 
some distance beyond other mine workings 
into solid rock. Long. f. The end of a drill- 
ing line or cable made fast to some sta- 
tionary part of the drill rig or to a dead- 
man. Long. g. The closed end of a pipe or 
pipe system. Long. h. A term used in coal 
mining for the terminating of all electric 
wiring (except cables to equipment) out 
by the last crosscut where ample ventila- 
tion will reduce the possibility of an elec- 
tric arc causing an explosion. This applies 
to all wiring, whether trolley, feeder, light- 
ing circuit, or otherwise, Kentucky, p. 245. 
i, A cul-de-sac, Synonym for blind heading. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. j. A passageway 
blocked at one end. 4.G.I. 

deadened. Mercury which has become con- 
taminated and will no longer amalgamate 
freely with gold. Pryor, 3. 

daedened mercury. See floured. Fay. 

deadfall. A dumping platform at the mouth 
of a mine. Standard, 1964. 

dead glacier. A stagnant glacier; a fossil gla- 
cier. Fay. 

dead ground. a. Rock in a mine that, although 
producing no ore, requires to be removed 
in order to get a productive ground. Fay. 
b, A faulty or barren area of coal strata. 
Fay. c. Ground devoid of valuable mineral, 
ore, or coal. Nelson. d. In mining subsi- 
dence, ground that has settled and no 
further movement is expected. Nelson. e. 
Portions of ore deposit too low in value 
to repay exploitation. Pryor, 3. f. The part 
of a lode where there is no ore. Gordon. 
g. S. Afr. Barren ground. Beerman. 

deadhead. a. To return to the commence- 
ment of a cut without excavating; usually 
for the commencement of a new cut after 
completion of its predecessor. Austin, b. An 
extra length given to a cast object, as a 
cannon, to put pressure on the molten 
metal below so that dross and gases may 
rise into it; a sullage piece; a sinking head. 
Standard, 1964. c. That part of a casting 
filling up the ingate; a sprue. Standard, 
1964. d. Can. Logs forced into the bot- 
tom of a waterway during timber drives. 
Hoffman. 

deadheading. Traveling without load, except 
from the dumping area to the loading 
point. Nichols. 

dead hole. a. One that extends into solid coal 
beyond the part that can be broken by the 
maximum safe charge of explosive. Zern, 
p. 668. b. A shothole so placed that its 
width at the point (toe), measured at right 
angles to the drill hole, is so great that the 
heel is not strong enough to at least bal- 
ance the resistance at the point (toe). 
Zern, p. 669. c. A shallow hole in an iron 
casting. Standard, 1964. 

deading. Glouc.; Som. Same as deadwork, a. 
Fay. 

deadlime. Decomposed chalk. Arkell. 

deadline. a. A row of marked empty powder 
kegs or other danger signal placed by the 
fireboss to warn miners not to enter work- 
ings containing gas. Fay. b. The part of 


deadline 


a block-and-tackle cable from the traveling 
block to the deadline anchor. Long. c. The 
unused part of a pipe system. Long. 

deadline anchor. The fixed point on a drill 
rig or deadman to which a deadline of a 
block and tackle is attached. Long. 

dead load. a. The actual weight of all perma- 
nent construction comprised in a building. 
Nelson. b. The downward pressure on a 
structure caused by gravity only, such as 
the weight of a long string of drill rods 
suspended from the sheave in a drill der- 
rick. Also called static load. Long. c. That 
of structure and its permanent nondynamic 
load. Also referred to as deadweight. 
Pryor, 3. 

dead lode. A lode not containing valuable 
minerals in paying quantity. Fay. 

deadman. a. A wooden block used to guard 
the mouth of a mine against runaway cars. 
Fay. b. A buried log, timber, concrete 
block, or the like serving as an anchor to 
which a pulling line can be attached. Long. 

deadmen’s graves. Aust. Gravelike mounds 
in the basalt underlying auriferous gravels. 
Fay. 

dead-mild steel. Steel containing 0.07 to 0.15 
percent carbon. See also wrought iron. 
Nelson. 

dead pearl. Trade term for pearl with luster- 
less or dead white appearance. Shipley. 

dead plate. a. A nearly horizontal iron plate, 
at the mouth of the furnace under a steam 
boiler, on which the bituminous coal 
charges are laid to be partly coked before 
they are pushed upon the grate where their 
solid carbon is consumed. The gases evolved 
on the dead plate pass over the grate and 
are burned. Fay. b. In automatic produc- 
tion, a stationary plate receiving a glass 
article awaiting transfer. ASTM C162-66. 

dead quartz. Quartz carrying no valuable 
mineral. Fay. 

dead reel. A storage reel. Nichols. 

dead rent. Of a mineral lease, the rent which 
must be paid whether or not minerals are 
being extracted. Pryor, 3. 

dead riches. Base bullion. Fay. 

dead roast. a. A roasting process for complete 
elimination of sulfur. ASM Gloss. Also 
called sweet roast. Newton, p. 287. b. 
Roasting to remove volatiles within speci- 
fied temperature range, Pryor, 3. c. In 
fluidization roasting, restriction of entering 
air to permit oxidation of sulfides, while 
not allowing process to proceed to any 
marked degree of sulfate roasting. Pryor, 3. 

dead roasting. Sulfide ores are dead roasted 
when all the sulfur possible to drive off by 
roasting has been eliminated. Weed, 1922. 

dead rock. The material removed in the 
opening of a mine, that is of no value for 
milling purposes. Waste rock. Fay. 

dead rope. Aust. Same as buffer rope. Fay. 

deads. a. Corn. The waste rock, packed in 
excavations from which ore or coal has 
been extracted. Fay. b, The barren rock 
which incloses the ore on every side. The 
wall rock. Fay. c. Refuse from a mine not 
containing ore. Gordon. 

dead small. N. of Eng. The smallest coal 
which passes through the screening or sep- 
arating apparatus. Fay. 

dead-soft. The state of metal which has been 
fully annealed. Light Metal Age, v. 16, 
No. 9, October 1958, pp. 17-24. 

dead steel. a. Fully killed steel which sinks 
quietly in the ingot mold during solidifica- 
tion. b. The term is also applied to steel 
which fails to respond to heat treatment 








304 


due to the fact that it has been worked 
at excessively high temperatures, for ex- 
ample, 1,300° C to 1,350° C. Osborne. 

dead-stroke hammer. A power hammer strik- 
ing an uncushioned or inelastic blow. 
Standard, 1964. 

dead time. In flotation, the interval of time 
between initiation of an input and the 
start of the resulting response. It may be 
qualified as ‘effective’ if extended to the 
start of the build-up time; ‘theoretical’ 
if the dead band is negligible; and ‘appar- 
ent’ if it includes the time spent with an 
appreciable dead band. Fuerstenau, p. 545. 

dead true. a. A core barrel or drill rod that 
does not oscillate or vibrate when rotated 
at high speed is said to be dead true. Long. 
b. Perfectly straight and centered. Long. 

dead water. Standing or still water. Webster 
3d. 

deadweight. a. The unrelieved weight of any 
inert mass; a heavy or oppressive burden. 
Webster 3d, b. The weight of a vehicle ox 
carrier itself as distinguished from carried 
or live load. Crispin. c. The difference, in 
tons, between a ship’s displacement at load 
draught and light draught. It comprises 
cargo, bunkers, stores, fresh water, etc. 
GED! 

dead work. a. Work that is not directly pro- 
ductive—the removal of rock, debris, or 
other material which is not directly pro- 
ductive of coal—though it may be neces- 
sary for exploration and future production. 
Unfinished work, Fay; B.C.I. b. Unpro- 
ductive or stone work; the handling of 
stone or dirt as a preliminary step to win- 
ning and working the coal seam. The aim is 
to keep the dead work per yard of face or 
ton of coal to the minimum practicable 
figure. See also unproductive development. 
Nelson. c. Any kind of miner’s work other 
than actual coal getting and transport. 
Mason. d. Work done by a contractor not 
provided for in his yardage or tonnage 
contract rates. Mason. e, Explorotory or 
preparatory work, such as cleaning falls of 
roof, removing rock, etc., during which 
little or no coal is secured. Hudson. f. The 
development of a mine when no ore is 
being raised. Gordon. g. S. Afr. Neces- 
sary work to reach and exploit the valuable 
portions of the mine. Shaft sinking, cross- 
cutting, driving of levels, etc., belong to 
dead work. Beerman. 

dead zone. That part of the mined strata 
which has completely settled down after 
subsidence. Briggs, p. 61. 

deaf coal. Term used among British miners 
for coal altered by an igneous intrusion. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

deaf ore. Derb. Gouge containing small 
grains of valuable mineral. Considered as 
indicating that the main ore body is not 
far away. Fay. 

de-air. To remove air from ceramic mixtures 
during the dry pressing or plastic forming 
operation by the application of a partial 
vacuum. A.J.S.I. No. 24. 

de-aired brick. Brick molded or formed from 
a mix which has been subjected to a par- 
tial vacuum during the process of manu- 
facture. A.RI. 

de-airing. The removal of air from plastic 
clay or body, from the moist powder in 
dry-pressing, from casting slip, or from 
plaster during blending. There are various 
devices for submitting these materials to 
a partial vacuum during their processing. 
De-airing is most commonly practiced in 











debris dam 


extrustion, shredded plastic clay being fed 
to the pug, or auger, via a de-airing cham- 
ber. Dodd. 

de-airing machine operator. One who tends 
a machine that removes air bubbles and 
excessive moisture from wet clay before 
it is molded or pressed, manipulating speed 
control and automatic clay feed control 
switches, levers, and valves. D.O.T. 1. 

deal. a. Plank used in shaft and gallery con- 
struction, Fay. b. A board or plank of 
varying dimensions. In Canada, the stand- 
ard size is 12 feet by 9 inches by 3 inches. 
In England, the maximum width is 9 
inches, and the maximum thickness 3 
inches. Standard, 1964. 

deal end. Eng. A plank less than 6 feet long. 
Standard, 1964. 

dealer. An operator on the stock exchange 
who buys and sells on his own account 
and who makes his profit from differences 
in prices rather than from commissions. 
Hoovu, p. 281. 

dean. Corn. The end of a level. Fay. 

debacle. a. A great rush of waters, which 
breaking down all opposing barriers, carries 
forward the broken fragments of rocks and 
spreads them in its course, Fay. b. A break- 
ing up of ice in a river. A violent disper- 
sion of disruption. Webster 3d. 

De Bavay process. A method of froth flota- 
tion invented in 1904 in which a 40-mesh 
sand was deslimed, acid washed and con- 
ditioned with castor oil and paraffiin before 
cascading flotation. Pryor, 3. 

debiteuse. A slotted, floating clay block 
through which glass issues in the Fourcault 
process. ASTM C162-66. 

debitumenization. Used by Lyell and others 
and referring to the removal of volatile 
material from coal as a result of heat and 
pressure. Obsolete. A.G.I. 

Deblanchol rotary furnace. A cylindrical re- 
fractory-lined shell, provided with a gas 
flue leading to a recuperator at one end, 
and a fuel and air port at the other. Air 
for combustion is preheated in the recu- 
perator, and oil firing is adopted, The fur- 
nace may be used for melting gray iron 
and nonferrous metals; it is claimed to 
have many advantages, including simplic- 
ity, low cost, close control and speed of 
melting. Osborne. 

deblooming. Masking the fluorescence of 
mineral oils. Shell Oil Co. 

deblooming agents. Mononitronaphthalene 
and yellow coal tar dyes are sometimes 
used for deblooming. Shell Oil Co. 

debris. a. Rock fragments, sand, earth, and 
sometimes organic matter, in a heterogene- 
ous mass, as at the foot of a cliff. Fay. 
b. The silt, sand, and gravel that flow from 
hydraulic mines; referred to by miners as 
tailings, slums, and sometimes slickens. See 
also tailings. Fay. c. Any loose material 
caused by a shot, fall, smash, explosion, 
etc. Mason. d. Any material, including 
floating trash, suspended sediment, or bed 
load, moved by a flowing stream; detritus. 
Seelye, 1. 

debris bag. A dirt-filled bag used for pack 
walls and chocks. See also sandbag. Nelson. 

debris cone. A fan-shaped deposit of soil, 
sand, gravel, and boulders built-up at the 
point where a mountain stream meets a 
valley, or otherwise where its velocity is 
reduced sufficiently to cause such deposits. 
See also alluvial cone. Seelye, 1. 

debris dam. A dam in a watercourse that 
retains sand and gravel. Ham. 














debris deposits 


‘\debris deposits. Refuse from hydraulic min- 


ing operations. Fay. 


} idebris slide. A small, rapid movement of 





largely unconsolidated material that slides 
| or rolls downward to produce an irregular 
| topography. Leet. 

eburring. Removing burrs, sharp edges, or 


}| fins from metal parts by filing, grinding, or 





rolling the work in a barrel with abrasives 


| suspended in a suitable liquid medium. 


Sometimes called burring. ASM Gloss. 


| (Debye-Huckel theory. Strong electrolytes are 
| completely dissociated, and increase in con- 


ductivity on dilution, due to decreased 
electrostatic energy acting between the sep- 
arated ions. Pryor, 3. 


\idecarborane. A solid with a heating value of 


28,200 to 29,300 British thermal units per 
pound. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 151. 


\(decahydrate. A compound of 10 molecules 


of water. Webster 3d. 


jidecal. See decalcomania. Enam. Dict. 
\(idecalcomania; decal. 


Picture or design on 
glass, ceramic ware, or enamel surfaces 
produced by transferring from specially 
prepared paper. Enam. Dict. 


|}decalescence. A phenomenon, associated with 


the transformation of alpha iron to gamma 
iron on the heating (superheating) of iron 
or steel, revealed by the darkening of the 
metal surface owing to the sudden decrease 
in temperature caused by the fast absorp- 
tion of the latent heat of transformation. 
ASM Gloss. 

i decalescence point. See critical point. Pryor, 3. 


|'decantation. The settlement of a solid from 


a liquid. The principle is used in ore con- 
centration and in coal-washing plants. See 
also countercurrent decantation. Nelson. 


jidecanter. a. A vessel used to decant or to 


receive decanted liquids. Webster 3d. b. An 
apparatus for sorting and classifying tail- 
ings from gold-washing operations. Fay. 


|idecanting. In a compressed air caisson where 


air-lock space is very limited, decanting is 
the sequence of locking men through in 
10 to 15 minutes from pressures higher 
than 18 pounds per square inch. Immedi- 
ately following, the men enter a larger 
man lock specially designed for recom- 
pressing them to full working pressure and 
then decompressing at the correct rate, 
which varies from 1 to 5 minutes for each 
pound per square inch pressure above 
atmosphere. See also caisson disease. Ham. 


| Sl carbonization: Surface decarbonization on 


an enameling iron is the reaction taking 
place which converts the exposed carbon 
into carbon dioxide (gas) during the an- 
nealing process. Hansen. 


\ decarbonize. To remove carbon by chemical 


reaction, genrally with oxygen. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 407. 


| |decarburization. The loss of carbon from the 


surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of 
heating in a medium that reacts with the 
carbon at the surface. ASM Gloss. 


' decauville. A French name for an automatic 


or balanced inclined tramway. Hess. 

i decay. a. The general disaggregation of rocks; 
it includes the effects of both the chemical 
and mechanical agents of weathering with, 
however, a stress on the chemical effects. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. The process 
of transformation of plant material into 
humus. Tomkeieff, 1954. c. The spontane- 
ous radioactive transformation of one nu- 
clide into a different nuclide or into a 
different energy state of the same nuclide. 
Every decay process has a definite half-life. 














305 


See also half-life. L@L. 

decay coefficient. In vibration, radioactive 
emission or phosphorescence, a coefficient 
used in expressing intensity as a function 
of time: 

h=hloex* 
where I is intensity at time, t, Io is the 
original intensity, and C is the decay co- 
efficient. ASM Gloss. 

decay constant. The constant ratio of the 
number of radioactive atoms disintegrating 
in any specified short unit interval of time 
to the total number of atoms of the same 
kind still intact at the beginning of that 
interval. Webster 3d. 

decay curve. A graphic presentation of the 
manner in which a quantity decays with 
time or, rarely, with distance through mat- 
ter; usually refers to radioactive decay or 
decay of electrical and acoustical signals. 
ASM Gloss. 

decay distance. The distance between an area 
of wave generation and a point of passage 
of the resulting waves outside the area. Hy. 

decay heat. The heat produced by the decay 
of radioactive nuclides. L@L. 

decay period. Reciprocal of decay coefficient. 
ASM Gloss. 

Deccan basalt; Deccan trap. A fine-grained, 
nonporphyritic, tholeiitic basaltic lava, cov- 
ering an area of about 200,000 square 
miles in the Deccan region of southeast 
India and consisting essentially of labra- 
dorite, clinopyroxene, and iron ore. Olivine 
is generally absent, or is present in a minor 
amount, usually near the bottom of flows. 
Corresponds to the plateau basalt of the 
Pacific Northwest and the Thulean prov- 
ince of western Scotland, northeast Ire- 
land, and Iceland. A.G.I. 

dechenite. Natural lead metavanadate, Pb- 
(VOs)2; molecular weight 405.11; yellow 
to red; specific gravity 5.6 to 5.8; hardness 
3 to 4. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Dechenne process. A method of removing 
pipe and impurities from steel intended 
for making tires and hoops. The anvil of 
the forge hammer or press is provided with 
a hemispherical hollow of suitable size; the 
ingot, large enough for one disc, is placed 
on it upside-down. The ingot is then flat- 
tened down to approximately the thickness 
of the tire to be made, and the piped and 
segregated metal is forced into the hollow 
of the anvil. The disc is then placed on 
a ring support, and the center is punched 
out, the piped and segregated metal being 
removed at the same tima Osborne. 

decibar. The pressure exerted per square 
centimeter by a column of sea water 
meter tall is approximately 1 decibar. The 
depth in meters and the pressure in deci- 
bars, therefore, are expressed by nearly 
the same numerical value. Hy. 

decibel. The unit for measuring sound inten- 
sity. Named in honor of Alexander Graham 
Bell (1847-1922). When sound or noise 
is created it gives off energy which is meas- 
ured in decibels. Crispin. 

decinormal solution. A solution used for titra- 
tion which contains one-tenth gram equiva- 


eRe ar oe 
ent per liter: 10 Pryor, 3. 


decision function. Rule made to control a 
specific sampling investigation, which de- 
fines the point at which no further obser- 
vations are to be made, and the nature of 
the decision which is to be agreed. In a 
series of sampling operations each suc- 
cessive decision function depends on those 








declining conveyor 


which have preceded it. Pryor, 3. 

deck. a. One of the separate compartments 
or platforms into which a cage is divided 
to hold cars. See also multideck cage. Nel- 
son. b. The surface of a concentrating table. 
Nelson. c. The refractory top of a car used 
in a tunnel kiln or bogie kiln. Dodd. 

deck charge. a. A charge which is divided 
into several separate components along a 
quarry borehole. Compare column charge. 
B.S, 3618, 1964, sec. 6. b. A charge sepa- 
rated by stemming. Carson, p. 320. 

decke; decken. See nappe. Mather. 

decken structure. A series of great overthrust 
folds with nearly parallel and horizontal 
axial planes. Fay. 

decking. a. The operation of changing the 
tubs on a cage at top and bottom of a 
shaft. Also called caging. Fay. b. Separat- 
ing charges of explosives by inert material 
which prevents passing of concussion, and 
placing a primer in each charge. Nichols. 
c. The multiple layer loading of ware for 
firing. ASTM C286-65. 

decking level. The level at which a cage 
comes to rest at the pithead and pit bottom 
for unloading and loading mine cars. The 
distance from the upper to the lower deck- 
ing level is the winding depth. Nelson. 

deck load. A charge of dynamite spaced well 
apart in a borehole, and fired by separate 
primers or by a detonating cord. Nichols. 

deck loading; spaced loading. A method of 
loading quarry blastholes in which the ex- 
plosive charges in each hole are separated 
by lengths of stemming. This method en- 
ables the explosive to be distributed accord- 
ing to the hardness of the beds. Usually 
adopted in wellhole blasts. Nelson. 

deck molding. Trimming made to match 
cresting or ridging, on clay-tiled roofs, and 
used for the purpose of covering the planes 
of a roof which has a flat deck. Fay. 

deck screens. Two or more screens, usually 
of the vibrating type, placed one above 
the other for successive processing of the 
same run of material. Nichols. 

declaratory statement. In practical mining 
operations, a term applied to the statutory 
certificate of location, and a certificate or 
statement of the location, containing a 
description of the mining claim, verified 
by the oath of the locator, performing, 
when recorded, a permanent function. It is 
the beginning of the locator’s paper title, 
is the first muniment of such title, and is 
constructive notice to all the world. Rick- 
etts, I. 

declared efficiency. The efficiency assigned by 
the maker under certain specified condi- 
tions. Nelson. 

declination. a. The angle which the magnetic 
needle makes with the geographic meridian. 
It is said to be east or west, depending on 
which way the north end of the needle 
points, east or west of the geographic me- 
ridian. Fay. b. Angular elevation of a star 
above celestial equator when truly north 
of observer. Pryor, 3. c. Angular deviation 
of magnetic compass from true North, ob- 
served in conditions where no local devi- 
ation affects it. Pryor, 3. d. The angular 
change in the course of a borehole induced 
by deflection techniques, usually expressed 
in degrees. Long. e. Sometimes a synonym 
for inclination. See also inclination. Long. 

declination maps. Maps on which isogonic 
lines are shown. Mason, V. 2, p. 719. 

declining conveyor. A conveyor transporting 
down a slope. See also retarding conveyor. 


declining conveyor 


ASA MH4.1-1958. 

declinometer. An instrument, often self-regis- 
tering, for measuring or recording the decli- 
nation of the magnetic needle. Standard, 
1964. 

decollement. The independent disruption, by 
folding or faulting, of sedimentary beds by 
sliding over the underlying rocks. A.G_J. 

decollement structure. A term borrowed from 
structura] geology and applied to folded 
strata that have slid over underlying, gen- 
erally undisturbed beds. Pettijohn. 

decolorizers. a. Materials added for the ex- 
press purpose of improving the appearance 
or the glass by hiding the yellow-green 
color due to iron impurities. Actually they 
increase the total absorption of light by 
the glass and cannot be satisfactorily em- 
ployed if more than a certain amount of 
iron is present. C.T.D. b. Materials added 
to clays or ceramic mixes to improve the 
fired color, (that is, lime or magnesia will 
neutralize part of the color of iron com- 
pounds, if sulfur fumes are absent). Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

decolorizing. The process of producing a col- 
orless appearance in glass. ASTM C162-66. 

decolorizing agents. Charcoals, blacks, clays, 
earths, or other materials of highly adsorb- 
ent character that are used to remove un- 
desirable color. CCD 6d, 1961. 

decompose. a, To resolve or to separate into 


constituent parts or elements, as by means - 


of chemical agents or by natural decay. 
Especially, to cause to decay or to rot. 
Standard, 1964. b. To become separated 
into elements; hence, to putrefy; to decay; 
to rot. Standard, 1964. 

decomposed. Rock or ore altered and leached 
by air and water. Weed, 1922. 

decomposing furnace. A furnace used in the 
conversion of common salt into sulfate of 
soda, aided by the action of sulfuric acid. 
Fay. 

decomposition. The breaking down of min- 
erals by themselves or in rocks through 
chemical processes, usually related to 
weathering. A.G.I. 

decomposition potential. The minimum po- 
tential difference necessary to decompose 
the electrolyte of a cell. ASM Gloss. 

decomposition value. Minimum voltage at 
which continuous electric current flows 
through an electrolytic solution of normal 
strength. Pryor, 3. 

decompression. The process of reducing high 
air pressure gradually enough so as not 
to injure men who have been working in it. 
Nichols. 

decompression illness. A condition among 
underwater workers and mine rescue teams 
that is caused by ascending too quickly 
from deep dives. The blood absorbs nitro- 
gen when it is subjected to greater pres- 
sures than the normal atmospheric pres- 
sure, and the deeper a man dives, and the 
longer he stays underwater, the greater 
becomes this abnormal charge of excess 
nitrogen in the blood and body tissues. 
On ascending towards the surface, the re- 
duction in pressure causes the release of 
bubbles of nitrogen, and, if the nitrogen is 
released too quickly, it gives rise to pains 
in the joints and muscles of the arms and 
legs, called diver’s bends. In more severe 
cases, the bubbles may collect in the spinal 
cord and produce diver’s palsy; while in 
acute cases, the nitrogen may accumulate 
in the heart and cause death. This illness 








306 


can be avoided by limiting the time spent 
underwater and by controlling the time 
taken to ascend. McAdam, p. 163. 

decontamination. The removal of radioactive 
contaminants from surfaces, as by cleaning 
and washing with chemicals. L@L. 

decorated. Adorned, embellished, or made 
more attractive by means of color or sur- 
face detail. ASTM C242-60T. 

decorating firing. The process of firing pot- 
tery ware after the application of colored 
or metallic decoration; the temperature is 
usually 700° to 800° C and this fixes the 
decoration and makes it durable. See also 
enamel firing. Dodd. 

decoration. The process of firing in which the 
burning fuel is supplied with sufficient oxy- 
gen to assume complete oxidation. ACSG, 
1963. 

decoration, underglaze. A ceramic decoration 
applied directly on the surface of ceramic 
ware and subsequently covered with a 
transparent glaze. ASTM C242-60T. 

decoration, inglaze. A ceramic decoration ap- 
plied on the surface of an unfired glaze 
and matured with the glaze. ASTM C242- 
60T. 

decoration, overglaze. A ceramic or metallic 
decoration applied and fired on the previ- 
ously glazed surface of ceramic ware. 
ASTM C242-60T. 

decorative stone. a. A stone used as architec- 
tura] trimmings in columns, fireplaces, and 
store fronts. It may sometimes be set as in 
silver, or gold-filled jewelry, but then usu- 
ally as curio stones, for example, malachite 
and marble. Shipley. b. A term sometimes 
used alternately with ornamental stone. 
Shipley. 

decoupling. A method for decreasing the 
seismic effect of an underground explosion. 
The method involves the firing of the ex- 
plosive in the center of an underground 
cavity so that the surrounding earth is not 
in close proximity to the explosive. L@L. 

decrepitate. a. To roast or calcine (as salt) 
so as to cause crackling or until crackling 
stops. Webster 3d. b. A mineral is said to 
decrepitate when it flies to pieces on being 
heated. Hess. 

decrepitation. a. The breaking up with a 
crackling noise of mineral substances when 
exposed to heat, as when rock salt is 
thrown upon the fire. Fay. b. Method of 
differential disintegration of closely sized 
mineral, part of which explodes and is 
separable by finer screening. Pryor, 3. c. 
Obsolete method of tunnelling, called fire 
setting. Pryor, 3. 

decussate texture. A texture in which the axes 
of contiguous crystals lie in diverse direc- 
tions. This crisscross structure is most 
noticeable in rocks composed dominantly of 
minerals having a columnar habit. A.G_I. 

Dednox. Trademark for asphalt-gilsonite rail- 
road protective coatings. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dedolomitization. a. The recrystallization of 
a dolomite or a dolomitic limestone conse- 
quent on contact metamorphism; essen- 
tially involving the breaking down of the 
dolomite into its two components, CaCO; 
and MgCOs. The former merely recrystal- 
lizes into a coarse calcite mosaic, but the 
latter breaks down further into MgO and 
CO:. The MgO may occur in the rock as 
periclase, much more commonly as brucite, 
and when in the presence of silica, mag- 
nesium silicates such as forsterite are 
formed. See also forsterite marble. C.M.D. 





deep level 


b. The dissociation of dolomite to form 
calcite and periclase, the latter usually 
hydrating to form brucite, as in brucite 
marble or predazzite. Presumably this 
takes place by contact metamorphism at 
rather low pressures. A.G.J. 

dedusting. A cleaning process in which dust 
and other fine impurities are removed. 
Dedusting is accomplished both by pneu- 
matic means and by screening, either wet 
or dry. Also known as aspirating. Mitchell, 
p. 716-717. 

deeds. N. of Eng. Debris or waste thrown 
upon the spoil bank (dump). A variation 
of deads. Fay. 

de-electronation. Oxidation, by removal of 


electron(s) during chemical reaction. 
Pryor, 3. 
de-enameling. The removal of porcelain 
enamel from the base metal. ASTM 
C286-65. 


de-energize. To disconnect any circuit or de- 
vice from the source of power. NCB. 

deep. a. Corn. The lower portion of a 
vein; used in the phrase “to the deep,” 
that is, downward upon the vein. Fay. 
b. Workings below the level of the pit bot- 
tom or main levels extending therefrom. 
Fay. c. Forest of Dean; Lanc. A vein, 
seam, mine, or bed of coal or ironstone. 
Fay. d. Term used to designate ocean bot- 
tom depressions of great depth, usually 
deeper than 6,000 meters. Hy. 

deep cell count. A method for examining the 
mineral particle content of drilling water. 
In this method, a glass cell is filled with 
the water, a little acid is added, and the 
sample placed under a microscope. Dark 
ground illumination is used which shows 
up the suspended particles. The number of 
these is counted, and this number, multi- 
plied by a factor, gives the number of 
peceeles per cubic centimeter. Higham, p. 
257. 

deep coal. Eng. Coal seams lying at a depth 
of 1,800 feet or more below the surface. 
Fay. 

deep compaction. Vibroflotation, sand piling, 
or similar compaction method adopted for 
consolidating granular soils such as sand 
and gravel. Ham. 

deep cut. Alternative name for cut glass. 
Dodd. 

deep drawing. The process of cold working 
or drawing sheet of strip metal by means 
of dies into shapes involving considerable 
plastic distortion of the metal; ¢.g., auto- 
mobile mudguards, electrical fittings, etc. 
C.T.D. 

deep etching. Severe etching of a metallic 
surface for examination at a magnification 
of 10 diameters or less to reveal gross fea- 
tures, such as segregation, cracks, porosity, 
or grain flow. ASM Gloss. 

deep hole. a. According to diamond drillers, 
a term currently understood to apply to 
boreholes 3,000 feet or more in depth. 
Long. b. In petroleum drilling, a borehole 
over 8,000 feet deep. Long. 

deep-hole blasting. Blasting a quarry or open- 
cast face by using small- or medium-diam- 
eter holes drilled from top to bottom of 
the face. Nelson. 

deep lead (pronounced as the verb to lead). 
Alluvial deposit of gold or tin stone buried 
below a considerable thickness of soil or 
rock. Fay. 

deep level. a. Trans. The first mining prop- 
erties developed from the surface were 
estopped from trespassing beyond their side 














deep level 


lines projected downward. The next mine 

on the dip of the lode became known as 

the “deep-level” mine or “deep.” Fay. b. 

S. Afr. The distinction of deep level and 

ultradeep level is a vague one, and has 

changed with the times. Ultradeep is now 

a mining level at a vertical depth of 9,000 

| feet and over. Beerman. 

‘deep mining. The exploitation of coal or 

| mineral deposits at depths exceeding about 

3,000 feet. It would appear that the deep- 

est coal mine in the world is the Rieu du 

Coeur colliery at Quaregnon, Belgium 

(4,462 feet) with a rock temperature of 

126° F, and it is planned to go even lower 

to 4,650 feet. The deepest gold mine is 
understood to be the Western Deep Level 

in the Republic of South Africa at 10,200 

feet. See also two-stage hoisting. Nelson. 

ideep penetration electrode. This is used for 
the arc welding of heavy steel components. 
It is economical of weld metal, quick in 
action, and it reduces the need for accu- 
rate edge preparation. See also welding. 
| Ham. 

\ deep placers. Sandy or gravelly beds or bot- 

toms of ancient streams long since covered 

' over by lava. Ricketts, p. 144. 

| deep sand. An oil sand which is located below 

| _ 2,500 feet beneath the surface. Shell Oil Co. 

i! deep scattering layer. Applied to widespread 
strata in the ocean that scatter or return 
vertically directed sound as in echo depth 
sounding, These layers, which are evi- 
dently of biological origin, are located at 
depths ranging from 150 to 200 fathoms 
during the day with most of them migrat- 
ing to or near the surface during the night. 
Abbreviation, dsl. Hy. 

‘deep sea. Usually means the sea beyond the 
continental shelf; particularly as deep-sea 
floor. Challinor. 

| Deep-Sea System. See Benthic Division. Hy. 

(deep-seated rocks. See intrusive rocks. 

| deep-seated vein zone deposits. It is estimated 
that these deposits were formed at depths 
of 12,000 feet or more beneath the earth’s 
surface and under conditions of tempera- 
ture ranging from 300° to 575° C. The 
deposits are commonly tubular or veinlike 
in form, though some are irregular in 
shape. Examples of this type are found in 
the tin deposits of Cornwall, England, and 
in Bolivia; the gold quartz veins of the 
Appalachian Mountains; the copper-tour- 
maline veins in various parts of the world; 
and the silver-lead-zinc deposits in British 

| Columbia. Lewis, p. 274. 

| deep-sea terrace. The benchlike feature bor- 
dering an elevation of the deep-sea floor 
at depths greater than 300 fathoms. (1,800 
feet). Schieferdecker. 

| deepside. The working of 5 to 10 yards of 
the coal seam on the dip side of an ad- 
vance gate. It gives some protection from 
crush along the rib side and also accommo- 
dates dirt from the gate instead of con- 
veying it to the surface. See also self-stow- 
ing gate. Nelson. 

'deep sinker. Aust. A tall drinking glass; 
also the drink it contains, so called in 
fanciful allusion to the shaft of a mine. 
Fay. 

‘deep underwater nuclear counter. An ultra- 
sensitive radiation measuring device for 
analyzing the sea’s naturally occurring 
radioactive sources. Consists of a radiation 
detector contained in a pressure-tight sea 
probe which is lowered on a cable over the 
side of ship. Abbreviation, dunc. Hy. 























307 


deep unmanned submersibles. A jet-propelled 
submersible designed to follow a prescribed 
underwater path for collecting oceano- 
graphic information or for mapping sea 
bottoms. Abbreviation, dums. Hy. 

deep water. Water of a depth exceeding one- 
half the length of the waves concerned. 
Schieferdecker. 

deep well. A borehole put down through an 
upper impervious bed into a lower pervious 
one, from which a supply of water is ob- 
tained. Nelson. 

deep-well pump. a. Any kind of pump deliv- 
ering from a well, shaft, or borehole. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 4. b. An electrically driven 
pump located at the low point in the mine 
to discharge the water accumulation to 
the surface. ASA C42.85, 1956. c. Consists 
of a series of centrifugal pump impellers 
mounted on a single rotating shaft. The 
casings are termed bowls and the impellers 
are of the axial or mixed-flow type. Avail- 
able in capacities ranging from 25 to 
10,000 gallons per minute. It can be used 
in wells from 25 to 800 feet in depth and 
from 6 to 24 inches in diameter. Carson, 
p. 208. 

deep-well turbines. This is a simple type of 
vertical centrifugal pump having one or 
more stages or bowls which are supported 
from the motor head on the surface by 
means of screwed or flanged column pipe 
sections, each usually 10 feet long. The 
line shafting from the motor to the im- 
pellers is sectional to correspond with the 
column section, and may operate in a sec- 
tional extra-heavy enclosing tube if oil is 
used as a lubricant, or may be exposed to 
the water when the pump is built to be 
water-lubricated. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, 
Sec. E, pp. 92-93. 

deep winding; deep hoisting. a. Broadly, shaft 
winding from depths of about 3,000 feet 
and over (coal mining). In the case of 
shafts deeper than about 5,000 feet (gold 
and metal mining), two-stage hoisting may 
be used. See also winding. Nelson. b. Hoist- 
ing from depths below 5,000 feet in one 
lift. Spalding. j 

deep workings. Workings on the lower side 
of a level in an inclined seam. See also 
dip workings. Nelson. 

deerhorns. Tubing-head fittings that help to 
bring a well under control when it starts 
to flow. Hess. 

Deerparkian. Middle Lower Devonian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

defect. A condition that impairs the useful- 
ness of an object or of a part. ASM Gloss. 

deferred annuity. A special form of annuity 
in which a specified number of years elapses 
before the annuity begins. Lewis, p. 370. 

deficient coal. Ark. Coal more difficult to 
mine than the standard, and for which the 
miners are paid an extra price. Fay. 

deficient place. Aust. A working place in 
which men cannot make fair average wages, 
and for which they are given extra pay. 
Fay. 

definite proportions law. A chemical com- 
peund always contains the same elements 
in the same proportions by weight. Com- 
pare Dalton’s law. Liddell 2d, p. 239. 

deflagrate. To burn; burst into flame; spe- 
cifically, to burn rapidly with a sudden 
evolution of flame and vapor, as a mixture 
of charcoal and niter thrown into a red- 
hot crucible. Fay. 

deflagrating mixture. An explosively com- 
bustible mixture, as one containing niter. 








deflection angle 


Standard, 1964. 

deflagration. a. An explosive combustion re- 
action that moves through a mixture of 
reactants at a speed less than that of sound 
in the mixture; when unconfined, a de- 
flagration may or may not produce signifi- 
cant overpressure. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. The process of deflagrating; specifically, 
a chemical reaction producing vigorous 
evolution of heat and sparks or flame and 
moving through the material, as black- 
powder or smokeless powder, at a speed 
less than that of sound—distinguished from 
detonation. Webster 3d. c. To burn with 
sudden and startling combustion. Describes 
explosion of blackpowder, in contrast with 
more rapid detonation of dynamite. Nichols. 

deflation. Removal of loose material by the 
wind, leaving the rocks bare to the con- 
tinuous attack of the weather. Webster 2d. 

deflect. To intentionally change the course 
of a borehole at a point some distance 
below the collar. Also called wedge; wedge 
off. Long. 

deflected. A borehole, the course of which 
has intentionally or unintentionally been 
changed at some point below the collar. 
Long. 

deflecting. The act or process of intentionally 
or unintentionally changing the course of 
a borehole at a point some distance below 
the collar. Long. 

deflecting block; spreader block. A block of 
refractory material, triangular in cross sec- 
tion, that is built into a coke oven below 
a charging hole; the sharp edge of the 
block is uppermost and this deflects or 
spreads the stream of descending coal so 
that it comes to rest more uniformly in the 
oven. Dodd. 

deflecting core. The core removed from a de- 
flected borehole. Long. 

deflecting plug. a. Synonym for base plug. 
Long. b. Sometimes used by petroleum 
drillers as a synonym for deflecting wedge. 
Long. 

deflecting wedge. A class of devices intention- 
ally placed in a borehole to change its 
course. All such devices are basically long, 
tapered, concave metal plugs which can 
be set at a predetermined point and bear- 
ing in a borehole to deflect or change its 
course. Also called correcting wedge; de- 
flecting plug; deflection wedge; Hall-Rowe 
wedge; spade-end wedge ; Thompson wedge. 
Long. 

deflection. A change in the intended course 
of a borehole produced intentionally or 
unintentionally by various conditions en- 
countered in the drill hole or by the opera- 
tional characteristics of the drilling equip- 
ment used. Also called deviation. Long. 

deflection angle. a. The angular change in 
the course of a borehole produced acci- 
dentally or intentionally. Long. b. In rail- 
road surveying, the angle formed at any 
point of a curve between the tangent and 
a chord of 100 feet, and is, therefore, one- 
half the degree of curve. Fay. c. In survey 
traverse, the angle between the extension 
of the line just completed and the next 
one. Pryor, 3. d. An angle which a survey 
line makes with the preceding line pro- 
duced beyond the station occupied, and 
differs from the included angle by 180°. 
Mason, V. 2, p. 745. e. In surveying, the 
angle between one survey line and the pro- 
longation of another survey line which 
meets it. See also intersection angle. C.T.D. 
f. Horizontal angle measured from the for- 


deflection angle 


ward prolongation of the preceding line, 
right or left, to the following line. Seelye, 2. 

deflection bit. A taper bit, generally a bull- 
nose type, used to drill down past the 
deflecting wedge when deflecting a bore- 
hole. Long. 

deflection dial. The load indicating gage on 
a penetrometer, which is a soil-testing de- 
vice used to determine some of the load- 
bearing characteristics of silt and sandy 
soils. See also cone penetrator. Long. 

deflection ot plumbline. ‘I'he angle between 
the actual direction of the plumbline and 
that of the normal to the spheroid tnac 
represents the figure of the earth. Some- 
times called station error. Seelye, 2. 

deflection plug. Synonym for base plug. Long. 

deflection point. Point of detlection on a re- 
fraction I-X graph separating two seg- 
ments that correspond to different wave 
paths. Schieferdecker. 

deflection wedge. A wedge-shaped tool in- 
serted in a borehole to direct the bit along 
a prescribed course. Also called whipstock 
(undesirable usage). B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 
3. Synonym for deflecting wedge. Long 

deflectometer. An instrument for gaging any 
deflections of a structure. Ham. 

deflector. A device across the path of a con- 
veyor placed at the correct angle to de- 
flect objects or discharge bulk material. 
Also called a plow. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

deflector sheet. A sheet of brattice or other 
material erected in a roadway or face to 
remove a firedamp layer. It is usually set 
at an angle of about 45° from the hori- 
zontal and inclined in the direction of 
airflow. Nelson. 

deflector-wedge ring. An annular steel ring 
attached to the upper end of a deflecting 
wedge, having a slightly smaller diameter 
than that of the borehole in which the 
wedge is inserted, serving as a stabilizing 
ring to hold and center the wedge in the 
borehole. Also called rose ring. Long. 

deflocculant. a. Any organic or inorganic ma- 
terial which is used as an electrolyte to 
disperse nonmetallic or metallic particles 
in a liquid, (that is, basic materials such 
as calgonate, sodium silicate, soda ash, etc., 
are used as deflocculants in clay slips). 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. A basic material, 
such as sodium carbonate or sodium sili- 
cate, used to deflocculate. ACSG. 

deflocculate. a. To disperse a clay suspension 
so that it has little tendency to settle and 
has a low viscosity, together with a low- 
water content. ACSG, 1963. b. The dis- 
persal of nonmetallic particles in a liquid 
to form a suspension that has little tend- 
ency to settle. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
c. To break up from a flocculated state; 
to convert into very fine particles. Syno- 
nym for peptize. A.G.I. 

deflocculating. a. The thinning of the con- 
sistency of a slip by adding a suitable elec- 
trolyte. ASTM C 286-65. b. The process 
of making clay slips or suspension using 
electrolytes or deflocculants. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

deflocculating agent; deflocculant; dispersing 
agent. An agent that prevents fine soil par- 
ticles or clay particles in suspension from 
coalescing to form flocs. ASCE P1826, 

deflocculation. A state of colloidal suspension 
in which the individual particles are sepa- 
rate from one another, this condition being 
maintained by the attraction of the par- 
ticles for the dispersing medium (for ex- 
ample, hydration) or by the assumption 











308 


of like electrical charges by the particles, 
thus resulting in their mutual repulsion, 
or both. It is generally possible to defloccu- 
late a gel to such an extent that it loses its 
gel strength entirely, thus becoming a 
Newtonian fluid, in which case it is known 
as a sol. The relative contribution of hydra- 
tion and electrostatic repulsion to the de- 
flocculation of a suspension accounts in 
large measure for the wide variation in 
viscosities and gel strengths of suspensions 
partially flocculated by different means; 
as for example, a partial flocculation of 
drilling fluid by cement on one hand, and 
by salt water on the other. Some suspen- 
sions can be deflocculated repeatedly by 
mechanical agitation alone, thus giving a 
reversible gel-sol, sol-gel transformation 
known as thixotropy. Branitly, 1. 

defluorinated stone. China stone from Corn- 
wall, England, from which the small 
amount of fluoride present has been re- 
moved by flotation. Dodd. 

defoaming. Eliminating foam. ASM Gloss. 

deformation. Change in the form or in the 
dimensions of a body produced by stress. 
Elongation is often used for tensile strain, 
compression or shortening for compressive 
strain, and detrusion for shear strain. Elas- 
tic deformation is such deformation as dis- 
appears on removal of stress; permanent 
deformation is such deformation as remains 
on removal of stress. Compare set. See also 
strain. Ro. 

deformation bands. Parts of a crystal which 
have rotated differently during deforma- 
tion to produce bands of varied orientation 
within individual grains. ASM Gloss. 

deformation eutectic. The composition within 
a system of two or more components which, 
on heating under specified conditions, de- 
velops sufficient liquid to cause deforma- 
tion at the minimum temperature. ACSC, 
1963. 

deformation of rocks. a. Restrictedly, the 
distortion of rock masses by pressure, evi- 
denced by foliation, mutual indentation of 
pebbles in conglomerate, distortions of fos- 
sils, stylolites, etc. Standard, 1964. b. Any 
change in the original shape of rock masses. 
Folding and faulting are common modes 
of deformation. Fay. 

deformation point. a. The temperature ob- 
served during the measurement of expan- 
sivity by the interferometer. method at 
which viscous flow exactly counteracts 
thermal expansion. The deformation point 
generally corresponds to a viscosity in the 
range from 10” to 10” poises. ASTM 
C 162-66. b. The temperature at which a 
nonmetallic material melts and deforms. 
See also fusion point. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

deformation temperature. The temperature 
at which, when a ceramic material is 
heated under specified conditions, the rate 
of subsidence becomes equal to the rate of 
thermal expansion, With glass, this tem- 
perature corresponds to a viscosity of 10” 
to 10” poises. Dodd. 

deformed bar. Reinforcing steel bar having 
recurrent deformation with the object of 
increasing the bond strength. Taylor. 

deformed crossbedding. Crossbedding with 
foresets overturned or buckled in the down- 
current direction usually prior to deposi- 
tion of the overlying bed. Foreset dip angle 
may also be altered by subsequent tectonic 
folding. Pettijohn. 

deformed crystal. A crystal bent or twisted 
out of its normal shape, so that the angles 








degrading stream 


between its crystal faces may differ widely 


from those on the regular form. See also 


distorted crystal. Shipley. 

deformeter. An instrument used in scale 
model analyses of a structure. The method 
derives from research by Professor A. J. 
Sutton Pippard, F.R.S., in Great Britain, 
and from similar research in the United 
States. Ham. 

defrother. An agent, for example, butanol, 
that destroys or inhibits froth. Pryor, 3. 

deg Abbreviation for degree. Abbreviated ° 
when denoting measurement with tempera- 
ture scales. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

degasification. Progressive loss of gases in a 
substance leading to the formation of a 
more condensed product. Applied primarily 


to the formation of solid bitumens from | 


liquid bitumens, but also used in connec- 
tion with caol formation. Tomkeieff, 1954. 


degasifier. A substance that can be added to » 


molten metal to remove soluble gases 
which might otherwise be occluded or en- 
trapped in the metal during solildification. 
ASM Gloss. 

degassing. a. Removing gases from liquids or 
solids. ASM Gloss. b. In pyrometallurgy, 
addition of deoxidants (phosphorus, alumi- 
num, silicon, etc.) to remove hydrogen 
from molten metals before casting. Pryor, 3. 

degassing equipment. a. The equipment for 
extracting the gas from an oil well drilling 
fluid. The presence of gas reduces the den- 
sity of the fluid. Nelson. b. The pumps and 
equipment used in’ firedamp “drainage. 
Nelson. 


degaussing. Method of demagnetization in 


which substance is passed through a coil 
which carries alternating current of pro- 
gressively diminishing strength. Pryor, 3. 

degourdi. The preliminary low temperature 
(800° to 900° C) firing of feldspathic 
porcelain, as practiced in Europe; the sec- 
ond (glost) firing is at approximately 
1,400° C. (French word meaning warming 
as distinct from the high temperature, 
grand feu, glost firing.) Dodd. 


degradation. a. The excessive crushing of coal | 


during cutting, loading, and transporta- 
tion. All face machines cause degradation, 
and this has become a problem at collieries 
where the market calls for the larger sizes. 
The degradation of a coking coal is of 
lesser importance. See also fragmentation. 
Nelson. b. Breakage of coal incidental to 
mining, handling, transport, or storage. 
B.S. 3323, 1960. c. The general lowering 
of the surface of the land by erosion proc- 
esses, especially by the removal of material 
through erosion and transportation by 
flowing water. Fay. 

degradation screens. Screens used for remov- 
ing the small sizes caused by breakage in 
handling from sized coal just before it is 
loaded for shipment. Degradation screen- 
ing is necessary usually where a sized coal 
is picked, mechanically cleaned, stored, 
conveyed, or otherwise handled so that 
breakage occurs after it is sized on the 
main screens. This applies particularly to 
domestic coal, which should reach the con- 
sumer in as attractive a condition as pos- 
sible. Mitchell, p. 818. 

degrade. To wear or scour by erosion. Web- 
ster 3d. 

degraded illite. Illite that has lost much of 
its potassium as the result of prolonged 
leaching. A.GJ. Supp. 

degrading stream. See corrading 
A.G.I, 


stream, 








degradinite 


= 


idegradinite. In 1955, K. Asai proposed to the 
| Nomenclature Subcommittee of the Inter- 
national Committee for Coal Petrology 
that this term should be accepted to de- 
scribe the most common constituent of the 
Tertiary coals of Japan. Degradinite re- 
sembles vitrinite and has no definite form. 
It forms the groundmass of the hydrite of 
Japanese Tertiary coals and encloses exin- 
ite, resinite, and sclerotinite. Micrinite, 
fusinite, and semifusinite are less commonly 
associated with it. IH'CP, 1963, part I. 
| degraissant. See grit. ACSG, 1963. 
| degras. The grease obtained in scouring wool. 
: Used to increase the visccosity of lubricants, 
and also in belt dressings. Crispin. 
(degreasing. Removal of oil and grease films 
from metal surfaces before electroplating, 
galvanizing or enameling. Pryor, 3. 
(degreasing machine. An electrically driven 
machine including high-pressure pump and 
special cleaning solution for removing 
grease and oil from underground mine ma- 
chines as a prevention of mine fires. ASA 
C42.85:1956. 
(degree. a. A unit space or a unit division 
marked on various instruments, as ther- 
mometers and astronomical instruments. 
Standard, 1964. b. A 360th part of the 
circumference of a circle; the principal 
unit of measure for arcs and angles. Web- 
ster 3d. 
| degree-day. The product of 1 day and the 
| number of °F the daily mean temperature 
is below 65° F. Thus, on a day when the 
mean temperature is 40° F, there are 25 
degree-days. The degree-day unit is used 
in eliminating the weather variable in de- 
termining heating load efficiency and in 
predicting fuel consumption. Strock, 10. 
(degree-hour. The product of 1 hour and 
(usually) the number of °F the hourly 
mean temperature is above a base point, 
usually 85° F. Thus, in an hour when the 
temperature is 92° F, there is 7 degree- 
hours on an 85° F base. The degree-hour 
is used in measuring, roughly, the cooling 
load in summer for cases where process 
heat, heat from human beings, and humid- 
ity are relatively unimportant as compared 
with dry-bulb temperature. Strock, 10. 
|| degree of compaction. The degree of compac- 
tion of a soil sample. Ham. 
|| degree of consolidation; percent of consoli- 
| dation. The ratio, expressed as a percent- 
age, of the amount of consolidation at a 
given time within a soil mass, to the total 
amount of consolidation obtainable under 
a given stress condition. ASCE P1826. 
|| degree of curve. The number of degrees at 
the center of a circle subtended by a chord 
of 100 feet. Occasionally, in highway sur- 
veying, it is defined as the central angle 
subtended by an are of 100 feet. Seelye, 2. 
| degree of freedom. a. A possibility of motion 
or change in any determining element of 
position. No rigid body can possess any 
more than six degrees of freedom. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. In any system, the number 
of variables, such as temperature, pressure, 
concentration, etc., which can be changed 
independently without destroying any of 
the phases. Standard, 1964. 
degree of liberation. In mineral dressing, the 
degree of liberation of a certain mineral 
or phase is the percentage of that mineral 
or phase occurring as free particles in rela- 
tion to the total of that mineral occurring 
in the free and locked forms. Gaudin, p. 70. 
degree of locking. In mineral dressing, the 














309 


degree of locking of a mineral is the per- 
centage occurring in locked particles in 
relation to the total occurring in the free 
and locked forms. Gaudin, p. 70. 

degree of packing. Of an explosive, the load- 
ing weight per unit of nominal volume, 
which is always known. Its unit is kilogram 
per cubic decimeter. The degree of pack- 
ing defined in this way is 6 percent greater 
than the density of the explosive in the 
drill hole. Langefors, p. 110. 

degree of saturation. a. The percentage of 
the volume of water-filled voids to the total 
volume of voids in a soil. Nelson. b. Ration 
of weights of water vapor in air at given 
conditions and at saturation, with tempera- 
ture constant. Specific humidities are usu- 
ally employed. Measured in percent. Hart- 
man, p. 8. c. See percent saturation. ASCE 
P1826. 

degree of sensitivity. See remolding index. 
ASCE P1826. 

degree of size reduction. Ratio of the surface 
areas of the broken or crushed material to 
those of the feed material. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

degree of sorting. The meascure for the 
spread of grain-size distribution. Schiefer- 
decker. 

degree rule. Synonym for clinometer rule. 
Long. 

degrees Kelvin. Absolute temperature on the 
centigrade scale, or degrees C plus 273.16. 
Strock, 10. 

degrees Rankine. Absolute temperature on 
the Fahrenheit scale, or degrees F plus 
459.6. Strock, 10. 

Dehne filter. Plate-and-frame type of pressure 
filter. Pryor, 3. 

Dehottay process. A variation of the freezing 
method of shaft sinking, in which liquid 
carbon dioxide is pumped into the ground 
instead of brine. See also Oetling freezing 
method. Nelson. 

dehrnite. A hydrous phosphate of calcium, 
sodium, and potassium; hexagonal; crystal- 
line crusts and minute crystals; grayish- to 
greenish-white. The mineral from Dehrn, 
Nassau, Germany is richer in sodium, con- 
forming nearly to the formula 7GaO.Na:O.- 
2P,0;.H»O, whereas the mineral found 
near Fairfield, Utah is described as 14CaO.- 
2(Na,K)20.4P203.3(H20,COz). See also 
soda-dehrnite. English. 

dehumidification. The process of removing 
moisture from mine air so as to increase 
its cooling capacity—an important factor 
in environmental health and comfort in 
deep mining. See also dry kata cooling 
power; effective temperature. Nelson. 

dehumidified air. Air dried artificially by 
compression and re-expansion to increase 
its cooling power in ventilating hot mines. 
GED 

dehydrate. To render free from water. Web- 
Ster 3d. 

dehydrated. Freed from water or lacking 
water. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

dehydrated stone. One from which the nor- 
mal water content has been evaporated, 
usually by natural processes. Shipley. 

dehydrated tar. Brown, thick liquid. Used in 
waterproofing. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

dehydration plant operator. In petroleum 
production, one who removes water and 
other impurities from natural gas in an 
automatically controlled treating plant. 
Also called gas dehydration plant attend- 
ant. DiOW.. 2 

dehydration. a. Removal of HO from molec- 
ular compound by heat or chemical action; 





delay cap; delay detonator 


drying. Pryor, 3. b. The removal of water, 
as from fines in wet separation methods. 
See also centrifuge. Nelson. c. Removal of 
moisture, whether free or chemically com- 
bined. ACSG, 1963. 

dehydrator; dryer. A device or material which 
will remove water from a_ substance. 
Strock, 10. 

dehydroabietylamine. This material is used 
to stabilize the viscosity of ceramic inks. Lee. 

dehydrogenation. The removal of hydrogen 
from a chemical compound, Shell Oil Co. 

deil. Scot. A tool for unscrewing broken rods 
in a borehole. Fay. 

deionization. Removal of ions from solution 
by chemical means. ASM Gloss. 

Deister table. Proprietary type of shaking 
table used in mineral processing. Pryor, 3. 

deKhotinsky cement. A thermoplastic cement 
which is not attacked by water, sulfuric 
acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbon 
disulfide, benzene, gasoline, or turpentine, 
and is very little affected by ether, chloro- 
form, or alkalies, but is readily dissolved 
by ethyl alcohol. Used for cementing glass, 
metal, and porcelain. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dekorite. Bakelite. Shipley. 

delafossite. An iron, copper, and aluminum 
oxide containing 3/.9 percent copper, 
47.99 percent iron sesquioxide, and 3.52 
percent aluminum sesquioxide. From Eka- 
terinburg, Perm, U.S.S.R. Weed, 1918. 

De Lattre pickling process. The pickling 
liquor contains per liter, 1 gram mole of 
ferrous sulfate, % gram mole of hydro- 
chloric acid and 1 gram mole of sulfuric 
acid, This solution is maintained at a con- 
stant temperature of 50° C to 55° C by 
steam coils, and the ratio of the two acids 
is maintained during the whole pickling 
operation by appropriate additions of both 
acids and the inhibitor which consists of 
gelatin peptonized by hydrochloric acid. 
Pickling is carried on until the total fer- 
rous-sulfate concentration reaches 326 to 
394 grams per liter, when the solution is 
passed to the recovery plant. Osborne. 

delatynite. A variety of amber from Delatyn 
in the Galician Carpathians, differing from 
succinite in containing rather more carbon 
(79.93 percent), less succinic acid (0.74 
to 1.67 percent), and no sulfur. English. 

De Lavaud process. A method for the cen- 
trifugal casting of pipes. The pipes are cast 
in a steel cylinder or mold, which revolves 
in a hollow cylindrical jacket. The space 
between the outside of the mold and the 
inside of the jacket is filled with water. 
The driving mechanism is a Pelton water 
wheel, which is attached to the bell end 
of the mold. Osborne. 

delawarite. An aventurine feldspar from Dela- 
ware County, Pa.; a pearly orthoclase. 
Hess. 

delay action. In blasting, firing of a round 
of shots in planned seequence so that cut 
or relief holes are blown first. Delay-action 
electric detonators have largely replaced 
safety fuses for this purpose, successive 
shots being separated by milliseconds. 
Pryor, 3. 

delay cap; delay detonator. A detonator 
which explodes at a predetermined frac- 
tion of a second after the passage of the 
current from the exploder. The original 
delay detonator was of the safety fuse type. 
Later, Nobels’ Explosives developed the 
gasless type of delay detonator, wherein 
a special delay element containing a slow- 
burning composition supersedes the safety 


delay cap; delay detonator 


fuse. Delay detonators are ignited by an 
electric current passing through the bridge 
wire. To fire a single detonator a minimum 
current of 0.6 ampere applied for one- 
twentieth of a second is necessary. See also 
short delay detonator. Nelson. 

delayed filling. Filling in which the mined- 
out rooms are filled later, generally on a 
large scale and when the neighboring sec- 
tionse are already being mined. Stoces, 
De 1S p. 2795; 

delayed fishscaling. A fishscaling defect that 
occurs after the final porcelain enamel 
processing. ASTM C286-65. 

delayed neutrons. Neutrons emitted by radio- 
active fission products in a reactor seconds 
or minutes after a fission takes place. 
Fewer than 1 percent of the neutrons are 
delayed, the majority being prompt neu- 
trons. L@L. 

delayed pillar extraction. A pillar method of 
working in which the coal pillars are not 
extracted until the whole workings have 
been driven to the boundary. It is some- 
times adopted when a seam a short dis- 
tance above is worked simultaneously. De- 
layed pillar working increases the difficulty 
of ventilation and the amount of deadwork 
is increased due to the crushing of coal 
pillars. Nelson. 

delayed quench. One in which the material 
is not quenched immediately on coming 
from the solution heat-treat furnace. This 
allows precipitation to proceed to a point 
where mechanical properties and corrosion 
resistance are lowered. Light Metal Age, 
v. 16, No. 9, October, 1958, pp. 17-24. 

delayed yield. A phenomenon involving a 
delay in time between the application of 
a stress and the concurrence of the cor- 
responding yield point strain. ASM Gloss. 

delay electric blasting cap. An electric blast- 
ing cap with a delay element between the 
priming and detonating composition to per- 
mit firing of explosive charges in sequence 
with but one application of the electric 
current. ASA C42.85, 1956. It detonates 
about one or two seconds after the electric 
current has passed through the bridge. It 
is made in two kinds, first and second 
delay, and is used in connection with regu- 
lar, waterproof, or submarine electric blast- 
ing caps for blasting in tunnels, shafts, etc., 
where it is desirable to have charges fired 
in succession without the necessity of the 
blaster returning betweeen shots. Fay. 

delay electric igniter. An electrical device 
using a fuse as the delay element by which 
it is possible with the use of a blasting cap 
on each fuse to detonate a number of 
charges in succession. Fay. 

delay element. a. That part of a delay deto- 
nator interposed between the fusehead and 
the priming charge. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 
b. The delay element of a detonator con- 
sists of a thick-walled metal tube filled with 
a composition which will burn at a uniform 
rate. Thus the flash from the fusehead 
ignites the upper surface of the column of 
delay composition which then burns uni- 
formly downwards and in turn ignites the 
initiating composition of the detonator. 
McAdam II, p. 57. 

delay firing. The firing of several shots in 
sequence, at designed intervals of time, 
usually by means of delay detonators, deto- 
nating relays, or sequence switches. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

delay interval. The nominal period between 
the firing of successive delay detonators in 








310 


a series of shots. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

delay rental. A payment, commonly made 
annually on a per acre basis to validate 
a lease in lieu of drilling. Wheeler. 

delay time. Additional time for any segment 
of a ray path over the time which would 
be required to traverse the horizontal com- 
ponent of that segment at highest velocity 
encountered on a trajectory. For a layer 
of velocity Vo and thickness L overlying 
a substratum of velocity V:, the delay time, 
D = 2 L cos i/Vo where i = sin *Vo/V:. 
Synonym for intercept time. A.G_I. 

deldoradite. A deep-seated igneous rock con- 
sisting of light-colored nepheline syenite. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 77. 

deleading. Removal of the lead coating formed 
on steel during cold drawing through dies 
when lead is used as the lubricant. The 
removal is usually effected by immersing 
in acid. Osborne. 

delessite. A chloritic mineral of scaly or short 
fibrous appearance filling cavities or seams 
in basic igneous rocks. Fay. 

delf. a. Forest of Dean; Lanc. A vein, seam, 
or bed of coal or ironstone. Fay. b. Eng. 
Excavation; usually a mine; a quarry. 
Webster 3d. c. A thin layer of coal or iron- 
stone. Nelson. 

delfman. Eng. A miner or workman in a 
stone quarry. Fay. 

delftware. A calcareous earthenware having 
an opaque white glaze and monochrome 
overglaze decoration. Originated in Delft, 
Holland. ASTM C242-60. 

delhayelite. Orthorhombic laths in a melilite- 
nephelinite lava from Mt. Shaheru, Kivu, 
Republic of the Congo; near (Na,K).Ca;- 
AleSis2O 0. 18H2O.3 (Naz,Ke) (Cle,F2,SOz). 
Hey, M.M., 1961. 

delicate flute casts. 
Pettijohn. 

deliquescence. The act or process of becom- 
ing liquid by the absorption of moisture 
from the air. Certain salts have this prop- 
erty ; for example, calcium chloride. Crispin. 

deliquescent. Capable of becoming liquid by 
the absorption of moisture from the air. 
For example, calcium chloride crvstals. 
Standard, 1964; Bureau of Mines Staff. 

delivery. a. The final act of any glass-forming 
unit on a particular article; consists of 
motion to remove the article from the 
mold. ASTM C162-66. b. The process or 
equipment used for directing charges or 
gobs of glass to a forming machine. ASTM 
C162—66. c. The point where the stream 
of water issues from a pump or pipe. Peel. 

delivery column. See rising main. Nelson. 

delivery drift; offtake drift. A drift or adit 
connected to a shaft from a point on the 
surface at a lower level than the shaft top 
and used as an outlet into which mine 
pumps discharge, so reducing the height 
through which the water must be lifted. 
Also called jackhead. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4, 

delivery gate. Eng. A road into which a 
face conveyor delivers the coal. SMRB, 
Peper No. 61. 

delivery table. a. A conveyor which transports 
material from the discharge of a machine. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. b. A table to which a 
chute discharges. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

delivery valve. a. Usually a valve at the out- 
let of a delivery pipe. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 
b. The sluice valve between a pump and its 
delivery pipe or delivery column. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 4. c. The outlet valve 
forming part of a reciprocating pump. 


See furrow flute cast. 








delta shoreline; deltaic coast 


B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

dellenite. a. An extrusive rock between rhyo- 
lite and dacite in composition, and broadly, 
the extrusive equivalent of granodiorite. 
Webster 2d. Compare toscanite. Fay. b. 
Synonym for plagioclase rhyolite. Webster 
2d. 

Delmontian. Uppermost Miocene or lower 
Pliocene. A.GJ. Supp. 

delorenzite. a. A moderately to strongly radio- 
active, black, orthorhombic mineral found 
in pegmatite with strueverite, columbite, 
ilmenite, tourmaline, spessartite, and beryl. 
Crosby, p. 15. b. A discredited term equal 
to tanteuxenite. American Mineralogist, v. 
45, No. 5-6, May-June 1960, p. 756. 

delphinite. A yellowish-green epidote from 
France. Same as thallite; oisanite. Shipley. 

delphs. York. The working places in iron- 
stone quarries. Nelson. : 

Delprat method. See overhand stoping, b. 
Fay. 

Delprat process. Pioneer method of froth flo- 
tation, patented in 1903, later merged to 
the Potter-Delprat process (1904). Ore 
pulp, sulfuric acid and carbonates were 
reacted in a wedge-shaped box. Tailings — 
underflowed and a froth rich in CO2 and 
carrying concentrates overflowed. Pryor, 3. 

delrioite. A microcrystalline efflorescence, 
CaSrV20,;.3H2O, found on sandstone on 
a dump of the Jo Dandy mine, Montrose — 
County, Colo. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

delta. A plain underlain by an assemblage of 
sediments that accumulate where a stream 
flows into a body of standing water where 
its velocity and transporting power are 
suddenly reduced. Originally so named be- 
cause many deltas are roughly triangular 
a plan with the apex pointing upstream. 
eet. 

delta bedding. Refers to inclined bedding pre- 
sumed to originate as foresets of small 
deltas. Pettijohn. 

delta clay. One which has accumulated in 
the delta of a river. Such deposits are not 
as common as Clay deposits formed in other 
ways. ACSB-1. 

delta connected. A delta-connected power sys- 
tem is one in which the windings of trans- 
formers or alternating-current generators 
are connected to form a triangular phase 
relationship, and with the phase conductors | 
connected to each point of the triangle. 
EGA 962) 19609 ps 21. 

delta ferrite. See ferrite. ASM Gloss. 

deltafication. The process of forming a delta 
at the mouth of a river. Fay. 

deltaic. a. Pertaining to or like a delta. Fay. 
b. Having or forming a delta. Fay 

deltaic deposits. Sedimentary deposits laid | 
down in a river delta. Hy. 

delta iron. The polymorphic form of iron 
stable between 1,403° C and the melting 
point (about 1,532° C). The space lattice 
is the same as that of alpha iron and dif- 
ferent from that of gamma iron. C.T.D. 

deltaite. A discredited mineral term since it 
is a mixture of crandallite plus hydroxyl- 
apatite. American Mineralogist, v. 46, No. 
3-4, March-April 1961, p. 467. 

delta metal. Brass containing about 1.8 per- 
cent added iron, characterized by high 
tensile strength. Pryor, 3. 

delta plain. The plain formed by the accumu- 
lation of silt at the mouth of a stream or 
by overflow along its lower course. It may 
be called a delta plain or simply a delta. 
A.G.I. 

delta shoreline; deltaic coast. Shoreline or: 








delta shoreline; deltaic coast 








coast, formed by deltas built up in the sea 

(or in a lake). Schieferdecker. 

Jidleltoidal cast. See frondescent cast. Pettijohn 

|ideltoid dodecahedron; deltohedron. An iso- 

| metric hemihedral form of 12 faces, each 
a quadrilateral, distributed as determined 
by the tetrahedral type of symmetry. Fay. 

idelvin. Corn. A gray, talcky, slaty stone that 
| tinners call killas or raze. Arkell. 
{Demag cappel. A rope cappel used in Koepe 
winding, particularly in Germany. The 
rope is led along the side of the eye and 
secured by a hinged retaining arm lined 
with rubber, and then turned round the 
eye and held in position by pressure exerted 
by knee-action links. See also G.H.H. cap- 
pel. Nelson. 

‘Demag drag-belt shuttle conveyor. Consists 

| of asingle length of belting, half the length 

of a double unit face, which is shuttled 
backwards and forwards along the face 
by means of low-type winches at each end 
of the face, interlocked and fitted with 
limit switches. The coal is ploughed off the 
belt at the loader gate onto the gate con- 

veyor. Sinclair, V, p. 305. 

|| demagnetization. The process of reducing the 
magnetism in a magnetized body. This 
may be achieved by applying a magnetiz- 
ing force which opposes that producing the 
original magnetizing force or by exposing 
the body to an alternating magnetic field 
which is gradually reduced to zero. A per- 
manent magnet may be demagnetized by 
heating to a red heat or by rough usage. 
Osborne. 

‘demagnetize. a. To deprive of magnetic po- 
larity, as in demagnetizing drill rods by 
applying heat or by laying them on the 
ground. Long. b. To disperse, by means of 
a suitable magnetic field, solids in a dense 
medium which have flocculated magneti- 
cally. B:S.73552; 7962, c, To, deprive. of 

| magnetic properties. Webster 3d. 

(demand charge. That part of a utility service 

charged for on the basis of the possible 

demand as distinguished from the energy 

actually consumed. Strock, 10. 

(demand factor. Ratio of the maximum de- 
mand to the connected load. Strock, 10. 
‘demand meters. Instruments or meters for 
measuring the maximum demand during 
an agreed period of time, usually a month. 
oe Age, v. 71, No. 8, August 1966, p. 

270. 

demand power; peak power. The maximum 
amount of energy consumed in any con- 
secutive number of minutes, for example, 
15 or 30 minutes, during the month. De- 
mand is measured in kilowatts and is the 
average rate of consumed energy during 
the peak period. This method of establish- 
ing the maximum demand rate does not 
penalize the company for very short peaks. 
Oe Age, v. 71, No. 8, August 1966, p. 
270. 

| demantoid. A transparent, green variety of 
andradite, having a brilliant luster and 
used as a gem. Also called Uralian emer- 
ald. Dana 17, p. 403. 

| Demenge process. The hardening of the face 
of a steel ingot by carburizing one side in 
the casting mold. Standard, 1964. 

\ demidovite. A phosphoriferous variety of 

chrysocolla from Tagilsk, Perm, U.S.S.R. 

. Weed, 1918. 

I, demijohn. A glass container for wine or spir- 

} its; it has a narrow neck and a capacity 

| of over 2 gallons. The name is derived 

from the French Dame Jeanne, a popular 
17th century name for this type of large 
| 


264-972 O-68—21 








311 


bottle. Dodd. 

demineralization. a. Water softening by use 
of zeolites or resins to remove cations. 
Pryor, 3. b. See deionization. Lowenheim. 

Deminrolit apparatus. Portable deionizing 
appliance taking out cations and anions 
in two successive stages. Pryor, 3. 

demoiselle. The eroded portion of an adobe 
pillar extended up from the ground about 
2% feet, and wherever small pebbles had 
been included in the mud of adobe these 
had locally protected the material behind 
it and so yielded small hoodoolike headed 
pillars directed toward the wind and about 
3 inches in length. Such slender demoi- 
selles resulting from the embedding of 
harder nodules within rocks, the surfaces 
of which have been drilled away by natural 
sand blast, have been described by Walther. 
A.G.I. 

demorphism. All the processes by which rocks 
are broken down and decomposed. Johann- 
sen, uv. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 172. 

dempy. A mine or part of a mine which is 
prone to outbursts and accumulations of 
noxious gases. Nelson. 

demulsibility. The rate of separation of the 
components of an emulsion. API Glossary. 

demulsification. Breakdown into separate 
phases of a relatively stable emulsion, by 
such means as flocculation with a surface- 
active agent or removal of an emulsifying 
agent. Pryor, 3. 

demurrage. The detention of a vessel, rail- 
road car, or other vehicle beyond an 
allotted time; usually by failure to unload 
same within a specified number of hours 
or days. Crispin. 

dendriform. Resembling a tree; arborescent; 
dendritic; descriptive of certain minerals. 
Fay. 

dendrite. a. A branching figure resembling 
a tree produced on or in a mineral or stone 
(as in the moss agate) by an oxide of man- 
ganese or other foreign mineral; the min- 
eral or stone so marked. Webster 3d. b. A 
crystallized arborescent form (as of gold 
or silver). Webster 3d. 

dendritic. Branching like a tree; for example, 
some crystallized native gold. Fay. 

dendritic agate. Agate such as mocha stone 
and moss agate, which have inclusions of 
iron or manganese oxide arranged in forms 
resembling trees, ferns, and similar vege- 
tation. Shipley. 

dendritic and arborescent. A mineral in tree- 
like or mosslike forms, for example, man- 
ganese oxide. Nelson. 

dendritic drainage. In a region underlain by 
horizontally bedded rock, the valleys ex- 
tend in many directions without systematic 
arrangement and are described as dendritic 
(treelike). See also insequent. A.G_I. 

dendritic markings. Treelike markings, usu- 
ally quite superficial, occurring on rock 
surfaces, on joint faces, and on other frac- 
tures in rocks, frequently consisting of an 
oxide of manganese or an oxide of iron. 
Less frequently, the appearance is caused 
by the inclusion of a mineral of dendritic 
habit in another mineral or rock; for ex- 
ample, chlorite in silica to form moss agate. 
C.M.D. 

dendritic opal. Common opal with treelike 
inclusions. Shipley. 

dendritic powder. In powder metallurgy, 
metal particles, usually of electrolytic ori- 


gin, and possessing a typical dendritic ; 


structure. Also called arborescent powder. 
Henderson. 











dense medium 


dendritic texture. A texture in which the 
minerals have a branching treelike form. 
Schieferdecker. 

dendro:d. Dendritic; arborescent. Fay. 

dendrolite. Same as dendrite. Hess. 

denier. A unit of yarn size, baced on the 
number of grams in a length of 9,000 
meters. Phillips. 

Denison core barrel. Synonym for Denison 
sampler. Long. 

denningite. A mineral, (Mn, Za Vil eae: color- 
less to pale green tetragonal plates and 
platy masses from Sonora, Mexico. Hey, 
MM, 1964; Fleischer. 

dennisonite. a. A hydrous phosphate of cal- 
cium and aluminum; found as white crusts 
in variscite nodules. Sinkankas. b. Original 
erroneous name for davisonite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

Dennison method. A method of preparing 
the surface of shafts and similar objects 
in which the surface is threaded to hold 
particles of molten sprayed metal. After 
cutting, the tops of the threads are knurled 
to a depth of about 0.015 inch. No other 
treatment is necessary. Osborne. 

Denoel formula. A formula used for calcu- 
lating the thickness of tubbing: 


t=R.— R=] afq— pp — 1 f where 


t is the thickness of tubbing required in 
centimeters, Ri: and R external and inter- 
nal diameters of lining in centimeters, 
T is the safe stress of 1,000 kilograms per 
cubic centimeter, in cast iron, and P is the 
water pressure in kilograms per cubic cen- 
timeter. This may be simplified to the 
2PR 
approximate formula: t = —-——-—-. 
2T — 3P 

Sinclair, II, p. 318. 

denounce. Mex. To offer for record legal 
notice of a claim for a mining concession 
covering a described area of land, the 
mining rights for which are held by the 
government. Webster 3d. See also de- 
nuncia. Fay. 

dense. a. Compact, fine-grained, lacking pore 
space. Ballard. b. In optical glass, the sub- 
class of a higher index of refraction. ASTM 
C162-66. 

dense concrete. Concrete weighing more than 
120 pounds per cubic foot is designated as 
dense. This does not necessarily indicate 
strength. Ham. 

dense graded aggregate. Graded mineral ag- 
gregate which contains a sufficient number 
of very small particles to reduce the void 
spaces in the compacted aggregates to a 
minimum. API Glossary. 

dense liquid. A homogeneous liquid or solu- 
tion of specific gravity greater than that 
of water, which can be used in industry 
or in the laboratory to divide coal into two 
fractions of different specific gravities. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

dense-media separation. a. Heavy media sep- 
aration, or sink float. Separation of sinking 
heavy from light floating mineral particles 
in fluid of intermediate density. Abbrevia- 
tion, DMS. Pryor, 4. b. Separation of rela- 
tively light (floats) and heavy ore particles 
(sinks), by immersion in a bath of inter- 
mediate density. This is the dense or heavy 
media, a finely ground slurry of appropri- 
ate heavy material in water. Barite, ferro- 
silicon, and galena are in principal use. 
Pryor, 3. 

dense medium. A fluid formed by the arti- 
ficial suspension in water of heavy particles 


dense medium 


(for example, magnetite, barytes, and 
shale), which can be used in industry or in 
the laboratory to divide coal into fractions 
of different specific gravities. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 

dense-medium jigging. This method involves 
two essential features: (1) the circulation 
in the jig of a 1.7 to 2.0 specific gravity 
bone middling, approximately three-six- 
teenths of an inch to 0 in size, which fills 
the interstices of the jig bed and in effect 
converts the jig into a float-and-sink ma- 
chine; and (2) the use of a suction stroke 
to hold the medium in the bed and preveat 
its washing over with the coal. Mitchell, 
p. 516, 

dense-medium process. A process for the 
washing of coal, in which the desired sepa- 
ration is effected in a dense medium. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

dense-medium recovery; medium solids re- 
covery. The collection, for reuse, of medium 
solids from dilute medium, usually under- 
stood to include the removal, in whole or 
in part, of contaminating fine coal and 
clay. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

dense-medium washer. A machine for clean- 
ing coal and other materials which uses 
a dense fluid in which the coal floats and 
shale sinks. The fluid consists of water inti- 
mately mixed with sand, or finely ground 
magnetite or even shale, and agitated to 
maintain its consistency. The fluid has an 
effective specific gravity ranging from 1.3 
to 1.9. In general, coal from about 8 inches 
down to 1 inch is washed by dense medium, 
below 1 inch by Baum washer, and below 
0.75 millimeter (where cleaning is neces- 
sary) by froth flotation. Magnetite as the 
dense medium solid is preferred as it can 
be easily recovered by magnetic separators 
and also the upper limit of the specific 
gravity is higher (up to 2.0). See also coal- 
preparation plant. Nelson. 

dense noncrystalline tonstein. This type ton- 
stein consists almost entirely of fine-grained 
kaolin groundmass, showing weak aggre- 
gate polarization, containing here and 
there isolated corroded crystals of kaolin- 
ite. Such bands are commonly more than 
100 millimeters thick and light in color. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. 

dense rock. A rock with small, even grains 
tightly compacted. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

densifier. An alloy designed to impart density 
and homogeneity of structure to any mix- 
ture to which it may be added. Density, 
in the sense of a fine, close-grained struc- 
ture, is essential to pressure-tight metal 
parts. See also addition agent. Henderson. 

densimeter. An apparatus used to determine 
the relative density, or specific gravity, of 
a substance, such as of a drilling mud. 
Long. 

densimetric curve; specific gravity curve. Any 
curve obtained from the results of a float 
and sink analysis by plotting the yield of 
floats or sinks against the specific gravity. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. 

Denison sampler. A large-size, swivel-type 
double-tube core barrel designed for soil- 
testing work to obtain relatively undis- 
turbed corelike samples of soft rock and/or 
soil formations. The inner tube is provided 
with a thin wall liner and a finger- or 
basket-type core lifter or core-retaining 
device. Also called Denison core barrel. 
Long. 

densiscope. A name for a specific gravity 
apparatus made in Vienna, and designed 





312 


especially for obtaining specific gravity of 
pearls as an indication, but not a proof, 
of their genuineness (cultured pearls usu- 
ally have a higher specific gravity). Shipley. 

densitometer. An instrument for the measure- 
ment of the density of an image produced 
by light, X-rays, gamma rays, etc., on a 
photographic plate; used in some dust- 
sampling instruments. Nelson. 

density. a. The mass of a substance per unit 
volume. Webster 3d. b. The quality or state 
of being dense; closeness of texture or con- 
sistency. Webster 3d. c. The distribution 
of a quantity (as mass, electricity, or 
energy) per unit usually of space (as area, 
length, or volume). Webster 3d. d. Al- 
though density is defined as mass per unit 
volume, the term is frequently used in 
place of unit weight in the field of soil 
mechanics. See also unit weight. ASCE 
P1826. e. The ratio of the mass of any 
volume of a substance to the mass of ai 
equal volume of a standard substance; for 
example, water is used as the standard 
substance to which the ratio of a quantity 
of a drill mud is compared. Long. f. Hav- 
ing the quality of being dense, hard, or 
compact. Long. g. Weight of a substance 
in grams per cubic centimeter (at specified 
temperature when close accuracy is needed). 
For liquids and solids, it equals specific 
gravity. Density fluids are heavy liquids 
used in float-sink tests. Of a particle, the 
true density is its mass (m) divided by 
volume (v) excluding pores; its apparent 
density is its mass divided by volume 
(m/v) including open but excluding closed 
pores. Of a mass of particles (powder), the 
apparent density is mass divided by volume 
(m/v); the bulk density mass divided by 
volume (m/v) under stated freely poured 
conditions; and the tap density mass di- 
vided by volume (m/v) after vibrating o7 
tapping under stated conditions. Pryor, 3. 
See also apparent density; bulk density. 

density contract. The difference in density of 
the valuable mineral and the host rock. 
Lewis, p. 350. 

density-control device. An automatic device 
to control the density of the medium in or 
entering the separating bath in a dense- 
medium process. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

density current. A current caused by differ- 
ences in densities, for example, an excess 
of evaporation, cooling, or dilution in a 
restricted basin or an open sea. Schiefer- 
decker. 

density distribution. In vertical section the 
stratification of the different water densi- 
ties is stable. In a horizontal direction dif- 
ferences in density can exist only in the 
presence of currents. In the oceans, water 
of a given density which sinks from the sea 
surface tends to spread at the depth in 
which water of its density is found. The 
sound velocity pattern and the ray path 
of the sound wave depend on the density 
distribution. Hy. 

density, dry. The weight (dry) of a substance 
per unit volume at a stated temperature. 
Taylor. 

density logger. An instrument for direct 
measurement of formation densities in 
boreholes. This tool furnishes a log of back- 
scattered gamma radiation which is a 
simple function of formation density. A 
logarithmic scale makes it possible to read 
densities directly from the log. The logger 
consists of a radiation source, usually co- 
balt 60, at one end of the tool and a de- 


Denver cell 


tector, generally a Geiger counter, about 
18 inches away at the other end. The outer 
wall of the logger is lined with lead shield- 
ing which has two slits so positioned that 
the only radiation from the source which 
reached the detector is that deflected back 
from the formation by Compton scattering. 
Dobrin, pp. 227-228. 

density of dust cloud. The number of ounces 
of coal dust per cubic foot (or grams per 
cubic meter) of space, suspended in the 
air or gases in a specified zone. Rice, 
George S. 

density of gases. The vapor density of a gas, 
or its density relative to hydrogen, is the 
number of times a volume of the gas is 
heavier than the same volume of hydrogen, 
the volume of both gases being at the same 
temperature and pressure. Cooper. 

density of seams. a. An indication of the 
spacing of seams in the strata; the seam 
density is said to be high if the seams are 
close together, or low if they are widely 
separated. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. b. The 
ratio of the sum of the thickness of a num- 
ber of adjacent seams to the thickness of 
an arbitrarily chosen sequence of strata. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

density ratio. In powder metallurgy, the ratio 
of the determined density of a compact to 
the absolute density of metal of the same 
composition, usually expressed as a per- 
centage. ASM Gloss. 

dent. See danty coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

dental. A tooth-shaped projection formed on 
a surface over which water flows, in order 
to diminish the force of the flow. Ham. 

dental alloys. Gold and silver base alloys with 
platinum and palladium; used for bridges, 
fillings, braces and similar work. Bennett | 
2d, 1962. 

dental porcelain. Feldspathic porcelain, 
shaped, tinted, and fired for use as false 
teeth; the firing is sometimes carried out 
in a partial vacuum to remove small air 
bubbles and, therefore, insure maximum 
density and strength. Dodd. 

dental work. The act or process of filling 
cracks, crevices, or caverns encountered in 
drilling a borehole with cement or grout; 
also, the cracks, etc., so filled. Long. 

dentated sill. A sill formed with notches to 
break the force of a stream, thereby re- 
ducing scour. Ham. 

denture clutch. A jaw clutch. Nichols. 

denty coal. Same as danty coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

denudation. The sum of the processes that 
result in the wearing down of the surface 
of the earth, including wear by running 
water, solution, and wind action. The term 
is wider in its scope than erosion, the re- 
striction proposed by Lyell that limits it 
to the action of running water has not been 
generally adopted. Hess. 

denude. To wear away or to remove over- 
lying matter from and so expose to view, 
as the underlying rocks. Standard, 1964. 

denuded. Rocks exposed by denudation. Fay. 

denuncia. a. Sp. In Mexico and Spanish 
America, the judicial proceedings by which 
a person claims and secures the right to 
a mine which he has discovered, or one 
the title to which has been lost or forfeited 
by the neglect of the owner to work it, 
or by his having violated the mining ordi- 
nances. Fay. b. A similar judicial proceed- 
ing by which waste or abandoned lands 
may be preempted. Fay. 

Denver cell. A flotation cell of the subaera- 
tion type, in wide use. Design modifications 
































i} 
| 
|| Denver jig. Pulsion-suction diaphragm jig for 


Denver cell 


| include receded-disk, conical-disk, and 
| multibladed impellers, low-pressure air 
attachments, and special froth withdrawal 
arrangements. Pryor, 3. 


| fine material, in which makeup (hydraulic) 

| water is admitted through a rotary valve 

| adjustable as to portion of jigging cycle 
over which controlled addition is made. 
Pryor, 3. Used in coal preparation for the 
removal of sulfur from thickener underflow 
material prior to its treatment by froth 
flotation. Mitchell, p. 429; p. 431. 

| Denver mud. See bentonite. ‘Hess. 


| ideoxidation. The process of extracting the 


oxygen content of a dissolved oxide, or of 
removing dissolved oxygen, with the aid 
of a reducing agent. Henderson. 
jdeoxidize. To remove oxygen by chemical 
reaction, generally with carbon. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 407. 
\deoxidized copper. Copper from which cu- 


|| prous oxide has been removed by adding 


| a deoxidizer, such as phosphorus, to the 


molten bath, ASM Gloss. 


|\\)deoxidizer. A substance that can be added 
| to molten metal to remove either free or 


| combined oxygen. ASM Gloss. 


‘| deoxidizing. a. The removal of oxygen from 


| 





molten metals by use of suitable deoxidizers. 
ASM Gloss. b. Sometimes refers to the 
removal of undesirable elements other than 
oxygen by the introduction of elements or 
compounds that readily react with them. 
ASM Gloss. c. In metal finishing, the re- 
moval of oxide films from metal surfaces 
by chemical or electrochemical reaction. 


ASM Gloss. 


\ideparture. The length of the projection of a 


traverse course on a line perpendicular to 
the meridian (length of course times sine 
of bearing). Also called easting or west- 
ing. Seelye, 2. 


jidependent shot. A charge of explosives in a 


borehole that depends for its effect upon 
the result of one or more previously fired 
shots. Buerua of Mines Staff. 


|idephlegmator; separator. An instrument used 


in the refining of petroleum to arrest the 
oil mechanically carried over by the vapor. 
Fay. 


|) dephosphorization. Elimination of phosphorus 


from steel, in basic steelmaking processes. 
Accomplished by forming a slag rich in 
lime. See also acid process; basic process; 
Bessemer process; open-hearth process. 


Gel.Ds 


|'dephosphorizing. Removal of part or all of 


residual phosphorus from steel in basic 
smelting. Proyor, 3. 


| }deplanation. All physiographic processes which 


tend to reduce the relief of a district, and 
so eventually cause the topography to be- 
come increasingly plainlike in contour; 
dominantly by subtracting material from 
the area or areas affected. Hess. 

ected uranium. Uranium having a lower 
content of uranium 235 than the 0.72 per- 
cent found in natural uranium. It is found 
in spent fuel elements or as byproduct tails 
of uranium-isotope separation. L@L; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-143. 


|'depletion. The act of emptying, reducing, or 


exhausting, as the depletion of natural re- 
sources. In mining, specifically said of ore 
reserves. Fay. 


|depletion allowance. A proportion of income 


derived from mining or oil production that 
is considered to be a return of capital not 





313 


subject to income tax. A.G.I. Supp. 

depletion, economic. The reduction in the 
value of a mineral deposit as the minerals 
reserves, Fay 

depletion, physical. The exhaustion of a mine 
or a petroleum reservoir by extracting the 
minerals. Williams. 

deployment of manpower. The allocation of 
men to jobs at the beginning of the shift, 
to replace absentees, to avoid delays, and 
minimize discontent. See also manpower 
deployment chart. Nelson. 

depocenter. An area or site of maximum 
deposition. A.G.I. 

depolarization. Reduction of polarization by 
changing the electrode film. ASM Gloss. 

depolarizer. A substance which produces de- 
polarization. ASM Gloss. 

deposit. a. Anything laid down. Formerly 
applied only to matter left by the agency 
of water, but now includes mineral matter 
in any form that is precipitated by chemi- 
cal or other agencies, as the ores in veins. 
Fay. b. Mineral deposit or ore deposit is 
used to designate a natural occurrence of 
a useful mineral, or an ore, in sufficient 
extent and degree of concentration to 
invite exploitation. Fay. 

deposition. a. The process of natural accumu- 
lation of rock material thrown down or 
collected in strata by water, wind, or vol- 
canic action; also, the material thus de- 
posited. Opposite of denudation. Standard, 
1964. b. The precipitation of mineral mat- 
ter from solution, as the deposition of 
agate, vein quartz, etc. Fay. 

deposition efficiency. In welding, the ratio 
of the weight of deposited weld metal to 
the net weight of electrodes consumed, 
exclusive of stubs. ASM Gloss. 

deposition of sediments. A process whereby 
rock debris, which has been suspended in 
water, drops to the bottom out of suspen- 
sion. This occurs when the transportation 
velocity of the medium drops below the 
minimum necessary to maintain suspen- 
sion. Hy. 

deposition sequence. The order in which the 
increments of weld metal are deposited. 
ASM Gloss. 

depotassication. The removal of potassium, 
particularly from clay minerals. A.GI. 
Supp. 

depp. Derb. The continuance of ore with 
depth. Fay. 

depreciation. a. Reduction of assets of a 
working mine through rundown of ore 
reserve, obsolescence, and wear and tear. 
Pryor, 3. b. The loss in value which ma- 
chinery sustains through age and through 
wear and tear. Crispin. 

depreciation fund. A fund set aside to replace 
a piece of depreciable property when it is 
worn out. Fay. 

depressant. A chemical which causes sub- 
stances, for example, a finely powdered 
sulfide mineral, to sink through a froth, in 
froth flotation. The mineral so sunk is said 
to be depressed. Nelson. 

depressed coast. See depressed 
Schieferdecker. 

depressed flute casts. Depressed, flat, or weakly 
developed flute casts. Pettijohn. 

depressed shoreline; depressed coast. Coast 
having undergone an absolute subsidence. 
Schieferdecker. 

depressed water level; pumping water level. 
The lowest level of ground water during 
drainage or pumping. B.S, 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. 


shoreline. 








depth of soil exploration 


depressing agent. In froth flotation process, 
one which reacts with particle surface to 
render it less prone to stay in the froth, 
thus causing it to wet down as a tailing 
product. Depressants act by complexing 
elements at surface lattices of minerals 
which might carry charge attractive to 
conditioning agents; by destroying collector 
coating; by surface modification of parti- 
cles. Pryor, 3 

depression. a. The depression is enclosed on 
all sides by elevations of the sea bed. A.G.J. 
b. A low place of any size on a plain sur- 
face, with drainage underground or by 
evaporation; a hollow completely sur- 
rounded by higher ground and having no 
natural outlet for surface drainage. A.G.I. 
c. A lowering, sinking or diminution. 
A.G.I. d. In surveying, the angular dis- 
tance of an object beneath the horizontal 
plane that passes through the observer. 
Webster 3d. 

depression contour. One of the contours rep- 
resenting a depression that has no surface 
outlet. To distinguish them from other 
contour lines, they are marked on the 
downslope side with short transverse lines 
termed hachures. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

depressors. Those substances (usually inor- 
ganic) whose presence in the pulp prevents 
the anchoring of the collector molecules 
on a mineral surface, and thus inhibits 
flotation of the mineral. Contrary to acti- 
vator. Newton, p. 100. 

depth. S. Afr. The word alone generally. 
denotes vertical depth below the surface. 
In the case of incline shafts and boreholes 
it may mean the distance reached from the 
beginning of the shaft or hole, the borehole 
depth or inclined depth. Beerman. 

depth-controlled shoot. An ore shoot that 
formed directly as a result of the decrease 
in temperature or pressure, or both, in the 
ore-bearing fluids as they migrated upward 
through the earth’s crust. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

depth gage. A gage used by woodworkers and 

metalworkers for testing the depth of holes 

and recessed portions. Crispin. 

depth indicator. A dial or other appliance on 
a winding apparatus which indicates to 
the man in charge the position of the cage 
in the shaft. The indicator must be in 
addition to any mark on the rope or drum. 
Nelson. 

depth marker. A small metal tag or wooden 
block placed in the core box at the bottom 
of the core recovered from each run, on 
which is marked the depth at which the 
core was cut in the borehole. Long. 

depth micrometer. A precision gage with 
micrometer adjustment, used to determine 
the depth of holes, slots, counterbores, or 
the distance from one surface to a lower 
level, etc. Crispin. 

depth of cut. The thickness of material re- 
moved from the workpiece in a single pass. 
ASM Gloss. 

depth of focus. Depth of hypocenter below 
the earth’s surface. Schieferdecker. 

depth of fusion. The depth to which the base 
metal melted during welding. ASM Gloss. 

depth of penetration. See joint penetration; 
root penetration. ASM Gloss. 

depth of soil exploration. The soil sampling 
is usually carried down to include all de- 
posits likely to have a bearing on the sta- 
bility of mine structures. The shear tests 
are made in each bed below the founda- 
tion to a depth of at least 1% times the 


depth of soil exploration 


breadth of the foundations. Hence, the 
larger the loaded area the deeper is its 
influence felt and the tests necessary. See 
also site investigation. Nelson. 

depth of stratum. The vertical distance from 
the surface of the earth to a stratum. 
A.G.. 

depth per bit. The length of borehole which 
can be drilled with a steel bit until it must 
be resharpened. Streefkerk, p. 15. 

depth point. In seismic work, a position at 
which a depth determination of a mapped 
horizon has been calculated. A.G.I. 

deputation work. Gr. Brit. When workmen 
are selected by their fellow workmen em- 
ployed at the same mine to interview the 
management with reference to wage mat- 
ters or disputes, or to accompany their per- 
manent trade union official for the same pur- 
pose, it is called deputation work. Nelson. 

deputy. a. An underground official in a mine 
of coal, stratified ironstone, shale, or fire 
clay, with statutory responsibility for the 
safe and proper working of a district of the 
mine. Also called examiner; fireman (un- 
desirable usage). B.S, 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 
b. Within limits, he is also in charge of the 
men working in the district. Nelson. c. 
Eng. In Northumberland and Durham, 
the man who sets timbers or props in a 
coal mine is sometimes called a deputy. 
Nelson. d. N. of Eng. A junior official 
responsible for safety precautions and min- 
ing operations in a face district. Trist. e. 
N. of Eng. A man who fixes and with- 
draws the timber supporting the roof of 
a mine, attends to the safety of the roof 
and sides, builds stopping, puts up brat- 
ticing, and looks after the safety of the 
miners. Fay. f. Eng. In the Midland 
coalfield, an underground official who 
looks after the general safety of a certain 
number of stalls (rooms) or of a district, 
but who does not set the timber himself 
although he has to see that it is properly 
done. Fay. g. A mine boss. Fay. 

deputy overman. Newc. The man who lays 
the plates and sets the timber for the 
miners, and has charge of a portion of the 
mine. Fay. 

deputy’s district plan. Gr. Brit. The plan 
required by law, which shows the limits of 
each deputy’s district and the meeting 
station. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

deputy’s qualifications. Gr. Brit. A deputy 
must. hold either a colliery manager’s or 
an undermanager’s certificate or a deputy’s 
certificate. He must be capable of making 
accurate tests for flammable gas with a 
flame safety lamp, and possess a hearing 
and first-aid certification. In addition, a 
deputy must have had not less than 5 years 
practical experience below ground of which 
not less than 2 years were spent at the 
coal face. Nelson. 

deputy surveyor; mineral surveyor. A person 
appointed by the Surveyor General of the 
United States to make proper surveys of 
lode or placer mining claims, prior to the 
issuing of a patent. Fay. 

deputy system. N. of Eng. The plan of 
having all the timbering in working places 
performed by specially appointed deputies. 
See also deputy, e. Fay. 

derail; derailer. A safety device for derailing 
mine cars, usually installed on grades to 
protect miners working below. Similar de- 
vices are used on railroads. See also drop 
log. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

derailing drag. See backstay. Nelson. 








314 


derailment. The accidental running of a tram 


off the rails, usually due to stones or dirt 
fouling the track. See also wagon rerailer. 
Nelson. 


derail unit. This device locks to rails to derail 


cars. Wedge construction eliminates spik- 
ing. It protects workers in railroads and 
mines against wild cars, switching cars or 
sudden car movement. Some types are 
equipped with a warning flag. Bests, p. 371. 


derby. A massive piece, of intermediate size 


(extending to more than 100 pounds), 
usually cylindrical, of primary metal made 
by bomb reduction, such as uranium from 
uranium tetrafluoride and magnesium. See 
also biscuit; dingot. ASM Gloss. 


derbylite. A black, brown antimonate and 


titanate of iron. FeO.Sb205.5FeO.TiO2. 
Minute prismatic crystals and twins. Or- 
thorhombic. English. 


Derby pocket safety ohmmeter. A circuit 


tester which consists of a high-sensitivity 
moving-coil instrument with a 1.5-volt dry 
battery providing the low operating cur- 
rent. The battery is housed in a separate 
sealed compartment of the robust wooden 
case. Internal resistances are incorporated 
in the instrument and connected so that it 
is impossible for the whole output of the 
battery to flow through the circuit under 
test. In use, the two ends of the circuit to 
be tested are connected to the two termi- 
nals on the instrument, and the resistance 
of the circuit is registered on the 0—300 
ohm scale when the button on the side of 
the ohmmeter is depressed. McAdam II, 
p. 65. 


Derby Press. Trade name; a machine for the 


repressing of wire-cut building bricks. Dodd, 


Derbyshire spar; Derby spar. Fluorite, found 


abundantly in Derbyshire, England. Same 
as fluorspar. Fay. 


derbystone. Amethyst-colored fluorite. Shipley. 
derivative rock. A rock derived by erosion or 


comminution of previously existing rocks 
or rock material, as a sedimentary rock and 
volcanic tufa. Standard, 1964. Compare 
ingenite. 


derived fossils. Fossils that are not native to 


the rock in which they are found. For 
example, the pebbles in a conglomerate 
may enclose fossils or fragments of fossils. 
Such fossils are manifestly older than the 
conglomerate and are termed derived fos- 
sils. Nelson. 


derived fuel. A fuel obtained from a raw fuel 


by some process of preparation for use, for 
example, coke, charcoal, benzol, and petrol. 
Nelson. 


derived neutral. A derived neutral is a neu- 


tral point or connection established by the 
addition of a zigzag or grounding trans- 
former to a normally ungrounded delta 


power system. J.C. 7962, 1960, p. 22. 


dermal deformation. A deformation in the 


upper part of the sialic crust of the earth. 
Schieferdecker. 


dermatitis. A skin disease caused by the ap- 


plication of dust or liquids. In coal mining, 
the dusts may be coal or stone dust and 
the liquids may be mine waters, oil or 
grease, perspiration and acids or alkalis. 
The majority of cases occur in deep and 
hot mines having high wet-bulb tempera- 
tures. Mason, v. 1, p. 344. 


dermolith. Fluent basaltic lava characterized 


by a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface and 
ordinarily containing numerous spherical 
vesicles. Synonym for pahoehoe. Obsolete. 
ALG. 








Derv fuel 


derrick. a. The framed wood or steel tower: 
placed over a borehole to support the drill- . 
ing tools for hoisting and pulling drill rods, 
casing, or pipe. Sometimes incorrectly. 
called a tower. Long. b. Any of various 
hoisting apparatus employing a tackle 
rigged at the end of a beam. Webster 3d. 
c. Eng. In Cornwall, a digger; a miner. 
Fay. d. A frame erected around the mouth 
of a borehole for operating and handling | 
the boring tools. A simple derrick consists | 
-of three iron or wooden legs secured to- 
gether at the top. A winch is provided with 
a rope running over a pulley fixed at the’ 
top of the derrick so that the boring rods 
can be raised quickly when it is necessary — 
to change the chisel or clean the borehole. 
Nelson. e. The framework over a borehole 
used primarily to allow lengths of drill rod | 
to be added to the drilling column. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 3. f. A three- (or more) 
legged framework for supporting drill rods) 
and tackle in deep boring; a temporary, 
three-legged headframe, or headgear, for) 
a shaft. Mason. g. Warwick; anchor prop 
or anchor girder. Mason. h. A safety girder, 
bar, or prop to stop a runaway on inclined | 
haulage roads; runaway warwick. Mason. 
i. A pulley fixed on a scaffolding above a) 
shaft, over which passes a rope or cable, 
to which is attached the kibble or cage 
which is drawn up by a horse or a winding 
engine. Gordon. j. A nonmobile tower | 
equipped with a hoist. Synonym-for crane. 
Nichols. 

derrick builder. See rig builder. D.O.T. 1. 

derrick car. A wrecking car or construction 
car carrying a derrick. Standard, 1964. 

derrick cellar. Synonym for celler. Long. 

derrick crane. A crane in which the top of 
the post is supported by fixed stays in the 
rear and the jib is pivoted like the boom) 
of a derrick. Fay. See also derricking jib 
crane. C.T.D. 

derrick crown. The topmost part of a derrick 
on which the sheave wheel or crown block 
is mounted. Long. 

derrick floor. The working platform at the 
base of the derrick, more or less level with 
the collar of a borehole or at a level slightly 
above the top of the casing or standpipe. 
Long. 

derricking. Operating like a derrick in the 
raising and lowering of the jib. Webster 3d. 

derricking jib crane. A jib crane in which) 
the inclination of the jib, and hence the 
radius of action, can be varied by shorten- 
ing or lengthening the tie ropes between | 
the post and the jib. C.T.D. 

derrick irons. a. The crown block or sheave 
wheel. Long. b. Hardware used in con- 
structing a framed wooden derrick. Long. 

derrickman. In petroleum prcduction, one 
who works as a crew member on a rotary 
drilling rig, performing well drilling and 
derrick rigging activities and assists in 
supervision of the drilling crew. Also called 
rotary derrickman. D.O.T. 1. 

derrick pulley. A sheave or pulley mounted 
on the crown of a drill derrick. Long. 

derrick rope. The rope used for supporting’ 
and hoisting the boom on jib cranes and 
excavators. Ham. 

derrick stone. Stone of sufficient size as to) 
require handling in individual pieces by 
mechanical means, generally 1 ton up. 
H&G. 

Dery fuel. In the United Kingdom, applied | 
to types of gas oil suitable for use as fuels 
for high-speed compression-ignition engines, 








Derv fuel 


| The term is an abbreviation of Diesel En- 
'| gine Road Vehicle. Ham. 
\idesalting; desalinizing. Any process for mak- 
|| ing potable water from sea water or other 
saline waters. Distillation is the oldest 
method. Reuse of vapors through compres- 
sive distillation or multiple-effect evapora- 
‘| tion is practiced in order to limit heat con- 
‘| sumption. Distillation with solar heat is 
expensive because the large areas required 
result in high equipment investments. Elec- 
trodialysis is an inherently good method 
| because the energy is used to remove the 
small proportion of salt from the relatively 
large quantity of water instead of removing 
the water from the salt. Its practical use 
is restricted because of membrane deterio- 
ration, scale formation, and inefficient use 
of energy. Other methods are freezing by 
direct contact of refrigerant with sea 
water; foam separation; liquid-liquid ex- 
traction; various nonelectric membrane 
processes; and ion exchange. CCD 6d, 
1961. These processes are called desalina- 
tion. Bureau of i ee Staff. 
|| desanding screen. A shaker-type screen for 
| removing the sand and water from the 
| products of a Chance washer. Nelson. 
| de Saulesite. A green amorphous hydrous sili- 
cate of nickel and zinc; contains 30.0 per- 
cent nickel and 3.2 percent zinc. Hess. 
|idescaling. a. Removing the thick layer of 
| oxides formed on some metals at elevated 
temperatures. ASM Gloss. b. Removal of 
calcareous encrustations from piping by 
mechanical or chemical methods; pickling 
of steel to remove oxides; cleaning boiler 
tubes and plates. Pryor, 3. 
|) descensional ventilation; homotropal ventila- 
| tion. A ventilation system in which the 
| downcast air is conducted to the top end 
of the workings (in inclined seams) and it 
then flows downhill along the face. In deep 
mines, the system helps to keep the faces 
cool. See also ventilation. Nelson. 
|idescension theory. The theory that the mate- 
rial in veins entered from above. Fay. 
\'descloizite. A vanadium ore, 4(Pb,Zn)O.- 
| — V2Os.H2O. Osborne. 
descriptive gemmology. The classification, 
composition, properties, trade grades, 
sources, and the methods of recovery, fash- 
ioning, and use of gem minerals and gem 
materials and their substitutes. See also 
|  gemmology. Shipley. 
| descriptive mineralogy. That branch of min- 
| eralogy devoted to the description of the 
physical and chamical properties of min- 
erals. Fay. 
\)deseaming. Removal by chipping of surface 
| blemishes from ingots or blooms. Pryor, 3. 
|! desert. a. Applied somewhat loosely to any 
waste and uninhabited tract of land; but 
strictly and more especially to wide, open, 
and comparatively barren tracts. A.G.I. 
b. A region in which few forms of life can 
find sustenance. Thus, by reason of cold, 
the vast expanse of ice in Greenland is a 
desert; indeed, it is so inhospitable a desert 
that, in a large part of its area, no animal 
or plant can live. The term, however, is 
commonly applied to those lands on which 
there is so little rainfall that only a few 
especially adapted animals and plants can 
live. About one-fifth of the land surface 
has an annual rainfall of less than 10 
| inches and, therefore, is desert. A.G.I.c. A 
region so devoid of vegetation as to be 
incapable of supporting any considerable 
| population. There are four kinds of des- 











315 


erts: (1) the polar ice and snow deserts, 
marked by perpetual snow cover and in- 
tense cold; (2) the middle latitude deserts, 
in the basinlike interiors of the continents, 
such as the Gobi, characterized by scant 
rainfall and high summer temperatures; 
(3) the trade-wind deserts (notably the 
Sahara), which have negligible precipita- 
tion and a large diurnal temperature 
range; and (4) coastal deserts that occur 
where there is a cold ocean current along 
the western coast of the landmass, as in 
Peru. A.G.I. 

desert crust. See desert pavement. A.G.I. 

desert glass. Obsidian or moldavite. Shipley. 

desert lands. All lands exclusive of timber 
lands and mineral lands which will not, 
without irrigation, produce some agricul- 
tural crop. Ricketts, I. 

desert pavement. a. Synonym for desert crust. 
A.G.I. b. Applied by Free to a phenomenon 
previously observed by others. When loose 
material containing pebbles or larger stones 
is exposed to wind action, the finer dust 
and sand are blown away and the pebbles 
gradually accumulate on the surface, form- 
ing a sort of mosaic that protects the finer 
material underneath from attack. A.G.J. 
c. Where the vegetation or lack of it allows 
the wind to comb the surface freely, a 
curious pavement of stones results. A.G.I. 

desert rat. In the Western United States, a 
prospector, especially one who works and 
lives in the desert, or who has spent much 
time in arid regions. The name is derived 
from a small rodent common throughout 
much of the Great Basin and Southwest- 
ern United States. Fay. 

desert rose. A group of crystals formed in 
sand, soft sandstone, or clay. The crystals 
are usually calcite and less commonly bar- 
ite, gypsum, or celestite. The first two 
occurrences are known as sand calcite and 
sand barite, respectively. Hess. 

desert varnish. a. A surface stain or crust of 
manganese oxide or iron oxide, of brown 
or black color, and usually with a glisten- 
ing luster, which characterizes many ex- 
posed rock surfaces in the desert. It not 
only coats ledges of rock in place but also 
coats boulders and pebbles that are scat- 
tered over the surface of the ground. 
USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 87. b. The thin 
chocolate-brown or black deposit prevalent 
on rock surfaces in desert regions. A.G.I. 
c. A ‘coating of iron oxides or of manga- 
nese oxides on rock surfaces. A.G I. 

desiccant. A substance having an affinity for 
water. Used for drying purposes. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

desiccate. To dry up; to deprive of or to 
exhause of moisture; to preserve by drying. 
Webster 3d. 

desiccation. A drying out; used in connection 
with sediments that lose water. Also ap- 
plied to the process of evaporation from 
bodies in arid regions, thus producing 
evaporites. A.G.I. 

desiccation cracks; desiccation fissures. Cracks 
in sediment produced by drying. See also 
mud crack. Pettijohn. 

desiccation fissures. See desiccation cracks. 
Pettijohn. 

desiccation mark. Synonym for mud crack. 
Pettijohn. 

desiccator. A short glass jar fitted with an 
airtight cover and containing some desic- 
cating substance (as calcium chloride), 
above which is placed the material to be 
dried or to be protected from moisture. 





desired valve signal 


Webster 3d. 


desierto. Mex. Desert. Fay. 
design. A type of diamond-drill fitting that, 


when standardized, has specific dimensions 
and thread characteristics establishing in- 
terchangeability of parts made by different 
manufacturers, and size by specific dimen- 
sion of the set core-bit inside diameter. 
Design characteristics supplement the 
group characteristics that provide for inte- 
gration of ranges. The design characteris- 
tics of drill fittings aré established by the 
second letter in two-letter names and by 
the third letter in three-letter names. Let- 
ters denoting design may establish inter- 
changeability of all parts, as in the M-de- 
sign core barrel, or only of certain parts, 
as in the X-design core barrel. Compare 
group, f; range, e. Long. 


designated size. The particle size at which 


it is desired to separate a feed by a sizing 
operation. B.S. 3552, 1962. 


designed borehole deflection. The turning of 


a borehole along a different course at 
depth. This may be achieved, but not 
without difficulty. The cutting bit is guided 
upon its new course by the curved surface 
of a deflecting wedge which is positioned 
with the aid of a modified Oehman instru- 
ment. In petroleum drilling, much use is 
made of holes that are deflected at a pre- 
determined depth. The technique is known 
as whipstocking. Nelson. 


design horsepower. The specified horsepower 


for a chain drive, multiplied by a service 
factor. It is the value used to select the 
chain size for the drive. /@M. 


design load. The load generally taken as the 


worst combination of forces and loads 
which a structure is calculated to sustain. 
The term is similarly applied to such proj- 
ects as air conditioning. Ham. 


design temperature. The temperature which 


an apparatus or system is designed to (1) 
maintain or (2) operate against under 
most extreme conditions. The former is the 
inside design temperature; the latter, the 
outside design temperature. Strock, 10. 


desilication. a. The removal of silica from 


a rock; the freeing of silica by the break- 
down of silicates. A.G.I. b. The removal of 
silica from a magma by reaction with the 
wall rock, as with limestone, to form crys- 
talline calcium silicates. A.G_I. 


desiliconization. The removal of silicon. In 


the case of metals, the removal of the ele- 
ment silicon; in the case of minerals, the 
removal of the oxide silica, SiOz. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 


desiliconize. To free from silicon or any of 


its compounds. Fay. 


desiliconizing. A practice of jetting oxygen 


into pig iron before it is charged into 
the steel furnace; this oxidizes and_ re- 
moves most of the silicon. Newton, p. 328. 


desilverization. The process of removing sil- 


ver (and gold) from lead after softening. 
See also Parke’s process; Pattinson’s proc- 


ess. C.T.D. 


desilverized lead. Silver-free lead, as obtained 


by Parkes or Pattinson process. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 


desilverizing kettle. A circulating kettle 3 to 


4 feet deep used for the desilverization of 
base bullion. Fay. 


desired value; set point. In Great Britain, 


the independently set reference in a con- 
trol system. Called reference input in the 
United States. NCB. 


desired value signal. That which shows the 


desired valve signal 


desired value of the process being con- 
trolled. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 

desliming. a. The removal of slimes from coal 
or a mixture of coal and water, however 
accomplished. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. Classi- 
fication of a pulp into two fractions, rela- 
tively coarse and fine. Removal of primary 
(nonvaluable) slimes before treating ores 
for recovery of values. Pryor, 3 

desliming screen. A screen used for the re- 
moval of slimes from larger particles, usu- 
ally with the aid of water sprays. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

deslurrying. Fines removal by wet methods. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. 

desmine. See stilbite. Fay. 

desmite. The amorphous groundmass, which 
is transparent in thin sections, binding 
together the constituents of bituminous 
coal of high grade. Applies to the trans- 
parent variety of residuum found in high- 
grade coals. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Desmoinesian. Lower middle Pennsylvanian. 


A.G.I. Supp. 
desmoisite. A finely banded spilosite. See also 
adinole; desmosite; schalstein; spilosite; 


spotted slate. A.G.I. 

desmosite. A finely banded spilosite. A.G.I. 

desorption. The reverse process of adsorption 
whereby adsorbed matter is removed from 
the adsorbent. The term is also used as the 
reverse process of absorption. NRC-ASA 
N1.1-1957. 

dessication. Drying out; loss of water from 
any given substance. Weed, 1922. 

destressed area; destressed zone. a. In strata 
control, a term used to describe an area 
where the force is much less than would 
be expected after considering the depth 
and type of strata. Compare overstressed. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 143. b. A region of low 
stress behind the walls of a stoped-out 
region, Isaacson, p. 109. 

destressing. In deep mining, relief of pressure 
on abutments of excavation. Performed by 
drilling laterally and blasting to loosen the 
zones of peak stress. The peak load sur- 
rounding the stope walls is thus transferred 
deeper into the undisturbed rock, and a 
proetctive barrier is formed. Pryor, 3. 

destructional. Pertaining to destruction or 
shaped by destructive forces, as a plain 
ee been shaped by erosion. Standard, 
I 5 

destructional cliff. A cliff formed by erosion; 
for example, sea cliff, river cliff, cuesta 
scarp, ice-scoured wall, ice-quarried cliff, 
fault-line cliff, and landslide scar. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

destructive distillation. The distillation of 
solid substances accompanied by their de- 
composition. The destructive distillation 
of coal results in the production of coke, 
tar products, ammonia, gas, etc. C.T.D. 

destructive testing. Testing methods, the use 
of which destroy or impair the part or 
product insofar as its intended use is con- 
cerned, but which give proof or an indi- 
cation of the strength or quality of similar 
or duplicate parts or products. Such tests 
involve the subjection of the test piece to 
various influences, of destructive magni- 
tude, such as impact, stress, pressure, cyclic 
movement, etc. See also nondestructive 
testing. Henderson. 

destructive wave. One of the waves that 
erode a beach. Schieferdecker. 

destructor. A plant which disposes of large 
amounts of refuse, usually by burning. 
Ham. 








316 


desuing. Corn. See dissuing. Fay. 

desulfurization of steel. The removal of a 
high proportion of sulfur from steel by 
calcium carbide. The bath is brought to 
a good heat (1,550° to 1,570° C) and 
lime and fluorspar are added to make fluid 
basic slag. The calcum carbide, usually 50 
to 100 pounds, is injected in powder form, 
by means of a dispenser, directly into the 
steel. The number of injections made de- 
pend upon the initial sulfur and the reduc- 
tion required. Nelson. 

desulfurize. To free from sulfur; to remove 
the sulfur from an ore or mineral by some 
suitable process, as by roasting. Fay. 

desulfurizer. A material for reducing the sul- 
fur content of cast iron or steel in the 
supola or smelter. Hansen. 

desulfurizing. a. Removal or reduction of 
sulfur in gas, chemicals, and steel. Pryor, 3. 
b. Precipitation of soluble sulfides during 
cyanidation of gold ores. Pryor, 3. 

detachable bit. A _ drilling bit which is 
threaded or tapered and is removable from 
the drill steel; not formed as an integral 
part of the drill steel. The all-steel bit can 
be resharpened, but the tungsten carbide 
insert type may be nonresharpenable. Also 
known as rip bit or knockoff bit. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

detachable cable sealing box. Designed so 
that it can be disconnected and detached 
from associated apparatus without disturb- 
ing the sealing of the cable. B.S. 36/8, 
1965, sec. 7. 

detached head pulley. See head pulley, a. 

detaching hook. An appliance which releases 
automatically the winding rope from the 
cage should an overwind occur. The hook 
is placed between the skip shackles, or the 
cage slings, and the winding rope cappel. 
A detaching plate is fitted to girders below 
the winding sheave, and in the event of an 
overwind, the hook becomes locked in the 
plate, thus suspending the skip or cage, 
while the winding rope is simultaneously 
liberated. See also Ormerod detaching 
hook; King detaching hook. Nelson. 

detail drawing. A large-scale drawing show- 
ing all small parts, details, dimensions, etc. 
Nichols. 

detailed soil survey. The final soil tests at a 
site as guided by the general soil survey. 
The tests may be performed in situ by 
mobile laboratory units, or the samples are 
sent to the nearest soils laboratory. See 
also preliminary soil survey. Nelson. 

detector. See seismometer. A.G_I. 

detector, magnetic. See magnetic detector. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

detectoscope. A manufacturer’s trade name 
for (1) a misnamed hand apparatus which 
both magnifies and illuminates stones from 
above, thus actually making it more diffi- 
cult to detect inclusions, and (2) a gem- 
testing instrument employing eight differ- 
ent color filters. Shipley. 

detergency. Process in which liquid and/or 
solid adherent matter is removed from a 
solid’s surface by use of a liquid (the de- 
tergent medium). Degreasing, cleansing, 
scouring. Pryor, 3. 

detergent. A chemical compound that acts to 
clean surfaces and to keep foreign matter 
in solution or suspension. Nichols. 

detergent oil. A lubricating oil having special 
sludge dispersing properties which is used 
in some internal-combustion engines. These 
properties are usually conferred on the oil 
by the incorporation of special additives, 





detonation 


which give it the ability to hold sludge 
particles in suspension as well as to pro- 
mote engine cleanliness. Ham. 

detergents, synthetic. Materials which have 
a cleansing action like soap but are not 
derived directly from fats and oils. Syn- 
thetic detergents are surface-active agents 
and have structurally unsymmetrical mole- 
cules containing both hydrophilic, or water- 
soluble, groups and hydrophobic, or oil- 
soluble, hydrocarbon chains. Used in ore 
flotation. Abbreviation, syndets. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

determinative gemmology. The science of 
differentiating (1) between the various 
gemstones, (2) and between gemstones 
and their substitutes, and (3) between 
such substitutes. Shipley. 

determinative inclusion. In determinative 
gemmology, an inclusion, the nature of 
which assists in the determination of the 
exact identity of an unknown stone. Shipley. 

determinative mineralogy. That branch of 
mineralogy which comprises the determi- 
nation of the nature, composition, and 
classification of minerals, by means of 
physical tests, blowpipe analyses, chemical 
analyses, differential thermal analyses, 
X-ray diffraction, etc., and the examina- 
tion of the crystallographic and the optical 
properties. Fay. 

detinning. Treatment by chlorination of tin- 
bearing scrap for recovery of tin as its 
chloride. Pryor, 3. 

detonate. a. To cause to explode by the ap- 
plication of sudden force. Standard, 1964. 
b. To explode suddenly with a loud report. 
Standard, 1964. 

detonating fuse. A fuse consisting of high 
explosive that fires the charge without the 
assistance of any other detonator. Fay. It 
consists of a high-explosive core of penta- 
erythritol tetranitrate (P.E.T.N). enclosed 
in tape and wrapped with textile counter- 
ing yarns. Usually this fuse is then rein- 
forced or completely enclosed in a strong 
waterproof plastic outer cover. The finished 
external diameter is normally about 0.2 
inch. McAdam II, p. 59. Primacord is the 
best known brand. Nichols. See also Cord- 
tex; safety fuse. Nelson. 

detonating gas. A gaseous mixture which ex- 
plodes violently on ignition (as two vol- 
umes of hydrogen with one volume of 
oxygen, forming water). Webster 2d. 

detonating powder. Any powder or solid sub- 
stance, as mercury fulminate, which, when 


heated or struck, explodes with violence | 


and a loud report. Webster 2d. 


detonating primer. A primer exploded by a__ 


fuse, used to fire high explosiives. Fay. 


detonating rate. The velocity with which the © 


explosion wave travels through the column 
of charge. Streefkerk, p. 42. 

detonating relays. A device for obtaining 
short-delay blasting in conjunction with 
the detonating fuse. It consists essentially 
of two open-ended delay detonators coupled 
together with flexible neoprene tubing. 
McAdam II, p. 60. 

detonating tube. A eudiometer for making 
explosions. Webster 2d. 

detonation. a. An explosive decomposition or 
explosive combustion reaction that moves 
through the reactant(s) at greater than 
the speed of sound in the reactant(s) to 


produce (1) shock waves and (2) signifi- | 


cant overpressure, regardless of confine- 
ment. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. The very 
sudden change of unstable substances from 








detonation 


a solid or liquid to a gaseous state with 
the evolution of great heat and accom- 
panied by a sudden report. Fay. c. A vio- 
lent chemical reaction resulting in flame 
and pressure, such as an explosion of mer- 
cury fulminate. As used in connection with 
a coal-dust explosion, it refers to an ex- 
tremely fast violent stage, usually in a 
limited area. Rice, George S. d. A chemi- 
cal reaction which propagates into the 
reacting medium at a supersonic rate. J.C. 
8137, 1963, p. 76. e. An extremely rapid 
explosion; the firing of an explosive charge 
by fuse or electric detonator. Nelson. f. The 
action of converting the chemicals in an 
explosive charge to gases at a high pres- 
sure, by means of a self-propagating shock 
wave passing through the charge. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. g. The action or process 
of detonating; specifically: a chemical re- 
action producing vigorous evolution of 
heat and sparks or flame and moving 
through the material detonated, as a high 
explosive such as dynamite or TNT, at a 
speed greater than that of sound—distin- 
guished from deflagration. Webster 3d. h. 
A violent explosion. Webster 3d. i. Abnor- 
mally rapid combustion in an _ internal- 
combustion engine that replaces or occurs 
simultaneously with normal combustion 
and is manifested by loss of power, over- 
heating, rough operation, and a charac- 
teristic knock. Webster 3d. 

| detonation traps. Devices that prevent a deto- 
nation initiated in one part of a system 
from propagating to another. I.C. 8137, 
1963, p. 22. 

|| detonation velocity. When the explosive deto- 

nates it is transformed into a glowing 
mass of gas having a high pressure and 
a high temperature. The speed at which 
the reaction front moves forward through 
a cylindrical charge is called the detona- 
tion velocity. Fraenkel, v.3, Art. 16:01, pp. 
WOT Ss 

(detonation wave. An explosion wave pro- 
gressing with a permanent maximum speed 
with reference to the mass of the detonat- 
ing substances or gaseous mixtures; in 
other words, without reference to the walls 
of the passageway. It is not probable that 
a true detonation wave is obtainable with 

coal dust. Rice, George S. 
|| detonator. A device for producing detonation 
in a high-explosive charge, and initiated 
by a safety fuse or by electricity. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. See also blasting cap; electric 
| detonator. 
|' detonator case. A container for carrying 
detonators in mines. It is so constructed 
that, when closed, a detonator or the leads 
of a detonator cannot come into contact 
with either the metal of the case or any 
metal outside the case. Nelson. 

|| Detrex Soniclean process. A metal cleaning 

| process in which ultrasonic energy is com- 
bined with a chlorinated solvent vapor de- 
greasing. The parts are immersed in the 
cleaning solution which is vibrated by 
high-frequency sound waves above the 
audible range. It is claimed that the results 
are similar to hand wiping because of the 
direct impact of the solvent on the surface. 
Osborne. 

‘ detrital. Descriptive of minerals occurring in 
sedimentary rocks that were derived from 
preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or meta- 
morphic rocks. Synonym for clastic; allo- 

| genic. A.G.I. 

1 detrital deposits. Placer or detrital deposits 














317 


are composed of minerals that have been 
released by weathering and later have been 
transported, sorted and collected by nat- 
ural agencies into valuable deposits. Such 
minerals are usually of high specific gravity 
and are resistant to abrasion and weather- 
ing. Examples are gold, diamonds, platinum, 
tin (cassiterite), monazite, magnetite and 
ilmenite, these last two being the common 
constituents of black sand. Lewis, p. 276. 

detrital limestone. A limestone formed from 
the debris of older limestones. A.G.I. 

detrital mineral. Literally, any mineral, the 
granulation of which results from detri- 
tion; but in sedimenatry petrology, the 
term is restricted to the grains of heavy 
minerals found in sand and other sedi- 
ments, and separated therefrom by passing 
through a heavy liquid. See also heavy 
minerals. C.T.D. 

detrital rock. A rock composed of particles 
or fragments eroded from pre-existing 
rocks. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

detrition. a. The processes involved in pro- 
ducing detritus and in removing material 
from a land surface. A.G.J. b. Erosion of 
rock by natural forces. The resulting frag- 
ments are detritus. Pryor, 3. 

detritus. a. Incoherent sediments produced 
by the erosion of rocks through the various 
geologic agencies. See also rock waste. Fay. 
b. Fragmental material, such as sand, silt, 
and clay, derived from older rocks by dis- 
integration. The unconsolidated deposits 
produced by the accumulation of detritus 
are detrital sediments. A.G.J. c. A mixture 
of minute vegetable debris which eventu- 
ally becomes converted into coal. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. d. Accumulation on the sea 
bottom of particles worn from rocks by 
mechanical means and broken organic ma- 
terial. Hy. 

detritus chamber. A tank through which sew- 
age passes, allowing suspended solids to 
settle on the bottom from where they can 
be removed. Ham. 

detritus slide. The slow downhill movement 
of detritus, with clays and shales acting as 
slippage surfaces. See also soil creep. Nelson. 

Detroit furmace. See Detroit rocking furnace. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Detroit rocking furmace. An indirect arc fur- 
nace with graphite electrodes entering 
horizontally from opposite ends, rocked 
continuously on supporting rollers. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

detrusion. A lateral deformation in which 
particles of a body apparently slip past 
each other as a result of shearing force. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

deuteric. Alterations in an igneous rock pro- 
duced during the later stages of the con- 
solidation of the magma from which the 
rock formed. Compare paulopost. The 
term distinguishes such early magmatic 
alterations from the more strictly second- 
ary changes produced during a later period 
of alteration. Holmes, 1928. 

deuterium. A hydrogen isotope, the nucleus 
of which contains one neutron and one 
proton and is therefore about twice as 
heavy as the nucleus of normal hydrogen 
which has only one proton. Deuterium is 
often referred to as heavy hydrogen. It 
occurs in nature as | part in 6,500 parts 
of normal hydrogen. L@L. Its mass is 
2.0147 + 0.00007 atomic mass units. The 
symbol D is often used to designate deu- 
terium in compounds, as HDO for mole- 
cules of that composition. Official chemical 








developer 


nomenclature uses the designation d with 
a number which designates the carbon 
atom to which the deuterium is bound; 
for example, 2-d propane designates CH;- 
CHDCH:. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

deuterodiorite. Diorite formed by the meta- 
morphism of diabase or gabbro, wholly or 
in part cataclastic. A.G.I. Supp. 

deuterogenic. Relating to secondary rocks 
formed from pre-existing rocks. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

deuteromorphic. Applied to crystals indicat- 
ing that their shapes have been acquired 
or modified by the action of mechanical or 
chemical processes on the forms which they 
originally possessed. Deuteromorphic forms 
are described as (1) tectomorphic when 
the modifications are due to magmatic cor- 
rosion; (2) lytomorphic when due to 
aqueous solutions; (3) schizomorphic when 
due to cataclastic processes; (4) clasto- 
morphic when due to denudation as in the 
rounded or angular grains of a detrital 
sediment; and (5) neomorphic when any 
one of the preceding types has been regen- 
erated by zones of secondary growth in 
crystalline continuity. Holmes, 1928. 

deuteron. The nucleus of the deuterium atom 
that consists of one proton and one neu- 
tron and is used as a projectile in nuclear 
bombardments, as with a cyclotron; sym- 
bols, D or d. Webster 3d. 

de Vathaire process. Selective removal of 
sulfur from pig iron in the fused state by 
contacting with a mixture of barium cya- 
nide, lime, and carbon. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

De-Vecchis process. A method for the smelt- 
ing of pyrites which entails the roasting 
and magnetic concentration of the raw 
material followed by reduction in a rotary 
kiln or electric furnace. The product may 
be briquetted and reduced in the blast fur- 
nace, but is better smelted in an electric 
furnace. In France, the process is of im- 
portance in connection with the production 
of sponge iron which is afterwards worked 
up into stee] in the basic open hearth or 
electric furnace. Osborne. 

develop. a. To open a mine and ore; more 
or less, to search, prospect, explore. von 
Bernewitz. b. To traverse a mineralized 
body horizontally by drives and vertically 
by shafts or winzes, in order to prove its 
extent. C.T.D. c. To open up ore bodies 
by shaft sinking, tunneling, or drifting. 
Ballard. 

developed blank. A blank that requires little 
or no trimming when formed. ASM Gloss. 

developed ore. Ore which is so completely 
exposed that its yield with respect to ton- 
nage and tenor is essentially certain and 
which, in addition, is available to immedi- 
ate withdrawal by the mining method 
being employed. Forrester, p. 553. 

developed reserves. a. The tonnage of ore 
which has been developed, sampled, and 
blocked out, or exposed on at least three 
sides. In coal mining, the tonnage of coal 
known to exist by development headings. 
Also called assured mineral. Nelson. b. 
Mineral reserves proved by underground 
penetration. Truscott, p. 177. 

developer. a. In photography, a processing 
solution that reduces the exposed grains of 
an emulsion to metallic silver, thus making 
the image visible. ASM Gloss. b. In xero- 
radiography, a dry powder used to make 
the electrostatic image visible. ASM Gloss. 
c. In penetrant inspection, a material used 
to draw the penetrant back to the surface, 


developer 


thus revealing the location of cracks or 
fissures. ASM Gloss. 

development. a. To open up a coal seam or 
ore body as by sinking shafts and driving 
drifts, as well as installing the requisite 
equipment. Nelson. b. Werk of driving 
openings to and in a proved ore body to 
prepare it for mining and transporting the 
ore. Lewis, p. 20. c. The amount of ore in 
a mine developed or exposed on at least 
three sides. C.T.D. d. S. Afr. The work 
done in a mine to open up the paying 
ground or reef and, in particular, to form 
drives or haulages around blocks of ore 
which are then included under developed 
ore reserves. Beerman. e. A geologic term, 
applied to those progressive changes in 
fossil genera and species that have followed 
one another during the deposition of the 
strata of the earth. Fay. 

development drift; slant. A main tunnel 
driven from the surface, or from a point 
underground, to gain access to coal or ore 
for exploitaiton purposes. Nelson. 

development drilling. Delineation of the size, 
mineral content, and disposition of an ore 
body by drilling boreholes. Long. 

development drivages. The shafts, tunnels, 
laterals, crosscuts, and staple pits to prove 
and render accessible the coal or ore to be 
extracted. See also productive develop- 
ment; unproductive development. Nelson: 

development engineer. In bituminous coal 
mining, one who operates a hoist to raise 
and lower men, rock, and supplies during 
development work (sinking shafts and 
driving horizontal underground passages 
prior to the actual mining of coal from 
aiscam)) uD Ova. . 

development gang. A team of men, working 
to a fixed time schedule, and responsible 
for having a new face, ready equipped 
with roof supports, pipes, drilling machines, 
etc., by the time the face in production 
is worked out. See also dismantling gang. 
Nelson. 

development miner. See miner. 

development plan. A plan showing the pro- 
posed development of the mine workings, 
and kept for operational purposes. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

development rock. S. Afr. The rock broken 
during development work in _ payable 
ground, which contains both valuable and 
barren rock and is, therefore, included in 
the tonnage sent to the reduction plant of 
a mine. Beerman. 

development sampling. Sampling for the 
establishment of reserves and conducted 
primarily upon the exposures along the 
development drivages. Nelson. 

development work; developmental work. 
Work undertaken to open up ore bodies 
as distinguished from the work of actual 
ore extraction. Sometimes development 
work is distinguished from exploratory 
work on the one hand and from stope 
preparation on the other. A.G.I. 

Devereaux agitator. An upthrust propeller, 
stirring pulp vigorously in a cylindrical 
tank, used in leach agitation of minerals. 
Pryor, 3. 

deviate. To change the course of a borehole. 
Compare deflect; walk; wander. Long. 

deviating. Synonym for deflecting. Long. 

deviation. a. Turning or wandering from the 
proper course. Nelson. b. The departure 
of a tunne] from its proper bearing. Nel- 
son. c. The wandering of a borehole from 
its intended course. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. 











318 


d. S. Afr. The deviation of a borehole 
is the result of rock conditions or technical 
imperfections which prevent the drilling 
of a completely straight hole. Beerman. 
e. Synonym for deflection. Long. f. The 
distance, measured in a horizental plane, 
between two surveyed points in a borehole 
or between the collar and any point below 
the collar in a borehole. Also called dis- 
location; throw. Long. g. In statistical ap- 
praisal of a series of observations two 
methods of measuring scatter are mean 
deviation and standard deviation. Pryor, 3. 
h. The difference between an experimental 
result and an arbitrary central value, usu- 
ally the experimental mean value. B.S. 
1017, 1960, pt. 1. 

deviator stress. The difference between the 
major and minor principal stresses in a 
triaxial test. ASCE P1826. 

devil. a. Aust. An automatic arrangement 
for detaching a set of skips from the main- 
and-tail-rope haulage system. Fay. b. Drag; 
backstay; trailer. Mason. 

devilline. A dark emerald-greeen to verdigris- 
green hydrated basic sulfate of copper and 
calcium, CusCa (SOs) 2(OH) «.3H2O; mono- 
clinic. Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 590-591. Also 
called herrengrundite; lyellite; devillite; 
urvolgyite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

devillite. Synonym for devilline. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 

devil’s bed. See topgallant rag. Compare old 
man. Arkell. 

devil’s dice. Cubes of brown iron ore, pseudo- 
morphs of pyrites found in alluvial work- 
ings. Gordon. 

devil’s dirt. Old Eng. Ore difficult to assay 
or treat. Hess. 

devil’s dough. A hard, gray-white siliceous 
rock. Compare devil’s bed; old man; 
daugh; dauk. Arkell. 

devil’s dung. Eng. Green-coated flints in 
glauconitic silt, forming the Bullhead bed 
at the base of the Thanet sand. Compare 
bears’ muck; cat dirt; pig’s dirt. Arkell. 

devil’s pitchfork. A fishing tool used in drill- 
ing wells. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

devitrification. a. Deferred crystallization 
which, in glassy igneous rocks, converts 
obsidian and pitchstone into dull crypto- 
crystalline rocks (usually termed felsites) 
consisting of minute grains of quartz and 
feldspar. Such devitrified glasses reveal 
their originally vitreous nature by traces of 
perlitic and spherulitic textures. C.M.D. 
b. The process by which glassy rocks break 
up into definite minerals, which are usually 
minute and are chiefly quartz and feldspar. 
c. The change from a glassy state to a 
crystalline state after solidification. Fay. 
d. {n ceramics, a surface defect manifested 
by loss of gloss as a result of crystallization. 
ASTM C286-65. 

devitrified glass. A type of ceramic material 
that, while in the form of a molten glass, 
is shaped by one of the conventional glass- 
making processes, and is subsequently de- 
vitrified in a controlled manner so that the 
finished product is crystalline. The crux 
of the process is the precipitation, during 
cooling of the shaped ware, of nucleating 
agents previously added in small amounts 
to the glass batch; the nucleated article i; 
then heated to a temperature at which the 
nucleated crystals can grow. Devitrified 
glass products can be made in a wide 
range of compositions; the properties can 
therefore be varied, but typically the ware 
is impermeable and has high strength and 











dewater 


good thermal shock resistance. Uses in- 
clude radomes, high temperature bearings, 
and domestic ovenware. See also radome. 
Dodd. 

devitrify. To destroy the glasslike character 
of volcanic glasses by changing from the 
vitreous state to the crystalline state. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

devitrite. A crystalline product of the devitri- 
fication of many commercial glasses; the 
composition is NazO.3CaO.6SiO2; its field 
of stability in the ternary system is small 
and far removed from its own composition; 
when heated to 1,045° C, devitrite decom- 
poses into wollastonite and a liquid. Dodd. 

devolatilization. Progressive loss of volatiles 
by the substance undergoing coalification 
process. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

Devonian. The fourth period, in order of 
decreasing age, of the periods comprising 
the Paleozoic era. It followed the Silurian 
period and was succeeded by the Missis- 
sippian period. Also, the system of strata 
deposited at that time. Sometimes called 
the Age of Fishes. Fay. 

Devonian system. The rocks formed during 
the Devonian period, between the Silurian 
and the Mississippian periods. In the type 
locality in England, Devonian rocks are of 
two facies—marine, occurring typically in 
Devonshire and Cornwall, England, and 
continental (the Old Red Sandstone). 
C.T.D. 

De Vooy’s process; Barvoy’s process. The 
sink-float or dense-media process used for 
coal cleaning. The separating fluid is a 
clay-barite water pulp. Pryor, 3. 

De Vries test. A test to give the relative 
hardenabilities of deep hardening steels. 
A 1-inch-diameter bar 6 inches long is 
end-quenched from the austenitizing tem- 
perature in a fixture so constructed that 
the top of the bar is kept at approximately 
650° C during the quench. This makes the 
temperature in the bar a function of the 
distance from the quenched end and allows 
the steel in the bar to transform isother- 
mally at the various temperatures. After 
the bar has been in the fixture for an hour, 
it is taken out and given an overall quench. 
The austenitic areas in the bar then trans- 
form to martensite. The amount of trans- 
formation at each temperature is deter- 
mined by making hardness measurements 
along the side of the bar and comparing 
the hardness at each position with the 
maximum hardness. By comparing the loss 
in hardness at various points with the tem- 
perature at those points during the quench 
the relative amount of transformation at 
any temperature can be estimated and thus 
the relative hardenability of different steels 
can be determined. Osborne. 

Dewar-Redwood process. A method for crack- 
ing petroleum (1899) by the use of a suit- 
able still and a condenser in free communi- 
cation with each other, that is, without 
any valve between them, the space in the 
still and condenser not occupied with liquid 
being charged with air, carbonic-acid gas, 
or other gas, under the required pressure 
and the condenser being provided with 
a regulated outlet for the condensed liquid. 
A full description of the process is con- 
tained in Sir Boverton Redwood’s standard 
work on petroleum. Fay. 

dewater. To remove water from a mine; an 
expression used in the industry in place of 
the more technically correct word, un- 
water. Hudson. 

















ek or evaporation. Nichols, 2. b. 

The pumping out of a drowned shaft or 

waterlogged workings as a safety measure 

or as a preliminary step to resumption of 
development in the area. Submersible 
pumps may be used for dewatering. Nel- 
son, c. See dewatering classifier. Nelson. 
d. The mechanical separation of a mixture 
of coal and water into two parts, one 
which is relatively coal-free, the other rela- 
tively water-free, with respect to the origi- 
nal mixture. Coarser coals are dewatered 
by drainage hoppers and bins, shaking 
vibrating screens, conveyors and chutes 
fitted with slots or stationary screens of 
either wedge or round wire construction, 
and perforated bucket elevators. The same 
methods can be used for dewatering coal 
minus one-half inch in size, and in addi- 
tion centrifuges, vacuum filters, and sludge 
tanks and other thickening devices in com- 
bination with centrifuges or filters are used. 

Mitchell, p. 649. See also Bird centrifuge; 

McNally-Carpenter centrifuge; CMI cen- 

trifuge. e. In metallurgy, a process gen- 

erally carried on only to the extent of pro- 
ducing a damp cake, in two steps: (1) in 
thickeners, which remove most of the 
water, and (2) in filters, which receive the 
thickened pulp and yield the damp min- 
eral cake. If further dewatering is desired, 
driers reequiring fuel for evaporation of 
moisture are essential; Gaudin, p. 9. f. In 
mineral processing, removal of part of the 
liquid from a pulp. Performed in thick- 
ener, classifier, hydrocyclone, settling bed or 
cone, on filter, on screen (coal prepara- 
tion). Pryor, 3. g. The process in which 
solid material either submerged or con- 
taining liquid is conveyed or elevated in 

a manner which allows the liquid to drain 

off while the solid material is in transit. 

ASA MH4.1-1958. h. The removal of 

water from wet materials by means other 

than evaporation. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

| dewatering classifier. A settling tank for clari- 
fying washer circulating water or for con- 
centrating gold slimes before cyaniding. 
The tank may have a continuously work- 
ing rake which moves the sludge towards 
the outlet pipe in the bottom. See also 

dryer. Nelson. 

\\ dewatering coal. The removal of moisture 
from coal after it has passed through the 
washer. The coal is passed over vibrating 
screens with usually 12-inch apertures, and 
most of the water including the minus 
Y-inch coal, drains away. The plus Y%-inch 
coal quickly drains to a free moisture con- 
tent of less than 4 percent depending on 
size. The minus 42-inch coal is then passed 
over high-speed vibrating screens with 
Y-millimeter aperture decks. The coarse 
fraction, one-half inch to one-half milli- 
meter usually is dewatered by this process 
to a free moisture content between 10 and 
15 percent. The product may be further 
dewatered in centrifuges. Nelson. 

| dewatering elevator. Similar to the continu- 

ous bucket elevator, it is often used in 

sand and gravel plants where the dredge 
line discharges to a sump. The dewatering 
elevator digs the material from the sump, 
allowing the water to drain out through 
perforations in the backs of the buckets 
while being elevated, and discharges to the 
plant for further processing. The only 
essential differences between this and the 
regular continuous bucket elevator are the 














319 


perforated buckets, which also often have 
renewable manganese-steel lips to allow for 
the wear caused by excavating the gravel 
from the sump. The dewatering elevator 
resembles in many ways the dredging ele- 
vator used on bucket-ladder dredges. Pit 
and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. C, pp. 34-35. 

dewatering screen. A screen used for the 
separation of water from solids. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 

dewaxing. Removing the exependable wax 
pattern from an investment mold by heat 
or solvent. ASM Gloss. 

dew bed; dew stone. Eng. A grayish, blue- 
centered, hard, crystalline, shelly stone, 
used for road metal. It rests upon the 
Yeoville sands. Arkell. 

deweylite. A discredited mineral term since 
it is a mixture of clinochrysolite (but in 
some samples lizardite) and_ stevensite. 
American Mineralogist, v. 47, No. 5-6, 
May-June 1964, pp. 811-812. 

dewindtite. A very rare, strongly radioactive, 
canary-yellow, orthorhombic mineral, Pbs- 
(UOz)5(PO.s)4(OH)4.10H2O, found asso- 
ciated with torbernite and other second- 
ary uranium minerals. Crosby, pp. 15-16. 

dewpoint. The temperature to which air 
must be cooled, at constant pressure and 
constant water vapor content, in order for 
saturation to occur. Since the pressure of 
the water vapor content of the air becomes 
the saturation pressure, the dewpoint may 
also be defined as the temperature at 
which the saturation pressure is the same 
as the existing vapor pressure. A.G.I. Also 
called saturation point. 

dewpoint hygrometer. An instrument for de- 
termining the dewpoint; a type of hygrom- 
eter. It operates in the following manner. 
A parcel of air is cooled at constant pres- 
sure, usually by contact with a refrigerated 
polished metal surface. Condensation ap- 
pears upon the metal surface at a tempera- 
ture slightly below that of the thermo- 
dynamic dewpoint of the air. The observed 
dewpoint will differ from the thermody- 
namic dewpoint depending upon the nature 
of the condensing surface, the condensation 
nuclei, and the sensitivity of the conden- 
sate-detecing apparatus. H&G. 

dextral fault. A tear fault (wrench fault), or 
a fault with a considerable component of 
tear (strike slip) motion, that shows rela- 
tive displacement to the right on the dis- 
tant side when viewed from either side. 
The opposite is a sinistral fault. Challinor. 

dextrin. a. A carbohydrate, (CeHisOs)x, hydro- 
lyzed from starch by dilute acids. Used in 
flotation as depressant. Pryor, 3. b. An 
intermediate product formed by the hy- 
drolysis of starches. Industrially it is made 
by the treatment of various starches with 
dilute acids or by heating dry starch. The 
yellow or white powder or granules are 
soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol 
and ether. It is colloidal in properties and 
describes a class of substances, hence it has 
no definite formula. Used for decorating 
ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dextrogyrate; dextrorotatory. Causing the 
plane of polarization of radiant energy, as 
light or radiant heat, to rotate to the right, 
that is, clockwise, the light being propa- 
gated from the observer. Standard, 1964. 

dezincification. Corrosion of some copper- 
zinc alloys involving loss of zinc and the 
formation of a spongy, porous copper. 
ASM Gloss. 

dezuing. See zur; dissuing. Fay. 











diachronism 


DF Abbreviation for drop forge. Zimmer- 
man, p. 202. 

df stone Abbreviation for defluorinated stone. 
See also defluorinated. Dodd. 

dg Abbreviation for decigram. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

d’Huart reagent. An etching reagent which 
reveals not only the macrostructure and 
faults, such as piping, segregation, particu- 
larly sulfur and. phosphorus, and cracks, 
but also slip lines in mild steel which have 
been stressed beyond their elastic limit. 
The composition is as follows: 100 milli- 
liters of distilled water, 100 milliliters of 
concentrated hydrochloric acid, 40 grams 
of crystallized chromic acid, 16 grams of 
anhydrous nickel chloride. The reagent is 
prepared by dissolving the nickel salt in 
the hydrochloric acid solution with gentle 
heat. After cooling, the chromic acid is 
added and the reagent is then ready for 
use. Its action is very rapid, the duration 
of attack varying from a few seconds to 
one minute at most, and the solution should 
be freshly prepared when required. Osborne. 

diabantite. A chloritic mineral found filling 
cavities in basic eruptive rocks, like basalt 
and diabase. Fay. 

diabase. a. In the United States, a hypabys- 
sal rock of the composition of gabbro but 
having an ophitic texture and consisting 
of labradorite laths in a matrix of augite 
with magnetite a common accessory. Web- 
ster 3d. b. In England, dolerite is used in 
place of diabase, and diabase is restricted 
to an altered dolerite in which the original 
pyroxene has been converted into second- 
ary amphiboles, the plagioclase has been 
more or less albitized, and the ilmenite 
converted into leucoxene and magnetite. 
GEEED: 

diabase-amphibolite. Amphibolite formed by 
the dynamic metamorphism of diabase. 
Compare metadiorite. A.G.I. Supp. 

diabase-porphyrite. A porphyry, the ground- 
mass of which is finely crystalline diabase 
and the phenocrysts of which are primarily 
plagioclase. It is contrasted with augite 
porphyrite, the phenocrysts of which are 
primarily augite. Fay. 

diabasic. Applied to a texture of igneous 
rocks in which discrete crystals or grains 
of pyroxene (usually augite) fill the inter- 
stices between lath-shaped feldspar (usu- 
ally plagioclase) crystals. Characteristic of 
diabases and some gabbros. Ophitic is 
synonymous. A.G.I, 

diablastic. Relating to the intergrowth of two 
or more minerals; the intergrowth can be 
parallel, radiate, or have some less regular 
arrangement. Synonym for sieve texture. 
A.G.I. 

diaboleite. A sky-blue oxychloride of copper 
and lead; 2Pb(OH):2.CuCl.; minute, tabu- 
lar crystals; tetragonal; resembles linarite. 
From Mendip Hills, Somersetshire, Eng- 
land. English. 

diabrochite. A metamorphic rock formed by 
wet recrystallization or by partial fusion 
but without any intimate penetration by 
visible granitic material as in magmatite. 
AGI. 

diachronism. The transgression across time 
planes by a geologic formation. A bed of 
sand when traced over a wide area may 
occur in different time zones in different 
places because it was deposited during a 
long continued marine transgression. The 
bed becomes younger in the direction in 
which the sea advanced. Same as diachro- 


diachronism 


nous. C.T.D. 

diachronous. Pertaining to or during the 
period of the earth’s existence, but differ- 
ing in geologic age. A.G.JI.; A.GJI. Supp. 

diaclase. A line of rectangular fracture; ap- 
plied by Daubree to explain the fact that 
the lines of weakness in the earth’s surface 
are perpendicular to one another. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

diaclinal. Crossing a fold; as, a diaclinal 
river. Webster 3d. 

diadactic structure. The structure exhibited 
by varved clays and silts, in which each 
sedimentation unit is marked by a grada- 
tion upward from coarse-grain size to fine- 
grain size. Synonym for graded bedding. 
A.G.I. 

diadochite. A hydrated ferric phosphate and 
sulfate mineral, brown or yellowish in 
color. Fay. 

diagenesis. a. Any change occurring within 
sediments subsequent to deposition and 
before complete lithification that alters the 
mineral content and physical properties of 
the sediments. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
Recombination or rearrangement resulting 
in a new product, as in the formation of 
larger crystalline grains from smaller ones. 
Webster 3d. 

diagenetic deposits. Deposits consisting domi- 
nantly of minerals crystallized out of sea 
water, such as manganese nodules. H&G. 

diaglyph. A marking or hieroglyph formed 
during diagenesis. Pettijohn. 

diagnostic mineral, a. Such a mineral] as 
olivine, nepheline, quartz, etc., which indi- 
cates an igneous rock is undersaturated or 
oversaturated. There are also diagnostic 
minerals in sedimentary and metamorphic 
rocks, Synonym for symptomatic mineral. 
A.G.I. b. A mineral, the presence of which 
permits certain deductions pertaining to 
the geologic history of the rock or sedi- 
ment. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

diagonal bedding. Bedding diagonal to the 
principal surface of accumulation. An obso- 
ae synonym for inclined bedding. Petti- 
john. 

diagonal brace. A structural member in com- 
pression or tension, or both, at different 
times. It is usually designed and used to 
stiffen a frame against windloads. Ham. 

diagonal coast. Coast oblique to the direction 
of the strike of the coastal formations. 
Schieferdecker. 

diagonal eyepiece. The specially designed 
eyepiece for a prismatic telescope used in 
surveying high altitudes. Ham. 

diagonal fault. A fault that strikes diagonally 
to the strike of the adjacent strata. Syno- 
oi for oblique fault. Billings, 1954, p. 
141. 

diagonal joints. a. Joints diagonal to the 
strike of the cleavage. Zern. b. In igneous 
rocks, joints which occur at 45° to the 
flow lines and are caused by shear. Lewis, 
p. 603. 

diagonal lamination. Synonym for crossbed- 
ding. Pettijohn. 

diagonal scour marks. Scour marks formed 
by concentration of smaller scour marks, 
generally longitudinal flutes, into distinct 
rows which alternate with areas where 
scour marks are less abundant or are 
absent. Arranged in rows diagonal to the 
main direction of flow. Pettijohn. 

diagonal-slip fault. A fault in which the net 
slip is diagonal down or up the fault plane; 
for example, a fault which is neither a 
strike-slip nor a dip-slip fault. Synonym 








320 


for oblique-slip fault. Billings, 1954, p. 140. 

diagonal staple. N of Eng. A shallow pit 
sunk in a sloping or diagonal direction at 
the back of the main beam of a pumping 
engine and in which the lever beam works. 
Fay. 

diagonal stratification. Same as false bed- 
ding; cerrent bedding; crossbedding. Fay, 

diagonal tension. The principal tensile stress 
in reinforced and prestressed concrete. 
Ham. 

diagram factor. The ratio between the actual 
mean effective pressure developed in a 
steam-engine cylinder and the ideal pres- 
sure deduced from the hypothetical indi- 
cator diagram. C.T.D. 

diagrid floor. An open grid of diagonally 
intersecting structural ribs spanning a floor 
space. This form of construction may be 
in steel, concrete, or prestressed concrete 
and has the advantage of lightness com- 
bined with strength. Ham. 

dial. a. A compass used for surface and 
underground surveying. It is fitted with 
sights, spirit levels, and a vernier, and 
mounted on a tripod. Pryor, 3. b. Corn. 
To make a mine survey. Pryor, 3. 

dial gage. A sensitive instrument which meas- 
ures deflections of one-thousandth of an 
inch or less by a needle moving on a grad- 
uated dial. Ham. 

dialing; dialling. a. The process of running 
an underground traverse with a mining 
dial. C.T.D. b. Surveying, usually mag- 
netic, using miner’s dial. Pryor. c. The 
operation of making a survey with the 
dial. Fay. 

Dialite. High alumina refractory brick. Ben- 
nett 2d,1962. © 

diallage. A dark green or bronze-colored 
monoclinic pyroxene, which in addition to 
the prismatic cleavages, has others parallel 
to the vertical pinacoids. Mohs’ hardness, 
4; specific gravity, 3.2 to 3.35. Used also 
as a prefix to many rocks containing the 
mineral. A.G.I.; Webster 3d; Fay. 

diallagite. A coarse-grained, deep-seated ultra- 
mafic igneous rock consisting essentially of 
diallage with small amounts of other min- 
erals in an accessory role only; essentially 
monomineralic and a differentiation produ- 
uct of a gabbroic magma. C.T.D. 

diallogite. Synonym for rhodochrosite. Hey 
2dNT955. 

dialysis. The separation of substances in solu- 
tion by means of semipermeable mem- 
branes (as of parchment, cellophane, or 
living cells) through which the smaller 
molecules and ions diffuse readily but 
through which the larger molecules and 
colloidal particles diffuse very slowly or 
not at all. Such separations are important 
in nature (as in living organisms and in 
soils) and have many applications (as in 
blood fractionation or in the recovery of 
sodium hydroxide in the manufacture of 
viscose). Used especially in the separation 
of noncolloids from colloids. Webster 3d. 

diam Abbreviation for diameter. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

diamagnetic. Having a negative magnetic 
permeability in vacuum, therefore, diamag- 
netic particles are repelled by magnetic 
field. Opposite of paramagnetic. Pryor, 3. 

diamagnetic material. A material whose spe- 
cific permeability is less than unity and is 
therefore repelled weakly by a magnet. 
ASM Gloss. 

diamagnetism. a. The property of certain 
substances by virtue of which they are re- 








diamond ballas 


pelled from both poles of a magnet and 
tend to set with the longer axis across the 
lines of magnetic force. Opposite of para- 
magnetism. Standard, 1964. b. That branch 
of science that deals with diamagnetic 
phenomena and bodies. Standard, 1964. 

diamant. a. Obsolete English spelling of dia- 
mond. Long. b. French spelling of dia- 
mond. Long. 

diamantiferous. Bearing or containing dia- 
monds. Shipley. 

diamantini. See glass frost. Dodd. 

Diamel. A trade name for a magnesia spinel 
brick. Hess. 

diameter. The greatest distance across a circle 
or through a sphere, the line of distance 
necessarily passing through the center of 
the circle or sphere. Brantly, 2. 

diametric rectifier circuit. A circuit which 
employs two or more rectifying elements 
with a conducting period of 180 electrical 
degrees, plus the commutating angle. Coal 
Age, 1. 

diamidogen sulfate. See hydrazine sulfate. 
CCD 64d, 1961. 

diamine sulfate. See hydrazine sulfate. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

diamon. A local exepression used in Great 
Britain to denote ammonium nitrate-diesel 
oil mixtures. Institution of Mining and 
Metallurgy. Symposium on Opencast Min- 
ing, Quarrying, and Alluvial Mining. Lon- 
don, 16-19 November 1964. Paper 12, p.7. 

diamond. a. A pointed wooden or iron ar- 
rangement placed between rails, just before 
a curve or switch, where tram cars are 
liable to be derailed, to force them to 
remain on the rails. If the skips are travel- 
ing in one direction only, the diamond is 
pointed at one end; if traveling backward 
and forward on the same rails, both ends 
are pointed. Fay. b. A diamond of industrial 
grade used as the cutting element in drill 
bits. Also called boart; bort; bortz; carbon; 
congo. B.S. 3618, 1963, Sec. 3. c. The 
hardest known substance composed of car- 
bon crystallized in the isometric system, 
the more common crystal forms being the 
octahedron and rhombic dodecahedron. 
The cube and some complex and combina- 
tion forms of the isometric system are 
found, as well as rounded, distorted, 
twinned, and cryptocrystalline forms. Al- 
though very hard, diamond has excellent 
cleavage and breaks readily under a blow, 
yielding flat surfaces parallel to the octa- 
hedral planes. Diamonds usually are classi- 
fied as either gems or industrials on the 
basis of color, shape, size, crystal form, and 
the size and location of inclusions or other 
imperfections. Diamonds sometimes also are 
classified on a geographical basis, such as 
Angolas, Brazilians, congos, Sierra Leones, 
or West Africans. This does not strictly 
mean that diamonds so classed come from 
that specific geographical area but that 
they are similar to stones characteristically 
produced by mines in that locality. A 
method for synthesizing diamonds has been 
developed, and smal] industrial diamonds 
have been produced on a commercial scale. 
These synthetic diamonds are commonly 
called manmade diamonds. Long. See also 
manmade diamond; natural diamond. 

diamond ballas. An important industrial va- 
riety of diamond. The stones are spherical 
masses of minute diamond crystals arranged 
more or less radially. They have no well- 
defined cleavage planes and thus have 
great resistance to abrasion. While the 























diamond ballas 


term, ballas, was first applied to such 
stones from Brazil, diamonds of similar 
structure known as Cape and African 
ballas are found. In color, ballas ranges 
from white to varying shades of black. 
While Cape and African ballas are not as 
hard as the Brazilian, they include some 
fine and unusual stones. Production is 
small. Rarely, if ever, used for diamond 
drilling but very valuable for diamond 
tools. Cumming. 

diamond bit. A rotary drilling bit studded 
with bort-type diamonds. A.G.J. Also called 
boart bit; boart-set bit; bort bit; bort-set 
bit; bortz bit; bortz-set bit. Long. 

diamond-bit setter. See diamond-drill setter. 
DOD ds 

diamond boring. Precision boring with a 
shaped diamond (but not with other tool 
materials). ASM Gloss. 

diamond broker. A person who buys packets 
of diamonds from the marketing agency of 
the Diamond Syndicate or other source, re- 
sorts the diamonds, and acts as a retail 
agent selling directly to consumers. Com- 
pare diamond buyer; diamond dealer. Long. 

diamond buyer. A person who buys diamonds 
directly from the producer at or near the 
site where the diamonds are found or 
mined. Not to be confused with diamond 
broker who is sometimes miscalled a dia- 
mond buyer. Long. 

diamond chip. A fragment of a diamond 
crystal. Also called chip; chip diamond. 
Long. P 

diamond chisel. A cutting chisel having a 
diamond or V-shaped point. Fay. 

diamond cleavage. The plane along which 
a diamond crystal can be split easily. The 
four planes paralleling the faces of an 
octahedron are those generally referred to 
as the cleavage planes, or diamond cleavy- 
age, All crystalline diamonds are more or 
less brittle and will be fractured by a suf- 
ficiently violent blow, but the irregular 
surface of a fracture cannot be mistaken 
for the brilliant flat surface produced by 
cleaving. The carbon has no cleavage, and 
in ballas cleavage is absent or very poorly 
defined. Long. 

diamond cleaving. The act or process of split- 
ting diamonds into smaller pieces, which 
may be more readily used as tool points, 
gems, or drill diamonds. Long. 

diamond concentration. The ratio of the area 
of a single-layer bit face covered by the 
inset diamonds or, in an impregnated bit, 
the bulk proportion of the crown occupied 
by diamonds. Long. 

diamond content. The number of carats of 
diamonds inset in the crown of a diamond 
bit. Also called stone content; stone weight. 
Long. 

diamond core drill. A rotary-type drill ma- 
chine using equipment and tools designed 
to recover rock samples in the form of 
cylindrical cores from rocks penetrated by 
boreholes. See also core drill; diamond 
drill. Long. 


diamond coring. The act or process of obtain- 


ing a core sample of rock material using 
a diamond-inset annular bit as the cutting 
tool. Long. This tubular bit and attached 
core barrel are rotated at a speed under 
controlled pressure by means of hollow 
steel, flush-jointed rods through which 
water is pumped to cool the bit and re- 
move rock cuttings. With the advance of 
the bit, a cylindrical core of rock passes 
up into the core barrel, where it is held by 





321 


a ani lifter or other device. Cumming, 
piel 7. 

diamond count. a. The number of diamonds 
set in the crown of a specific diamond bit. 
Also called bit count; stone count. Long. 
b. Sometimes incorrectly used to indicate 
the average size of the diamonds inset in 
a specific bit. See also carat count. Long. 

diamond crown. The cutting bit in diamond 
drilling. It consists of a steel shell contain- 
ing in its face and edges small cavities into 
which black diamonds are set. In some 
types of crown the diamonds can be re- 
moved and reset for further use. Grooves, 
called waterways, are usually provided in 
the face of the crown to allow the passage 
of the drilling fluid. For surface-set bits 
in diamond drilling, it is recommended 
that 2 to 20 stones per carat should be 
used in soft ground (such as shale) ; 10 to 
80 stones per carat in medium ground 
(such as sandstone) ; and 20 to 150 stones 
per carat in hard ground (such as gran- 
ite). See also burned bit. Nelson. 

diamond cubic. With respect to atomic ar- 
rangements, similar to the diamond in hav- 
ing the two face-centered cubic arrange- 
ments of atom centers either of which is 
displaced with respect to the other by one- 
fourth of the diagonal of the unit cube. 
Henderson. 

diamond cut. See pyramid cut. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. 

diamond cutter. a. An individual skilled in 
the art of shaping diamonds as gems. 
Long. b. A tool in which a single diamond, 
shaped as a cutting point, is inset. Long. 

diamond cutting. One of the three processes 
by which diamonds are prepared for use 
as ornaments or in the arts, the others 
being diamond cleaving and diamond pol- 
ishing. Fay. 

diamond dealer. Synonym for diamond bro- 
ker. Long. 

diamond dies. Industrial stones that have 
been pierced to permit their use for draw- 
ing wire of a constant diameter. I.C. 8200, 
1964, p. 13. 

diamond drill. A drilling machine with a 
rotating, hollow, diamond-studded bit that 
cuts a circular channel around a core, 
which can be recovered to provide a more 
or less continuous and complete columnar 
sample of the rock penetrated. Diamond 
drilling is a common method of prospect- 
ing for mineral deposits. A.G.I. Supp. Also 
called adamantine drill; core drill; dia- 
mond core drill; rotary drill. Long. 

diamond-drill cover. Boreholes drilled with 
a diamond drill and bits into rock sur- 
rounding an underground opening for the 
purpose of detecting water-bearing fissure 
or structures. Compare cover. Long. 

diamond-drill crew. The men needed to op- 
erate a diamond drill properly. Long. 

diamond driller. One who sets up and op- 
erates a diamond drill that is used to ob- 
tain solid cores of strata drilled through 
so that the character of the ground, the 
wealth of ore, or strength of material for 
foundations may be determined. He may 
set diamonds in the bit as they become 
worn or chipped, or are lost (diamond-drill 
setter). Also called core driller; core-drill 
operator; diamond-drill operator; dia- 
mond-drill runner; diamond-point drill op- 
erator; shot-core drill operator; test borer; 
test-hole driller; wash driller. D.O.T. 1. 

diamond-driller helper. One who assists in 
the ercction and operation of a core drill 





diamond loss 


that bores into rock, earth, and other min- 
erals to obtain core samples. Also called 
core-driller helper ; core-drill-operator help- 
er; diamond-point-drill-operator helper; 
drill-runner helper; shot-core-drill-operator 
helper; test-borer helper; test-hole-driller 
helper; wash-driller helper. D.O.T. 1. 

diamond drill-hole probe. See Geiger-Miiller 
probe. Long. 

diamond drilling. The act or process of drill- 
ing boreholes using bits inset with dia- 
monds as the rock-cutting tool. The bits 
are rotated by various types and sizes of 
mechanisms motivated by steam, internal- 
combustion, hydraulic, compressed-air, or 
electric engines or motors. See also dia- 
mond drill. Long. 

diamond-drill men. Members of a diamond- 
drill crew or persons trained to perform 
one or more duties connected with the op- 
eration of a diamond drill. Long. 

diamond-drill operator. See diamond driller. 
D.Onks Ik 

diamond-drill pipe. Synonym for drill rod. 
Long. 

diamond-drill rod. Synonym for drill rod. 
Long. 

diamond-drill runner. See diamond driller. 
DO ieulys 

diamond-drill sample. The core brought to 
the surface in the core barrel. The cuttings 
in the uprising drilling fluid will also pro- 
vide sampling material, See also core re- 
covery. Nelson. 

diamond-drill setter. One who cuts recesses 
in head of diamond drilling bit, with hand 
or power-driven metalworking tools, to pre- 
pare it for receiving diamonds. Diamond 
setting may be performed by a diamond 
driller. Also called diamond-bit setter; dia- 
mond setter. D.O.T. 1. 

diamond dust. a. Finely fragmented and 
powdered diamonds used as a cutting, 
grinding, and polishing abrasive or me- 
dium. Long. b. A diamond powder pro- 
duced in the cutting of gems. Pryor, 3. 

diamond exposure. The proportional mass of 
a diamond protruding beyond the surface 
of a matrix metal in which the diamond 
is inset. Compare bit clearance. Long. 

diamond grade. The worth of a diamond as 
based on an individual sorter’s interpreta- 
tion of somewhat arbitrary standards of 
color, presence of flaws, soundness, and 
shape. Long. 

diamond groove. A groove of V-section in a 
roll. Fay. 

diamondiferous. Any substance containing 
diamonds; generally applied to rock or al- 
luvial material containing diamonds but 
also may be used in referring to other dia- 
mond-impregnated substances, such as the 
crown of a diamond-impregnated bit. Long. 

diamond impregnated. Having diamonds dis- 
tributed throughout a matrix. Compare 
surface set. Long. 

diamond-impregnated bit. Synonym for im- 
pregnated bit. Long. 

diamond life. The amount of cutting a dia- 
mond will accomplish before being com- 
pletely worn away by abrasion. In bits, 
diamond life usually is expressed in the 
number of feet drilled in a specific rock 
before the inset diamonds become too 
dulled to continue cutting or are lost by 
roll out or completely worn away by abra- 
sion. Long. 

diamond loss. The difference between the 
amount of diamond set in a bit and the 
usable diamond salvaged from the same 
bit when worn is considered the diamond 


diamond loss 


loss. The loss may be expressed in carat 
per bit, in carat per foot drilled, or in 
carat per 100 feet of borehole drilled in a 
specific rock. Long. 

diamond matrix. a. A metal or metal alloy 
forming the material in which the dia- 
monds inset in a bit crown are embedded. 
Also called bit-crown metal; bit-crown 
matrix; bit matrix; crown metal; matrix. 
Long. b. The rock material in which dia- 
monds are formed naturally and occur, 
such as in kimberlite. Long. 

diamond needle. A small-diameter hollow 
metal tube attached to a flexible rubber 
tube through which air is pulled by a suc- 
tion or vacuum pump. The suction cre- 
ated at the tip of the metal tube enables 
a bit setter to pick up and place a small 
diamond in a bit mold with greater facility 
than with tweezers... Called a needle be- 
cause the metal tube generally is made by 
using a discarded hypodermic needle. Also 
called diamond pickup needle; diamond 
pickup tube; diamomnd pipe. Long. 

diamond orientation. The act or process of 
purposely setting a diamond in a bit or 
cutting tool in such a manner that a specific 
crystal face or hard vector plane of the 
diamond will be the face or plane in con- 
tact with the material being cut or abraded 
by the diamond. Long. 

diamond-particle bit. A surface-set or im- 
pregnated type of diamond bit in which 
the inset diamonds are small fragments 
of diamonds. Long. : 

diamond pattern. Manner in which the inset 
diamonds are arranged or distributed 
about the crown of a bit with or without 
conforming to some predetermined geo- 
metric arrangement. Long. 

diamond pickup needle. Synonym for dia- 
mond needle. Long. 

diamond pickup tube. Synonym for diamond 
needle. Long. 

diamond pipe. a. Term used for an occur- 
rence of kimberlite in volcanic pipes large 
enough and sufficiently diamondiferous to 
be minable. The size and shape of these 
pipes depend on the position of the planes 
of structural weakness in the country rock 
through which the molten kimberlite passed. 
They may be columnar, tabular, or ir- 
regular in shape and where mining is deep 
enough the diamond pipe is found to de- 
crease in area and assume a dikelike habit. 
I.C. 8200, 1964, p. 31. b. Synonym for 
diamond needle. Long. 

diamond-point bit. Synonym for mud bit. 
Long. 

diamond-point drill operator. See diamond 
driller. .DO.T. 1. 

diamond powder. Same as diamond dust. 
Long. 

diamond pressure. The proportional amount 
of the total feed pressure applied to a 
diamond bit theoretically borne by an in- 
dividual diamond inset’in the face of the 
bit. Also called pressure per diamond; pres- 
sure per stone; stone pressure. Long. 

diamond-pyramid hardness test. An inden- 
tion hardness test employing a 136° dia- 
mond-pyramid indenter and variable loads 
enabling the use of one hardness scale for 
all ranges of hardness from very soft lead 
to tungsten carbide. ASM Gloss. See also 
Vickers hardness test. 

diamond quality. Synonym for diamond 
grade. Long. 

diamond reamer. A device to enlarge a bore- 
hole, consisting of a length of pipe behind 
the bit and core barrel, set with diamonds 








322 


to cut into the walls of the borehole. 
Nelson. 

diamond salvage. The recovery of fine dia- 
mond fragments and powders that are 
present in the swarf and sludge from dia- 
mond grinding operations, as well as ma- 
terial from diamond-pointed tools, wheel 
dressers, diamond-drill bits, and broken 
or discarded diamond wiredrawing dies 
and grinding wheels. BuMines Bull. 630, 
1965, p. 307. 

diamond saw. A circular metal disk having 
diamonds or diamond dust inset in its cut- 
ting or peripheral edge. Employed to cut 
rocks and other brittle substances. Long. 

diamond-saw splitter. Synonym for core saw. 
Long. 

diamond sawyer. In the stonework industry, 
one who uses a saw in which block dia- 
monds are inserted in the teeth. D.O.T. 1. 

diamond scale. Instrument on which dia- 
monds are weighed with weight units cali- 
brated in carats; scales vary from a fold- 
ing 50-carat-capacity type, small enough to 
fit in a coat pocket when closed, to those 
large enough to weigh several thousand 
carats at one time. Long. 

diamondscope. An especially designed illu- 
minator employing a gemstone holder of 
special design, a binocular microscope, 
and a combination baffle which affords ex- 
amination of stones by either transmitted 
light, or by reflected light incident to all 
pavilion facets only, and against either a 
white or black background. It has the ef- 
fect of eliminating most reflections from 
the facets on the crown so that inclusions 
(imperfections) may be easily observed 
and identified. Used for both the identifi- 
cation of colored stones and the grading 
of diamonds. Shipley. 

diamond scrap. As used in the diamond-drill- 
ing industry—broken diamonds and dia- 
mond fragments deemed unfit for reuse in 
a diamond bit. In other industries using 
diamond-pointed tools, any piece of dia- 
mond salvaged from a tool and deemed 
unfit for reuse in the same kind of tool. 
Long. 

diamond screen. A perforated metal or wire- 
cloth sieve used to sort diamonds or frag- 
ments of diamonds according to size. Long. 

diamond-set. Contains inset diamonds. Long, 

diamond-set bit. A rock-boring or rock-cut- 
ting tool, the cutting points of which are 
inset diamonds. Long. 

diamond-set inserts. Small, shaped metallic 
slugs inset with diamonds designed to be 
brazed or welded into slots or depressions 
machined in a metal bit or reaming-shell 
blank. Long. 

diamond-set ring. A powdered metal-alloy 
band encircling a reaming shell in which 
diamonds are inset mechanically. Long. 

diamond setter. Formerly, persons skilled in 
the art of handsetting a diamond bit; also, 
persons trained to set diamonds in a mold 
to produce a so-called mechanically set 
bit. A few are being trained currently 
to handset, but the technique is rapidly 
becoming a lost art. Long. 

diamond shoe. a. A diamond-set washover 
shoe. Long b. Term sometimes erroneously 
applied to a diamond-set casing bit and/or 
a set casing shoe. Long. 

diamond size. According to the diamond-drill- 
ing and bit-setting industries, the size of a 
diamond is always expressed in the num- 
ber of nearly equal size diamonds having 
a total weight of 1 carat; hence an 8- 
diamond size means 8 stones weighing 1 














diaphragm 


carat; a 40-diamond size means that there 
are 40 diamonds having a total weight of 
1 carat. Long. 

diamond spar. Same as corundum. Fay. 

diamonds per carat. The number of relatively 
equal size diamonds having a total weight 
of 1 carat. Also called stones per carat. 
Long. 

diamond system. Synonym for diamond drill; 
diamond drilling. Long. 

diamond tin. Large bright crystals of cassi- 
terite. Fay. 

diamond tools. a. Tools and equipment used 
to drill a borehole with diamond-set bits. 
Long. b. Any tool, the cutting point of which 
is a diamond, sometimes an inset whole stone 
or a shaped fragment of a diamond. Long 
c. A diamond, shaped or formed to the 
contour of a single-pointed cutting tool, 
for use in the precision machining of non- 
ferrous or nonmetallic materials. ASM 
Gloss. 

diamond-tooth saw. A circular saw for cut- 
ting stone with points of the teeth of pieces 
of diamonds. Mersereau, 4th, p. 301. 

diamond tweezers. Sharp, pointed tweezers 
used to pick up and manipulate single dia- 
monds. Long. 

diamond washer. An apparatus used for 
washing diamondiferous gravel. It has a 
bottom discharge with three coarse screens 
above, each one being removable. The 
shaker works in two bush logs, hollowed 
out to suit, and embedded in the ground. 
The screens are 8-,4-,2-, and 1 -millimeter 
mesh, the 8-millimeter screen being on top 
and the 1-millimeter screen at the bottom. 
The shaker is worked by a man standing 
on it at each end, and rocking it from side 
to side by a peculiar motion of the legs, 
the rocking motion begin ended each time 
by a sudden sharp jerk to one side. In 
West Africa the washer is commonly re- 
ferred to as the shaker. Griffiths, S. V., pp. 
8-10. 

diamond wear. Synonym for diamond loss. 
Long. 

diamond wheel. a. A grinding wheel in which 
crushed and sized industrial diamonds are 
held in a resinoid, metal, or vitrified bond. 
ASM Gloss. b. Synonym for diamond saw. 
Long. 

diamontiferous. See diomondiferous. Long. 

dianite. Synonym for columbite. Crosby, p. 
HLS). 

diaphaneity. The quality or state of being di- 
aphanous. Specifically, the ability of a 
mineral to transmit light. Webster 3d. 
Compare transparent; semitransparent; 
translucent; opaque. Fay. 

diaphanous. Allowing light to show or to 
shine through. Webster 3d. 

diaphorite. a. A mineral like freieslebenite in 
composition, (Pb.Ags)sSbsSu, or 5(Pb,- 
Ags)S.2SbeSs, but orthorhombic in form. 
Fay. b. Synonym for allagite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

diaphragm. a. A porous or permeable mem- 
brane separating anode and cathode com- 
partments of an electrolytic cell from each 
other or from an intermediate compart- 
ment. ASM Gloss. b. Universal die mem- 
ber made of rubber or similar material 
used to contain hydraulic fluid within the 
forming cavity and transmit pressure to 
the part being formed. ASM Gloss. c. A 
flexible partition between two chambers. 
Nichols, 2. d. The crosshair ring or metal 
piece holding the crosshairs or spider lines 
in a telescope. Also called reticule. Seelye, 2. 
e. In photography, a device for controlling 
the amount of light passed by a lens and 











ee = 


diaphragm 


for cutting out such rays as would tend 
to mar the perfection of the image. Also 
called the stop. Seelye, 2. 


of minerals, a jig with a flexible dione 

used to pulse water. The Bendelari, Pan- 

American, Denver, and Conset are exam- 

j| _ ples. Pryor, 3. 

\\diaphragm pump. A positive displacement 

}/ pump used for lifting small quantities of 
water and discharging them under low 
heads. It has a plunger arm operating 
either on an eccentric shaft or a rocker- 
arm thrusting on a rubber diaphragm 
stretched over a cylinder, As the dia- 
phragm is depressed, the water and air 
in the cylinder is forced out through the 
discharge side of the pump. As the dia- 
phragm is lifted, a vacuum is created in 
the cylinder, and water is forced in. Car- 
son, p. 202. 

| diaphragm-type washbox. A washbox in which 

|» the pulsating motion is produced by the 
reciprocating movement of a diaphragm. 

Ie B.S. 3552, 1962. 

diaphthoresis. Synonym for  retrogressive 

metamorphism; retrograde metamorphism. 

See also diaphthorite. A.G.I. 

'\diaphthorite. A cataclastic schist with char- 

| acteristic minerals of upper deep magmas 
which have developed at the cost of proto- 
gene minerals of lower deep magmas. Relict 
structures may be present. Hess. 

(diaphthoritic. Relates to rocks which have 
been affected by diaphthoresis. Schiefer- 

| _ decker. 

| idiapir fold. An anticline in which a mobile 

| core, such as salt, has injected the more 
brittle overlying rock. Synonym for piercing 

| fold; piercement fold. Billings, 1954, p. 59. 
|idiaschistic. Derived from a larger, parent 
igneous mass, but differing from it in com- 
position ; said of certain dikes associated 
with igneous intrustions. Contrasted with 
| aschistic. Fay. 

|idiasphaltene; soft asphalt. Portion of bitu- 
men soluble in ether or in carbon disulfide 
but insoluble in a mixture of equal parts of 
ether and alcohol. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

\diaspore. A natural hydrous aluminum oxide, 

|  AlOs.H2O, occurring in bauxite and with 
corundum and dolomite. White, gray, yel- 
lowish, and greenish; luster, vitreous to 
pearly : specific gravity, 3.35 to 3.45; Mohs’ 
hardness, 6.5 to 7. Found in Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, Pennsylvania; Switzerland; U. S.S.R.; 
Czechoslovakia. Used asa refractory, abra- 
sive. A possible source of aluminum. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

\'diaspore brick. A high-alumina brick manu- 
factured substantially from diaspore clay. 

/ A.R.I. 

||| diaspore clay. A rock consisting essentially of 

diaspore bonded by flint clay. Commercial 

diaspore clay of the purest grade usually 

contains between 70 and 80 percent alu- 
| mina after calcination. HW. 

|) diasporogelite. The colloidal form of alumi- 
num hydroxide, AleO;.H2O. One of the 
ingredients of bauxite. Also called sporoge- 
lite; clichite. English. 

‘\diastatic. Pertaining to or due to the move- 
ments resulting from the forces which pro- 
Ber deformation of the earth’s surface. 

ay 

idiastem. a. A break represented in other 

regions, often within the same formation, 

by a bed or series of beds. A.G.I. b. A depo- 
sitional break of less magnitude than a dis- 
conformity and which is represented else- 













323 


where by a group of strata of less than 
formation value. A.G.J. c. A depositional 
break or a hiatus of assumed minor dura- 
tion. A diastem represents an intraforma- 
tional break and is therefore represented 
by deposits of less than formation rank 
elsewhere. There is no faunal or floral 
change across the diastem. A.G_I. 


diasteria. An asteria which exhibits a star by 


transmitted light only. Of little or no im- 
portance as a jewel. See also asteria. 


Shipley. 


diasterism.:Asterism seen by transmitted light. 


See also asterism; epiasterism. Shipley. 


diastrophe. An event characterized by a de- 


formation of the earth’s crust. Standard, 
1964, 


diastrophism. The process of deformation 


that produces in the earth’s crust its conti- 
nents and ocean basins, plateaus and 
mountains, folds of strata, and faults. Com- 
b. Of or relating to diathermy. Webster 3d. 


diathermanous. a. Transmitting infrared radi- 


ation. Webster 3d. b. Allowing the free 
passage of the rays of heat as a transparent 
body allows free passage of light. Standard, 
3d 


diathermic. a. Diathermanous. Webster 3d. 


b. Of or relating to diathermy. Webster 3d. 


diathermy. The generation of heat in tissue 


for medical or surgical purposes by the 
application of high-frequency electric cur- 
rents of various wavelengths by means of 
electrodes and other instruments. Webster 
Sieh 


diatom. A microscopic unicellular plant 


which has an envelope (frustule) or outer 
skeleton of hydrated silica, close to opal in 
composition, and usually in two parts, 
though some have a ring-shaped frustule 
and these grow in chains. They inhabit 
both fresh water and salt water, and their 
frustules form masses of diatomaceous earth 
or shale attaining a thickness of thousands 
of feet. Hess. 


diatomaceous. Formed from the silicious skel- 


etons of diatoms. Shipley. 


diatomaceous earth. See diatomite. BuMines 


Bull 630, 1965, p. 314. 


diatomic. a. Consisting of two atoms; having 


two atoms in the molecule. Webster 3d. 
b. Having two replaceable atoms or radi- 
cals. Webster 3d. 


diatomite; diatomaceous earth; kieselguhr. 


A fossil accumulation of diatoms, usually 
with some radiolaria and smaller amounts 
of foraminifera. Diatomite is essentially 
amorphous, hydrated, or opaline silica with 
various contaminants, such as silica sand, 
clay minerals, iron, alkalies, and alkaline 
earths. Unprocessed diatomite has a hard- 
ness of between 4 and 6% on Mohs’ scale, 
It is widely used as a filter medium, as 
industrial filler, for thermal and acoustical 
insulation, in ceramics, and numerous other 
uses. The largest deposits in the United 
States are in California. Erroneous nomen- 
clature includes infusorial earth, infusorial 
silica, and tripolite. BuMines Bull. 630, 
1965, pp. 313-314. 


diatom ooze. A deep-sea deposit, resembling 


flour when dry, largely composed of the 
frustules of diatoms and containing a small 
but variable proportion of calcareous orga- 
nisms and mineral particles. Holmes, 1928. 


diatomous. Having a single distinct diagonal 


cleavage; applied to certain crystals. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 


diatom prism. A prism attached to a micro- 


scope to give oblique illumination for ob- 














dichroism 


serving very fine markings. Standard, 1964. 

diatom saprokol. A saprokol containing a 
large amount of diatoms. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

diatreme. A volcanic vent or pipe drilled 
through enclosing country rocks (usually 
flat-lying sedimentary rocks) by the explo- 
sive energy of the gas-charged magmas. 
The diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes of 
South Africa are examples. Holmes, 1920. 

diazodinitrophenol; dinol. Cs>H:ONz(NO:):; 
molecular weight, 210.11; yellow; crystal- 
line or amorphous powder; and specific 
gravity, 1.63. Used in blasting caps as a 
substitute for mercury fulminate. Bennett 
2d) 1962. 

dibasic. An acid, such as H2SO,, that contains 
2 hydrogen atoms which can be replaced 
by 2 monovalent basic atoms. Pryor, 3. 

dibhole. Eng. The lowest part of a mine, 
into which the water drains; a dump. 
Standard, 1964. 

diborane. (B2H.), a gas having a heating 
value of 31,200 to 33,300 British thermal 
units per pound. BuMines Bull. 585, 1960, 
p. 143. 

dibutyl butyl phosphonate. Colorless; liquid; 
mild odor; C.sHeP(O)(OC.H»)2; stable; 
insoluble in water; miscible with most com- 
mon organic solvents; specific gravity, 
0.948 (at 20° C, referred to water at 4° 
C) ; and flash point, 310° F. Used in heavy 
metal extraction and solvent separation; 
in gasoline additives; as an antifoam agent; 
and as a plasticizer. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dibutyl carbinol. 2-methy]l-1-butanol; a frother 
used in the flotation process. Pryor, 3. 

dicalcium orthophosphate. See calcium phos- 
phate, dibasic. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dicalcium silicate; dicalcium orthosilicate. 
One of the components of cement; color- 
less; 2GaO.SiOz or Ca2SiO;x; orthorhombic 
or monoclinic; specific gravity, 2.97 to 
3.28, depending on allotropic form; and 
melting point, 2,130° C. Obtained as a 
byproduct in electric-furnace operation. 
Used to neutralize acid soils. See also Port- 
land cement. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-163. 

dice. a. Eng. Term used in Lincolnshire for 
an oil shale. Tomketeff, 1954. b. The more 
or less cubical fracture of tempered glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

dice blocks. See throat. Dodd. 

dice coal. Leic. Layers in a coal seam which 
naturally break or split into small pieces 
resembling dice. Fay. 

dice mineral. A Wisconsin term for small 
cubic galena. Fay. 

dicey. A term describing a rock which breaks 
into small pieces resembling dice, B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

dicey clay. Any clay or mudstone with a 
cuboidal fracture, as in the Kimmeridge 
clay. Arkell. 

dicey coal. See dice coal. Tomkeieff, 1954 

dicey coal. Corn. A lode possessing many 
horizontal joints. Fay. 

dichroic colors. A term loosely used to refer 
to either the two colors observable in a 
dichroic stone or the three colors in a tri- 
chroic stone. Same as twin colors. See also 
dichroscope. Shipley. 

dichroism. a. Pleochroism in which the colors 
are unlike when a crystal is viewed in the 
direction of two different axes. Webster 3d. 
b, The property of some bodies of differing 
in color with the thickness of the transmit- 
ting layer or of some liquids of differing 
in color with the degree of concentration 


dichroism 


of the solution. Webster 3d. c. The prop- 
erty of some surfaces of reflecting light of 
one color and transmitting light of other 
colors. Webster 3d. 

dichroite. A hydrated, aluminum-magnesium- 
iron silicate mineral, He(Mg,Fe)«4AlsSis0Osz. 
Synonym for iolite; cordierite. Fay. 

dichromate; bichromate. A salt containing 
the divalent CreO,; radical. Hackh’s Chem. 
Dict. 

dichromate treatment. A chromate conversion 
coating produced on magnesium alloys in 
a boiling solution of sodium dichromate. 
ASM Gloss. 

dichromic. Containing 2 atoms of chromium 
or their equivalents in the molecule. Web- 
ster 3d. 

dichroscope. An instrument designed to de- 
tect two of the different colors emerging 
from pleochroic (that is, dichroic or tri- 
chroic) gems. Contains a rhomb of Iceland 
spar and a lense system in a short tube, 
and exhibits the two colors side by side. 
Shipley. 

dickinsonite. A green, hydrous phosphate 
mineral, chiefly of manganese, iron, and 
sodium. Fay. 

Dickinson’s fault plane theory. In 1898, 
Joseph Dickinson stated that the direction 
of subsidence may be judged by analogy 
from the slopes taken by faults and mineral 
veins. He also advanced that in seams of 
moderate inclination, a larger protective 
pillar is required on the rise side than on 
the dip side of any area to be supported. 
See also dome theory. Nelson. 

dickite. A form of basic hydrated silicate of 
aluminum, Ali(SisOi)s(OH)2.3H2O, of 
the same chemical composition as kaolinite 
with which it is grouped, and from which 
it differs only in the details of atomic struc- 
ture and in certain physical properties. 
C.M.D.; Dana 17. 

diclinic. A crystal having two of the three 
axes inclined to the third and perpendicu- 
lar to each other. Standard, 1964. 

didier-march kiln. A coal-fired tunnel kiln; 
typically, there are four fireboxes, two on 
each side. Dodd. 

didymium. a. The name applied to commer- 
cial mixtures of rare earth elements ob- 
tained from monozite sand by extraction 
followed by the elimination of cerium and 
thorium from the mixture. The name is 
used like that of an element in naming 
mixed oxides and salts. The approximate 
composition of didymium from monazite, 
expressed as rare earth oxides is 46 percent 
lanthana, La2Oz,; 10 percent praseodymia, 
PrsOu; 32 percent neodymia, Nd2Os; 5 
percent samaria, Sm2O3; 0.4 percent yttrium 
earth oxides; 1 percent ceria, CeOs; 3 per- 
cent gadolinia, Gd.O:; and 2 percent others. 
The mineral bastnaesite could also be a 
source of didymium mixtures. For uses, see 
didymium salts. CCD 6d, 1961. b. The 
name didymium has also been applied to 
mixtures of the elements praseodymium 
and neodymium because such mixtures were 
once thought to be an element and was 
assigned the symbol, Di. CCD 6d, 1961. 

didymium salts. Salts derived from commer- 
cial didymium mixtures. Used for coloring 
glass; decolorizing glass; and in metallurgi- 
cal research. CCD 6d, 1961. 

didymolite. A dark gray silicate of aluminum 
and calcium, 2Ca0O.3A1:O03.9SiO2. Small 
twinned crystals. Monoclinic. From Tatarka 
River, Yeniseisk District, Siberia, U.S.S.R. 
English. 





324 


die. a. A piece of hard iron, placed in a 
mortar to receive the blow of a stamp or 
in a pan to receive the friction of the 
muller. Between the die and the stamp or 
muller the ore is crushed. Fay. b. Various 
tools used to impart shape to material 
primarily because of the shape of the tool 
itself. Examples are blanking dies, cutting 
dies, drawing dies, forging dies, punching 
dies, and threading dies. ASM Gloss. c. In 
powder metallurgy, the part or parts mak- 
ing up the confining form into which a 
powder is pressed. The parts of the die 
may include some or all of the following: 
die body, punches, and core rods, Synonym 
for mold. ASM Gloss. d. Synonym for bell 
tap. Long. e. The form used in the process 
of manufacturing diamond-set bits by cast- 
ing or powder metal methods. Also called 
bit mold. Long. f. A tool used to cut 
threads on bolts or piping. Long. g. A mold 
used for forming ceramic shapes from plas- 
tic or semiplastic nonmetallic materials or 
compositions. Bureau of Mines Staff. h. A 
metal case through which clay is forced 
to impart the dimension and shape of the 
unit; may be cored or solid; a metal form 
for molding. ACSG, 1963. 

die block. The tool steel block into which the 
desired impressions are machined and from 
which forgings are produced. ASM Gloss. 

die body. In powder metallurgy, the station- 
ary or fixed part of a die. ASM Gloss. 

die casting. a. A casting made in a die. ASM 
Gloss, b. A casting process where molten 
metal is forced under high pressure into 
the cavity of a metal mold. ASM Gloss. 
c. Casting in permanent molds, Pryor, 3. 

die-casting alloys. Alloys that are suitable 
for die casting, and which can be relied on 
for accuracy and resistance to corrosion 
when cast. Aluminum-, copper-, tin-, zinc-, 
and lead-base alloys are those generally 
used. C.7.D. 

die clearance. Distance between mating die 
members. ASM Gloss. 

die collar. Synonym for bell tap. Long. 

die cushion. A press accessory located beneath 
or within a bolster or die block to provide 
an additional motion or pressure for stamp- 
ing operations; actuated by air, oil, rubber, 
or springs, or a combination thereof. ASM 
Gloss. 

die earth. Eng. A local term at Coalbrook 
Dale for the Wenlock shale, because this 
stratum lies beneath all the mining ground 
of the district—the minerals dying out, as 
it were, at this stratum. Fay. 

die forging. A forging whose shape is deter- 
mined by impressions in specially prepared 
dies. ASM Gloss. 

die forming. The shaping of metal to a de- 
sired configuration through the use of a 
die and the force required. ASM Gloss. 

Diehl process. Method of cyanidation of gold 
ores in which cyanogen bromide is used to 
aid leaching of tellurides. Pryor, 3. 

die holder. a. A plate or block, upon which 
the die block is mounted, having holes or 
slots for fastening to the bolster or bed of 
the press. ASM Gloss. b. In metallurgy, 
one who sets up and operates a die-holder 
carriage of an extrusion press. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

dieing machine. A high-speed vertical press, 
the slide of which is activated by pull rods 
extending to the drive mechanism below 
the bed. ASM Gloss. 

die insert. In powder metallurgy, a removable 
liner or part of a die body or punch. ASM 








die lubrication 


Gloss. 


dielectric. a. A material which offers rela- 


tively high resistance to the passage of an 
electric current but through which mag- 
netic or electrostatic lines of force may 
pass. Most insulating materials, for ex- 
ample, air, porcelain, mica, and glass, are 
dielectrics and a perfect vacuum would 
constitute a perfect dielectric, NCB. b. An 
insulator. A term applied to the insulating 
material between the plates of a capacitor. 
H&G. 


dielectric constant. The numerical expressions 


of the resistance to the passage of an elec- 
tric current between two charged poles. 
It is the ratio of the attraction of two 
oppositely charged poles as measured in a 
vacuum to their attraction in a substance. 
Hess. The dielectric constant, which cor- 
responds to permeability in magnetic mate- 
rials, is a measure of the polarizability of 
a material in an electric field. This prop- 
erty determines the effective capacitance 
of a rock material and consequently its 
static response to any applied electric field, 
either direct or alternating. The dielectric 
constant of a vacuum is unity. For most 
hard rocks it ranges from about 6 to 16 
electrostatic units. For wet soils and clays 
it is somewhat greater than this, extending 
up to 40 or 50 electrostatic units. Dobrin, 
pp. 341-342. 


dielectric heating. A method of high fre- 


quency heating in which the object to be 
heated, which must be nonconducting, is 
placed in a high frequency alternating field 
where it is heated by the continually re- 
versed polarization of the molecules, It has 
found application in the foundry for the 
drying of sand cores. Osborne. 


dielectrics. Nonconductors of electricity may, 


under the influence of neighboring electric 
bodies, become electrically polarized by 
induction. Such materials are known as 
dielectrics. Their electromotive force is 
called dielectric polarization or dielectric 
induction. The strength of the electromo- 
tive force is determined by the dielectric 
constant. Hess. 


dielectric separation. Method of ore treat- 


ment based on differences between dielec- 
tric constants of minerals suspended in an 
intermediate nonconducting fluid, when 
subjected to electric fields. Of limited use 
in laboratory work. Pryor, 3. 


dielectric strength. The maximum potential 


gradient that a dielectric material can 
withstand without rupture. Lowenheim. 


die limes. Lines or markings on formed, 


drawn, or extruded metal parts caused by 
imperfections in the surface of the die. 
ASM Gloss. 


die lubricant. a. A solution that is used to 


facilitate the flow of plastic clay through 
a die or to prevent sticking of clay com- 
positions to dies or molds during the form- 
ing process, See also lubricant; mold lubri- 
cant. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. In powder 
metallurgy, a lubricant applied to the walls 
of the die and punches to facilitate the 
pressing and ejection of the compact. ASM 
Gloss. 


die lubrication. Machine oils of a light vari- 


ety or soap solutions are used for the lubri- 
cation of dies used in the forming of steel 
shapes. The procedure eases the strain on 
the metal and die and may prevent hair- 
lining in the subsequent enameling process. 
Machine oils should not be used to lubri- 
cate enamel ware blanks, due to difficulty 











die lubrication 


encountered in cleaning with alkaline 
. baths. Hansen. 
|idienerite. A  gray-white nickel arsenide, 


NisAs; cubic crystals; isometric. From Rad- 
stadt, Salzburg, Austria. English. 





}idiente. Binding stone in Mexican masonry. 
| See also tizon. Fay. 
die opening. In flash or upset welding, the 
distance between the electrodes, usually 
measured with the parts in contact but 
before welding has commenced or immedi- 
ately upon completion of the cycle. ASM 
} Gloss. 
\idie presser. One who operates screw press or 
| hydraulic press to squeeze clay materials 
into shape of electrical porcelain ware, 
such as insulators. Also called former ; tube- 
1 machine operator. D.O.T. 1. 
|'die pressing. Term used in some sections of 
the industry for dry pressing. See also dry 
pressing. Dodd. 
)\\die radius. The radius on the exposed edge 
of a drawing die, over which the sheet 
flows in forming drawn shells. ASM Gloss. 
dies. a. Hard metal forms for receiving metal 
and shaping articles, under pressure. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 426. b. The dies used for 
drawing or stamping are made of chilled, 
hardened tool steel. These dies will vary 
| insize and weight. Hansen. 

die scalping. Removing surface layers from 

| bar, rod, wire, or tube by drawing through 

a sharp-edged die to eliminate minor sur- 

| face defects. ASM Gloss. 

idiesel-electric locomotives. Diesel-electric lo- 
comotives are available in sizes ranging 
from 10 tons up to the heaviest classes. 

The electric drive facilitates the use of full 

engine horsepower at all locomotive speeds 

and provides wide flexibility of control. Pit 

and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. A, p. 114. 

\\'diesel engine. A type of internal-combustion 
engine in which air is compressed to a 
temperature sufficiently high to ignite fuel 
injected directly into the cylinder, where 
the combustion and expansion actuate a 
piston. Thermodynamically, its operation 
approximately follows the ideal diesel cycle. 
Diesel engines may be of either the four- 
stroke-cycle design or the two-stroke-cycle 
design. The efficiency of the diesel engine 
(32 to 38 percent) is higher than that for 
other engines. Named after Rudolf Diesel, 
a German mechanical engineer, who pat- 
ented this type of engine in 1892. Web- 
ster 2d. 

‘diesel hammer. A pile driving drophammer 
operated by a type of diesel engine. Ham. 

\Diesel index. An expression developed to 
correlate aniline point and API gravity 

GA 
with cetane number. Diesel index = —— 

100 
where G is the API gravity of an oil, and 
A is the aniline point of the oil. Francis, 
TIGOWO L512. 299. 

‘dieseling. In a compressor, explosions of mix- 
tures of air and lubricating oil in the com- 
pression chambers or other parts of the air 
system. Nichols. 

‘diesel locomotive. A locomotive driven by a 
diesel engine and widely used in mines for 
the haulage of mine cars. It is at its best 
when handling heavy loads along relatively 
heavy gradients. A 100-horsepower diesel 
locomotive, weighing 15 tons, can give 
good continuous service. See also locomo- 
tive haulage. Nelson. 

‘diesel oil. Fuel for diesel engines obtained 








325 


from the distillation of petroleum, Its effi- 
ciency is measured by the so-called cetane 
number, It is composed chiefly of aliphatic 
hydrocarbons. Its volatility is similar to 
that of gas oil. Also used in oil-base drill- 
ing muds. CCD 6d, 1961, See also gas oil. 

diesel rig. Any drill machine powered by a 
diesel engine. Long. 

diesel squeeze. Pumping dry cement mixed 
with diesel oil through casing perforations 
to recement water-bearing areas and leave 
oil-bearing areas unaffected. Wheeler. 

diesel truck. In opencast mining, a powerful 
and robust diesel-engined vehicle carrying 
from a few to over 100 cubic yards of earth 
or rock. Also used in trackless transport 
in tristate mines. Pryor, 3. 

die set. A standardized tool or tool holder con- 
sisting of a die base and punch plate for the 
attachment of a die and punch, respec- 
tively. ASM Gloss. 

diesinking. Forming or machining a depressed 
pattern in a die. ASM Gloss. 

die steels. Steels of the plain carbon or the 
alloy types, which must be of high quality 
which is usually attained by special meth- 
ods of processing. Essentially, they are 
steels used in making tools for cutting, 
machining, shearing, stamping, punching 
and chipping. BuMines Bull, 556, 1956, 
p. 815. 

die stock. A contrivance for holding dies used 
in screw cutting. Fay. 

Dietert tester. An apparatus for the direct 
reading of a Brinell hardness after impres- 
sion without the aid of magnification or 
conversion tables. After the impression is 
made, the reading is taken by pressing 
gently against the part so that the depth 
pin guides itself into the center of the 
impression. Brinell hardness is read directly 
from the dial. The needle can be put back 
to zero by means of an exterior control if 
it becomes bent after long usage or when 
it has been subjected to shock. Osborne. 

diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. Practically 
colorless; liquid ; characteristic odor; CsHo- 
O(C2H:O):CsHp; slightly soluble in water; 
and specific gravity, 0.8853 (at 20° C, 
referred to water at 20° C). A high boiling 
point, inert solvent with applications in 
extraction processes and an extractant for 
uranium ores. CCD 6d, 1961. 

diethylene glycol distearate. 
stearate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

diethylene glycol monostearate. See diglycol 
monostearate. CCD 6d, 1961. 

diethyl ethylphosphonate. Colorless; liquid; 
mild odor; CsHsP(O)(OC:2Hs)2; miscible 
with most common organic solvents; sol- 
uble in water; specific gravity, 1.025 (at 
20° C, referred to water at 4° C); and 
flash point, 220° F. Used in heavy metal 
extraction and in solvent separation. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

die tripper. See leverman. D.O.T. 1. 

dietzeite. A dark golden-yellow iodate and 
chromate of calcium, 2Ca0O.I2Os;.CrOs. 
Crystals prismatic, tabular; commonly 
fibrous, or columnar, Monoclinic. From 
Atacama, Chile. English. 

dievrite. See ilvaite. C.M.D. 

die welding. Forge welding between dies. 
ASM Gloss. 

difference effect. The difference between the 
local corrosion and the normal corrosion 
of the anodic member of a galvanic couple. 
The difference effect is positive when the 
local corrosion is greater than the normal 
corrosion and negative when it is less. Bu- 


See diglycol 





differential grinding 


Mines Bull. 619, 1964, p. 206. 

difference in gage of drill bits. The difference 
in diameter of the bits when passing from 
one length (change) of drill steel to the 
next longer one of a set. Fraenkel. 

difference of potential. The difference in 
electrical pressure existing between any 
two points in an electrical system or be- 
tween any point of such a system and the 
earth. Determined by a voltmeter. Fay. 

differential. The unit which provides the main 
gear reduction between the motor and the 
rear wheels and compensates for the dif- 
ferent distance traveled by each rear wheel 
when turning corners. API Glossary. 

differential amatexis. A selective fusion of 
deeep-seated rocks. Schieferdecker. 

differential compaction. a. ‘The relative 
change in thickness of mud and sand (or 
limestone) after burial due to reduction 
in pore space. Under loading the mud 
compacts more than the sand (or lime- 
stone), accentuating the initial dip of the 
beds and developing conformable sections 
which thicken and thin locally. A.G J. 
b. The compression in sediments produced 
by the weight of the overburden and by 
the condition and nature of the sediments 
involved, In addition to the physical com- 
pression, the forcing out of water and the 
drying of sediments are important consid- 
erations. A.G.I. c. Assume that a hill com- 
posed of resistant rock 500 feet high is 
buried under a sheet of homogeneous sedi- 
ments that are 1,500 feet thick over the 
surrounding lowlands and 1,000 feet thick 
over the hill. Furthermore, assume that 
these sediments, because of the compac- 
tion, decrease 20 percent in thickness. Over 
the top of the hill, the sediments will lower 
200 feet, whereas over the lowlands, the 
surface will lower 300 feet. The sediments 
are thus deformed into an anticline. A.G.I. 

differential curvature. A quantity represented 
by the acceleration due to gravity times the 
difference in the curvatures in the two 
principal planes, that is, g(1/p1 —1/p2), 
where pl and p?2 are the radii of curvature 
of the two principal planes. A.G-TI. 

differential erosion. Unequal reaction to a 
uniform process of erosion. Rocks vary in 
their resistance, so that erosion is selective 
in its effects and the more resistant rocks 
stand out while the less resistant are more 
rapidly worn away. It largely depends on 
the relative hardness of the rocks, but rela- 
tively soft rocks may be resistant if much 
of the rain sinks in instead of forming 
erosive streams. Challinor. 

differential fault. It is very common that a 
fault differs in the amount of movement 
or displacement at different points along 
the fault plane. It even may happen that 
there is a displacement of many feet, or 
even of hundreds of feet, along one section 
of the fault, and practically no movement 
whatever at a certain point, which has 
served as the pivot. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

differential flotation. Separating a complex 
ore into two or more valuable minerals and 
gangue by flotation. Also called selective 
flotation. ASM Gloss. These separate con- 
centrates are made possible by the use of 
suitable depressors and activators. New- 
ton, p. 101. 

differential grinding. Application of commi- 
nution in such a way as to accentuate dif- 
ferences in grindability between the vari- 
ous mineral species in the ore. Therefore, 


differential grinding 


in suitable cases, the relatively tough min- 
eral particles remain coarse while the more 
friable ones are finely ground. Pryor, 3. 

differential heating. Heating that produces 
a temperature distribution within an ob- 
ject in such a way that, after cooling, 
various parts have different properties as 
desired. ASM Gloss. 

differential pressure. The difference between 
twod absolute pressures. Roberts, I, p. 18. 

differential pressure flowmeter. An instrument 
for measuring water and water-ore slurries 
in ore dressing and coal dressing processes. 
It works on the principle that the rate of 
flow is proportional to the square root of 
the differential pressure between the up- 
stream and downstream sides of a con- 
striction in the pipe carrying the fluid to 
be measured. The constriction is usually 
an orifice plate, a Venturi tube, or a flow 
nozzle. The meter gives the flow measure- 
ment directly on a recording chart or in- 
directly by transmitting either a pneumatic 
or electrical signal for use at a remote 
location. See also automation. Nelson. 

differential-pressure sticking. A problem oc- 
curring when the drill string comes in con- 
tact with the wall of the borehole in the 
presence of a high differential pressure 
into the formation. The severity of stick- 
ing depends upon the magnitude of this 
pressure differential, the area of contact 
between pipe and mud filter cake, and 
the friction which must be overcome to 
move the pipe. American Petroleum Insti- 
tute, Drilling and Production Practice, 
1963, p. 80. 

differential pulley block. A lifting tackle used 
by builders which comprises an endless 
chain threaded over two wheels, slightly 
different in diameter, turning on the same 
shaft. As the diameters become closer so 
the lifting power increases. This block 
prevents the chain from running back and 
permits one man to lift 1,000 pounds or 
more in safety. Ham. 

differential pumping engine. A compound 
direct-acting pumping engine, generally of 
the horizontal class. Fay. 

differential relays. These relays operate on 
current induction and are used to protect 
alternating-current equipment from inter- 
nal faults in individual equipment or from 
faults in sections of distribution system, 
including transformers, various rotating 
units, and transmission lines. When used 
on transformers, they operate on a fixed 
percentage of unbalance (approximately a 
50-percent ratio) between the primary and 
secondary windings. The principle of the 
differential relay is that what enters must 
leave, except that with transformers the 
ratio will be different, but this difference 
is compensated for by using current trans- 
former with corresponding ratios. These 
relays monitor the current of an electrical 
system or equipment. When the rated per- 
centage of unbalance is reached the relay 
operates a breaker and interrupts service 
until the fault is corrected. Coal Age, v. 
71, No. 8, August 1966, p. 270. 

differential settlement. The uneven lowering 
of different parts of a building. When 
differential settlement takes place, stresses 
are induced with the result that distortion 
may occur with attendant fractures. Such 
fractures may become so serious that the 
safety of the building in involved. Nelson. 

differential thermal analysis. A method of 
analyzing a variety of minerals, especially 
clays and other aluminiferous minerals. 
The method is based upon the fact that the 











326 


application of heat to many minerals causes 
certain chemical and physical changes and 
are reflected in endothermic and exother- 
mic reactions. By comparing the changes 
in temperature of a mineral heated at a 
definite rate with that of a thermally inert 
substance (alumina, for example) heated 
under the same conditions, a curve or 
pattern is obtained that is characteristic 
of the particular mineral under examina- 
tion. Henderson. 

differential thermogravimetry; DTG. A tech- 
nique for the study of the changes in 
weight of a material when heated; it has 
been applied, for example, in following 
the dehydration process of clay minerals. 
Dodd. 

differential weathering. When rocks are not 
uniform in character but are softer or 
more soluble in some places than in others, 
an uneven surface may be developed; in 
deserts by the action of the wind and in 
humid regions by solution. Columns of 
rock which have been isolated in any way 
show the effect of differential weathering. 
A.G.I. 

differentiate. One of the different kinds of 
igneous rocks formed as the result of mag- 
matic differentiation. Bateman. 

differentiated. Applied to intrusions, such as 
sills, dikes, laccoliths, batholiths, etc., that 
are made up of two or more rock types 
produced by the splitting of a parent 
magma. Hess. 

differentiated dike. A dike that consists of 
more than one kind of rock because of 
magmatic differentiation of an originally 
homogeneous magma into two or more 
fractions. Billings, 1954, p. 307. 

differentiated sill. A sill that consists of more 
than one kind of rock because of magmatic 
differentiation of an originally homogene- 
ous magma into two or more fractions. 
Billings, 1954, pp. 295-296. 

differentiation. a. A process by which two or 
more rocks of different composition are 
derived from a single body of magma. 
Bateman. b. In mineral processing, sepa- 
ration of succession of mineral species from 
mixture in ore pulp by flotation. Pryor, 3 

diffracted wave. One whose front has been 
changed in direction by an obstacle or 
other nonhomogeneity in the medium by 
a means other than reflection or fraction. 
Hy. 

diffraction. a. A modification which light 
undergoes in passing by the edges of opaque 
bodies, or through narrow slits, or in being 
reflected from ruled surfaces, in which the 
rays appear to be deflected producing 
fringes or parallel light and dark or col- 
ored bands. Webster 3d. b. Diffraction is 
the name given to that process which 
allows sound waves to bend around ob- 
stacles that are in their path. H&G. c. 
When seismic waves strike the corner or 
end of a reflecting or refracting surface, 
this corner will in itself serve as a point 
source for radiating waves back to the sur- 
face. This radiation is known as diffrac- 
tion. Dobrin, p. 27. 

diffraction grating. An optical device used to 
analyze a beam of light or electromagnetic 
wave into constituent wavelengths. In one 
form, a pattern of equidistant fine lines 
is ruled on a glass (transmission) or a 
metal (reflection) surface. Pryor, 3. 

diffraction mottling. A diffuse diffraction 
pattern on a radiograph resulting from 
X-raying thin sections of crystalline mate- 
rial. ASM Gloss. 

diffraction pattern. Diffracted X-rays recorded 





dig 


on film, giving a means of identification 
of a powder. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

diffusate. A product of diffusion; as, the 
material that passes through the membrane 
in dialysis; also, the liquid into which 
such material diffuses. Webster 3d. 

diffuse. Term used to describe an anomaly 
whose metal values are subdued and do 
not show any pronounced focal point. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 154. 

diffuser. a. The inner shell and water pas- 
sages of a centrifugal pump. Nichols. b. 
See evasé. B.S. 3618, sec. 2, 1963. 

diffuser chamber. A chamber in a turbine 
pump consisting of a number of fixed 
blades. The water on leaving the impeller 
is guided outwards by these blades with 
the minimum of eddying and _ swirling. 
Nelson. 

diffusion. a. The permeation of one substance 
through another, such as gas through gas, 
liquid, or solid; solute through solvent; 
liquid through liquid or solid; and finally 
solid through solid. The pressure corre- 
sponding to that exerted by dissolved ma- 
terial in its diffusion from a more concen- 
trated to a less concentrated part of a 
solution is called osmotic pressure. Holmes, 
1928. b. Spreading of a constituent in a 
gas, liquid or solid, tending to make the 
composition of all parts uniform. ASM 
Gloss. c. The spontaneous movement of 
atoms or molecules to new sites within a 
material. ASM Gloss. d. Migration due to 
motion of particles of'a given phase tend- 
ing to increase volume occupied or to 
penetrate adjacent phases. Usually mutual 
across interphase. Unlike osmosis which 
only affects movement of solvent molecules. 
Pryor, 3. e. Flow relative to each other of 
the constituents of a single-phase mixture. 
Such relative flow may occur when the 
different parts of the mixture are in dis- 
equilibrium. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

diffusion coating. a. An alloy coating pro- 
duced at high temperatures by the inward 
diffusion of the coating material into the 
base metal. ASM Gloss. b. Composite 
electrodeposited coatings which are subse- 
quently interdiffused by thermal treatment. 
ASM Gloss. 

diffusion coefficient. A factor of proportion- 
ality representing the amount of substance 
in grams diffusing across an area of one 
square centimeter through a unit concen- 
tration gradient in one second of time. 
ASM Gloss. 

diffusion flame. A flame whose rate is con- 
trolled by a diffusive mixing process. J.C. 
8137, 1963, p. 76. 

diffusion of gases. The property that all gases 
possess of diffusing or spreading one into 
the other. See also Graham’s law. Nelson. 

diffusion pattern. A dispersion pattern result- 
ing from upward movement of ions in 
vadose water. Hawkes. 

diffusion sintering. Term used for true solid 
state sintering by those who allow a wider 
meaning than this to the word sintering 
itself, when used without qualification. See 
also sintering. Dodd. 

diffusivity. The relative rate of flow per unit 
area of a particular constituent of a mix- 
ture divided by the gradient of composi- 
tion, temperature, or other property con- 
sidered to be causing the diffusion. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

dig. a. To mine coal; applied to bituminous 
workings. See also gouge, c. Fay. b. To 
excavate; make a passage into or through, 
or remove by taking away material. Fay. 
c. Crushed strata. Nelson. 
















ii 


| ai 


di 


Idi 
di 


(* 


‘di 


dig-down pit 


lig-down pit; sunken pit. A pit that is below 


the surrounding area on all sides. Nichols 
genite. A blue to black mineral associated 
with chalcocite, CupSs; isometric. Dana 17. 
gestion. Biochemical decomposition of or- 
ganic matter whereby complex substances 
are broken down and resolved into simple 
and harmless matter. Ham. 

igger. a. One that digs in the ground; as, 
a miner or a tool for digging. Webster 3d. 
b. A man who is paid by the ton for coal 
produced; a miner in the stricter sense. 
Originally the digger mined or undermined 
the coal; now the term is applied to the 
man who merely shoots out the coal. Fay. 
c. A machine for removing coal from the 
bed of streams, the coal having washed 
down from collieries of culm banks above. 
Zern. d. In Butte, Mont., means the cloth- 
ing miners wear underground; a pair of 
denim bib overalls and a denim jacket. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. See also miner. 
DIOSTS Ts 

igger edges. The formed serrated edges of 
the buckets used for digging purposes on 
a bucket loader. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

igger tools. The formed tools, interspaced 
with the buckets of a bucket loader to aid 
in digging action. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


igging. a. Mining operations in coal or other 


minerals. Fay. b. Region; locality; quar- 
ters; lodging. Webster 2d. See also dig- 
gings. Fay. c. A sudden erratic increase in 
cutting depth or in the load of a cutting 
tool caused by unstable conditions in the 
machine setup. Usually the machine is 
stalled, or either the tool or the workpiece 
is destroyed. ASM Gloss. 

igging bit. According to English drillers, a 
noncoring bit usually similar to a steel 
drag or mud bit. Long. 

igging cycle. Complete set of operations a 
machine performs before repeating them. 
N tchols, ?2. 

gging height. See bank height. Bureau of 
Mi ines S taff. 


forces the bucket into’ the soil. Called 
crowd in a dipper shovel, drag in a pull 
shovel, and dragline and closing line in 
a clamshell. Nichols. 

gging resistance. The resistance which must 
be overcome to dig a formation. This re- 
sistance is made up largely of hardness, 
coarseness, friction, adhesion, cohesion, 
and weight. Nichols, 3, p. 3-4. 


idiggings. a. Applicable to all mineral] deposits 


and mining camps, but as used in the 
United States applied to placer mining 
only. See also bar diggings. Fay. b. Super- 
ficial mining work. Pryor, 3. 


\digital computer. Machine which makes 


mathematical computations by methods in 
which digits are added or subtracted in 
accordance with the coding signals to which 
the machine is sensitive. Pryor, 3. 


‘digital indicator. A device that indicates the 


magnitude of a measured quantity in digi- 
tal numbers, usually in decimal or binary 


form. ASM Gloss. 


idiglycol monostearate; diethylene glycol 


monostearate. Small, white flakes; avail- 
able in regular or water-dispersible types: 
CyvH;s;COOC2H:OC2H.OH. Used as a tem- 
porary binder for ceramics and grinding 
wheels and as a mold-release lubricant for 


die casting. CCD 6d, 1961. 


f diglycol stearate; diethylene glycol distearate. 


A white, waxlike solid; faint fatty odor; 
CyH;COOC:2H:):0; disperses in hot 
water; soluble (hot) in alcohol, in oils, 


264-972 O-68— 22 








327 


and in hydrocarbons; melting point, 54° 
to 55° C; and specific gravity, 0.9333 (at 
20° C, referred to water at 4° C). Used 
as an emulsifying agent for oils, solvents, 
and waxes; as a temporary binder for 
abrasive powders for the manufacture of 
abrasive and grinding wheels; and also as 
a binder for clays for ceramic insulation. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

dihedral. Having two sides, as a figure; hav- 
ing two faces, as a crystal. Fay. 

dihedral angle. The angle of penetration of 
one phase or grain between two adjacent 
grains. VV. See also angle, a. 

dihydric alcohol; glycol. Alcohol containing 
two hydroxy groups; for example, CH2- 
OH.CH:OH. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

dike; dyke. a. A discordant tabular body of 
igneous rock that was injected into a fis- 
sure when molten, that cuts across the 
structure of the adjacent country rocks, 
and which usually has a high angle of dip. 
It should not be confused with a vein. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. An embankment 
of earth or stone to prevent flooding by 
the sea or by a stream; a levee. Webster 3d. 
c. An embankment of earth around a drill 
sump or tank. Long. d. An embankment 
to impound a body of water or mill tail- 
ing. Long. 

diked land; diked marsh; polder. A tract of 
low land reclaimed trom the sea or other 
body of water by dikes. Schieferdecker. 

diked marsh. See diked land. Schieferdecker. 

dikelet. A small offshoot or apophysis from 
a dike. Standard, 1964. 

dike ridge. A wall-like ridge created when 
erosion removes softer material from along 
the sides of a dike. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

dike rock. The solidified igneous rock, which, 
while molten, was injected into a fissure 
in older rocks. Not to be confused with 
rock forming a vein or sill. See also dike, 
c. Long. 

dike set. A group of parallel dikes. Billings, 
1954, p. 307. 

dike swarm. A group of parallel dikes, but 
more numerous than in a'dike set. Billings, 
1954, p. 307. 

diking; dyking; embanking. To surround or 
protect a tract of land or marsh with 
dikes. Schieferdecker. 

diktyonite. A migmatite with a netlike struc- 
ture. S'chieferdecker. 

dilatancy. a. The property of granular masses 
of expanding in bulk with change of shape. 
It is caused by the increase of space be- 
tween the individually rigid particles as 
they change their relative positions. Fay. 
b. The expansion of cohesionless soils when 
subject to shearing deformation. ASCE 
P1826. c. The property of a silt which, 
when a pat is shaken vigorously in the 
palm of the hand, moisture will appear on 
the surface but can be worked back by 
pressing and squeezing. A clay does not 
exhibit this property. Nelson. d. Property 
of certain suspensions in which resistance 
to flow increases at a greater rate than 
the increase in rate of flow; for example, 
as in quicksand. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 
e. Behavior whereby there is an apparent 
decrease in the liquid content of a colloi- 
dal structure during mechanical agitation 
(because of the volume increases). VV. 

dilatation. See dilation, b. A.G.I. 

dilatational wave. Synonym for P-wave; com- 
pressional wave. A.GJ.; A.GJ. Supp. 

dilation. a. The expansion of ice from the 
freezing of water in fissures. A.GJ. b. 








diluent 


Deformation that is a change in volume, 
but not in shape. Synonym for dilatation. 
Billings, 1954, p. 15. c. In volcanology, 
the widening process of an initial fissure 
concomitant with the injection of magma. 
A.G.I. 

dilation vein. One of the fat lenses in schists 
and thought to have been caused by the 
bulging of the schistose rocks under pres- 
sure transmitted by the mineralizing solu- 
tions. Bateman, 1950, p. 111. 

dilatometer. An instrument for measuring the 
expansion or contraction in a metal result- 
ing from changes in such factors as tem- 
perature or allotropy. ASM Gloss. 

diligence. To prosecute drilling with due dili- 
gence to success or abandonment means, 
that there must be a product capable of 
division between the parties in the pro- 
portions mentioned in the lease. Unless 
this is done, drilling is not prosecuted to 
success. The rule is that whatever, under 
the circumstances, would be reasonably 
expected of operators of ordinary pru- 
dence, having regard to the interest of 
both lessor and lessee, is what is required. 
Ricketts, II. 

dillenburgite. An impure chrysocolla contain- 
ing copper carbonate. Weed, 1918. 

dillue. Corn. To separate (tin ore) by 
washing in a hand sieve. Webster 3d 

dillueing. The washing of small ore in a fine 
sieve. Nelson. 

dilluer. Corn. A fine hair sieve for tin ore. 
Fay. 

dilluing. Upgrading fine cassiterite by pan- 
ning it in water in a close-meshed sieve. 
Pryor, 3. 

dilly. a. Any of various horse-drawn vehicles 
(as a light wagon or cart). Webster 3d. 
b. A haulage system on a short incline in 
a mine. Webster 3d. c. N. of Eng. A 
counterbalance mounted upon two pairs 
of tram wheels by means of which the 
empty tubs are carried up an underground 
incline of a greater inclination than 1 in 3. 
Fay. d. A self-acting incline handling light 
loads. Nelson. 

dilly boy. One who rides a dilly or attends it. 
Fay. See also incline man. 

dilly brow. Eng. See balance brow. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

dilly hole. a. A small-diameter cased hole 
alongside the borehole proper. The dilly 
hole is as deep as the kelly or grief stem 
is long and acts as receptacle in which the 
kelly may be stored during round trips, 
casing, or other operations in which it is 
not used. Long. b. A small sludge-catch- 
ment basin placed between the collar of 
the borehole and the main drill sump. 
Long. 

dilly rider. In bituminous coal mining, a 
laborer who rides and attends a dilly (light 
wagon, truck, or water cart) used to haul 
coal or water underground or at the sur- 
face of a mine, loading, unloading, and 
cleaning it. D.O.T. 1. 

dilsh. a. S. Wales. Rubbish coal or culm. 
Arkell. b. S. Wales. Black argillaceous 
rock, clod, or rashings. Arkell. c. A band 
of inferior coal. Nelson. 

diluent. a. That which dilutes or makes more 
fluid; a fluid that weakens the strength or 
consistency of another fluid upon mixing. 
Fay. b. Waste rock in ore. Hess. c. In 
solvent extraction, the inert liquid used to 
dissolve the extractant. This must be prac- 
tically immiscible with water; and the one 
that is almost universally used is kerosine. 
Newton, p. 440. d. See carrier solvent. 


diluent 


Pryor, 3. 

dilute. Relatively weak in concentration; to 
lessen the strength of by adding more 
solvent. Crispin. 

dilute medium. Medium of specific gravity 
below that in the separating bath and 
usually occurring as a result of spraying 
the bath products for the removal of ad- 
hering medium solids. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

dilution. The contamination of ore with bar- 
ren wall rock in stoping. The assay of the 
ore after mining is frequently 10 percent 
lower than when sampled in place. Nelson. 
Synonym for contamination. Long. 

diluvial. a. Pertaining to floods. Fay. b. Re- 
lated to or consisting of diluvium. Fay. 

diluvium. a. Sand, gravel, clay, etc., in sur- 
ficial deposits. See also drift. Formerly, 
according to some authors, alluvium was 
the effect of the ordinary, and diluvium 
was the effect of the extraordinary action 
of water. Diluvium has passed out of use 
as not precise, and more specific names 
for the different kinds of material have 
been substituted. Fay. b. Formerly applied 
to the unsorted and sorted deposits of the 
Glacial period, as contrasted with the 
water-sorted alluvium. Compare alluvium. 
Fay. 

dimensional analysis. In scale model analysis 
of various structures affected by the flow 
of liquids, the principle of dynamic simi- 
larity applied to determine the relation- 
ship between variables, such as speed and 
density of fluid and the length of a scale 
model compared with that of its full size 
prototype. Ham. 

dimensional coordination. Sizing of various 
constructional units to make construction 
easier. ACSG, 1963. 

dimensional orientation. A preferred orienta- 
tion that is shown by the shape of the 
individual grains. A.G.I. 

dimensional rated capacity. The weight of a 
specified material per foot of belt length 
which a belt conveyor will transport. 
NEMA MB1-1961. 

dimensioning. The process of adjusting the 
edge dimensions of a plate, by grinding 
or lapping, to achieve maximum activity 
and freedom from erratic activity and fre- 
quency changes over a given range of 
temperature. In AT and BT plates, these 
effects depend on the extent of coupling 
between high harmonics of the flexural 
mode and the fundamental shear fre- 
quency, as determined by the edge dimen- 
sions. In ordinary practice, all plates are 
arbitrarily cut to fixed dimensions and the 
operator individually hand tailors each 
plate during the finishing process to achieve 
optimum results; in predimensioning the 
optimum dimensions are first found ex- 
perimentally and are effected en masse 
during manufacture before the finishing 
operation. AM, /. 

dimension stone. Naturally occurring rock 
material cut, shaped or selected for use in 
blocks, slabs, sheets, or other construction 
units of specified shapes or sizes, and used 
for external or interior parts of buildings, 
foundations, curbing, paving, flagging, 
bridges, revetments, or for other archi- 
tectural or engineering purposes. This term 
is also applied to quarry blocks from which 
pieces of fixed dimension may be cut. 
Marble, granite, limestone, and sandstone 
provide the bulk of dimension stone, al- 
though slate, diorite, basalt, and diabase, 
are included. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 876. 

dimension work.. Masonry consisting of stones 











328 


whose dimensions are fixed by specification. 
Fay. 

dimentian rock. A granitoid and _ schistose 
rock, found in Wales, lower than the 
arvonian. Fay. 

dimetric system. Same as tetragonal system. 
Shipley. 

dimming test. To determine the durability of 
optical glass, the surface is subjected to the 
action of air saturated with water vapor 
at a definite temperature (usually 80° C) 
for a specified period. Any dimming of 
the surface is then observed. Dodd. 

dimorphism. The property of crystallizing in 
two different crystal systems but being 
chemically identical; for example, calcium 
carbonate crystallizing as calcite (hexago- 
nal rhombohedral) and as aragonite (or- 
thorhombic). Standard, 1964. 

dimorphite. An orange-yellow arsenic sulfide 
mineral obtained as a volcanic product 
and closely related to orpiment. Standard 
1964. 

dimorphous. Having the same chemical com- 
position but crystallizing in two different 
crystal systems. Compare trimorphous; 
polymorphous; allotropic. A.G.J. 

dimple. A defect consisting of a shallow de- 
pression in the porcelain enamel. ACSG, 
1963. 

dimpled current mark. An obsolete name 
used for interference ripple mark. Petti- 
john. 

dimpling. a. Stretching a relatively small 
shallow indentation into sheet metal. ASM 
Gloss. b. In aircraft, stretching metal into 
a conical flange for the use of a counter- 
sunk head rivet. ASM Gloss. 

DIN Abbreviation for Deutsche Industrie 
Normen, that is, German Industrial Stand- 
ards.) G.1..D. 

Dinantian. Lower Carboniferous. A.G.I. Supp. 

Dinas brick. A refractory brick, almost en- 
tirely composed of silica from the Dinas 
clay in the Vale of Neath, England. Fay. 

Dinas rock. A natural rock or sand of high 
silica content, used as an acid refractory. 
Gales 

dingle. A narrow valley; a shady glen or 
hollow. Standard, 1964. 

dingot. An oversized derby (possibly a ton or 
more) of a metal produced in a bomb 
reaction, such as uranium from uranium 
tetrafluoride and magnesium. The term 
ingot for these metals is reserved for mas- 
sive units produced in vacuum melting 
and casting. See also biscuit; derby. ASM 
Gloss. 

Ding’s magnetic separator. In its earlier form, 
a mineral separator to which the material 
was fed by a vibrating conveyor and passed 
through successive zones of magnetic in- 
fluence. The zones were covered by the 
rims of rotating disks which became mag- 
netized, carried the particles having mag- 
netic susceptibility out of the fields, were 
demagnetized, and dropped the concen- 
trate beyond the edge of the belt. Now 
made with rollers having an induced mag- 
netism; dried, finely crushed ore passes 
over the rollers in a thin stream from 
which particles attracted by the magnets 
are drawn out. Hess; Liddell 2d, p. 386. 

dinite. A crystalline yellowish hydrocarbon 
melting at a low temperature and occur- 
ring in lignite. Tomketeff, 1954. 

dinitrogen trioxide. Red-brown gas; black 
liquid or solid, NszOs; specific gravity, 
1.447°; melting point, —102° C; soluble 
in water; molecular weight, 76.02. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 








diorite-porphyrite 


dinkey. A small locomotive used to move cars 
in and about mines and quarries. Fay. 

dinking. Using a hollow punch with a knife- 
like edge which acts against a wooden fiber 
or resiliently mounted metallic plate for 
cutting non-metallic materials and light- 
gage soft metals. ASM Gloss. 

dinnerware. Ceramic whiteware made in a 
given pattern and in a full line of articles 
comprising a dinner service. ASTM C242— 
60T. 

Dinoflagellates. See Protozoans. Hy. 

dinosaur leather. A term locally applied to 
complex sole markings, probably including 
both flute and load casts. Pettijohn. 

dint. To cut into the floor of a roadway to 
obtain more headroom. Fraenkel. 

dinter. A man employed on floor excavation 
or dinting on a roadway. Nelson. 

dinting; bate. Excavating and removing a 
layer of floor along a roadway to gain 
headroom. Nelson. 

dioctahedral. Refers to the structure of layered 
clay minerals in which only two-thirds of 
the possible octahedral positions of alumi- 
num are occupied by other cations. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

diogenite. An achondritic meteorite composed 
essentially of bronzite with small amounts 
of oligoclase; the same as oligoclase chlad- 
nite. Holmes, 1928. 

diopside. A calcium-magnesium silicate, Ca- 
Mig(SizOcs). Monoclinic. Color white to 
light-green; deepens with increase of iron. 
Luster vitreous. Mohs’ hardness,~5 to 6; 
specific gravity, 3.2 to 3.3. Diopside is 
found as a contact metamorphic mineral 
in crystalline limestones. It is also found 
in regionally metamorphosed rocks. Occurs 
in Connecticut and New York, and in 
Italy, U.S.S.R., Austria, and Switzerland. 
Transparent varieties have been cut and 
used as gemstones. Dana 17, pp. 436-437. 

diopside cat’s-eye. Fine green chrome diop- 
side cat’s-eye, from Burma. Shipley. 

diopside, fused. A synthetic diopside, CaMg- 
SixOs, produced in the electric furnace 
and used as a refractory. Natural diopside 
is a mineral and is also sometimes used 
as a gemstone. CCD 6d, 1961. 

diopside jadeite. A pyroxene intermediate be- 
tween jadeite and diopside. From the 
Tuxtla statuette, Tuxtla, southeast Mexico. 
English. 

diopsidite. A basic igneous dike rock consist- 
ing essentially of diopside and accessory 
iron ore, pleonaste, garnet, etc. The original 
rock contains about 95 percent chrome 
diopside and 5 percent other constituents. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 455. 

dioptase. A rare, hydrated silicate mineral of 
copper, Cus (SisO.s) .6H2O; trigonal. Found 
occasionally, as rich emerald-green crys- 
tals, in association with other copper ores. 
Also emerald copper. C.T.D.; Dana 17. 

dioptric. The system used in lighthouses in 
which the rays of light from the flame are 
collected and refracted in a given direction 


by a lens placed in front of the light. — 


Haggar. 

diorite. a. A plutonic igneous rock composed 
essentially of sodic plagioclase (usually 
andesine) and hornblende, biotite, or py- 
roxene. Small amounts of quartz and ortho- 
clase may be present. A.G.J. b. An intru- 
sive rock, often called greenstone. Gordon. 

diorite-aplite. See aplite. Hess. 

diorite-porphyrite. A porphyry, the ground- 
mass of which is a finely crystalline diorite, 
and the phenocrysts of which are primarily 
plagioclase. It is contrasted with horn- 


7 











diorite-porphyrite 


blende porphyrite, the phenocrysts of which 

are primarily hornblende. Fay. 

ioritite. An igneous rock consisting of dio- 

rite-aplite. Johannsen, v. 3, 1937, p. 61: 

jidioxide ore. A term which has been used 

somewhat in the Western United States 
for manganese ore. Hess. 

\/dip. a. The angle at which a bed, stratum, 

} or vein is inclined from the horizontal. 

Lewis, p. 20. b. The angle of a slope, vein, 

rock stratum, or borehole as measured 

from the horizontal plane downward. Long. 

c. A miner’s word not found in the mining 

act. The term there used is downward 

course, which is synonymous with dip. The 
direction of the vein or lode as it goes 
downward into the earth is called the dip. 

It may vary from a perpendicular to the 

earth’s surface to an angle perhaps only a 

few degrees below the horizon. The same 

vein or lode may have different dips. Rick- 
etts, p. 137. d. S. Afr. The inclination 
of the reef or strata from the horizontal 
position, measured at a right angle from 
the strike. In the Republic of South Africa, 
the dip is expressed as an angle of so 

many degrees. In Rhodesia, the dip of a 

gold lode may also be described by giving 

a ratio of so many feet horizontally to so 

many feet vertically. Beerman. e. The angle 

and direction of tilt in strata. Wheeler. f. 

To incline downhill. Mason. g. The full 

inclination. Mason. h. The direction of 

the true or steepest inclination. Mason. i. 

The lower workings of a mine. Hudson. 

j. The slope of layers of soil or rock. Nich- 

ols. k. To slope downward from the sur- 

face. Fay. 1. Eng. A heading or other 
underground way driven to the deep. Fay. 

m. A dip entry, dip room, etc. A heading 

driven to the full rise in steep mines. Fay. 

See also apparent dip; full dip; true dip. 

n. In terrestrial magnetism, the angle 

formed by the lines of total magnetic force 

and the horizontal plane at the earth’s 
surface; reckoned positive if downward. 

Hy. o. In mines, the increase in depth of 

a moored mine case, due to current force 

against the case and cable. Hy. 

(dip-and-fault structure. A structure in which 

/ an inclined series of beds, dipping in one 

direction, is cut by gravity (normal) faults 

dipping in the opposite direction. Some- 
times the result is superficial movements 

} under gravity. A.G.J. 

||dip-arrow map. A crude map used in the 

| field, showing the approximate position of 

the structures. Hess. 

dip brazing. Brazing by immersion in a molten 

salt or metal bath. Where a metal bath 

is employed, it may provide the filler 
| metal. ASM Gloss. 

|\dip calculation. Any of a number of methods 
of converting observed seismic arrival time 
values to the dip of a reflector; most com- 
monly the conversion of delta T values to 
dip values by a conversion factor based 
upon the geometry of the seismic array 
and approximate seismic propagational 
velocity. A.G_I. 

‘\dip compass. An instrument to measure mag- 
netic intensity by means of a magnetic 
needle fixed to swing in a vertical plane 
so that it can readily be deflected down- 
ward by magnetic materials. Used to ex- 
plore for subsurface deposits containing 
magnetic materials. May also be called dip 

| needle, dipping compass, dipping needle, 

| doodle bug magnetometer. Long. 

i dip-corrected map. A map that shows strati- 

fied formations in their original position 

before movment. Bdilard. 





q 








329 


dip cut. In cutting out blocks of stone, the 
cut which follows a line at right angles to 
the strike. Fay. 

dip entry. An entry driven downhill so that 
water will stand at the face. If it is driven 
directly down a steep dip it becomes a 
slope. See also entry; slope. Fay. 

dip equator. See aclinic line. H&G. 

dip face. A face proceeding towards the dip 
of the seam. Briggs, p. 23. 

dip fault. A fault that strikes approximately 
perpendicularly to the strike of the bed- 
ding or cleavage. Billings, 1954, p. 141. 

diphase cleaning. Removing soil by a com- 
position which produces two phases in the 
cleaning tank, a solvent phase and an aque- 
ous phase. Cleaning is effected by both 
solvent action and emulsification. ASM 
Gloss. 

diphead. A drift inclined along the dip of a 
coal seam. Webster 3d. 

dipheading. In tunneling, a dipheading is one 
driven downward to the deep. Pryor, 3, 
p. 132. 

diphead level. a. A mine level connecting an, 
engine shaft with the rooms or chambers. 
Standard, 1964. b. The main level, drift, 
or slope. Fay. 

diphenylcarbazide. White; crystals; (C.Hs- 
NHNH):CO; decomposes in light; solu- 
ble in alcohol and in benzene; insoluble 
in water; and melting point, 173° C. Used 
for the determination of copper and other 
metals. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dip joint. A joint that strikes approximately 
perpendicularly to the strike of the bed- 
ding or cleavage. Billings, 1954, p. 107. 

dip meter. a. An instrument used to record 
the amount and direction of the dip of 
strata exposed in the sides of a borehole. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. b. See Schlum- 
berger dip meter. Sinclair, III, p. 107. 

dip needle. Synonym for dip compass. Long. 

dipole. a. Coordinate valence link between 
two atoms. Pryor, 3. b. Electrical sym- 
metry of a molecule. When a molecule is 
formed by sharing of two electrons be- 
tween a donor atom and an acceptor, it is 
more positive at the donor end and more 
negative at the acceptor end, and has a 
dipole moment of the order of 10 elec- 
trostatic unit. Dipole moment is also the 
couple required to maintain the dipole at 
right angles to an electrical or magnetic 
field of unit inetnsity. Pryor, 3. 

dipole moment. Product of the dipole charge 
and hte dipole length. VV. 

dippa. Corn. A small pit sunk on a lode 
to catch water; a pit sunk on a bunch 
ore. Fay. 

dipped joint. A thin joint made by dipping 

\ the brick before laying in mortar of thin 
consistency or by pouring a thin mortar 
over a course of brick before laying the 
next course. A.RJ. 

dipper. a. A digging bucket rigidly attached 
to a stick or arm on an excavating ma- 
chine; also the machine itself. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. N. of Eng. A downthrow, 
or a fault. Fay. 

dipper dredge. A dredge in which the mate- 
rial excavated is lifted by a single bucket 
on the end of an arm, in the same manner 
as in the ordinary steam shovel. Fay. 

dipper dredger; dipper-bucket dredger. A 
dredger consisting of a single large bucket 
at the end of a long arm, swung in a 
vertical plane by gearing. The bucket ca- 
pacity may be up to about 12 cubic yards. 
Cold. 


dipper factor. See fill factor. Woodruff, v. 3. 








dip switch 


p. 499. 

dipper shovel. A revolving shovel that has a 
push-type bucket rigidly fastened to a stick 
that slides on a pivot in the boom. Nichols. 

dipper stick, a. The straight shaft which con- 
nects the digging bucket with the boom 
on an excavating machine or power shovel. 
Nichols, 2. b. Name for the standard re- 
volving dipper shovel. Nichols, 2 

dipper trip. A device which unlatches the 
door of a shovel bucket to dump the load. 
Nichols, 2. 

dipping. a. Wales. Same as dip. Fay. b. In 
Scotland it is called a dook. Fay. c. The 
process of coating a metal shape by im- 
mersion in slip, removal, and draining. In 
dry process enameling, the method of coat- 
ing by immersing the heated metal shape 
for a short time in powdered frit. ASTM 
C286-65. d. Glazing by immersing the 
biscuit piece in a glaze slip. ACSG. e. 
Coating of metals by immersion in molten 
zinc or tin. Pryor, 3. 

dipping needle. A needle, consisting of a steel 
magnet, similar to that in a miners’ dial, 
but pivoted at the center so as to be free 
to rotate vertically. It is used to locate 
the presence of shallow deposits of mag- 
netic ores. The magnetometer has now re- 
placed the dipping needle for large-scale 
prospecting work. See also geophysical 
prospecting. Nelson. Synonym for dip com- 
pass. Long. 

dipping sonar. Sonar equipment used by heli- 
copters and hydrofoils. Hy. 

dipping weight. See pick-up. ASTM C286-65. 

dipple. Eng. Same as dip, |. Fay. 

dip reading. An angular measurement taken 
in an inclined borehole by using one of 
several types of borehole-surveying devices 
or techniques. Long. 

dip separation. The distance between two 
parts of a disrupted bedding plane, meas- 
ured in the fault plane parallel to its dip. 
Schieferdecker. 

dip shift. The component of the shift (or 
slip) parallel with the fault dip. Fay. 

dip shooting. Any system of seismic surveying 
where the primary concern, both instru- 
mental and computational, is the registra- 
tion and computation of reflections for dip 
values, with minor emphasis on correla- 
tion of records from shot point to shot 
point. A.G.TJ. 

dip side. a. Scot. The lowest side of a room 
or wall. Also called laigh side. Fay. b. The 
side dipping downhill away from the point 
of reference. Mason. 

dip slip. The component of the slip in the 
direction of the true dip of the fault plane. 
Schieferdecker. 

dip-slip fault. a. A fault in which the net slip 
is practically in the line of the fault dip. 
A.G.I. b. A fault where the relative move- 
ment is vertical. See also oblique slip fault. 
Nelson. 

dip slope. A landform developed in regions 
of gently inclined strata, particularly where 
hard and soft strata are interbedded. A 
long, gentle sloping surface which paral- 
lels the dip of the bedding planes of the 
strata below ground. C.T.D. 

dip split. A current of intake air directed into 
or down a dip. Fay. 

dip-strike symbol. The symbol used on geo- 
logical maps to show the strike and dip of 
some planar feature, such as bedding, foli- 
ation, joints, etc. A. Cal, 

dip switch. Ark. A slant or piece of track 
connecting the back entry or air course of 
a dipping coal seam with the main entry 


dip switch 


or gangway. Fay. 

dip tank. a. Usually a metal lined bath con- 
taining liquid enamel. Hansen. b. See re- 
circulating dip tank. ACSG, 1963. 

dip test. As used in the diamond-drilling in- 
dustry, an angular measurement of the 
inclination of a borehole taken with a 
clinometer. See also acid-dip survey. Long. 

dip throw. The component of the slip meas- 
ured parallel with the dip of the strata. 
Fay. 

dip valley. A valley trending in the direction 
of the general dip of the rock layers of the 
region. Contrasts with a strike valley. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

dip workings. a. The workings which are on 
the lower side of the level or gate road in 
an inclined seam. Dip workings may pre- 
sent water problems and require pumping. 
Also called deep workings. Nelson. b. Un- 
derhand excavations in which miner works 
downward and lifts spoil to removal point. 
Not self-draining. Pryor, 3. 

dipyre; dipyrite. A variety of scapolite con- 
sisting of a mixture of the meionite and 
mariolite molecules. It includes those min- 
erals with 54 to 57 percent silica, and oc- 
curs in elongated square prisms in schists, 
diorite, etc. Also called mizzonite. C.T.D.; 
Webster 3d. 

dipyrization. The metamorphic process, some- 
times involving pneumatolytic or allied 
agencies, by which feldspars of a rock are 
replaced by scapolite, called dipyre in the 
United Kingdom. See also scapolitization. 
Hess. 

direct-acting controller. One in which an in- 
creasing measured value in the input sig- 
nal produces an increasing controller out- 
put, and vice versa. Pryor, 3, p. 31. 

direct-acting haulage. See direct-rope haul- 
age. Nelson. 

direct-acting pump. A pump in which the 
water cylinder and piston are connected 
by the same piston rod to the steam or air 
cylinder so that the stream or air pres- 
sure acts straight through to the water 
piston. Long. 

direct-acting reciprocating air engine. This 
type is used to drive small pumps, the air 
cylinder and the water cylinder having a 
common piston rod, and the air supply to 
its cylinder being controlled by a slide 
valve operated off its own piston rod. Its 
simplicity and robustness makes it very 
suitable for rough work such as draining 
the working face of a cross-measure drift 
or a heading. Mason, v. 2, p. 381. 

direct arc furmace. One in which an arc is 
struck between an electrode and the ma- 
terial charged into the furnace. Pryor, 3. 

direct attack. A method of effecting extinc- 
tion of mine fires using water or the efflu- 
ent of chemical fire extinguishers. When a 
mine fire is readily accessible to the fire- 
fighting personnel, extinction of it may be 
achieved by direct application of some sub- 
stance which will cool down the hot mass 
below its ignition temperature, or, in the 
case of oils, will arrest the volatilization 
process by sealing or emulsifying the oil 
surface. Mason, v. 1, p. 284. 

direct chill casting. See dc (direct chill) 
casting. : 

direct current. An electric current flowing 
in one direction only and sensibly free 
from pulsation. Abbreviation, dc. See also 
alternating current. Nelson. 

direct-current cleaning. Same as cathodic 
cleaning ASM Gloss. 

direct-current generator; dynamo. A genera- 
tor for the production and delivery of di- 





330 


rect current. See also alternating-current 
generator. Nelson. 

direct-cycle reactor system; single-cycle re- 
actor system. A nuclear power plant system 
in which the heat-transfer fluid circulates 
through the reactor and then passes di- 
rectly to the turbine in a continuous cycle. 
L&L. 

direct-dip-reading chart. See direct-reading 
capillarity chart. Long. 

directed practical training. The scheme intro- 
duced by the National Coal Board of 
Great Britain to train miners for man- 
agerial and other responsible positions in 
the coal industry. See also ladder plan. 
Nelson. 

direct expansion. An arrangement of a re- 
frigerant evaporator where the refrigerant 
itself expands in an evaporator in the air- 
stream. Strock, 10. 

direct extrusion. See extrusion. ASM Gloss. 

direct fire. A method of maturing porcelain 
enamel or ceramic ware wherein the prod- 
ucts of combustion come in contact with 
the ware. ASTM C286-65. 

direct-fired furnace. A melting furnace hav- 
ing neither recuperator nor regenerator. 
ASTM C162-66. 

direct-fired heater. A fuel-burning device in 
which the heat from the fuel is trans- 
ferred through metal to air which is then 
introduced to the space to be heated. 
Strock, 10. 

direct-fired unit. A heater in which the flame’s 
heat is transferred to metal plates and 
thence directly to the air to be heated. 
A warm air furnace is direct fired; a 
boiler is indirect. Strock, 10. 

direct firing. a. The combustion of coal 
effected by burning directly on a grate. 
Fay. b. A method of firing wherein the 
products of combustion comes in contact 
with the ware. ACSB, 3. 

direct flushing. Flushing in which the water 
rises along the rod on its outer side, that 
is, between the walls of the borehole and 
the rod, and with such a velocity that the 
broken rock fragments are carried up by 
this water current. Stoces, v. 1, p. 79. 

direct haulage. The system in which an en- 
gine with a single drum and rope draws 
loaded trucks up an incline. The empties 
run downhill dragging the rope after them. 
CalnDs 

direct-heat drier. A drier in which heat is 
received by radiation from floors, walls, 
and roof. ACSG, 1963. 

direct initiation. The placing of the detonator 
in the last cartridge to be inserted in the 
shothole with the active end of the deto- 
nator pointing inwards. This position tends 
to minimize the risk of gas ignition. See 
also inverse initiation. Nelson. 

direction. Angle to the right (clockwise) 
from an arbitrary zero direction. Used 
chiefly in triangulation. Seelye, 2. 

directional drilling. a. The art of drilling a 


borehole wherein the course of the hole is’ 


planned before drilling. Such holes are 
usualy drilled with rotary equipment, and 
are useful in drilling divergent tests from 
one location, tests which otherwise might 
be inaccessible, as controls for fire and 
wild wells, etc. A.G.J. b. Drilling in which 
the course of a borehole is controlled by 
deflection wedges or other means. The 
technique of directional drilling is used: 
(1) to deflect a deviated borehole back on 
to course and (2) to deflect a borehole off 
course, either to bypass an obstruction in 
the hole or to take a second core. B.S. 








direct labor 


3618, 1963, Sec. 3. c. Curving a rotary 
drill hole to avoid obstacles or to reach 
side areas. Also called offset drilling. 
Nichols. 

directional drilling engineer. In petroleum 
production, one who directs use of spe- 
cial oil well drilling techniques and tools 
to control direction of drilling and thereby 
overcome certain’ production problems. 
DIO ees 

directional hydrophone. A hydrophone the 
response of which varies significantly with 
the direction of sound incidence. Hy. 

directional load cast. Originally interpreted 
as flowage cast but same as flute casts. 
See also flute cast. Pettijohn. 

directional overcurrent relays. These differ 
from straight overcurrent relays in that 
they are primarily used for ground pro- 
tection. They are designed to measure fault 
current in one or two sections. Whether 
faults will cause flow in one or two direc- 
tions is determined by system conditions. 
The two-directional relay is used on trans- 
mission lines where ground-fault currents 
flow in either direction. These relays pro- 
vide directional as well as overcurrent pro- 
tection. Other directional relays provide 
phase protection. Coal Age, v. 71, No. 8, 
August 1966, p. 270. 

directional properties. Properties whose mag- 
nitude varies depending on the relation of 
the test axis to a specific direction within 
the metal. The variation results from pre- 
ferred orientation or from fibering- of con- 
stituents or inclusions. ASM Gloss. 

directional solidification. The solidification of 
molten metal in a casting in such a man- 
ner that feed metal is always available for 
that portion that is just solidifying. ASM 
Gloss. 

directional work. See directional drilling. 
Long. 

direction-finding methods. Electromagnetic 
exploration methods in which one deter- 
mines the direction of the magnetic field 
associated with the currents. Schiefer- 
decker. 

direction indicator. Any one of a number of 
geophysical devices used to determine the 
deviation of a borehole from vertical. 
A.G.I. 

direction of irrigation. Direction of flow of 
irrigation water. Usually at right angles to 
the supply ditch or pipe. Nichols. 

direction of strata. a. The strike or line of 
bearing. Fay. b: The direction of the line 
formed by the intersection of the indiv- 
idual stratum with the horizontal plane. 
The direction of this line is customarily 
referred to north. See also strike. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

direction of tilt. The azimuth of the normal 
to the axis of tilt. Seelye, 2. 

directions image. See interference figure. 
GARD: 

directivity. Sound energy which is confined 
to a beam by mechanical and/or elec- 
tronic means. Hy. 

directivity index. A measure of the directional 
properties of a transducer. It is the ratio 
in decibels of the average intensity of re- 
sponse over the whole sphere surrounding 
the projector or hydrophone to the inten- 
sity or response on the acoustic axis. Hy. 

direct labor. A method of carrying out min- 
ing works in which the owners, Board, or 
Authority, carry out the scheme by em- 
ploying labor and purchasing the neces- 
sary equipment. The method is in con- 
trast to work entrusted to outside con- 
tractors for performance at a fixed sum. 

















direct labor 







| Nelson. 

\\directly controlled variable. In flotation, that 

variable whose value is sensed to originate 

a feedback signal in a control loop. Fuer- 

| setnau, p. 543. 

|(direct method. A mouth-to-mouth method of 

artificial respiration, and one which is still 

very useful in cases where the asphyxiated 
person is suffering from injuries in the ribs 
or arms. The patient is laid on his back 
and his air passages are cleared. A hand- 
kerchief, if available, is placed over the 
patient’s mouth, and while holding the 
nostrils tight to prevent the escape of air, 
the operator blows forcibly into the mouth 
to inflate the lungs and simulate the action 
of inhalation. Exhalation occurs naturally, 
but if the patient’s ribs are undamaged, 
exhalation can be assisted by gentle pres- 
sure on his lower ribs. Also called inflation 

| method. McAdam, p. 92. 

idirect-on-face stower. A new development in 

pneumatic stowing in which the stowing 
machine is located directly in line with the 
stowing track, thus eliminating bends and 
using the shortest possible pipeline. It can 
stow material which the conventional type 
cannot handle. The low air pressure re- 
quired to operate the stower is supplied 
by an inbye compressor. Nelson. 

‘direct on steel. Finish coat porcelain enamel 
applied to steel. Special steel is required 

for white. Bryant. 

| Director. The director of the Bureau of Mines. 

| U.S. BuMines Federal Mine Safety Code— 

Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mines, Pt. I 

| Underground Mines, October 8, 1953. 

idirect oxidation. The reaction of metals with 

dry gases, leading to the formation of oxide 
or other compounds on the surface; it does 
not occur to a pronounced extent except at 

| elevated temperature. C.T.D. 

‘direct plot. In making a graph of particle 

distribution (screen analysis), a plot in 

which the abscissa shows the size and the 
ordinate the percentage of sample of that 

size. Pryor, 3. 

(direct quenching. Quenching carburized parts 

| directly from the carburizing operation. 

| ASM Gloss. 

|| direct raw-water cooling system. A cooling 

system in which water, received from a 

constantly available supply, such as a well 

or water system, is passed directly over the 
cooling surfaces of the rectifier and dis- 

charged. Coal Age, 1 

Dect eading capillary chart. A graduated 

scale printed on transparent paper, which, 
when used in the prescribed manner, en- 
ables one to determine the true angle a 
borehole is inclined from readings taken 
directly on the etch plane in an acid bot- 
tle. This eliminates the need for a pro- 
tractor or goniometer and for a capillar- 
ity-correction chart. Long. 

‘ direct-reading tachometer. A tachometer used 
on sloping sites, from which the horizontal 
distance to a staff, and the difference in 
level between the instrument and the ob- 
served point, may be read directly with- 
out need to measure the vertical angle. 
Ham. 

| direct-rope haulage. a. A system of incline 
haulage, comprising one rope and one 
drum. The engine hauls up the journey of 
loaded cars, then the empties are con- 

nected to the rope and returned to the 

bottom by gravity. The drum incorporates 

a clutch to allow it to run loose on the 

shaft when required. Direct-rope haulage 

can be used on gradients from 1 in 15 

upwards. With special hoisting carriages 











331 


and safety devices, the system may be 
used on very steep inclines. See also bal- 
anced direct-rope haulage. Also called di- 
rect-acting haulage. Nelson. b. Haulage in 
which a loaded truck is pulled up the slope 
by a hoist while an empty one descends 
perhaps passing halfway on a loop of sin- 
gle track. Also called brake incline; engine 
plane. Pryor, 3. 

direct runoff. That part of the runoff which 
consists of water that has not passed be- 
neath the surfact since it was last precipi- 
tated out of the atmosphere. A.G.I. 

direct shear test. A shear test in which soil 
under an applied normal load is stressed to 
failure by moving one section of the soil 
container (shear box) relative to the other 
section. ASCE P1862. 

direct stress. Stress which is entirely tensile 
or entirely compressive, without any bend- 
ing or shear. Ham. 

direct teeming; top pouring. The transfer of 
molten steel from a ladle, through ore or 
more refractory nozzles, directly into the 
ingot mold. Dodd. 

direct weighing method. Same as hydrostatic 
weighing. Shipley. 

dirigem. Copyrighted trade name for green 
synthetic spinel. Shipley. 

dirt. a. Eng. Clay, bind, or other useless 
waste produced in mining, Fay. b. N. of 
Eng. Foul air or firedamp. Fay. c. In the 
Wisconsin zinc district, ore and waste as 
broken in the mines. Fay. d. Auriferous 
gravel, wash, or paydirt. Fay. e. In Joplin, 
Mo., crude lead-zinc ore. The concentrate 
is called ore. Fay. f. The overburden, con- 
sisting of unconsolidated rock, glacial de- 
bris, or other earth material overlying 
bedrock. Long. g. Material carrying valu- 
able minerals in placer ground. Canadian 
Mining Journal v. 61, 1940, col. 2., par. 
4, p. 649. h. Visible black specks causing 
rejection on inspection. Usually dirt or 
scale, but may be glass-eye blisters, or boil- 
ing from the ground coat. Bryant. See also 
specks, black. 

dirt band. a. A layer of dirt interbedded in 
a coal seam. See also composite seam. 
Also called dirt parting. Nelson. b. A layer 
of mineral matter lying parallel to the 

bedding plane in a seam of coal and thick- 

er than a parting. Also called shale band. 
B.S, 3552, 1962. c. A band of debris-filled 
ice alternating with clearer ice in a glacier. 
Fay. d. See dirt bed, a. Fay. 

dirt bed. a. Eng. A thin stratum of soft, 
earthy material interbedded with coal 
seams. Also called dirt band. Fay. b. Old 
soil in which trees, fragments of timber, 
and numerous plants are found. Fay. 

dirt bing. Scot. A debris heap; a waste heap. 
Fay. 

dirt-dump engineer. See dump motorman. 
DIOR lc 

dirt fault. An area of crushed coal, or a par- 
tial or total replacement of the coal by a 
soft, carbonaceous shale or slate with more 
or less coal running through the mass in 
thin stringers; not a true fault. Fay. 

dirtman. See groundman. D.O.T. 1. 

dirt parting. See dirt band. 

dirt picker. See slate picker. D.O.T. 1. 

dirt scraper. A road scraper or a grading 
shovel, used in leveling or grading ground. 
Fay. 

dirt scratcher. a. A person whose duty it is 
to take down loose rock, clear away dirt, 
and perform such other like work as re- 
quires no special skill or experience. Fay. 
b. See brusher. D.O.T. 1. 








discharge chute 


dirt shoveler. See wasteman. D.O.T. 1. 
dirt slips. See clay vein, a. Kentucky, p. 24. 
dirty arkose. Inexact term for rocks that may 


be graywackes or lithic arenites. Pettijohn, 
2d, 1957, pp. 322-323. 


dirty casting. A casting containing an exces- 


sive amount of nonmetallic inclusions in 
the body of the metal. Osborne. 


dirty coal. Scot. A coal seam with thick 


partings of blaes or fire clay; a very ashy 
coal. Fay, 


dirty finish. See finish. Dodd. 
dirty metal. Metal containing an excessive 


amount of nonmetallic inclusions. Bennett 


2d, 1962. 


dirty steel. Steel containing an excessive 


amount of nonmetallic inclusions. Osborne. 


dirty ware. Foreign matter that occasionally 


disfigures pottery ware as taken from the 
kiln; potential sources of the dirt include 
the atmosphere, both in the factory and 
in the kiln, the placers’ hands, the kiln 
lining, and the kiln furniture. Dodd. 


disability glare. The cause of impaired visi- 


bility in the neighborhood of a glare source 
can be understood when it is remembered 
that the instantaneous visual range is de- 
termined by the eye adaptation level. On 
a low brightness scene unaffected by glare, 
eye adaptation makes possible the recog- 
nition of small brightness differences all 
over the field of view. If a glare source 
is introduced into that field the eye adap- 
tation level is raised, particularly in the 
retinal area of the image of the glare 
source, and the least brightness difference 
which can be detected is higher than be- 
fore. Consequently much of the field of 
view which could previously be seen now 
becomes invisible. Roberts, II, p. 93. 


disappearing filament pyrometer. An optical 


pyrometer consisting of a small telescope 
with an electrically heated filament placed 
in its focal plane. A hot surface within a 
kiln or furnace is focused through the 
telescope and the current supplied to the 
filament is adjusted until the apparent 
temperature of the filament and furnace 
coincide, the filament then disappearing 
in the general color of its background. 
The corresponding temperature is read 
from a scale on the instrument. Dodd. 


disappearing highlight test. A test to deter- 


mine the degree of attack of a vitreous 
enameled surface after an acid-resistance 
test. Dodd. 


discard. a. The material extracted from the 


raw coal and finally thrown away. Also 
called dirt; stone. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. The 
portion of an ingot cropped off to remove 
the pipe and other defects. Also called 
erop) i@sn.Ds 


disc bit. Synonym for disk bit. Long. 
discharge. a. The production or output from 


crushing or processing machines, such as 
ball mills, thickeners, or stamp batteries. 
Nelson. b. The expulsion of the pulp from 
a stamp-mill mortar. It is also used to 
designate the distance from the bottom of 
the screen to the top of the die, because 
this figure determines, more than any other 
factor, the rapidity of the expulsion of the 
pulp. Also called issue. Fay. c. Outflow 
from a pump, drill hole, piping system, or 
other mechanism. Long. d. The quality of 
water, silt, or other mobile substances pass- 
ing along a conduit per unit of time; rate 
of flow; cubic feet per second; liters per 
second; millions of gallons per day, etc. 
Seelye, 1 


discharge chute. A chute used to receive and 


discharge chute 


direct material or objects from a conveyor. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

discharge curve. A curve which relates the 
water level of flowing water to its dis- 
charge. Ham. 

discharge head. The sum of static and dy- 
namic head. The vertical distance between 
intake and free delivery of pump is static 
head. Allowance for friction, power loss, 
propeller slip, and issuing velocity is made 
for calculating the overall discharge head. 
Pryor, 3. 

discharge station. A place where bulk mate- 
rials or objects are removed from a con- 
veyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

discharge valve. A valve used to retard or 
accelerate flow through a pipe, as distinct 
from a stop valve. Ham. 

discharge velocity. The rate of discharge of 
a liquid (usually water) through a porous 
medium per unit of total area perpen- 
dicular to the direction of flow. ASCE 
P1826. 

discharging arch. See relieving arch. ACSG. 

discipline. Employee discipline implies sub- 
jection to authority or instructions given 
by a mine official. For management, it 
connotes the right to direct and control 
mining operations in an orderly, safe, and 
efficient way. Nelson. 

discission, space of. See space of discission. 

discoidal. Of, like, or producing a disk, Web- 
ster 3d. 

discolith. A discoidal coccolith. Webster 3d. 

discomfort glare. Circumstances may exist in 
which glare discomfort is more apparent 
than disability in a lighting installation. 
For example, where mains lighting is in- 
stalled on a hand loaded coal face, the 
miner generally works with his head avert- 
ed from the incident light, that is, with 
his side or back to the line of lamps. It 
is only when he turns to cast his spade 
full of coal on to the conveyor that he 
experiences glare effects. Since this peri- 
odic and momentary exposure to the light 
sources gives a series of glare shocks to 
the visual process, and also since there is 
no need to discriminate detail when cast- 
ing from a shovel, discomfort is more im- 
portant than disability here. Roberts, II, 
p. 93. 

disconformity. a. An unconformity between 
parallel strata; compare angular uncon- 
formity. A.G.J. Supp. b. Such an uncon- 
formity is marked by appreciable erosional 
relief; compare paraconformity. A.G.I. 
Supp. c. Local contact plane in dike where 
flow structures are discordant. A.G.I. Supp. 

discontinuity. a. An abrupt change in the 
physical properties of adjacent materials 
in the earth’s interior. Mather. b. Any 
interruption in the normal physical struc- 
ture or configuration of a part, such as 
cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, or porosity. 
A discontinuity may or may not affect the 
usefulness of a part. ASM Gloss. 

discontinuity lattice. See lattice. Pryor, 4. 

discontinuous deformation. Deformation of 
rocks accomplished by rupture rather than 
by flowage. G.S.A. Memo 6, 1938, p. 33. 

discontinuous precipitation. Precipitation, 
mainly at the grain boundaries of a super- 
saturated solid solution, accompanied by 
the appearance of two lattice parameters: 
(1) of the solute atoms still in solution, 
and (2) of the precipitate. See also con- 
tinuous precipitation. ASM Gloss. 

discontinuous reaction series. That branch 
of Bowen’s reaction series, including oli- 
vine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite; 








332 


each change in the series representing an 
abrupt phase change. A.G.I. 

discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plas- 
tic flow of a metal exhibiting a yield point 
in which plastic deformation is inhomo- 
geneously distributed along the gage length. 
It may occur, under some circumstances, 
either at the onset of or during plastic 
flow in metals not exhibiting a yield point. 
ASM Gloss. 

discordance. A lack of parallelism between 
contiguous strata; an unconformity. Stand- 
ard, 1964; Fay. 

discordant. Used to describe an igneous rock 
contact that cuts across the bedding or the 
foliation of the adjacent older rocks. Bill- 
ings, 1954, p. 290. 

discordant bedding. Synonym for crossbed- 
ding. A.G.I. 

discordant injection. An igneous mass injected 
across bedding planes. Fay. 

discordant stratification. An unconformable 
stratification. See also discordance. Fay. 

discovery. a. The term has a technical mean- 
ing in mining. It may be defined as know]- 
edge of the presence of the valuable min- 
erals within the lines of the location or 
in such proximity thereto as to justify a 
reasonable belief in their existence. But in 
all cases there must be a discovery of min- 
eral, in both lode and placer claims, as 
distinguished from mere indications of 
mineral. In other words, in a lode location 
there must be such a discovery of mineral 
as gives reasonable evidence of the fact 
either that there is a vein or lode of rock 
in place carrying the valuable mineral; 
or, if it be claimed as placer ground, that 
it is valuable for such mining. Ricketts, 
pp. 346-347, b. Pac. The first finding 
of the mineral deposit in place upon a 
mining claim. A discovery is necessary be- 
fore the location can be held by a valid 
title. The opening in which it is made is 
called discovery, shaft; discovery, tunnel; 
etc. The finding of mineral in place as 
distinguished from float rock constitutes a 
discovery. See also mine, m, for discovery 
of a mine. Fay. 

discovery claim. The first claim in which a 
mineral deposit is found, and when this 
is within a gulch or on a stream the claims 
are simply marked or numbered from the 
discovery claim either by letters or figures 
up or down the gulch or stream. Fay. 

discovery vein. The mineral vein on which 
a mining claim is based. See also second- 
ary vein. Nelson. 

discovery well. The well that discovered oil 
or gas in a pool hitherto unknown. A.G.I. 

discrepancy. The difference between results 
of duplicate measurements. Seelye, 2. 

disequilibrium assemblage. Associated min- 
erals not in thermodynamic equilibrium. 
G.S.A. Memo 73, 1958, p. 17. 

dish. a. Derb. A rectangular box about 28 
inches long, 4 inches deep, and 6 inches 
wide in which ore is measured. Fay. b. 
Corn. A measure holding 1 gallon, used 
for tin ore dressed ready for the smelter. 
Fay. c. Corn. The landowner’s or land- 
lord’s part of the ore. Fay. d. N. of Eng. 
The length or portion of an underground 
engine plane nearest to the pit bottom, 
upon which the empty tubs (cars) stand 
before being drawn inby. Fay. e. Aust. 
A gold pan. Gold-bearing gravel or other 
material found by panning. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. £. See pan, a and b. Long. 

disharmonic fold. a. A fold that changes in 
form with depth. Billings, 1954, p. 58. b. 


disintegrator 


A fold in which abrupt changes in geo- 
metric relations occur in passing from one 
bed to another, especially where alterna- 
tions of plastic and rigid beds occur. A.G.I. 

disharmonic folding. Folding in which indi- 
vidual folds change in form or magnitude 
with depth. Such changes may occur grad- 
ually or abruptly. Billings, 1954, p. 58. 

dishing. Forming a shallow, concave surface, 
the area being large compared to the 
depth. ASM Gloss. 

dishmaker. One who forms oval dishes on a 
revolving mold with a shaping tool (jigger) 
and an eccentric (a device causing the 
mold to move back and forth as well as 
to rotate, so an oval shape will be pro- 
duced). D.O.T. 1. 

dish plate. Eng. A plate or rail concaved 
to receive the front wheels of a tub to 
secure it while teeming. Webster 2d. 

dish wheel. A grinding wheel shaped like a 
dish. ACSG, 1963. 

disinfectant. A gas, liquid, or solid used to 
destroy disease germs. Crispin. 

disintegrate. a. To break up by the action of 
chemical and/or mechanical forces. A.G.I. 
b. To separate or decompose into frag- 
ments; to break up; hence, to destroy the 
wholeness, unity, or identity of. Ballard. 

disintegrating mill. A mill that reduces ma- 
terial by shredding rather than by direct 
compression and shear. A pin disintegrator 
has revolving disks from which protrude 
steel pins capable of opening up appropri- 
ate material, for example, asbestos. Pryor, 3. 

disintegration. a. The breaking up and crum- 
bling away of a rock, caused by the action 
of moisture, heat, frost, air, and the in- 
ternal chemical reaction of the component 
parts of rocks when acted upon by these 
surface influences. Fay. b. That stage in 
the decomposition of vegetable and animal 
substances which takes place in the pres- 
ence of oxygen and moisture and which 
may be regarded as a slow combustion of 
organic substance leaving no solid carbon 
compounds and producing only volatile 
substances, namely carbon dioxide and 
water. Compare moldering; peat forma- 
tion; putrefaction. A.G.J. c. The loosening 
of mineral grains in the zone above fresh 
rock. Legrand. d. The physical breakdown 
of material, usually shale, as a result of 
immersion in water or weathering. Also 
called dissociation. B.S. 3552, 1962. e. In 
powder metallurgy, the reduction of mas- 
sive material to powder. ASTM B243-65. 
f. Disruption of the structure of brick by 
cracking. Bureau of Mines Staff. g. Radio- 
active breakdown in natural isotopes or 
radioelements, resulting in the emission of 
high-speed particles and rays. C.T.D. Supp. 

disintegration constant. Decay constant, Web- 
ster 3d. 

disintegration index. A measure of the dura- 
bility of a hydraulic cement proposed by 
T. Merrimen. The test involves shaking 
with a lime-sugar solution followed by 
titration of one aliquot against HC1 with 
phenolphthalein as indicator and another 
with methyl orange as indicator. The dis- 
integration index is the difference between 
the two titrations. The test was superseded 
by the test now known as the Merriman 
test. See also Merriman test. Dodd. 

disintegrator. a. A mill for comminuting ore 
to a fine dry powder such as by impact 
breaker. Nelson. b. A machine for reducing 
by means of impact the particle size of 
the coal or pitch binder, or both. Also 
called beater. B.S. 3552, 1962. c. A ma- 

















disintegrator 


| chine used for the size reduction of some 
|| ceramic materials. A rotor is rapidly re- 
volved within a casing, both rotor and 
casing having fixed hammers which impact 
on the material being ground. Compare 
| hammer mill, a. Dodd. 

'|| disintegrator crusher. A machine for crushing 

soft materials which consists of a large, 

smooth roll operated at a low speed and 

{| a small-toothed roll operated at a high 

'| speed. ACSG, 1963. 
|| disk. See tappet. Fay. 
||| disk-and-cup feeder. A reagent dispenser used 
| in the flotation process. Cups, mounted 
around the periphery of a slowly rotating 
disk driven by a fractional horsepower 
motor, dip into a reservoir of reagent and 
upon rising deliver a closely controlled 
quantity to the process, usually to condi- 
tioners. Pryor, 3. 
| disk bit. A roller-type rock bit with smooth- 
edged cutter disks instead of toothed or 
serrated cones. The term is seldom used, 
as the disk bit has been more or less re- 
placed by serrated-tooth roller-cone rock 
bits. Long. 

i disk brake. A brake that utilizes friction be- 
tween fixed and rotating disks, or between 
disks and shoes. Nichols. 
|) disk clutch. A coupling that can be engaged 

to transmit power through one or more 
disks squeezed between a backplate and a 
movable pressure plate, and that can be 
disengaged by moving the plates apart. 
Nichols. 2 

( disk coal cutter. A coal cutter whose cutting 
unit consisted of a disk or wheel, armed 
at its periphery with cutters. The first disk 
machine, with detachable picks was pat- 
ented in 1861. The disk coal cutter is 

| obsolescent. Nelson. 

|| disk couplings. Consists of driving and driven 

flanged hubs with projecting fingers or 

lugs which mesh from alternate flanges 
having holes, projecting fingers or lugs 
which mesh with holes in the disk. In 
some cases, the disk is replaced by a spider 
section which meshes between the jaws of 
the driving and driven hubs. Pit and 

Quarry, 53rd, Sec. D, p. 66. 

|| disk fan. An axial-flow fan with a series of 

| blades formed by cutting and bending flat 

sheets or plates. When rotated the disk 
imparts to the air a motion along the axis 

___ of the fan shaft. Strock, 10. 

| disk feeder. a. A feeder consisting of a rotat- 
ing horizontal metal disk under the open- 
ing of a bin such that the rate of turning 
or opening of the gate governs the quan- 
tity delivered. ACSG, 1963. b. See rotary 

table feeder. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

|| disk filter; American disk filter. A continuous 

dewatering filter in which the membrane 
(filter cloth) is stretched on segments of 
a disk. These disks rotate through a tank 
of slurry. The vacuum inside the disk 
draws the liquid through the cloth to dis- 
charge; the solids forming a cake on the 
filter cloth is lifted clear of the slurry 
tank and separately discharged, by appli- 
cation of air pressure behind the filter 
cloth. Pryor, 3. 

‘disk grinder. A machine on which rigid, 
large, bonded abrasive disk wheels are 
used. ACSG, 1963. 

| disk grinding. Grinding with the flat side of 
an abrasive disk or segmental wheel. ASM 
Gloss. 

| disk grizzly. See grizzly. Mitchell, p. 132. 

\ disk mill. A laboratory grinding mill with 

two circular plates almost parallel, of 











333 


which one is fixed while the other rotates. 
Ore fed centrally between the plates is 
ground and discharged peripherally. The 
disk breaker (obsolescent) had two saucer- 
shaped disks working in similar fashion. 
Pryor, 3. 

disk wheel. A bonded abrasive product, which 
may be nut-inserted, bolt-inserted, washer- 
inserted, or plate-mounted, that can be 
mounted on a faceplate for grinding on the 
side opposite the inserts. ACSG, 1963. 

dislocation. a. The shifting of the relative 
position of a boulder in a borehole or of 
the rock on either side of a crack or fissure 
cutting across a borehole. Long. b. The 
offset in a borehole. Also called deviation; 
throw. Long. c. A general term to describe 
a break in the strata, for example, a fault. 
A washout is a disurbance but not a dis- 
location. Nelson. d. The displacement of 
rocks on opposite sides of fracture. Pryor, 
3. e. In metallurgy, the structural defect 
in metal or crystal, produced by distortion. 
Pryor, 3. f. A linear crystal defect. VV. 

dismantling gang. A team of men employed 
in a pulling apart and removing machines, 
equipment, and supports from a face which 
has ceased to be productive and has been 
abandoned. See also development gang. 
Nelson. 

dismembered stream. When the normal cycle 
of stream development is interrupted by 
the subsidence of the land, and the lower 
part of a river valley is drowned by in- 
vasion of the sea, some of the tributaries 
no longer join the trunk stream, but empty 
by independent mouths. Thus, a single 
stream system is dismembered. A.G.I. 

dismembered valley system. Valley system, 
the main valley of which has been be- 
trunked so far by cliff retreat, that now 
the side valleys debouch independently. 
Schieferdecker. 

dismicrite. An inclusive term for very fine- 
grained limestones of obscure origin; re- 
sembles micrite but contains irregular 
bodies of sparry calcite. A.G.J. Supp. 

disordered solid solution. A condition when 
the atoms in a solid solution are dispersed 
at random; they do not take preferential 
positions. Newton, p. 181. 

dispatcher. a. An employee who controls or 
keeps track of the traffic on haulageways 
and informs underground workers by tele- 
phone when to move trains or locomotives. 
B.C.I. b. See motor boss. D.O.T. 1. 

dispatching system. A system employing radio, 
telephones, and/or signals (audible or 
light) for orderly and efficient control of 
the movements of trains of cars in mines. 
ASA C42.85:1956. 

dispersal pattern. In geochemical prospecting, 
a pattern or the distribution of the metal 
content of soil, rock, water, or vegetation. 
A.GI. 

dispersant. A dispersing agent; especially a 
substance (as a polyphosphate) for pro- 
moting the formation and stabilization of 
a dispersion of one substance in another. 
Webster 3d. 

dispersed element. One of the elements not 
greatly enriched during the geochemical 
cycle, and that formed few or no inde- 
pendent minerals; commonly present as 
minor constituents in minerals of more 
abundant elements and not concentrated 
with any particular element. Examples are 
gallium, indium, and scandium. A.G.I. 

disperse medium. Homogeneous phase (gas, 
liquid, or solid) through which particles 
are dispersed to form a relatively stable 














dispersion-strengthened metal 


sol. Mainly descriptive of colloidal disper- 
sion. See also disperse system. Pryor, 3. 

disperse system. A two-phase system consist- 
ing of a dispersion medium and a dis- 
persed phase; a dispersion. Webster 3d. 

dispersibility of dust. The ease with which 
a dust is raised into suspension. Sinclair, 
Ty po253: 

dispersing agent. a. A material that increases 
the stability of a suspension of particles 
in a liquid medium by deflocculation of 
the primary particles. ASM Gloss. See also 
deflocculating agent. b. Dispersant, defloc- 
culating or peptizing agent. One which 
acts to prevent adherence of particles sus- 
pended in fluid, and delays sedimentation. 
Pryor, 3. c. Reagents added to flotation 
circuits to prevent flocculation, especially 
of objectionable colloidal slimes. Sodium 
silicate is frequently added for this purpose 
and there is some indication that it has 
value in coal froth flotation where a high 
percentage of clay slimes is present. Mitch- 
ell, p. 574. 

dispersion. a. The act or process of dispersing 
or the state of being dispersed. Webster 3d. 
b. A dispersed substance; a dispersed phase. 
A system (as an emulsion or a suspension) 
consisting of a dispersed substance and the 
medium in which it is dispersed. Compare 
colloid; disperse system. Webster 3d. c. 
The selective separation of a nonhomo- 
geneous emission in accordance with some 
characteristic (as wavelength, particle 
mass, speed, or energy); especially, the 
separation of light into colors by refraction 
or diffraction with the formation of a spec- 
trum. A measure of the degree of dis- 
persion for any region of the spectrum, 
commonly being the derivative of the 
separation with respect to the chosen 
characteristic (as wavelength). Compare 
dispersive power. Webster 3d. d. The scat- 
tering of the values of a frequency distri- 
bution from their average. Webster 3d. 
e. In optical mineralogy, the optical con- 
stants for different parts of the spectrum. 
Fay. f. The fairly permanent suspension of 
finely divided (undissolved ) particles in a 
fluid. API Glossary. g. The creation of a 
dispersion by deflocculation. B.S. 3552, 
1962. h. Variation of refractive index with 
wavelength of light. See also R-value; Nu- 
value. ASTM C162-66. 

dispersion halo. A region surrounding an ore 
deposit in which the ore-metal concentra- 
tion is intermediate between that of the 
ore and that of the country rock. A.G.I. 

dispersion hardening. See precipitation hard- 
ening. C.T.D. 

dispersion medium; continuous phase; exter- 
nal phase. The liquid, gaseous, or solid 
phase in a two-phase system in which the 
particles of the dispersed phase are dis- 
tributed. Webster 3d. 

dispersion pattern. Elements are distributed 
in earth materials in characteristic pat- 
terns which may be used as guides. A 
dispersion pattern is classed as primary if 
it is formed at depth by an igneous or 
metamorphic process, or secondary if 
formed at the earth’s surface by weather- 
ing, erosion, or surface transportation. 
Lewis, p. 297. 

dispersion-strengthened metal. An intimate 
combining of metals with nonmetallics in 
which small amounts of some hard, stable 
compound uniformly distributed as colloidal 
particles, increases the elevated-tempera- 
ture strength without appreciably changing 
other properties. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 


dispersion-strengthened metal 


Britannica Book of the Year, 1963, p. 550. 

dispersive power. The power of a transparent 
medium to separate different colors of 
light by refraction as measured by the dif- 
ference in refractivity for two specified 
widely differing wavelengths divided by 
the refractivity at some specified inter- 
mediate wavelength. Webster 3d. 

dispersoid. A body that has been dispersed 
in a liquid. Fay. 

Dispex. Trade name; ammonium polyacrylate, 
sometimes used as a deflocculant in clay 
slips. Dodd. 

disphenoid. In crystallography, a _ solid 
bounded by eight isosceles triangles. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

displaced ore body. An ore body which has 
suffered a disruption or displacement after 
initial deposition. Geological mechanisms 
such as folding, faulting, or igneous intru- 
sion normally causes displacement. In some 
cases, secondary enriched ore deposits are 
formed laterally at some distance from the 
zone of leaching of the primary ore zone 
and are often referred to as displaced ore 
bodies. The direction of flow of the ground 
waters leaching the ore body are the dis- 
placing mechanisms in this instant. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

displaced outcrop. An outcrop that has moved 
downhill during a landslide or soil creep. 
Nelson. 

displaced seam. A coal seam which has been 
dislocated by a fault. Nelson. 

displacement. a. The lateral movement of a 
point, usually at the surface, during sub- 
sidence. Nelson. b. A general term for the 
change in position of any point on one 
side of a fault plane relative to any cor- 
responding point on the opposite side of 
the fault plane. Ballard. c. The word dis- 
placement should receive no_ technical 
meaning, but is reserved for general use; 
it may be applied to a relative movement 
of the two sides of the fault, measured in 
any direction, when that direction is speci- 
fied; for instance, the displacement of a 
stratum along a drift in a mine would be 
the distance between the two sections of the 
stratum measured along. the drift. The 
word dislocation will also be most useful 
in a general sense. Fay. d. For air com- 
pressors, the volume displaced by the net 
area of the piston of the compressor multi- 
plied by the length of the stroke in feet 
and by the number of strokes made per 
minute. For multistage compressors, the 
displacement refers to the low-pressure cyl- 
inder only. Lewis, p. 663. e. The volume 
of liquid delivered by a single stroke of a 
pump piston. Long. f. Sometimes used as a 
synonym for offset deflection; deviation; 
dislocation; throw. Long. g. The capacity 
of an air compressor, usually expressed in 
cubic feet of air per minute (c.f.m.). Long. 

displacement micromanometer. See Hodg- 
son’s micromanometer. Roberts, I, p. 36. 

displacement pump. One in which compressed 
air or steam, applied in pulses, drives out 
water entering the pump chamber between 
pulses, a nonreturn valve preventing re- 
verse flow. Pryor, 3. See also air displace- 
ment pump. 

displacement theory. In geology, continents 
originally formed one large land mass, 
which fractured and drifted to present 
dispersion. Pryor, 3. 

displacement-type float. A device for measur- 
ing the liquid level in sumps or vessels. It 
consists of a float, whose vertical height is 
greater than the level range being meas- 











334 


ured and whose weight is such that it 
would sink in the fluid if not supported. 
It is placed in a float chamber and sup- 
ported in such a way that as the liquid 
level rises around the displacer float it 
creates a buoyant force equal to the weight 
of the liquid displaced. This force is meas- 
ured and since it is proportional to level, 
the force measurement becomes a level 
measurement. The device is used on sumps 
containing high gravity slurries. See also 
automation. Nelson. 

displacer. A large stone in concrete, often 
referred to as a plum. Ham. 

displacive transformation. A change in crys- 
tal symmetry as a result of changes in bond 
length or bond angles (as contrasted to 
reconstructive transformations). The short- 
range order is unchanged; the long-range 
order is changed. VV. 

disposal. Scot. The quantity of mineral sold. 


Fay. 

disposal well. A well drilled or used for dis- 
posal of brines or other fluids in order to 
prevent contamination of the surface by 
such wastes. A.G.J. 

disrupted seam. A coal seam intersected by a 
fault or where its continuity is excessively 
broken. Nelson. 

disruptive. Applied to that kind of force 
exerted by an explosive that tends to shat- 
ter the rock into fragments. Fay. 

disruptive strength. The failure stress under 
hydrostatic tension. ASM Gloss. 

dissected. Cut by erosion into hills and val- 
leys or into flat upland areas separated 
by valleys. Especially applicable to plains 
or peneplains in the process of erosion after 
uplift. Fay. 

dissection. The effect of erosion in destroying 
the continuity of a relatively even surface 
by cutting ravines or valleys into it. Fay. 

dissector. A person employed to classify de- 
fective pottery ware according to the nature 
of the fault. Dodd. 

disseminated. a. Fragments of mineral dis- 
persed in a rock. Statistical Research Bu- 
reau. b. To be scattered or diffused through ; 
to be permeated with. Fay. 

disseminated crystals. Crystals which are 
found not attached to the mother rock; 
sometimes with well-devloped faces and 
doubly terminated. Shipley. 

disseminated deposit. A type of ore deposit 
in which the ore minerals occur as small 
particles or veinlets scattered through the 
country rock. Though not very abundant, 
such deposits are sometimes of great size 
and often form important sources of cop- 
per ore. Nelson. See also disseminated ore. 

disseminated ore. Ore in which the valuable 
mineral is fairly evenly distributed through 
the gangue as crystals or aggregates of 
regular size. Pryor, 4. 

disseminated sulfide. Sulfide scattered as 
specks and veinlets through rocks and con- 
stituting not over 20 percent of the total 
rock volume. A.G.I. 

disseminated values. In ore, values fairly 
regularly scattered as minute particles 
through the gangue or other matrix. 
Pryor, 3. 

dissemination. Applied to dispersed crystalli- 
zation of early formed crystals of ore min- 
erals in deep-seated magmas and to dis- 
persed formations of ore minerals in a 
more general sense. Schieferdecker. 

dissociate. a. To resolve (a complex) into 
elements; to segregate. Standard, 1964. 
b. To decompose gradually by the action 
of heat in a confined space (a substance, 








distillate oil 


the constituents of which, when the tem- 
perature is lowered, will recombine, form- 
ing the original body). Standard, 1964. 
c. To break to pieces, to decompose, fall 
apart, etc. Mersereau, 4th, p. 235. 

dissociation. The act or process of dissociat- 
ing or the state of being dissociated; as, 
the process by which a chemical combina- 
tion breaks up into simpler constituents 
usually capable of recombining under other 
conditions. Especially the action of heat 
or other forms of energy on gases and the 
action of solvents upon dissolved substances. 
Webster 3d. 

dissociation constant. Equilibrium constant 
for a reaction proceeding in both direc- 
tions, showing for stated conditions a state 
of balance between dissociation and reasso- 
ciation. When used with respect to ioniza- 
tion, ionization constant. Of very low-solu- 
bility compounds, solubility product. In 
Ostwald’s dilution law the dissociation K is 

m? 
K = ————_.,, 
(l—m) V 

where a molar weight has been dissolved in 
V liters and m is the degree of ionization. 
Pryor, 3% 

dissociation tension. A property associated 
with every oxide which measures the sta- 
bility of the oxide; for example, when 
equilibrium has been established at a given 
temperature, the dissociation tension of the 
oxide is numerically equal to the partial 
pressure of the surrounding oxygen. New- 
ton, p. 148. 

dissolution. a. The act or process of dissolving 
or breaking up; as, a separation into com- 
ponent parts. Webster 3d. b. The taking 
up of a substance by a liquid with the for- 
mation of a homogeneous solution. C.T.D. 

dissolution, space of. See space of dissolution. 

dissolving tank. A small tank used for dis- 
solving solid cyanide and preparing a con- 
centrated solution. Fay. 

dissue. Corn. To break the rock from the 
walls of a rich lode in order to move the 
ore without taking with it much gang. 
Standard, 1964. 

dissuing. Corn. Cutting out the selvage or 
gouge of a lode to facilitate the extraction 
of ore. See also zur; resuing. Fay. 

distance blocks. Wooden blocks placed in 
between the main spears and the side 
pump rods by which the proper distance 
between them is adjusted. Fay. 

distance lag; velocity lag. In flotation, a de- 
lay attributable to the transport of ma- 
terial or the finite rate of propagation of 
a signal or condition. Fuerstenau, p. 545. 

distance piece. A block or similar device used 
to maintain the correct position and spac- 
ing of reinforcing bars or of formwork dur- 
ing concreting. Ham. 

distant admixture. Given by Udden to the 
grade or grades, in a sediment containing 
several size grades, most different in size 
from the dominant (maximum) grade. 
A.G.I. 

distaxy. Unlike crystallographic orientation 
in a mineral grain and its overgrowth. 
G.S.A. Memo 50, 1952, p. 7. 

disthene. Synonym for kyanite. Fay. 

disthenite. A rock composed almost entirely 
of kyanite (disthene) associated with 
quartzite and amphibolite. Hess. 

distillate. The liquid obtained by condensing 
a vapor. Nelson. 

distillate oil. Gasworks coal tar or coke-oven 
coal-tar distillate, for example, creosote. 














distillate oil 


| Bennett 2d, 1962. 

|| distillation. a. The process of decomposition 
whereby the original chitinous material of 
certain fossils has lost its nitrogen, oxygen, 
and hydrogen, and is now represented by 
a film of carbonaceous material. Synonym 
for carbonization. A.G.I. b. The process of 
heating a substance to the temperature at 
| which it is converted to a vapor, then 
|| cooling the vapor, and thus restoring it 
to the liquid state. Shell Oil Co, See also 
destructive distillation; fractional distilla- 
tion. c. A process of evaporation and re- 
condensation used for separating liquids 
into various fractions according to their 
boiling points or boiling ranges. C.T.D. d. 
In pyrometallurgy, distillation involves the 
vaporization of metals or metallic com- 
pounds, and the subsequent recovery of 
the vapor in condensers as a liquid or 
solid. Distillation processes are used only 
for metals or metallic compounds which 
have relatively low boiling points, such as 
mercury, cadmium, and zinc. E.C.T., v. 8, 
$. 937. 

| distillation furnace. A reverberatory heating 
| furnace in which the charge is contained 
' in a closed vessel and does not come in 
| contact with the flame. It has a combus- 
| tion chamber in which the gases are burned 
| around the retorts containing zinc ore, 
the retorts resting on shelves inside the 
chamber. Fay. 

|! distillation, of petroleum. The process by 
which heat is applied to the crude oil in 
order that its constituents may pass off in 
vapor, and by suitable arrangements sub- 
sequently collected in the form of a liquid. 


Fay. 
| distorted crystal. A crystal whose faces have 

developed unequally, some being larger 
} than others. Some distorted crystal forms 
are drawn out or shortened, but the angle 
between the faces remains the same. See 
also deformed crystal. Shipley. 
\! distortion. a. A change in shape due to stress 
Challinor. b. The act of distorting; as, a 
twisting or deforming out of a natural, nor- 
mal, or original shape, form, or condition, 
Webster 3d. c. Any deviation from the de- 
sired shape or contour. ASM Gloss. d. In 
aerial photography, deformation of images 
caused by tilt. If there is tilt but no relief, 
displacements are radial from the _iso- 
center, and their magnitudes depend on 
the angle and direction of tilt. If both tilt 
and relief exist, the combined displace- 
ments are not radial from any single point. 
Seelye, 2. 
|| distortional wave. Synonym for equivolum- 
nar wave; secondary wave; shear wave; S- 
wave; transverse wave. A. Ch 
I distrene. A polystyrene plastic; specific grav- 

ity, 1.05; refractive index, 1.58. Adapt- 
| able to imitating amber. Shipley. 
|! distributary. a. An outflowing branch of a 
river, as occurs characteristically on a 
delta. A.G.JI. b. A river branch flowing 
away from the main stream and not re- 
joining it. Opposite of tributary. Webster 
3d. 
‘distributed load. A design load calculated 
and distributed evenly along a structural 
} member. See also live load. Ham. 
) distributing magazine. A place or building, 
| either near the mine entrance or under- 
ground, in which explosives are stored 
for current use. Only one day’s supply 
should be kept at such points. The main 
supply of explosives is kept in a magazine 
generally a safe distance from the mine or 












330 


any mine buildings. Kentucky, p. 188. 

distribution. a. The thicknesses of the walls of 
a glass article over its entire area. ASTM 
C162-66. b. See diamond pattern. Long. 

distribution box. The mine-type distribution 
box is a portable piece of apparatus with 
an enclosure through which an electric cir- 
cuit is carried to one or more machine- 
trailing cables from a single incoming feed 
line, each trailing cable circuit being con- 
nected through individual over-current 
protective devices. ASA M2.1-1963. 

distribution curve. Graph showing cumulative 
frequency as ordinate against variate value 
as abscissa. Pryor, 3 

distribution of function. In management, 
term replacing, Delegation of Authority, 
with immediate responsibility placed at 
point where control must be exercised. 
Pryor, 3. 

distribution rods. Small-diameter rods, usu- 
ally at right angles to the main reinforce- 
ment, intended to spread a concentrated 
load on a slab, and to prevent cracking. 
Taylor. 

distribution steel. Subsidiary reinforcement 
in a reinforced concrete slab, laid at right 
angles to the main reinforcing bars to 
maintain them in position during con- 
creting, and to assist in distributing loads. 
Ham. 

distributive fault. A fault that divides into 
several smaller faults. Rice. 

distributive faulting. Faulting that is distrib- 
uted over several planes of movement. 
A.G.I. 

distributive province. The environment em- 
bracing all rocks that contribute to the 
formation of a contemporaneous sedimen- 
tary deposit, including the agents respon- 
sible for their distribution. Schieferdecker. 

distributor. a. A device for distributing the 
charge when dumped into a blast fur- 
nace. Fay. b. An apparatus for directing 
the secondary current from the induction 
coil to the various spark plugs of a multi- 
cylinder engine in their proper firing order. 
Compare timer. Webster 3d. 

distributor box; distributor head. Box, which 
receives feed from launder, pipe, or pump 
and splits it into parallel mill circuits. 
Box attached to deck of shaking table 
which receives sands and distributes them 
along top of deck at feed end. Pryor, 3. 

district. a. In the States and Territories west 
of the Missouri (prior to 1880), a vaguely 
bounded and temporary division and or- 
ganization made by the inhabitants of a 
mining region. A district has one code of 
mining laws, and one recorder, Counties 
and county officers have practically taken 
the place of these cruder arrangements. 
Fay. b. A limited area of underground 
workings. Fay. c. A coal mine is generally 
divided into sections or districts for pur- 
poses of ventilation and daily supervision. 
A district is usually under the supervision 
of a deputy and ventilated by a split. A 
large or highly mechanized district may 
have two or more deputies and an over- 
man. Nelson. d. An underground section 
of a coal mine served by its own roads and 
ventilation ways; a section of a coal mine. 
C.T.D. e. See flat, 3. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

district rope. Aust. A rope used for hauling 
skips in a district or section of a colliery. 
Fay. 

disturbance. a. The bending or faulting of 
a rock or stratum from its original posi- 
tion. Fay. b. Folding and/or faulting that 
affects a large area but is not extensive 











ditch powder 


enough to be called a revolution. The 
distinction between a disturbance and a 
revolution is very arbitrary. A.G.J. See also 
dislocation. 

disturbed. a. Descriptive of an ore body that 
has been faulted or broken. Hess. b. Ore 
body lacking defined walls and characteris- 
tic shape. Pryor, 3. c. Unsettled country 
rock. von Bernewitz. 

disturbed ground. a. A general term for an 
area which is geologically abnormal. Nelson. 
b. An area where mining has caused the 
ground to heave and deform. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

disulfide. See bisulfide. Pryor, 3. 

disused workings. Workings which are no 
longer in operation but which are not 
classified as abandoned. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
Secs 

ditch. a. A drainage course in a mine, gen- 
erally following a natural contour. B.C.I. 
b. An artificial watercourse, flume, or 
canal, to convey water for mining. A 
flume is usually of wood; a ditch, of earth. 
Fay. c. Leic. To clog; to impede. Fay. d. 
The drainage gutter along gangways and 
openings in anthracite mines. Hudson. e. 
A surface water channel cut to bring 
mining water into control. Pryor. f. A slot 
cut in the earth’s surface and left open. 
Compare trench. Carson, p. 146. g. An 
artificial channel, usually distinguished 
from a canal by its smaller size. Seelye, 1. 
h. Generally, a long narrow excavation. 
Nichols. i. In rotary drilling, a trough 
carrying mud to a screen. Nichols. j. The 
artificial course or trough in which the 
drill circulation fluid is conducted from 
the collar of the borehole to the sump; 
also, to dump and discard contents of a 
bailer, without taking a sample, into a 
ditch leading away from the collar of a 
borehole. Also called canal; chute. Long. 
k. To shrow away or discard. Long. 

ditchdigger. A laborer who shovels dirt, rock, 
and rubbish from underground drainage 
ditches into mine cars to keep ditches 
open for flow of underground water. Also 
called ditcher; ditchman; drainman. 
POM: 

ditch drain. A gutter excavated in the floor 
of a gangway or airway to carry the water 
to the sump, or out to the surface. Fay. 

ditched top. See sticky coal, b. 

ditcher. a. A mobile tracked machine fitted 
with an endless chain of buckets used for 
shallow vertically sided trenching. Nelson. 
b. A drill mounted on a frame that ro- 
tates about a central axis. It is used to 
cut circular trenches for the production 
of large grindstones. Also called circle 
cutting drill. Fay. c. See ditchdigger. 
DO. Taek 

ditching. a. The making of ditches. Standard, 
1964. b. The digging or making of a ditch 
by the use of explosives. See also propa- 
gated blast. Fay. 

ditching car. A car provided with derricks 


and scoops to excavate ditches, as in a 
railway cut. Standard, 1964. b 
ditching dynamite. A 50-percent straight 


dynamite designed for ditch blasting by 
the propagation method. DuPont, 1966, p. 
33 


ditching machine. An excavating machine 
for digging trenches. Standard, 1964. 

ditchman. See ditchdigger. D.O.T. 1. 

ditch powder. A mixture of coal, sodium ni- 
trate, sulfur, rosin, and about 10 percent 
nitroglycerin. Used as a low-grade dyna- 
mite for loosening of earth in farm ditch- 


ditch powder 


ing and in railroad excavation. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

ditch water. The stale or stagnant water col- 
lected in a ditch. Fay. 

ditch wiring. The method of connecting elec- 
tric blasting caps in such a way that the 
two free ends can be connected at one 
end of the line of holes. Fay. 

dithiocarbamate. A flotation collector agent 
of the general formula X2N.CS.SM, X being 
hydrogen, aryl, or alkyl radical. Pryor, 3. 

dithionate process. A process for extracting 
manganese from low-grade oxide ores. The 
manganese ore is leached with dilute sul- 
fur dioxide gas in the presence of calcium 
dithionate solution, the manganese being 
recovered from solution by precipitation 
with slaked lime and then nodulized or 
sintered. Osborne. 

dithiophosphates. In mineral processing, flo- 
tation collector agents, marketed as Aero- 
floats by the American Cyanamid Com- 
pany. Pryor, 3. 

dithizone. Diphenylthiocarbazone. Used in 
geochemical prospecting to detect traces 
of metal in ground wtaer. Pryor, 3. 

ditroite. A coarse-grained, deep-seated rock, 
falling in the alkali-syenite subdivision. 
Consists essentially of alkali feldspar, to- 
gether with nepheline (elaeolite), sodalite, 
and (usually) a small content of soda am 
phiboles and/or soda pyroxenes. C.T.D. 

diurnal fluctuations. Variations occurring 
within a 24-hour period and related to 
the rotation of the earth. Hy. 

diurnal inequality. a. The departure easterly 
or westerly from the mean value of the 
declination for the day. Mason, v, 2, p. 
719. b. In tides, the difference in height 
and/or time of the two high waters or of 
the two low waters of each day; also, the 
difference in velocity of either of the two 
flood currents or of the two ebb currents 
of each day. Hy. 

diurnal variation. a. The daily variation in 
the earth’s magnetic field. A.G.J. b. In 
tides, having a period or cycle of approxi- 
mately 1 lunar day (24.84 solar hours). 
The tides and tidal currents are said to 
be diurnal when a single flood and single 
ebb occur each lunar day. Hy. 

divalent; bivalent. Having a valence of 2; for 
example, cobalt which has valences of 2 
and 3. Webster 3d. 

diver. Small plummet, so adjusted as to den- 
sity that by rising or falling it can be 
used to show whether specific gravity of 
pulp is above or below a desired con- 
trol point. If pulp is opaque, diver can 
initiate magnetic signal, or in a pulp con- 
taining magnetic material can carry radio- 
active marking material. Pryor, 3. 

divergence. S. Afr. The departure of actual 
values from normal values, etc. Beerman. 

divergence loss. That part of the transmis- 
sion loss which is due to the spreading of 
sound rays in accordance with the geom- 
etry of the situation, For example, in the 
case of spherical waves emitted by a point 
source, the sound pressure at a point 20 
yards distant from the source will be only 
half as great as the sound pressure 10 
yards from the source. Hy. 

divergent. Extending in different directions 
from a point; radiating. Shipley. 

diver method. A technique for the determi- 
nation of particle size by sedimentation. 
The specific gravity at a given depth in a 
sedimenting suspension is determined by 
means of small loaded glass divers of 
known specific gravities in a range be- 








336 


tween the specific gravity of the dispersion 
medium and that of the homogeneous sus- 
pension, If a diver is placed under the sur- 
face of a sedimenting suspension, it will 
descend to a level where its weight is 
equal to the weight of suspension dis- 
placed; it will then continue to descend 
at the same rate as the largest particles 
at the level of its geometrical center of 
gravity and at a greater rate than all the 
particles in the suspension located above 
that level. Dodd. 

diver’s bends. See decompression illness. Mc- 
Adam, p. 163. 

diversion. A channel so excavated as to di- 
vert a stream or river away from a work- 
ing site in order that construction might 
safely proceed to completion. Ham. 

diversion valve. A valve which permits flow 
to be directed into any one of two or more 
pipes. Nichols. 

diversity factor. The ratio of the sum of the 
individual maximum loads during a period 
to the simultaneous maximum loads of all 
the same units during the same period. 
Always unity or more. Strock, 10. 

diversity ratio. The relationship between the 
maximum and minimum illumination over 
a given plane area. Nelson. 

diver’s palsy. See decompression illness. Mc- 
Adam, p. 163. 

diver’s paralysis. Similar to caisson disease. 
Ham. 

divide. a. The land crest marking the boun- 
dary between adjacent watersheds; in 
North America the Continental Divide sep- 
arates the waters flowing into the Atlantic 
Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific. 
Sinkankas b. The watershed or height of 
land from which the heads of streams flow 
in opposite directions. Also called dividing 
range. Fay. 

divided cell. A cell containing a diaphragm 
or other means for physically separating 
the anolyte and catholyte. Lowenheim. 

dividers; bunton. Cross-steel or timber pieces 
in a circular or rectangular shaft. They 
serve to divide the shaft into compartments 
and may also carry the cage guides, étc. 
Nelson. 

dividing slate. A stratum of slate separating 
two benches of a coalbed; a parting. Fay. 

diviner. One who purportedly divines the 
location of oil, gas, water, or ore deposits 
in the earth; a dowser.A.G.I. 

diving apparatus. See Dunlop diving appara- 
tus; A.N.S. amphibian apparatus. Mce- 
Adam, pp. 163-166. 

diving bell. A watertight, bell-shaped steel 
chamber which can be lowered to or raised 
from a freshwater or seawater bed by a 
crane, It is open at the bottom and filled 
with compressed air, so that men can pre- 
pare foundations and undertake similar 
construction work underwater. Ham. 

diving saucer. A circular-shaped submersible 
for undersea exploration. Already success- 
fully put to use by Capt. Jacques-Yves 
Cousteau, a French oceanographer. Hy. 

divining; dowsing. A method of searching for 
water or minerals by holding a hazel fork 
(or other device) in the hands, and the 
free end is said to bend downwards when 
a discovery is made. In the Middle Ages, 
the divining rod was closely associated with 
the mine surveying profession. The water 
diviner has not succeeded when submitted 
to impartial scientific tests. Nelson. 

divining rod. A forked piece of tree branch 
considered by some to have magic proper- 
ties when held in the hands of a dowser. 


do- 


The branch is supposed to dip when held 
over oil, gas, water, or ore deposits, de- 
pending upon the specialty of the dowser. 
Agricola discussed this method of explora- 
tion in De Re Metallica, published in 1556. 
Synonym for dowsing rod; wiggle stick. 
AGI. 

divisional plane. A plane which divides a 
rock into separate masses, large or small, 
in the same way as a joint, or a fissure. 
Fay. 

division gate. A structure dividing the flow 
between two or more laterals. Ham. 

division method. One of three recognized 
methods for determining the average ve- 
locity of airflow in a mine roadway by 
anemometer. This is the precise method 
of determining the mean velocity of the 
air current. The cross-sectional area is di- 
vided off, or is imagined to be so divided, 
into a number of portions of equal area, 
and the central velocity of each subdivision 
is ascertained. The number of subdivisions 
will depend upon the shape of the airway. 
and the nature of the flow. This method 
takes time, and is used only for very im- 
portant work, such as fan testing. Com- 
pare single spot method; traversing meth- 
od. Roberts, I, p. 50. 

Division Order. A statement issued by the 
pipe line purchasing company setting out 
the names and fractional participations of 
the working interest and royalty owner- 
ship under a producing property. Wheeler. 

division rope. Aust. See buffer rope. Fay. 

division wall. A wall of refractory bricks 
between two adjacent settings in a bench 
of gas retorts. Dodd. 

divot. Term used in Northern England and 
in Scotland for peat or turf. Tomkeiff, 
1954. 

dixanthogen. A breakdown product of xan- 
thate collectors (flotation agents) with 
some residual value for that purpose. 
Pryor, 3. 

dixenite. A nearly black hydrous arsenite and 
silicate of manganese, MnSiOs.2Mn2(OH)- 
AsOs. Rhombohedral. Aggregates of thin 
folia. From Langban, Sweden. English. 

dizzue. Corn. See dissuing. Fay. 

djalmaite. A very rare, moderately to strongly 
radioactive, yellowish-brown,  greenish- 
brown, or brownish-black, isometric min- 
eral, (U,Ca,Pb,Bi,Fe) (Ta,Cb,Ti,Zr ) sOs.- 
nH.O, found as shining octahedral crystals 
in granite pegmatite asscciated with colum- 
bite, magnetite, samarskite, garnet, beryl, 
tourmaline, and bismuth minerals; from 
Brejauba, Minas Geraes, Brazil. The tan- 
talum analogue of betafite. Crosby, pp. 
16-17; Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

Djulfian. Upper upper Permian. A.G.I. Supp. 

djurleite. A mineral, Cu.oS. Hey, MM, 1964; 
Fleischer. 

dkl Abbreviation for dekaliter. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

dkm Abbreviation for dekameter. 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

dkm? Abbreviation for square dekameter. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 62. 

D-link. A flat iron bar attached to chains, 
and suspended by a rope from a windlass. 
It forms a loop in which a man sits when 
lowered or raised in a shaft or winze. Fay. 

D.L.T. reagents. Condensation products of 
ethanolamine and higher fatty acids, used 
as flotation agents (collectors). Pryor, 3. 

dm Abbreviation for decimeter. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

do. Leic.; Derb. See bout, b. Fay. 

do-. A prefix indicating that one factor domi- 


BuMin 





| do- 


nates over another within the ratios 7 to | 

and 5 to 3 (7 and 1.67); for example, 

|. docalcic, dofemic, and dosaic. Hess. 
|idoab. a. The tract of land between two 
|| streams immediately above their conflu- 

' ence. Standard, 1964. b. The confluence 

of two streams. Standard, 1964. 

|idoar. Corn. The earth; whence ore, the earth 

of metals. Fay. 

\idobbin. Semiautomatic chamber dryer, con- 

sisting of rotating compartments, in which 

the clayware, as it comes from the cup- or 
plate-making machines, is dried on or in 
the plaster molds. Rosenthal. 

‘dobby wagon. York. A cart for conveying 
waste material (rock, etc.) from a mine. 
Fay. 

jdobie. a. An irregular shape of either raw 
or burned material used sometimes in a 
stage of the manufacture of refractories. 
A.RJ. b. A molded block of ground clay 
or other refractory material, usually crudely 
formed, and either raw or fired. HW. 
c. The mudcap or adobe method of sec- 
ondary blasting and/or breaking boulders 
on the surface or in a borehole. See also 

| mudcap. Long. d. Synonym for adobe. 

|| Long. 

| oat man. See blaster. D.O.T. 1. 

‘Dobson prop. An hydraulic prop which is 
basically a self-contained hydraulic jack 
with an integral pump unit built into the 
prop. It is designed to yield at 25 tons and 

| has a setting load of 6 tons. Nelson. 
Dobson support system. A_ self-advancing 
support for use on longwall faces. One unit 
embodies three props. The front prop, 
which is attached to the face conveyor, 
carries two roof bars side by side which 
give cantilever support over the conveyor 
track. The two rear props are mounted on 
a common floor bar and carry a single roof 
bar which passes between the two front 
bars. The front prop is attached to the 
rear structure only by the advancing ram 
within the box structure of the floor bar. 
Nelson. 
\idock. a. In New York and Pennsylvania, a 
| local term among bluestone quarrymen and 
dealers for yards where the bluestone is 
unloaded as hauled from the quarries, 
and reloaded for transportation by rail or 
water to its destination. Fay, b. A crib for 
holding loose or running rock from ob- 
structing a track or passageway. Fay. 

dock boss. In anthracite and bituminous coal 
mining, a foreman who checks run-of-mine 
coal (coal not sized, screened, or cleaned) 
in mine cars or as it is dumped on picking 
tables for removal of impurities by slate 
pickers. Also called docking boss; gager. 
D.OD. 1: 

(docked. Alleged unfair or mistaken deduc- 
tions from a miner’s wages. Nelson. 

) docket. A pay ticket containing particulars 
of shifts worked, coal filled, yardage driven, 
and other work done, including the total 

| _ wages less deductions. Nelson. 

\ docking. The immersion of building bricks in 
water as soon as they are taken from the 
kiln; this is done only when the bricks are 
known to contain lime nodules and is a 
method for the prevention of lime blowing. 
See also lime blowing. Dodd. 

) docking boss. See dock boss. D.O.T. 1. 

) docrystalline. Suggested by Cross, Iddings, 
Pirsson, and Washington for hypocrystal- 
line rocks in which the ratio of crystals to 
glass is less than 7:1 and greater than 5:3. 
Obsolete. Johannsen, v. 1, 1939, p. 208. 

‘doctor. a. To treat a poor-quality carbon 






















337 


with substances such as oil, wax, gutta- 
percha, solder, gum, or resin, to camou- 
flage its defects, hence changing its appear- 
ance to make it look like a better grade 
stone. Also called dope. Long. b. A make- 
shift, temporary repair. Long. c. As used 
in the mining industry, to salt. Long. 

doctor blade. a. A thin, flexible, piece of steel 
used for smoothing a surface, for example, 
for cleaning excess color from the engraved 
copper plate used in printing on pottery. 
Dodd. b. A blade used for parting thin 
ceramic sheets or wafers of the type used 
in miniature condensers. Dodd. 

soc sick mines. See grave robber. Hoov, 
p. 275. 

doctor solution. A solution made by adding 
litharge to a sodium hydroxide solution. 
Used in sweetening petroleum distillates 
(as naphtha) by reaction with any mal- 
odorous sulfur compounds (as mercaptans) 
present. Webstre 3d. 

document glass. An ultraviolet absorbing 
glass used for protecting documents. ASTM 
C162-66. 

Dodd buddle. A round table resembling in 
operation a Wilfley table, and also like the 
Pinder concentrator except that it is con- 
vex instead of concave. The tables does not 
revolve but has a peripheral jerking motion 
imparted to it circumferentially by means 
of a toggle movement. Liddell, 2d, p. 386. 

dodecacalcium heptaluminate. 12CaO.7A1.Os:; 
melting point, 1,455° C. A constituent of 
high alumina hydraulic cement. This com- 
pound was formerly believed to be pentacal- 
cium trialuminate (5CaO.3AlO3). Dodd. 

dodecahedral cleavage. In the isometric sys- 
tem, a cleavage parallel to the faces of the 
rhombic dodecahedron. Fay. 

dodecahedral mercury. Native amalgam con- 
taining 75 percent mercury and 25 percent 
silver. Fay. 

dodecahedron. a. An isometric form composed 
of 12 equal rhombic faces, each parallel to 
one axis and intersecting the other two 
axes at equal distances, specifically named 
the rhombic dodecahedron. Fay. b. An iso- 
metric form composed of 12 equal pen- 
tagonal faces, each parallel to one axis and 
intersecting the other two axes at unequal 
distances; specifically named the pentago- 
nal dodecahedron of the pyritohedron from 
the occurrence of some pyrite crystals in 
this form. Fay. c. Also called Brazilian 
stone by diamond-bit setters because, be- 
fore discovery of the African diamond 
fields, practically all diamonds, other than 
carbon, produced in Brazil and used in 
diamond bits were dodecahedral-shaped 
diamonds. Long. 

dodecant. One of the 12 divisions into which 
space is divided by the four reference axes 
of the hexagonal crystal system. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Dodge crusher. Similar to the Blake crusher, 
except the movable jaw is hinged at the 
bottom. Therefore the discharge opening 
is fixed, giving a more uniform product 
than the Blake with its discharge opening 
varying every stroke. Liddell 2d, p. 356. 
This type of crusher gives the greatest 
movement on the largest lump. Fay. 

Dodge pulverizer. A hexagonal barrel revolv- 
ing on a horizontal axis, containing per- 
forated die plates and screens. Pulverizing 
is done by steel balls inside the barrel. 
Liddell 2d, p. 356. 

DOFP. Direct-on finish process of vitreous 
enameling. Dodd. 

dog. a. Any of various devices for holding, 








dog iron 


gripping, or fastening something. Webster 
3d. b. A drag for the wheel of a vehicle. 
Webster 3d. c. Scot. A  hook-headed 
spike for fastening down flat-bottomed rails. 
d. Scot. A spring hook, most commonly 
in use for attaching a sinking bucket to the 
winding rope. Fay. e. An iron bar, spiked 
at the ends, with which timbers are held 
together and steadied. Fay. f. A short, 
heavy iron bar, used as a drag behind a car 
or trip of cars when ascending a slope to 
prevent them running back down the slope 
in case of an accident; a drag. Fay. g. See 
casing dog; pipe dog. Fay. h. Can. Slang 
for hopeless property or mining stock. 
Hoffman. i. A heavy duty latch. Nichols. 
j. To hold, grip, or fasten. Long. k. A non- 
standard or poorly made tool or piece of 
drilling equipment, Long. 1. A round iron 
rod, with the pointed ends bent at right 
angles. Stauffer. m. A kind of nail with the 
top bent at right angles instead of having 
a head. Mason. n. A device attached to the 
workpiece by means of which the work is 
revolved. ACSG, 1963. 0. A trigger which 
limits the advance of a traversing table. 
ACSG, 1963. 

dog-and-chain. a. An iron lever with a chain 
attached by which props are withdrawn. 
Fay. b. See dog belt. Fay. 

dog belt. Mid. A strong broad piece of 
leather buckled around the waist, to which 
a short piece of chain is attached, passing 
between the legs of the man drawing a dan 
(tub) in a mine. Fay. 

dog clip. Aust. Same as clip. Fay. 

dogger. a. A concretionary mass of calcareous 
sandstone. A.G.I, Supp. b. An ironstone 
concretion. A.G.J. Supp. c. Clev. A bed 
of inferior ironstone overlying the main 
seam. Fay. d. Scot. An irregular piece of 
stony coal in a seam. Fay. 

doggy. a. S. Staff. An underground super- 
intendent, employed by the butty. Fay. 
b. Eng. Haulage corporal. Mason. 

doghole. A small opening from one place in 
a coal mine to another; smaller than a 
breakthrough. Fay. 

doghole mine. Name applied to small coal 
mines that employ fewer than 15 miners. 
The so-called dogholes are most numerous 
in Kentucky, but there are many in Vir- 
ginia and West Virginia. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

dogholes. See doghole mine. 

dog hook. a. Eng. A long hook for drawing 
any empty wagon. Fay. b. A strong hook 
or wrench for separating iron boring rods. 
Fay. c. An iron bar with a bent prong, 
used in handling logs. Fay. 

doghouse. a, A term used in Joplin, Mo., for 
a washroom; dryhouse; changehouse. Fay. 
b. A term used in Joplin, Mo., for a box 
or platform on which a can or bucket rests 
at the bottom of a shaft. Fay. c. The struc- 
ture enclosing the drill platform and ma- 
chine. Long. d. A small shelter in which 
members of a drill crew change clothing. 
Long. e. See forechamber. Fay. f. A small 
boxlike vestibule on a glass furnace into 
which the batch is fed, or which facilitates 
the introduction and removal of floaters. 
ASTM C162-66. 

dog iron. A short bar of iron with both ends 
pointed and bent down so as to hold to- 
gether two pieces of wood into which the 
points are driven; or one end may be bent 
down and pointed, while the other is 
formed into an eye, so that if the point be 
driven into a log, the other end may be 
used to haul on. Zern. 


dogleg 


dogleg. a. An abrupt, angular change in the 
course of a borehole; also, the deflected 
borehole drilled from a parent hole to make 
an additional intersection of a vein or 
other structure. Long. b. An abrupt bend 
or kink in a wire rope or cable. Long. 
c. An abrupt bend in a path, piping sys- 
tem, or road. Long. 

dogleg severity. Same as deflection angle; 
hole curvature. Long. 

dog-on; dug-on. Scot. To put the hutches 
on the cage. This term probably had its 
origin in the hooking of the bucket to the 
rope by means of a dog hook. Fay. 

dogs. a. Eng. In the plural; bits of wood 
at the bottom of an air door. Fay. b. See 
cage shuts. Fay. c. See dog. Fay, d. A tool 
for gripping pipes and other round mate- 
rial or parts. Mason. 

dog spike. A spike generally used to fasten 
rails to the sleepers when laying track. 
Their length should be one-half inch less 
than the depth of the sleeper into which 
they are being pounded. Sinclair, V, p. 263. 

dog’s teeth; dragon’s teeth. A fault sometimes 
found on the edges of a rectangular ex- 
truded column of clay, the greater friction 
at the corners of the die holding the clay 
back relative to the center of the extruding 
column; if this corner friction is too great, 
it results in a regular series of tears along 
the edges of the column. Methods for cur- 
ing the fault are increasing the moisture 
content of the clay, improving the lubrica- 
tion of the die, or enlarging the corners of 
the die at the back of the mouthpiece. 
Dodd. 

dogstone. A rough or shaped stone used for 
a millstone. Fay. 

dog’s tooth. Brick so laid that their corners 
project from the face of floaters. ACSG. 

dogtooth pearl. Tusklike baroque pearl. 
Shipley. 

dogtooth spar. A variety of calcite that occurs 
in acute crystals resembling the tooth of 
a dog. Webster 3d. 

dogwatch. Aust. The night shift in a colliery. 
See also graveyard shift. Fay. 

dog whipper. Eng. A master hauler. Nelson. 

dohyaline. Suggested by Cross, Iddings, Pirs- 
son, and Washington for hypocrystalline 
rocks that are dominantly glass, and in 
which the ratio between crystals and glass 
is less than 3:5 and greater than 1:/. 
Obsolete. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 208. 

doit. Eng. Foulness, or damp air. Fay. 

dol. Corn. Any part or share of the adven- 
ture or tin ore, as one-eighth, one-sixteenth, 
one-thirty-second, or the like. Fay. 

dolarenite. Dolomite rock composed of sand- 
sized grains. A.G.J. Supp. 

dole. A division of a parcel of ore. Also 
spelled dol. Fay. 

dolerine. A variety of talc schist containing 
feldspar and chlorite as the chief varietal 
minerals; from the Pennine Alps. Holmes, 
1928. 

dolerite. a. In the United States, a dark 
igneous rock, the mineral constituents of 
which are not determinable megascopically. 
Webster 3d. b. A coarse basalt. See also 
diabase. Webster 3d. Also called bluestone. 

doleritic. See ophitic; diabasic. A.G.I. 

dolerophanite. A brown opaque anhydrous 
basic copper sulfate, 2CuO.SO;; contains 
53.1 percent copper; reported from Vesu- 
vius. Larsen, p. 215. 

dolina. One of the natural funnelform water 
tubes worn down vertically through lime- 
stone strata to underground drainage. 
Satndard, 1964. 











338 


doline. a. Called by English writers swallow 
hole, sinkhole, or cockpit, it is a rounded 
hollow ranging from 30 to 3,000 feet in 
diameter and from 6 to 330 feet in depth. 
It may be either dish-, funnel-, or well- 
shaped. Besides being a simple basin, the 
doline also occurs as a chimney communi- 
cating below with blind cavities, with 
underground river courses, or with systems 
of fissures, the first are known in France 
as avens, and the seccnd in Jamaica as 
light holes. Synonym for dolina. A.G.I. 
b. It. A funnel-shaped cavity which com- 
municates with the underground drainage 
system in a limestone region. A.G.I. 

dollar. A unit of reactivity. One dollar is the 
amount of reactivity in a reactor due to 
delayed neutrons alone. L@L. 

dollie. See dolly, h. Long. 

dolly. a. Aust. An instrument used for 
breaking and mixing clay in the puddling 
tub. Fay. b. A heavy timber shod with 
iron, and hung from a tree or other sup- 
port and formerly used for crushing quartz. 
Fay. c. To break up quartz with a piece 
of wood shod with iron, in order to be able 
to wash out the gold. Fay. d. A trucklike 
platform, with a single roller attached, 
used in shifting beams, lumber, etc., and 
serving as a fixed roller when inverted. 
Standard, 1964. e. A counterbalance weight 
sometimes used in a hoisting shaft. Nelson. 
f. A tool used to sharpen drills. Stauffer. 
g. A unit consisting of draw tongue, an 
axle with wheels, and a turntable platform 
to support a trailer gooseneck. Nichols. h. A 
low wheel-mounted frame designed to sup- 
port heavy pieces of equipment while being 
moved. Long. i. A stationary roller. Long. 
j. See car. ASA MH4.1-1958. k. To con- 
centrate (ore) by the use of a dolly. 
Standard, 1964. 1. A wooden disk for stir- 
ring the ore in a dolly tub, in ore concen- 
tration by the tossing and packing process. 
Standard, 1964. m. See dolly tub. Fay. 

dolly dimples. A slight defect in cast-iron 
vitreous enamelware, blisters in a leadless 
enamel having almost completely healed. 
Dodd. 

dollying. N.S.W. The operation applied in 
the field in which the vein or reef material 
is first reduced to a powder in order that 
its free gold content can be tested. The 
fine powder is then washed in a prospect- 
ing dish in the usual way. New South 
Wales, pp. 139-140. 

dolly pot. A simple appliance to reduce small 
quantities of ore to a fine form suitable for 
washing. See also prospecting dish. Nelson. 

dolly tub; kieve. A large wooden tub used for 
the final washing of valuable minerals 
separated by water concentration in ore 
dressing. See also tossing; dolly. C.T.D. 

dolly wagon. A wagon for the conveyance of 
dirt from a mine. C.T.D. 

dolly wheels. Pairs of wheels used to support 
rods of a Cornish pump working on a 
slope. Pryor, 3. 

dololutite. A very fine-grained dolomite rock. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

doloma. Calcined dolomite, that is a mixture 
of the oxides CaO and MgO. Dodd. 

dolomicrite. A dolomite rock consisting of 
less than 2 percent allochems. A.G.I. Supp. 

dolomite. a. A carbonate of calcium and 
magnesium, CaMg(COs)2; rhombohedral; 
usually some shade of pink or flesh color, 
but may be colorless, white, gray, green, 
brown, or black; transparent to translu- 
cent; luster, vitreous, pearly in some varie- 
ties; Mohs’ hardness, 3.5 to 4; specific 





dolphin 


gravity, 2.85. In the United States is found 
as masses of sedimentary rock in many of 
the Middle Western States, and in crystals 
in the Joplin district. Mo. Used as a build- 
ing and ornamental stone, for the manu- 
facture of certain cements. Dana 17, pp. 
338-340. b. A term applied to those rocks 
that approximate the mineral dolomite in 
composition. Occurs in a great many crystal- 
line and noncrystalline forms the same as 
pure limestone, and among rocks of all 
geological ages. When the carbonate of 
magnesia is not present in the above pro- 
portion, the rock may still be called a mag- 
nesian limestone, but not a dolomite, 
strictly speaking, Fay. c. A limestone con- 
taining in excess of 40 percent of mag- 
nesium carbonate as the dolomite molecule. 
ASTM C119-50. 

dolomite brick. Brick made mostly of dolo- 
mite and used for furnace linings. Hess. 

dolomite, fused. A mixture of cubic crystals 
of calcium and magnesium oxides, fused in 
the electric furnace. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dolomite marble. A crystalline variety of 
limestone, containing in excess of 40 per- 
cent of magnesium carbonate as the dolo- 
mite molecule. ASTM C119-50. 

dolomitic. Composed of or similar to dolo- 
mite. Fay. 

dolomitic conglomerate. Som. Breccia con- 
glomerate of Keuper age. Arkell. 

dolomitic lime. Lime containing 30 to 50 
percent magnesium and 70 to 50 percent 
calcium oxide as contrasted with a lime 
containing 95 to 98 percent calcium oxide. 
ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

dolomitic limestone; dolomite limestone. a. 
A limestone containing dolomite, but in 
which the content of CaCO; exceeds that 
of MgCOs. Holmes, 1928. b. A calcareous 
sedimentary rock centaining calcite or ara- 
gonite in addition to dolomite. C.M.D. 

dolomitite. A rock composed of dolomite. See 
also dolostone. A.G.I. Supp. 

dolomitization; dolomization. The process by 
which limestone, CaCO:, becomes dolo- 
mite, CaMg(COs)s, through the substitu- 
tion of magnesium for some of the calcium, 
If the conversion from a limestone forma- 
tion to a dolomite formation is complete 
and the MgCOs content of the rock ap- 
proximates the maximum percentage, the 
45.7 weight-percent of MgCQOs in the min- 
eral dolomite, considerable shrinkage occurs 
that is expressed physically by the appear- 
ance of pores, cavities, and fissures that 
may amount to as much as 11 percent by 
volume of the original rock. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

dolomorphic. In an insoluble residue, a con- 
dition in which calcite or dolomite has 
been replaced by an insoluble mineral 
which fills the rhombohedral dolomoldic 
cavity in chert or in another matrix. A.G.I. 

doloresite. A hydrous vanadium oxide, 3Ve- 
O..4H2O; monoclinic (pseudo-orthorhom- 
bic). Dark-brown alteration product of 
montroseite in sandstone from the Colo- 
rado Plateau. Named for the Dolores River, 
Colo. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

dolorudite. A dolomite rock consisting of 
grains larger than sand size. A.G.J, Supp. 

dolostone. Proposed by Strock for a sedimen- 
tary rock composed of fragmental, concre- 
tionary, or precipitated dolomite of organic 
or of inorganic origin. A.G.I. 

dolphin. A fixed mooring in the open sea 
formed of a number of piles, or a guide 
for ships entering a narrow harbor mouth. 
Ham. 























domain 


jdomain. A substructure in a ferromagnetic 
material within which all of the elementary 
magnets (electron spins) are held alined 
in one direction by interatomic forces; if 
isolated, a domain would be a saturated 
permanent magnet. ASM Gloss. 

|) domatic. Relating to a dome; a horizontal 
prism. Shipley. 

|}dome. a. A symmetrical structural uplift hav- 
}| ing an approximately circular outline in 
plan view, and in which the uplifted beds 
dip outwards more or less equally in all 
directions from the center, which is both 
the highest point of the structure and 
locally of the uplifted beds. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. A° mountain having a 
smoohtly rounded summit of rock that re- 






| 





A.G.I. c. An open crystal form consisting 
of two parallel faces that truncate the inter- 
sections of two sets of pinacoids and are 
astride a symmetry plane. Formerly, con- 
sidered to be an open crystal form which 

parallels either one of the lateral axes, a 

or b, and cuts the other lateral axis, b or a, 

and the vertical axis c. Bureau of Mines 

Staff. See also salt dome. d. In Morrison’s 

pressure ring theory concerning large exca- 

vations, it is postulated that the stress con- 
centration at the surface of an opening is 
relieved and that the areas of higher stress 
move back into the surrounding rock, 
where stability is reestablished. This new 
area is referred to as a dome, and it in- 
cludes the surface between the fracture 
zone and the area of maximum stress, the 
stress being a function of the shape of the 

dome. Lewis, pp. 622-623. e. Roof of a 

furnace that is roughly hemispherical in 

shape; the hood of a copper anode furnace. 

Bureau of Mines Staff. f. An acoustically 

transparent transducer enclosure, usually 

streamlined, used with echo ranging or 
listening devices to minimize turbulence 
and cavitation noises arising from the pas- 
sage of the transducer through the water. 

Hy. g. The steam chamber of a boiler. 

Compare air dome. Long. 

| dome brick. A brick in which both the large 
and the side faces are inclined towards 
each other in such a way that, with a num- 
ber of these bricks, a dome can be built. 
Dodd. 

| dome plug. A refractory shape, usually made 
of aluminous fireclay or of a refractory 
material of still higher alumina content, 
used in the top of the dome of a hot-blast 
stove. See also hot-blast stove. Dodd. 

|! Domerian. Upper Charmouthian. 
Supp. 

i domestic coal. a. Coal for use around colliery 

| in miners’ houses or for local sale. Zern. 
b. Sized coal for use in houses. Same as 
house coal. Zern. c. Coal used in country 
of origin; not for foreign consumption. 
Zern. 

‘domestic coke. Domestic coke is normally a 
byproduct at coal-gas plants and commer- 
cial byproduct plants. The general charac- 
teristics of the coal, therefore, are fixed by 
the requirements for gas and coking coals. 
Domestic coke varies greatly in quality, 
dependent upon the coal locally available 
and the quality of domestic fuel with 
which the coke competes. Coke containing 
less than 10 percent ash is an exceptionally 
good domestic fuel. Mitchell, p. 120. 

| domestic sampling. Routine sampling by mine 

officials for systematic control of mining 

operations. See also development sampling. 

Nelson. 


AGL 


sembles the cupola or dome on a building. 





399 


dome theory. Fayol, a Frenchman, in 1885 
stated that strata movements caused by 
underground excavations were limited by 
a kind of dome which had for its base the 
area of excavation, and that the move- 
ments diminished as they extended up- 
wards from the center of the area. This is 
known as the dome theory. See also harm- 
less depth theory; normal theory. Nelson 

domeykite. A reniform and botryoidal, tin- 
white to steel-gray copper arsenide, CusAs; 
also found massive and disseminated. Fay. 

dominant vitrain. A field term to denote, in 
accordance with an arbitrary scale estab- 
lished for use in describing banded coal, 
a frequency of occurrence of vitrain bands 
comprising more than 60 percent of the 
total coal layer. A.G.I. 

doming. As result of stope excavation a re- 
gion is set up above the open space, thought 
of as the dome. An inverted counterpart 
exists in the footwall, the stress of the un- 
supported rock being transferred to the 
stressed zone back of the stope face. If 
the rocks have reacted elastically, there is 
an expansion dome; when shear cracks are 
set up it is a fracture dome. Pryor, 3. 

domite. An extrusive rock composed essen- 
tially of sodic sanidine with minor oli- 
goclase, and biotite; commonly has a glassy 
groundmass and contains occult quartz. A 
plagioclase bearing trachyte with occult 
quarta. A.GI. 

donarite. An explosive consisting of 70 per- 
cent ammonium nitrate, 25 percent trini- 
trotoluol, and 5 percent nitroglycerin. 
Hackh’s Chem. Dict. 

donbassite. A group of hydrous aluminosili- 
cates, HuAlsSisOx, etc., with small amounts 
of Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, closely resembling 
pyrophyllite. Named from locality, Donetz 
Basin, Ukraine, U.S.S.R. Spencer 16, 
M.M., 1943. 

donk. N. of Eng. Clay or soft earth, found in 
crossveins and flats. See also doak. Fay. 

donkey. a. A winch with drums which are 
controlled separately by clutches and 
brakes. Nichols. b. See barney. Also used 
synonymously for donkey engine; donkey 
pump; donkey hoist. Fay.. 

donkey engine. a. Eng. A small steam en- 
gine attached to a large one, and fed from 
the same boiler; used for pumping water 
into the boiler. Zern. b. Eng. A small 
steam engine. Zern. 

donkey engineer. In anthracite and bitumi- 
nous coal mining, a general term for the 
attendant of a small auxiliary engine, 
powered by steam or compressed air, used 
to drive pumps to drain sumps (pits in 
which excess water is collected) or supply 
water to boilers, or to operate a hoist for 
a shallow shaft. Also called donkey run- 
ners DiOwm 1: 

donkey hoist. A small auxiliary hoisting drum 
and engine operated by steam, by com- 
pressed air, and sometimes by an electric 
motor or an internal-combustion engine. 
Long. 

donkey pump. Any of several kinds of com- 
bined pump and steam engine. It may be 
operated independently of the engine; used 
to supply water to a boiler, drain sumps, 
etc. Fay. 

donkey runner. See donkey engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

donkey winch; yarder. A two-drum towing 
winch. Nichols. 

donnick; donock; 
dornick. Fay. 

donor levels. Energy levels formed in the 
energy gap by excess electrons. VV. 


donnock. Variations of 








door stoop 


doodlebug. a. The essential treatment plant 
of a small dredge set on a pontoon. There 
is usually a hopper into which the drag- 
line dumps its spoil and which may have 
a grizzly arrangement, according to the 
nature of the gravel. A water supply 
washes the contents of the hopper into a 
revolving screen, feeding the fines over 
rifled tables and rejecting the stones and 
oversize by means of a stacker. This treat- 
ment plant or washing unit can be floated 
in the excavation dug by the dragline and 
is the ideal unit to install when small-scale 
operations are to be carried out below 
water level or where it is not necessary to 
use dry opencast paddock methods. Harri- 
son, p. 174. b. Any one of'a large number 
of unscientific devices with which it is 
claimed water, mineral, and oil deposits 
can be located. A.G.J. c. See douse; douser. 
Long. 

doodlebugger. a. An operator of a small non- 
floating placer dredge fed by a dragline or 
a shovel. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. See 
douser. Long. 

doodler. See machine scraper. D.O.T. 1. 

dook. a. Scot. A mine or roadway driven 
to the dip, usually the main road. See also 
slope. Fay. b. Som. An underground in- 
clined plane. Fay. 

dook workings. Scot. Workings below the 
level of the shaft bottom. Fay. 

door. a. A hinged or sliding frame or piece 
of wood, metal, stone or other material, 
generally rectangular, used for closing or 
opening an entrance or exit, as to a house, 
room, or other enclosure. Standard, 1964. 
Doors are placed in air passages of mines 
to prevent the ventilating current from 
taking a short cut to the upcast shaft, and 
to direct the current to the working face. 
Fay. b. A mine door is used for the pur- 
pose of directing the air current from its 
course on one entry so that it will traverse 
another entry, and also, to permit haulage 
equipment to pass through the first entry. 
It is essential in the construction of a mine 
door that it be hung so as to close with 
the ventilating pressure. In other words, 
the ventilating pressure will help to keep 
the door tightly closed. All efforts should 
be made to prevent leakage around the 
doors and when possible they should be 
hung in pairs to form air-locks to prevent 
unnecessary loss of air by being  short- 
circuited. Kentucky, p. 88. See also auto- 
matic door; air door; separation door; 
steel separation door. 

doorboy. See doorman. D.O.T. 1. 

door chain. Scot. A chain with adjusting 
screw by which the bucket and clack door 
of a pump are suspended. Fay. 

doorheads. Scot. The roof or top of the work- 
ings at a shaft. Fay. 

doorman. A laborer who opens ventilation 
doors in underground haulageways to allow 
trains and cars to pass to and from shaft 


or surface. Also called doorboy; door 
tender; door trapper; gateman; nipper; 
trapper; trapper boy. See also brattice 
man. D.O.T, 1. 


door opening tile. Standard rectangular tile 
for spanning door openings. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

door piece. The part of a pump which pro- 
vides access to the valves. Peel. 

doorstead. a. Eng. Upright timbers in the 
sides of levels for supports. Fay. b. Door- 
way. Webster 3d. 

door stoop. Scot. A pillar or block of min- 
eral left around a shaft for its protection. 


door stoop 


Fay. 

door tender. One whose duty it is to open 
and close a mine door before and after 
the passage of a train of mine cars; a 
trapper. Zern. 

door trapper. See door tender. Fay. 

door-type sampler. A soil-sampling tube or 
barrel equipped with an auger-type cutting 
shoe and made to be rotated to obtain 
samples of sand, gravel, and other granu- 
lar material. The body of the sampler is 
essentially a tube in which a small opening 
or window is machined and equipped with 
a covering, which can be latched shut 
while the sample is being taken. When the 
sampler is removed from the ground, the 
latch is released and the sample removed 
through the door or window. Also called 
window-tyep sampler. Long. 

dop. a. A copper cup with a wooden handle, 
in which a gem is soldered to be held 
while being cut or polished. Standard, 
1964. b. A device in which a diamond or 
other gem stone is held while being cut. 
Webster 3d. 

dopatic. Applied by Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, 
and Washington to porphyritic rocks in 
which the groundmass is dominant, the 
ratio of groundmass to phenocrysts being 
greater than 5:3 and less than 7:1. Jo- 
hannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 208. 

dope. a. Absorbent material, as sawdust, in- 
fusorial earth, mica, etc., used in certain 
manufacturing processes, as in making 
dynamite. Webster 2d. b. Heavy grease or 
other material used to protect or lubricate 
drill rods and/or open gears, chain and 
sprockets, etc. Also called gunk; rod dope; 
rod grease. Long. c. To apply a lubricant 
to drill rods, rod couplings, open gears, 
etc. Long. d. To doctor a drill diamond. 
See also doctor, a. Long. e. A rubberlike 
compound applied to granite surfaces be- 
fore inscriptions are cut in the granite. 
AIME, p. 328. f. A viscous liquid put 
on pipe threads to make a tight joint. 
Nichols. g. Slang for mold lubricant. 
ASTM C162-66. 

Doppler. A self-contained electronic system 
that makes use of Doppler’s principle of 
frequency shift of waves emanating from 
a moving source. In this system, a pulsed 
or continuous wave is sent diagonally 
downward fore and aft, and the frequen- 
cies are compared in order to obtain the 
true ground speed. The heading is ob- 
tained from a special magnetic compass 
and is maintained by a directional gyro 
used as an integrating device. The distance 
thus determined has a precision better 
than one part in a thousand, which is 
sufficient for most geophysical surveys. 
Dobrin, p. 323. 

Doppler effect. A shift in the measured fre- 
quency of a wave pattern caused by move- 
ment of the receiving device or the wave 
source. The moving receiver will intercept 
more or fewer waves per unit time, de- 
pending on whether it is moving toward 
or away from the source of the waves. By 
analogy, in a reactor, since fission cross 
sections depend on the relative velocity of 
the neutrons and the uranium atoms (neu- 
tron movement can be considered wave 
motion), vibration of the uranium atoms 
in a fuel element due to the increased 
operating temperature leads to the Dop- 
pler effect. This Doppler effect can vary 
the reactivity of the reactor. L@&L. 

dopplerite. a. The term dopplerite was intro- 
duced by W. Haidinger in 1849. It is 





340 


applicable only to material occurring in 
peat and soft brown coal. According to 
R. Potonie, distinction should be made 
between secondary true dopplerite, recent- 
ly formed in fissures in soft brown coal, 
and fossil dopplerite (Zittavite) originat- 
ing at the peat stage of soft brown coal. 
It is a black gelatinous material, solidify- 
ing as a result of loss of water to a black 
lustrous solid and chemically consists prin- 
cipally of free humic acids or as humic 
acid salts such as calcium humate. The 
properties of dopplerite are valueless for 
coal upgrading. Appreciable proportions of 
dopplerite have a detrimental effect on 
the strength of brown coal briquettes and 
brown coal coke. Dopplerite can be used 
as pigment in paints or coloring materials. 
Synonym for torf-dopplerit; Weichbraun- 
kohlen-dopplerit. Analogous terms are peat 
gel; brown coal gel. THCP, 1963, part I. 
b. A gel composed of ulmins (in peat) 
derived from plant carbohydrates either 
directly by bacterial action, or by chemical 
reactions between carbohydrates and ami- 
no acids produced by bacterial destruction 
of proteins. It was also suggested that 
dopplerite is the material that has impreg- 
nated vitrain and with later alteration, has 
produced the luster and conchoidal frac- 
ture of vitrain. It is further possible that 
altered dopplerite may constitute the par- 
ent material of structureless vitrain. A.G.I. 
c. An asphalt found in New Zealand and 
some parts of Siberia, U.S.S.R. It resem- 
bles elaterite. Fay. 

dopplerite sapropel. A variety of sapropel 
which contains much humic acid. Tom- 
keveff, 1954. 

Dordonian. Synonym for 
A.GI. Supp. 

dore. Gold and silver bullion which remains 
in a cupelling furnace after the lead has 
been oxidized and skimmed off. Fay. 

dore bullion. Same as base bullion. Compare 
dore. Fay. 

doreite. A lava of the andesite type contain- 
ing almost equal amounts of potash and 
soda. Considered to establish a transition 
between latites, shoshonites, and andesites. 
Hess. 

dore silver. Crude silver containing a small 
amount of gold, obtained after removing 
lead in a cupelling furnace. Same as dore 
bullion; dore metal. ASM Gloss. 

Dorfner test. A test for stress in glazed ware 
proposed by J. Dorfner; a cylinder of the 
ware is partly glazed and the shrinkage of 
the glazed portion is noted. Dodd. 

Dor furnace. A regenerative zinc-distillation 
furnace with heat-recuperating chambers 
at the ends of the furnace instead of be- 
neath the combustion chamber. Fay. 

dorgalite. An igneous rock consisting of an 
olivine basalt. Johannsen, v. 3, 1937, p. 
282. 

dormant volcano. See volcano. A.G.I. 

Dorn effect. The electrophoretic potential 
difference of a liquid resulting from the 
fall of particles through the liquid. Hess. 

dornick. a. A roundish stone or chunk of rock 
usually of a size suitable for throwing by 
hand. Webster 3d. b. A boulder of iron 
ore found in limonite mines. Webster 3d. 

dorr. A name proposed for glacial troughs 
opening both ways out of a mountain 
range, regardless of submergence. Hess. 

Dorr agitator. Circular tank equipped with 
bottom rakes, central air lift, and rotating 
launder at top. Used to aerate and stir 
pulp during cyanidation of gold ores. 


Maestrichtian. 











dosing tank 


Pryor, 3. 

Dorr mill. A tube mill designed for operation 
as a closed-circuit wet-grinding unit. See 
also tube mill. Dodd. 

Dorr rake classifier. A mechanical classifier 
consisting of an inclined settling tank and 
a rake-type conveying agitating mecha- 
nism. Feed introduced at the low end of 
the tank flows over a distributing apron 
toward the high end of the tank. The 
heavier materials of sand size settle into 
the rake zone and are raked up the slope 
and out the tank; slime and finer sands 
are carried over the rear wall in suspen- 
sion. Taggart, 1945, sec. 8, pp. 06-07. 

Dorr thickener. Large cylindrical vat with 
peripheral overflow and central bottom 
discharge. Ore pulp fed in at top center, 
gravitates down and is moved to discharge 
area by slowly circling ploughs while rela- 
tively clear liquid overflows. Pryor, 3. 

dorry machine. Apparatus for testing the 
abrasion resistance of a ceramic; the flat 
ends of cylindrical test pieces are abraded 
under standardized conditions by move- 
ment in contact with a specially graded 
sand. Dodd. 

Dortmund - Horder - Hutten Union (D-H) 
method. See vacuum degassing. 

Dosco miner. A heavy, crawler-tracked, 200- 
horsepower cutter loader designed for long- 
wall faces in seams over 4% feet thick, 
and takes a buttock 5 feet wide. The 
maximum cutting height is 7%_feet. Di- 
mensions: length 1734 feet, width 4% 
feet, and height 334 feet. The cutterhead 
consists of seven cutter chains mounted 
side by side and can be moved up and 
down radially to cut the coal from roof 
to floor. It delivers the coal onto the face 
conveyor by a short cross conveyor. Capac- 
ity is over 400 tons per machine and over 
4 tons output per man per shift. Nelson. 

dose. a. A special charge used in a blast fur- 
nace, designed to cure furnace troubles. 
Fay. b. The amount of ionizing radiation 
energy absorbed per unit mass of irradi- 
ated material at a specific location, such 
as a part of the human body. Measured 
in reps, rems, and rads. L@L. c. For ioniz- 
ing radiation the following terms have 
been internationally defined: absorbed 
dose, exposure dose, and integral absorbed 
dose. The word dose is frequently used 
to refer to any one of the above terms 
according to the context. NCB. 

dosemeter; dosimeter. Any instrument which 
measures radiation dose. NRC-ASA N1.1- 
1957. 

dosemic. Applied by Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, 
and Washington to porphyritic rocks in 
which the phenocrysts are dominant, the 
ratio of groundmass to phenocrysts being 
greater than 1:7 and less than 3:5. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

dose, permissible. The amount of radiation 
which may be received by an individual 
within a specified period with expectation 
of no harmful result to himself. (Super- 
sedes the term tolerance dose.) For long- 
continued X-ray or gamma-ray exposure 
of the whole body, it is 0.3 r per week 
measured in air. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

dose rate. The radiation dose delivered per 
unit time and measured, for instance, in 
rems per hour. See also dose. L@L. 

dosimeter. See dosemeter. 

dosing siphon. Automatic siphon for empty- 
ing the contents of a dosing tank. Ham. 

dosing tank. A tank into which partly treated 
or raw sewage flows. When a prescribed 

















dosing tank 


‘| quantity has collected, it is automatically 

|| discharged for treatment. Ham. 

|) dot. A small refractory distance piece for 

| separating cranks and setters. See also 

crank; setter. Dodd. 

|| dot agate. White chalcedony with round, col- 

‘| ored spots. Shipley. 

| 4 dot chart. a. Graphical aid used in correction 

‘| of station gravity for terrain effect, or com- 

| puting gravity effects of irregular masses; 

can be used also in magnetic interpreta- 
tion. A graticule. A.G.J. b. A graphical, 
| transparent chart used in the calculation 
| of the gravity effects of various structures; 
dots on the chart represent unit areas. 

AGL. 

| dot holes; dots. Eng. Small holes or openings 
in a vein, Derbyshire. Arkell. 

| dottling. The setting of pottery flatware hori- 
zontally on thimbles. See also thimble. 
Dodd. 

/ double. In rotary drilling, two pieces of drill 
rod left fastened together during raising 
and lowering. Nichols. Also called couple; 
couplet. 

\ double A. One of several terms (or letter 
symbols) used to designate medium-qual- 

ity drill diamonds. Long. 
| double-acting hammer. A forging hammer in 
which the ram is raised by admitting steam 
or air into a cylinder below the piston, 
and the blow intensified by admitting 
steam or air above the piston on the down- 
ward stroke. ASM Gloss. 

|, double-acting pump. Scot. A pump which 

discharges at both forward and backward 
stroke. Fay. 

| double-action die. A die designed to perform 
more than one operation in a single stroke 
of the press. ASM Gloss. 

| double-action forming (or drawing). Forming 
or drawing where more than one action 
is achieved in a single stroke of the press. 
ASM Gloss. 

| double-action mechanical press. A press hav- 
ing two independent parallel movements 
by means of two slides, one moving within 
the other. The inner slide or plunger is 
usually operated by a crankshaft, whereas 
the outer or blank-holder slide, which 
dwells during the drawing operation, is 
usually operated by a toggle mechanism 
or cams. ASM Gloss. 

| double-action press. A press for handling two 

| operations for each revolution of the press. 
It carries two rams, one inside the other, 
so actuated that one motion immediately 
follows the other. Crispin. 

| double-action pump. A pump whose water 

cylinders are equipped with intake and 

discharge valves at each end; hence liquid 
is delivered by the pump on both the for- 
ward and the backward strokes of the 
/ pump piston. Long. 
| double arch. Two separate parallel arches, 
built on the same skew or on two skews 
with faces in the same plane. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

double bank. a. To take up a claim parallel 
with and adjoining another claim con- 
taining an auriferous vein or deposit. Fay. 
b. Working with double sets or relays of 
men. Fay. 

double-bank cages. In Wales, cages having 

two decks, or a multiple of two, so that 
decking (caging) may be performed at 
two levels or banks. Fay. Also called mul- 
tiple-deck cages. 

| double-base powder. Ballistic powder contain- 

ing nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerin, chiefly. 

Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 











> 





341 


double-bevel groove weld. A groove weld in 
which the joint edge of one member is 
beveled from both sides. ASM Gloss. 

double block. a. A pair of multiple-sheave 
blocks reeved with rope or lines; a block 
and tackle. Long. b. Two pulleys or small 
sheaves mounted on a single shaft within 
a frame or shell. Long. 

double bond. In organic chemistry, a double 
linkage between two atoms of the same 
element; for example, ethylene; H:C= 
CH:2. One link is frequently stronger than 
the other. Crispin. 

double-branch elbow. A fitting that, in a 
manner, looks like a tee, or as if two 
elbows had been shaved and then placed 
together, forming a shape something like 
the letter Y ora crotch. Strock, 3. 

double-burned. Burned at a high tempera- 
ture. This does not mean two firings. 
AISI, No. 24. 

double-burned dolomite. a. Dolomite, with 
additions of oxides of iron, burned at a 
high temperature. A.R.IJ. (This does not 
mean two firings.) b. Clinkered dolomite. 
AISI, No. 24. 

double-cavity mold. A mold possessing two 
cavities for simultaneous fabrication of 
two articles of glass. ASTM C162-66. 

double-cavity process. Any glass-forming 
process that uses two charges of glass and 
forms them simultaneously. ASTM C162- 
66. 

double clutching. Disengaging and engaging 
the clutch twice during a single gear 
shift in order to synchronize gear speeds. 
Nichols. 

double-cone bit. A roller-type bit having two 
serrated, cone-shaped cutting members. 
See also roller bit. Long. 

double core barrel. a. A core barrel with an 
inner tube to hold the core. The inner 
tube does not rotate during drilling, there- 
by giving a better core recovery. Nelson. 
b. Synonym for double-tube core barrel. 
Long. 

double core-barrel drill. A core drill having 
an inner tube that is suspended on ball 
bearings and thus may remain still while 
the outer tube revolves. It is designed to 
bring out a core from a delicate material 
with a minimum of breaking or other 
damage. Fay. 

double corkscrew. A fishing tool having a 
pair of projecting, intertwined, corkscrew- 
shaped prongs used for removing broken 
drill steel or other obstacles from drill 
holes. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

double-crank press. A mechanical single- 
action press of such width that the slide 
is operated by a crankshaft having two 
crankpins to which two connections are 
attached. ASM Gloss. 

double crib. Eng. Two crib sets are placed 
back to back to form a two-compartment 
crib-lined raise. This technique is em- 
ployed in weak ground in place of a 
double compartment separated by only a 
single dividing member. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

double crossover. See scissors crossover. Ham. 

double-cut file. A file having teeth formed 
by two lines of cuts intersecting with each 
other. Ham. 

double-cut sprocket. For double-pitch roller 
chains, a sprocket having two sets of effec- 
tive teeth. Tooth spaces for the second set 
are located midway between those of the 
first set. /@M. 

double-deck gangway. A method of silling or 
working out 10 feet or so above the haul- 











double-entry zone test 


age level and forming a double-deck gang- 
way. Chutes are constructed at intervals 
for ore transfer into mine cars. Nelson. 

double decomposition. The name given to a 
chemical reaction in which two compounds 
take part, both are decomposed and two 
new substances formed by an interchange 
of radicals. Also called double replace- 
ment. Cooper. 

double-diamond bottom. Ark. An arrange- 
ment of track at the shaft bottom consist- 
ing of two parallel tracks (one to each 
compartment of the shaft) with a double 
crossover track between them. Fay. 

double dipping. Glazing by twice dipping a 
pottery shape into a vessel filled with glaze. 
ACSG, 1963. 

double-divided oven. See Wilputte oven. 

double-double unit conveyor. A longwall con- 
veyor layout in which the center or main 
gate serves two double units, one on each 
side. The gate belts from each double unit 
deliver the coal onto cross-gate belts which 
in turn deliver to the main gate conveyor 
and then by trunk conveyor or cars to the 
pit bottom. Single or double units are 
usually preferred. Nelson. 

double draining. A defect evidenced by flow- 
ing of the slip on the ware which occurs 
after it appears that draining has been 
completed. ASTM C286-65. 

double drill column. A pair of drill columns 
connected by a heavy horizontal arm on 
which a rotary- or percussive-type drill 
machine can be mounted. See also drill 
column. Long. 

double drum. Hoisting device having two 
cable spools or drums rotating in opposite 
directions. Long. 

double-drum hoist. A hoist with two drums 
which can be driven separately or together 
by a clutch. See also main-and-tail haul- 
age. Nelson. 

double-duo mill. Has two pairs of rolls, 
mounted in one stand, one pair of rolls 
being higher than, and in advance of the 
other. Osborne, p. 357. 

double-ended. A term applied to any cutter 
loader which can cut both ways on a 
longwall face without turning at each end. 
This requires cutting units at both ends 
of the machine and duplication of other 
essential parts. Nelson. 

double-ended pick; reversible pick. A dia- 
mond-shaped coal-cutter pick which is 
held in a special holder and chain. Both 
ends of the pick are used and then dis- 
carded. The type is used widely in the 
United States. See also coal-cutter picks. 
Nelson. 

double-engine plane. Loads are raised or low- 
ered on a slope by a stationary engine and 
wire rope, as in an inclined shaft. There 
is a double track, or three rails and turn- 
out; the descending trip assists the engine 
to raise ascending trip, thus eliminating 
dead load, except rope. Peele, v. 1, sec. 11, 
p. 42. 

double entry. a. A pair of entries in flat or 
gently dipping coal so laid out that rooms 
can be driven from both entries; twin 
entries. See also entry, b. Fay. b. A system 
of ventilation by which the air current is 
brought into the rooms through one entry 
and out through a parallel entry or air 
course. Fay. c. See main entry, b. Nelson. 

double-entry room-and-pillar mining. See 
room-and-pillar. Fay. 

double-entry zone test. A test in which coal 
dust is placed in each of two connected 
parallel entries. Rice, George S. 


double extra heavy 


double extra heavy. Synonym of double extra 
strong. Long. 

double extra strong. A certain class of very 
thick walled pipe, which sometimes is used 
as a drivepipe; often incorrectly called 
double extra heavy or extra heavy pipe. 
Long. 

double-face ware. Ware which has a finish 
coat on both surfaces. ASTM C286-65. 

double-fagoted iron. See fagoted iron. C.T.D. 

double-frit glaze. A glaze containing two frits 
of different compositions. As an example, 
a glaze may contain a lead frit and a 
leadless frit; the glaze is therefore rendered 
highly insoluble by the inclusion in the 
second frit of those constituents liable to 
increase lead solubility. Dodd. 

double glazing. a. Glazing with two panes 
separated by spacers and a layer of de- 
hydrated air which prevents misting. C.T. 
D. Supp. b. Two coats of glaze applied 
one over the other. AC'SG, 1963. 

double-gob process. See double-cavity proc- 
ess. ASTM C162-66. 

double hammer; duplex hammer. A forging 
device striking on opposite sides, as of a 
bloom. Standard, 1964. 

doublehand drilling. Manual rock drilling 
with a long handled sledge hammer re- 
quiring both hands. A second man holds 
the drill and turns it between strokes. 
Two or even three strikers may work 
together. Pryor, 3. 

doublehanded gear. Newc. Heavy drilling 
tools which require two men to use them. 
Fay. 

doubleheader. Applied to quarry equipment 
consisting of two independent channeling 
machines on a single truck, operated by 
one man. Fay. 

double headings. The driving of two coal 
headings, parallel and side by side, for 
development purposes. Usually a pillar 10 
to 20 yards wide is left between them. 
Formerly it was the practice at many coal 
mines to drive only one heading from 
which the stalls were turned off right and 
left. Two headings simplify ventilation 
and provide a second egress in an emer- 
gency. Nelson. 

double helical bag conveyor. Closely spaced 
parallel tubes with right and left hand 
rounded helical threads rotating in oppo- 
site directions on which bags or other 
objects are carried while being conveyed. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

double-hydraulic feed. A diamond-drill hy- 
draulic-feed mechanism having two par- 
allel pressure cylinders with piston rods 
connected by means of a yoke to the drive 
rod between the two cylinders. Long. Also 
called double-cylinder feed. 

double-image prism. A prism made of Iceland 
spar (optical calcite) giving two images 
of equal intensity but polarized at right 
angles to each other. Standard, 1964. 

double-inlet fan. A centrifugal fan in which 
air enters the impeller on both sides. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 2. Also called double- 
width fan. 

double intakes. See two intakes. Nelson. 

double jack. a. A two-hand heavy hammer, 
usually weighing about 10 pounds. Com- 
pare single jack, a. Long. b. A double or 
twin-screw drill column. Long. 

double jacking. Can. Rock drilling by hand 
performed by two men, one holding the 
steel bit and the other swinging the sledge 
hammer. Hoffman. 

double-J groove weld. A groove weld in 
which the joint edge of one member is in 








342 


the form of two J’s, one from either side. 
ASM Gloss. 

double jigback. An aerial ropeway in which 
two parallel track ropes are used, each 
carrying a carriage. See also jigback. Nel- 
son. J 

double-leg bucket elevator. A type of bucket 
elevator having the carrying and return 
runs enclosed in separate casings between 
the head and boot. See also bucket ele- 
vator. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

double leg en masse conveyor. An en masse 
conveyor or elevator in which the carry- 
ing and return runs are operated in sepa- 
rated parallel and adjacent casings. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

double load. A charge in a borehole separated 
by a quantity of inert material for the 
purpose of distributing the effect, or for 
preventing part of the charge blowing out 
at a seam or fissure, in which case the 
inert material is placed so as to include 
the seam. Fay. 

double mast. See A-frame. Long. 

double-men. See double-pick. Fay. 

double meridian distance. The sum of the 
perpendicular distances from the two ends 
of any line of a traverse to the initial, or 
reference, meridian. Seelye, 2. 

double packing. A form of strip packing 
which removes the localized high roof 
pressure from the vicinity of a roadway 
into a region in the goaf. It consists of 
two parallel packs adjacent to, and on 
each side of, the roadway, with the packs 
immediately at the roadsides built of such 
a width as to offer less resistance than 
wider and stronger packs (called buttress 
packs) more remote from the roadway. 
The principle of double packing was de- 
veloped by Dr. D. W. Phillips in Great 
Britain. Compare single packing. Nelson. 

double parting. A bypass for mine cars. See 
also junction. Nelson. 

double pearl. A pearl formed of two distinct 
pearls united under a nacreous coating. 
Shipley. 

double-pick; double-men. Corn. Two men 
who use one pick, one during the day, 
and one at night, so that the pick is kept 
constantly at work. Fay. 

double-pitch roller chain. A roller chain hav- 
ing double the pitch of a standard roller 
chain, otherwise having standard pins, 
bushings, and rollers. /@M. 

double-pulley-drive conveyor. A conveyor in 
which power is transmitted to the belt by 
two pulleys. Examples are (1) tandem- 
drive conveyor and (2) dual-drive con- 
veyor. NEMA MBI1-1961. 

double-reading theodolite. A theodolite with 
which it is possible to observe, from one 
position, the readings of the diametrically 
opposite points of both horizontal and 
vertical circles. C.T.D. 

double reduction. Two sets of gears in series 
that both reduce speed and increase power. 
Nichols. 

double-refracting spar. Same as Iceland spar. 
Fay. 

double refraction. Refraction shown by cer- 
tain crystals that split the incident ray 
into two refracted rays, polarized in per- 
pendicular planes. See also birefringence. 
Standard, 1964; A.G.I. 

double-roll breaker. A coalbreaker which, in 
the main, relies on the impact of special 
teeth for the bulk of reducing, rather than 
on the compression between the rolls. An 
important feature is adjustment, which 
may be made during operation. The ma- 








double-sighting 























chines are flexible enough to produce top) 
size ranging from 6 to 14 inches. Mitchell, 
pp. 200-202. 

double-roll crusher. A machine for breaking 
down ore, rock, or coal and to discharge 
the crushed material below. It consists of | 
heavy iron or steel cylinders revolving) 
toward each other, the surfaces of which) 
may be smooth or toothed—usually the 
latter. The smallest type can deal with 
lumps up to 8 inches and the largest will | 
take 20 inches. The crushed material varies | 
from about 6 to 1¥% inches and under. 
It is often used for crushing coal for me- 
chanical stokers or as a first step in pre- 
paring pulverized coal for firing boilers. 
See also spring-roll crusher. Nelson. 

double-roll press; Belgian press. A press in 
which pressure is applied by the mating | 
of one or more pairs of indented rolls of | 
equal diameter, revolving in opposite di- 
rections. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

double-roll verge tile. A single lap roofing tile 
having a roll on both edges so that verges 
on the two sides are similar. Dodd. ; 

double-room system. See room-and-pillar. 
Fay. 

double rose cut. Form of cutting consisting 
of two rose-cut forms joined along their. 
bases. See also rose cut. Shipley. 

double-round nose. The cross-sectional view | 
of the cutting face portion of a coring bit | 
when its profile is a full half circle, the 
radius of which is one-half the wall thick- 
ness or kerf of the bit face. Long. 

double-round nose bit. See double-round nose. 
Long. 

doubles. Som. The repeated folds or over- 
laps of the coal strata in the Radstock | 
district. Fay. ; 

double-screened ground refractory material. | 
A refractory material that contains its | 
original gradation of particle sizes result- | 
ing from crushing, grinding, or both, and | 
from which particles coarser and finer’ 
than two specified sizes have been removed | 
by screening. ASTM C71-64. 

double-seal manhole cover. A manhole cover | 
cast with two parallel flanges around its | 
edges which fit into corresponding recesses | 
in the supporting frame and into which | 
they are bedded in grease or similar sealing | 
compound. Ham. 

double setting. A leveling procedure whereby | 
observations are duplicated by resetting |) 
the instrument to detect errors of meas- | 
urement immediately. Also called dual | 
setting. BS 3618, 1963, sec. 1. i 

double-shear steel. Steel that has been twice © 
welded and drawn out. Standard, 1964. | 

double-shell tile. Tile with double faces sepa- 
rated by short webs. See also single-shell | 
tile. ACSG, 1963. 

double shift. a. Two sets of men at work, one © 
set relieving the other. Fay. b. To employ 
two shifts of men, or to work double shift. | 
Fay. 

double-shift places. At collieries where there | 
is only one recognized coal-winning shift 
in the 24 hours, it is a general practice to | 
have double shifts (and sometimes treble) 
of workmen in development headings which © 
require a speedy advance. Nelson. 

double-sighting. The method of double-sight- . 
ing consists in reading once with the tele- 
scope normal and once with it inverted, 
and taking the mean of the two values | 
thus obtained. It eliminates the effect of 
certain instrumental errors and reduces 
the personal error of observation. Urquhart, | 
SC, 1 Pulte 





I 










double sintering 


\idouble sintering. Process of roasting rich ore 
| in which the ore is sintered at a rapid rate 
| to partially reduce the sulfur content, fol- 
| lowed by crushing the resultant mass and 
sintering again at a slower rate. Bennett 
dnl 902: 
ouble sling. A chain or rope sling which is 
also termed a two-leg sling. Ham. 
louble-spaced neutron log. This method em- 
ploys two neutron logging tools with dif- 
ferent spacings between the source and the 
detector or two detectors in the same tool 
at different spacings. The spacings usually 
differ by 6 to 10 inches. The long-spaced 
log is run slowly and with a large time 
constant so that its statistical variation is 
not excessive, for the counting rate is much 
lower than that of the regular-spaced log. 
This technique has proved to be a potent 
technique for discriminating gas sands 
from oil sands in Venezuela. Wyllie, p. 149. 





jdouble spiral cut. A cylindrical drill-round 


_ cut whose spiral hole pattern gives the 
| widest opening and permits opposite holes 
| to be ignited successfully. This gives the 
best cleaning of the opening and safety in 
the advance is increased, since one section 
of the double spiral can give breakage irre- 


| spective of the other. Langefors, p. 244. 
'\double stall. An earlier system of working 


thick seams in South Wales. Two narrow 
stalls are turned off the heading and after 
advancing some 8 to 12 yards (so as to 
leave a pillar of coal next to the heading) 
are connected and the coal between them 
worked as a single face. Double stalls are 
intermediate between pillar-and-stall and 


longwall. Nelson. 
| 


|\double standard. A brick (particularly a re- 


fractory brick) that is twice as wide as a 
standard square, for example, 9 by 9 by 3 


| inches. Dodd. 


‘idouble-sweep tee. A tee made with easy 
curves between body and branch, that is, 
the center of the curve between run and 
branch lies outside the body. Strock, 3. 

doublet. An assembled stone of two portions, 
bound together by a colorless cement or 
fused together. If both portions are of the 
species being imitated, it is a genuine 
doublet; if of one portion it is a semi- 
genuine doublet; if it contains no portion 
of the species being imitated, it is a false 
doublet; if no portion is a genuine min- 
eral, then it is an imitation doublet. The 
stone to which this term is most generally 
applied is a semigenuine doublet of glass 
with a thin garnet top. See also hollow 
doublet. Shipley. 

Mionble-tape fuse. Fuse of superior quality, or 
having a heavier and stronger covering. 
Zern. 

\ double-thread method. A procedure for de- 

__ termining the coefficient of thermal expan- 

sion of a glass by forming a thread by 

fusing a fiber of the glass under test to a 

fiber of a glass of known expansion; from 

the curvature of the double-thread, when 
cold, the coefficient of expansion of the 
glass under test can be calculated. Dodd. 

‘ double timber. In Wales, two props and.a bar 
placed across the tops of them to support 
the roof and sides of a heading. Fay. 
Double timber was the recognized mode 
of support prior to the advent of steel 
rings. Nelson. 

‘ double-track portable switch. A tub-changing 
arrangement for a tunnel face. The double- 
track loop is superimposed on the tunnel 
track and equipped with ramps, clamps, 





' and spring switches so arranged that the 


264-972 O-68—23 





343 


loaded cars take one track outwards while 
the empties take the other inwards. The 
shovel loader may be used to tow the 
switch as the tunnel advances. A simple 
traverser is usually preferred. Nelson. 

double-trolley system. A system of electric 
traction where, instead of the running 
rails, a second insulated contact wire is 
used for the return or negative current. 
It avoids trouble due to stray earth cur- 
menitsanG dass 

double-tube core barrel. A core barrel con- 
sisting of two nesting tubes attached to a 
common headpiece threaded to connect to 
a drill rod. The inside tube holds the core, 
and the bottom end of the outside tube 
is threaded to connect with a reaming 
shell to which a coring bit is fitted. A 
narrow annular space is left between the 
tubes; through this the cuttings-removal 
fluid is conducted from the drill rod to 
the face of the bit and from there to the 
outside of the outer tube. The core enters 
the inner tube, where it is protected from 
the wash effects of the circulating fluid 
except for a short space between the lower 
end of the inner tube and the face of the 
bit. Numerous kinds of both rigid- and 
swivel-type double-tube core barrels are 
manufactured. Long. 

double-tube core barrel, rigid-type. A double- 
tube core barrel having both the inner and 
the outer tubes rigidly coupled to a com- 
mon headpiece. Long. 

double-tube core barrel, swivel-type. A dou- 
ble-tube core barrel having the upper end 
of the inner tube coupled to the core- 
barrel head by means of an antifriction 
device, such as a roller or ball bearing; 
hence, the inner tube tends to remain sta- 
tionary when the outer tube, which is 
rigidly coupled to the core-barrel head, 
is rotated. Long. 

double-tube rigid barrel. Synonym of double- 
tube core barrel, rigid type. Long. 

double-U groove weld. A groove weld in 
which each joint edge is in the form of.two 
J’s or two half-U’s, one from either side of 
the member. ASM Gloss. 

double-unit conveyor. A longwall conveyor 
layout from 200 to 280 yards long, devel- 
oped between two tailgates with a main 
gate in the center of the face, The main 
gate conveyor is served by two face con- 
veyors and may act as an intake or a re- 
turn airway. The tailgates may serve as 
supply roads. This form of layout is fa- 
vored as it enables the maximum tonnage 
of coal being obtained with the minimum 
of roadway excavation and maintenance. 
See also double-double unit conveyor. 
Nelson. 

double-unit longwall face. N. of Eng. Two 
adjacent longwall faces, usually each of the 
same length, on either side of a main or 
mother gate. In northwest Durham, each 
face is usually 80 to 90 yards making 160 
to 180 yards in all. Trist. 

double-V groove weld. A groove weld in 
which each joint edge is beveled from both 
sides. ASM Gloss. 

double-wall cofferdam. A cofferdam consist- 
ing of two parallel lines of steel sheet- 
piling, the space between being backfilled 
to insure both stability and water tight- 
ness. Ham. 

double wedge cut. A drill-hole pattern con- 
sisting of a shallow wedge within an outer 
wedge and is often used to obtain deep 
pull in hard rock. Nelson. See also wedge 
cut. 





douse 


double-welded joint. A butt, edge, tee, corner, 
or lap joint in which welding has been 
done from both sides. ASM Gloss. 

double wicket. A method of working in which 
rooms are driven from adjacent headings 
to meet at their extremities. Zern. 

double-wing auger. An auger with two flights 
or screws on the discharge end. ACSG, 
1963. 

double working. N. of Eng. Two hewers 
(miners) working together in the same 
heading. Fay. 

doubling. a. Scot. Thickening of a seam 
sometimes due to its being folded over or 
doubled. See also doubles. Fay. b. A process 
for the treatment of antimony sulfide or 
crude antimony containing the sulfide by 
fusing it with iron or other antimony con- 
taining iron so as to form an iron sulfide, 
the removal of which eliminates both iron 
and sulfur. Webster 3d. 

doubling time. The time required for a 
breeder reactor to produce as much fission- 
able material as the quantity typically con- 
tained in its core plus the quantity tied up 
in its fuel cycle (fabrication, reprocessing, 
etc.). Estimated to be from 10 to 20 years. 
L&L, 

doubly plunging fold. A fold that plunges in 
opposite directions from a central point. 
In a doubly plunging anticline, the plunge 
is away from this point; in a doubly plung- 
ing syncline, the plunge is toward this 
point. Billings, 1954, pp. 49-50. 

doubly refractive. Possessing the property of 
double refraction. Shipley. 

doubly terminated crystals. See termination. 
Shipley. 

douce. Same as douse. Long. 

doucer. Same as douser. Long. 

doucing. Same as dousing. Long. 

doucing rod. Same as dousing rod. Long. 

dough. Same as daugh, b. Arkell. 

doughnut. The cylinder of coal formed by 
a coal auger. Nelson. 

Douglas furnace. A horizontal, revolving cy- 
lindrical furnace having a central flue. Fay. 

Douglas process. See Hunt and Douglas 
process. Fay. 

douk; douke; dowk. Eng. A soft clay found 
in veins. Probably derived from the Saxon 
deagan, meaning to knead or mix with 
water. Fay. 

doup out. Scot. To connect a drift with one 
formerly driven in stoop- -and-room work- 
ings. Fay. 

dour holing. Scot. Difficult undercutting in 
hard coal or stone. Fay. 

douse. a. Commonly used by drillers as a 
synonym for scientific (geophysical) de- 
vices, such as the seismograph, torsion bal- 
ance, magnetometer, dip needle, etc., used 
to locate and delineate subsurface struc- 
tures in which water, oil, or minerals may 
occur. Also called doodlebug; doodlebug- 
ger; douce; doucer; dowse; dowser. Long. 
b. To locate and delineate subsurface struc- 
tures In which water, oil, or minerals may 
occur by the use of various scientific de- 
vices, such as the seismograph, torsion bal- 
ance, magnetometer, dip needle, etc. Also 
called doodlebugging; doucing; dowsing. 
Long. c. Commonly used by drillers as a 
synonym for devices, as divining rod, forked 
tree limb, or other nonscientific contrap- 
tions, supposedly useful in locating sub- 
surface formations containing water, oil, or 
minerals. Also called divining rod; doodle- 
bug; douce; doucer; doucing rod; dowse; 
dowser; dowsing rod. Long. d. To sup- 
posedly locate and delineate formations 


douse 


bearing water, oil, or mineral by use of a 
divining rod or other nonscientific contrap- 
tion. Also called doodlebugging; doucing; 
dowsing. Long. e. To beat out or extinguish 
an ignited jet of firedamp. Also spelled 
douce; dowse. Fay. f. To search for de- 
posits of ore, for lodes, or water, by aid 
of the dousing or divining rod. Fay. g. To 
plunge into a liquid, as in quenching a 
piece of hot metal during a hardening 
process. Crispin. 

douser. a. Synonym for douse, See also douse, 
a. Long. b. Commonly used by drillers as 
a name for a person skilled in the use of 
geophysical devices. Also called doodle- 
bugger; doucer; dowser. Compare douse, 
a and b. Long. c. Commonly used by 
drillers as a name for a person supposedly 
having the ability to locate formations in 
which water, oil, or minerals occur by the 
use of divining rod or other nonscientific 
contraption. Also called doodlebugger ; 
doucer; dowser. Compare douse, b and c. 
Long. 

dousing rod. Commonly used by drillers as a 
name applied to a wooden wand, rod, 
forked tree limb, or twig (usually witch 
hazel) supposedly useful in locating forma- 
tions bearing water, oil, or mineral. Also 
called divining rod; doodlebug; dowsing 
rod. Compare douser, b and c. Long. 

doverite. A fluocarbonate of yttrium and cal- 
cium, YtFCO;.CaCOs, as fine-grained ag- 
gregates giving an X-ray pattern similar to 
that of synchysite. From an iron mine at 
Dover, Morris County, N.J. Named from 
locality. Contains about 45 percent rare- 
earth oxides. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958; Bu- 
Mines Bull. 585, 1960, p. 970. 

Dow cell. The Dow electrolytic cell is a steel 
shell about 16 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 
6 feet deep. The electrolyte contains about 
60 percent NaCl, 15 percent CaCl, and 
25 percent MgCle; it is maintained at a 
temperature of 700° to 750° C by con- 
trolled firing underneath the cell. Newton, 
p. 481. 

dowels. a. Round, headless iron pins, inserted 
halfway into each of two abutting timbers 
to prevent slipping. Stauffer. b. Short rods, 
extending approximately equally into two 
abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the 
strength of the joint. Taylor. 

Dowex. Proprietary name (Dow Chemical 
Company) of ion-exchange resins, notably 
Dowex 50, an acid polysterene cation ex- 
changer, and Dowex -3, a basic anion ex- 
changer. Pryor, 3. 

dowk. N. of Eng. Dark-colored clayey 
material forming part of a vein. Standard, 
1964. See also douk. Fay. 

Dow metal. Magnesium alloys (electron) 
containing aluminum, maganese, silicon, 
and possibly zinc. Pryor, 3. 

down. Eng. Underground; in the pit. Fay. 

down brow. Lanc. A dip incline under- 
ground. Fay. 

downbuckling. A downwarping by lateral 
compression of the entire thickness of the 
crust, which causes the formation of a 
major geosynclinal downwarp at the sur- 
face and the immersion of large masses of 
sialic matter into the substratum. Schiefer- 
decker. 

downcast. a. The shaft through which the 
fresh air is drawn or forced into the mine; 
the intake. Fay. b, That side of a fault on 
which the strata have been displaced down- 
wards in relation to the upthrow or upcast 
side. C.T.D. c. Eng. A fault which throws 
a coal seam downwards. See also down- 











344 


leap. Fay. 

downcast shaft. The shaft down which the 
fresh air enters the mine or workings. See 
also upcast shaft. Nelson. 

downcomer. A pipe to conduct something 


downward; such as (1) a pipe for leading © 


the hot gases from the top of a blast fur- 
nace downward to the dust collectors and 
flue system, and (2) a tube larger in diam- 
eter than the water tubes in some water- 
tube boilers to conduct water from each 
top drum to a bottom drum under the in- 
fluence of thermal circulation. Webster 3d 

downcutting. See climb cutting. ASM Gloss. 

downdip. Parallel to or in general direction 
of the dip of a bed, rock stratum, or vein. 
Long. 

downdraft. A downward current of air or 
other gas (as in a mine shaft, kiln, or 
carburetor). Webster 3d. 

downdraft kiln. An enclosed periodic kiln, 
round or rectangular. Hot gases from the 
fireboxes pass to the crown and are then 
pulled down through the ware by the draft 
and discharged into a stack. ACSG, 1963. 

downdraw. The process of continuously draw- 
ing glass downward from an orifice. ASTM 
C162-66. 

downdrift. In a mine drift, the direction of 
predominant water movement. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

downer. a. Som. A rest or cessation from 
work, say half an hour, taken during a 
shift or turn, Fay. b. See crib, f. C.T.D. 

downfall. S. Staff. A downthrow. Fay. See 
also downcast; downleap. 

downfeed. In surface grinding, the rate at 
which the grinding wheel is fed into the 
work. See also surface grinding. ACSG, 
1963. 

downgrade. a. To classify a substance as 
lower quality than warranted. Long. b. To 
reduce the value by the addition of a dilu- 
ent, as in adding waste rock to ore. Long. 

downhand welding. Same as flat-position 
welding, ASM Gloss. 

downhole. a. A borehole drilled at any angle 
inclined downward in a direction below 
the horizon. b. In a borehole. Compare 
downhole equipment. c. Sometimes used as 
the collar. Long. 

downleap. Mid. A _ dislocation of strata 
equipment used inside the borehole below 
the collar. Long. 

downleap. Mid. A _ dislocation of strata 
which has caused a coal seam to be abruptly 
cutoff and brought below its original level. 
See also downthrow. Fay. 

downmilling. See climb milling, ASM Gloss. 

downs. Eng. The rounded, dry, and un- 
wooded chalk hills of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, 
and adjacent counties. Fay. 

Downs cell. See Downs process. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

downset. Scot. A short drift to the dip. Fay. 

downslope ripple. A ripple that migrates 
down a sloping surface. Pettijohn. 

downslope time. In resistance welding, time 
associated with current decrease using 
slope control. ASM Gloss. 

downspouts. Lanc. Pipes fixed down the sides 
of a shaft for conducting water from one 
level or sump to another. Fay. 

Downs process. Method of producing sodium 
from fused sodium chloride, in which a 
central carbon electrode, rising through the 
bottom, releases chlorine which is collected 
through a collecting dome while side cath- 
odes permit the collection of liquid sodium. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

downstream face. The dry side of a dam. 








Dowty hydraulic tub retarder 


Nichols. 

downsucking. The immersion of large masses 
of the sialic crust into the substratum and 
its melting or solution therein. Schiefer- 
decker. 

downtake. See downcomer, 

down-the-hole drill. A percussive or hammer 
drill in which the bit-driven mechanism js 
located immediately behind the drill bit 
and is small enough in diameter to per- 
mit it to enter and follow the bit down 
into the hole drilled. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

down-the-hole extensometer. A device used 
to measure differential strains in a drill 
hole. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

downthrow. a. The wall of a fault that has 
moved relatively downward. Downthrown 
is preferred by the U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey. A.G.I. b. The amount, measured ver- 
tically, of downward displacement of beds 
caused by a fault. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

downthrow fault. A fault which has displaced 
the strata downwards relative to the work- 
ings approaching it. It would be an up- 
throw fault to workings on the opposite 
side. Nelson. 

downthrow side. The lower side of a fault 
after displacement has occurred. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 5. 

downtime. a. Drilling time lost in repair, 
fishing, cementing operations, or moving 
rig from one hole to another. Long. b. Ap- 
plies to any piece of mining equipment 
which is nonoperative for any reason. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. c. Production time 
lost through mechanical breakdown, ad- 
justment, maintenance, lack of power ‘or 
of feed. Pryor, 3. 

Downtonian. Uppermost Silurian or lower- 
most Devonian. A.GJ. Supp. 

downward continuation. Interpretation meth- 
od in which the values of a component of 
the magnetic field at lower levels are com- 
puted from the values at the surface. 
Schieferdecker. 

downward course; course downward. In min- 
ing, the course of the vein from the sur- 
face downward. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

downward enrichment. A term which is 
synonymous with secondary enrichment, as 
the latter has applied to enrichment of ore 
bodies by the downward percolation of 
waters. Fay. 

downward percolation. See sand leaching. 

downwarp. Opposite of upwarp. A.G_I. 

Dow process. A process for the production 
of magnesium by electrolysis of molten 
magnesium chloride. ASM Gloss. 


dowse. To use the divining rod (as in search | 


of water or ore). Webster 3d. See douse. 
Fay. 

dowser. A divining rod for dowsing; also, 
one who uses a divining rod. See also divin- 
ing rod. Webster 3d; Fay. 

dowsing. Searching for water, oil, or minerals 
with a dowsing rod. A.G.J. Supp. 

dowsing rod; dowzing rod. Som. See divin- 
ing rod; dowser. Fay. 

Dow’s mining salts. A mixture of NaBr and 
NaBrO, used in extracting gold from tel- 
lurides. Hess. 

Dowson gas. A mixture of producer gas and 
water gas obtained by passing steam and 


air over heated coal or coke in a Dowson | 


producer. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
Dowson producer. A furnace used for the 
manufacture of producer gas. Fay. 
Dowtherm. Organic liquid with a high boil- 
ing point. Used in heat exchange. Pryor, 3. 
Dowty hydraulic tub retarder. A _ retarder 


which consists of lengths of steel channel | 








|) dozer Abbreviation for bulldozer; 


|) dozer 


= ea 


Dowty hydraulic tub retarder 


with attached rubbing strips which operate 
on the face of the wheels above center. 
The action is controlled by a hydraulic 
cylinder containing opposed pistons. The 
hydraulic pressure is supplied from an ac- 
cumulator, in which pressure is maintained 
by means of a 5-horsepower electric motor- 
driven pump which is sufficient for 10 re- 
tarder unit. Mason, v. 2, p. 529. 


| Dowty prop. A prop which is in effect a 


self-contained hydraulic jack of tubular 
steel construction and consisting of two 
tubes, the upper one telescoping into the 
lower. The upper (or inner) tube acts 
both as a reservoir for the oil and as a 
container for the pump, yield valve, and 
| other accessories. Nelson. 

Dowty roofmaster. A _ self-contained, oil- 
| operated steel support for use on a mech- 
anized longwall face. It has support frames 
constructed of rigid roof and floor mem- 
bers supported by yielding hydraulic props. 
Two and three prop units are connected 
alternately to the armored conveyor by 
means of jacks mounted in the floor mem- 
bers, to carry long and short cantilever 
roof beams respectively. See also self-ad- 
vancing supports. Nelson. 


lhdoz Abbreviation for dozen. BuMin Style 


Guide, p. 59. 

shovel 
dozer. Nichols, 2. See also bulldozer. 
shovel; shovel dozer. A_ tractor 
equipped with a front-mounted bucket that 
can be used for pushing, digging, and 
| truckloading. Nelson. 

|| dozzle. See core. Dodd. 


|) dph Abbreviation for diamond pyramid hard- 


ness. Also abbreviated DPH. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

D.P.N. Diamond pyramid hardness number, 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 


\)D.P. reagents. Flotation reagents made by 


DuPont are: DP. 243 a 50 percent aque- 
ous paste of lorolamine (lorol being a mix- 
ture of primary straight-chain alcohols). 
D.P.Q. is lauryl trimethyl ammonium bro- 
mide. Others include D.P.Q.B., D.P.C., 
D.P.N. and D.P.L.A. Pryor, 3. 

jidr Abbreviation for dram. BuMin Style 
| Guide, p. 59. 


|) Drachenfels trachyte. A trachyte containing 


phenocrysts of sanidine and oligoclase in 

a groundmass of lath-shaped microlites of 
Osthoclse with sparing biotite, hornblende, 
and magnetite. Holmes, 1928. 


)dradge. Corn. The inferior portions of ore 


separated from the best ore by cobbing. 
Fay. 


ly Epadey lode. Eng. A lode through which 


the mineral is so thinly disseminated as to 
be scarcely worth the expense of dressing. 
Such lode, ore stuff, or stone is called 
dragy. Fay. 


|| Draeger breathing apparatus. A long-service, 


self-contained, oxygen-breathing apparatus 
with an entirely lung-governed oxygen 
feed. It will enable a man to do hard 
work for a period of 5 hours; in doing 
normal work, the apparatus will last for 
7 hours, and, in the event of a rescue 
brigade being trapped, it will sustain the 
men for 18 hours if they were to sit down 
and rest. The apparatus proves more effi- 
cient than the wearer, because it is doubt- 
ful if rescue brigades could work for 5 
hours under the conditions which exist 
_ after underground explosions or fires. It 
weighs 40 pounds, and is carried on the 
wearer’s back inside a light metal protect- 
ing case with hinged doors. McAdam, pp. 








draft engine. Corn. 





345 


29-30. 


Draeger escape apparatus. A self-contained, 


oxygen-breathing apparatus that weighs 
21% pounds, and is carried on the back 
of the wearer. It gives protection for 1 
hour against all poisonous gases or short- 
age of oxygen. The main parts of the ap- 
paratus are protected by a reinforced alu- 
minum case, and, when the apparatus is 
not being used, the facepiece and corru- 
gated breathing tube lie inside the lid in 
the space above the oxygen cylinder and 
the potash canister. To be used, all the 
wearer has to do is to open the lid, put on 
the facepiece, and shoulder the apparatus; 
the oxygen supply is automatically turned 
on when the lid is opened. McAdam, pp. 
55-57. 


Draeger self-rescuer. A German made appa- 


ratus that is well protected against me- 
chanical damage by an elaborate covering 
of protection layers. The entire apparatus 
is enclosed by an outer steel case of two 
parts and secured by a steel band. When 
the red end of this band is pulled sharply, 
the two parts of the case fall apart and 
pull open the top of a rubber bag covered 
with layers of paraffin wax and aluminum 
foil. The self-rescuer is then pulled out of 
this bag and is ready for use. Because of 
this protective covering, the respirator can 
be stored for several years without under- 
going deterioration. Each month the filter 
is cleaned and its condition is checked by 
weight. If it weighs more than 1 percent 
above the required 35 ounces, it is dis- 
carded. McAdam, pp. 68-70. 


draft. a. A term used in Wales for allowance 


coal; about 360 pounds per week to every 
householder. Fay. b. In general, the act of 
drawing, or the thing drawn. Webster 2d. 
c. A quantity drawn, or drawn forward, 
up, or out, especially at one time. Webster 
2d.d. A current of air in a closed-in space 
(as a room, ventilator, furnace, or chim- 
ney. Webster 3d. e. The area of an open- 
ing or group of openings for discharge of 
water; as, the draft of a turbine wheel. 
Webster 2d. f. A survey line in a traverse. 
Also called leg. B.S. 3618, sec. 1, 1963. g. 
The pressure difference causing flow of a 
fluid, usually applied to convection flow, 
such as chimneys, and usually measured in 
inches of water. Strock, 10. h. Resistance 
to movement of a towed load. Nichols, 2. 
i. The angle or taper on the surface of a 
punch or die or the parts made with them 
which facilitates the removal of the work. 
ASM Gloss. j. The change in cross section 
in rolling or wiredrawing. ASM Gloss. k. 
Taper put on the surfaces of a pattern so 
that it can be withdrawn successfully from 
the mold. ASM Gloss. 


draftage. A deduction made from the gross 


weight of mineral when transported, to 
allow for loss. Zern. 

An engine used for 
pumping. Fay. 


draft gage. An instrument used to measure 


the small pressure differentials below at- 
mospheric; for example, an inclined ma- 
nometer to measure the pressure difference 
between a flue and the atmosphere for 
combustion control. ACSG, 1963. 


draft hole. An opening through which air 


is supplied to a furnace. Fay. 


drafting. An operation consisting of drawing 


or attenuating slivers, reducing them to 


finer sizes. Phillips. 


draftsman, geological. In petroleum produc- 


tion, one who performs the duties of a 











drag 


draftsman but specializes in making maps, 
diagrams, profiles, and cross sections to 
represent geological stratigraphy and lo- 
cations of oil and gas deposits, by correlat- 
ing and interpreting data obtained from 
topographical surveys, from well logs, and 
from geophysical prospecting. D.O.T. 1. 

draftsman, geological. In petroleum produc- 
tion, one who specializes in drawing sub- 
surface contours in rock formations from 
the data obtained by a geophysical pros- 
pecting party. He plots maps and diagrams 
from computations based on recordings of 
seismograph, gravimeter, magnetometer, 
and other petroleum prospecting instru- 
ments, and from prospecting and survey- 
ing field notes. D.O.T. 1. 

draft stabilizer. A device to maintain a con- 
stant draft in a fuel-burning device. 
Strock, 10. 

draft tube. The steel casing through which 
water leaves a turbine after having given 
up in energy. Ham. 

drag. a. A wooden or iron bar placed between 
the spokes of the wheels of trams to check 
their speed upon an inclined way. A brake 
or sprag. Fay. b. An appliance to be at- 
tached to the rear of a loaded train of 
cars to prevent the cars from running 
down the incline or grade in case the cable 
should break. Fay. c. The frictional resist- 
ance offered to a current of air in a mine. 
Fay. d. Fragments of ore torn from a lode 
by a fault. Such fragments are scattered 
along the line of the fault and are usu- 
ally inclosed within crushed or brecciated 
pieces of the rock traversed by that fault. 
Secondary mineralization along the fault 
may obscure the true character of the drag 
in which case the difference in associated 
minerals may prove suggestive. Fay. e. An 
iron blasthole cleaner; drag twist. Stand- 
ard, 1964. f. A runnerless sled for drawing 
rough heavy stone, etc.; a stoneboat. 
Standard, 1964. g. A heavy iron bar at- 
tached behind a trip of mine cars when 
ascending a grade to prevent them from 
running away in the event of an accident 
causing cars to become uncoupled. Hud- 
son. h. Backstay; trailer; devil. Mason. i. 
A bar hinged to rake off trucks, which 
fouls the track and derails the last one if 
they begin to run backward. Pryor, 3. j. 
The flexuring of strata associated with 
faults. In a normal fault, the coal seam 
often bends upwards on the downthrow 
side and downwards on the upthrow side. 
Thus, drag is an indication of direction of 
displacement of the beds. Also called ter- 
minal curvature. See also coal leads. Nel- 
son. k. A haulage drag. See also backstay. 
Nelson. |. Pulling a bucket into the dig- 
ging, or the mechanism by which the pull- 
ing is done or controlled. Nichols, 2. m. 
Resistance created by friction. Long. n. 
The uptilted or downtilted curve in rock 
beds or strata adjacent to a fault. Long. 
o. Distortion of beds adjacent to a fault. 
Ballard. p. The lower part of a flask. The 
mold having been prepared in the two 
parts of the flask, the cope is put upon the 
drag before casting. After casting, the flask 
is opened by removing the cope. Fay. q. 
In an inclined stope, the weight of the 
arch block is resolved into two compo- 
nents, one at right angles to the dip, which 
tends to close the opening, and one parallel 
to the dip, which tends to produce move- 
ment of the hanging wall with respect to 
the footwall. This movement is known as 
drag, or creep. Higham, p. 104. r. The re- 


drag 


sistance to shrinkage during the firing proc- 
ess of the foot or base of a ceramic article, 
resting on the kiln slab or sagger. ACSG, 
1963. 

dragade. See drag ladle. ASTM C162-66. 

drag angle. The angle at which the leading 
surface of a cutting plane or point meets 
the surface to be cut. If less than 90°, the 
angle is said to be negative; if over 90°, 
it is called a positive rake or drag angle. 
Compare rake. Long. 

dragbar; backstay. Aust. An iron bar fas- 
tened to the back of a skip to prevent the 
latter running down hill in case the haul- 
ing rope breaks. See also drag, b. Fay. 

drag bit. a. A noncoring or full-hole boring 
bit, which scrapes its way through strata 
which must not be too hard. It may be a 
two-, three-, or four-bladed pattern with 
various curves and cutaways. The drilling 
fluid passes down through the hollow drill 
stem to the cutting point. See also roller 
bit. Nelson. b. Various kinds of rigid steel 
bits provided with fixed (as contrasted to 
the movable or rolling cutting points of a 
roller bit) and sometimes replaceable cut- 
ting points, which are rotated to drill bore- 
holes in soft to medium-hard rock forma- 
tions. See also diamond-point bit; fishtail 
bit; mud bit. Long. 

drag bolt. A coupling pin. Standard, 1964. 

drag brake. On a revolving shovel, the brake 
which stops and holds the drag (digging) 
drum. Nichols, 2. 

drag breccia. Fragments of rock in the brec- 
ciated zone of a fault. Long. 

drag bucket. A bucket widely used in sam- 
pling sea-floor rock deposits in all depths 
up to and exceeding 30,000 feet. See also 
drag dredging. Metro, p. 245. 

drag cable. In a dragline or hoe, the line 
that pulls the bucket toward the shovel. 
Nichols. 

drag chain. a. A chain used to make fast 
a wheel of a vehicle or wound around a 
skid runner on a drill to act as a braking 
device. Long. b. The endless linked chain 
to which flights are attached in a chain- 
and-flight conveyor. Jones. 

drag-chain conveyor. A type of conveyor 
having one or more endless chains which 
drag bulk materials in a trough. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. See also drag conveyor. 
G:F Ds 

drag classifier. Inclined trough which receives 
ore pulp, and classifies it into settling sol- 
ids and relatively fine pulp overflow. The 
settled material is continuously dragged 
up slope and out by a continuous belt, 
perhaps provided with transverse scrapers. 
Pryor, 3. 

drag coefficient. A factor representing the 
ratio of the aerodynamic drag acting es- 
pecially on an airfoil to the product of 
the airspeed and the area of the airfoil. 
Webster, 3d. 

drag conveyor; drag-chain conveyor. A con- 
veyor in which an endless’ chain, having 
wide links carrying projections or wings, 
is dragged through a trough into which 
the material to be conveyed is fed; it is 
used for loose material. C.T.D. See also 
chain conveyor. Nelson. 

drag cut. a. A cut on which groups of holes 
are drilled at increasing heights above 
floor level and at increasing angles from 
the free face. The shots are fired to break 
out successive wedges of strata across the 
width of the face. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 
b. A drill-hole pattern widely used in high- 
speed drilling. The cut holes are inclined 














346 


downwards to cut a wedge along the floor, 
the other holes being drilled to break to 
the cut holes. Also called horizontal cut. 
Nelson. c. A cut in which the cut holes are 
angled in the vertical plane towards a part- 
ing in order to breakout the ground along 
the parting. Drag cut rounds are suitable 
for small drifts 6 or 7 feet wide or where 
shallow pulls are sufficient, but the drag 
cut does not find much application in 
large-scale drifting practice. McAdam II, 
p. 120. 

drag dips. Local changes of attitude brought 
about by drag near a fault. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

drag dredging. A method in which the bucket 
is lowered to the sea floor and dragged 
over the ocean floor for some distance in 
order collect samples. Dredge and trawl 
hauls normally can only give a rough indi- 
cation of heavy or light concentrations of 
the minerals within an area. Mero, p. 155. 

drag engineer. See slope engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

drag fault. In the stationary block, caused 
by the overthrusting movement. Schiefer- 
decker. 

drag folds. In a narrow sense, minor folds 
that form an incompetent bed when the 
competent beds on either side of it move 
in such a way as to subject it to a couple. 
The axes of the minor folds are perpen- 
dicular to the direction in which the beds 
slip; the acute angle between the main 
bedding and the axial planes of the drag 
folds indicate the direction of the shear. 
In a broad sense, used for any fold that is 
a subsidiary part of a larger fold. A.G.I. 

dragged. A surface texture on clay facing 
bricks produced by a tightly stretched wire 
contacting the column of clay as it is ex- 
truded from the pug in the wire-cut proc- 
ess; this texture is also known as rippled. 
Dodd. 

drag in. Water or solution carried into an- 
other solution by the work and the asso- 
ciated handling equipment. ASM Gloss. 

drag ladle. To produce cullet by ladling 
glass from the melt into water. ASTM 
C162-66. 

dragline. A type of excavating equipment 
which casts a rope-hung bucket a con- 
siderable distance, collects the dug mate- 
rial by pulling the bucket toward itself on 
the ground with a second rope, elevates the 
bucket, and dumps the material on a spoil 
bank, in a hopper, or on a pile. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. See also excavator. 

dragline boom. A crane boom used with a 
drag bucket. Carson, p. 104. 

dragline engineer. See slope 
DiO wear 

dragline excavator. A mechanical excavating 
appliance consisting of a steel scoop buck- 
et which is suspended from a movable jib; 
after biting into the material to be ex- 
cavated, it is dragged towards the machine 
by means of a wire rope. C.T.D. 

dragline scraper. An apparatus for moving 
soil, gravel, or other loose material. It 
ordinarily consists of a scraper attached to 
an endless cable or belt operated by a 
drum or sprocket wheel, and can be drawn 
back and forth by the operator at the 
drum. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

drag loader. See dragman. D.O.T. 1. 

dragman. In metal mining, one who operates 
a scraper loading machine, known as a 
drag, to load ore into cars or chutes. Also 
called drag loader; drag operator. D.O.T. 1. 

drag mark. Cast of long, narrow, even 
grooves, varying from near microscopic to 


engineer. 











drag striae; striation cast 


several centimeters in width and depth. 
Presumed to be formed by stone or shell 
pulled along the mud bottom by attached 
algae. Term proposed to designate grooves 
formed by dragging objects and to exclude 
grooves formed by sliding objects (slide 
marks). See also groove cast. Pettijohn. 

dragon. S. Staff. A barrel in which water is 
raised from a shallow shaft. Fay. 

dragonite. A fabulous stone said to be ob- 
tained from the head of the flying dragon. 
Quartz crystals, found in gravel, which have 
lost their brilliancy and angular form, and 
consequently their identity, were formerly 
thought to have had the origin indicated 
above. Fay. 

dragon’s blood. Deep red; amorphous lumps; 
melting point, 120° C; soluble in alcohol, 
in ether, and in volatile and in fixed oils; 
and insoluble in water. Used as a pigment 
and in coloring plasters, marble, and stone- 
ware. CCD 6d, 1961. 

dragon’s-skin. A part of a fossil stem (genera 
Lepidodendron and Sigillaria) with the 
leaf-scar pattern suggesting scales; so 
called by miners and quarrymen. Webster 
2d. 

dragon’s-tail. A towed thermistor chain used 
to measure sea temperature. Compara- 
tively new, it is being used with apparent 
success. Hy, 

dragon’s teeth. See dog’s teeth. Dodd. 

drag operator. See dragman. D.O.T. 1. : 

drag ore. Broken fragments of ore disrupted 
from the faulted ends of an ore body and 
contained within the fault between the 
faulted portions. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

drag out. Solution carried out of a bath by 
the work and the associated handling 
equipment. ASM Gloss. 

drag-out loss. Misplacement of relatively fine » 
material due to its adherence to a coarser | 
fraction being settled and dragged out in 
mechanical classification or heavy-media | 
separation. Pryor, 3. 

drag-over mill. See pull-over mill. 

drag rake. Synonym for negative rake. Long. 

drags. Steel bars with a hook at one end and | 
prongs at the other, which are inserted in 
the drawbar at the rear of the tub ascend- 
ing an incline so as to prevent it running 
back. Mason, v. 2, pp. 529-530. 

drag sawyer. See ripsawyer. D.O.T. 1. 

drag scraper. a. A, digging and transporting 
device consisting of a bottomless bucket 
working between a mast and an anchor. 
Nichols. b. A towed bottomless scraper - 
used for land leveling. Called leveling drag 
scraper to distinguish from cable type. | 
Nichols. 

dragshovel. A shovel equipped with a jack | 
boom, a live boom, a hinged stick, and a | 
rigidly attached bucket, that digs by pull- 
ing toward itself. Also called hoe; back- | 
hoe; pullshovel. Nichols. 

dragsman. N. of Eng. A man employed as | 
a pusher of tubs (cars) in underground | 
working places. Fay. 

dragstaff. A pole projecting backward and | 
downward from a vehicle, to prevent it | 
from running backward. See backstay; 
drag, b, Fay. 

drag-stone mill. A mill in which ores are 
ground by means of a heavy stone dragged | 
around on a circular or annular stone bed. 
Webster 3d. See also arrastre. Fay. 

drag stones. See millstone. Barger. 

drag striae; striation cast. Essentially a micro- 
groove cast and presumed to form in same | 
manner as the large groove casts. Petti- 
john. 














drag technique 


‘\idrag technique. A method used in manual 
| arc welding where the electrode is in con- 
tact with the assembly being welded with- 
out being in short circuit. The electrode 
is usually used without oscillation. ASM 
Gloss. 
\idrag twist. A spiral hook used for wiping a 
| blast hole with hay before charging with 
black powder. Stauffer. See also corkscrew. 
\idrain. a. A conduit or open ditch for carrying 
| off surplus ground or surface water. Closed 
| drains are usually buried. Seelye, 1. b. 
The movement of porcelain enamel as it 
flows from a piece to give a smooth coat 
| during draining. Bryant. 
|| drainage. a. Mine drainage usually implies 
gravity flow of water to a point remote 
from mining operation. See also drain tun- 
nels; water hoists. Nelson. b. Drainage to 
prevent water from entering the soil and 
causing it to soften and endanger super- 
imposed structures. Nelson. c. The proc- 
ess of removing surplus ground or surface 
water by artificial means. Seelye, 1. d. The 
manner in which the waters of an area are 
| removed. Seelye, 1. e. The area from which 
waters are drained; a drainage basin. See- 
| lye, 1. £. Much of the water that falls on 
| the surface is drained away by running 
down the slopes to the lowest places to 
which it can flow, hence, the surface wa- 
ter bodies—streams, lakes, and swamps, 
taken collectively, have come to be known 
as the drainage, and the individual water 
bodies as drainage features. A.G.I. 
\idrainage area. a. A term applied to that area 
| of a reservoir contributing oil or gas to a 
well. It is a poor descriptive term because 
it suggests gravity rather than pressure as 
the agent of movement. It is inexact be- 
cause any such area is affected by thick- 
| ness, porosity, permeability, and pressure. 
A.G.I. b. The area (square meters, acres, 
etc.) of a drainage basin. Seelye, I. c. 
Catchment area; drainage basin. Seelye, 1. 
|\\drainage basin. a. The area from which water 
is carried off by a drainage system; a wa- 
tershed or a catchment area. Seelye, 1. b. 
See basin, c. Fay. 
|) drainage divide. A drainage divide is the rim 
| of a drainage basin. It is the boundary be- 
tween adiacent drainage basins. The term 
watershed has been used to mean both 
basin and drainage divide, and the uncer- 
tainty of meaning entailed by this double 
usage makes the term undesirable. A.G.I. 
\drainage head. a. The furthest or highest 
| spot in a drainage area. Nichols. b. Dif- 
ference in elevation between two points in 
an area to be drained. Bureau of Mines 
pe Staff. 
|) drainage hole. Synonym for drain hole. Long. 
| drainage level. See water level. Nelson. 
| drainage pattern. The configuration in plan 
| view of the stream courses in any given 
area. Such self-explanatory terms as radial, 
dendritic, trellis, and rectangular are ap- 
plied to common types of stream patterns. 
Stokes and f guia LOTS? 










taries constitute a drainage system, and 
the area drained by a river system through 
a valley system is a drainage basin. A.G.I. 
b. A drainage system consists of a surface 
stream or a body of impounded surface 
| water, together with all other surface 
_ streams and bodies of impounded surface 
| _ water that are tributary to it. A.GI. 
‘drainage trench. A channel cut alongside 
a mine roadway to+provide for drainage 
and enable the proper ballasting of the 








347 


rail track. The trench may be lined with 
precast concrete sections to a carefully 
laid gradient. Nelson. 

drainage tunnel. A tunnel constructed mainly 
for drainage purposes. It may collect sur- 
face waters or water from old workings 
and thus prevent it seeping down to ac- 
tive workings at lower levels. A central 
drainage tunnel may serve several mines 
and thus reduce pumping charges. Nelson. 

drain casting; hollow casting. Forming ce- 
ramic ware by introducing a body slip into 
an open porous mold, and then draining 
off the remaining slip when the cast has 
reached the desired thickness. ASTM 
C242-60T. 

drained shear test. A shear test on a clay 
sample after completed consolidation un- 
der normal load, carried out in drained 
conditions. The strengths given by drained 
tests are higher than those from undrained 
tests. Nelson. 

drain hole. a. A borehole drilled into a water- 
bearing formation or mine workings 
through which the water can be with- 
drawn or drained. Long. b. Any hole pro- 
vided in the base covering or housing on 
a machine through which oil or liquids 
can be withdrawn. Long. 

draining. a. The part of the dipping or flow- 
coating process in which the excess slip 
flows from suitably positioned ware. ASTM 
C286-65. b. The process of removing ex- 
cessive slip from plaster molds in forming 
slip-cast ware; also the removal of excessive 
glaze from bisque ware after dipping. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

drain line. A nonuniform thickness of coating 
appearing as a line or streak in dipped or 
flow-coated ware. ASTM C286-65. 

drainman. a. In metal mining, a laborer who 
regulates flow of tailings, through flumes 
or pipes (mixture of waste minerals and 
water resulting from treatment of ore for 
recovery of valuable minerals) in back fill- 
ing (filling of working places from which 
all ore has been mined) in such manner 
that water will be drawn off and the sand 
left for filling purposes, D.O.T. 1. b. See 
ditchdigger. D.O.T. /. 

drain tile. a. Pipe of burned clay, concrete, 
etc., in short lengths, usually laid with 
open joints to collect and remove drainage 
water. Seelye, 1. b. Tile of circular cross 
section designed to conduct and control 
ground water. ACSG, 1963. 

drain tunnels. A method of disposing of mine 
water. Long tunnels have been driven in 
some mining districts for the purpose of 
passing under the lower workings of several 
mines and tapping the water for the entire 
group. Where topographic features permit, 
a drain tunnel—more properly called an 
adit—may also be driven to serve a single 
mine. The chief advantages of a drain tun- 
nel lie in saving the cost of pumping and 
eliminating the danger of the mine being 
flooded through failure of the pumps. 
Lewis, p. 632. 

drain valve. Small petcock or valve through 
which unwanted liquids that collect in a 
pipe system or mechanism are drained. 
Long. 

Drake’s well. The first successful oil well 
drilled in this country, by Edwin Drake at 
Titusville, Penn., in 1859. Mersereau, 4th, 
p. 198. 

drakonite. An extrusive igneous rock consist- 
ing of a plagioclase-bearing alkali trachyte. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 35. 

dranyam. A new cutter loader devised by 





drawbar 


Maynard Davies and developed at the 
Central Engineering Establishment of the 
National Coal Board of Great Britain. A 
shearer drum is carried on a vertical shaft 
in contrast to the horizontal shaft in the 
Anderson shearer. Nelson. 

draper washer. Vertical-current separator 
(obsolete) used to separate shale from coal. 
Pryor, 3. 

drapery. Curtainlike forms of travertine, usu- 
ally formed through the union of a row 
of stalactites. A.G.J. 

draping. Warping induced in the beds over- 
lying a reef, believed to be caused by dif- 
ferential compaction rather than by tectonic 
influence. Schieferdecker. 

draught. a. S. Staff. The quantity of coal 
hoisted in a given time. See also draft, c. 
Fay, b. The pressure required to supply 
air to a furnace and to remove the flue 
gases from the furnaces, Natural draught 
is produced by a chimney, while artificial 
draught is produced by fans and is con- 
trolled by the speed of the fans, variation 
in the pitch of the fan blades, or by 
dampers. Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 137. 

dravite. According to Kunitz, one of the three 
chief varieties of tourmaline. It is a com- 
plex borosilicate of magnesium and sodium, 
and may be referred to as magnesium tour- 
maline. Used as a gemstone. C.M.D. 

draw. a. So. Staff. Strictly speaking, the 
distance on the surface to which the sub- 
sidence or creep extends beyond the work- 
ings. Fay. b. The effect of creep upon the 
pillars of a mine. Fay. c. To draw the 
pillars; to mine out the pillars, or to pull 
or rob them after the rooms are worked 
out. In Arkansas, called pull. Fay. d. Scot. 
The distance that mineral is hauled by 
trammers. Fay. e. To raise ore, coal, rock, 
etc., to the surface; to hoist. Fay. f. To ex- 
tract timber or steel from the waste or old 
roads, See also sylvester. Nelson. g. The 
horizontal distance on the surface ahead 
of the coal face influenced by subsidence. 
See also angle of draw. Nelson. h. To wind 
—said of hoisting or winding; to haul. 
Mason. i. The break in the strata from the 
coal face to the surface; the angle between 
this break and the vertical. Mason. j. To 
transport by hand; to put; to tram. Mason. 
k. To allow ore to run from working places, 
stopes, through a chute into trucks. C.T.D. 
1. To withdraw timber props or sprags 
from overhanging coal, so that it falls 
down ready for collection. C.T.D. m, To 
collect broken coal in trucks. C.T.D. n. To 
remove broken ore by gravity from stopes, 
chambers, or ore bins by aid of chutes or 
conveyors. Pryor, 3. o, In metallurgy, to 
remove pattern from foundry mold (flask). 
An internal fissure in a casting, caused by 
inadequate feeding during its solidification. 
Pryor, 3. p. To pull bit-blank metal toward 
a diamond by peening and calking when 
handsetting a diamond bit. Long. a. A 
small valley or a gully. Nichols. r. See pull. 
Lewis, p. 622. s. In geology, a sag or 
troughlike part of the land surface leading 
up from a stream valley to a gap between 
two hills. Legrand. 

drawability. A measure of the workability of 
a metal subject to a drawing process. This 
term is usually expressed to indicate a 
metal’s ability to be deep-drawn. ASM 
Gloss. 

draw a charge. a. Remove explosives. Zern. 
b. Removing the coke from an oven. Zern. 

drawbar. a. A bar that is used to connect a 
steam locomotive and tender and is secured 


drawbar 


in the drawhead of the locomotive by a 
pin. Webster, 3d. b. A bar or heavy beam 
under the body of a railway car and pro- 
jecting at the end for coupling cars. Some 
arrangement for coupling is placed at the 
outer end, and an arrangement of springs 
at the inner end, to lessen recoil in start- 
ing, coupling, etc. Standard, 1964. c. Ina 
tractor, a fixed or hinged bar extending to 
the rear, used as a fastening for lines and 
towed machines or loads. Nichols, d. In a 
grader, the connection between the circle 
and the front of the frame. Nichols. e. A 
submerged clay block used to define the 
position of sheet glass during drawing. 
ASTM C162-66. 

drawbar horsepower. The power available at 
the tractor drawbar for moving the tractor 
and its towed vehicles forward. It is gen- 
erally between 80 and 85 percent of the 
power developed by the engine. Carson, 
p. 68. 

drawbar pull. a. The pull a tractor can exert 
on a load attached to the drawbar. De- 
pends on power, weight, and traction. 
Nichols. b. The effort exerted by the loco- 
motive on the train; it is the tractive effort 
less the force required to move the loco- 
motive. The track resistance of the loco- 
motive is ordinarily taken as 20 pounds 
per ton of locomotive weight. Consequently 
the drawbar pull would be 500 — 20 = 480 
pounds per ton weight for a locomotive 
with steel wheels. Lewis, p. 213. 

draw bead. a. A bead or offset used for con- 
trolling metal flow. ASM Gloss. b. Riblike 
projections on draw rings or hold-down 
surfaces for controlling metal flow. ASM 
Gloss. 

drawbench. The stand that holds the die and 
drawhead used in the drawing of wire, rod, 
and tubing. ASM Gloss. 

drawcut. a. In underground blasting, cut 
holes that are inclined upward. Lewis, p. 
165. b. In rock blasting, bottom cut. Pryor, 
3. c. See drag cut. Nelson. 

drawdown. a. The lowering of the water table 
or piezometric surface caused by pumping 
(or artesian flow), A.G.I. b. Vertical dis- 
tance the free-water elevation is lower or 
the reduction of the pressure head due to 
the removal of free water. ASCE P1826. 
c. Difference, in feet, between the static 
water level and the pumping water level 
of a wall. Legrand. d. The difference be- 
tween the static and the flowing bottom- 
hole pressure. Institute of Petroleum, 1961. 

drawer. a. Scot. A man or boy who takes 
ore or rock from the working face to the 
shaft, or terminus of the horse or haulage 
road. One who pushes trams or drives a 
horse underground. Fay. b. Derb. A man 
who hoists ore or rock by means of a wind- 
lass, or otherwise, from a shaft. Fay. c. Put- 
ter; trammer; wagoner; a person who 
moves tubs either manually or with a ma- 
chine. Mason. 

draw firing. Removal of the load from the 
furnace for a short time prior to the com- 
pletion of burning to equalize heating of 
all areas. Also called draw burning. Bryant. 

draw gang. A group of men employed to cut 
and handle glass as it comes from the lehr. 
ASTM C162-66. 

drawgear. The term includes drawbars, 
chains, shackles, detaching hooks, etc., used 
in haulage, winding, and hoisting. Nelson. 

drawhead. Set of rolls or dies mounted on 
a drawbench for forming a section from 
strip, tubing, or solid stock, See also Turk’s- 
head rolls. ASM Gloss. 














348 


draw hole. An aperture in a battery through 
which the coal or ore is drawn. Fay. 

drawing. a. Recovering the timbers, chocks, 
etc., from the goaves. This work is com- 
monly performed with the use of the dog 
and chain. Fay. b. Knocking away the 
sprags from beneath the coal after holing. 
Fay. c. Raising coal through a shaft or slope. 
Fay. d. In hydraulic mining, throwing the 
water beyond the dirt to be removed and 
causing it to flow toward the giant. Com- 
pare goosing. Fay. e. Removing or pulling 
out the crown bars in a tunnel. Stauffer. 
f. The term used in Lancashire, England, 
and Scotland for tramming. Nelson. g. The 
movement of tubs. Pryor, 3. h. Forming 
recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow 
of metal in dies. ASM Gloss. i. Reducing 
the cross section of wire or tubing by pull- 
ing it through a die. ASM Gloss. j. A mis- 
nomer for tempering. ASM Gloss. k. Con- 
tinuous forming of sheet, tube, or fibrous 
glass from molten glass. VV. 

drawing a jud. a. N. of Eng. Bringing down 
the face of coal, by withdrawing the sprags. 
Fay. b. See jud, d. Fay. 

drawing an entry. Removing the last of the 
coal from an entry. Fay. 

drawing chamber. The part of a tank furnace 
for flat glass from which the sheet of glass 
is drawn. Dodd. 

drawing compound. A substance applied to 
prevent pickup and scoring during drawing 
or pressing operations by preventing metal- 
to-metal contact of the work and die. ASM 
Gloss. 

drawing down. Reduction of cross section of 
steel by forging. Pryor, 3. 

drawing engine. Eng. A winding or hoisting 
engine. Fay. 

drawing lift. The lowest lift of a Cornish 
pump, or that lift in which the water rises 
by suction (atmospheric pressure to the 
point where it is forced upward by the 
plunger). Fay. 

drawing-machine operator. One who observes 
the progress of a continuous flat sheet of 
window glass from the glass-melting tank 
to the top of an automatic drawing ma- 
chine (the sheet of glass passes in a con- 
tinuous flow through a series of adjustable 
asbestos rolls), making adjustments to rolls 
to prevent warping and breakage of sheet. 
Also called flat-drawing-machine operator, 
window glass. D.O.T. 1. 

drawing road. Scot. An underground passage 
along which ore is conveyed. Fay. 

drawings. Diagrams made to a definite scale 
and according to engineering principles of 
projection and so on. The drawings issued 
with the tender documents show the works 
to be carried out in accordance with the 
contract as definitely and in as much detail 
as is possible. The drawings may be sup- 
plemented from time to time by the issue 
of general and detailed drawings. See also 
machine drawing. Nelson. 

drawing small. When a winding rope, from 
the effects of wear and tear, has become 
less in diameter or in thickness from that 
cause, it is said to be ‘drawing small.” Fay. 

drawing timber. The removal of timbers and 
supports from abandoned or worked out 
mine areas. This work is highly specialized 
and should be attempted only by the most 
experienced men. Generally, timbers are 
pulled by a timber puller which permits 
the operator to be under a safe roof while 
doing this work. In some cases, where so 
much weight is resting on the timber that 
it cannot be removed safely, it must be shot 


dredge 


out by use of explosives, and the roof 
allowed to fall. Kentucky, p. 151. See also 
sylvester. 

draw kiln. Scot. A limekiln in which the 
process of calcination is carried on con- 
tinuously, the raw limestone and fuel being 
put in at the top and the lime withdrawn 
at the bottom. Fay. 

drawknife. A curved, two-handled knife used 
in digging clay. Nichols. 

drawlift. Same as drawing lift. Fay. 

drawman. See grizzly worker. D.O.T. 1. 

draw marks. See scoring; galling; pickup; die 
lines. ASM Gloss. 

drawn. The condition in which an entry or 
room is left after all the coal has been 
removed. Fay. See also rob. B.C.I. 

drawn clay. Clay that is shrunk or decreased 
in volume by burning. Fay. 

drawn glass. Glass made by continuous me- 
chanical drawing operation. ASTM C162- 
66. 

drawn shell. An article formed by drawing 
sheet metal into a hollow structure having 
a predetermined geometrical configuration. 
ASM Gloss. 

drawn stem. See stemware. Dodd. 

drawn tube. A tube produced by drawing 
a tube bloom through a die. Light Metal 
Age, v. 16, No. 9, October 1958, pp. 17-24. 
Glossary of terms used in the aluminum 
extrusion industry. 

drawpiece. Any drawn part. ASM Gloss. 

drawpin. A removable pin that attaches a 
load to a drawbar. Nichols. 

drawplate. A circular plate with a hole in the 
center contoured to fit a forming punch, 
used to support the blank during the form- 
ing cycle. ASM Gloss. 

drawpoint. a. A spot where gravity fed ore 
from a higher level is loaded into hauling 
units. Nichols. b. Heavy chisel cut across 
the face of a bit blank a short distance 
from a diamond to serve as a starting point 
for calking the metal toward and around 
a diamond being handset. Long. 

draw radius. The radius at the edge of a die 
or punch over which the work is drawn. 
ASM Gloss. 

draw ring. A ring-shaped die part over the 
inner edge of which the metal is drawn by 
the punch. ASM Gloss, 

draw slate. A soft slate, shale, or rock ap- 
proximately 2 inches to 2 feet in thickness, 
above the coal, and which falls with the 
coal or soon after the coal is removed. Fay. 

draw tongue. A bar hinged to a towed ma- 
chine, fitted with some device for attaching 
it to a tractor. Nichols. 

draw trials. Ceramic test pieces drawn from 
a kiln at various temperatures. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

draw wood; draw trees. Scot. To extract 
and recover mine timbers. Fay. 

draw works. a. In rotary drilling, that part 
of the equipment functioning as a hoist 
to raise or lower drill pipe and in some 
types, to transmit power to the rotary table. 
A.G.I. b. A countershaft and drum substi- 
tuted in rotary drilling for the band wheel, 
calf wheel, bull wheel, and sand reel used 
in the cable-tool method as a means of 
handling drill-string-equipment casing and 
drivepipe in the course of drilling a bore- 
hole; modern designs provide gears for 
several speeds. Long. 

dredge. a. Large floating contrivance utilized 
in underwater excavation for the purpose 
of developing and maintaining water depths 


in canals, rivers, and harbors; raising the © 


level of lowland areas and improving drain- 











dredge 


|| age; constructing dams and dikes; remov- 
| ing overburden from submerged ore bodies 
prior to open-pit mining; or to recover 
subaqueous deposits having commercial 
| value. Dredges exist in a variety of modi- 
| fications using dippers, clamshells, bucket 
ladders, scrapers, and hydraulic systems as 
means of excavation, and they may or may 
not be self-propelled. Also called dredging 
machine. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. Any 
apparatus used for excavating underwater. 
C.T.D. c. A large raft or barge on which 
are mounted either a chain of buckets or 
suction pumps and other appliances, to 
elevate and wash alluvial deposits and 
gravel for gold, tin, platinum, diamonds, 
etc. C.T.D. d. A type of bag net used for 
investigating the fauna of the sea bottom 
where it is too rough to admit of trawling. 

C.T.D. e. See dradge. Standard, 1964. f. 

Very fine mineral matter held in suspension 

in water. Fay. g. In dry process enameling: 

(1) the application of dry, powdered frit 

to hot ware by sifting, and (2) the sieve 

used to apply powdered porcelain enamel 
frit to the ware. Also called dredging. 
| ASTM C286-65. 

| dredge boat. a. A boat bearing a dredging 

| machine, especially one used in dredging 
river channels and in mining gold-bearing 
sand and gravel. Fay. b. The hull of a 
dredge. Hess. 

(dredge claims. The bed of an unnavigable 
river is open to location and patent as pub- 
lic land, when the opposite banks thereof 
have not passed into private ownership. 
Proprietors bordering on such streams, un- 
less restricted by the terms of their grant 
from the government, hold to the center 
of the stream, notwithstanding the running 
of meander lines on the banks thereof, as 
the true boundary of the land is the thread 
of the stream. Ricketts, p. 144. 

 dredgeman. See dredgemaster. D.O.T. 1. 

i dredgemaster. In metal mining, one who 
supervises and operates a dredge which is 
used to mine metal-bearing sands or gravels 
(gold, tin, or platinum) at the bottom of 
lakes, rivers, and streams. Also called 
dredgeman. D.O.T. 1. 

|| dredge peat. Very dark brown pulplike peat 
dredged from the bottoms of ponds and 
lakes; dries to hard mass without evident 
vegetable structure. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

| dredge pump. A heavy-duty-type pump with 
chrome-carbide or manganese steel liners 
and impellers. In silts or rounded sand 
grains their life is often a matter of months, 
but where sharp-grained sands or large 
gravel sizes are being handled, casing and 
impeller lives may be figured in hours. 

Carson, 2, p. 64. 

|| dredger. a. A vessel specially equipped for 

| dredging. See also bucket-ladder dredge; 
dipper dredger; grab dredger; sand-pump 
dredger; suction-cutter dredger. C.T.D. b. 
One who dredges. Webster 3d. c. A dredg- 
ing machine. Webster 3d. 

| dredger excavator. An excavator working on 
the same principle as the buckct-ladder 
dredger but designed to work on land. 

eC.7 dD. 

' dredge sump. N. of Eng. A small reservoir 
at the bottom of a shaft, in which the 
water collects and deposits any sediments 
or debris. Fay. See also settling pit. 

| dredging. a. The act of using a dredge. Fay. 

b. The material brought up by a dredge. 

Fay. c. A form of excavation conducted 

under water. C.T.D. d. The removal of 

soils from under water, using the water as 








dresser. a. 





349 


a means of transportation to convey the 
soils to final positions. It might be consid- 
ered a variant of loose bulk excavation, 
and, without the presence of water, the 
excavation might be handled by similar 
methods. Carson, p. 28. e. S. Afr. Wash- 
ing alluvial deposits on a large scale by 
means of dredgers. Beerman. f. N.S.W. 
Raising silt, loose sand, etc., in a scoop or 
by suction. Used for such minerals as allu- 
vial gold and tin. New South Wales. 


dredging conveyor. A scraper partially im- 


mersed in a vessel containing liquid and 
used for removing any solids which may 
settle therein. B.S. 3552, 1962. 


dredging machine. See dredge, a. Fay. 
dredging pump. A pump for drawing up silt, 


loose sand, etc., as in dredging. Fay. 


dredging sump. A tank, forming part of the 


water circuit, in which slurry or small coal 
settles and is removed continuously by 
means of a scraper chain or scraper buck- 
ets. Also called drag tank; smudge sump. 
B.S. 3552, 1962, 


dredging tube. The large tube of a dredging 


machine that operates by suction. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 


dredging well. The opening through a dredg- 


ing vessel in which the bucket ladders work. 
See also bucket-ladder dredger. C.T.D. 


dredgy ore. Corn. A rock impregnated with 


or traversed by minute veins of mineral. 
Also called dradgy ore; drady trade. Fay. 


dreelite. A variety of barite. Fay. 
dreigas. A mixture of producer gas, blast fur- 


nace gas, and coke oven gas, that is drei 
(meaning three gases), for the firing of 
open-hearth furnaces. Used in Germany. 
Osborne. 


dreikanter. A borrowed German term for 


three-faceted pebbles shaped by sandblast- 
ing. See also ventifact; faceted pebble. 
A.G.I. 


Dresbachian. Lower Croixan. A.G.J. Supp. 
dress. a. To sort ore. Gordon. b. To resurface 


worn teeth on a roller or other bit by weld- 
ing on a hard-surfacing alloy. See also 
face, b; hardface, a. Long. c. To recalk 
the worn face of a handset diamond bit. 
Long. d. To resharpen and restore to size 
the bits used in cable-tool drilling. Long. 
e. To dress a tool means to restore a tool 
to its original shape and sharpness by forg- 
ing or grinding. Crispin. f. The furrowing 
on a millstone face. Webster 2d. g. To 
clean ore by breaking off fragments of the 
gangue from the valuable mineral. See also 
ore dressing. Fay. 


dressed rocks. Same as roches moutonnées. 


Standard, 1964. 

Mid. A tool used by colliers 
and banksmen for splitting large lumps 
of coal, and for cleaning coal for the 
market. A nooper. Fay. b. A tool or ap- 
paratus for cutting and dressing the fur- 
rows on the face of a millstone. Fay. c. 
A person skilled in the art of heating, 
shaping, and sharpening churn-drill bits. 
Also called tool dresser. Long. d. The 
superintendent of persons employed in 
picking, washing, and dressing ore, Fay. 
e. In the plural, those persons engaged in 
ore dressing. Fay, f. A tool using rotating 
metal cutters for truing, shaping, and 
dressing of grinding wheels. Three types 
are the Bell, Huntington, and Star dressers. 
ACSG, 1963. 


dressing. a. Originally referred to the pick- 


ing, sorting, and washing of ores prepara- 
tory to reduction. The term now includes 
more elaborate processes of milling and 











drier 


concentration of ores. Barger. b. The shap- 
ing of dimension stone. Barger. c. Eng. 
In the Midland coalfield, trimming and 
cleaning up a stall face after the loaders 
have left off work. Fay. d. The separation 
from a lump of coal of adherent inferior 
material by chipping with a hammer or 
by other similar means. B.S. 3552, 1962. 
e. Can. Developing claims to take them 
out of wildcat class. Hoffman. f. S. Afr. 
Sorting, cleaning, and concentrating ores 
for metallurgical purposes. Beerman. g. 
See ore dressing. Nelson. h. Removing 
dulled grains from the cutting face of a 
grinding wheel to restore cutting quality. 
ACSG, 1963. i. To alter the cutting face 
for grinding special contours. ACSG, 1963. 

dressing amalgamation plates. The process 
of softening the amalgam, in amalgama- 
tion, by the addition of mercury. The 
amalgam is then removed with a scraping 
tool and finally the copper plates are again 
coated with mercury. Nelson. 

dressing a mine. A method of fraud carried 
out by a representative of the seller, by 
systematically mining out all the low-grade 
or barren spots in the vein, leaving only 
the high-grade spots exposed. This method 
is used on deposits of lead, zinc, and 
copper where the values are in the form 
of sulfides or other minerals distributed 
in a coarse and irregular manner in the 
vein. It may also be used in a gold or 
silver mine if the seller is familiar enough 
with the difference between high- and low- 
grade ore, In a mine dressed for sale, there 
is a lack of straight lines which is in itself 
suggestive. The back or top of a drive 
or stope will have a billowy appearance, 
which is the result of gouging out the low- 
grade places. Hoou, p. 80. 

dressing floor. The floor, place, or yard where 
ores are rough dressed or sorted. Fay. 

dressing works. See concentrator; ore dress- 
ing. Fay. 

Dressler kiln. The first successful muffle-type 
tunnel kiln was that built by Conrad 
Dressler in 1912. The name is now applied 
to a variety of kilns designed and built 
by the Swindell-Dressler Corp., Pittsburgh, 
Pa. Dodd. 

drewite. A variety of calcium carbonate pre- 
cipitated from seawater by bacterial action. 
English. 

dribble. Material which adheres to the con- 
veying medium and, being carried beyond 
the discharge point, drops off along the 
return run. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

dribbling. In underground excavation, fall 
of small stone and debris from roof, warn- 
ing that a heavy fall may be imminent. 
Pryor, 3. 

driblet. A term applied to pyroclastic masses 
of lava, mostly larger than lapilli, which 
assumed their characteristic forms while 
plastic, and chiefly as a consequence of 
forces acting at the time of detachment 
from the magma or at the time of landing 
during flight. The term spatter is essen- 
tially synonymous. A.G_I. 

driblet cone. A small, fantastic cone, formed 
by the adhesion of congealing driblets of 
liquid lava from a volcanic blowhole; 
opposite of cinder cone. Synonym for 
hornito. Standard, 1964; A.G.I. 

dried calcium sulfate. See plaster of Paris. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

drier. An oven used for removing water from 
damp molded ware by heat, supplemented 
usually with forced circulation of air. 
APRAT: 


drier feeder 


drier feeder. a. One who places wet ceramic 
ware in a drier. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
b. One who lifts freshly enameled parts, 
such as those used in the manufacture of 
stoves, from a conveyor with a long hook 
and transfers them to the drying-oven 
conveyor. D.O.T. 1. 

drier man. In salt production, one who tends 
operations of rotary driers through which 
crushed salt is run to drive off contained 
moisture prior to grinding, examining the 
salt discharged from the driers to see 
that evaporation of moisture is complete. 
D.O.T.1. 

drier tender. One who wraps damp burlap 
sacks around refractory blocks in drying 
room to prevent drying of the block centers 
before the outsides. D.O.T. 1. 

drier white. A term given to superficial dis- 
coloration of clayware during drying; the 
most common cause is adherence of soluble 
salts to the surface of the ware. See also 
kiln white. ACSG, 1963. 

dries. Seams in the rock, which are usually 
invisible in the freshly quarried material, 
but which may open up in cutting or on 
exposure to the weather. See also dry, b. 
Fay. 

drift. a. A horizontal passage. underground. 
A drift follows the vein, as distinguished 
from a crosscut, which intersects it, or 
a level or gallery, which may do either. 
Fay. b. In coal mining, a gangway or 
entry, above water level and generally on 
the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into 
the coal seam. Fay; B.C.J. c. A horizontal 
opening in or near an ore body and paral- 
lel to the course of the vein or the long 
dimension of the ore body. Beerman. d. A 
passageway driven in the coal from the 
surface, following the inclination of the 
bed. Hudson. e. N. of Eng. A heading 
driven on the strike of the coal seam. Fay. 
f. N. of Eng. An inclined roadway 
driven in stone either underground or 
from the surface to the workings. Trist. 
g. Forest of Dean. A hard shale. Fay. 
h. To make a drift; to drive. Webster 3d. 
i. A horizontal gallery in mining and civil 
engineering driven from one underground 
working place to another and parallel to 
the strike of the ore. It is usually of a 
relatively small cross section. Larger sec- 
tions are usually called tunnels, Fraenkel. 
j. A heading driven obliquely through a 
coal seam. C.T.D. k. A heading in a coal 
mine for exploration or ventilation. C.T.D. 
1, An inclined haulage road to the surface. 
C.T.D. m. Usually an inclined tunnel 
from the surface to the coal seams to be 
developed. It serves the same purpose as 
a shaft but is considerably cheaper. A drift 
may be in stone or coal. If the coal seam 
outcrops in a valley, the drift may be 
driven down in the seam. See also drift 
mining; footwall drift; hanging wall drift. 
Nelson. n. N.S.W. A_ passage driven 
through country rock to intersect a seam 
or vein. New South Wales. o. N.S.W. 
Loose sand which tends to flow. New South 
Wales. p. The deviation of a borehole from 
its intended direction or target. Compare 
walk. Long. q. A tool used for flattening 
dents or straightening the inward bulges 
in casing or other pieces of tubular equip- 
ment. Long. r. S. Afr. The alluvial 
material on top of bedrock. Beerman. s. 
In oil well surveying, the angle from a 
drill hole to the vertical. See also inclina- 
tion (which is measured from the horizon- 
tal). Cumming. t. Any rock material, such 











350 


as boulders, till, gravel, sand, or clay, 
transported by a glacier and deposited by 
or from the ice, or by or in water derived 
from the melting of the ice. Generally 
used of the glacial deposits of the Pleisto- 
cene epoch. Same as detrital deposits. Fay. 
u. A flat piece of steel of tapering width 
used to remove taper shank drills and 
other tools frdbm their holders. ASM Gloss. 
v. A tapered rod used to force mismated 
holes in line for riveting or bolting. Some- 
times called a driftpin. ASM Gloss. w. 
Aerial photography. Apparent rotation of 
aerial photographs with respect to the 
true line of flight, caused by failure to 
orient the camera to compensate for the 
angle between that line and the direction 
in which the airplane is heading. Seelye, 2. 
x. In geophysics, a time variation common 
to nearly all sensitive gravimeters, due to 
slow changes occurring in the springs or 
mountings of the instrumental systems; 
this variation is corrected by repeated 
observations at a base station and in other 
ways. A.G.I. y. Speed of current flow 
downwind. Hy. 

driftage. a. In Great Britain, any place driven 
in a mine, Zern. b. In England, also called 
drift. Zern. 

drift and pillar. N. Staff. A system of working 
coal similar to the room and pillar system. 

ay. 

drift angle. a. The angular deviation of a 
borehole from vertical and/or its intended 
course. Long. b. See also deflection angle. 
Long. 

drift angle buildup. The rate of the increase 
in the drift angle which is generally ex- 
pressed as the number of degrees increase 
for a specific drilled footage; for example, 
2° per 100 feet. Long. 

drift band. Ill. A thin band or layer of 
soft earthy material occurring in a coal 
seam. Fay, 

drift bed. In geology, a layer of drift of 
sufficient uniformity to be distinguished 
from associated ones of similar origin; a 
drift stratum. Fay. 

drift bedding. A term proposed to replace 
false bedding. An obsolete term for in- 
clined bedding. Pettijohn. 

driftbolt. a. A bolt for driving out other 
bolts or pins. Webster 3d. b. A metal rod 
for securing timbers resembling a spike 
BUA with or without point or head. Webster 
3d. 

drift clay. See boulder clay. A.G.I. 

drift coal. Same as allochthomous 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

drift coalfields. Coalfields formed by forests 
on higher ground being carried away by 
floods into lakes. Mason, v. 1, p. 4. 

drift copper. Native copper found in gravel 
and clay, far from the original ore body, 
from which it has been carried by glaciers. 
Weed, 1922. 

drift curve. Graph of a series of gravity 
values read at the same station at different 
times and plotted in terms of instrument 
reading versus time. A.G.J. 

drift deposit. Any accumulation of glacial 
origin; glacial or fluvioglacial deposit. Fay. 

drifted. a. A borehole, the course of which 
has deviated or departed from the intended 
direction or did not reach its intended 
target. Long. b. Inward-bulged casing that 
has been straightened by the use of a drift. 
See also drift, q. Long. c. A horizontal 
underground passage parallel to or along 
a vein or related structure. Long. 

Drift epoch. Same as Glacial epoch. Fay. 


coal. 














drift mine 


drifter. a. An excavator of mine drifts. 
Webster 3d. b. A drill crewman, miner, or 
laborer who travels from place to place, 
only working a short period of time at 
each place. Compare boomer. Long. c. 
An air-driven, percussive rock drill; also 
called leyner; liner. Long. d. A person 
skilled in the use of air-driven, percussive 
rock drills and other processes utilized in 
excavating horizontal underground pass- 
ages or tunnels. Long. 

drifter bar. See drill column. Long. 

driftter drill. The heaviest form of hammer 
drill made in various sizes depending upon 
the severity of the work to be done. The 
heaviest type weighs over 200 pounds and 
is used for holes up to 20 feet in depth. 
Must be mounted on a column or bar, 
Lewis, p. 87. 

drift driller. In metal mining, one who oper- 
ates a heavy, mounted, compressed-air, 
rock-drilling machine in driving drifts — 
(horizontal passages running parallel to 
the vein opened up to facilitate mining 
of the ore). D.O.T. 1. 

drifter drill operator. See driller, machine. 
1D OMEN: 

drift frame. See square sets. Stauffer. 

drift gravel. Gold or tin-bearing gravel lying 
on slate or granite and covered with basalt. 
von Bernewitz. 

drift ice. Any ice that has drifted from its 
place of origin. Hy. 

drift indicator. Various types of mechanical 
or photographic devices used to determine 
the compass bearing and inclination of the 
course of a borehole. Compare clinometer; 
Maas compass. Long. 

drifting. a. The coal mining term for the 
driving of underground tunnels through — 
stone, McAdam II, p. 119. b. Opening a - 
drift; driving a drift. See also drift. Fay. 
c. Tunneling along the strike of ore. 
Pryor, 3, p. 140. d. Tunneling; crutting. 
Mason. e. Cars, locomotives, etc., drift 
when they will run by gravity but not 
attain a dangerous speed. Zern. f. Deviat- 
ing from the intended direction, such as 
a borehole during the process of drilling. 
Long. g. Excavating a horizontal under- 
ground passage parallel to or along a. 
vein or related structure. Long. h. Straight- 
ening inward bulges in casing by using 
a special tool. Long. 

drifting back. N. Staff. The operation of | 
mining the pillars toward the pit bottom 
as soon as the cross headings are driven. 
Fay. 

drifting curb. A wooden frame forced down- 
ward through quicksand, having planks 
driven at the back of it to keep out the 
sand and water. Fay. 

drift line. Line of drifted material left on the 
shore, marking the highest stage of the 
flood. Schieferdecker. 

driftman. In bituminous coal mining, one 
who is engaged in driving a drift, a hori- 
zontal passageway underground following | 
the coal vein in a mine. D.O.T. 1. 

drift map. A map showing the distribution | 
of various glacial and fluvioglacial deposits, 
generally called drift. Fay. 

driftmeter. A device used to determine devia- 
tion of drill pipe from the vertical as well | 
as the depth at which deviation occurs. 
A.G.I. 

drift mine. a. A placer or gravel deposit’ 
worked by underground mining methods. 
Webster 3d. b. One opened by a drift. 
Pryor, 3, p. 140. c. A mine that opens: 
into a horizontal or practically level seam) 







drift mine 


| of coal. This type of mine is generally the 

|| easiest to open as the mine opening enters 

| into the coal outcrop. Kentucky, p. 330. 

(drift mining. a. A term applied to working 

alluvial deposits by underground methods 

of mining. The paystreak, varying from 

2 to 8 feet, sometimes greater, is reached 

through an adit or a shallow shaft. Wheel- 

barrows or small cars may be used for 
transporting the gravel to a sluice on the 
surface. If relatively large, the deposit is 
removed in a system of regular cuts or 
slices taken across the paystreak, working 
generally in a retreating fashion from the 
inner limit of the gravel. Drift mining 
is more expensive than sluicing or hydrau- 
licing; consequently it is used only in 
rich ground. Lewis, p. 390. b. The work- 
ing of relatively shallow coal seams by 
drifts from the surface. The drifts are 
generally inclined and may be driven in 
rock or in a seam, Drift mining may be 
viewed as intermediate between opencast 

_ coal mining and shaft or deep mining. 
See also development drift. Nelson. 

| drift net. In oceanography, a form of gill net 

| used for fishing at or near the surface; 

allowed to drift with the tide; used espe- 
cially by herring boats or drifters. See also 

im ell net. @:-7.D. 

| drift peat. A peat deposit associated with or 

embedded in glacial drift. Fay. 

| drift salt. Fluffy, flaky salt particles due to 
wind and wave action which produce a 
mist over the surface of solar salt ponds. 
The mist contains minute particles of salt 
which are driven to the lee shore, and 
deposited as a scale. Kaufmann. 

(drift scratches. Marks on the surface of 
solid ledges of rocks, supposed to have 
been produced by the grinding action of 
masses of soil, gravel, and rocks, during 
glacial movement. Fay. 

| drift set. A strong timber set in a drift which 
may form the anchorage for the timber 
sets of the stope above. Nelson. 

( drift sheet. A sheetlike body of glacial drift, 
continuous or discontinuous, deposited dur- 
ing a single glaciation (for example, Cary 
drift sheet) or during a closely related 
succession of glaciations (for example, 

| Wisconsin drift sheet). A.G.I. 

|i drift slabs. Slabs of more than ordinary 

length, used especially for holding back 

dirt, sand, and water from a shaft. Fay. 

| drift slicing. Side slicing as a method of 

stoping massive deposit. Alternative to top 

slicing. Pryor, 3. 

|| drift stope. The excavation of the develop- 
ment drift together with the stope in 
overhand stoping. Employed in cases where 
the hanging wall is strong. Nelson. 

| drift stoping. See sublevel stoping. Fay. 

\ drift theory. That theory of the origin of 

_ coal which holds that the plant matter 
constituting coal was washed from _ its 
original place of growth and deposited in 
another locality where coalification then 
came about. See also allochthonous coal. 
A.G.I. 

| driftway. See drift, a. Fay. 

| driftwood peat. Peat formed from driftwood. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

| driggoe. Corn. The lower pump in a set 
or tier; the working piece. Also called 
drigger. Fay. 

| drikold. See dry ice. Pryor, 3. 

| drill. a. Any cutting tool or form of apparatus 

using energy in any one of several forms 

to produce a circular hole in rock, metal, 
wood, or other material. See also calyx 






















351 


drill; churn drill; core drill; diamond 
drill; rock drill; rotary drill; shot drill. 
Long. b. To make a circular hole with a 
drill or cutting tool. Long. c. Types of 
drills include singlehand, double-hand 
(worked manually); percussion drills 
(jackhammer, drifters, stopers) using com- 
pressed air; and rotary drills (diamond 
shot, calyx) powered by air or electricity. 
Alluvial drills include Banka (hand) and 
churn (power). Pryor, 3. 

drillability. a. The relative speed at which a 
material may be penetrated by a drill bit. 
High drillability denotes easy penetration 
at a fast rate. Long. b, The specific value 
of the drilling properties of a rock ex- 
pressed in terms of the drilling rate under 
certain technical conditions. Fraenkel. 

drill ahead; drilling ahead. a. To sink a 
borehole into solid or unconsolidated rock 
material, such as overburden or glacial till, 
to a considerable depth below the bottom 
of the casing or drivepipe. Long. b. To 
restart or resume drilling operation. Long. 
c. To drill boreholes in advance of mine 
workings to explore for or locate old mine 
workings or a water-bearing formation. 
Long. 

drill bar. A drill column that is set horizon- 
tally instead of vertically in an under- 
gronud workplace. Long. 

drill base. Metal or wood framework on 
which a drilling machine is mounted. 
Long. 

drill bit. One of a number of different types 
of detachable cutting tools used to cut 
circular holes in rock, wood, metal, etc. 
Also called drill crown in Africa and 
England. Long. 

drill boom. An adjustable arm projecting 
from a drill carriage to carry a drill and 
hold it in position. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

drill bort; drilling bort. Synonym for drill 
diamonds. Long. 

drill bortz; drilling bortz. Synonym of drill 
diamonds. Long. 

drill by; drilled by; drilling by. Same as 
bypass, d. Long. 

drill cable; drilling cable. In a strict sense, 
the term should only be used to designate 
the heavy rope or cable used as the con- 
necting link between the drill stem and 
the walking beam on a churn drill. How- 
ever, the term now is commonly used to 
signify any cable or wire rope used in 
hoisting drill rods, casing, and other bore- 
hole-drilling equipment used with a drill 
machine, such as a calyx drill, diamond 
drill, etc. Also called drilling line; drill 
line. Long. 

drill capacity. The lineal feet of drill rod 
of a specified size that a hoist on a dia- 
mond or rotary drill can lift or that the 
associated brake is capable of holding on 
a single line; also sometimes used to desig- 
nate the size of a drill machine, based on 
the depth to which it is capable of drilling. 
Long. 

drill carriage; jumbo. A movable platform, 
stage or frame which incorporates several 
rock drills and usually travels on the 
tunnel track; used for heavy drilling work 
in large tunnels. See also drill frame. 
Nelson. 

drill casing. Synonym for casing. Long. 

drill change. The limiting depth of drilling 
with any one size of bit, after which a 
smaller bit must be used. Nelson. 

drill collar; drilling collar. A length of 
extra heavy wall drill rod or pipe con- 
nected to a drill string directly above the 








driller 


core barrel or bit, the weight of which 
is used to impose the major part of the 
load required to make the bit cut properly. 
A drill collar is usually of nearly the same 
outside diameter as the bit or core barrel 
on which it is used. Not to be confused 
with guide rod. Long. 

drill column. a. A length of steel pipe 
equipped with a flat cap at one end and 
a jackscrew on the opposite end by means 
of which the pipe can be wedged securely 
in a vertical or horizontal position across 
an underground opening to serve as a base 
on which to mount a small diamond or 
rock drill. Also called bar; drifter bar; 
drill bar; jack bar. Long. b. Synonym for 
drill stem. Long. 

drill contract; drilling contract. An agree- 
ment between a drilling contractor and a 
second party specifying the conditions 
under which boreholes are to be drilled 
for the second party. In soil- and founda- 
tion-testing work, a drill or drilling con- 
tract commonly is called a boring contract. 
Long. 

drill contractor; drilling contractor. Owner 
of an equipped drill machine who will, 
under specified conditions and for an 
agreed price, drill boreholes for another 
party. A contractor doing soil- and foun- 
dation-testing work commonly is called a 
boring contractor. Long. 

drill control; drilling control. A mechanism 
that is regulated manually or set to control 
automatically the speed at which a bit 
penetrates rock being drilled. Long. 

drill core. A solid, cylindrical sample of 
rock produced by an annular drill bit, 
generally rotatively driven but sometimes 
cut by percussive methods. See also core. 
Long. 

drill cradle. The metal channel on which a 
heavy drill is fed forward as drilling 
proceeds. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

drill crew. Men needed to operate a drill 
machine properly. Long. 

drill crown; drilling crown. Synonym. for 
drill bit; drilling bit. Long. 

drill cuttings. Synonym for well cuttings. 
A.GJI. Supp. See also cuttings; sludge. 

drill derrick; drilling derrick. See derrick. 
Long. 

drill diamonds. Industrial diamonds used in 
diamond-drill bits and reaming shells for 
coring, cutting, or reaming rock. Drill 
diamonds usually contain obvious inper- 
fections and inclusions, although the finer 
grades approach toolstones in quality. Also 
called drill bort; drilling bort; drilling 
diamonds; drillings. Compare toolstones. 
See also industrials. Long. 

drill doctor. A mechanic or shop that sharp- 
ens and services drill bits, tools, and steels. 
Nichols. 

drilled extrusion ingot. A hollow extrusion 
ingot made by drilling a cast solid extru- 
sion ingot. ASM Gloss. 

drilled well. A well sunk by means of drilling 
tools that may extend to depths of more 
than 20,000 feet. A.GJI. Supp. 

drill engineer. See driller, machine. D.O.T./. 

driller. a. A person who has acquired enough 
knowledge and skill to enable him to oper- 
ate and to assume the responsibility of 
operating a drill machine. Also called drill- 
man; drill runner; runner; tool pusher. 
Long. b. The man in charge of the rig and 
crew during one tour and who handles the 
drilling controls. Brantly, 2. c. A drilling 
machine. Standard, 1964. d. Can. Prop- 
erty being diamond drilled as compared to 


driller 


one undergoing underground development. 
Hoffman. e: N. of Eng. Uses an electric 
or pneumatic twist drill to make shotholes 
in the coal. Shotholes in the gateway 
caunches are usually put on by the stone- 
man. Trist. f. See cable driller. D.O.T. 1. 

driller helper. See prospecting driller helper. 
1 Ovterl. 

driller, machine. a. In anthracite and bitumi- 
nous coal mining, one who operates a com- 
pressed-air or electric rotary drilling ma- 
chine in working places in a mine to drill 
holes into the working face of coal so that 
the mass may be broken up by blasting 
with explosives that are inserted and set 
off in the holes. Also called drill engineer ; 
drillman; power driller. D.O.T. 1. b. In 
the quarry industry, one who operates a 
heavy, mounted, compressed-air, percussion 
rock drilling machine on a ledge or the 
floor of a quarry to drill holes into the 
working face of the rock so that the mass 
may be broken up by blasting with an ex- 
plosive that is inserted and setoff in the 
holes. May be designated according to type 
of drill or mounting used, as drifter drill 
operator or tripod drill operator. Also 
called drillman; stone driller. D.O.T. J. 

driller’s mud. A mineral-laden fluid used as 
a circulation medium when drilling a bore- 
hole with a diamond- or rotary-drilling 
machine. See also mud. Long. 

drill extractor. Tool for retrieving broken 
piece of drill from borehole. Pryor, 3. 

drill feed. The mechanism for advancing the 
drill bit during boring. Nelson. 

drill fittings. Devices, parts, and pieces of 
equipment used downhole in drilling a 
borehole. Also called downhole equipment. 
Long. 

drill floor; drilling floor. A plank-covered 
work area around the collar of a borehole 
at the base of a drill tripod or derrick. 
Long. 

drill fluid; drilling fluid. Usually water or 
mud-laden water (sometimes applied to 
compressed air, natural gas, or oil) circu- 
lated through a drill string to keep the bit 
cool and to wash cuttings produced away 
from the bit face. Also called circulation 
fluid; fluid circulation. Long. See also cir- 
culating fluid. 

drill footage. The number of lineal feet of 
borehole drilled, usually expressed in num- 
ber of feet per shift. Long. 

drill frame. A drill mounting often made at 
the mine to suit the tunnel requirements. 
It usually comprises two or three arch 
girders strapped together to form a replica 
of the tunnel shape but smaller in size. The 
structure is mounted on wheels and pro- 
vision is made for clamping the drills to 
various parts of the frame according to the 
drill-hole pattern in use. It contains a cen- 
tral opening to allow the passage of the 
loading machine, cars, or conveyor. Nelson. 

drill free; drilling free. A condition occurring 
when the bit is no longer cutting because 
it is being held suspended above the bot- 
tom of the borehole by the drill rods or by 
a blocking or upstanding piece of core. 
Also called drill off. Long. 

drill gage. The width across the cutting bit 
or diameter of the drilled hole. With tung- 
sten-carbide bits it is possible to drill long 
holes without the loss of gage. Nelson. 

drill head; swivel head. a. The assembly 
which applies the drilling pressure and 
rotation to the drill rods. Also called bor- 
ing head. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 3. b. Obso- 
lete synonym for drill bit. Long. 














352 


drill hole. a. A hole in rock or coal made 
with an auger or a drill. Bureau of Mine 
Staff. b. Technically, a circular hole drilled 
by forces applied percussively; loosely and 
commonly, the name applies to a circular 
hole drilled in any manner. Long. c. Used 
by diamond drillers as a synonym for bore- 
hole. Compare borehole. Long. 

drill-hole counting. When the results of a 
survey indicate a possible ore deposit, test 
holes may be drilled and a special adap- 
tation of a scintillation counter, called a 
drill-hole counter, may be lowered in the 
hole in an attempt to locate, outline, and 
assay an ore body. The drill-hole counter 
can distinguish between formations by their 
radiation intensity. Dobrin, p. 392. 

drill-hole pattern. The number, position, 
depth and angle of the shot holes forming 
the complete round in the face of a tunnel 
or sinking pit. A good drill-hole pattern 
will ensure the maximum possible pull and 
the fragmentation for easy loading without 
excessive scatter of material. Nelson. 

drill-hole record. A description of the bore- 
hole based on the daily logs from the 
driller and the samples and the report of 
the geologist. Nelson. 

drill-hole returns. The circulation fluid and 
entrained cuttings overflowing the collar 
when drilling a borehole. Long. 

drill-hole survey. See borehole survey. Long. 

drill in; drilling in; drilled in. a. The act or 
process of setting or advancing casing or 
pipe through overburden with a drill 
machine by rotating a bit-shod string of 
casing or pipe. Long. b. To drill through 
the cap rock into an underlying oil-, water-, 
or gas-bearing formation. Long. 

drilling. a. The act or process of making a 
circular hole with a drill. See also drill. 
Compare boring. Long. b. The operation of 
tunneling or stoping, whether with a 
compressed-air rock drill, a jackhammer, 
or a drifter. C.T.D. c. Use of a compressed- 
air rock drill to prepare rock for blasting. 
Pryor, 3. d. The operation of making deep 
holes with a drill for prospecting, explora- 
tion, or valuation. Pryor, 3. e. Two general 
methods of drilling have come to be recog- 
nized: (1) percussion systems, which con- 
sist of breaking up the ground by means 
of a sharp-pointed instrument of a par- 
ticular form, which is made to strike the 
ground in a series of blows; and (2) 
rotary systems, which aim at the extraction 
of a core or permit all the disintegrated 
material to be washed away. Fay. f. Com- 
monly used in prospecting for, and in the 
development of, ore or coal lands. Fay. 

drilling column. The column of drill rods to 
the end of which the bit is attached. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec, 3. 

drilling fluid. The thick fluid kept circulat- 
ing in a borehole to clear the chippings 
and cool the chisel, etc. See also mud 
flush. Nelson. 

drilling jig. a. A device very accurately made 
of cast or wrought iron which becomes a 
guide for the drilling of holes. The work 
is fastened in the jig, and the drill is 
guided through holes drilled in the face 
of the jig itself. The use of a jig makes 
interchangeable work easily obtainable. 
Crispin. b. A portable drilling machine 
worked by hand. Fay. 

drilling life. See bit life. Long. 

drilling line. In a churn drill, the cable 
that supports and manipulates the tools. 
Nichols. 

drilling machine. A hand-operated, or power- 











drill log; drilling log 


driven machine for boring shot holes or 
boreholes, in coal, ore, mineral, or rock. 
See also drifter drill; percussive drill; 
rotary drill; rotary-percussive drill. Nelson. 

drilling machine operator helper. In metal 
mining, one who shovels up loose ore or 
rock in the working place to facilitate 
setting up and operating drill. Also called 
drill operator helper. D.O.T. 1. 

drilling mud. A suspension, generally aque- 
ous, used in rotary drilling and pumped 
down through the drill pipe to seal off 
porous zones and to counterbalance the 
pressure of oil and gas; consists of various 
substances in a finely divided state among 
which bentonite and barite are most com- 
mon. Oil may be used as a base of water. 
A.GI. Supp. 

drilling-mud weighting materials. Class name 
given to materials which are added to 
drilling mud to control gas, oil, water, 
or formation pressures and to aid in main- 
taining the walls of the open hole. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

drilling pattern. A plan showing the location, 
direction, length, and firing sequence of 
the drill holes in a round. Fraenkel. 

drilling platform. Auxiliary equipment for 
drilling at heights above head level. The 
drilling platform is generally assembled 
and dismantled for each series of drilling 
operations. Fraenkel. 

drilling pressure; drill pressure. See bit load. 
Long. 

drilling rate. a. The depth of penetration 
achieved per unit of time with a given 
type of rock drill, bit diameter, air pres- 
sure, etc. Also called penetration rate. 
Fraenkel. b. The overall rate of advance- 
ment of the borehole. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 3. 

drillings. a. Synonym for drill diamonds. 
Long. b. Incorrectly used as a synonym for 
cuttings. Long. c. Sometimes designates drill 
diamonds ranging from 4 to 23 stones per 
carat in size. Long. 

drilling thrust. See bit load. Long. 

drilling time. a. In rotary drilling, the time 
required for the bit to penetrate a speci- 
fied thickness (usually 1 foot) of rock. The 
rate is dependent on many factors. A.G.I. 
b. The elapsed time, excluding periods 
when not actually drilling, required to 
drill a well. A.G_I. 

drilling tools. An assembly of tools including 
the bit, drill pipe, etc., used in well drill- 
ing. Shell Oil Co. 

drilling tower; drill tower. Synonym for der- 
rick. Long. 

drilling up. Preliminary digging out the clay 
in the taphole of a furnace. This is done 
usually by hand, air, or electric drill. Fay. 

drilling weight; drill weight. Total weight, 
expressed in pounds or tons, applied to a 
bit while drilling. Also called bit load; 
bit thrust; drilling pressure; drilling thrust. 
Long. 

drill jars; drilling jars. a. A loose-fitting or 
sliding connector in a drill stem by means 
of which a sharp, jarring blow can be 
delivered to a string of drill tools to 
dislodge the string when it is stuck in a 
borehole. Long. b. Incorrectly used as a 
synonym for drive hammer. Long. 

drill line; drilling line. Sometimes used as a 
synonym for drill cable; drill string. Long. 

drill log; drilling log. The record of the 
events and the type and characteristics of 
the formations penetrated in drilling a 
borehole. Also called boring log. Compare 
log. Long. 








| drill machine; drilling machine 


(drill machine; drilling machine. A portable 
mechanism used in drilling boreholes, drill 

{| holes, or wells. Also called drill; drill rig. 

| Long. 

|i drillman. a. Synonym for driller. Long. b. A 

member of a drill crew. Long. c. See driller, 

machine. 201 sl. 

drill mounting; drill rig. An appliance to 

|| provide a feed pressure and a support for 

the drilling machine usually in tunnels. 

Four main types of drill mountings are 

in use, namely, the post, the air leg, the 

drill frame, and the drill carriage. Nelson. 

}idrill mud; drilling mud. Water mixed with 

' clay (usually bentonite) and sometimes 
other material such as ground barite, oil, 
etc., used as a rotary and/or diamond-drill 
circulation medium. Compare circulation 
fluid; drill fluid. Long. 

(drill off; drilling off. Used by rotary and 
diamond drillers as a synonym for drill 
free. See also drill free. Long. 

(drill operator, pneumatic. In stonework in- 
dustry, one who drills holes in slabs or 
blocks of building stone for the insertion 
of wire or rods in mounting or fastening 
them in place, using a compressed air 
driven drill. D.O.T. 1. 

| drill out; drilling out. a. To penetrate or 
remove an obstruction in a borehole by a 
drilling operation. Long. b. To complete a 
borehole or group of boreholes. Long. c. 
To determine location and areal extent 
of an ore body or petroleum reservoir by 
a number of boreholes. Long. 
}/ drill output. The volume of rock (in tons) 
corresponding to the footage drilled per 
hour. Streefkerk, p. 15. 
| drill over; drilling over. a. The act or pro- 
cess of drilling around the outside of 
casing or drill-string equipment stuck in 
a borehole, using a washover shoe or a 
bit and core barrel. Long. b. To drill down 
over core lost in a borehole. Long. 
(drill pattern; drilling pattern. The placement 
of a number of boreholes in accordance to 
a predetermined geometric arrangement. 
Long. 
| drill pipe. In rotary drilling, the heavy steel 
pipe rotated to give motion to the drilling 
bit, and through which circulation of 
drilling fluid is maintained. A.G.J. b. A 
petroleum driller’s term for drill rods. 
Long. 
| drill platform; drilling platform. Synonym 
| for drill floor; drilling floor. Long. 
| drill press operator. In the stonework indus- 
try, one who operates an upright drilling 
machine to drill holes into finished blocks 
and slabs of stone, such as marble, granite, 
and slate. May be designated according 
to type of machine, as radial drill operator. 
DIOR. 
|| drill pressure; drilling pressure. See bit load. 
Long. 
|/ drill rate; drilling rate. a. The number of 
feet of borehole drilled in a specified in- 
terval of time; for example, drilling rate 
was 80 feet per day. Long. b. Price, ex- 
pressed in dollars, per foot of borehole 
completed in accordance with terms speci- 
fied in a drill contract. Long. Synonym 
for feed rate. Long. 

| (drill rig. a. A drill machine complete with 

| all tools and accessory equipment needed 

_ to drill boreholes. Also called drilling rig. 

__ Long. b. Any means of supporting a rock 
drill at its work. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 
See also drill mounting. 

‘drill rod; drilling ‘rod. Hollow, externally 





























353 


flush-coupled rods connecting the bit and 
core barrel in a borehole to the swivel 
head of a rotary-drill rig on the surface. 
Unit lengths of rod are usually 10 feet 
long and composed of two threaded parts, 
(a short pin-threaded coupling and a box- 
threaded length of heavy-wall steel tubing) 
connected together. The term “drill pipe” 
is applied to rods used in a similar man- 
ner on rotary rigs in petroleum-drilling 
operations. Also called diamond-drill pipe; 
diamond-drill rod; drill pipe. Compare 
drill pipe. Long. 

drill-rod bit. A noncoring bit designed to be 
coupled to a reaming shell threaded to 
couple directly on a drill rod instead of 
a core barrel. Long. 

drill-rod drive quill. Synonym for drive quill. 
Long. 

drill rope. A left-lay, plant-fiber rope, usually 
about 14% inches in diameter, used on 
diamond drills in drivepiping operations 
in lieu of the wire hoisting line, as it can 
be wrapped around the hoist drum or cat- 
head to manipulate a chopping bit or 
drive hammer more easily than can a wire 
hoisting cable. Long. 

drill runner. a. The tunnel miner who nor- 
mally handles the rock drills for blasting 
purposes. Nelson. b. See driller. Long. 

drill-runner helper. See diamond-driller help- 
ergD-Os;d al; 

drill sampling. a. A method of sampling a de- 
posit by means of a drill or borehole. The 
boreholes may be spaced at the corners of 
squares or triangles at distances according 
to the nature and extent of the deposit. 
See also exploratory drilling; soil sample. 
Nelson. b. The sampling of gravel deposits 
or extensive low-grade ore deposits by use 
of drills. Hoov, p. 38. 

drill series. Synonym for drill diamonds. Long. 

drill shack; drill shanty. The shelter enclos- 
ing the working area around the collar 
of a borehole. Compare changehouse. Long. 

drill shanty. See drill shack. Long. 

drill sharpening machines. Machines for 
sharpening detachable bits and for making 
shanks. Detachable bits are sharpened by 
grinding and may stand from 4 to 7 or 8 
regrinds, with occasional rehardening. 
Lewis, p. 98. 

drill site; drilling site. Spot where drill rig 
will be or has been set up. Long. 

drill sludge; drilling sludge. See cuttings. 


ong. 

drill speed; drilling speed. May be used by 
drillers as a synonym for drill bit revolu- 
tions per minute; drill rate; feed rate; feed 
ratio; feed speed; rate of penetration. Long. 

drill stand. See drill rig, b. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. 6. 

drill steel. a. Steel made either by the cruci- 
ble process or in the electric furnace, as 
these methods give the best control of raw 
materials and the resultant composition of 
the steel. Various analyses of drill steel 
come within the following range: 0.68 to 
0.90 percent carbon, 0.15 to 0.30 percent 
manganese, 0.01 to 0.03 percent sulfur, 0.01 
to 0.03 percent phosphorus, and trace to 
0.30 percent silicon. Drill steel is composed 
of tiny crystals called microconstituents, 
and these crystals of which there are sev- 
eral kinds, change from one kind to an- 
other at certain temperatures, even though 
the steel is in the solid form, and these 
changes have a marked effect on the physi- 
cal characteristics of the steel. Lewis, pp. 
93-94. b. A round or hexagonal steel rod 





drip feeder 


for boring in coal, ore, or rock. It consists 
of shank, shaft, and bit. It forms an im- 
portant part of jackhammers and drifters. 
Nelson. c. Hollow steel connecting a per- 
cussion drill with the bit. Nichols. d. See 
rod; stem. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

drill-steel set. A series of integral drill-steel 
sizes consisting of starter and follower bits, 
necessary for drilling a hole to a certain 
depth. The length increment is usually de- 
termined by the wear of the bit and the 
feed length of the feeding device. Fraenkel. 

drill stem. a. In standard drilling, a cylindri- 
cal bar of steel or iron screwed onto the 
cable tool bit to give it weight. A.G.J. b. 
In rotary drilling, a string of steel pipe 
screwed together and extending from the 
rig floor to the drill collar and bit at the 
bottom of the hole. The drill pipe trans- 
mits the rotating motion from the rotary 
table to the bit and conducts the drilling 
mud from the surface to the bottom of 
the hole. A.G.J. See also drill string. 

drill-stem test. A test of the productive capa- 
city of a well when still full of drilling 
mud. The testing tool is lowered into the 
hole attached to the drill pipe and placed 
opposite the formation to be tested. Pack- 
ers are set to shut off the weight of the 
drilling mud, and the tool is opened to 
permit the flow of any formation fluid into 
the drill pipe, where it can be measured. 
A.G.I. 

drill string; drilling string. a. The assemblage 
of drill rods, core barrel and bit or drill 
rods, drill collars, and bit in a borehole, 
which is connected to and rotated by the 
drill machine on the surface at the collar 
of the borehole. Also called drill stem. 
Long. b. As used by cable-tool or churn 
drillers, the assemblage of bit, stem, rope, 
or cable in a borehole connected to the 
walking beam of the churn drill on the 
surface. Long. 

drill sump. See sump, n. Long. 

drill thrust; drilling thrust. See bit load. Long. 

drill time; drilling time. Amount of time, 
expressed in hours per shift or percent of 
shift time, that bit is on bottom and 
drilling. Long. 

drill tripod. See tripod. Long. 

drill water. See drill fluid. Long. 

Drinker method. See Schafer-Nielsen-Drinker 
method. McAdam, p. 89. 

drink time. Eng. Mealtime. Fay. 

drip. a. A name given to an apparatus at- 
tached to natural-gas wells to exclude from 
the mains any liquid, such as oil or water, 
that may accompany the gas. It usually 
consists of four iron tubes placed vertically, 
the inner two being connected by a cross 
tube. During the passage of the gas through 
this apparatus, the liquid becomes separ- 
ated and accumulates in a tube called a 
tail piece, from which it is blown out from 
time to time. Any opening arranged to 
take a liquid from a line carrying gas, as 
condensation from a steam line. Fay. b. 
The slope or inclination of a stratum. 
Standard, 1964 c. A projecting piece of 
material so shaped as to throw off water 
and prevent its running down the face of 
the wall or other surface of which it is a 
part. ACSG. 

drip blower. In petroleum production, one 
who opens valves at well and at low points 
along natural gas lines to draw off the 
natural gasoline into drums, a tank truck, 
or a waste recovery system. D.O.T. 1. 

drip feeder. a. Oil reservoir set to discharge 


drip feeder 


lubricant at steady rate in drops per 
minute. Pryor, 3. b. Reagent feeder some- 
times used in flotation process to meter 
chemicals into pulp. Pryor, 3. 

dripping fault. A fault down which small 
quantities of water seep into the mine 
workings. A dripping fault is a hazard as 
mining operations may loosen or open the 
fault fracture and cause an inrush of 
water. Nelson. 

drip-point grid tile. Patented acid-resisting 
tower packing which has maximum effec- 
tive contact surface. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dripstone. a. A drip, as along an eaves, made 
of stone. Webster 3d. i. Calcium carbonate 
in the form of stalactites and stalagmites. 
Webster 3d. 

drip valve. See feed-control valve. Long. 

drivage. A general term for a roadway, 
heading, or tunnel in course of construc- 
tion. It may be horizontal or inclined but 
not vertical. Nelson. 

drive. a. To excavate horizontally, or at an 
inclination, as in a drift, adit, or entry. 
Distinguished from sinking and raising. 
Fay. b. Aust. A level, drift, or tunnel in 
a mine. Fay. c. A tunnel or level in or 
parallel to and near a mineralized lode or 
vein as distinct from a crosscut, which 
only gives access normal to the lode. 
Pryor, 3. d. An underground passage for 
exploration, development, or working of 
an ore body. It may be taken along the 
lode or paralle] to it. Drives are made at 
appropriate levels below the surface. In 
a working mine, the ore from stopes above 
the level descends to the drive below, 
along which it is transported towards the 
shaft or main entry. Nelson. e. The means 
by which mechanical power is transmitted 
to an appliance such as a conveyor. Nelson. 
f. To advance or sink drive pipe or casing 
through overburden or broken rock for- 
mation by chopping, washing, or hammer- 
ing with a drive hammer or by a com- 
bination of all three procedures. Long. g. 
To excavate a horizontal underground 
passage or tunnel. Long. h. Any power- 
transmission system, such as belt drive, 
gear drive, chain drive, electric drive, etc. 
Long. i. To dig or make a tunnel. Nichols. 
j. To hammer down piling. Nichols. k. See 
driving. C.T.D. 

drive block. See drive hammer. Long. 

drive-block extension. See drive-hammer ex- 
tension. Long. 

drive cap; driving cap. See drive head, b. 
Long. 

drive casing. Heavy, thick-walled casing, 
which is stronger than standard casing, and 
hence may be driven through overburden 
or material with less danger of being dam- 
aged than standard casing. Long. 

drive chain. The chain used to convey power 
and motion between the speed reducer of 
the power unit and the head shaft on a 
chain conveyor. Jones. 

drive chuck. Mechanism at lower end of a 
diamond-drill drive rod on the swivel 
head by means of which the movements 
of the drive rod can be imparted to the 
drill string. Also called chuck. Long. 

drive clamp. A collar fitted on a churn drill 
string to enable it to be used as a hammer 
to drive casing pipe. Nichols. 

drive collar. a. Extra thick walled pipe or 
casing coupling against which the blow of 
a drive block is delivered when driving or 
sinking drivepipe or casing. Long. b. An 
oversize rod or casing coupling on which 











354 


the blows of a drive block are delivered 
when casing is being driven or an attempt 
is being made to jar loose stuck casing or 
a drill-rod string. Long. c. Incorrectly used 
as a synonym for drive shoe; drive ham- 
mer. Long. 

drive fit. A type of force fit. ASM Gloss. 

drive gear; drive gears. a. The gear at the 
end of a diamond-drill motor drive shaft, 
which engages and rotates the diamond- 
drill swivel-head bevel gear; the latter in 
turn rotates the swivel-head drive rod. 
Long. b. Equipment used primarily in driv- 
ing pipe or casing. Long. 

drive hammer. A heavy sleeve-shaped weight 
used as a hammer or piledriver for driv- 
ing pipe or casing into overburden or 
other soft rock materials. Also called an- 
vil; anvil block; drive block. Long. See also 
casing drive hammer. 

drive-hammer extension. An annular-shaped 
piece of heavy steel, which is made to be 
attached to the bottom end of a drive 
block when a heavier-than-normal drive 
block is needed. Also called drive-block 
extension. Long. 

drivehead. a. The driving mechanism for a 
conveyor. The expressions head-end drive, 
intermediate drive, and tail-end drive, in- 
dicate the position of the drivehead or 
heads. Nelson. b. A heavy iron cap or an- 
gular coupling fitted to top of pipe or cas- 
ing to receive and protect the casing from 
the blow delivered by a drive block when 
casing or pipe is driven through over- 
burden or other material. Also called drive 
cap; driving cap. Long. c. The swivel head 
of a diamond- or rotary-drill machine. 
Long. 

drivehead yoke. A heavy steel ring fitted 
around a jar rod and resting on a drive- 
head attached to rods connected to a drive 
sampler used in soil-sampling operations. 
The ring is equipped with two links to 
which the pulldown lines can be attached 
and by means of which the sampler is 
forced slowly and steadily downward into 
the material being sampled. Long. 

drive jack. See jack. 

driven cast-in-place pile. Reinforced concrete 
pile cast by driving into the ground a 
steel casing which is then filled with con- 
crete. The concrete is consolidated into 
place by a hammer, and the casing is 
generally withdrawn immediately after 
placing the concrete. Ham. 

driven pile. A timber, reinforced concrete, or 
steel pile driven to a specified set, by a 
drophammer, a steam hammer, or a diesel 
hammer. Ham. 

driven well. A well which is sunk by driving 
a casing, at the end of which there is a 
drive point, without the aid of any drill- 
ing, boring, or jetting device. Fay. 

drivepipe. a. A thick-walled outside-coupled 
pipe, fitted at its lower end with a sharp 
steel shoe. It may be driven through over- 
burden or other material by repeated pile- 
driverlike blows delivered to the upper 
end of the pipe by a heavy drive block. 
Long. b. Casing pipe driven into deep drill 
hole to hold back water or prevent caving. 
In shallow drilling of alluvials, bottom 
pipe of string which may be battered 
down. Drivehead and drive shoe are also 
used in this work. Pryor, 3. c. Pipe driven 
short distance into dumps or unconsoli- 
dated ground to obtain samples. Pryor, 3. 

drivepipe ring. a. A heavy sleevelike device 
attached to a drill floor to steady and 














drive shaft 


guide the pipe or casing being driven. 
Long. b. A device for holding the drive- 
pipe while being pulled from well. Fay. 

drivepipe shoe. A drive shoe threaded to fit 
on the bottom end of a drivepipe. Also 
called. drive shoe; pipe drive shoe; pipe 
shoe. Long. 

drive pulley. Applied to the pulley or drum 
driven through gearing by some source of 
power and which, through contract fric- 
tion, drives a conveyor belt. Drive pulleys 
are frequently placed in tandem to pro- 
vide a greater surface contact with the 
belting. The term driving rolls is also used 
for such pulleys. Jones. 

drive quill. a. The sleeve fitting around and 
imparting rotational movement to the 
drive rod in the swivel head of a diamond- 
drill machine. Long. b. A term sometimes 
incorrectly used as a synonym for drive 
rod. Long. 

driver. a. A person who drives a horse or 
mule in a mine. Fay. b. One who controls 
the movements of a locomotive motor car, 
or the like. Webster 2d. c. Eng. A bit of 
iron for forcing the wood into a blasting 
hole. A tamping iron. Fay. d. Eng. A bit 
man who breaks down the coal in the 
stalls with hammers and wedges, after the 
holing is finished. A miner. Fay. 

driver boss. A person in charge of the drivers 
in a mine. See driver, a. Fay. 

drive rod. a. Threaded hollow shaft in the 
swivel head of. a diamond-drill “machine 
through which the energy supplied by the 
drill motor is imparted to the drill string. 
Also called drive spindle; spindle; spindle 
rod. Long. b. Synonym for jar rod. Long. 

drive-rod bushing. A metal sleeve used to fill 
the annular space between a drill rod and 
the inside of the upper end of a drive 
rod or feed screw on the swivel head of a 
diamond-drill machine. The sleeve steadies 
the drill rod and reduces its tendency to 
wabble or vibrate inside the drive rod. 
Long. 

drive sample. A dry sample of soft rock 
material, such as clay, soil, sand, etc., ob- 
tained by forcing, without rotation, a 
short, tubular device into the formation 
being sampled by hydraulic pressure or the 
piledriver action of a drive hammer. Long. 

drive sampler. A short tubelike device de- 
signed to be forced, without rotation, into 
soft rock or rock material, such as clay, 
sand, or gravel, by hydraulic pressure or 
the piledriver action of a drive hammer 
to procure samples of material in as nearly 
an undisturbed state as possible. Long. 

drive sampling. The act or process of ob- 
taining dry samples of soft rock material 
by forcing, without rotation, a tubular de- 
vice into the material being sampled by 
pressure generated hydraulically, mechan- 
ically, or by the piledriver action of a drive 
hammer. Long. 

drivescrew. The threaded drive rod in a 
gear-feed swivel head on a diamond drill. 
Long. 

drive section. That section of a belt con- 
veyor which transmits power to the belt. 
It consists of a framework, the driving 
pulleys or rolls, and the gearing necessary 
for driving the pulleys. Jones. 

drive shaft. a. Main driving shaft on which 
the drive and conveyor sprocket wheels or 
pulleys are mounted. This shaft is con- 
nected to the drive unit through a coup- 
ling, sprocket wheel, gear, or other form 
of mechanical power transmission. ASA 






















drive shaft 


_ M#H#4. 1-1958 b. A shaft used to support 
| the end of a conveyor screw in a trough 
end and as a driving connection between 
| a conveyor screw and the power trans- 
| mitting medium. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

\idrive shoe. a. A sharp-edged, heavy wall 
| sleeve or coupling of rolled, cast, or forced 
steel, not set with diamonds, attached to 
| bottom end of drivepipe or casing to act 
as a cutting edge and protector for pipe 
or casing being driven into overburden or 
other rock material. Long. b. Sometimes 
incorrectly used as a synonym for casing 
shoe bit and/or pipe-shoe bit. Also called 
casing shoe, pipe shoe. Long. See also cas- 
| ing drive shoe; drivepipe shoe. 

}idrive sleeve; driving sleeve. Synonym for 
drive hammer. Long. 

\idrive spindle. Synonym for drive rod. See 
| also drive rod, a. Long. 

\'drive tube. Synonym for drive rod; drive 
sampler. Long. 

drive unit. The mechanism which imparts 
the reciprocating motion to a shaker con- 
veyor trough line. The term is frequently 
shortened to drive, such as shaker drive, 
uphill drive, etc. Jones. 


wooden or soft-metal base plug in a bore- 
hole, that acts as a fixed point on which 
and by means of which a deflection wedge 
|| may be set and oriented. Long. 
driving. a, Extending excavations horizon- 
tally or near the horizontal plane. Com- 
pare sinking; raising. Nelson. b, The mak- 
ing of a tunnel or level (a drive) in a 
mineralized lode or vein, as distinct from 
making one in country rock (crosscutting) . 
C.T.D. c. Breaking down coal with wedges 
| and hammers. C.T.D. d. A long narrow 
| underground excavation or heading. Fay. 
e. Eng. In the Bristol coalfield, a heading 
driven through rock, Fay. 
idriving band. The steel band fixed around 
the head of a timber pile to prevent broom- 
| ing. Ham. 
driving cap. Steel cap placed above line of 
casing pipes of drill hole to protect thread- 
ed top of pipe while driving them deeper. 
Driving shoe gives protection to the bot- 
| tom pipe of line. Pryor, 3. 
fdriving head. The driving mechanism of a 
belt conveyor. It consists of an electric 
_motor or compressed-air turbine connected 
| through a train of reduction gearing to 
the drum or drums. Motion is imparted to 
the belt by the frictional grip between it 
and the drums. The whole is contained in 
strong covers. Sinclair, V, p. 286. 
| ae helmet. See driving cap. Ham. 
\)driving on line. The keeping of a heading 
or breast accurately on a given course by 
means of a compass or transit. In Arkansas, 
called driving on sights. Fay. 
\drongs. See klippen. Hess. 
fdrop. a. Large, funnel-shaped masses of rock 
hanging from the roof down into a coal 
seam. They usually occur in numbers, 
and are often arranged in rows in some 
general direction. They often have a flange 
on two sides suggesting they are casts of 
hollows connected by a large crack. Slight 
bedding parallel to the sides and horizon- 
tal in the center gives the appearance of 
| their having originated from quicksand 
. running in, as in the case of infilled sand- 
. blows in many earthquake areas, Raistrick 
& Marshall, 1939, p. 94. b. To lower the 
cage to receive or discharge the car when 
a cage of more than one deck is used. Fay. 








355 


c. No. of Eng. A chute down which coal 
is run into keels or boats. Fay. d. To allow 
the upper lift of a seam of coal to fall or 
drop down. Fay. e. Eng. The quantity of 
coal brought down at one cutting. Fay. f. 
Scot. The apparatus by which mineral is 
let down a blind shaft to a lower level. 
Fay. g. Scot. To work the upper portion of 
a thick seam after the lower portion has 
been worked. Fay. h. Scot. To stop work. 
Fay. 1. The vertical displacement in a 
downthrow fault; the amount by which 
the seam is lower on the other side of the 
fault. C.T.D. j. In an air lift, the distance 
the water level sinks below the static head 
during pumping. Lewis, p. 687. k. The 
small downward descent of the upper sec- 
tion of a drill rod, casing, or pipe into a 
lowerlike section when the threads of the 
box- and pin-threaded parts match, so that 
upper and lower sections may be screwed 
together without cross-threading. Long. 1. 
The sudden descnt of a bit that occurs 
when a bit encounters a cavity or cuts 
through a hard rock and enters a very 
soft rock, for example, a driller may say 
the bit hit a cavity and dropped 6 inches. 
Long. m. To lose equipment in a borehole. 
Long. n. To lower drill-string equipment 
into a borehole. Long. 0. A defect in a 
casting due to a portion of the sand drop- 
ping from the cope or other overhanging 
section of the mold. ASM Gloss. 

drop arch. An auxiliary brick arch projecting 
below the general inner surface of the 
arched roof of a furnace, brick conduit or 
like structure. Dodd. 

drop ball. A method of breaking oversize 
stones left after quarry blasting. The balls 
weigh from 30 hundredweight to 2 tons 
(many use old cones from gyratory breakers) 
and are dropped from a crane on to the 
oversize stone. The drop height varies 
from about 20 to 33 feet. The method is 
economical and avoids secondary blasting. 
Nelson. 

drop-bottom bucket. A bottom-opening con- 
tainer used for placing concrete. Ham. 

drop-bottom cage. A cage so designed that 
the middle section of the floor drops a few 
inches when the cage is lifted from the 
keps. The mine car is thus kept stationary 
and secure. Nelson. 

drop-bottom car. A mine car so constructed 
that all the haulage motor has to do is to 
pull the loaded trip across the dump. A 
trigger trips the flaps in the bottom of the 
car, allowing the coal to drop out, and a 
second one closes the flaps as the car 
leaves the dump. Kentucky, p. 212. See 
also mine cars. 

drop boxes. Boxes placed at intervals along 
tailings line to compensate for slope in ex- 
cess of that required to keep the pulp mov- 
ing gently through its launders or pipes. 
Pryor, 3. 

drop chalk. See prepared calcium carbonate. 

drop clack. A valve made to drop into the 
lower end of a working barrel of a lifting 
pump when, from any cause, the lower 
valve ceases to act and the door piece is 
underwater. Standard, 1964. 

drop cut. The initial cut made in the floor 
of an open pit or quarry for the purpose 
of developing a bench at a level below the 
floor. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

drop doors. Hinged doors closing the bottom 
of the cupola furnace which drop down 
to allow the furnace to be cleaned. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 479. 








dropping stones 


drop elbow. A small sized ell that is fre- 
quently used where gas is put into a build- 
ing. These fittings have wings cast on each 
side. The wings have small countersunk 
holes so that they may be fastened by wood 
screws to a ceiling or wall for framing 
timbers. Strock, 3. 

drop-forge. To forge between dies by a drop- 
hammer or punch press. Webster 3d. 

drop forging. A forging made with a drop- 
hammer, ASM Gloss. 

drophammer. a. A forging hammer that de- 
pends on gravity for its force. ASM Gloss. 
b. A pile driving hammer that is lifted by 
a cable and that obtains striking power by 
falling freely. Nichols. c. Synonym for drive 
hammer. Long. 

drop log. A timber which in an emergency 
can be dropped by a remote control across 
a mine track at the top or bottom of an 
incline to derail cars. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

drop of a hanging wall. See closure. Spald- 
ing, p. 159. 

drop of water. A rounded (waterworn), col- 
orless, and transparent pebble of topaz. 
Schaller. 

drop on. Portable rail crossing used to trans- 
fer wagons from one track to another. Ham. 

drop out. See roll out. Long. 

dropped core. Pieces of core not picked up 
or those pieces that slip out of the core 
barrel as the barrel is withdrawn from the 
borehole. Long. 

drop machine brick. Brick formed by drop- 
ping a clot or slug of a prepared mix con- 
siderable distance (approximately 15 feet) 
into a mold after which the extra material 
is slicked off the top. AISI, No. 24 

drop machine silica brick. Silica brick formed 
by automatically dropping a quantity of 
a prepared mix a considerable vertical dis- 
tance into a mold. A.R.I. 

drop mold brick. See drop machine brick. 
AISI, No. 24. 

drop molding. The process of forming brick 
by dropping a clot or slug of a prepared 
mix a considerable distance (approxi- 
mately 15 feet) into a mold after which 
the extra material is slicked off the top. 
AISI, No. 24. 

drop penetration test. See dynamic penetra- 
tion test. Ham. 

dropper. a. A spar dropping into the lode. 
Zern. b. A feeder. Zern. c. A branch leav- 
ing a vein on the footwall side. Zern. d. 
Water dropping from the roof. Zern. e. 
The small deposit or stalactite left by the 
water that has dropped or is still dropping 
from the roof. Zern. f. A branch vein point- 
ing downwards. See also leader. Nelson. g. 
See car runner; car dropper. D.O.T. 1. 

dropping. Molding by heating in a mold 
without the use of pressure. ASTM C162- 
66. 

dropping bottle. Laboratory reagent bottle 
so constructed as to deliver contents one 
drop at a time. Funnels and pipettes can 
be similarly equipped. Pryor, 3. 

dropping pillars and top coal. Aust. The 
second working, consisting of drawing the 
pillars, and in thick seams breaking down 
the upper portion of the seam that was left 
temporarily in position. Fay. 

dropping point. A test made on greases which 
will show their heat resisting properties. 
Also called melting point. Shell Oil Co. 

droppings. Drops of water falling from the 
roof into a gangway or breast. Korson. 

dropping stones. Eng. Stalagmites. Arkell. 


drop pit 


drop pit. A shaft in a mine, in which coal is 
lowered by a brake wheel. Fay. 

drops. Drops of 12 inches or more in a line 
of sluices which are formed by allowing 
the discharge end of one box to rest on 
the head of the succeeding sluice, instead 
of telescoping into it. This method insures 
a drop of 12 inches or more (depending 
on the depth of the sluice box) at the 
end of each sluice, which usually is suf- 
ficient to disintegrate fairly stiff clay. Grif- 
fith, S. V., p. 61. 

drop shaft. A monkey shaft down which earth 
and other matter are lowered by means 
of a drop (that is, a kind of pulley with 
brake attached); the empty bucket is 
brought up as the full one is lowered. 
Zern. 

drop-shaft method. This sinking system con- 
sists in the use of a Cutting shoe on the 
bottom of a shaft lining which is being 
continually augmented as the shoe de- 
scends, the material inside the lining being 
excavated. Sinclair, II, p. 299. 

drop sheet. N. of Eng. A door made of 
canvas, by which the ventilating current 
is regulated and directed through the 
workings, See also curtain. Fay. 

drop shot. Shot made by dropping or pour- 
ing melted lead as opposed to such as are 
cast, as buckshot and bullets. Fay. 

drop stamping. See drop forging. C.T.D. 

drop staple. Eng. An interior shaft, con- 
necting an upper and lower seam, through 
which coal is raised or lowered. Fay. 

dropstone. A stalactitic variety of calcite. 
Fay. 

drop sulfur. Granulated sulfur obtained by 
pouring melted sulfur into water. Standard, 
1964. 

drop tee. One having the same peculiar wings 
as the drop elbow. Strock, 3. 

drop throat. See submarine throat. ASTM 
C162-66. 

drop tin. Granulated tin obtained by pouring 
melted tin into wtaer. Standard, 1964. 

drop warwicks. Steel joists hinged to a sub- 
stantial cross joist in the roof which are 
held up by a stirrup during normal run- 
ning. If a tram runs away down the in- 
cline, the stirrup is disengaged by means 
of a wire operated from the top of the 
incline; one end of the hinged joist falls 
into the rail track and arrests the runaway. 
Mason, v. 2, p. 530. 

drop ways. Openings connecting parallel 
passages that lie at different levels. A.G.I. 

drop weight. Synonym for drive hammer. 
Long. 

drop weights. A method of breaking over- 
size stones after primary blasting at a 
quarry. See also drov ball. Nelson. 

drop zine. Zinc in globular form. Standard, 
1964. 

dross. a. Small coal which is inferior or 
worthless, and often mixed with dirt. Nel- 
son. b. Refuse or impurity formed in melted 
metal. A zinc-and-iron alloy forming in a 
bath of molten zinc, in galvanizing iron. 
Standard, 1964. c. The scum that forms 
on the surface of molten metals largely be- 
cause of oxidation but sometimes because 
of the rising of impurities to the surface. 
ASM Gloss. 

dross bing. Pile of refuse from a washer. Zern. 

dross coal. Scot. In cannel coal districts, 
common or free coal. See also free coal, 
d. Fay. 

pies coal. Derb. Coal containing pyrite. 

ay. 








356 


drown. a. The failure of a cement slurry to 
set properly in a borehole because of its 
being admixed with too much water. Long. 
b. To flood or mix with an excessive 
amount of water. Long. 

drowned; drowned out. Flooded; said of 
mines underwater. Fay. 

drowned coast. See shoreline of submergence. 
Schieferdecker. 

drowned level. a. A level that is underwater. 
Hess. See also blind level, c. Fay. b. Part of 
a drainage drift which, being below both 
discharge and entry levels, is constantly 
full of water. Also called inverted siphon. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

drowned valleys. Valleys of a dissected land 
surface, the lower parts of which have 
been inundated by the sea as a result of 
submergence of the land margin. A.G.I. 

drowned waste. Old workings full of water. 
Fay. 

drub. a. Eng. Slate, Somerset coalfield. Arkell. 
b. Eng. Shale, slate, dross, or rubbish, 
Yorkshire coalfield. Arkell. 

drub coal. York. Miner’s term for coaly shale 
or impure coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

drug. a. Carbonaceous shale. Time. b. York. 
Miner’s term for coaly shale. Tomkezieff, 
1954. 

druggon. S. Staff. A square iron or wooden 
box, used for conveying fresh water for 
horses, etc., in a mine. Fay. 

druidical stone. Synonym for graywether. 
A.G.I. 

druid stones. Eng. Sarsen stones, so called 
because used in Stonehenge and other sup- 
posed Druid temples and circles. Arkell. 

drum. a. The large cylinder or cone on which 
the rope is coiled when hoisting a load up 
a shaft. C.T.D. b. A cylindrical or poly- 
gonal rim type of wheel around which 
cable, chain, belt, or other linkage may 
be wrapped. A drum may be driven or 
driving, The face may be smooth, grooved, 
fluted, or flanged. ASA MH4.1-1958. c. 
Eng. In the Lancashire coalfield, a brick, 
iron, or wooden cylinder, used when sink- 
ing a shaft through sand. Fay. d. See run- 
ning the drum. Fay. e. A metal cask for 
shipment of oil, gasoline, etc. Fay. f. The 
spoollike part of a hoisting mechanism on 
which the cable or wire line is wound. 
Long. g. A container having a liquid ca- 
pacity of 55 gallons. See also barrel, d. 
Long. h. In a conical mill, the cylindrical 
central section. Pryor, 3. i. Winding drum 
used to hoist cages and skips through mine 
shaft. Pryor, 3. j. A general term for a 
roller around which a belt conveyor is 
lapped. It may be a driving-, jib-, loop-, 
tension-, or a holding-down drum. Nelson. 
k. See haulage drum; winding drum. Nel- 
son. 1. Term sometimes applied to the 
mouth of a port in a glass-tank furnace. 
Dodd. m. A wooden former of the type 
that was used in making the side of a 
sagger by hand. Dodd. 

drum curb. See curb, c. Hess. 

drum counterweight rope. Balance rope di- 
rect from drum drive. Ham. 

drum sige See roll feeder. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

drum filter. Cylindrical drum, which rotates 
slowly through trough-shaped bath fed 
continuously with thickened ore pulp. Seg- 
ments of drum are successively connected 
to vacuum tank, low-pressure compressed 
air, etc., to aid formation and discharge 
of filter cake and removal of filtrate. 
Pryor, 3. 

drum gate. Spillway gate, in the shape of a 








drusy 


sector of a circle, which is opened or closed 
by means of valves arranged to admit or 
release water. Ham. 

drum head. N. of Eng. A short heading 
formed to the rise of a level, or bank head, 
in which the drum of a self-acting in- 
clined plane is fixed. Fay. 

drum-head process. A process used in Europe 
for the shaping of flatware; it was de- 
veloped on account of the shortness of the 
feldspathic porcelain body. A slice of the 
pugged body is placed on a detachable 
drum-head which fits on the batting-out 
machine. The drum-head, with the shaped 
disk lying on it, is then removed and in- 
verted over the jigger-head, the bat then 
being allowed to fall on the mold for its 
final jiggering. Dodd. 

drum horns. Wrought-iron arms or spokes 
projecting beyond the surface or periphery 
of flat-rope drums, between which the 
ropes coil or lap. Fay. 

drumlin. Oval-shaped hill composed of gla- 
cial drift, with its long axis parallel to the 
direction of movement of a former ice 
sheet. Mather. 

drumman. Se slope engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

drumming. The process of sounding the 
roof of a mine to discover whether rock 
is loose. Fay. 

drummy. a. Loose coal or rock that produces 
a hollow, loose, open, weak, or dangerous 
sound when tapped with any hard sub- 
stance to test condition of strata; said es- 
pecially of a mine roof. Fay; B.C.I. b. The 
sound elicited when bad (loose) roof is 
tested by striking with a bar. Hudson. - 

drum or drop shaft. See caisson sinking. Nel- 
son. 

drum pulley. A pulley wheel used in place 
of a drum. See also Koepe system. Fay. 

drum rings. Cast-iron wheels, with projec- 
tions, to which are bolted the staves or | 
laggings forming the surface for the hoist- 
ing cable to wind upon. The outside rings 
are flanged, to prevent the cable from | 
slipping off the drum. Fay. 

drum runner. See incline man. D.O.T. 1. 

drum screen. A screen in the shape of a 
cylinder or truncated cone, turning on its 
own axis, used in sewage treatment. Ham. 

drum separator. A slowly rotating cylindrical 
vessel which separates run-of-mine coal 
into clean coal, middlings, and refuse. It 
consists of different and adjustable spe- 
cific gravities. The low gravity medium in 
one compartment separates a primary float 
product (clean coal), the sink material 
being lifted and sluiced into the second 
compartment where middlings and true 
sinks (stone) are separated. Nelson. 

drum shaft; drop shaft. See caisson sinking. | 
Nelson. | 

drum sheave. Aust. a. A cylindrical drum 
placed vertically on the inside of a curve, 
against which the main rope of a main- 
and-tail-rope system moves when round- 
ing the curve. Fay. b. A vertical idler. Hess. 

druse. a. A cavity lined with crystals, par- 
ticularly if a rather small cavity; it may 
be in a vein or rock, such as a small solu- 
tion cavity, a steam hole in lava, or a. 
lithophysa in volcanic glass; in mining, it 
is known as a vug, especially the larger 
ones; it is not a geode, which is a hollow | 
nodular concretion that can be separated 
from the enclosing rock. Hess. b. The crust 
of crystals lining a small cavity in a rock. © 
Hess. 

drusy. a. Cavities in mineralized veins or 
lodes. Nelson. b. Covered with minute crys- 








drusy 


tals. Fay. 

|, drusy cavities. Geodes. C.M.D. 

| drusy mosaic. A crystalline mosaic produced 
by the deposition of minerals from solution 
in cavities other than the pores between 
sedimentary particles. A.GJ. Supp. 

|, drusy structure. See miarolitic structure. 
C.M.D. 

i 7. a. Miner’s changehouse, usually equipped 
with baths, lockup cubicles, and means of 
drying wet clothing. Pryor, 3. b. Scot. 
A joint in the roof of a coal seam, which 
cannot usually be discovered until the roof 
falls. Fay. c. A borehole in which no water 
is encountered or a borehole drilled with- 
out the use of water or other liquid as a 
circulation medium. Also called dry hole; 
duster. Long. d. A borehole that did not 
encounter mineral-, oil-, or gas-producing 
formation. Also called blank hole; dry 
hole; duster. Long. e. A drying house. Web- 
ster 2d. f. Desiccated, in vacuum or with 
use of gentle heat to remove moisture 
without changing structure of material 
treated. Absolute drying is not possible ow- 
ing to tenacity of capillary sorption. Pryor, 
3. g. A metal containing too large a pro- 
portion of oxygen; not sufficiently poled; 
said of copper in process of refining. Stand- 


ard, 1964. 


) dry air. Air with no water vapor. Strock, 10. 
| dry amalgamation. Treating ores with hot 


dry mercury. Fay. 

idry ash-free basis. An analysis expressed on 
the basis of a coal sample from which the 
total moisture and the ash have in theory 
been removed. B.S. 3323, 1960. 


\jidry assay. The determination of the quan- 


tity of a desired constituent in ores, metal- 
lurgical residues, and alloys, by methods 
which do not involve liquid means of sepa- 
ration. See also assay; wet assay. Nelson. 

‘dry block; dry blocking. The intentional act 
or process of running a core bit without 
circulating a drill fluid until the cuttings 
at and inside the bit wedge the core 
solidly inside the bit. Long. 

(dry blower. See dry washer. Hess. 

(dry blowing. A process sometimes used where 
water is scarce. The separation of free gold 
from the accompanying finely divided ma- 
terial is effected by the use of air currents. 
See also dry cleaning. Nelson. 


dry body. An unglazed stoneware type of 


body. The term has been applied, for ex- 
ample, to cane ware, jasper ware, and 
basalt ware. Dodd. 


|\\dry-bone ore. A miner’s term for an earthy, 


friable carbonate of zinc, smithsonite. Of- 
ten frequently applied to the hydrated sili- 
cate, so-called calamine. Usually found as- 
sociated in veins or beds in stratified cal- 
careous rocks accompanying sulfides of 
zinc, iron, and lead. Fay. 


| ‘dry boss. See changehouse man. D.O.T. I. 


| dry-bulb temperature. Temperature of air as 
indicated by a standard thermometer, as 
contrasted with wet-bulb temperature de- 
pendent upon atmospheric humidity. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

idry-bulb thermometer. A thermometer with 
an uncovered bulb, used with a wet-bulb 
thermometer to determine atmospheric hu- 
midity. The two thermometers constitute 
the essential parts of a psychrometer. H&G. 

‘dry casting. A method of casting in which 

| the molds are made of sand and afterwards 
dried. Fay. 

‘dry cell. A primary cell which does away 
with the liquid electrolyte so that it may 
be used in any position. Crispin. 











357 


drycleaned coal. Coal from which impurities 
have been removed mechanically without 
the use of liquid media. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

dry cleaning. The cleaning of coal or ore by 
air currents as opposed to wet cleaning 
by water currents. Appliances for the dry 
cleaning of coal were first introduced 
about 1850 and since that date a variety 
of methods have been developed. See also 
Kirkup table. Nelson. 

drycleaning table. An apparatus in which 
drycleaning is achieved by the application 
of air currents and agitation to a layer of 
feed of controlled depth on the table sur- 
face. B.S. 3552, 1962. See also Kirkup 
table. 

dry coal. Coal containing but little hydrogen. 
Fay. 

dry copper. Underpoled copper from which 
oxygen has been insufficiently removed 
when refining, so that it is undesirably 
brittle when worked cold or hot. Pryor, 3. 

dry coke. A laboratory term applied to coke 
which has been dried to constant weight 
in accordance with definite prescribed 
methods. In the case of lump coke, the 
temperature shall be not less than 104° C, 
nor more than 200° C; in the case of coke 
passing a 250-micron (No. 60) sieve, the 
temperature shall be not less than 104° C, 
nor more than 110° C for a period of 1 
hour. ASTM D121-62. 

dry criticality. Reactor criticality achieved 
without a coolant. L@L. 

dry cyaniding. Same as carbonitriding. ASM 
Gloss. 

dry density. The weight of a unit volume of 
a dry sample of soil, after the latter has 
been heated at a temperature of 105° C. 
Ham. 

dry density/moisture ratio. The relationship 
between the density of a sample of soil in 
a dry state and its moisture content for a 
given degree of compaction. Such relation- 
ship can be determined from a curve which 
will reveal the optimum moisture content. 
Ham. 

dry diggings. a. Placers not subject to over- 
flow. Kay. b. Placer mines or other mining 
districts where water is not available. 
Standard, 1964. 

dry disk. A machine for finishing the faces 
of abrasive wheels. ACSG, 1963. 

dry distillation. See destructive distillation. 
Fay. 

dry dock. A dock into which a ship is water- 
borne. After the dock gates have been 
closed, the water is pumped out of the 
dock, allowing the ship to rest on keel 
blocks in readiness for maintenance and 
repairs to hull and superstructure. See also 
graving dock. Ham. 

dry drilling. Drilling operations in which the 
cuttings are lifted away from the bit and 
transported out of a borehole by a strong 
current of air or gas instead of a fluid. 
Long. 

dry ductor. Compressed-air drill which traps 
and removes drilling dust instead of sludg- 
ing it with added water. Pryor, 3. 

dry edging. Rough edges and corners of 
glazed ceramic ware due to insufficient 
glaze coating. ASTM C242-60T. 

dryer. a. An apparatus for drying ores, or 
finished products. Dryers are of various 
types, such as revolving, cylindrical, zig- 
zag, tower, and cast-iron plates. Fay. b. 
A heated place, such as a cabinet, cham- 
ber, tunnel, or shaft, in which ceramic raw 
materials or ware are heated to remove 
water or moisture; the many types vary in 














drying 


size, shape, and source of heat. ACSG, 
1963. 

dryer scum. See scum. Dodd. 

dryer white. A white scum which forms on 
brick during drying. Fay. See also efflo- 
rescence. 

dry fatigue. A condition often appearing in 
wire rope and often caused by shock loads 
in winding. These shock loads are pro- 
duced by picking up the cage from the 
pit bottom with slack chains or by lifting 
heavy pithead gates or covers. Sinclair, V, 
pp. 12-13. 

dry fimemess. The fineness of a sample of 
foundry sand from which the clay has not 
been removed and which has been dried 
at 105° to 110° C. Osborne. 

dry-foot. Ware with no glaze on the foot. 
ACSG, 1963. 

dry friction damping. See coulomb damping. 
H&G. 

dry gage. See drag ladle. ASTM C162-66. 

dry galvanizing. A process in which steel is 
fluxed in hot ammonium chloride and sub- 
sequently dried by hot air before being 
passed through a bath of molten zinc. Ham. 

dry gas. A natural gas consisting principally 
of methane (CH,) and ethane (C:Hs), 
and devoid of the heavier hydrocarbons. 
Usually produced from a formation that 
does not contain petroleum or condensate. 
Also applied to gas that has been produced 
and from which liquid components have 
been removed. A.G.I. 

dry grinding. Any process of particle size 
reduction carried on without the liquid 
medium. Enamel frits for the dry process 
industry are ground dry, whereas water 
millings, containing clay and other mill ad- 
ditions, are used in the wet process. Enam. 
Dict. 

dry hole. a. A drill hole in which no water 
is used for drilling, as a hole driven up- 
ward. Standard, 1964. b. A well in which 
no oil or gas is found. Fay. c. Blasting hole 
driven without use of dust-allaying water. 
Pryor, 3. 

dry-hole contribution. a. Payment, by some- 
one not financially interested in an oil 
lease, to aid in the drilling of a test well, 
that is due whenever a specified depth is 
reached without the discovery of oil in 
paying quantity. Benefit is derived from 
the geologic information so _ obtained. 
A.G.J. Supp. b. Cash contribution usually 
on a footage basis in support of a test well 
payable if venture is a dry hole. Wheeler. 

dry hone. An artificial razor hone in which 
the sharpening crystals or grains are so 
blended with the bond that good results 
can be obtained without the use of lubri- 


cants. Fay. 
dryhouse. See changehouse, b. Long. 
dryhouse man. See changehouse man. 
D.O.T.1. 


dry ice; drikold. Solid carbon dioxide. Pryor, 3. 
dry ice test. A test for the detection of glass 
imitations. If a crystalline substance such 
as a gem mineral be placed in contact 
upon a piece of dry ice (solidified carbon 
dioxide, COz), a squeaking noise can be 
heard. This is not true of noncrystalline 
substances, such as glass and plastic. Ship- 
ley. 
drying. a. The removal of water from ores, 
concentrates, or fluxes and in some cases 
from air by heat. Drying of solid material 
is commonly accomplished by bringing the 
hot solids in direct contact with hot air 
or gases and evaporating the water. E.C.T., 
8, p. 936. b. Removal by evaporation, 


drying 


of uncombined water or other volatile sub- 
stance from a ceramic raw material or 
product, usually expedited by low-temper- 
ature heating. ASTM C242-60T. c. The 
removal of water from a solid by thermal 
means in the presence of air. Francis, 
1965, v. 2, p. 780. 

drying crack. A defect characterized by a 
fissure in the (porcelain enamel) bisque. 
ACSG, 1963. 

drying-machine operator. One who dries 
newly formed ware or decorated ware in 
drying machine. Also called drier man; 
pot drier. D.O.T. 1. 

drying off. The process by which an amalgam 
of gold is evaporated, as in gilding. Fay. 

drying oven; porcelain oven. An oven for 
firing porcelain. Standard, 1964. 

drying-room man. See drying-tunnel man. 
D Own de 

drying shrinkage. a. The shrinkage of con- 
crete caused by evaporation. More pre- 
cisely, it is the difference between the 
length of a specimen cut from concrete, 
which has been matured and subsequently 
saturated, and its length when dried to 
constant length, the result being expressed 
as a percentage of the dry length. Taylor. 
b. Ceramic ware (and particularly clay- 
ware) that is shaped from a moist batch 
shrinks during drying; the drying shrinkage 
is usually expressed as a linear percentage, 
for example, the drying shrinkage of china 
clay is usually 6 to 10 percent, that of a 
plastic ball clay is 9 to 12 percent. To 
produce ware (for example, electroceram- 
ics or refractory bricks) of high dimen- 
sional accuracy, the drying and _ firing 
shrinkages must be low; this is achieved 
by reducing the proportion of raw clay 
and increasing the proportion of nonplastic 
material in the batch, which is then shaped 
by dry-pressing, for example. Dodd. 

drying-tunnel man. One who tends a number 
of drying tunnels in which moist brick and 
tile products are dried several hours or as 
much as 2 or 3 days prior to their being 
baked. Also called drying-room man; dry- 
kiln operator. D.O.T. 1. 

dry janitor. See changehouse man. D.O.T.1/. 

dry joint. Positive separation at the plane 
of contact between adjacent structural 
components to allow relative movement 
arising from differences in temperature or 
shrinkage. Ham. b. One made without 
gasket, packing, or smear of any kind, as 
a ground joint. Strock, 3. 

dry kata cooling power. A measure of the 
rate of heat loss from the bulb of the kata 
thermometer. Although the cooling power 
as obtained by this instrument is not a 
measure of the capacity of an atmosphere 
to cool the human body, nevertheless, it is 
useful for comparing different atmospheres 
and provides a convenient index of the 
comfort condition of a working place in a 
mine. Experience indicates that a face will 
be reasonably comfortable for working if 
the dry kata cooling power is above 7 and 
the air velocity above 200 feet per minute. 
See also effective temperature. Nelson. 

dry kiln. A kiln used to dry greenware at 
lowest possible heat. ACSG, 1963. 

dry-kiln burner. See kiln burner. D.O.T.1. 

dry-kiln operator. See drying-tunnel man. 
DO iiral 3 

dryman, A man in charge of the building 
in which workmen change their clothes. 
Fay. See also changehouse man. D.O.T. 1. 

dry method. a. The method of mixing the 
raw materials of Portland cement in a dry 








358 


state. Fay. b. In chemical analysis, the 
treatment of the compound with dry re- 
agents, as blowpiping in qualitative anal- 
ysis and assaying in quaztitative analysis. 
Standard, 1964. c. In magnetic-particle in- 
spection, a method in which a dry powder 
is used to detect magnetic leakage fields. 
ASM Gloss. 

dry-milled fire clay. Fire clay ground in a 
dry pan and passed over a screen. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

dry-mill man. See dry-pan operator. D.O.T.1. 

dry mineral matter free basis. An analysis 
expressed on the basis of a coal sample 
from which the total moisture and the 
mineral matter have in theory been re- 
moved. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

dry mining. In dry mining every effort is 
made to prevent the ventilating air pick- 
ing up moisture, and throughout the ven- 
tilation circuit there is a wide gap between 
wet- and dry-bulb temperatures. Dry-bulb 
temperatures are therefore comparatively 
high. Spalding. 

dry mix. a. A mix containing little water in 
relation to its other components. Taylor. 
b. See dry process. ASTM C242-60T. 

dry ores. A name given at lead and copper 
smelters to ores which contain precious 
metals (gold and silver) but insufficient 
lead or copper to be smelted without the 
addition of richer lead or copper ores. 
Newton, Joseph. Introduction to Metal- 
lurgy, 1938. pp. 205-207. See also natural 
ore. 

dry pack. Concrete or mortar which is just 
damp, often described as semidry, used as 
filling or grout for joining two structural 
members and consolidated by ramming 
with a suitable tool. Ham. 

dry-packed concrete. A mix sufficiently dry 
to be consolidated only by heavy ramming. 
Taylor. 

dry pan. A pan-type rotating grinding ma- 
chine, equipped with heavy steel rollers or 
mullers which do the grinding, and having 
slotted plates in the bottom through which 
the ground material passes out. HW. 

dry-pan charger. One who assists dry-pan 
operator by dumping dry shale, clay, or 
brick in measured quantities in dry pans 
that grind them preparatory to mixing and 
molding. May be designated according to 
brick or tile product for which the dry 
pans grind material, as dry-brick-pan 
charger. Also called dry-pan_ feeder. 
Di OxTeel. 

dry-pan operator. One who tends and super- 
vises loading of a battery of dry pans and 
screens used for grinding and sifting clay 
preparatory to tempering and molding. 
Also called dry-mill man. D.O.T. 1. 

dry peat. Peat, formed under drier conditions 
than moor peat, and consisting of con- 
nected, thickly laid humic masses which 
can be cut with a knife. It shows numer- 
ous plant remains recognizable with the 
naked eye. Stutzer and Noe, 1940, p. 91. 

dry placers. Gold-bearing alluvial deposits 
found in arid regions. In some deposits 
the gold is in the cementing material that 
binds the gravel together. Because of the 
lack of water, various machines have been 
devised for the dry washing of these de- 
posits; such machines commonly include 
some form of pulverizer and jigs or tables 
which use compressed air instead of water 
in their operation. Lewis, p. 390. 

dry-powder extinguisher. An extinguisher 
containing a chemical powder that is non- 
corrosive, nontoxic, nonfreezing, and a 











dry return 


nonconductor of electricity. It is shot out 
of the container by the detonation of a 
small charge placed in the head of the con- 
tainer. This type of extinguisher can be 
easily recharged at underground fires by 
unscrewing the head cap, refilling the con- 
tainer with more powder, and fitting a new 
expellent cartridge to the head cap before 
replacing it. Used as effectively as the car- 
bon dioxide gas extinguisher in fighting 
fires involving flammable liquids, or where 
there is danger of electric shock. McAdam, 
pp. 120-123. 


dry press. A mechanical press for forming 


brick from slightly moistened granular ma- 
terial. A.RJ. 


dry-pressed brick. Brick formed in molds 


under high pressures from relatively dry 
clay (5 to 7 percent moisture content). 
ACSG, 1963. 


dry-pressing. The shaping of ceramic ware 


under high pressure (up to 14,000 pounds 
per square inch), the moisture addition 
being kept to a minimum (5 to 6 percent) 
or, with some materials, eliminated by the 
use of a plasticizer, for example, a stearate. 
Dry pressing is used in the shaping of wall 
and floor tiles (when it is often referred 
to as dust pressing), most high-grade re- 
fractories, abrasive wheels, the Fletton 
type of building brick (the moisture con- 
tent for pressing is in this case 19 to 20 
percent), and many articles in the electro- 
ceramic industry. The process is also some- 
times referred to as semi-dry “pressing. 
Dodd. 


dry-press process. A method of forming clay- 


wares by using slightly moistened clay in 
pulverized form and pressing it into steel 
dies. Fay. 


dry process; dry mix. a. A method of treating 


ores by heat as in smelting; used in oppo- 
sition to wet process where the ore is 
brought into solution before extraction of 
the metal. See also wet process. Fay. b. 
The process of making Portland cement 
in which the raw materials are ground and 
burned dry. Mersereau, 4th, p. 235. c. 
Process whereby dry powdered enameling 
materials are applied to a preheated sur- 
face. VV. d. The method of preparation of 
a ceramic body wherein the constituents 
are blended dry, following which liquid 
may be added as required for consequent 
processing. ASTM C242-60T. 


dry process enameling. A porcelain enamel- 


ing: process in which the metal article is 
heated to a temperature above the matur- 
ing temperature of the coating (usually, 
1,600° to 1,750° F), the coating materials 
applied to the hot metal as a dry powder, 
and fired. ASTM C286-65. 


dry puddling. A process of decarbonization 


on a siliceous hearth in which the conver- 
sion is effected rather by the flame than 
by the reaction of solid or fused materials. 
As the amount of carbon diminishes, the 
mass becomes fusible and begins to coagu- 
late (come to nature), after which it is 
worked together into lumps (puddle balls, 
loups) and removed from the furnace to 
be hammered (shingled) or squeezed in 
the squeezer, which presses out the cinder, 
etc., and compacts the mass at welding 
heat, preparatory to rolling. Silicon and 
phosphorus are also largely removed by 
puddling, passing into the cinder. See also 
puddling. Fay. 


dry return. A condensate line in a steam 


heating system carrying both water and 
air, usually located above the boiler water- 





| 


| dry return 


i 


| line. Strock, 10. 

\idry rods. Scot. Pump rods outside the de- 

| livery pipes or rising main. Fay. 

jid rot. A rapid decay of timber which 
causes its substance to be reduced to a fine 


| 
| powder. Crispin. 


‘dry rotary drilling. See dry drilling. Long. 
|idry-rubbing test. A test to determine the 
} degree of attack of a vitreous enameled 
} surface after an acid resistance test. Dodd. 
jidry rubble. Rough stone laid into a wall 
| without mortar. Crispin. 


\idry running. To unknowingly or knowingly 


} drill with a bit when the flow of the cool- 

} ant and cuttings-removal fluid past the bit 
has been inadvertently or deliberately cut 
off. Compare dry block; dry drilling. Long. 

idrys. See dry, b. Fay. 

\idry sample. A sample obtained by drilling 

| procedures in which water or other fluid is 
not circulated through the drill string and 
sampling device; hence the in situ charac- 
teristics of the sample have not been altered 
by being mixed with water or other fluid. 

_ Compare drive sample. Long. 

idry-sample barrel. Short, tubular devices 

} used to obtain dry samples of soil and other 
soft rock material. See also dry sample. 
Long. 

idry sampler. a. Various auger and/or tubu- 
lar devices designed to obtain unwetted 
samples of soft rock material, such as clay, 
sand, soil, etc., by drilling procedures 
wherein water or other fluid is not circu- 
lated during the operation. Compare drive 
sampler. Long. b. A person skilled in the 
art of dry sampling. Long. 

idry sampling. The act or process of obtain- 
ing dry samples of soft rock material with 
various auger or tubular devices utilizing 
dry-drilling techniques. See also dry sam- 
ple; dry sampler. Long. 





lidry sand. a. A stratum of dry sand or sand- 


stone encountered in well drilling. A non- 
productive sandstone in oilfields. Fay. b. 
Green sand dried in an oven to remove 
moisture and strengthen it (a dried-sand 
mold is a mold of green sand which is 
treated as above). Freeman. 


(dry sand mold. A mold made of sand and 


then dried. ASM Gloss. 


dry screening. The screening of solid ma- 


terials of different sizes without the aid of 
water. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

‘dry season. In tropics, period characterized 
by low rainfall. Pryor, 3. 

‘dry separation. The elimination of the small 
pieces of shale, pyrite, etc., from coal by a 
blast of air directed upon the screened 
coal. See also wind method. Fay. 

(dry sharpening stone. A stone so constituted 
that its crystals break away from its bind- 
ing material so rapidly that the particles 
of steel have no chance to fill the pores 
of the stone. Sandstone and coarse gritted 
scythestones are good examples. Fay. 

(dry spray. A defect confined to sprayed ware 
manifesting itself in the fired porcelain 
enamel as a rough, sandy texture. ASTM 
C286-65. 

‘dry steam coal. Coal of rank just below an- 
thracite. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

| drystone. Composed of stones not cemented 
with mortar, as a drystone wall. Fay. 


‘dry strength. The mechanical strength of a 


ft 


ceramic material that has been shaped and 
dried but not fired; it is commonly meas- 
ured by a transverse strength test. Dodd. 
(dry sweating. A process by which impure 
blister copper is exposed to long oxidizing 
heating below fusion puint. Standard, 1964. 


264-972 O-68—24 











359 


dry unit weight. The weight of soil solids 
per unit of total volume of soil mass. Also 
called unit dry weight. ASCE P1826. 

dry wall. A rock wall set up without ce- 
menting material. See also drystone. Fay. 

dry-walling. Obsolescent method of support- 
ing underground workings, by use of waste 
rock built into rough walls. Pryor, 3. 

dry-wall method. See overhand stopping, b. 
Fay. 

dry wall stone. Thin-bedded limestone and 
sandy beds. Suitable only for mortarless 
fencing walls. Arkell. 

dry wash. See wash, q. Fay. 

dry washer. a. A machine for extracting gold 
from dry gravel. It consists of a frame in 
which there is a rectangular bellows made 
of canvas; the upper part of the bellows 
is made by a plane set at an angle of about 
20°, across which are riffles. On the top 
of the machine is a screen on which gravel 
is shoveled. The screened gravel falls to a 
rifled plane from which it feeds to the 
rifles on the bellows. The screen and upper 
rifles are shaken by an eccentric worked 
with a crank, and the same crank actuates 
the bellows which blow the dust from the 
gravel passing over the riffles. The gold is 
caught behind the riffles. Only gravel in 
which no moisture can be seen can be 
worked successfully by a dry washer. Hess. 
b. A man who operates a dry washer. Same 
as dry blower. Hess. 

dry weight. The weight per unit area of the 
bisque. ASTM C286-65. 

dry well. a. A deep hole, covered and usually 
lined or filled with rocks, that holds drain- 
age water until it soaks into the ground. 
Nichols. b. An unproductive oil or gas 
well; a duster. Hess. 

D-shell molding. A modification of the nor- 
mal shell molding process based upon the 
use of sand and a special oil which serves 
as the binder. Such a mixture can be 
handled by normal core-blowing equip- 
ment and molds are in effect produced by 
a core-making technique. For this purpose 
a pattern which provides the desired cav- 
ity form, is employed in conjunction with 
a contour plate. The latter follows, gen- 
erally, the form of the pattern, but need 
not duplicate that form with any partic- 
ular accuracy. Sand, treated with the bind- 
er oil, is blown into the space between pat- 
tern and contour plate, and the spacing of 
the two determines the average thickness 
of the shell. Local incidental variations in 
thickness are not important, but variations 
may be deliberately introduced when it is 
desired to obtain greater shell strength 
over certain areas. Alternatively, the con- 
tour plate may be of such a form as to 
provide reinforcing ribs on the shell. 
Osborne. 

DTA. See differential thermal analysis. VV. 

DTG. See differential thermogravimetry. 
Dodd. 

D-truck. Aust. A low side-opening truck, 
used for conveying coal for home consump- 
tion, and from which the coal has to be 
shoveled. Fay. 

dual-cycle reactor system. A nuclear system 
in which part of the steam of the turbine 
is generated directly in the reactor and 
part in a separate heat exchanger. A com- 
bination of the direct-cycle and indirect- 
cycle systems. L@L. 

dual-drive conveyor. A conveyor having a 
belt drive mechanism in which the convey- 
or belt is in contact with two drive pulleys, 
each of which is driven by a separate 








duck’s-nest tuyere 


motor. NEMA MBI1-1961. 

dual haulage. In strip mining, the use of two 
types of haulage at the same mine for 
transporting coal from the face to the prep- 
aration plant. Usually, coal is transported 
from the loading shovel to a transfer sta- 
tion by motorized units, and rail haulage 
is used to haul the coal from this point 
to the preparation plant. R. I. 3416, 1938, 
p. 19. 

dualin. A variety of dynamite consisting of 
4 to 5 parts nitroglycerin, 3 parts sawdust, 
and 2 parts potassium nitrate. Webster 2d. 

dual-purpose reactor. A nuclear reactor de- 
signed to achieve two purposes; for ex- 
ample, to produce both electricity and fis- 
sionable material. L@L. 

dual rope. York. A hemp capstan rope upon 
which men ride in a mine shaft. Fay. 

dual setting. See double setting. B.S. 3618, 
L9G8S sec, Be. 

dubbers. Corn. In clay mining, men who 
keep the strakes or guillies clear. Hess. 

Dubb’s asphalt. See sulfurized asphalt. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

Duchemin’s formula. The wind pressure per 
square foot (N) on an inclined surface is 

2 sin a 

Nish { =Esin* a 
F being force of wind in pounds per square 
foot normal to a surface and a the angle 
of the inclined surface. Pryor, 3. 

duchess. Slate size (24 by 12 
Pryor, 3. 

duck. A fabric material, usually of woven 
cotton but of synthetic fibers also, used to 
construct conveyor belts and filter cloths. 
Pryor, 3. Duck is manufactured in several 
strengths, expressed in terms of weight, as 
28 oz. duck etc., which is the weight of a 
linear yard of 42-inch-wide fabric. Gener- 
ally increased longitudinal strength is pro- 
vided by having a heavier yarn and greater 
count in the longitudinal warp threads 
than the transverse filler threads. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

duckbill. The name given to a shaking-type 
combination loading and conveying de- 
vice, so named from the shape of its load- 
ing end and which generally receives its 
motion from the shaking conveyor to which 
it is attached. B.C.J. 

duckbill loader. See 
Nelson. 

duckbill operator. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who operates a small power shovel 
that has a round-nosed scoop, called a 
duckbill, to load coal into cars in a mine. 
DiONTeels 

duckbill pick. A duckbill-shaped coal-cutter 
pick which is forged by the roller type of 
machine from dies and is the type largely 
used today. The machine shaping of the 
pick ensures uniformity. It gives a constant 
clearance as the point wears down and is 
particularly suitable for fused-carbide tip- 
ping. Nelson. 

duckfoot. A pipe bend at the bottom of a 
shaft column or rising main fitted with a 
horizontal base sufficiently strong for the 
weight of the rising main to rest upon it. 
Also called duckfoot bend. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. 

duckfoot bend. See duckfoot. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. 

duck machine. An arrangement of two boxes, 
one working within the other, for forcing 
air into mines. Zern. 

duck’s-nest tuyere. One having a cupped 
outlet. Standard, 1964. 


inches). 


shaker-shovel loader. 


ducktownite 


ducktownite. A term used in Tennessee for 
an intimate mixture of the minerals pyrite 
and chalcocite. Fay. 

ducon Abbreviation for dust concentrator, 
which is a device used to collect dry cut- 
tings ejected from a borehole in which air 
or gas is used as a circulation medium. 
Long. 

duct. A pipe or air passage for ventilation in 
a mine. Mersereau, 4th, p. 352. 

duct fan. An axial-flow fan mounted in, or 
intended for mounting in, a section of 
duct. See also tube-axial fan; vane-axial 
fan. Strock, 10. 

ductile. a. In mineralogy, capable of consid- 
erable deformation, especially stretching, 
without breaking; said of several native 
metals and occasionally said of some tel- 
lurides and sulfides. A.G.I. b. Pertaining to 
a substance that readily deforms plastically. 
A.G.JI. c. Capable of being permanently 
drawn out without breaking; such as, a 
ductile metal. Webster 3d. 

ductile cast iron. High carbon ferrous prod- 
uct containing spheroidal graphite. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

ductile crack progagation. Slow. crack propa- 
gation that is accompanied by noticeable 
plastic deformation and requires energy to 
be supplied from outside th body. ASM 
Gloss. 

ductile iron. See nodular cast iron. ASM 
Gloss. 

ductility. a. The ability of a material to de- 
form plastically without fracturing, being 
measured by elongation or reduction of 
area in a tensile test, by height of cupping 
in an Erichsen test or by other means. 
ASM Gloss. b. The capacity of a metal to 
elongate, when under pull from the ends, 
without cracking or breaking. Weed, 1922. 
c. Minerals are ductile when they can be 
drawn out into wires, and these properties 
belong only to metallic minerals and, of 
those, only to native metals. Ductile min- 
erals are always malleable. Nelson. 

ductility test. A test on asphalt to determine 
its capability of being permanently drawn 
out or stretched. API Glossary. 

ductilometer test. A reverse bend test for 
strip and wire. It differs from conventional 
tests in the method of bending, the speci- 
men being gripped along its entire length 
save for a short central portion which is 
bent freely through a specified angle. The 
deformed length is approximately equal to 
1.5 times the diameter, and the number 
of bends to fracture varies inversely with 
the angle of bend. The constant of pro- 
portionality and the (extrapolated) angle 
of bend at which the wire does not fail, 
are indices of the mechanical properties 
of the wire. Osborne. 

ducting. Sections of air duct. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2. See also ventilation tubing. 

ducts, ventilation. See ventilation ducts. 

Ductube. Trade name for a plastic or rubber 
tube inflated by compressed air to form 
cable ducts in concrete. After the concrete 
has set, it is deflated and withdrawn. Ham. 

dudgeonite. The mineral annabergite with 
about one-third of the nickel replaced by 
calcium. Fay 

Dudley rock. A fossiliferous limestone of the 
English Wenlock Upper Silurian. Fay. 

Dudzeele process. A method of treating 
metals intended to be drawn or rolled, in 
which they are first coated with lead by 
amalgamating the surface, preferably by 
treating with a solution of mercury salt 
and then dipping them into molten lead. 








360 


A suitable mercury salt solution contains 
about 50 grams of mercury chloride in a 
liter of a dilute solution of hydrochloric 
acid at 6° B, saturated with ammonium 
chloride. Osborne. 

due. The amount of royalty or ore payable to 
the lord of the manor or owner of the 
soil. Fay. 

dues. Corn. See due. Also called dish. Fay. 

duff. a. Fine dry coal (usually anthracite) 
obtained from a coal-preparation plant. 
The size range is three-sixteenths of an 
inch to zero inch. See also slack. Nelson. 
b. Smalls, usually with an upper size limit 
of three-eights of an inch (9 to 5 milli- 
meters). B.S. 3323, 1960. c. Term used 
among British miners for a fine mixture of 
coal and rock. Tomkeieff, 1954. d. Aust. 
The fine coal left after: separating the 
lumps; very fine screenings; dust. Fay. e. 
Coal dust and other unsaleable small coal 
produced in anthracite mines. Pryor, 3. 

duffer. Aust. An unproductive claim or mine. 
Hess. 

Duff furnace. A furnace used for the manu- 
facture of producer gas. Fay. 

duffy. a. Scot. Soft; inferior. Fay. b. Buggy; 
cuttings; gummings; kirvings. Mason. 

dufrenite. A hydrous iron phosphate mineral 
containing approximately 27.5 percent 
P:Os, 62 percent FesOs, and 10.5 percent 
HO. Exact composition doubtful. Sanford. 

dufrenoysite. a. A native sulfarsenide of lead, 
Pb2AsS;. Sanford; Hey 2d, 1955. b. Syn- 
onym for binnite. Hey 2d, 1955. c. Syno- 
nym for sartorite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

duftite. There are two minerals of the com- 
position PbCuAsO.(OH). Duftite alpha is 
orthorhombic and the X-ray powder pattern 
is very similar to those of descloizite and 
mottramite; isomorphous with mottramite ; 
space-group Pnma (D”). Duftite beta is 


orthorhombic, disphenoidal, and forms a 
complete series of solid solutions with coni- 
chalcite, CaCuAsO.(OH); isomorphous 
with conichalcite; space group P212.2; 
(Det). M. Fleischer says it would be pre- 
ferable to drop the terms duftite alpha 
and duftite beta, to restrict the name duf- 
tite to what is called here duftite alpha, 
and to rename duftite beta. American Min- 
eralogist, v. 42, No. 1-2, January-February 
1957, p. 123. 

duggle. Corn. See troil. Fay. 

duin. A gold-washing dish used in Jashpur, 
India. Fay. 

dukeway. Som. A method of hoisting coal 
on an incline from the working face to the 
pit bottom by a rope attached to the wind- 
ing engine at surface in such a way that 
while the cage is going up, the empty 
trams are running down the incline, and 
as the cage descends the loaded cars are 
brought up to the shaft. Fay. 

dukey. a. A platform on wheels on which 
trams are placed in a horizontal position 
to be raised or lowered on very steep self- 
acting inclines. Nelson. b. A set of trams 
traveling on an inclined haulage road un- 
derground. Nelson. 

dukey rider. a. In Wales, a boy who accom- 
panies the trams upon an incline plane. 
Fay. b. See brakeman, c. D.O.T. 1. 

dulang. In the Malay Peninsula, a batea or 
shallow wooden bowl for washing gravel 
for tin or gold. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dulang mine. A small alluvial deposit worked 
with dulangs. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dulang woman. A woman who washes for 
tin or gold with a dulang. Bureau of 





Dulong’s formula 


Mines Staff. 

Du Lite process. A method for blackening 
steel surfaces such as rifie barrels or cam- 
era parts. The process is one of simple im- 
mersion and the coating consists essentially 
of molybdenum and iron oxides. The cor- 
rosion resistance may be enhanced by im- 
pregnation with oil or wax. Osborne. 

dull. a. Brist. Slack ventilation; insufficient 
air in a mine. Fay. b. As applied to the 
degree of luster of minerals, means those 
minerals in which there is a total absence 
of luster, as chalk or kaolin. Fay. 

dull attritus. A field term denoting the de- 
gree of luster of attrital coal as it compares 
to the brilliant luster of vitrain associated 
in the same locality. Compare bright at- 
tritus; medium-bright attritus. A.G_J. 

dull-banded coal. Coal consisting of vitrain 
and durain with more or less minor clarain 
and minor fusain. Compare bright-banded 
coal. A.G.TI. 

dull coal; dulls. a. Any coal which absorbs 
the greater part of incident light instead 
of reflecting it. Stopes recognizes two kinds 
of dull coal—durain and fusain. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. b. The constituent of banded 
coal macroscopically somewhat grayish in 
color, of a dull appearance, less compact 
than bright coal, and breaking with a 
rather irregular fracture. It consists mainly 
of two kinds of material; thin black bands 
interlayed by a lighter colored granular- 
appearing matter. Microscopically, it is 
shown to consist of smaller anthraxylon 
constituents together with a few other 
constituents, such as cuticles and bark- 
like constituents embedded in a general 
matrix, the attritus. A.G.I. c. A variety of 
banded coal containing from 20 to 0 per- 
cent of pure, bright ingredients (vitrain, 
clarain, and fusain), the remainder con- 
sisting of clarodurain and durain. Com- 
pare bright coal, d.; semibright coal; inter- 
mediate coal; semidull coal. A.G.I. 


dulling. The wearing away of the cutting 


edges of abrasive grains through use. It 
occurs to some degree during any abrasive 
operation and will finally result in ineffi- 
cient cutting or abrading at which time 
the coated abrasive should be discarded or 
shifted to lighter work, regardless of its 
appearance. ACSG, 1963. 

dulmmess. A lack of normal gloss on the 
enamel surface. Bryant. 

dull-red heat. Division of the color scale, 
generally given as about 700° C (1,292° F). 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dulls. See dull coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

dulong. A Malayan term for hardwood pan 
shaped like a section of the surface of a 
sphere and used as a miner’s pan in pros- 
pecting, sample washing, and manual con- 
centration of cassiterite. Pryor, 3. 

Dulong and Petit’s law. That the specific 
heat of an element multiplied by its atomic 
weight is approximately constant and equal 
to 6.2. Osborne. 

Dulong’s formula. A formula for estimating 
or calculating the heating value of coals. 
To obtain British thermal units per pound, 
the formula is: Low calorific power equals 


14,600C + 61,500 (H — >) + 4,000S 


— 1,050 (9H + W). To obtain calories 
per kilogram, the formula is: Low cal- 
orific power equals 8,100C + 34,200 (H 


—+ ) + 22008 — 586(9H + W). 
Newton, p. 130. 





dumalite 






jdumalite. A variety of trachyandesite. Holmes, 

i), 1928. 

|| dumasite. An uncertain green chlorite lining 

small cavities in volcanic rocks; some what 

| _ resembles clinochlore. Hess. 

ji(dumb barge. A barge similar to a hopper 

| barge, frequently used to take dredged ma- 

terial from a dredger to the dumping 
ground. Ham. 

| dumb bolts. Scot. Bolts at joints of single- 

plated pump rods, at right angles to those 

through the plates, to prevent the latter 
| from tearing the wod. Fay. 

//dumb buddle. A buddle without revolving 

\ arms or sweeps, for concentrating tin ores. 

Nelson. 

|| dumb’d. Choked or clogged, as a grate or 

sieve in which the ore is dressed. Fay. 

‘dumb drift. a. A passage leading from an 
airway to a point in a shaft some distance 
above an inset to allow the ventilating cur- 
rent to bypass a station where skips or 
cages are loaded. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 
b. A roadway driven through the waste in 
longwall mining to provide packing ma- 
terial. Nelson. 

| dumb fault. a. A break in strata caused by 

a current of water eroding a portion of it 

during the general period of its deposition. 

Fay. b. An unconformity. Hess, c. A term 

used by miners for a washout. Nelson. 

| dumb furnace. A ventilating furnace in which 
the foul flammable air from remote parts 
of the mine enters the upcast higher up 
than the hot gases from the fire. Webster 
2d. 

(‘dumb screen. A chute in which there are 
no meshes or bars for separating the coal, 
and down which the run-of-mine coal 
passes from the tubs direct to the railway 
wagon. It is used in small mines where the 
coal is sold as loaded underground or at 
mines where the coal is conveyed by wagon 
to a central coal-preparation plant. Nelson. 

| dumb screw. Scot. A screwjack. Fay. 
| dummy. a. N. Staff. A low truck on four 
wheels running upon rails and loaded with 
pig iron or some other heavy material; 
employed in steep coalbeds as a balance 
weight to bring up an empty tub or car. 
Fay. b. A paper bag filled with sand, clay, 
etc., for tamping or for separating two 
charges in a double-loaded borehole. Fay. 
c. A short piece of core or core-size cylin- 
der of rubber or other material placed in 
the core lifter in an empty core barrel to 
guide the first part of a newly cut core 
into the core lifter. Also called dummy 
core; guide core. Long. d. A mechanical 
device, operated by the blower’s feet, for 
wetting, raising, opening, and closing the 
paste mold in mouth-blowing glassware. 
ASTM C162-66. e. A cathode, usually 
corrugated to give variable current den- 
sities, that is plated at low-current densi- 
ties to remove preferentially impurities from 
a plating solution. ASM Gloss. f. A substi- 
tute cathode that is used during adjust- 
ment of operating conditions. ASM Gloss. 

dummy block. In extrusion, a thick unat- 
tached disk placed between the ram and 
billet to prevent overheating of the ram. 
ASM Gloss. 

dummy core. See dummy, c. Long. 

dummy elevator. A second elevator for boost- 
ing tailings to higher stacking levels. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

dummy gate. N. of Eng. A small gate made 

on the face between the mother gate and 
tailgate for the purpose of getting stone to 
make strip packs for roof support (when 











361 


goaf roof is supported and not allowed to 
cave). Trist. 

dummying. Plating with dummy cathodes. 
ASM Gloss. 

dummy locator. One whose name is used by 
a locator to secure for the latter’s benefit a 
greater area of mineral land than is al- 
lowed by law to be appropriated by a 
single person, and any location made in 
pursuance of such a scheme or device is 
without legal support and void. Ricketts, 
p. 449. 

dummy maker. In bituminous coal mining, 
a laborer who fills paper cartridges (cyl- 
inders) with clay, adobe, or rock dust, used 
for stemming (tamping clay or other ma- 
terial on top of explosives) drill holes in 
the working face to be blasted down. 
DOW al. 

dummy road. A road driven forward in the 
waste of a conveyor face for the sole pur- 
pose of securing stone for packing purposes. 
Nelson. 

Du Mont cyclograph. An instrument for 
measuring and recording changes in mag- 
netic and electrical properties of steel 
samples under test. It is essentially an ex- 
tremely sensitive oscillator. The test coil 
which is placed about the specimen while 
a fatigue test is in progress is part of the 
oscillating circuit, the readings of the cyclo- 
graph being a function of the losses in the 
specimen. Osborne. 

dumontite. A very rare, strongly radioactive, 
yellow, orthorhombic mineral, Pbz(UOsz)3- 
(PO:)2(OH)+.3H2O; occurs filling cavities 
in masses of torbernite. Crosby, p. 17. 

Dumont’s blue. Another name for smalt. See 
also smalt. Dodd. 

dumortierite. An aluminum borosilicate, (Al,- 
Fe);O3(BOs) (SiO:)s, occurring in schists 
and gneisses and, more rarely, in pegmatite 
dikes. Orthorhombic; blue, greenish-blue, 
violet, pink color; transparent to translu- 
cent; Mohs’ hardness, 7; luster vitreous; 
specific gravity, 3.26 to 3.36. Found in 
France, Malagasy Republic, Brazil, Mexico, 
and in the United States in California, 
Nevada, New York, and Arizona. Used 
extensively in spark-plug porcelain and in 
the manufacture of special refractories. 
Dana 17, pp. 413-414; CCD 6d, 1961. 

dumortierite quartz. A massive, opaque va- 
riety of quartz (aggregate) colored by 
intergrown crystals of dumortierite. Deep 
blue to violetish blue, sometimes dull or 
blackish blue. Shipley. 

Dumoulin process. A method whereby copper 
is deposited on a rotating mandrel and 
later stripped off as a long strip, which is 
then drawn into wire without recasting. 
Liddell 2d, p. 493. 

dump. a. A place where the ore taken from 
a mine is tipped. Gordon. b. A spoil heap 
at the surface of a mine, or a pile of small 
coal or duff stored for future reclamation. 
Nelson. c. The point where a face con- 
veyor discharges its coal into mine cars. 
Nelson. d. A pile or heap of ore, coal, 
culm, slate, or rock. Fay. e. The tipple by 
which the cars are dumped. See also tip- 
ple. Fay. f. To unload a car by tipping it 
up. Fay. g. Calif. The fall immediately 
below a hydraulic mine. Fay. h. The fall 
available for disposal of refuse at the 
mouth of a mine. Fay. i. Eng. A deep 
hole in the bed of a stream or pond. Web- 
ster 2d. j. To empty, as in removing core 
from a core barrel or ore from a mine car. 
Long. k. A pile or heap of waste rock ma- 
terial or other nonore refuse near a mine. 








duplex pump 


Long.1. To discard. Long. m. A large heap 
of culm, rock, or refuse, usually the waste 
product. resulting from breaker operations. 
Hudson. n. Can. Accumulation of exca- 
vated rock at a mine, which may be ore 
or waste. Term also applied to mill tail- 
ings. Hoffman. o. The intention with which 
the owner of the property extracts the ore 
from the ground, and the purpose and in- 
tention of the owner with which it is 
placed on the dump, is controlling in arriv- 
ing at a solution of the question whether 
the ore after having been extracted and 
placed in the dump is personalty or realty. 
Ricketts, I. p. The place of deposit of 
debris from an excavation. Stauffer. 

dump bailer. A bailer used in borehole-ce- 
mentation work, provided with a valving 
device that empties the contents of the 
bailer (cement) at the bottom of a bore- 
hole. Also called liquid dump bailer. Long. 

dump boss. In anthracite coal mining, a 
foreman who is in charge of dumpers work- 
ing in a breaker where coal is crushed, 
sized, and cleaned for market. D.O.T. 1. 

dumpcart. A cart having a body that can 
be tilted or a bottom opening downward 
for emptying the contents without han- 
dling. Webster 3d. 

dumped fill. Excavated material transported 
and dumped in a heap, generally to pre- 
established lines and grades. Should be 
kept free of tree stumps, organic matter, 
trash, and sod if any future use of the 
filled area is contemplated. Carson, p. 362. 

dumper. a. A wheeled car with an elevated 
turntable on which is a track. A mine car 
run on the upper, horizontally revolving 
track can be dumped sidewise or endwise. 
Used for the disposal of refuse on a rock 
or slate dump. Also called hurdy girdy. 
Zern. b. A highly mobile truck which 
transports severed ore or dirt to dumping 
site, if necessary over very rough ground. 
Also called dumping wagon. Pryor, 3. c. 
The man in charge of the loading of coal 
at the dump end of a conveyor. Nelson. d. 
A tippler. Nelson. e. A dump truck. Nelson. 
f. One that dumps; such as, a dumpcart, 
dump truck. Webster 3d. g. Scot. A tool 
for keeping a borehole circular. Fay. 

dumper, head. In bituminous coal mining, 
a foreman in charge of unloading or 
dumping operations at the mine surface. 
ID ORM 

dump hoistman. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who operates a hoisting engine that 
drives a haulage cable by means of which 
cars of rock, slate, or other refuse are 
hauled up an incline to be dumped. Also 
called inclined-rock-dump hoistman; rock- 
dump hoistman; rock hoistman; slate-hoist 
engineer; slate hoistman. D.O.T. 1. 

dump hook. A chain grabhook having a lever 
attachment for releasing it. Webster 3d. 

dump house. The building where the loaded 
mine cars are emptied into the chutes. Fay. 

dumping bucket. A lifting bucket with a tilt 
or drop bottom. Standard, 1964. 

dumping wagon. See dumper, b. Pryor, 3. 

dump leaching. Term applied to dissolving 
and recovering minerals from subore- grade 
materials from a mine dump. The dump 
is irrigated with water, sometimes acidified, 
which percolates into and through the 
dump, and runoff from the bottom of the 
dump is collected and mineral in solution 
is recovered by a chemical reaction. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

duplex pump. A positive displacement pump 
with two water or liquid cylinders side by 


duplex pump 


side and geared so that the piston strokes 
in the cylinders alternate. Such a pump 
may be either single or double action, de- 
pending on the number and placement of 
intake and discharge valves on the cylin- 
der and may be designed so as to deliver 
a low volume of liquid at high pressures. 
Compare centrifugal pump; rotary pump; 
triplex pump. Long. 

dumpling. A mass of ground left undisturbed 
until the final stages of excavation, when it 
is removed. In the intermediate stages it 
may be used as a support for timbering to 
the excavations. Ham. 

dump moraine. A kind of terminal moraine 
consisting of material dropped either from 
the surface or from the interior of the 
glacier. Standard, 1964. 

dump motorman. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who operates a mine locomotive (mo- 
tor) to haul cars of dirt, rock, slate, or 
other refuse to the dump at the surface 
of an underground mine. Also called dirt- 
dump engineer; refuse engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

dump room. Space available for disposing of 
waset from a mine. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dump skip. A skip with an attachment that 
dumps the load automatically. Fay. 

dump truck. A truck or semitrailer that car- 
ries a box body with a mechanism for dis- 
charging its load. Nichols. 

dump wagon. A large-capacity side-, bottom-, 
or end-discharge wagon (or skip) on tired 
wheels or crawler tracks; usually tractor 
towed. Nelson. 

dumpy level. A surveyor’s level with a short 
usually inverting telescope that is rigidly 
fixed to a table and capable only of rotary 
movement in a horizontal plane. Webster 
3d. 

dun beds. Eng. Four bands of blue-centered 
limestone in the Lower Lias, Bath. Arkell. 

dun cow. Eng. A bed of stone in the Swanage 
quarries. Arkell. 

dundasite. A white basic carbonate of lead 
and aluminum, Pb(AIO)2(CGOs) 2.4H2O. 
Spherical aggregates of tufts of minute, 
radiating needles. From Dundas and Mt. 
Read, Tasmania; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire, 
Wales; Wensley, Derbyshire, England. 
English. 

dun dicks. Term used among miners in the 
English Midlands for fairly strong banded 
dull and bright coal with a dirty appear- 
ance. Tomketeff, 1954. 

dundy. Term used among Scottish miners 
for coal altered by igneous intrusion. T’om- 
keieff, 1954. 

dune. A hill or ridge of loose drifting sand 
or volcanic ash heaped by wind. Hess. 

dune sand. A fine-grained sand with well- 
rounded particles, which has been accumu- 
lated by the winds from more mixed de- 
posits and blown into shifting heaps. Also 
known as blow sand. Carson, 2, p. 82. 

dungannonite. A variety of diorite containing 
corundum and nepheline. A.G.I. 

dungy drift. Som. A name of a coal seam 
at Mells. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

dunite. A peridotite consisting almost wholly 
of olivine containing accessory pyroxene 
and chromite. A.G.I. 

Dunkard series. Continental strata, including 
thin coal seams, similar to the Pennsyl- 
vanian, but of Permain age, occurring in 
North America. Strata of the same age 
are marine in Kansas, but include marginal 
red beds with gypsum, and thick salt de- 
posits were formed later in the Kansas 
Basin. C.T.D. 

dun lime. Eng. Altered limestone adjacent 











362 


to faults and dikes, Kettlewell. Arkell. 

Dulop diving apparatus. A self-contained 
diving apparatus fitted with twin cylinders, 
and capable of allowing the wearer to 
operate in depths of up to 80 feet for 1% 
hours when using a breathing mixture of 
60 percent oxygen and 40 percent nitro- 
gen charged at a pressure of 120 atmos- 
pheres. A mouthpiece and nose clip are 
used with this apparatus, and goggles can 
be worn to keep water out of the eyes. 
McAdam, p. 166. 

Dunnachie kiln. A gas-fired chamber kiln de- 
signed by J. Dunnachie. The first such kiln 
was built at Glenboig, Scotland, in 1881 
for the firing of firebricks. Important fea- 
tures are the solid floor and the space 
between the two lines of chambers. Dodd. 

dunn bass. Lanc. An argillaceous shale in 
coal mines. See also bind, a. Fay. 

Dunnet shale. An oil shale, from 4 to 12 feet 
in thickness, found in Scotland; it yields 
from 24 to 33 gallons of crude oil per ton. 
Fay. 

duns. Glouc. Argillaceous shale. See also cliff, 
a; bind, a. Fay. 

dunstone. a. Derb. Ironstone in beds or 
seams. Fay. b. In Wales, a hard kind of 
fire clay, or underclay. Fay. c. Derb. A 
local term for certain magnesium lime- 
stones of a yellowish dun or cream color, 
occurring near Matlock. Fay. 

dunt; dunting. A crack, or the formation of 
cracks (which may be invisible), in ware 
cooled too rapidly after it has been fired. 
Dodd. 

dunted. Said of ware which cracks after firing 
in the biscuit oven. C.T.D. 

dunting. See dunt. Dodd. 

dun whin. A hard compact stone sometimes 
found in coal seams. Nelson. 

Duobel. Trademark for high-velocity permis- 
sible explosives furnished in seven grades 
based upon velocity and cartridge count; 
poor water resistance. Used for mining 
coal where lump coal is not a factor. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

duoflex checker system. A checker arrange- 
ment for hot-blast stoves. The gas used is 
only partially cleaned and may contain 
from 0.5 to 1.5 grams of dust per cubic 
meter of gas. The top zone of the checkers 
is formed of straight-walled vertical pas- 
sages, and the middle zone of vertical 
passages in each of which two opposite 
walls are continuously curved and the other 
two are straight, while the bottom zone is 
formed of vertical passages in each of 
which all four walls are continuously 
curved. Osborne. 

duo mill. A mill used in the manufacture of 
seamless steel tubes. It consists of a num- 
ber of stands, each containing one pair of 
rolls. The rolls have a semicircular groove 
cut in each; the size of these grooves 
diminishes as the tube passes from one 
stand to the next and thus gives the re- 
quired reduction. Successive roll axes are 
set at 90° in order to roll out any fins 
which may be formed. The whole series of 
rolls is driven through gearing from one 
main motor. Osborne. 

Duovac method. A magnctic particle testing 
technique which involves the use of a 
moving magnetic field which magnetizes 
the part under test in many directions. 
Electrical contact heads set up a circular 
field in the part, and another device, 
usually a coil, produces a longitudinal field. 
In order to produce the moving field, the 
power supply provides two or more dif- 











DuPont process 


ferent currents simultaneously. The com-_ 
bined currents set up magnetizing forces 
essentially at right angles to each other 
and so timed as to produce a moving field 
in the part. While magnetized, the part is 
usually sprayed with fluorescent magnetic 
particles which have been found effective 
in the location of even the smallest de- 
fects. It is then inspected under black 
light. Osborne. 

duplex breaker. A breaker having more than 
one crushing chamber. Fay. 

duplex channeler. A type of channeling ma- 
chine which cuts two channels simultane- 
ously. Fay. 

duplex compressor. Two compressors, side by 
side, and made in the combination of sim- 
ple steam and simple air cylinder, simple 
steam and compound air cylinders, or 
compound steam and compound air cylin- 
ders. Lewis, p. 671. 

duplex hammer. See double hammer. Fay. 

duplexing (duplex process). Any two-furnace 
melting or refining process. ASM Gloss. 

duplex pick A coal-cutter pick which allows 
a cut to be made in either direction with- 
out turning the pick. It is drop forged with 
a tip of fused tungsten carbide. Nelson. 

duplex pump. Displacement pump for han- 
dling pulps. Two cylinders are so geared 
that one piston falls while other rises. Can 
lift small tonnages to good heights. Pryor, 3. 

duplex steel. Steel produced by first refining 
in a Bessemer converter and afterward 
completing the process in the open-hearth 
furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 407. 

duplex Talbot process. A combination of the 
duplex and the Talbot continuous process. 
Molten steel from the Bessemer converter, 
already freed of its carbon, silicon, and 
manganese contents, is charged into the 
Talbot furnace. As this molten steel is 
poured through the oxidized slag, the phos- 
phorus is removed almost immediately. 
Sometimes pig iron is poured in afterwards 
which raises the carbon content of the 
bath and aids in its deoxidation. A portion 
of the heat can usually be tapped about 
an hour after this addition. Osborne. 

duplex wire. Two insulated-copper leading 
wires wrapped together with paraffined 
cotton covering. Fay. 

duplicate sampling. The placing of alternate 
samples of coal or ore in different con- 
tainers which are then analyzed separately. 
Each container thus holds a subsample 
taken at intervals throughout the sampling 
period. Nelson. 

duplicating. In machining and grinding, re- 
producing a form from a master with an 
appropriate type of machine tool, utilizing 
a suitable tracer or program-controlled 
mechanism. ASM Gloss. 

duplication of coal. Cases when the coal seam 
is double thickness due to geological causes: 
(1) by means of a bedding glide; (2) 
during the formation of a washout, entire 
masses of the coaly matter may be lifted 
by the water current from its bed and 
floated raftlike and redeposited upon an 
undisturbed coalbed and so produce a 
duplication of the seam of limited extent. 
Nelson. 

Dupont process. A  heavy-liquid minerals 
separation process in which organic liquids 
of high specific gravity, known as parting 
liquids, are used. Their specific gravities 
range from 1.00 to 2.96, have very low 
viscosities, and therefore, serve ideally for 
the medium in the sink-and-float separa- 
tion of solid materials. This process is used 














DuPont process 


to clean run-of-mine anthracite, refuse 
banks, or mixtures of the two. The sizes of 
coal that can be cleaned are No. 1 buck- 


wheat, and larger. This includes sizes up 
though broken. Mitchell, pp. 475-476. 


Ikiuporthite. A fibrous, hydrous, magnesium- 
| 


aluminum silicate; flexible in thin fibers 
like asbestos; found in serpentine. Hess. 


durability. a. The capacity of a gem to with- 


stand the effects of abrasion, impact, and 
chemical action. Pearl, p. 122. b. As ap- 
plied to foundry sand, refers to the rate of 
deterioration of the sand in use due to the 
dehydration of its contained clay. Osborne. 


(durain. The term was introduced by M. C. 


Stopes in 1919 to designate the macro- 
scopically recognizable dull bands in coals. 
Bands of durain are characterized by their 
gray to brownish black color and rough 
surface with dull or faintly greasy luster; 
reflection is diffuse; they are markedly less 
fissured than bands of vitrain, and gen- 
erally show granular fracture. In humic 


coals, durain occurs in bands up to many 


centimeters in thickness. Widely distrib- 
uted, but with exceptions not abundant. 
THCP, 1963, part I. 


(duralumin. An aluminum-base alloy contain- 


ing 3.5 to 5.5 percent copper, 0.5 to 0.8 
percent magnesium, 0.5 to 0.7 percent 
manganese, and up to 0.7 percent silicon, 
which can be cast, forged, and rolled hot 
or cold. It is capable of age-hardening, for 
example, precipitation hardening at room 
temperature, after quenching from about 
520° C, but precipitation is more marked 
and the process is accelerated if aging is 
carried out at a temperature of about 150° 
C, that is, artificial aging. Osborne. 


jdurangite. An orange-red, fluoarsenate of 


sodium and aluminum, Na(AIF) AsQs,, oc- 
curring in monoclinic crystals. Fay. 


(duration curve. Curve showing the quantity 


of flow through a river during a stated 
period, for purposes of power generation. 
The area under the curve shows the total 
quantity which flowed down the river in 
the time under observation. Ham. 


|' durbachite. A plutonic rock consisting largely 


of orthoclase, biotite, and hornblende, with 
subordinate plagioclase, and accessory 
quartz, apatite, sphene, zircon, and opaque 
oxides. Mafic constituents constitute about 
half the rock. A dark biotite-hornblende 
syenite, A.G.I. 


aurfetatite A lead, silver, copper, manga- 


nese, and iron sulfobismuthite, 3(Pb,Ag,- 
Cu, Mn Fe) S.SbeSs; occurs in acicular crys- 
tals: luster, metallic; light gray color; 
Mohs’ hardness, 2.5; specific gravity, 5.4; 
found in Peru. It is related to stylotypite. 
Weed, 1918. 


\durgy. Corn. Anything low or short. A vari- 


ation of durgan, a dwarf. Fay. 


‘iduricrust. The case-hardened crust of soil 


formed in semiarid climates by the pre- 
cipitation of salts at the surface of the 
ground as the groundwater evaporates. 
Contains aluminous, ferruginous, siliceous 
of calcareous material. A.G.I. 


(durinite. a. Strictly speaking, this is not a 


maceral, but the name can be used for 
repetitive description, Tomkeieff, 1954. b. 
The major maceral, or micropetrological 
constituent of durain, It is a heterogeneous 
material, generally semiopaque in thin sec- 
tion, being a matrix of minutely macerated 
fragments which may be resolved generally, 
but even in thinnest sections leaves a resid- 


' ium often opaque. All parts of plants may 


be included but (with few exceptions) 











363 


spores are most conspicuous, and the mi- 


nutely fragmented nature of all else is | 


characteristic. Mincrinite, exinite, cutinite, 
resinite, collinite, xylinite, suberinite, and 
fusinite may be present. A.G.J. 

durionizing. A process, of electrodepositing 
hard chromium, on the wearing surfaces of 
parts as a protection against wear by fric- 
tion. Osborne. 

Duriron. A high- silicon iron having a typical 
composition of iron, 0.08 percent maxi- 
mum carbon, 0.35 percent manganese, and 
14.5 percent silicon. Henderson. 

durit. Ger. Name for durain. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

durite. In 1955, the Nomenclature Subcom- 
mittee of the International Committee for 
Coal Petrology resolved to use this term 
for the microlithotype consisting princi- 
pally of the following groups of macerals: 
inertinite (micrinite, fusinite, semifusinite, 
and sclerotinite) and exinite, particularly 
sporinite. Durite contains at least 95 per- 
cent inertinite and exinite. The proportions 
of these two groups of macerals may vary 
widely, but each must be greater than the 
proportions of vitrinite and neither must 
exceed 95 percent. Durite E and durite I 
connote durites rich in exinite and inertin- 
ite, respectively. It is found in many coals, 
in fairly thick bands, principally in durains 
and the duller type of clarain, generally 
common. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

durn. Corn. A frame of timbering, like a 
doorframe. Also spelled durns; durnz; 
durnze. Fay. 

duroclarain. A rock-type coal consisting of 
the maceral vitrinite (telinite or collinite) 
and large quantities of other macerals, 
mainly micrinite and exinite, Micrinite is 
present in lesser quantities than is true with 
clarodurain. Compare clarodurain. A.G.J. 

duroclarite. a. This term was introduced in 
1956 by the Nomenclature Subcommittee 
of the International Committee for Coal 
Petrology to designate the microlithotype 
with maceral composition between those of 
clarite and durite but closer to clarite than 
durite. Further specification is that the 
proportion of vitrinite must exceed that of 
inertinite. It occurs in fairly thick bands, 
and is widely distributed and, like claro- 
durite, is a common constituent of most 
humic coals, The technilogical properties 
of duroclarite are intermediate between 
those of clarite and durite, but because of 
the predominance of vitrinite over inerti- 
nite they resemble those of clarite more 
closely than those of durite. JHCP, 1963, 
part I. b, Coal microlithotype intermediate 
between clarite and durite; vitrinite, exi- 
nite, and inertinite each exceed 5 percent 
and the last is less abundant than vitrinite. 
Compare clarodurite. A.G.J. Supp. 

durofusain. Durain in which the conglom- 
erate elements consist for the greater part 
of fusain. Compare fusodurain. A.G.I. 

durokawimeter. A magnetoinductive testing 
instrument for acceptance testing of light 
alloys, which is claimed to detect faulty 
heat treatment, cracks in castings, and vari- 
ations in chemical composition. Osborne. 

duroline pipe. Steel pipe coated with low- 
lime cement; used with corrosive solutions. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

durometer. With this instrument, a _ 10- 
millimeter steel ball is released from an 
iris diaphragm and drops onto the speci- 
men by gravity. The surface of the speci- 
men is inclined at 45° to the horizontal, 
and deflects the rebounding ball onto a 
calibrated horizontal glass plate. The latter 








dust collection 


carries paper covered with carbon paper 
so that the rebounding ball marks the dis- 
tance of rebound, and this represents the 
hardness. Osborne. 

durotelain. Telain with minute inclusions of 
durain. Compare telodurain. A.G.I. 

durovitrain. Vitrain with minute inclusions 
of durain. Compare vitrodurain. A.G.I. 

durox dynamite. Ammonia dynamite; used 
in mining rock, salt, talc, etc. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

Durville process. A casting process that in- 
volves rigid attachment of the mold in an 
inverted position above the crucible. The 
melt is poured by tilting the entire assem- 
bly, causing the metal to flow along a 
connecting launder and down the side of 
the mold. ASM Gloss. 

dussertite. A member of the jarosite group, 
BaFes(AsO,)2(OH)s.H2O. American Min- 
eralogist, v. 28, No. 1, January 1943, p. 63. 

dust and fume monitor. This instrument is 
designed to provide a continuous record 
of dust, fume and gas concentrations in 
work environments, over an extended 
period of time. Air being sampled is drawn 
through a filter tape at measured rates up 
to 8 liters per minute by means of an oil- 
less diaphragm pump. The filter is used 
for subsequent laboratory analysis. Differ- 
ent models have sampling periods ranging 
from 15 minutes to 1 hour. Bests, p. 579. 

dust barrier. See stone-dust barrier. Nelson. 

dust bell. The seal at the bottom of the dust 
catcher, dust leg, or water-seal valve, which 
is opened periodically to drain flue dust 
from the system. Fay. 

dust-box tender. One who shovels and sweeps 
up loose clay which has spilled around 
machines and stores it in a dust box or 
hopper for reuse. Also called hopper tender ; 
scrapman. D.O.T. 1. 

dust catcher. a. A device attached to the 
collar of a borehole to catch or collect 
dry, dustlike rock particles produced in 
dry-drilling a borehole. Compare ducon. 
Long b. Any device in which dust is col- 
lected or extracted from furnaces gases, 
etc. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

dust chamber. a. An inclosed flue or cham- 
ber filled with deflectors, in which the 
products of combustion from an ore-roast- 
ing furnace are passed, the heavier and 
more valuable portion settling in the dust 
chamber and the volatile portions passing 
out through the chimney or other escape. 
Fay b. Room air system, flue or dust 
extractor, where larger particles can drop 
out of stream of gas and be periodically 
removed. Used in conjunction with cy- 
clones, electrostatic precipitators, and bag 
filters. Pryor, 3. 

dust cloud. Coal or other dust particles 
carried in suspension in the air by cur- 
rents and eddies. Rice, George S. 

dust coat. An enamel coating sprayed thin 
and relatively dry. Enam. Dict. 

dust collecting buckets. Portable buckets are 
approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for 
overhead drilling operations using fluted 
augers. The unit consists of a collecting 
bucket, a hanger assembly, and a rubber 
hood. The auger is placed through the 
bucket and the unit is held to the mine 
roof by the hanger assembly. The rubber 
hood provides a dust seal between the 
bucket and the mine roof. The bucket 
can be disassembled easily after each opera- 
tion. Bests, p. 374. 

dust collection. Removal from atmosphere 


dust collection 


of mill or from transfer points where dust 
is thrown up. Partially closed ventilating 


systems are used, which incorporate bag’ 


filters, Cottrells, cyclones, washing cham- 
bers, and spray towers. Pryor, 3. 

dust collector. An apparatus for separating 
solid particles from air or gas and accu- 
mulating them in a form convenient for 
handling. B.S. 3552, 1962. Used in con- 
junction with local-exhaust systems for 
auxiliary ventilation and for this purpose 
is occasionally mounted directly on load- 
ing and continuous mining machines. Also 
used for cleaning recirculated air in the 
main ventilation system. It removes con- 
taminants of the particulate type from an 
airstream before discharge into the main 
airstream. It is designed to clean the air 
of dusts, smoke, mists, fumes, pollen, etc., 
but is employed in mining mainly for 
dusts. Hartman, p. 67. See also velocity 
reducing collector; fabric-type dust col- 
lector; dust catcher; ducon. 

dust consolidation. The binding of coal dust 
on roadway surfaces to prevent it becom- 
ing airborne by any disturbance. One 
method is to spread calcium chloride over 
the dust so that it absorbs water and forms 
a pasty cake which does not rise into 
suspension when men travel on the road- 
way. See also stone dust. Nelson. 

dust counter. A portable apparatus (as the 
Koltze tube, an impinger, etc.) used to 
measure dust concentration in a mine or 
mill, as a health precaution. Pryor, 3. 

dust counting microscope. The microscope 
is especially equipped and adjusted for 
the quantitative analysis of dust samples. 
Typical models magnify 100 times and 
include a substage lamp for correct illumi- 
nation and counting cells to hold samples. 
Also available are microscopes with samp- 
ling pumps and sample slides all combined 
in one assembly. Useful for quick, on-the- 
spot surveys or for tentative checking of 
dust control effectiveness. Bests, p. 579. 

dust devil. A small whirlwind containing 
sand or dust seen especially in tropical 
deserts. Also dust whirl. Webster 3d. See 
also dust storm. Fay. 

duster. a. In Wales, a man employed in 
cleaning tramways of dust and dirt in and 
about mines. Fay b. An _ unproductive 
borehole drilled in the hope of discovering 
economically useful amounts of water, 
mineral, oil, or gas. Long c. A drill crew 
member who drifts from job to job and 
stays at any one place for such a short 
period of time that the dust kicked up 
by his feet when he first started to work 
has hardfly settled before he quits and 
drifts on to another drilling job. Compare 
boomer; drifter. Long d. See dry hole. 
Brantly, 2. 

dust explosion. An explosion which consists 
of a sudden pressure rise caused by the 
very rapid combustion of airborne dust. 
Ignition of suspensions of combustible 
dusts can occur in the following ways: 
(1) initiation by flame or spark, (2) 
propagation by a gas explosion or blast- 
ing, and (3) spontaneous combustion. 
Little is known about the last-named 
mechanism, which is relatively rare in 
mines. The most frequent causes of major 
coal mine explosions in the United States 
today are electric arcs, open flames, and 
explosives. Hartman, pp. 48-49 See also 
coal-dust explosion. 

dust extraction. The removal of solid parti- 











364 


cles suspended in gas or ambient air. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

dust extractor. An appliance to collect or 
precipitate suspended dust. Dust extrac- 
tion is often necessary at coal-preparation 
plants, loading stations, and also under- 
ground. The appliance may be a cyclone, 


fabric filter, spray tower, scrubber, or an | 


electrostatic separator. See also dust pre- 
cipitator; dust trap. Nelson. 

dust firing. The burning of coal dust in the 
laboratory of the furnace. Fay. 

dust-free conditions. In Great Britain, the 
arbitrary standards laid down by the Na- 
tional Coal Board in 1949 as representing 
comparative dust-free conditions in coal 
mines. These are as follows: stone dust, 
450 particles per cubic centimeter (size 
range, 0.5 to 5.0 microns) ; anthracite, 650 
particles per cubic centimeter (size range, 
1 to 5 microns); and coal, 850 particles 
per cubic centimeter (size range, 1 to 5 
microns). Nelson. 

dust gold. Pieces of gold under 2 to 3 penny- 
weights; very fine gold. Fay. 

dust hazard. Refers to the discomforts that 
may result from constant exposure to dust, 
particularly those of a siliceous nature. 
Enam. Dict. 

dust hood. a. A cover for any receptacle (for 
example, bunker) or apparatus (for ex- 
ample, screens) designed to prevent the 
escape of dust. B.S. 3552, 1962 b. The 
flared inlet end of a system of trunking 
erected to remove dust by air suction to 
a point where it can be collected. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

dust hopper. A hopper placed underneath 
the scraper, rapping roller, or other belt 
cleaner, to collect the dust and dirt as 
it is removed from the belt; any tank or 
vessel to receive and retain dust. Nelson. 

dusting. a. Spontaneous falling to a powder, 
particularly of material containing a large 
amount of calcium orthosilicate, which 
suddenly expands when it is cooled from 
red heat. See also calcium orthosilicate; 
dust. Dodd b. In dry-process vitreous en- 
ameling, synonym for dredging. Dodd c. 
In wet-process vitreous enameling, a defect 
during spraying resulting in localized con- 
centrations of almost dry slip. Dodd d. 
The cleaning of an applied coating of 
vitreous enamel slip after it has dried, 
preparatory to firing. Dodd e. Applying a 
powder, such as sulfur to molten magne- 
sium, or graphite to a mold surface. ASM 
Gloss. f. The disintegration of a material 
caused by inversion, an example being a 
product containing dicalcium _ silicate 
which, on cooling, changes from the beta 
to the gamma crystal form. Sometimes 
erroneously called slaking. A.R.J. 

dusting clay. Any finely divided pulverized 
clay that can serve as a diluent, a carrier, 
or an extender in the preparation of in- 
secticide dusts and which aids in the 
adhesion of the insecticide to foliage. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

dusting loss. a. Shortfall in expected weight 
of sands or finely ground materials due 
to wind action or loss when transported 
in open trucks. Pryor, 3 b. In laboratory 
sampling, the loss of part of a sample 
undergoing test, through leakage of parti- 
cles into the atmosphere. Pryor, 4. 

dusting-off. Removal of dust from dry enamel 
prior to firing. Usually with a wool duster. 
Bryant. 

dust-laying oils. Crude oils, heavy asphalt 








dust-sampling impinger 


oils, tars, solutions of petroleum asphalt 
in gas oils, liquid asphalt, and emulsions 
of oils and water, used for laying dust on 
roads. Fay. 

dustless zone. A section of the mine entry 
from which dust has been removed as 
completely as possible by scraping or 
sweeping, aided by a compressed-air blast. 
Rice, George S. 

dustman. One who dumps the dust catcher 
or loads the dust at blast furnaces. Fay. 

dustpan dredge. A dredge containing a suc- 
tion head that is pushed over the under- 
water ground much as a dustpan would be. 
About 8 inches high, the dustpan may be 
from 20 to 40 feet long and is supplied 
with jets along its face to stir up the 
bottom surface. Carson, 2, p. 56. 

dust particle counter. This automatic, direct 
reading, photoelectric dust counter mea- 
sures the airborne dust concentration in 
number of particles per cubic foot. It is 
self-contained, comprising a remote test 
head, connecting cable and meter. This 
instrument can be permanently installed, 
incorporated into a recording or warning 
system or used in the field. Bests, p. 589. 

dust plan. A plan kept with the book in 
which stone-dust samples are recorded. It 
shows the sampling zones in each roadway, 
distinguished by color, letter, number, or 
mark, and identified with that roadway. 
The plan is required at every British coal 
mine employing 100° persons or*more be- 
low ground. Nelson. 

dustplate. A vertical iron plate, supporting 
the slag runner of an iron blast furnace. 
Fay. 

dust precipitator. On a larger scale, sinter 
plant gas may be cleaned by precipitators 
with very high efficiencies. The dust is 
precipitated in a dry state, suitable for 
pelletizing and feeding back onto the 
sinter strand. See also thermal precipitator. 
Nelson. 

dust pressing. See dry-pressing. Dodd. 

dustproofing. A surface treatment, as with 
oil or calcium chloride solution, to prevent 
or reduce the dustiness of coal in handling 
B.S. 3552, 1962. 

dust recovery; dust collection. The accumu- 


lation in a convenient form for handling | 


of solid particles suspended in air or gas. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. 

dust-reducing spray compound. This sub- 
stance forms a crustlike coating over ma- 
terials which are liable to cause air pollu- 
tion problems if subjected to erosion. The 
substance is sprayed on the stockpile and 
may include coloring matter to identify 
treated areas. It is designed to make no 
appreciable change in materials. Used to 
reduce dust from the commercial or indus- 
trial qualities of a large variety of outdoor 
storage of coal, sulfur, metal ores, etc. 
Bests, p. 591. 

dust sampling. The taking of air samples to 
assess its degree of dustiness, either on a 
mass basis or on particle count in a known 
volume of air. Numerous instruments have 
been developed for this purpose. Dust 
sampling is also necessary to assess the 
efficiency of stone dusting. See also auto- 
matic dust sampler; konimeter; size selec- 
tor; thermal precipitator. Nelson. 


dust-sampling impinger. A portable instru- | 


ment for getting dust samples in order that 
corrective measures can be taken for dust 
control and the prevention of respiratory 


diseases. Dust laden air is impinged in | 








| dust-sampling impinger 


sampling flasks by manual, compressed air, 
or electrical suction devices. Dust counts 
| are made from the collected air at labora- 
| tories with microscopes and counting cells. 
| Bests, p. 579. 
|| dust sand. All grains from .025 to .04 milli- 
meter in diameter which are washed out 
by a stream having a velocity of 1.5 milli- 
| _ meters per second. A.G_I. 
i dust storm. Any wind which picks up and 
) fills the air with dust. In the drier regions, 
such storms may pick up and carry sand 
(sand storms) and fine gravel. The loesses 
of China and the Missouri River region 
have been formed by dust storms that 
| _ carried the dust long distances. Hess. 
|| dust suppression. The prevention or reduc- 
tion of the dispersion of dust into the 
air, for example, by water sprays. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 
| dust-suppression jib. A coal-cutter jib de- 
signed to conduct water through ducts, or 
other arrangement, to the back of kerf, 
to suppress dust and reduce the gas-igni- 
tion hazard. See also whale-type jib. Nel- 
son. 
|| dust-suppression man. A man employed in 
coal mines to apply measures to allay coal 
dust on mine roadways and along the coal 
faces. He may also be in charge of dust 
suppression in rock drivages. See also rock 
\ dust, d. Nelson. 
}| dust-suppression system. With this system, 
dust can be suppressed before it becomes 
airborne. A series of nozzles discharge a 
chemical compound in a fine spray to 
materially reduce the amount of water or 
other liquids necessary to saturate fly ash 
and eliminate dust. The compound also 
aids in the diffusion of the liquid dust 
suppressant, allowing it to penetrate deeper 
into the material. This system can be used 
at any point in the handling of bulk 
materials, wherever dust is a hazard. Bests, 
p. 597. 
|i dusttight. A case so constructed that dust 
| will not enter the enclosure. ASA M2. 1- 
1963. 


of dust during drilling in rock. The rock 
chippings, dust, and air are sucked from 
the borehole through a rubber hose to a 
drum-type container with filters. The drum 
is discharged and the filters renewed 
periodically. In some of the newer types, 
the dust is extracted through the hollow 
drill rods. See also C.P. Hemborn dust 
extractor; Holman dust extractor; wet 
| drill. Nelson. 

f dust well. a. Perhaps the most interesting 
feature of the surface of the glacier (Ig- 
loodahonuyne glacier) was its numerous 
dust wells, a phenomenon which Norden- 
skjold brought pointedly to public atten- 
tion some years since. They are cylindrical 
tubes penetrating the ice to a depth of 
6 to 8 inches, or occasionally a little more. 
They range in size from tubelets which 
would scarcely more than admit a lead 
pencil up to wells a foot or more in diam- 
eter. A.G.J. b. A pit in glacier or sea 
ice produced when small dark particles 
on the ice surface are heated by sunlight 
and sink down into the ice. A.G.I. 

idust wetting agent. Chemical compounds 
which aid in the control of dry dusts such 
as coal and silica help prevent explosions 
and respiratory injury to workers. These 
compounds are of two types. One kind is 
used in a dry state and controls dust by 








365 


absorbing moisture from the air. The sec- 
ond type is an agent for increasing the 
wetting effectiveness of water by breaking 
the surface tension and permitting the 
water compound mixture to thoroughly 
cover the treated area. Bests, p. 597. 

dusty spray. Dusting of enamel from a gun 
so that it does not produce a wet film. 
Bryant. 

dusty tinplate. Tinplate from which the dust 
“from the branning machine has not been 
completely removd. Osborne. 

Dutch bond. The arrangement of brick 
forming a modification of Old English 
bond, made by introducing a header as 
the second brick in every alternate stretch- 
ing course with a_ three-quarter brick 
beginning the other stretching course. This 
gives alternate stretcher and header cours- 
es with alternate stretchers in vertical 
alinement. AISI, No. 24. 

Dutch drop. A haulage term used at Ana- 
conda, Mont., for flying switch. Fay. 

Dutch kiln. An early type of updraft inter- 
mittent kiln for the firing of bricks; it 
had a number of small chimneys in the 
roof. Dodd. 

dutch mattress. A mattress constructed of 
timber and reed to protect a riverbed or 
scabed from scour. Ham. 

Dutch metal. Low brass, especially in the 
form of foil; imitation gold leaf. Also 
called Dutch leaf; Dutch gold. Webster 3d. 

dutch oven. A combustion chamber built 
outside and connected with a furnace. HW 
See also forechamber. 

Dutch penetrometer. See penetrometer. Long. 

Dutch sieve bend. Stationary screen with 
close-spaced wedge wire bars across wet 
pulp feed, set around arc of circle. Pryor, 3. 

Dutch State mines process. A sink-float pro- 
cess used principally for coal cleaning. 
The process uses a water suspension of 
loess (a natural claylike material) in 
special trough-type separators provided 
with drag conveyors. E.C.T., v. 7, p. 297. 

Dutch tile. A flat enameled earthenware tile 
painted in colors (usually in blue) with 
inscriptions and designs; often used for 
decorating chimney pieces and fireplaces. 
Standard, 1964. 

dutch twill. A type of wire cloth weave; a 
weave in which the first shute wire crosses 
over the first and second warp wires, under 
the third and fourth warp wires, and the 
second shute wire crosses under the first 
warp wire, over the second and third warp 
wires, under the fourth and fifth, etc. 
Henderson. 

duttonite. A vanadium hydroxide, VO(OH): 
or V2O..2H:O; monoclinic; minute pale- 
brown scales; pseudoorthorhombic. An al- 
teration product of montroseite in sand- 
stone from Colorado. Spencer 21, M.M., 
1958. 

duty. a. A measure of the effectiveness of a 
steam engine, usually expressed in the 
number of foot-pounds (or kilogram- 
meters) of useful work obtained from a 
given quantity of fuel. Fay. b. Of a Cornish 
pumping engine, the number of pounds of 
water raised 1 foot high with a consump- 
tion of 112 pounds of coal. Fay. c. Derb. 
That part of the ore which belongs to the 
lord or owner of the mine, usually every 
thirteenth dish. See also due. Fay. 

duty cycle. For electric resistance welding 
equipment, the percentage of time that 
current flows during a specified period. 
ASM Gloss. 








Dy 


duty of giants. It is usually stated to be 1% 
cubic yards of gravel per 24 hours for 
every cubic foot of water per minute used, 
or in other words, 1 cubic foot of water 
per minute will treat 1% cubic yards of 
gravel per 24 hours. The duty of giants 
varies considerably with local conditions, 
such as the height of the gravel banks, 
the nature of the gravel bedrock, head of 
water obtainable, size of jet, etc. Griffith, 
Si. Visipagan 

duty of the miner’s inch. The number of 
cubic yards of gravel that can be broken 
down and sent through the sluice by 1 
miner’s inch of water for 24 hours. It 
depends upon the height of the bank, the 
character of the gravel and the bedrock, 
the grade of the bedrock, the type of 
sluice, and the pressure of the water. In 
well-rounded gravel without large stones, 
the duty of the miner’s inch is from 4% 
to 6 cubic yards of gravel for 24 hours. 
Under less favorable conditions, the duty 
may range from 2.8 to 4.6 cubic yards 
for 24 hours. Lewis, p. 387. 

duty ore. Corn. The landlord’s share of the 
ore. Fay. 

duxite. A dark brown, opaque resin from the 
lignite at Dux, Bohemia. Similar to muck- 
ite, walchowite, and neudorfite. A.G.I. 

D-valve. A valve used to control the admis- 
sion and exhaust of steam in the cylinders 
of some steam engines. API Glossary. 

DVM creep limit. Stress producing a creep 
rate not exceeding 10% millimeters per 
millimeter per hour in the 25th to 35th 
hour. Osborne. 

DVM test piece. An impact test piece de- 
signed for use at low temperatures. It is 
55 millimeters times 10 millimeters times 
10 millimeters and carries a rounded notch 
3 millimeters deep and 2 millimeters in 
diameter. Osborne. 

dwarf Brinell tester. A portable ball hard- 
ness tester in which the load is applied by 
means of a vice or lever. It carries a 
special lens for measuring the diameter of 
the impression and from which the Brinell 
hardness value can be read directly. Os- 
borne. 

dwarf wall. Walls or partitions which do 
not extend to the ceiling; also, interior 
walls between the topmost ceiling level 
and the finished roof level. ACSG. 

Dwight-Lloyd machine. Sintering machine 
in which feed moves continuously on 
articulated grates pulled along by chains 
in belt-conveyor fashion. Controlled com- 
bustion on these grates causes the minerals 
to sinter. Pryor, 3. 

Dwight-Lloyd process. Blast roasting in which 
air currents are drawn downward through 
the ore mass. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Dwight-Lloyd roaster. A multihearthed cir- 
cular furnace, through which horizontal 
rabbles revolve and move the feed across 
each hearth, so that it falls peripherally to 
the one below and then works inward to 
central discharge for next hearth below. 
Rising heat and air provide the roasting 
conditions. Pryor, 3. 

Dwight-Lloyd sintering. See Dwight-Lloyd 
process. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

dy; dytorv; dyjord. Swedish name for red- 
dish sapropel (organic ooze) formed by 
precipitation of humic substances from 
brown-colored water. It is characterized 
by a flocculent colloidal structure. Tom- 
keieff, 1654. 

Dy Chemical symbol for dysprosium. Hand- 


Dy 


book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

Dyas. The Permian series of strata in part 
of Western Europe, where it comprises 
two well-marked subdivisions. Fay. 

dye absorption; dye penetration. A test for 
porosity in ceramic products that are 
nominally non-porous. It is applied, for 
example, to porcelain insulators for which 
British Standard 137 stipulates that there 
shall be no sign of dye penetration after 
a fractured specimen has been immersed 
for 24 hours in a 0.5 percent solution of 
fuchsine in alcohol under a pressure of 
2,000 per square inch. Dodd. 

dyed stones. Minerals which are artificially 
dyed to improve their color or to imitate 
a more valuable stone. Usually fade or 
discolor. Shipley. 

dye line print. A contact print which has 
largely replaced the blueprints. Pryor, 3. 

dye penetrant. Penetrant with dye added to 
make it more readily visible under normal 
lighting conditions. ASM Gloss. 

dye penetrant inspection. Used for detecting 
surface porosity or cracks, more particu- 
larly in nonmagnetic substances. The part 
to be examined is cleaned and coated 
with a dye which penetrates any small 
cracks or openings. The surface is then 
wiped clean and coated with a white 
powder. The dry powder soaks up the 
dye which is still held in the defects and 
thereby indicates their position. Ham. 

dye penetration. See dye absorption. Dodd. 

Dyer method. A procedure for shaping the 
socket of a clay sewer-pipe. Dodd. 

dyestone. See Clinton ore. Fay. 

dyestone fossil. Same as dyestone; fossil ore. 
Fay. 

dyestone ranges. Applied to the outcrop of 
Clinton iron ores extending through Mary- 
land, Virginia, West Virginia, and into 
Tennessee. Fay. 

dying out. Applied to veins that gradually 
get narrower and narrower until they 
cease entirely. Also called tailing out. Fay. 

dying shift. The graveyard or night shift. 
Pryor, 3. 

dyke. The British spelling of dike. See also 
dike. Hess. 

dyking. See diking. Schieferdecker. 

dyn Abbreviation for dyne. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

Dynamagnite. Dynamite with magnesia alba 
as absorbent. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

dynamic. Forces tending to produce motion. 
Nichols. 

dynamic balance. A condition of rest created 
by equal strength of forces tending to 
move in opposite directions. Nichols. 

dynamic braking. A method of retarding an 
electric winder or haulage in which a 
direct current is injected into the alternat- 
ing-current winder motor stator during 
the deceleration period; the motor then 
acts as an alternator and the negative load 
of the winding cycle is absorbed as electric 
power and wasted as heat in the controller. 
Compared with reverse current braking, it 
saves power, but the energy dissipated in 
braking is again wasted in the rotor resist- 
ance. Se also electric braking, Nelson. 

dynamic creep. Creep that occurs under con- 
ditions of fluctuating load or fluctuating 
temperature. ASM Gloss. 

dynamic damping. Usually found in seismo- 
graphs or seismometers where damping 
of motion is desired that is in proportion 
to the velocity of the moving mass. A.G.I. 





366 


dynamic electrode potential. The electrode 
potential measured when current is pass- 
ing between the electrode and the elec- 
trolyte. Lowenheim. 

dynamic geology. Dealing with the causes 
and processes of geological change. A.G.J. 

dynamic head. a. That head of fluid which 
would statically produce the pressure of 
a given moving fluid. Standard, 1964. b. 
Total pressure measured in head. Strock, 
10. 

dynamic load. a. An alternating or variable 
load. Osborne. b. See live load. Long. 

dynamic loading. Loading from units (par- 
ticularly machinery) which, by virtue of 
their movement or vibration, impose 
stresses in excess of those imposed by their 
dead load. Taylor. 

dynamic magnification. Factor indicating 
the magnification as a function of V, the 
indicator magnification, T and Ty. the 
periods of vibration of the ground and the 
pendulum respectively, and a factor re- 
lated to the damping. This factor is not 
constant as it depends on both periods of 
vibration (the resonance effect). Schiefer- 
decker. 

dynamic metamorphism. Metamorphism pro- 
duced exclusively or largely by rock de- 
formation, principally folding and fault- 
ing. Synonym for dynamometamorphism. 
A.G.I. 

dynamic method. See Young’s modulus of 
elasticity. Lewis, p. 566. 

dynamic meter. The specific work unit, 10° 
dyne centimeters per gram, necessary to 
lift the unit mass 1 meter against the force 
of gravity. Hy. 

dynamic penetration test. See penetration 
test. Nelson. 

dynamic pile formula. A formula by which 
the safe load on a pile is calculated from 
the energy of the hammer blow and the 
penetration of the pile under each blow. 
Hiley’s formula is of this type. Ham. 

dynamic positioning. A deep water drilling 
method. In this method, a series of out- 
board engines are mounted on opposite 
sides of the vessel to give it extreme ma- 
neuverability. Position is maintained by 
automatic centering in a circle of sonar 
reflectors placed around the drilling tar- 
get, either on the bottom or suspended 
by taut wire buoys. Several drilling ships 
are now equipped with this facility. In- 
stitution of Mining and Metallurgy, Sym- 
positum on Opencast Mining, Quarrying, 
and Alluvial Mining, London, 16-19 No- 
vember 1964, Paper 7, p. 5. 

dynamic regional metamorphism. Meta- 
morphism which results in the formation 
of metamorphic rocks, such as schist and 
gneisses. Lewis, p. 604. 

dynamics. Mathematics concerned with 
forces not in equilibrium and therefore, 
exhibiting free or potential energy. Electro- 
dynamics has to do with electrons; ther- 
modynamics, with atoms and molecules. 
Particle dynamics is that of moving 
masses. Pryor, 3. 

dynamic similarity. This principle states that 
if a scale model of an hydraulic structure 
operates at a speed corresponding pre- 
cisely with that of the full size structure, 
then resistance, R, density, d, length, 1, 
and velocity, v, are related as follows: 
R, di x ile x Van 
—- = ——. See also dimensional 
R, ds x lee x v 
analysis. Ham. 

dynamic strength. Resistance to impact or 








dynamothermal metamorphism 


vibratory stress. Osborne. 

dynamic stress. Stress which is suddenly 
applied and thus tends to produce motion 
in the part under test, as in the Izod test. 
Osborne. 

dynamite. a. An industrial explosive which 
is detonated by blasting caps. The prin- 
cipal explosive ingredient is nitroglycerin 
or specially sensitized ammonium nitrate. 
Diethyleneglycol dinitrate, which is also ex- 
plosive, is often added as a freezing point 
depressant. A dope, such as good pulp, 
and an antacid, as calcium carbonate, are 
also essential. See also blasting gelatin, 
CCD 6d, 1961. b. A general term relating 
to explosives in which the principal con- 
stituent, nitroglycerin, is contained within 
an absorbent substance. B.S. 3618. 1964, 
sec. 6. c. Nitroglycerin absorbed in kiesel- 
guhr, a powerful blasting explosive. Origi- 
nally contained 75 perecnt nitroglycerin. 
Pryor, 3. d. A composition of detonating 
character containing nitroglycerin. Detonat- 
ing character is used with intention, be- 
Cause nitroglycerin enters into the com- 
position of mixtures which are propellants, 
and which are not dynamite. There are 
other compositions of matter containing 
nitroglycerin which are not dynamite, but 
we cannot have a dynamite which does 
not contain nitroglycerin. The strength 
varies according to the percentage of nitro- 
glycerin contained. At present the ab- 
sorbents are fibrous organic materials; oxy- 
genating compounds added to the nitro- 
glycerin also have some absorbtive power. 
Frequently called giant powder. Fay. e. 
To charge with dynamite. Webster 3d. f. 
To blow up or shatter with dynamite. 
Webster 3d. 

dynamite gelatin. Dynamite made by gelat- 
inizing the nitroglycerin with collodion 
cotton before the addition of the absorbent. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

dynamiter. One who uses, or is in favor of 
using, dynamite or similar explosives for 
unlawful purposes. Fay. 

dynamo. A machine for converting mechani- 


cal energy into electrical energy by mag- ~ 
netoelectric induction. A dynamo may also | 


be used as a motor. Webster 2d. 
dynamo exploder. A powerful exploder usu- 


ally operated by a vertical rack, which, | 
drives an | 


on a downward movement, 
armature. At the end of the stroke of the » 


rack bar an internal short-circuiting device |) 


opens and the current generated by the | 


rapidly revolving armature passes into the | 


shot-firing circuit. Two exploders in com- 


mon use, Nobel’s 30-shot and the Army | 
Mk VII, operate in this way. See also | 


exploder. Nelson. 
dynamogranite. Augen gneiss containing | 
much microline and orthoclase. A.G.J. 
dynamometamorphism. Same as 
metamorphism. Fay. 
dynamometer. Appliance used in engineer- 


ing to measure power either as output, © 


input, or transitional. Pryor, 3. 
Dynamon. A permissible explosive of the am- 


monium nitrate group. Stoces, v. 1, p. 119. 


dynamo steel sheet. Sheet made from steel 
of low hystersis loss (for example, silicon © 
steel), as used in the manufacture of | 
transformers and other electrical ma- 
chinery. Osborne. 

dynamothermal. Pertaining to processes’ 
within the earth involving pressure and 
heat that bring about changes in rocks. | 
Bateman. 


dynamothermal metamorphism. Metamor- 


dynamic | 












|/dynamothermal metamorphism 


phism resulting from combined effects of 

heat and directed pressure. A.G.I. 

dyne. The fundamental unit of force in the 

- centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system; the 

force which, applied to a mass of 1 gram 
for 1 second, would give it a velocity of 
1 centimeter per second. It equals about 
1.02 milligrams, or about 1/64 grain. 

|| Standard, 1964. 

| Dynobel No. 2. A high strength, low density 

permitted explosive; no water resistance. 

It is used for coal blasting in a machine- 

cut seam of medium hardness in dry con- 

ditions. Nelson. 

idyscrasite. A natural antimonide of silver, 

AgsSb; color and _ streak, silver-white; 
luster, metallic; usually tarnished; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3.5 to 4; specific gravity, 9.74; 
found in Germany, France, and Canada. 
An ore of silver. CCD 6d, 1961. 

| dyscrystalline. Descriptive of igneous rocks 
whose mineral grains are too small to be 
seen without a microscope, refers to the 
groundmass of a porphyry. A.G.J. Supp. 

| dysluite. Zinc-managanese-iron, brownish 
gahnite from Massachusetts and New Jer- 

| sey. Shipley. 

\dysodile. A fine-textured carbonaceous sedi- 

| ment deposited in deep water under an- 
aerobic conditions. A.G.J. Supp. 

\'dysprosium. A rare earth element or lan- 

| thanide having atomic number 66. A lus- 
trous silvery metal; hexagonal; valence, 
3; atomic weight, 162.50; specific gravity, 
8.536; melting point, 1,465° to 1,505° C; 
boiling point, 2,600° C; reacts slowly with 
water; and is soluble in dilute acids. 
Symbol, Dy. See also rare earth metals. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-108, 

| B-174. 

{dysprosium oxide; dysprosia. A rare earth 
oxide; white; Dys0O3; isometric; specific 
gravity, 7.81 (at 27° C); and melting 
point, 2,340° + 10° C. Used as a nuclear- 
reactor control-rod component and a neu- 
tron-density indicator. Lee; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-174. 

| dystome spar. Synonym for datolite. Fay. 

| dystomic. Having an imperfect fracture or 
cleavage. Fay. 

| dysyntribite. A name given by C. U. Shepard 

to a mineral or rock in St. Lawrence 

County, N.Y., which contains a hydrated 

silicate of aluminum and potassium and 

is related to pinite; the name means hard 
to crush. Compare parophite. Fay. 

| dzhalindite. A yellow-brown alteration prod- 

| uct of indite, In(OH)s. See also indite. 

| Hey, M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

| dzhezkazganite. An incompletely described 
mineral from the Dzhezkazgab copper ores, 
Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., containing 40 to 50 
percent rhenium and 15 to 20 percent 
copper, probably an alloy or a sulfide; ap- 
pears to be amorphous to X-rays. Named 
from the locality. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

{dzhu. Corn. To cut ahead on one side of a 

face, so as to increase the efficiency of 

blasting on the remainder. See also dissu- 
ing; hulk, a. Fay. 





E 


}e a. Symbol for the base of the natural 
 (Naperian) system of logarithms, being 
| the xth root of the expression 1 + x, as x 
approaches the limit 0, and having the 

approximate numerical value 2.7182818+. 





367 


Zimmerman, pp. 15, 64, 132. b. Symbol 
for kinematic elasticity. Zimmerman, p. 40. 
c. Abbreviation for electron; symbo] for 
the charge of an electron; electronic 
charges. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59; Zim- 
merman, p. 40. d. Abbreviation for energy. 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. F-95. e, Abbreviation for 
erg. GPO Style Manual, p. 157. £. Ab- 
breviation for evaporation. Zimmerman, p. 
42. g. Symbol for partial pressure of water 
vapor. Zimmerman, pp. 118, 425. h. 
Symbol for quantity of electricity, especi- 
ally of an electrostatic charge. Zimmer- 
man, p. 87. i. Symbol for single electrode 
potential. Zimmerman, p. 40. i. Symbol 
for terminal voltage between lines; in- 
stantaneous value of an alternating volt- 
age. Zimmerman, pp. 107, 117. k. Ab- 
breviation for efficient; efficiency. Webster 
3d, 1. As a subscript, the symbol for 
effective. Zimmerman, p. 378. m. Abbre- 
viation for eccentricity of application of 
load; symbol for the eccentricity of a curve 
and of a conic section. Zimmerman, pp. 


39, 129. n. Abbreviation for exposure. 
Webster 3d. o. Abbreviation for error. 
Webster 3d. 


a. Symbol for an electronic charge; elec- 
tronic charge equal to and opposite in 
sign to that of an electron. The symbol 
—e (minus e) is used to denote the nega- 
tive charge of the electron. Zimmerman, 
p. 152, 155, 169. b. Symbol for the base of 
the natural (Naperian) system of loga- 
rithms, being the xth root of the expres- 
sion 1 + x, as x approaches the limit 0, 
and having the approximate numerical 
value 2.7182818-+. Zimmerman, pp. 145, 
151. c. Symbol for kinematic elasticity. 
Zimmerman, p. 185. d. Symbol for the co- 
efficient of resilience; ccefficient of restitu- 
tion. Zimmerman, p. 152, 1964. e. Symbol 
of quantity of electricity, especially an elec- 
trostatic charge. Zimmerman, p. 171. f. 
With subscript, the symbol for single elec- 
trode potential. Zimmerman, p. 171. 

Prefix denoting absence or lack of; for 
example, estriate means not striated. A.G.J. 
a. Abbreviation for east; eastern. BuMin 
b. Abbreviation for earth: Webster 3d. c. 
Chemical symbol first suggested for Ein- 
steinium, but Es has replaced it. CCD, 6d, 
1961. d. Abbreviation for energy; symbol 
for internal energy for any weight; in- 
trinsic energy for any weight. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 41, 58, 59. e. With subscript k, 
as Ex, the symbol for kinetic energy and 
with subscript p, as E,, the symbol for 
potential energy. Zimmerman, p. 41. f. 
Abbreviation for elasticity; symbol for 
Young’s modulus of elasticity; Young’s 
modulus; modulus of elasticity. Webster 
3d; Zimmerman, pp. 40, 121. g. Symbol 
for oxidation-reduction potential. Webster 
3d. h. Symbol for electrode potential and 
with a subscript, the symbol for single 
electrode potential. Zimmerman, p. 40. 
i. Symbol for the electromotive force 
of voltaic cells. Zimmerman, p. 40. j. 
Symbol for voltage; for terminal voltage 
between lines; direct or effective value of 
an alternating voltage. Zimmerman, pp. 
107, 117. k. Symbol for electric intensity ; 
electric field strength. Zimmerman, pp. 
154, 156. 1. Symbol for illumination. Zim- 
merman, p. 56. m. Abbreviation for evapo- 
ration; evaporativity. Zimmerman, pp. 42, 
424. n. Abbreviation for eccentricity. 
Webster 3d. 0. Symbol for entrainment 
ratio. Zimmerman, p. 42. p. Symbol for 





earth 


sound-energy density. Zimmerman, p. 99. 
q. Abbreviation for estimate; estimated; 
estimated ceiling height. Zimmerman, pp. 
42, 440. r. Abbreviation for engine; engi- 
neer; engineering. Webster 3d; Zimmer- 
man, p. 41. s. Abbreviation for equatorial; 
equatorial air mass. Zimmerman, pp. 6, 
42. t. Abbreviation for enamel. Zimmer- 
man, p. 214. u. Abbreviation for edge. 
Zimmerman, p. 237. vy. Abbreviation for 
entrance. Webster 3d. w. Abbreviation for 
end, for example, E in E to E for end to 
end. Zimmerman, p. 202. x. Symbol for 
sleet. Zimmerman, p. 98. 

E a. Symbol for energy; energy in general; 
total energy; intrinsic energy. Zimmerman, 
pp. 145, 155, 170. in With the subscript 
k, as Ex, the symbol for kinetic energy; 
with the subscript p, as Ep, the symbol for 
potential energy; and with the subscript 
v as Ey, the symbol for energy of vibra- 
tion. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmerman, p. 
155. c. Symbol for sound-energy density. 
Zimmerman, p. 189. d. Symbol for 
Youngs’ modulus of elasticity; Young’s 
modulus; modulus of elasticity. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 160, 167, 366. e. Symbol for 
electromotive force; electromotive force of 
voltaic cells. Enclosed in parentheses, as 
(E), also a symbol for electromotive force. 
Zimmerman, pp. 155, 171, 258. f. With 
subscript, the symbol for single electrode 
potential. Zimmerman, p. 171. g. Symbol 
for direct voltage; effective value of an 
alternating voltage. Zimmerman, p. 148. 
h. Symbol for evaporation. Zimmerman, p. 
148. i. Symbol for illumination; illuminance 
or the amount of illumination. Zimmerman, 
pp. 158, 190. 

eaglestone. A concretionary nodule of clay 
ironstone about the size of a walnut that 
the ancients believed an eagle takes to her 
nest to facilitate egg-laying. Webster 3d. 
Same as aetite. Fay. 

ear. a. The inlet or intake of a fan. Fay. 
b. Derb. A small iron loop or ring fixed 
on the sides of tubs, etc. to which side 
chains are attached. Fay. 

earing. The formation of scallops (ears) 
around the top edge of a drawn part caused 
by differences in the directional properties 
of the sheet metal used. ASM Gloss. 

earlandite. A pale yellow to white hydrated 
calcium citrate, Cas3(CsH;O;) 2.4H2O. Fine- 
grained nodules. In the sediments of Wed- 
dell Sea, Antarctica. English. 

early magmatic deposits. Deposits of mag- 
matic origin formed during the early 
stages of magma solidification. Bateman. 

early magmatic ore deposit. Straight mag- 
matic deposits resulting from ore (min- 
eral) crystallization and accumulation dur- 
ing a stage earlier than the crystalliza- 
tion of the rock silicates. Schieferdecker. 

ears. The crosspiece forming two projections, 
one on each side of a sprag, near to the 
handle. The ears prevent the sprag, or 
drag, which is used to lock the wheels of 
tubs or trains on inclines, from falling 
through the spokes. C.T.D. 

ear shell. The popular name for Haliotis. 
See also abalone. Shipley. 

earth. a. The solid matter of the globe in 
distinction from water and air; the 
ground; the firm land of the earths’ sur- 
face. Fay. b. Loose material of the earth’s 
surface; the disintegrated particles of solid 
matter in distinction from rock. Fay. c. 
Material which can be removed and han- 
dled economically with pick and shovel 


earth 


or by hand, or which can be loosened and 
removed with a power shovel. A.G.J. d. 
See soil. e. Soft shaly or clayey ground 
when sinking through the coal measures. 
Fay. f. See ground. 

earth amber. A term rarely used to dis- 
tinguish mined amber from sea amber. 
Also to describe amber, the outer portion 
of which has deteriorated in luster, trans- 
parency, and color. Shipley. 

earth auger. a. A hand-boring tool for testing 
clays, soils, or shallow deposits. See also 
auger. Nelson. b. A dry-sampling device 
consisting of a helical-fluted rod encased 
by a cylindrical tube. The fluted rod is 
equipped with cutting edges, and the 
cuttings collect and are retained within 
the tube. Long. 

earth balsam. A variety of asphalt. Tom- 
keieff, 1954. 

earth borer. An auger for boring into the 
ground, working in a cylindrical box to 
retain the cut earth until the tool is with- 
drawn. Standard, 1964. 

earth coal. a. A name sometimes given to 
lignite. An earthy brown coal. Fay. b. 
Mineral coal, as distinguished from char- 
coal. Webster 3d. 

earth color. A pigment of mineral origin; 
for example, red iron oxide. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

earth current. A light electric current ap- 
parently traversing the earth’s surface but 
which in reality exists in a wire grounded 
at both ends, due to small potential dif- 
erences between the two points at which 
the wire is grounded. Standard, 1964. 

earth dam. One built of gravel, earth, broken 
rock, sand, silt with impervious clay core 
or facing. Pryor, 3. 

earth din. An earthquake. Standard, 1964. 

earth drill. An auger. Nichols. 

earthed. Means connecting to the general 
mass of earth in such a manner as will 
ensure at all times an immediate dis- 
charge of electrital energy without danger. 
Nelson. See also grounded. 

earthed system. Electrically, one with one 
neutral point or pole connected to earth. 
Pryor, 3. 

earthenware clay. A plastic, fine textured 
clay, nearly free from lime and gypsum 
(as they cause blistering); air shrinkage 
less than 8 percent; slakes in a few min- 
utes or requires grinding which is usually 
too expensive; no cracking in air; tensile 
strength, 125 pounds per square inch, or 
more; incipient vitrification reached be- 
tween cones 010 and 05; vitrification at 
least two cones higher; color, burned 
usually, not important unless very bad; 
fire shrinkage, 8 percent maximum. Hess. 

earthfall. A landslide. Webster 3d. 

earth fault. Electrical short circuit from live 
conductor to earth. Pryor, 3. 

earth fault latchout. A feature of an earth 
fault protective system which requires the 
earth fault relay to be manually reset. 
B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

earth fault lockout system. An electrical 
system whereby a circut is monitored to 
prevent application or restoration of sup- 
ply if an earth fault exists. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 

earth fault meter. An instrument for measur- 
ing the insulation fault at low voltage 
without polarization. This instrument is 
more informative in checking detonators in 
loaded holes than the insulation meter. 
Langefors, p. 146. 

earth fault protection. A system of protection 











368 


designed to cause the supply to a circuit 
or system to be interrupted when the leak- 
age current to earth exceeds a predeter- 
mined value. Also called earth leakage 
protection. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

earth fault tester. An apparatus used to pre- 
vent or reduce current leakage to the 
ground when blasting in conducting ore 
bodies, in wet shale or clay, and in under- 
water blasting, especially in salt water. 
The apparatus has no battery and can be 
used when loading the hole to check if the 
conducting wires have become damaged 
during this operation. Langefors, pp. 145- 
146. 

earth flax. An early name for asbestos. See 
also amianthus. Fay. 

earthflow. A combination of 
mudflow. Leet. 

earth foam. The mineral aphrite. A foliated 
pearly variety of calcite near argentine. 
The softer varieties approach chalk. Fay. 

earthing a conductor. Establishing an elec- 
trical connection between a conductor and 
the earth. An important safeguard in elec- 
trical installations, Nelson. 

earthing system. An electrical system in 
which all the conductors are earth. Nelson. 

earth leakage protection. A protective sys- 
tem which operates as a result of leakage 
of current from electrical machines to 
earth. For electrical apparatus in mines, 
the usual method of leaking protection is 
known as the core balance system. This 
depends for its action on the balance of 
the currents in three phases. When a fault 
occurs, the balance is disturbed and the 
resulting magnetic effect in the trans- 
former core induces a current in the sec- 
ondary circuit, so energizing the tripping 
coil and operating the tripping mechanism 
on the circuit breaker. It may be operated 
by a leakage current as low as 5 percent 
of the full load current of tthe circuit. 
Nelson. 

earth metal. A metal whose oxide is classed 
as an earth. Webster 3d. 

earth movement. A. differential movement of 
the earth’s crust; elevation or subsidence 
of the land. Webster 3d. 

earth-moving plant. A vast variety of con- 
struction equipment, which includes 
various forms of dozers, excavators, scrap- 
ers, scarifiers, and graders. Oversize pneu- 
matic tires, diesel engines, and hydraulic 
or compressed air servo devices have con- 
tributed greatly to advanced designs in 
this field. Ham. 

earth of bone. Eng. .A phosphate of lime 
sometimes termed “‘bone phosphate,’ de- 
rived from bones by calcination. Fay. 

earth oil. Same as petroleum. Webster 3d. 

earth pillars. Synonym for hoodoos; pillar. 
A.G.I, 

earth pitch. Mineral tar, a kind of asphalt. 
Webster 2d. 

earth pressure. The pressure or force exerted 
by soil on any boundary. See also active 
earth pressure; passive earth pressure; at 
rest (earth pressure). ASCE P1826. 

earth pulsation. A slow undulation of the 
earth’s crust so gradual and slight as to 
escape ordinary observation. Standard, 
1964. 

earthquake. a. A local trembling, shaking, 
undulating, or sudden shock of the sur- 
face of the earth, sometimes accompanied 
by fissuring of by permanent change of 
level. Earthquakes are most common in 
volcanic regions, but often occur else- 
where. Fay. b. Groups of elastic waves 


slump and 





earth wave 


propagating in the earth, setup by a 
transient disturbance of the elastic equilib- 
rium of a portion of the earth. A.G I. 
earthquake period. The period during which 
a district is subjected to earthquake shock 
without any long pause. Ham. 
earthquake-proof constructions. Buildings of 
sufficiently strong construction to withstand 
even heavy shocks. Schieferdecker. 
earthquake region. Area in which the earth- 
quake is observed. Schieferdecker. 
earthquake sounds. Sounds in air generated 
by earthquake waves of audible frequen- 
cies. Leet. 
earthquake waves. The wave motions, in the 
materials of the earth, originating at the 
seismic focus; seismic waves. Challinor. 
earth return circuit. A telegraphic circuit 
using one transmisison wire, the return 
current passing through the earth and 
thereby encountering a low resistance. 
C.T.D. 
earth’s crust. The external part of the earth, 
accessible to geological investigation. The 


use of this term does not necessarily im- 


ply that the rest of the earth is not also 
solid. Fay. 

earth sculpture. See land sculpture. Fay. 

earths, green; terre verte. Collective name for 
various pale bluish-green earths formed by 
the disintegration of minerals, principally 
those of the hornblende type. Used as pig- 
ments. They are somewhat deficient in 
body and intensity of hue and.are now 
largely replaced by manufactured pig- 
ments. CCD 6d, 1961. 

earth slide. A term applied to the downslope 
movement of a part of an earth embank- 
ment when the distance moved is sufficient 
to break up the blocks and pulverize the 
earth enough so that the major part of the 
moving mass moves in a somewhat fluid 
manner. Compare earth slump. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

earth slope. The angle of superficial slope 
naturally assumed by rock debris, earthy 
detritus, etc., when piled up in mounds or 
ridges. Standard, 1964. 

earth slump. A term applied to downslope 
movement of part of an earth embankment 
in blocklike masses without other apparent 
deformation than the change in level. 
Compare earth slide. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

earth’s magnetic poles. Areas in the higher 
latitudes where the lines of magnetic force 
converge. Fy. 

earth stone. A term sometimes applied to 
mined amber to distinguish it from sea 
amber. Shipley. 

earth-tide correction. There are two methods 


of correcting for the tidal effect. One is | 


to construct daily charts of the tidal varia- 
tion in gravity with time from readings 
on a stationary instrument and to correct 


all readings in the field by means of such © 


charts. The other method is for the observ- 
er to return to the base station so often 


that earth-tide effects will be fully incor- | 


porated into the instrumental drift curve. 


Dobrin, pp. 234-235. 


earth tilting. A slight movement or displace- | 


ment of the surface of the ground as in 
some forms of earthquakes. Fay. 

earth tremor. A slight earthquake. Standard, 
1964. 

earth wave. Any elastic vibration of the 
earth, either from natural causes such as 
earthquakes and storms, or created artifi- 
cially by traffic, blasting, seismic explora- 
tion, etc. Seismologists recognize two main 











earth wave 


groups of earth waves: (1) body waves 
which are propagated in all directions 
through the elastic body of the earth, and 
(2) surface waves which require discon- 
tinuities such as the rock-air interface at 
the earth’s surface for their propagation. 
Body waves are of two types, P (for pri- 
mary) compressional or longitudinal waves, 
and § (for secondary) transverse or shear 
waves. Among the surface waves are a 
variety of transverse and rotational types, 
such as Rayleigh (R), Love (Q), hydro- 
dynamical, and coupled waves. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 
\vearth wax. See ozocerite. 
ijearthwork. An excavation or an artificial 
banking of ground. Ham. 
jvearthy. a. In mineralogy, roughish to the 
touch; dull and lusterless. Standard, 1964. 
b. Consisting of minute particles loosely 
ageregated; claylike, dull. Shipley. 
vearthy breccia. Proposed by Woodford for an 
| aggregate of angular fragments in which 
rubble (diameter greater than 2 milli- 
meters), sand, and silt clay are each pres- 
ent in proportion greater than 10 percent. 
i) ee A.G.T. 
| ' earthy brown coal. A brown, friable mineral, 
|| sometimes forming layers in beds of lignite. 
In general, it is not a true coal, for a con- 
siderable part of it is soluble in ether and 
benzol, and often in alcohol. See also leuco- 
| petrite; bathvillite. Fay. 
}\earthy calamine. An early name for hydro- 
zincite. Fay. 
jvearthy coal. See earth coal, a. Fay. 
tearthy cobalt. Asbolan, asbolite, black cobalt 
| oxide. Wad with up to 40 percent cobalt 
oxide. Streak black and shining. Pryor, 3. 
\,earthy fracture. A fracture resembling that 
|| of a lump of hard clay. Fay. 
|, earthy lead ore. A variety of cerussite. Fay. 
}-earthy lignite. A lignite with no apparent 
structure and is soft and friable. See also 
woody lignite. Nelson. 
|) earthy manganese. a. Wad. Hess. b. See bog 
manganese. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
j;easement. a. An incorporeal right existing 
distinct from the ownership of the soil, 
| consisting of a liberty, privilege, or use of 
another’s land without profit or compensa- 
tion; a right-of-way. Fay. b. A legalized 
permission granted by the owner to allow 
movement of drilling equipment across his 
land and/or to allow borehole-drilling op- 
erations to be conducted thereon. Long. 
c. Right, privilege, or grant of use legally 
recognized, which affects ownership of land, 
for example, a right-of-way. Pryor, 3. d. In 
surveying, an easement curve is a transition 
curve. Pryor, 3. 
|. easement curve. Commonly known as a tran- 
| sition curve. Ham. 
|) easer. One of a number of holes surrounding 
the cut and fired immediately after it. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. 
seaser holes. Holes drilled around the cut to 
enlarge the cut area so that the trimmers 
may break out the ground to the required 
dimensions. The positioning and number of 
the easer holes will depend upon the pat- 
tern of the cut shots. McAdam II, pp. 
124-125, 
| easing air. The air that is admitted through 
the feed holes of an annular kiln at one 
stage in the firing of fletton bricks; the 
purpose is to check the rapid rise of tem- 
perature consequent on the ignition of the 
organic matter present in such _ bricks. 


Dodd. 












369 


East African pearl. See African pearl. Shipley. 

eastern method. See pick and dip. 

easting. In surveying, departure or easterly 
distance from a north-south survey line or 
datum point. Pryor, 3. 

Eastman survey instrument. Various models 
of a particular make of mechanical and 
photographic borehole-drift indicators; the 
single-shot models are small enough to be 
used in EX diamond-drill holes. See also 
drift indicator. Long. 

easy fired. Clayware, particularly earthen- 
ware, is said to be easy fired if it has been 
fired at too low a temperature and/or for 
too short a time. Dodd. 

easy way. Scot. Easiest plane of splitting 
in granite, Aberdeenshire. Compare hard- 
way; second way. Arkell. 

eat out. a. N. of Eng. To turn a heading or 
holing to one side in order to mine the 
coal on the other side of a fault without 
altering the level course of the heading. 
Fay. b. Said of a seam when the district 
or working place reaches a fault, or the 
boundary of old workings, or any other bar- 
ren part of a mine. C.T.D. 

eaves course; eaves tile. A course of special 
size roofing tiles, eaves tiles, for use at the 
eaves of a roof to obtain the correct lap. 
Dodd. 

eaves tiles. See eaves course. Dodd. 

Ebano. Trade name for a residual pitch from 
Mexican petroleum. Fay. 

ebb. Gr. Brit. Shallow; for example, a coal 
seam is ebb when near the surface; the 
shaft is ebb which is sunk to it. Webster 
3d; Fay. 

ebb-and-flow structure. In sedimentary rocks, 
a structure characterized by an alternation 
of crossbedded and horizontally bedded 
layers thought to be the result of deposi- 
tion during the ebb and flow of tides. 
A.G.I. 

ebb channel. Tidal channel in which the ebb 
currents are stronger than the flood cur- 
rents. Schieferdecker. 

ebb current. The movement of the tidal 
current away from shore or down a tidal 
stream. Schieferdecker. 

ebb tide. A nontechnical term referring to 
that period of tide between high water and 
the succeeding low water; falling tide. 
Compare flood tide. A.G.I, 

E-bit. A nonstandard and now obsolete size 
of core bit. Long. 

eboulement. Fr. Adapted from the French 
for sudden rock falls and earth slips in 
mountainous regions. Fay. 

ebuliscope. An instrument for observing the 
boiling point of liquids, especially for 
determining the alcoholic strength of a 
mixture by the temperature at which it 
boils. Osborne. 

ebullition. The act, process, or state of boil- 
ing or bubbling up. Webster 3d. 

E casing. Never standard, and now an obso- 
lete size of casing. See also Mesabi E cas- 
ing. Long. 

eccentric. a. A device for converting con- 
tinuous circular into reciprocating recti- 
linear motion, consisting of a disk mount- 
ed out of center on a driving shaft, and 
surrounded by a collar or strap connected 
with a rod. Rotation of the driving shaft 
gives the rod a back-and-forth motion. 
Standard, 1964 b. A wheel or cam with 
an off-center axis of revolution. Nichols 
c. A device used on engines for changing 
the rotary motion of the crankshaft into 
a reciprocating motion on the slide valve 





echelon; en echelon 


Crispin d. Coupled rotating system in 
which the two members are not coaxial, 
so that they are rhythmically displaced to 
a controlled extent at each revolution. 
Pryor, 3. 

eccentric bit. A modified form of chisel used 
in drilling, in which one end of the cutting 
edge is extended further from the center 
of the bit than the other. The eccentric 
bit renders underreaming unnecessary. It 
is very useful in hard rock. Fay. 

eccentric-bit load. A bit subjected to a load 
unevenly distributed and concentrated on 
one part of the perimeter of the bit face. 
Also called eccentric-bit pressure; eccen- 
tric load ; eccentric thrust. Long. 

eccentric-bit pressure. See eccentric-bit load. 
Long. 

eccentricity. A load or component of a load 
normal to a given cross section of a mem- 
ber is eccentric with respect to that section 
if it does not act through the centroid. The 
perpendicular distance from the line of 
action of the load to either principal cen- 
tral axis is the eccentricity with respect to 
that axis. Ro. 

eccentric load. A load imposed on a struc- 
tural member at a point distant from the 
center of the member, whereby a bending 
moment is created equal to the load mul- 
tiplied by the arm. Ham. 

eccentric pattern. A mode of arranging dia- 
monds set in the face of a bit in such a 
manner as to have rows of diamonds 
forming eccentric circles so that the path 
cut by each diamond slightly overlaps 
that of the adjacent stones. Compare 
concentric pattern. Long. 

eccentric press. A mechanical press in which 
the eccentric and strap are used to move 
the slide, rather than a crankshaft and 
connection. ASM Gloss. 

eccentric signal. Triangulation: Signal placed 
at some point other than directly over 
the triangulation station, and not in line 
with the station and the instrument. See- 
lye, 2. 

eccentric station. Triangulation: Point where 
an instrument is placed for the measure- 
ment of horizontal angles when it is not 
practicable to set up directly over the 
actual station. Seelye, 2. 

eccentric thrust. See eccentric-bit load. Long. 

ecdemite. A bright yellow to green lead 
chlorarsenite, perhaps PbsAs2O7.2PbCls, oc- 
curring as a mineral in crystal or massive 
form and as an incrustation. Also called 
heliophyllite. Fay. 

ECE coal classification. This system utilizing 
proximate analysis was devised by the Coal 
Committee of the Economic Committee 
for Europe. It is based partly on the Na- 
tional Goal Board Code system and partly 
upon the ASTM coal classification. The 
parameters used are caking and coking 
properties for coals containing less than 
33 percent of volatile matter, and calorific 
value on the moist, ash-free basis (30° C, 
96 percent humidity) for coals containing 
more than 33 percent of volatile matter. 
Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 36. 

echadero. Mex. Level place near a mine, 
where ore is cleaned, piled, weighed, and 
loaded. Also called patio of the mine. Fay. 

echar planilla. Mex. Gobbing; packing; fill- 
ing with waste material. Fay. 

echelon; en echelon. An arrangement of 
faults, veins, etc., in which the individuals 
are staggered like the treads of a stair- 
case. Ballard. 


echelon cell 


echelon cell. Wedge-shaped glass cell used 
in absorption spectrography. Pryor, 3. 

echelon faults. Separate faults having paral- 
lel but steplike trends; the group having 
one more or less general direction but 
with the individuals parallel to each other 
and at an angle to that direction. Thought 
to be the result of torsion in a region of 
differential diastrophism. A.G.I. 

Echinodermata. The thorny skins, such as 
starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies. These 
creatures have a nervous system as well 
as a sort of stomach. Mason, V. 1, p. 26. 

echinoid. One of a groun of invertebrates (a 
class of the echinodermata) which includes 
the sea urchines and their close allies. 
A.G.I. 

echo. An acoustic signal which has been 
reflected or otherwise returned with suffi- 
cient magnitude and time delay to be 
detected as a signal distinct from that 
directly transmitted. Hy. 

echogram. A graphic recording of various 
sonic devices which shows ocean. bottom 
profiles and delineates the bedding planes 
and dissimilar rock contacts to a depth 
of 1,500 feet into the sediments. An echo 
is generated by the primary sound impulse 
at each marked change in density of the 
sediment. The depth below sea level of 
the contact between the unconsolidated 
sediments and the bedrock or between 
rocks of different densities can thus be 
determined. The graphs are especially 
useful in locating sediment traps, drowned 
river valleys, and in the case of submerged 
beaches, geomorphic forms. Mero, pp. 20, 
22 

echo ranging. Locating underwater objects 
by sending sound pulses into water. Target 
range is derived by measuring transit time 
of sound pulse. Hy. 

echo sounder. In oceanography, a sounding 
apparatus, used in sea water, for deter- 
mining automatically the depth of sea 
beneath a ship. It makes use of echo 
delay, and is operated generally by trans- 
mitting an impulse of sound and obtain- 
ing an indication of the time elapsing 
before the return of the echo. C.T.D. 

eckermannite. An alkali-amphibole, NaiMg»- 
AlFe” ’(SisOn) 2(O,OH,F) 2, containing 
11.30 percent NazO, 2.41 percent K2O; 
from Norra Karr, Sweden. Spencer 17, 
M.M., 1946. 

eckrite. A variety of soda-amphibole near 
arfvedsonite in its optical characters but 
near glaucophane in chemical composi- 
tion. From Eqe, West Greenland. Spencer 
19, M.M., 1952. 

ecliptic. The apparent yearly path of the 
sun in the heavens. Gordon. 

eclogite. A coarse-grained, deep-seated ultra- 
mafic rock, consisting essentially of garnet 
(almandine-pyrope) and pyroxene (om- 
phacites). C.T.D. 

ecology. The study of animals and plants to 
gain knowledge regarding their environ- 
ment. The knowledge is also helpful to 
the mining geologist. Nelson. 

economic boiler. An improved form of the 
Lancashire boiler, in which the hot gases 
of combustion pass from the main furnace 
flues through banks of small fire tubes. 
The boiler occupies less space and for 
equal evaporation, it is only about half 
the length of a Lancashire boiler. Nelson. 

economic coal reserves. The reserves in coal 
seams which are believed to be workable 
with regard to thickness and depth. In 








370 


most cases, a maximum depth of about 
4,000 feet is taken, and a minimum thick- 
ness of about two feet. The minimum 
economic thickness varies according to 
quality and workability. Nelson. 
economic geology. a. The science of locating 
and processing ores. Hurlbut b. Study of 
minerals in connection with their utility 
and possible profitable extraction. Also, 
study of earth and rocks as these effect 
engineering projects. Pryor, 3. c. The 
practical application of geologic theories 
to mining; really mining geology. See also 
geology. von Bernewitz. 
economic mineral. Any mineral having a 
commercial value. See also ore. Fay. 
economic ratio. The ratio between steel and 
concrete in reinforced concrete work, which 
allows the safe strength of both to be 
developed. Nelson. 
economic stripping ratio. A ratio that indi- 
cates the economics of opencast mining. 
It is based on: A equals the value of 
the ore per ton in pounds; B equals the 
production costs per ton of ore through 
to the refined metal stage, but excluding 
the stripping costs; and C equals the 
_ stripping costs per ton of overburden. 
Thus, the economic stripping ratio equals 
A—B 
. The ratio is a limiting one, for only 
Cc if the overall stripping ratio is 
less than that given by the formula will 
the pit be profitable. For a steeply in- 
clined ore body the ratio will rise to an 
uneconomic figure fairly rapidly as the 
ratio of waste to ore increases. Nelson. 
economizer. An arrangement to preheat the 
feedwater before it enters the steam boiler. 
The water flows through a bank of tubes 
placed across the flue gases as they leave 
the boiler. Nelson. 
economy brick. A brick whose nominal 
dimensions are 4x 4x 8 inches. ACSG. 
ecostratigraphy. The study and classification 
of stratified rocks with respect to their 
origin and environment of deposition. 
A.G.I. Supp. 
eddy. A circular movement of water. Eddies 
may be formed where currents pass ob- 
structions or between two adjacent cur- 
rents vowing counter to each other. Hy. 
eddy-current brake. Arrangement by which 
internal currents are induced in a mass 
of metal as it moves relative to a mag- 
netic field. Pryor, 3. 
eddy-current testing. A nondestructive test- 
ing method in which eddy-current flow is 
induced in the test object. Changes in 
the flow caused by variations in the object 
are reflected into a nearby coil or coils 
for subsequent analysis by suitable instru- 
mentation and techniques. ASM Gloss. 
eddy flow. See turbulent flow. Ham. 
eddy loss. Energy lost by eddies as distinct 
from that lost by friction. Ham. 
eddy markings. Circular or semicircular 
markings on bedding planes that may 
either by concentric or overlap. Pettijohn. 
eddy rock. York. Quarrymen’s and well 
sinkers’ term for false-bedded rocks. Arkell. 
eddy’s theorem. States that the bending 
moment at any point in an arch is equal 
to the product of the horizontal thrust 
and the vertical distance between the line 
of thrust and the center line of the arch. 
Ham. 
edelfall. A German term for a shoot of pre- 
cious metal ore. Schieferdecker. 
Edenian. Lower Cincinnatian. A.G.JI. Supp. 











edgewise structure 


edenite. A light-colored aluminous magne- 
sium-calcium amphibole, Ca2NaMgs(AISi,- 
Oz2) (OH,F)2; monoclinic. A variety of the 
mineral hornblende. Dana 17. 

edge bowl. A hollow bowl about 7 inches 
deep and containing the slot through 
which glass is drawn in the Pittsburgh 
process. See also Pittsburgh process. Dodd. 

edge coal. a. Steeply inclined coal seams. 
Nelson. b. Eng.; Scot. Highly inclined 
seams of coal, or those having a dip greater 
than 30°. Also called edge seam. Fay. c. 
An old name for a vertical coal seam. Also 
called rearing mine. Tomketeff, 1954. 

Edge Coal Group. A subdivision of the 
Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Midland 
Valley of Scotland. So named from their 
steep dip where they plunge underground, 
off the Pentland anticline, to form the 
East Lothian coalfield. Now frequently 
known as the Limestone Coal Group. 
GT Ds 

edge dislocation. See dislocation. ASM Gloss. 

edge joint. A joint between the edges of two 
or more parallel or nearly parallele mem- 
bers. ASM Gloss. 

edge lining. The painting, by hand or ma- 
chine, of a colored line around the edge of 
pottery. Dodd. 

edge mill. An ore-grinding machine of the 
Chile mill type. Webster 3d. Also called 
edge runner and chaser. Fay. 

edge preparation. The trimming of plate 
edges by mechanical shearing or flame- 
cutting equipment in preparation for weld- 
ing. Ham. 

edger. a. The long piece of timber in a 
wooden pillar or crib. See also crosspiece. 
Fay. b. In forging, the portion of a die 
which generally distributes the metal in 
portions required for the shape to be 
forged, usually a gathering operation. A 
rolling edger shapes the stock into various 
solids of revolution; a ball edger forms a 
ball. ASM Gloss. 

edge rails. Scot. Rails of rolled iron or steel 
on the upper edge of which the wheels 
run. Fay. 

edge-runner mill. A crushing and grinding 
unit depending for its action on heavy 
mullers, usually two in number, that ro- 
tate relative to a shallow pan which forms 
the base; the pan bottom may be solid or 
perforated. Compare end-runner mill. Dodd. 

edge seam mining. The working of steeply 
inclined coal seams, many features of 
which are comparable to metal mining. 
See also stope. Nelson. 

edge skew. A brick modified so that one 
side is inclined at an angle other than 90° 
to the ends. A.R.I. 

edgestone. A sandstone used for curbing, 
sills, caps, and coping. AIME, p. 333. 

edgewater. The water surrounding or border- 
ing oil or gas in a pool. Edgewater usually 
encroaches on a field after much of the oil 
and gas has been recovered and the pres- 
sure has become greatly reduced. A.G.J. 

edge well. A well so located as to be at the 
edge of oil or gas accumulation or at the 
edge of a lensed reservoir; a well at or 
near the contact of oil and/or gas and 
water. A.G.I, 

edge wheel. See edge mill. Fay. 

edgewise conglomerate. A conglomerate con- 
sisting of small, flat pieces of (usually cal- 
careous) rocks packed in such a manner 
as to lie steeply inclined with reference to 
the bedding plane of the stratum. A.G_J. 

edgewise structure. An arrangement of more 














edgewise structure 


or less tabular pebbles set at varying and 
steep angles to the bedding; some such ar- 
rangements have been attributed to slid- 
ing. Pettijohn. 

edging. a. In forming, reducing the flange 

| radius by retracting the forming punch a 

| small amount after the stroke but prior to 

‘| releasing the pressure. ASM Gloss. b. In 

| forging, removing flash that is directed up- 

ward between dies, usually accomplished 
in a lathe. ASM Gloss. c. In rolling, work- 
ing metal where the axis of the roll is 
parallel to the thickness dimension. ASM 

Gloss. d. Grinding the edge of flat glass to 

a desired shape or size. See also centering. 

ASTM CI162-66. e. An operation in 

enamel work that improves the appearance 

and utility of edges of porcelain-enameled 
parts, such as brushing the edges or apply- 
ing black overspray on edges. The process 
of removing dried cover coat from the 
edge of a piece of ware to expose an un- 
derlying enamel. Edging may also denote 
| the application of colored enamel to the 
edge after brushing. Enam. Dict. 

\-edging brush. A. stiff-bristled brush with 

| metal guide, used to remove bisque from 

| edges of ware before the firing operation. 
| ASTM C286-65. 

|, edingtonite. A white, grayish-white or pink, 
hydrous barium and aluminum silicate 

| mineral, perhaps BaAl.Siz0.0+3H2O. Fay. 

| edinite. Prase. Shipley. 

}) edisonite. a. Titanic acid, rutile, occurring in 
golden-brown, orthorhombic crystals. Fay. 
b. A name proposed for a mottled blue 

| — turquoise. Shipley. 

| Edison magnetic separator. Early type of 
machine in which ferromagnetic particles 
falling past a magnet were relatively de- 
flected. Pryor, 3. 

| Edison three-wire system. See three-wire sys- 
tem. Kentucky, p. 251. 

‘ edolite. A feldspar-mica-hornfels, sometimes 
with cordierite and/or andalusite. See also 
astite; aviolite; hornfels; keralite; lyptyno- 
lite; proteolite; seebenite. A.G.I. 

|| E.D.T.A. method. This method for deter- 

mining hardness of water which is based 
on the use of disodium dihydrogen ethy- 
lene diamine tetraactetate is fundamen- 
tally a colorimetric test and is an advance 
on the soap method. It gives more accu- 
rate results, is simple and quick to use and 

requires no great skill. It also has the ad- 
vantage of distinguishing accurately be- 
tween calcium and magnesium hardness, 
which is necessary for water treatment 

| control. Cooper, pp. 378-379. 

|, eduction pipe. The exhaust pipe from the 

1| nis cylinder to the condenser. 

| ay. 

_eductor. A device for utilizing the cavita- 

tion produced at a pipe constriction. It is 
a pump that is able to pump air as well as 
water, using water as an operating me- 
dium. The eductor consists of a pipe ori- 
fice through which water is pumped at a 
high velocity. Carson, p. 228. 

| Edwards roaster. Furnace with series of hori- 
zontal stepped hearths each equipped with 
stirring rabbles. Used to sweet-roast or 
desulfurize pyritic concentrates, notably 
gold-bearing sulfides. Moist to wet feed 
progresses step by downward step, meet- 
ing hot gases produced toward discharge 
end from burning pyrite. Pryor, 3. 

|| eelgrass. A submergent marine plane Zos- 

te marina, which has long narrow leaves. 

y. 
| eenie coal. Scot. Coal slightly altered 


= 











371 


through nearness to whin, the broken 
edges of which show bright circular spots 
more or less distinct, like eyes. Fay. 


effective acoustic center. The effective acous- 


tic center of an acoustic generator is the 
point from which the spherical sound 
waves, observable at remote points, appear 
to diverge. Hy. 


effective area of an orifice. The cross sec- 


tional area of an orifice, through which 
liquid flows, multiplied by the coefficient 
of discharge, a constant depending upon 
the shape of the orifice. Ham. 


effective band width. In a measuring system, 


selectivity responsive to energy distributed 
in a spectrum, the effective band width is 
given in terms of a hypothetical system 
which satisfies two requirements: (1) over 
its assigned frequency band it has a uni- 
form response equal to the maximum re- 
sponse of the actual system; and (2) the 
width of this uniform response band_ is 
such that, if frequency is plotted to a 
linear scale, the areas under the response- 
frequency characteristics of the hypotheti- 
cal and of the actual systems will be equal. 
Hy. 


effective belt tension. That portion of the 


total tension in a conveyor belt effective 
in actually moving the loaded belt. It is 
often referred to as horsepower pull. Effec- 
tive tension is the difference between tight 
side tension and slack side tension. The 
components which become effective tension 
when added together include the effort to 
move the load, the effort to rotate the 
idlers, any snub or bend pulleys, and the 
takeup assembly, to overcome the resist- 
ance created by any sag of the belt be- 
tween idlers or the internal resistance of 
the material as it is displaced slightly 
when passing over the idlers, to operate a 
tripper if the conveyor is discharged by 
such means, and to lift the material if the 
conveyor is inclined upward from the 
loading point. ASA MH4.1-1958. 


effective breaking force. A product of the 


weight, strength and the degree of pack- 
ing, calculated per volume of a given drill 
hole. Langefors, p. 118. 


effective depth. The distance in a beam or 


slab between the center of the tensile re- 
inforcement and the extreme surface in 
compression. Taylor. 


effective diameter. a. The effective diameter 


of an excavation is the size of that excava- 
tion within its stress ring; it includes not 
only the actual hole in the rock but the 
destressed loose and semiloose rock which 
surrounds it. Spalding. b. Particle diameter 
corresponding to 10 percent finer on the 
grain-size curve. Also called effective size. 


ASCE P1826. 


effective drainage porosity. See effective po- 


rosity. ASCE P1826. 


effective force. The force transmitted through 


a soil mass by intergranular pressures. 


ASCE P1826. 


effective grounding. In mining, effective 


grounding means that the path to ground 
from circuits, equipment, or conductor 
enclosures is permanent and continuous 
and has carrying capacity ample to con- 
duct safely any currents liable to be im- 
posed upon it. The path to ground asso- 
ciated with high-voltage alternating-cur- 
rent systems will have impedance low 
enough to limit potential above ground to 
a maximum of 100 volts during the flow 
of ground fault current and to facilitate 
operation of the circuit protective devices. 








effective screen aperture 


On low-voltage systems the sustained volt- 
age above ground, appearing on the frames 
of power utilizing equipment during exist- 
ence of a ground fault, will not be greater 
than 35 volts; except when ground circuit 
check systems requiring higher voltage are 
used, a maximum of 100 volts for a dura- 
tion of 0.2 second is permissible. When 
bonded or mechanically connected track 
is available, such track is considered the 
grounding medium for direct current 
equipment only. ASA M2.1-1963. 

effective height of a column. A value taken 
in calculating slenderness ratio which 
varies from 0.70 times the actual height 
of the column fully restrained in position 
and direction to twice the column height 
for a column fully restrained at one end 
and free at the other. Ham. 

effective horsepower. The amount of useful 
energy that can be delivered by an engine. 
Crispin. 

effectively grounded. A term meaning 
grounded through a grounding connection 
of low enough impedance (inherent, inten- 
tionally added, or both) that fault grounds, 
which may occur, cannot build up voltages 
exceeding limits established for apparatus, 
circuits, or systems. ASA M2.1-1963. 

effective multiplication factor. See multipli- 
cation factor. L@L. 

effective permeability. a. The observed per- 
meability of a porous medium to one fluid 
phase under conditions of physical inter- 
action between this phase and other fluid 
phases present. A.G.IJ. b. A measure of 
the ability of a rock to transmit a given 
fluid when the rock contains more than 
one fluid. Institute of Petroleum, 1961, pp. 
20-21. 

effective piece weight. The weighted average 
weight of the pieces of sink material as 
found by separating a given coal product 
at any required specific gravity. This 1s 
usually done by dividing the sink pieces 
into a sufficient number of groups, or cells, 
so that the weights of the pieces included 
in a group do not differ widely. Mitchell, 
p. 102. 

effective pillar area. The area of solid coal 
within the fractured and crushed edges of 
the pillar. The supporting capacity of a 
coal pillar diminishes progressively as the 
fracturing extends deeper with the passage 
of time. Nelson. f 

eftective porosity; effective drainage porosity. 
a. In hydrology, often used in the same 
sense as specific yield. It is the ratio of the 
volume of water, oil, or other liquid which, 
after being saturated with that liquid, it 
will yield under any specified hydraulic 
conditions to its own volume. A.G.J. b. The 
property of rock or soil containing inter- 
communicating interstices, expressed as a 
percent of bulk volume occupied by such 
interstices. A.G.I. c. The ratio of the vol- 
ume of the voids of a soil mass that can 
be drained by gravity to the total volume 
of the mass. ASCE P1826. 

effective pressure. See effective stress. ASCE 
P1826. 

effective rake. The angle between a plane 
containing a tooth face and the axial plane 
through the tooth point as measured in 
direction of chip flow through the tooth 
point. Thus, it is the rake resulting from 
the cutter geometry as well as the actual 
direction of the chip flow. ASM Gloss. 

effective rate. See nominal rate. Fay. 

effective screen aperture. The cut point (equal 


effective screen aperture 


errors or partition size) at which a screen- 
ing process operates in dividing the mate- 
rial treated into two size fractions. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 

effective screening area; open area. Total 
area of the apertures expressed as a per- 
centage of the useful area of a screen. B.S. 
8552, 1962: 

effective size. See effective diameter. ASCE 
P1826. 

effective sound pressure. The effective sound 
pressure at a point is the root-mean-square 
value of the instantaneous sound pressures 
over a time interval at the point under 
consideration. In the case of periodic sound 
pressures, the interval must be an integral 
number of periods or an interval which is 
long compared with a period. In the case 
of nonperiodic sound pressure, the interval 
should be long enough to make the value 
obtained essentially independent of small 
changes in the length of the interval. Hy. 

effective span. The distance between the cen- 
ters of supports, or the clear distance be- 
tween supports plus the effective depth of 
the beam or slab, the lesser value being 
taken. Taylor. 

effective stress; effective pressure; intergranu- 
lar pressure. The average normal force per 
unit area transmitted from grain to grain 
of a soil mass. It is the stress that is effec- 
tive in mobilizing internal friction. ASCE 
P1826. 

effective teeth. The number of sprocket teeth 
that engage the chain rollers during one 
revolution of the sprocket. Applies to 
sprockets for double-pitch roller chains. 
JEM. 

effective temperature. A measure of warmth 
which is often employed to assess the health 
and comfort conditions of mine workings. 
By refrence to a chart, any combination 
of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures and air 
velocity can be expressed in terms of effec- 
tive temperature. Two scales of effective 
temperature have been devised: (1) a basic 
scale applicable to person stripped to the 
waist (that is, hot mines); and (2) a nor- 
mal scale applicable to normally clothed 
workmen (that is, normal mine conditions). 
In general, a working place underground 
is reasonably comfortable if the effective 
temperature is below 70 (normal scale) 
and the air velocity above 200 feet per 
minute. See also dry kata cooling power. 
Nelson. 

effective throw. The distance between the 
nozzle and the point where the jet reaches 
a maximum height of 5 feet above the 
nozzle and begins to break up into drops. 
The effective throw of a jet should be 34 
feet. Sinclair, I, pp. 278-279. 

effective unit weight. That unit weight of a 
soil which, when multiplied by the height 
of the overlying column of soil, yields the 
effective pressure duc to the weight of the 
overburden. ASCE P1826. 

effervescence. Evolution of gas in bubbles 
from a liquid. Shipley. 

effervesce. To bubble and hiss (as of ferment- 
ing liquors or carbonated water). Webster 
3d. 

efficiency. a. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio 
of work output to work input. Nelson. b. 
Labor efficiency is measured in terms of 
output per hour or per shift. Maximum 
efficiency is attained by a worker when he 
accomplishes the maximum amount of work 
with the least physical exertion. Nelson. 











372 


c. The efficiency of management as a whole 
is determined by the results obtained, that 
is, in making the mine a profitable concern 
with a low accident rate. Nelson. d. The 
efficiency of any machine is the ratio of the 
useful work output from the machine to 
the work input to the machine. This is 
usually expressed as a percentage. Morris 
& Cooper, p. 147. e. Ratio of output energy 
to that put into a powered system. In assess- 
ment of process, percentage reporting as 
a designated fraction of the total in the 
feed is spoken of as efficiency, but strictly 
this is improper usage. Pryor, 3. f. Statis- 
tically, the variance percent, of a measured 
performance from a norm stated (perhaps 
arbitrarily) as 100 percent. Pryor, 3. g. 
With respect to a physica] quantity which 
may be stored, transferred or transformed 
by a device, the ratio of the useful output 
of the quantity to its total input is its 
efficiency. Hy. h. A very useful factor in 
comparing machines. It is a comparison 
between the brake horsepower and the indi- 
cated horsepower. That is, efficiency equals 
BHP 
IHP 
351, 353, i. The efficiency of a luminous 
source is the ratio of the total luminous 
flux emitted to the total power consumed. 
In the case of electric lamps, it is expressed 
in lumens per watt. Sinclair, I, p. 200. 





times 100 percent. Mason, v. 2, pp. 


efficiency engineer. A technical officer who 


examines processes, methods, and opera- 
tions in a mine, mill, or smelter, and con- 
necting links with a view to their improve- 
ment of maintenance at an agreed operat- 
ing standard. Today tends to be absorbed 
into Work Study Group, doing operational 
research. Pryor, 3. 


efficiency mimer. A term frequently applied 


to a boss miner, or a contract miner. Fay. 


efficiency of a rectifier. The ratio of the 


power output to the total power input. 
Coal Age, 1. 


efficiency of screening. The weight of under- 


flow (excluding oversize) expressed as a 
percentage of the total weight of material 
below the reference size in the feed. B.S. 
3552, 1962. 


efficiency of separation. In coal washing this 


maybe expressed as: 
__ Actual yield of clean coal x 100 


efficiency = 

Theoretical yield at the ash 

content of the clean coal. 

The efficiency of separation thus expresses 
as a percentage what proportion of the 
float coal obtained by float-and-sink analy- 
sis will be recovered in practice by a par- 
ticular washer. The theoretical yield is 
derived by plotting the cumulative yield of 
the reconstituted feed coal against the ap- 
propriate cumulative ash content and read- 
ing off the yield corresponding to the ash 
content of the clean coal actually obtained. 
Nelson. 





efficiency of sizing. The weight of material 


correctly placed above or below the refer- 
ence size, expressed as a percentage of the 
weight of corresponding material in the 
feed, B.S. 3552, 1962. 


efficiency, organic; efficiency, recovery. The 


ratio (normally expressed as a percentage) 
between the actual yield of a desired prod- 
uct and the theoretically possible yield 
(based on the reconstituted feed), both 
actual and theoretical products having the 
same percentage of ash. B.S. 3552, 1962. 











effusive 


efficiency performance. Any measure of the 
accuracy of a separation. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

efficient airway size. For a given air quantity, 
the efficient airway size is that above which 
further enlargement would not produce a 
significant reduction in pressure absorbed 
per unit of length. See also volumetric effi- 
ciency. Nelson. 

efficient structure. A structure in which the 
load-bearing members are arranged in such 
a way that the weights and forces are trans- 
mitted to the foundations by the cheapest 
means consistent with safety and perma- 
nency. Nelson 

effloresce. To change on the surface, or 
throughout to a whitish, mealy, or crystal- 
line powder from the loss of water of 
crystallization on exposure to the air. Web- 
ster 3d. 

efflorescence. a. In geology, the formation of 
crystals by the evaporation of water from 
solutions brought to the surface by capil- 
larity. Efflorescence is of considerable im- 
portance in arid and semiarid regions where 
crystals of gypsum, calcite salt, mirabilite, 
natron, etc., form in cracks beneath par- 
ticles of fragmental rocks, loosening them 
and allowing them to fall or to be blown 
away by the wind. Hess. b. White to gray, 
soluble salt deposits which have a crystal- 
line appearance that develops on the sur- 
face of ceramic ware after a period of 
exposure to the weather. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. A whitish powder, sometimes 
found on the surface of masonry by deposi- 
tion of soluble salts. See also scum; scum- 
ming. ACSG. d. To dry or crystallize into 
a white powder. ACSG. 

efflorescent. In mineralogy, forming an incrus- 
tation or deposit of grains or powder that 
resembles lichens or dried leaves; not un- 
commonly due to loss of water of crystalli- 
zation. Fay. 

efflorwick test. A test for the likelihood of 
the formation of efflorescence on a clay 
building brick. A cylinder, made by shap- 
ing and firing a red clay known to be free 
from soluble salts, is allowed to absorb any 
soluble salts dissolved by distilled water 
from the crushed sample to be tested; the 
clay cylinder is then dried and examined 
for efflorescence. Dodd. 

effluent. a. Applied by Dana to those igneous 
magmas which discharge from a volcano 
by way of a lateral fissure. See also superflu- 
ent; interfluent. Fay. b. A liquid, solid, or 
gaseous product, frequently waste, dis- 
charged or emerging from a process. ASTM 
STP No. 148-D. 

effluent cave. A cave to be entered at the 
lower end where a stream issues or is 
known to have issued. Schieferdecker. 

effluent seepage. Seepage out of the litho- 
sphere. A.G_I. 

effluent stream. A stream or reach of a stream 
is effluent with respect to ground water if 
it receives water from the zone of satura- 
tion. A.G.I. 

effosion. The digging out from the earth, as 
of fossils, etc. Fay. 

effusion. That property of gases which allows 
them to pass through porous bodies, that is, 
the flow of gases through larger holes than 
those to which diffusion is strictly appli- 
cable. Osborne. 

effusive. In petrology, poured out or erupted 
on the surface of the earth in a molten 
state, before solidification: said of a certain 
class of volcanic igneous rocks. See also 











effusive 

| extrusive. Fay. 

effusive period. The period in the develop- 

| ment of an effusive igneous rock between 

| its appearance at the earth’s surface and 
its solidification. Standard, 1964. 

jefydd. A Wales term for copper. Fay. 

jegg coal. a. In anthracite, coal which passes 

| through 3%4- to 3-inch round holes and 

over 274¢-inch round holes. See also anthra- 

cite coal sizes. Jones. b. In bituminous coal, 

pieces which pass through 4-inch round 

| holes and over 1%-inch round holes (sizes 

| are not uniform but vary with the coal- 
field). Jones. 

jeggette. Sze briquette. Fay. 

egg hole. Derb. A notch cut in the wall of 

| a lode to hold the end of a stempel. A 
hitch. Fay. 

jegg-shaped sewer. An ovoid-shaped sewer 
placed with its smaller radius down, this 
shape giving a satisfactory flow when the 

| sewer is nearly empty. Ham. 

eggshell. a. Very thin translucent porcelain. 

ACSG, 1963. b. In porcelain enamel, a 
semimatte, glaze or porcelain enamel sur- 
face resembling eggshell in texture; some- 
times a defect. ACSG, 1963. 

i\eggshell finish. A practical description of 
matte surface texture in glass or enamel 
surfaces. A desired feature in some ground 
| coats. Enam. Dict. 
\\eggshelling. The texture of a fired glaze simi- 
| ar in appearance to the surface of an egg- 
shell. ASTM C242-60T. 
\segeshell porcelain. The bodiless porcelain of 
china, in which the clay body appears as 
a transparent membrane between two coats 
|| of thin, bright glaze. C.T.D. 
|\eggshell turquoise. Turquoise with a crackled 
)| appearance due to a fine, irregular arrange- 
ment of matrix which appears like cracks 
| in an eggshell. Shipley. 
jeggstone. Same as oolite. Standard, 1964 
\{/E glass. A fiber glass of low alkali content 
(= 1 percent Naz2O). Dodd. 
\eglestonite. A brownish-yellow, darkening on 
| exposure to black, oxychloride of mercury, 
Hg:CleO. Minute, modified deodecahe- 
| drons; isometric. Terlingua, Tex. English. 
\jeglomise. Back painting or gilding of glass. 
| It is usually protected by metal foil, var- 
nish, or a sheet of glass. The name is de- 
rived from an 18th century French picture 
framer, Glomy, who used the technique. 
|  Haggar. 

jegress. a. The provision of two or more exits 

| from a confined space containing machin- 

ery to minimize the risk of a person being 
|| trapped in the event of an outbreak of fire 
|| or escape of steam or noxious gases. The 
| same applies to mine workings, Nelson. 

__ b. A place of exit. Jones. 

|egueiite. A  yellowish-brown basic hydrous 

|| phosphate of ferric iron with a little cal- 

cium and aluminum, 5(FePQ,)2.1/3 Cas- 

(PO.)2.2Fe(OH)s3.20H20; amorphous; 

small nodules with fibrous lamellar struc- 

) ture. From Eguei, Sudan. English. 

|Egyptian alabaster. Banded calcite found near 
Thebes, Egypt. Same material as onyx 
marble. Shipley. 

{Egyptian asphalt. A glance pitch found in the 
Arabian desert between the Nile River and 
the Red Sea. Specific gravity, 1.10 (at 77° 
F); contains over 99 percent nonmineral 
content; soluble in carbon disulfide; and 
melting point, 285° F (ball and ring). 

| CCD 6d, 1961. 

| Egyptian blue. A frit containing many crystals 























373 


of CuO.CaO.4SiOz in a glassy, blue to 
green matrix. It was used to form molded 
objects in ancient Egypt and in Achae- 
menid Iran. Also used in powdered form as 
a pigment for frescoes. ACSG, 1963. 

Egyptian emerald. Emerald from the ancient 
Egyptian mines of Gebel Sikait, Gebel Zar- 
bara in northern Etbai, near the Red Sea, 
which were rediscovered in 1818, but prin- 
cipally produce cloudy stones of light color. 
Shipley. 

Egyptianized clay. A clay to which tannin 
has been added in order to make it more 
plastic. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Egyptian jasper. A variety of jasper occurring 
in rounded pieces scattered over the sur- 
face of the desert, chiefly between Cairo 
and the Red Sea; used as a broochstone 
and for other ornamental purposes. C.T.D. 
Also called Egyptian pebble. 

Egyptian pebble. Synonym for Egyptian jas- 
per. Fay. 

Egyptian peridot. Term properly applied only 
to peridot from St. John’s Island in the 
Red Sea. Shipley. 

Egyptian turquoise. Term properly applied to 
turquoise found on the Sinai Peninsula, 
Egypt, from which turquoise has come since 
Biblical times; usually greenish blue, some- 
times fine blue and unusually translucent. 
Shipley. 

Ehrhardt powder. Any of a series of explosive 
mixtures containing potassium chlorate, 
together with tannin, powdered nutgalls, 
or cream of tartar. Used for blasting, shells, 
etc. Fay. 

EHV See extra high voltage. 

Eichhorn-Liebig furnace. A handworked muf- 
fle furnace. Fay. 

eiderdown. A sleeping bag used in cold 
weather by Canadian gold miners. Hoffman. 

Eimco drill jumbo. The rocker shovel of the 
Eimco loader is used to support a horizon- 
tal drill bar on which the drills or drifters 
are mounted. The bar is a pneumatic cylin- 
der with telescopic stinger grips at each 
end. This bar is clamped to the lip of the 
bucket of the rocker shovel, raising or 
lowering of the bar being accomplished by 
means of the bucket elevating mechanism. 
On the stinger arms, clamps are provided 
to prevent the arms from retracting should 
the air supply fail. The load is carried on 
the stinger ends and no vibration is trans- 
mitted to the loader. The bar is made in 
a full range of sizes for drifts from 6 to 17 
feet wide. Mason, V. 2, pp. 602, 604. 

Eimco rocker shovel. This shovel is widely 
used for stone loading. Various models are 
available to meet particular conditions of 
track gage, mine car size or headroom 
available. The loading bucket, mounted on 
a rocker arm, is pushed forward into the 
pile of debris; the rocker arm is then actu- 
ated to swing the loaded bucket over the 
rocker carriage and to deliver the bucket 
load into a mine car or, in the case of one 
of the models, on to a variable-speed belt 
conveyor which in turn delivers into the 
mine car. The machines operate on a rail 
track and, swivelling on the carriage, can 
sweep across the width of the heading. On 
raising the bucket for discharge, the device 
is self-centering. Mason, V. 2, pp. 607-608. 

einkanter. A pebble with a face cut by wind- 
blown sand. The face is formed at right 
angles to the wind. Hess. 

einsteinium. A transuranic element, not found 
in nature. Atomic number, 99; mass num- 





elastic axis 


ber of the most stable isotope known, 254. 
Discovered in 1952. Produced by the bom- 
bardment of uranium 238 by nitrogen nu- 
clei. Symbol, Es or E. Gaynor; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
pb. B-109; Webster 3d. 

Eirich mixer. An underdriven wet pan mixer. 
Dodd. 

eisenchrysotile. See greenalite. Hay, M.M., 
1961. 

eisener hut. Ger. Name for iron hat or gossan. 
Weed, 1922. 

eisen platinum. See ferroplatinum. 

eisenwolframite. Synonym for ferberite. Hey, 
M.M., 1961. 

eitelite. A hexagonal mineral, Na2sO.MgO.- 
2CO;; from an oil well in Utah. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955. 

ejecta; ejectamenta. Material thrown out by 
a volcano, such as ash, lapilli, and bombs. 
AGI. 

ejectamenta. Synonym for ejecta. A.G_I. 

ejected blocks. The larger fragments of a 
volcanic breccia, generally derived from 
the internal or subjacent rocks of a vol- 
cano, and often highly metamorphosed. 
Hess. 

ejector. a. A device which is mounted in 
such a way that it removes or assists in 
removing a formed part from a die. ASM 
Gloss. b. A cleanout device, usually a 
sliding plate. Nichols. c. A device in which 
a high velocity jet acts to entrain me- 
chanically a second fluid to withdraw it 
from some region of like pressure and to 
deliver with low turbulence the mixture to 
a region of higher pressure. Strock, 10. 

ejector half. In die casting, the movable 
half of a die containing the ejector pins. 
ASM Gloss. 

ejector rod. A rod used to push out a formed 
piece. ASM Gloss. 

eka-. A prefix denoting the element occupy- 
ing the next lower position in the same 
group in the periodic system. Used in the 
naming of new elements and unstable 
radioelements. C.7.D. 

ekanite. A mineral, (Th,U) (Ca,Fe,Pb) oSis- 
Ox; metamict, recrystallizing on heating 
to a tetragonal phase. From Eheliyagoda, 
Raknapura District, Ceylon. Hey, M.M., 
1961. 

ekerite. An arfvedsonite granite compara- 
tively poor in quartz, containing soda 
microcline and microperthite, with arfved- 
sonite and aegirine. The rock is normally 
equigranular, but passes marginally into 
ekerite porphyry. Hess. 

ela. A Ceylonese term for a drain, as around 
a gem pit. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

elaeolite; eleolite. A massive form of the 
mineral nepheline, greenish gray or, when 
weathered, red in color, usually shapeless, 
but in some South African syenites exhibit- 
ing the hexagonal prismatic form of 
nepheline. C.T.D. It is best known by the 
rock name eleolite syenite, a synonym for 
nepheline syenite, but the latter is pref- 
erable. See also nepheline syenite. Fay. 

elastic. Capable of sustaining stress without 
permanent deformation; the term is also 
used to denote conformity to the law of 
stress-strain proportionality. An _ elastic 
stress or elastic strain is a stress or strain 
within the elastic limit. Ro. 

elastic aftereffect. A lagging elastic recovery, 
of minor proportions, following a decrease 
in or removal of the load. See also anelas- 
ticity. ASM Gloss. 

elastic axis. The elastic axis of a beam is the 


elastic axis 


line, lengthwise of the beam, along which 
transverse loads must be applied in order 
to produce bending only, with no torsion 
of the beam at any section. Strictly speak- 
ing, no such line exists except for a few 
conditions of loading. Usually the elastic 
axis is assumed to be the line that passes 
through the elastic center of every section. 
The term is most often used with refer- 
ence to an airplane wing of either the 
shell or multiple-spar type. Compare tor- 
sional center; flexural center; elastic cen- 
ter. Ro. 

elastic bitumen. See elaterite. 

elastic boundary. The boundary of an under- 
ground opening which requires no support. 
The material around this boundary may 
be considered to be in the elastic state and 
no pressure need be exerted against the 
boundary to prevent the material from 
fracturing and falling into the opening. 
Woodruff, v. 1, p. 38. 

elastic center. The elastic center of a given 
section of a beam is that point in the 
plane of the section lying midway between 
the flexural center and center of twist of 
that section. The three points may be 
identical and are usually assumed to be so. 
Compare flexural center; torsional center; 
elastic axis. Ro. 

elastic constants. a. Certain mathematical 
constants that serve to describe the elastic 
properties of matter. A.G.I. b. Modulus of 
elasticity, either in tension, compression, 
or shear, and Poisson’s ratio. ASM Gloss. 

elastic curve. The curve assumed by the axis 
of a normally straight beam or column 
when bent by loads that do not stress it 
beyond the proportional limit. Ro. 

elastic deformation. A nonpermanent de- 
formation, after which a body returns to 
its original shape when the load is re- 
leased. Often limited to that deformation 
in which stress and strain are linearly re- 
lated in accordance with Hooke’s law. 
A.G.JI. See also deformation. 

elastic design. Design of a structure based on 
working stresses which are about one-half 
to two-thirds of the elastic limit of the 
material. For redundant frames, this 
method of design is replaced by the plas- 
tic design. Ham. 

elastic discontinuity. Boundary between strata 
that reflects seismic waves. A.G.J. Supp. 

elastic energy. See strain energy. Ro. 

elastic flow. Flow which decreases logarith- 
mically with time. Lewis, p. 579. 

elastic hysteresis. Erroneously used for me- 
chanical hysteresis. The effect is inelastic. 
ASM Gloss. 

elasticity. The property or quality of being 
elastic, that is, an elastic body returns to 
its original form or condition after a dis- 
placing force is removed. A.G.I. See also 
Hooke’s law. 

elasticity of bulk. a. The property possessed 
by all substances by which they tend to 
recover their original volume after being 
compressed or extended. Hess. b. The elas- 
ticity for changes in the volume of a body 
caused by changes in the pressure acting 
on it. The bulk modulus is the ratio of 
the change in pressure to the fractional 
change in volume. See also elasticity. 
GSIRD3 

elasticity of form. The property possessed 
by solid bodies by which they tend to re- 
cover their original form after being dis- 
torted. A perfectly rigid body cannot be 
deformed by any stress. Holmes, 1928. 











374 


elastic limit. a. Of rock, yield point; maxi- 
mum stress from which it ¢an recover ap- 
parently unchanged. Also called its elastic 
deformation. If stressed beyond this point 
there is disruption or permanent deforma- 
tion. Pryor, 3. b. That point or amount 
of force at which a material will not re- 
turn to its original length when subjected 
to a straight pull. When a string of drill 
pipe is pulled and stretched beyond a 
point at which it will not return to its 
original length, it may be said to have been 
pulled beyond its elastic limit. Brantly, 2. 
Compare proportional limit; apparent elas- 
tic limit; yield point; yield strength. c. The 
greatest stress an elastic solid can sustain 
without undergoing permanent deforma- 
tion. Webster 3d. d. The greatest stress for 
which the strain of an elastic body is pro- 
portional to the stress. Webster 3d. 

elastic mineral. A mineral which yields to a 
bending stress, but when released, it re- 
turns to its former position (a plate of 
white mica). Stokes and Varnes, 1955, p. 
149. 

elastic mineral pitch. Elaterite. Fay. 

elastic modulus. Modulus of elasticity. Web- 
ster 3d. 

elastic rail spike. A form of rail fastening, 
of which many designs are available. Ham. 

elastic ratio. The ratio of the elastic limit to 
the ultimate strength. Ro. 

elastic rebound. The recovery of elastic 
strain. A.G.I. 

elastci rebound theory. Faulting arises from 
the sudden release of elastic energy which 
has slowly accumulated in the earth. Just 
before the rupture, the energy released by 
the faulting is entirely potential energy 
stored as elastic strain in the rocks. At 
the time of rupture the rocks on either 
side of the fault spring back to a position 
of little or no strain. This theory was pro- 
posed by Harry Fielding Reid. A.G.I. 

elastic scattering. See scattering. L@L. 

elasitc solid. A solid that yields to applied 
force by changing shape or volume, or 
both, but returns to its original condition 
when the force is removed. The amount of 
yield is proportional to the force. Leet. 

elastic state of equilibrium. A state of stress 
within a soil mass when the internal re- 
sistance of the mass is not fully mobilized. 
ASCE P1826. 

elastic strain. Deformation per unit of length 
produced by a load on a material, which 
vanishes with removal of the load. Ham. 

elastic strain energy. See strain energy. ASM 
Gloss. 

elastic surface waves. Waves which travel 
only on a free surface where the solid 
elastic materials transmitting them are 
bounded by air or water. Leet, 2, p. 69. 

elastic waves. Mechanical vibrations in an 
elastic medium. ASM Gloss. 

elastic zone. In explosion-formed crater no- 
menclature, the remote zone that under- 
goes no measurable permanent deforma- 
tion. Mining and Minerals Engineering, v. 
2, No. 2, February 1966, p. 65. 

elaterite; elastic bitumen. A massive, amor- 
phous, dark-brown hydrocarbon ranging 
from soft and elastic to hard and brittle. 
It melts in a candle flame without de- 
crepitation, has a conchoidal fracture, and 
gives a brown streak. Is obtained from 
Colorado and Utah. Sometimes known as 
mineral caoutchouc. See also wurtzilite. 
Fay; Crispin. 

Elau type E’ lamp. This lamp is now in use 

















electrical engineer; electrician 


in France and North Africa. It includes a 

three-cell nickel-cadmium battery of volta- 

bloc type of 10 ampere-hours capacity, 

and represents a revolutionary change in 

alkaline cap lamp design in that the bat- 

tery is hermetically sealed. No topping-up | 
or flushing-out of the battery is needed | 
and maintenance is thereby eased. Roberts, 

II, p. 264. 

elbaite. a. A hypothetical molecule assumed 
to be present in tourmaline, expressed by — 
the formula HsNaeLisAlsBeAlizSi122Oce. The 
pale red tourmaline from San Piero in 
Campo, Elba, is nearly pure elbaite. Eng- 
lish. b. Synonym for rubellite. Hey 2d, 
1955. c. Synonym for ilvaite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

elbow. a. A fitting that makes an angle be- 
tween adjacent pipes. The angle is always 
90°, unless other angle is stated. Also 
called ell. Fay. b. An acute bend in a lode. 
Fay. 

el conveyor. A trough-type roller or wheel | 
conveyor consisting of two parallel rows of | 
rolls or wheels set at a 90° included angle, | 
with one row providing a sloped carrying | 
surface and the other acting as a guard. 
See also roller conveyor; wheel conveyor. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

El Doradoite. A locally coined trade name ” 
for a blue quartz, sometimes cut as a gem 
stone. From El Dorado County, Calif. 
Shipley. 

electret. An electrical analogue of a perma- 
nent magnet; a material that is perma- 
nently electrified and exhibits electrical 
charges of opposite sign at its extremities. 
In order to retain their charge for a long 
period (days or weeks) ceramic electrets | 
must be polarized at high temperature; 
materials that have been treated in this 
way include the titanate dielectrics. Dodd. 

electric air drill. A type of tripod drill op- 
erated by compressed air supplied by a: 
portable motor-driven compressor that ac- 
companies the drill. Fay. 

electrical conductivity. The numerical equal 
of the reciprocal of resistivity. The unit: 
of conductivity in mhos per centimeter. Hy. 

electrical dipole. Displaced center of positive: 
and negative charges. VV 

electrical discharge machining. Machining in) 
which metal is removed by an electrical 
spark in a dielectric fluid. ASM Gloss. 

electrical disintegration. Metal removal by 
an electrical spark acting in air. It is not 
subject to precise control, the most com- 
mon application being the removal of 
broken tools, such as taps and drills; 
hence, the shop name tap buster. ASM 
Gloss. 

electrical double layer. Helmholtz layer. 
Zone which surrounds a particle in aqueous) 
suspension or other electrolyte. Transition’ 
zone between the monomolecular zone of 
shear immediately coupled ionically to the 
discontinuity lattice at the particle’s sur- 
face and the normal aqueous phase which 
exists from 50 to 5,000 angstrom beyond. 
This zone of change contains a super- 
concentration of ions drawn from the nor- 
mal population of the liquid phase. See 
also zeta-potential. Pryor, 3. 

electrical energy. The energy of moving elec- 
trons. Leet. 

electrical engineer; electrician. An engineer 
in charge of all electrical plant and asso- 
ciated labor at a mine or colliery. He has 
an assistant in charge of all the under- 
ground electrical equipment, operations 






































‘electrical engineer; electrician 


and labor. The electrical engineer is un- 

der the authority of the colliery manager. 

|| Nelson. 

circuit heat. When a current flows in a 

| circuit which contains resistance, heat is 

produced and the resistance and conduc- 
tors of the circuit are raised in tempera- 
ture. The electric fire and the filament 
lamp are good applications of this. The 
heat produced is proportional to the 
square of the current, that is, twice the 
current produces four times the heat. Ma- 

ipeson, V. 2, p. 395. 

‘electrical interlock. A device or contact in- 
corporated in the control circuit and ac- 
‘tuated by some other device to cause or 
prevent a function under certain prede- 
termined conditions of operation. J.C. 
8149, 1963, p. 19. 

\electrical line splicer. In petroleum produc- 
tion, one who splices Single or multiple 
conductor cables used in lowering electri- 

| cal testing or surveying instruments into 

| oil or gas wells or bore holes. Also called 

|| cable splicer. D.O.T. 1. 

lelectrically suspended gyroscope. Foil- 

i| wrapped coils around the gyro create the 

magnetic fields used to bring the rotor up 
|| to operating speed and then are de-ener- 
| gized, allowing the rotor to operate in 
| coasting condition. Abbreviation, esg. Hy. 
jelectrical method. A geophysical prospecting 
method which depends on the electrical 
characteristics of rocks. There are three 
main methods, namely, measurement of 
natural potentials, resistivity methods, and 
inductive methods. Measurable natural po- 
tentials are only found in association with 
sulfide ores. The resistivity and inductive 
methods both measure the electrical re- 
sistance of a section of the earth. See also 
| geophysical prospecting. Nelson. 

lelectrical plan. A plan, drawn to the same 

| scale as the working plan, which shows the 

position of all electrical apparatus installed 
underground except signals and telephones. 
| Nelson. 

|/lectrical porcelain. A hard fired vitrified 

| whiteware designed to act as an electrical 

insulator, as in spark plugs, power termi- 
| nals, etc. Enam. Dict. 

\ielectrical potential. Energy required to carry 

} unit charge from an infinite distance to a 

given point. Pryor, 3. 

jfelectrical precipitation. The removal of sus- 

| pended particles from gases by the aid of 
electrical discharges. The electrical current 
used may be alternating or direct. The 
alternating current agglomerates the sus- 
pended particles into larger aggregates 
causing rapid settling, especially if the 
gases are quiescent. The direct current is 
used when large volumes of rapidly moy- 
ing gas, such as occur in smelter flues, are 
treated. The suspended particles within a 
strong electric field of constant polarity 
become charged and are then attracted to 

| a plate (electrode) of opposite charge. 
Fay. 

blectrical prospecting. Prospecting that makes 
use of three fundamental properties of 
rocks. One is the resistivity, or inverse 

conductivity. This governs the amount of 

| current that passes through the rock when 

_ a specified potential difference is applied. 

Another is the electrochemical activity 

with respect to electrolytes in the ground. 

This is the basis of the self-potential 

method. The third is the dielectric con- 

stant. This gives information on the capac- 





: 
; 
| 


264-972 O-68—25 





375 


ity of a rock material to store electric 
charge, and it must be taken into consid- 
eration when _ high- frequency alternating 
currents are introduced into the earth, as 
in inductive prospecting techniques. Elec- 
trical methods are more frequently used in 
searching for metals and minerals than in 
exploring for petroleum, mainly because 
most of them have proved effective for 
only shallow explorations. Dobrin, pp. 339- 
340. 

electrical prospecting engineer. In petroleum 
production, one who designs and develops 
electrical and electronic instruments and 
equipment used in petroleum prospecting 
with the seismograph, magnetometer, or 
other instruments which detect and meas- 
ure various physical properties of the 
earth’s crust. Also called electrical engi- 
neer, geophysical prospecting. D.O.T. 1. 

electrical protection. Protection is provided 
by fuses or other suitable automatic cir- 
cuit-interrupting devices for preventing 
damage to circuits, equipment, and _ per- 
sonnel by abnormal conditions, such as 
overcurrent, high or low voltage, and sin- 
gle phasing. ASA M2.1-1963. 

electrical puncturing. A rock fracturing tech- 
nique widely applied to secondary frag- 
mentation in quarries. Puncturing, which 
is similar to arcing in a gas, is character- 
ized by an almost instantaneous action and 
is accompanied by a mechanical weakening 
of the dielectric and a lowering of the 
resistance of the puncture path. If, after 
puncturing, a high frequency current con- 
tinues to pass between the contacts, the 
action of the conduction current and elec- 
tric field will rapidly heat the rock, lead- 
ing to thermal puncture in which the 
dielectric is transformed into a good con- 
ductor along the puncture path. Further 
intensive heating will give rise to thermal 
stresses sufficient to fracture the rock. 
Mining and Minerals Engineering, v. 1, 
No. 5, January 1965, p. 183. 

electrical resistance inclinometer. An instru- 
ment to indicate when a long hole in a 
coal seam is deviating into the roof or 
floor. It may be used in underground gasi- 
fication and pulsed-infusion shotfiring. It 
uses, inter alia, a pellet of mercury to indi- 
cate the gradient by its position along a 
tube. Nelson. 

electrical resistance strain gage. An ap- 
pliance for measuring strain and may be 
employed in roof-control research. It makes 
use of the change in electrical resistance 
of a thin wire when stretched under the 
influence of strata strain. See also acoustic 
strain gage; mechanical extensometer. Nel- 
son. 

electrical rock fracture. A rock fracturing 
technique in which electrical energy is 
used directly in fracturing the rock either 
by heating it in a variable electric or elec- 
tromagnetic field set up in the rock by a 
high-frequency electric current, or by the 
direct puncturing of the rock by an elec- 
tric current. Mining and Minerals Engi- 
neering, v. 1, No. 5, January 1965, p. 182. 

electrical slate. Slate principally of the mica 
variety. It should have high mechanical 
and dielectric strength, be readily ma- 
chinable, and have low porosity. BuMines 
Bull. 630, 1965, p. 882. 

electrical steel. A special steel used for mak- 
ing sheets for motors, dynamos and trans- 
formers. The steel has low carbon, sulfur, 
phosphorus and manganese contents, with 





electric braking 


silicon ranging from 0.3 to 4.3 percent, 
depending on the particular application. 
Electrical steel sheets are sold with guar- 
anteed electrical properties and are made 
in acid open-hearth furnaces. Calcium sili- 
cide is used to reduce sulfur contents to 
the low limits specified for the steel. Nel- 
son. 

electrical system. A system in which all the 
conductors and apparatus are electrically 
connected to a common source of electro- 
motive force. Nelson. 

electrical twinning. A type of twinning in 
quartz in which the two or more inter- 
grown parts are related as by a rotation of 
180° about the common Z = ¢ axis. The 
separate individuals of the twin are either 
all right-handed or all left-handed. Elec- 
trical twinning cannot be detected by opti- 
cal tests but can be recognized by etching, 
X-ray study, pyroelectric tests, or by the 
distribution of the x (5161) or s (1121) 
faces. Also known as Dauphine twinning; 
orientational. twinning; 180° twinning. 
AM, 1. 

electrical well logging. The process of re- 
cording the formations traversed by a 
drill hole, based on the measurements of 
two basic parameters observable in un- 
cased holes; namely, the spontaneous po- 
tential (S.P.) and the resistivity of the 
formations to the flow of electric currents. 
The detailed study in situ of the forma- 
tions penetrated by a drill hole, based on 
measurements made systematically by low- 
ering an apparatus in the hole responding 
to the following physical factors or param- 
eters: (1) the resistivities of the rocks; 
(2) their porosity; (3) their electrical 
anisotropy; (4) their temperature; and 
(5) the resistivity of the drilling muds. 
A.G.I. 

electric arc-furnace melter. In the iron and 
steel industry, one who supervises the op- 
eration of a battery of electric arc furnaces 
in which metal is melted and purified. 
DO Teel 

electric axis. See piezoelectric axis. Hess. 

electric battery. See galvanic cell. H&G. 

electric bell. A simple signaling device in 
which pressure on a button causes a cur- 
rent, provided by a Leclanché cell, to flow 
through a small electromagnet. This in 
turn attracts a strip of soft iron attached 
to a hammer, the movement of which 
strikes a blow on a bell. Nelson. 

electric blasting. The firing of one or more 
charges electrically, whether electric blast- 
ing caps, electric squibs, or other electric 
igniting or exploding devices are used. 
Fay. 

electric blasting cap. a. A device for deto- 
nating charges of explosives electrically. It 
consists essentially of a blasting cap, into 
the charge of which a fine platinum wire 
is stretched across two protruding copper 
wires, the whole fastened in place by a 
composition sulfur plug. The heating of 
the platinum wire bridge by the electric 
current ignites the explosive charge in the 
cap, which in turn detonates the high ex- 
plosive. Fay. b. Detonator fired electri- 
cally. Pryor, 3. c. See electric detonator. 
Nelson. 

electric boosting. An auxiliary method of 
adding heat to the glass in a gas- or oil- 
fired tank by passing electric current 
through the molten glass. ASTM C162-66. 

electric braking. A system in which a brak- 
ing action is applied to an electric motor 


electric braking 


by causing it to act as a generator. Nelson. 

electric cable. The conducting wires through 
which an electric current is conveyed to 
points in and about a mine, where it is 
required for lighting or motive power. See 
also armored cable. Nelson. 

electric cable reel mine locomative. See elec- 
tric mine locomotive. 

electric calamine. Zinc silicate, or calamine; 
so called on account of its strong pyro- 
electric properties, and to distinguish it 
from smithsonite. See also calamine. Web- 
ster 2d. 

electric cap lamp. This lamp consists of a 
flat portable battery that is strapped 
around the miner’s waist and is connected 
by an insulated cord to a small electric 
light and reflector that is fastened on the 
front of his cap. With this lamp, the 
miner’s hands are always free and the 
light is directed on the spot where he is 
working. There are two types of electric 
cap lamps: those with the lead or acid 
battery and those with the alkaline or 
Edison battery. Both types have been ap- 
proved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. 
Lewis, p. 735. See also flame safety lamp; 
safety lamp. 

electric cement. Cement consisting of resin, 
beeswax, and red ocher. Used for cement- 
ing brass to glass. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

electric charge. A property of matter result- 
ing from an imbalance between the num- 
ber of protons and the number of elec- 
trons in a given piece of matter. The 
electron has a negative charge; the proton, 
a positive charge. Like charges repel each 
other; unlike, attract. Leet. 

electric coal cutter. A coal cutter operated 
by an electric motor; used in coal mines. 
ColEDs 

electric coal drill. An electric motor-driven 
drill designed for drilling holes in coal for 
placing blasting charges. ASA C42.85:- 
1956. 

electric controller. The device used for 
starting and controlling an electric motor 
on a mining belt conveyor. NEMA MBI- 
1961. 

electric crab reel mine locomotive. See elec- 
tric mine locomotive. 

electric detonator. In the electric detonator, 
a fusehead assembly replaces the safety 
fuse and, when an electric current is 
passed through the fusehead, it ignites a 
flashing composition which, in turn, ini- 
tiates the explosive charge in the deto- 
nator. A typical modern electric detonator 
consists of four main components, namely: 
(1) the detonator tube containing the ex- 
plosive charge; (2) the fusehead; (3) the 
neoprene plug closure; and (4) the lead- 
ing wires. McAdam II, p. 53. 

electric drill. A mechanically operated drill 
employing neither compressed air nor 
steam, but driven by an electric motor. 
Used chiefly in mining operations. Fay. 

electric ear. System used to control grinding 
rate in a ball mill; a microphone listens to 
the grinding sound and maintains this by 
varying the rate of new feed to the mill. 
Pryor, 3. 

electric emerald. A glass imitation of emer- 
ald. Shipley. 

electric exploder. A former designation for 
electric blasting cap. Fay. 

electric explosion-tested mine locomotive. An 
electric mine locomotive equipped with 
Ce ae equipment. ASA C42.85:- 





376 


electric eye; electric ear. The former is a 
photoelectric cell arranged in connection 
with monitoring flow, turbidity, height of 
material in ore bin, etc.; the latter is a 
microphonic signal using noise level to 
check loading of ball mill. Pryor, 4. 

electric-eye method. A method of finding 
large diamonds in which the dry crushed 
ore is screened to remove minus 1¥/2-inch 
material and passed in a thin layer on a 
moving belt. The belt passes through a 
band of intense polarized light which, if 
reflected from a large diamond, actuates a 
photoelectric cell. The impulse can stop 
the belt, sound an alarm, or otherwise call 
attention to the presence of a large dia- 
mond. It is expected that this device can 
also be used for separating smaller dia- 
monds. I.C. 8200, 1964, p. 74. 

electric furnace. A furnace using electricity 
to supply heat. Mersereau, 4th, p. 498. 

electric furnaces for melting and refining 
metals. Several types of electric furnace 
are used in the metallurgical industries, 
both ferrous and nonferrous; all these fur- 
naces are lined with refractory materials, 
the larger furnaces generally being bricked, 
the smaller furnaces usually having a 
monolithic refractory lining which 1s 
rammed into place. The chief types of such 
furnaces are: direct arc, in which the elec- 
tric current passes through the charge; in- 
direct arc, in which the arc is struck 
between the electrodes only; induction 
furnace, in which the metal charge is 
heated by eddy-currents induced in it. 
Induction furnaces may be operated at 
high frequency (h.f. induction furnaces) 
or at low frequency (1.f. induction fur- 
naces). Dodd. 

electric fuse. A metallic cup, usually con- 
taining fulminating mercury, in which are 
fixed two insulated conducting wires held 
by a plug, the latter holding the ends of 
the wires near to but not touching each 
other. At this plug is a small amount of a 
sensitive priming. When an electric cur- 
rent is sent from the battery through 
these conductors, the resulting spark fires 
the priming, then the fulminate and the 
charge of the explosive proper. Stauffer. 

electric gathering mine locomotive. An elec- 
tric mine locomotive, the chief function of 
which is to move empty cars into, and to 
remove loaded cars from, the working 
places. ASA C42.85:1956. See also gather- 
ing locomotive. 

electric haulage mine locomotive. An electric 
mine locomotive used for hauling trains of 
cars, which have been gathered from the 
working faces of the mine, to the point of 
delivery of the cars. ASA C42.85:1956. 

electric hoist. See electric winder. 

electric-hoist man. See hoistman. D.O.T. 1. 

electric horsepower. Equal to 746 watts. 
Crispin. 

electrician. A person appointed in writing 
by the manager of the mine to supervise 
the working and maintenance of electrical 
apparatus in the mine. See also electrical 
engineer. Nelson. 

electrician’s solder. Rosin fluxed tin-lead al- 
loys with a low melting point. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

electric ingot process. A continuous method 
of melting and casting metal with progres- 
sive solidification. The molten metal is 
completely protected from the atmosphere. 
There is minimum segregation, and as no 
refractory linings are used there is no con- 


electric log. The log of a well or borehole | 


electric logging. a. A technique originally 


electric master fuse. See multifuse igniter. 


electric mine locomotive. An electric loco- 





electric mine locomotive 


tamination. Sound ingots with high yield 
and no pipe are produced, and as the 
method possesses extreme flexibility it is 
possible to make small as well as relatively 
large ingots. Osborne. 


electricity. A material agency which, when 


in motion, exhibits magnetic, chemical, 
and thermal effects and which, whether 
in motion or at rest, is of such a nature 
that when it is present in two or more 
localities, within certain limits of associa- 
tion, a mutual interaction of force between 
such localities is observed. Recent inves- 
tigations indicate that it is discrete or 
granular in nature and that there may be 
two kinds, positive and negative. In gen- 
eral, its effects differ according to whether — 
it is at rest or in motion. At rest it is | 
called static; is usually produced by fric- 
tion; manifests itself chiefly in attractions — 
and repulsions and in violent discharges 
like lightning; does not produce currents; 
and has no use in the arts. In motion it | 
is called dynamic or current electricity 
and this form has been widely developed. — 
Standard, 1964. ; 
i} 


electric lamps. See cap lamp; hand electric 


lamp. Nelson. 


electric locomotive. a. A locomotive in 


which the driving power is supplied by | 
electric motors, supplied either from a) 
battery (battery locomotive), from a die- 
sel-driven generator mounted on a vehi- 
cle (diesel electric locomotive), or from a | 
contact wire or rail (track electrification). 
C.T.D. Also called a motor and used in 
mine haulage. Fay. See also electric mine 
locomotive. b. The electric locomotives — 
used in pit and quarry service are ar-_ 
ranged to operate from an overhead trol-— 
ley wire, from a third rail alongside the: 
running rains, from a storage battery | 
mounted on the locomotive chassis, or | 
even the combinations of trolley or third { 
rail with battery. Pit and Quarry, 53rd_ 
sec. A, p. 114. 






















obtained by lowering electrodes in the’ 
hole and measuring various electrical) 
properties of the geological formations: 
traversed. Electrical current is introduced | 
by a number of methods. A.G.I. See also. 
microlog. 


devised by the Schlumberger brothers, in) 
which electrical measurements are made, 
and recorded at the surface, while a series 
of electrodes or coils is caused to traverse’ 
a borehole. The resulting curves can be 
used for purposes of geological correla-) 
tion, and under favorable circumstances’ 
also for the recognition of some rock 
properties and for indicating the nature) 
and amount of the fluids in the pores of 
the rock. Institute of Petroleum, 1961. b.) 
The act or process of taking resistivity, 
porosity, electrical anisotrpy, etc., measure-' 
ments in a borehole using an electromag- 
netic teleclinometer or other electrode de- 
vice. Also called electrical logging. Long.) 


Nelson. | 


motive designed for use underground; for 
example, in such places as coal, metal, 
and salt mines, tunnels, and in subway 
construction. The following types are de- 
fined by the American Standards Asso: 
ciation: (1) combination type—a loco- 
motive which receives power either from 







electric mine locomotive 


a trolley wire distribution system or from 
a storage battery carried on the locomo- 
tive; (2) storage battery type—a locomo- 
tive which receives its power supply from 
a storage battery mounted on the chassis 
of the locomotive; (3) trolley type—a loco- 
motive which receives its power supply 
from a trolley wire distribution system; 
(4) permanent tandem type—two locomo- 
tive units permanently connected together 
and provided with one set of controls so 
that both units can be operated by a single 
operator; (5) separate tandem type—two 
locomotive units which can be coupled to- 
gether and operated from one controller 
as a single unit, or else separated and 
operated as two independent units; (6) 
crab reel type—a locomotive equipped 
with an electrically driven winch, or crab 
reel, for the purpose of hauling cars by 
means of a wire rope from places beyond 
the trolley wire; and (7) cable reel type 
—a locomotive equipped with a reel for 
carrying an electric or conductor cable 
which is used to conduct power to the 
locomotive when operating beyond the 
trolley wire. See also locomotive; electric 
locomotive; mine locomotive; electric haul- 
age mine locomotive; electric permissible 
mine locomotive; electric gathering mine 
locomotive. ASA C42.85:1956. 

‘electric motor. See motor. Nelson. 

‘ electric mule. Electric motor. Korson. 

| electric permissible mine locomotive. An 
electric locomotive carrying the official 
approval plate of the U. S. Bureau of 
Mines. ASA C42.85:1956. 

‘electric polarization. Dipole effect given to 
electrically neutral atom when its com- 
ponent electrons are displaced in an elec- 
tric field. Pryor, 3. 

‘electric powder fuses. These fuses were de- 
signed so that electrical shotfiring methods 
could be used for initiating blasting pow- 
der. The powder fuse consists of a thick 
paper tube containing a small charge of 
blasting powder, with an ordinary low- 
tension fusehead fixed at one end. On 
passing electric current through the fuse- 
head it flashes and sets off the blasting 
powder in the tube, which can then ini- 
tiate the main charge of blasting pow- 
der in the shot hole. McAdam II, p. 
29: 

\ electric precipitation. The collection of sus- 
pended dust by causing the particles to 
become electrically charged in such a 
manner, as to attract each other and to 
form aggregates so large as to cause them 
to settle. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

electric prospecting instruments. Geophysi- 
cal prospecting instruments which meas- 
ure the electrical characteristics of rocks. 

| Nelson. 

‘electric resistance. The opposition of an 
electric circuit to the flow of current. 
Kentucky, p. 263. 

electric resistance strain gage. This gage 

consists essentially of a grid of fine wire 

cemented to a paper membrane which 
can be attached to the surface under in- 
vestigation. The ends of the wire grid 
are spot welded to a metal strip for the 
terminal connections. The use of these 
gages depends upon the fact that cer- 
tain alloys show a linear relationship be- 
tween applied straim and electrical resist- 
ance, so that if a wire constructed from 
one of these alloys is fixed to the surface 
of an object subject to variable strain, 








377 


the change of resistance in the wire will 
be a measure of the change of strain in 
the object. Isaacson, pp. 209-210. 

electric rotary drill. A hand-held rotary 
drill driven by an electric motor and may 
be used in rock or coal. It may be of fan- 
cooled design with several rod speeds to 
suit different rocks. The use of aluminum 
or aluminum alloys is not favored where 
methane is liable to be present. This drill 
produces considerably less dust than the 
percussive drill. Nelson. 

electric shock. Accidents from electricity are 
common in and around mines. Electricity 
causes shock by paralyzing the nerve cen- 
ter that controls breathing or by stopping 
the regular beat of the heart. Some symp- 
toms of electric shock are sudden loss of 
consciousness, absence of respiration or 
respiration that cannot be detected, weak 
pulse, and probable burns. Kentucky, p. 
362. 

electric-shovel-crane man. See shovel-crane 
man. D.O.T. 1. 

electric shovels. Most of the larger modern 
machines are electrically driven and are 
equipped with the Ward-Leonard system 
of control, which allows alternating cur- 
rent of fairly high voltage to be carried 
to the shovel over a very flexible electric 
cable. This cable is usually carried on a 
sled back of the shovel or on a reel on 
the shovel base. The current drives an 
alternating current motor, which is con- 
nected to, and drives, direct current gen- 
erators, one for each of the operations of 
the shovel, and an exciter. Each direct 
current generator and the direct current 
motor which it drives are in a closed cir- 
cuit. The field in each circuit is regu- 
lated by magnetic contactors or by rotat- 
ing controls actuated by master controllers 
at the operator’s position. Pit and Quarry, 
53rd, Sec. A, pp. 91-92. 

electric slope engineer. In bituminous coal 
mining, one who operates a hoist pow- 
ered by electricity to haul loaded and 
empty cars along a haulage slope to sur- 
face of mine. D.O.T. 1. 

electric sponge. An electric centrifugal pump 
consisting of a small vertical centrifugal 
pump so designed that it will draw water 
if it is only 2 or 3 inches deep. It is 
placed in the water at the bottom of a 
shaft and lifts the water up to a hori- 
zontal centrifugal pump placed about 50 
feet above. Lewis, pp. 186-187. 

electric squib. A small shell containing an 
explosive compound that is ignited by the 
electric current brought in through the 
lead wires. Used for firing single small 
holes loaded with black powder. Lewis, 
p. 117. 

electric steel. Steel made in the electric 
furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 458. 

electric storage battery locomotive. See bat- 
tery locomotive. Nelson. 

electric survey. See electric log; 
logging. Long. 

electric system. A system that includes all 
electric equipment and circuits that per- 
tain to operation of the mine and that 
are under the control of the mine offi- 
cials. ASA M2.1-1963. 

electric traction. The haulage of vehicles by 
electric power, derived from overhead 
wires or third rail, storage batteries, or 
from diesel-driven generators mounted on 
the vehicles. Ham. 

electric trolley locomotive. See electric mine 


electric 








electrochemistry 


locomotive. 

electric welding. A process of welding in 
which the parts to be joined are heated 
to fusion by an electric arc (arc welding) 
or by the passage of a large current 
through the junction; used in uniting 
steel rails, tubing, etc. See also thermite. 
Fay. 

electric wheel. A wheel containing the motor 
and all the required gearing so that it is 
an independent drive unit. A vehicle may 
be equipped with four such units to ob- 
tain four-wheel drive. Woodruff, v. 3, p. 
11. 

electric winder, A winder or hoist driven by 
a direct current or alternating current 
electric motor. The direct current motor 
with Ward-Leonard control is perhaps the 
most common for winders of about 1,000 
horsepower and over. The electric motor 
is very suitable for the Koepe winder be- 
cause it provides a uniform driving torque 
which minimizes the possibility of rope 
slip. Nelson. 

electroacoustic transducer. A transducer for 
receiving waves from an electric system 
and delivering waves to an acoustic sys- 
tem or vice versa. Hy. 

electroanalysis. Use of electrolysis or con- 
ductometery in instruments, such as a 
polarograph, or a spectrograph (sorption 
or emission) in quantitative and qualita- 
tive analysis. Also, deposition of metal on 
a weighted cathode in the gravimetric 
method of electroanalysis. Pryor, 3. 

electrobrightening. A process of reversed 
electrodeposition which, in certain condi- 
tions, results in anodic metal taking on a 
high polish. C.T.D. 

electrobronze. To electroplate with bronze. 
Standard, 1964. 

electrocast brick. A refractory material made 
by fusing refractory oxides in an electric 
furnace and pouring the molten material 
into molds to form finished shapes. A.R.I. 

electrocast process. A method of producing 
refractory materials in the desired form 
by mixing the raw materials in the requi- 
site proportions, heating to fusion in an 
electric furnace, and casting. Osborne. 

electrocement. Cement made by adding lime 
to molten slag in an electric furnace. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

electroceramics. A group of ceramic mate- 
rials of various compositions having elec- 
trical and other properties that render 
them suitable for use as insulators for 
power lines and in many electrical com- 
ponents. In terms of tonnage made, elec- 
trical porcelain is the most important; 
more specialized types include cordierite, 
steatite, titanate ceramics and zircon por- 
celain. Dodd. 

electrochemical. Chemical action employing 
a current of electricity to cause or to sus- 
tain the action. Crispin. 

electrochemical corrosion. Corrosion which 
occurs when current flows between ca- 
thodic and anodic areas on metallic sur- 
faces. ASM Gloss. 

electrochemical equivalent. The weight of 
an element, compound, radical, or ion in- 
volved in a specified electrochemical re- 
action during the passage of a unit quan- 
tity of electricity, such as a faraday, an 
ampere-hour, or a coulomb. Lowenheim. 

electrochemical series. Same as electromo- 
tive force series. ASM Gloss. 

electrochemistry. a. Technique 
electrical action to promote 


that uses 
chemical 


electrochemistry 


change. Pryor, 3. b. That of electrolysis, 
ion behavior in ionizing solvents. Pryor, 
Sips Os 

electrocopper. To plate or cover with cop- 
per by means of electricity. Fay. 

electrode. a. Conducting body that is brought 
in conducting contact with the ground. 
Schieferdecker. b. The conductor by which 
current enters and leaves an electrolyte 
when subjected to an externally impressed 
potential. H&G. c. A conductor (as a metal- 
lic substance or carbon) used to establish 
electrical contact with a nonmetallic por- 
tion of a circuit (as in an electrolytic cell, 
a storage battery, an electron tube, or an 
arc lamp). See also anode; cathode. Web- 
ster 3d. d. In arc welding, a current-carry- 
ing rod which supports the arc between the 
rod and work, or between two rods as in 
twin carbon-arc welding. It may or may 
not furnish filler metal. See also bare elec- 
trode; carbon electrode; coated electrode. 
ASM Gloss. e. In resistance welding, a part 
of a resistance welding machine through 
which current and, in most cases, pressure 
are applied directly to the work. The elec- 
trode may be in the form of a rotating 
wheel, rotating roll, bar, cylinder, plate, 
clamp, chuck, or modification thereof. ASM 
Gloss. f. An electrical conductor for lead- 
ing current into or out of a medium. 4SM 
Gloss. 

electrode burn-off rate. The rate at which an 
electrode is consumed by an arc in units 
of mass per time per arc power. BuMines 
Bull. 625, 1965, p. VII. 

electrode cable. Same as electrode lead. ASM 
Gloss. 

electrode configuration. Pattern in which the 
electrodes are set up. Schieferdecker. 

electrode consumption rate. The rate at 
which an electrode is consumed by an arc 
in units of mass per time per arc current. 
BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, p. VII. 

electrode deposition. The weight of weld 
metal deposit obtained from a unit length 
of electrode. ASM Gloss. 

electrode force. The force between electrodes 
in spot, seam, and projection welding. 
ASM Gloss. 

electrode holder. A device used for mechani- 
cally holding the electrode and conducting 
current to it. Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, Mar. 
1961, p. 92. 

electrode lead. The electric conductor be- 
tween the source of arc-welding current 
and the electrode holder. Coal Age, v. 66, 
No. 3, Mar. 1961, p. 92. 

electrode melting rate. The rate at which an 
electrode is consumed by an arc in units 
of mass per time. BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, 
p. VII. 

electrodeposition. The deposition of a sub- 
stance upon an electrode by passing electric 
current through an electrolyte. Electroplat- 
ing (plating), electroforming, electrorefin- 
ing, and electrowinning result from electro- 
deposition. ASM Gloss. 

electrode potential. a. The potential differ- 
ence at the surface of separation between 
the electronic and electrolytic conductors 
which make up the electrode. In the termi- 
nology of corrosion it is sometimes called 
the open-circuit potential. BuMines Bull. 
619, 1964, p. 206. b. The potential of a 
half-cell as measured against a standard 
reference half-cell. ASM Gloss. 

electrode reaction. The chemical reaction 
taking place at an electrode in contact 











378 


with a solution; the reaction consists of the 
addition of electrons from the electrode to 
a substance in the solution, or the removal 
of electrons by the electrode from a sub- 
stance in solution. A.G.J. 

electrode ring. Special refractory shapes, in 
the roof of an electric arc steel furnace, 
forming an opening through which an 
electrode is inserted. See also bull’s-eye. 
Dodd. 

electrode skid. In spot, seam, or projection 
welding, the sliding of an electrode along 
the surface of the work. ASM Gloss. 

electrode spacing. Distance between succes- 
sive electrodes. Schieferdecker. 

electrodialysis. Dialysis accelerated by an elec- 
tromotive force applied to electrodes adja- 
cent to the membranes. Useful in removing 
electrolytes from naturally occurring col- 
loids. Webster 3d. 

electroendosmosis. The movement of fluids 
through porous diaphragms caused by the 
application of an electric potential. Lowen- 
heim. 

electroextraction; electrowinning. The appli- 
cation of electrolysis to recover metal from 
its salts. Nelson. 

electrofiltration. The electromotive force set 
up between the two sides of the sheet when 
an electrolyte is forced through a sheet of 
some pervious solid dielectric. This electro- 
motive force is proportional to the pres- 
sure, to the electrical resistivity of the 
liquid, and inversely proportional to its 
viscosity. Lewis, p. 321. 

electrofiltration potential. Potential that is 
set up when a solution is forced through 
a porous medium. Schieferdecker. 

electroforming. Making parts by electrodepo- 
sition on a removable form. ASM Gloss. 

electrofusion. The process of fusion in an 
electric furnace. See also fusion casting. 
Dodd. 

electrogalvanizing. The electroplating of zinc 
upon iron or steel. ASM Gloss. 

electrographic. The effect of cathode rays on 
a metal surface, by which the metal be- 
comes less sensitive to the action of etching 
vapors. Hess. 

electrokinetic potential. See zeta potential. 
Webster 3d. 

electroless plating. Immersion plating where 
a chemical reducing agent changes metal 
ions to metal. ASM Gloss. 

electroluminescence. Luminescence which is 
activated by an electrical potential. VV. 

electrolysis. a. Chemical change resulting 
from the passage of an electric current 
through an electrolyte. ASM Gloss. b. 
Transfer or transport of matter through a 
medium by means of conducting ions. The 
medium may consist of fused slats or con- 
ducting solutions which permit free move- 
ment of ions toward the countercharged 
electrodes immersed in the system. Fara- 
day’s laws state: (1) the weight of material 
changed at each electrode is proportional 
to the quantity of electricity passed through 
the solution, and (2) the weights of mate- 
rial changed at the different electrodes are 
proportional to the equivalent weights of 
the substances changed. Electrolysis causes 
chemical decomposition when passage of 
a current causes ions to move toward oppo- 
sitely charged electrodes, where they may 
be discharged, liberated, deposited, or 
chemically reacted. Pryor, 3. 

electrolyte. a. A nonmetallic electric conduc- 
tor (as a solution, liquid, or fused solid) 
in which current is carried by the move- 








electrolytic machining 


ment of ions instead of electrons with the 
liberation of matter at the electrodes; a 
liquid ionic conductor. Webster 3d. b. A 
substance (as an acid, base, or salt) that, 
when dissolved in a suitable solvent (as 
water) or when fused, becomes an ionic 
conductor. Webster 3d. c. For ceramic 
applications, an electrolyte is a substance 
capable of dissociating partly or completely 
into ions in water. For clay dispersions, the 
basic electrolytes promote deflocculation 
while the acidic electrolytes produce the 
opposite effect, flocculation. Lee. 

electrolytic. Of or relating to electrolysis or 
an electrolyte; produced by electrolysis. 
Webster 3d. 

electrolytic brightening. Same as electropol- 
ishing. ASM Gloss. 

electrolytic cell. a. An assembly, consisting of 
a vessel, electrodes, and an electrolyte, in 
which electrolysis can be carried out. ASM 
Gloss. b. A voltaic cell to which an external 
electromotive force greater than the elec- 
tromotive force developed by the voltaic 
cell is impressed across the electrodes. 
H&G. 

electrolytic cleaning. Removing soil from 
work by electrolysis, the work being one of 
the electrodes. The electrolyte is usually 
alkaline. ASM Gloss. 

electrolytic conduction. The conduction of 
electricity accompanied by the actual trans- 
fer of matter (migration of ions), which is 
shown by the occurrence of. chemical 
changes at the electrodes. C.T.D. 

electrolytic copper. Copper which has been 
refined by electrolytic deposition, including — 
cathodes which are the direct product of 
the refining operation, refinery shapes cast — 
from melted cathodes, and, by extension, — 
fabricators’ products made therefrom. Usu- 
ally when this term is used alone, it refers 
to electrolytic tough pitch copper without | 
elements other than oxygen being present 
in significant amounts. ASM Gloss. 

electrolytic corrosion. Galvanic action caused | 
by electrical contact of two different metals — 
in presence of an electrolyte, so that an — 
electromotive force is set up. Pryor, 3. 

electrolytic deposition. a. The production of | 
a metal from a solution containing its salts 
by the passage of an electric current through | 
the solution. In electrorefining, the opera- 
tion is carried out in an electrolytic cell in 
which the metal is deposited upon the | 
cathode or starting sheet. Henderson. b. | 
Same as electrodeposition. ASM Gloss. 

electrolytic dissociation; ionization Dissocia- | 
tion in a solvent of molecules of the dis- | 
solving substance as cations and anions. 
Pryor, 3 

electrolytic dissolution. The act or process of | 
dissolving the diamond matrix metal in the’ 
crown of a bit utilizing the chemical de- 
compositional effects of a direct electrical. 
current on a metal object submerged in an) 
acidic solution. Long. 

electrolytic iron. A very pure iron produced | 
by an electrolytic process. It has excellent 
magnetic properties and is often used in’ 
‘magnet cores. Crispin. 

electrolytic lead. Lead refined by the Betts’ 
process; has purity of about 99.995 to 
99.998 percent lead. C.T.D. 

electrolytic machining. A combination of 
grinding and machining where a metal-| 
bonded abrasive wheel, usually diamond, is’ 
the cathode in physical contact with the! 
anodic workpiece, the contact being made! 
underneath the surface of a suitable elec- 





























| 


electrolytic machining 


trolyte. The abrasive particles produce 
grinding and act as nonconducting spacers 
permitting simultaneous machining through 
electrolysis. ASM Gloss. 


‘electrolytic pickling. Pickling where electric 


current is used, the work being one of the 
electrodes. ASM Gloss. 


‘electrolytic polishing. To produce a smooth 


bright surface on (metal) by immersion as 
an anode in an electrolytic bath. Webster 
3d. 


‘electrolytic powder. In powder metallurgy, 


powder produced either by electrolytic 
deposition, by the pulverization of an elec- 
trodeposit, or from metal made by electro- 
deposition. ASM Gloss. 


‘electrolytic process. a. A process employing 


the electric current for separating and de- 
positing metals from solution. The process 
has many modifications and is used for 
(1) recovering metals as tin from scrap, 
(2) refining as of copper for electroplating, 
(3) recovering metal from ore as by a com- 
bination of leaching, and (4) electrolytic 
deposition. Fay. b. As used by the diamond- 
bit-setting industry, the process in which 
the chemical decompositional effects of 
subjecting metal objects immersed in an 
acidic solution to a flow of direct electric 
current is utilized to dissolve the metal in 
the crown of a worn diamond bit to free 
and salvage the diamonds. Long. 


| electrolytic protection. See cathodic protec- 


tion. ASM Gloss. 


‘ electrolytic reduction. Removal of oxygen (or 


decrease of its active valency in the case of 
a positive element) by electrical means. 
Pryor, 3. 


electrolytic refining. Suspension of suitably 


| electrolytic solution pressure. 


shaped metal ingots as anodes in an elec- 
trolytic bath, alternated with sheets of the 
same metal in a refined state which act as 
starters or cathodes. Impurities remaining 
on the anodes are detached as anode slime, 
or are dissolved in the electrolyte from 
which they must be systematically removed 
(stripped). Pryor, 3. 


‘ electrolytics. The extraction and refining of 


metals by the use of electric currents. 
Newton, p. 449. 

Equilibrium 
between electrostatic attraction and ionic 
diffusion when a metal is immersed in an 
electrolyte which contains its ions. Pryor, 3. 


) electrolytic wirebar. Copper ingot electrolyti- 


cally refined and suitable for rolling into 
wire. Pryor, 3. 


|\ electrolytic zinc. Zinc exceeding 99.9 percent 


purity, produced by . electrodeposition. 


Pryor, 3. 


) electrolyze. a. To decompose a compound, 


either liquid, molten, or in solution, by an 
electric current. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 
b. To subject to electrolysis. Webster 3d. 


‘ electromachining. a. Electrical discharge ma- 


chining. ASM Gloss. b. Electrolytic ma- 
chining. ASM Gloss. 


) electromagnet. A core of magnetic metal (as 


soft iron) that is surrounded wholly or in 
part by a coil of wire, that is magnetized 
when an electric current is passed through 
the wire, and that retains its power of 
attraction only while the current is flow- 
ing. Webster 3d. See also magnet, d. 


| electromagnetic brake. One in which rubbing 


surfaces are pressed together when electric 
current is passed through a solenoid; also, 
system in which magnetic attraction is set 
up when one component acts as an elec- 
tromagnet. Pryor, 3. 





379 


electromagnetic damping. Commonly found 
in seimometers of the induction type. It may 
be used in mechanical seismographs by 
employing a copper plate moving between 
two permanent magnets. Induction seis- 
mometers depend upon voltage generated 
by motion of coil in the magnetic field. 
A.G.I. 

electromagnetic detector. An instrument used 
in aerial geophysical prospecting for the 
direct detection of conducting ores, such 
as the sulfides of copper, zinc, nickel and 
lead. An alternating electromagnetic field 
of suitable frequency is created in the area 
explored. Transmitted by the aircraft, this 
field is received by the conducting body in 
the earth and reradiated with some change 
in phase. The resultant field is picked up 
by the bird, towed behind the aircraft, and 
compared with the transmitted field. The 
phase shift is measured automatically and 
recorded as a profile during flight. See also 
geophysical prospecting. Nelson. 

electromagnetic geophone. The simplest and 
most widely used type of geophone. It con- 
sists of a coil and a magnet, one rigidly 
fixed with respect to the earth and the 
other suspended from a fixed support by 
a spring. Any relative motion between the 
coil and magnet produces an electromotive 
force across the coil’s terminals which is 
proportional to the velocity of the motion. 
Dobrin, p. 41. 

electromagnetic induction. A wire cutting 
lines of force of a magnetic field has in- 
duced in it an electromotive force. Crispin. 

electromagnetic methods. Group of electrical 
exploration methods in which one deter- 
mines the magnetic field that is associated 
with the electrical current through the 
ground. Schieferdecker. 

electromagnetic prospecting. A geophysical 
method employing the generation of elec- 
tromagnetic waves at the earth’s surface; 
when the waves penetrate the earth and 
impinge on a conducting formation or ore 
body, they induce currents in the conduc- 
tors which are the source of new waves 
radiated from the conductors and detected 
by instruments at the surface. A.G.I. 

electromagnetic radiation. Radiation consist- 
ing of electric and magnetic waves that 
travel at the speed of light; for example, 
light, radio waves, gamma rays, and 
X-rays. All can be transmitted through a 
vacuum. L&L. 

electromagnetic separation. a. Process used 
to remove ferromagnetic minerals or metals 
from relatively nonmagnetic ones, using a 
field or flux of suitably controlled strength 
to effect the differentiation. It is performed 
dry on crushed ore, wet on ore pulps. 
Pryor, 3. b. The use of electromagnets to 
remove ferrous products or tramp iron 
from bulk materials, as they travel along 
a conveyor, over a drum, or into a revolv- 
ing screen. See also electrostatic separator ; 
tramp iron. Nelson. 

electremagnetic spectrum. The entire range 
of electrical energy, extending from the 
extremely long rays of radio and electricity 
at one end to the extremely short X-rays 
at the other. The visible spectrum (visible 
light) is included. Shipley. 

electromagnetic surveying. The act or process 
of using a geophysical method of systemat- 
ically measuring electromagnetic waves in 
a specific area of the earth’s surface or in 
an area adjacent to boreholes. See also 
electromagnetic prospecting. Long. 

electromagnetic waves. A wide range of vi- 





electronation. 


electronation 


brations not requiring any known material 
medium for their propagation, for example, 
gamma rays, X-rays. Nelson. 


electromagnetism. Every electric current gen- 


erates a magnetic field which is in a plane 
perpendicular to the current. The strength 
of the field is proportional to the current 
and in the case of a long, straight wire is 
inversely proportional to the distance from 
the wire. This principle is important in 
magnetic prospecting insofar as it forms 
the basis for certain types of geomagnetic 
instruments. Dobrin, p. 268. 


electromechanical transducer. A transducer 


for receiving waves from an electric system 
and delivering waves to a mechanical sys- 
tem or vice versa. Hy. 


electrometallurgy. A term covering the various 


electrical processes for the industrial work- 
ing of metals; for example, electrodeposi- 
tion, electrorefining, and operations in 
electric furnaces. C.T.D. 


electrometer. a. An instrument for measuring 


small quantities of electricity. Used to de- 
termine the position and polarity of the 
X axes in blanks, etc., by measurement of 
the electric charges released by slight pres- 
sure. Also known as squeeze meter; polarity 
indicator; piezometer. AM, 1. b. A cali- 
brated electroscope. Hess. 


electrometric titration. A hydrogen electrode 


is immersed in the acid solution under 
test, and is connected to a calomel elec- 
trode; pH change is observed during titra- 
tion with alkali, and electromotive force 
(EMF) is plotted against volume of this 
alkali. A pronounced inflection is shown at 
neutral or change point. Pryor, 3. 


electromotive force. Something that moves 


or tends to move electricity. The amount 
of energy derived from an electrical source 
per unit quantity of electricity passing 
through the source (as a cell or a genera- 
tor). Webster 3d. Abbreviation, emf. 


elecromotive force series. The elements can 


be listed according to their standard elec- 
trode potentials. The more negative the 
potential, the greater the tendency of the 
metals to corrode but not necessarily at 
higher rates. This series is useful in studies 
of thermodynamic properties. A hydrogen 
gas electrode is the standard reference and 
is placed equal to zero. All potentials are 
positive or negative with respect to the 
hydrogen electrode. Also known as the 
emf series. H&G. 


electron. One of the constituent elementary 


particles of an atom. A charge of negative 
electricity equal to about 1.602 x 10° 
coulomb and having a mass when at rest 
of about 9.107 « 10° gram or 1/1837 
that of a proton. The mass sometimes is 
thought to reside wholly as energy in the 
electrostatic field of the particle, in which 
case the radius of the electron must be 
about 10 centimeter and the electron has 
a magnetic moment and an angular mo- 
mentum believed to result from the spin 
of the particle. Webster 3d. Electrons sur- 
round the positively charged nucleus of 
the atom and determine the chemical 
properties of the atom. L@L. 


electron affinity. Ability of oxidizing agent to 


capture electrons and therefore modify a 
substance. Relative strength with which an 
atom holds adjacent valence electrons. 
Pryor, 3. 

a. Addition of one or more 
electrons to an element during chemical 
reaction, therefore reduction. Pryor, 3. b. 
Deelectronation, or oxidation is removal of 


electronation 


one or more electrons. Pryor, 3. 

electron beam furnace. A furnace in which 
metals are melted in a vacuum at very 
high temperatures by bombardment with 
electrons. HW. 

electron beam melting. A melting process in 
which heat is supplied by a beam of elec- 
trons directed at the metal in high vacuum. 
Thomas. 

electron capture. A type of radioactive trans- 
formation in which an electron from one 
of the inner shells of an atom is captured 
by the nucleus; especially important in the 
transformation K*—A*: A.G.I. 

electron compound. A term used to describe 
intermediate phases of metal systems that 
have both a common crystal structure and 
a common ratio of valence electrons to 
atoms. Thus, CuZn, CusAl, CusSn, and 
FeAl all have the body-centered cubic 
structure and an electron-to-atom ratio of 
three to two. ASM Gloss. 

electron diffraction. Registration of scattering 
of stream of electrons due to their impact 
on nuclei in atoms of crystal lattices. The 
beam is directed slantwise on the surface 
examined, in high vacuum. Pryor, 3. 

electro-negative. Descriptive of element or 
group which ionizes negatively, or acquires 
electrons and therefore becomes negatively 
charged anion. In electrolysis moves to 
anode. Pryor, 3. 

electronegative potential. The potential of an 
electrode that is relatively active or anodic 
with respect to other electrodes and is 
made of material that is at the active end 
of the emf or galvanic series. The sign of 
potential is negative. BuMines Bull. 619, 
1964, p. 206. 

electron gas. Mobile electrons, as in metal lat- 
tice structure. Pryor, 3. 

electron holes. Electron-deficient sites which 
provide acceptor energy levels. These are 
positive charge carriers. VV. 

electronic canary. See electronic CO detector. 

electronic ceramics. Inorganic, nonmetallic 
products which are subjected to a high 
temperature during manufacture or use 
and whose properties make them of value 
in applications in the field of electronics. 
Electronic ceramics (or ceramics for elec- 
tronics) have been broadly classified into 
the areas of linear dielectric, nonlinear di- 
electric, magnetic, semiconductor, and com- 
posite. ACSG, 1963. 

electronic CO detector; electronic canary. A 
portable, lightweight instrument for detect- 
ing carbon monoxide in mine air. It re- 
cords the amount on a meter, and when 
the carbon monoxide is present in danger- 
ous proportions it gives audible and visible 
warning. The device uses a combination 
of physical, chemical, and electronic tech- 
niques. Nelson. 

electronic filter. An air cleaner in which mat- 
ter in the airstream is electrically charged, 
then attracted to surfaces oppositely 
charged. Strock, 10. 

electronic golds. Special preparations for con- 
ductive coating applications in ceramics 
where resistance to strong acids and migra- 
tion is required. Used for applications on 
semiconductors (transistors, diodes, etc.), 
special capacitors, and printed circuits. 
CCD 6d, 1961, p. 546. 

electronic high-level indicator. An electronic 
device to enable the maximum capacity of 
a bin to be utilized while obviating dam- 
age to conveyors and other equipment. 
Probes from the device are situated at the 
desired positions within the bin. When the 








380 


ore reaches a predetermined level on a 
probe, a change in electrical capacity 
causes the unit to operate a warning signal 
to inform the operator that the ore level 
is at the maximum safe height. Alterna- 
tively, the device will shut down the feeder 
or conveyor if desired. Nelson. 

electronic liquid density instrument. The in- 
strument consists of a glass float on the 
end of a thin rod suspended in the liquid. 
The float-rod is supported by means of two 
flat springs so that it is constrained to pre- 
cise vertical motion. The float-rod assem- 
bly carries a coil similar to the voice-coil 
of a dynamic loud speaker and a differen- 
tial transformer core. Vertical movement 
of the float is detected by the electrical 
response of the differential transformer. 
The coil moves in a strong, radial, mag- 
netic field and when the float is buoyed up 
by the liquid, the reaction force between 
the coil and the field is used to pull it 
down. Thus, balance is achieved at a null 
position by adjusting the coil current while 
observing the null indicator. H&G. 

electronic log. The record of log of a bore- 
hole obtained by lowering a gamma ray, 
Geiger-Miiller, or scintillation probe into 
the hole and measuring the gamma-ray 
emissions of the various rock formations 
traversed by the borehole. Long. 

electronic logger. Various devices that, when 
lowered into a borehole, are capable of 
detecting and recording the intensity of 
the gamma rays emitted by radioactive 
substances in the rock formation traversed 
by the borehole. Also called gamma-ray 
probe; Geiger counter; Geiger-Miiller 
counter; Geiger-Miiller probe; Geiger 
probe; radiation detector; scintillation 
counter; scintillation probe; scintillometer. 
Long. 

electronic logging. The act or process of log- 
ging a borehole with an electronic logger. 
See also electronic logger. Long. 

electronic microscope. An instrument similar 
to the ordinary light microscope, but pro- 
ducing a much magnified image, which is 
received on a fluorescent screen and _ is 
recorded by using a camera. Instead of a 
beam of light to illuminate the material, 
a parallel beam of electrons is used. Its 
magnification is up to about 100,000. 
Nelson. 

electronic palladium. Palladium metal with 
fluxes and vehicles for application on green 
ceramic bases that are fired at extreme 
temperatures and permit multiple lamina- 
tions of electroded ceramic sheets used for 
capacitor manufacture. CCD 6d, 1961. 

electronics. The utilization based on the phe- 
nomena of conduction of electricity in a 
vacuum (thermionic valves), in a gas 
(thyratrons) and in semiconductors (tran- 
sistors). NCB. 

electronic sentry; detection device. A device 
for mounting on any direct current mobile 
mining machine that receives its power 
through a portable cable. The device cuts 
off the power from the machine and its 
trailing cable in the event of a ground 
fault, short circuit, or break in the cable, 
and prevents electrical flow as long as the 
trouble exists. Nelson. 

electronic sorting. See La Pointe picker. 
Pryor, 3. 

electronic tramp iron detector. An appliance 
to prevent large pieces of tramp iron from 
entering the primary breaker when the ore 
feed is by conveyor. The applilance is 
straddled across the conveyor and when 











electropositive potential 


tramp metal (magnetic or nonmagnetic) 
of dangerous size passes under the detector 
it automatically stops the conveyor and 
sounds an alarm, and will not restart mo- 
tion until the tramp material is removed, 
Nelson. 

electronic weighing. See weighing-in-motion 
system. Nelson. 

electron microscope. One using a stream of 
electrons instead of light to throw shadow 
of opaque object on a fluorescent viewing 
screen. Enlargements are practicable up to 
400,000 diameters with a hundredfold 
depth of focus as compared to light micro- 
scopes. See also microscope. Pryor, 3. 

electron-shared bond. See covalent bond. 
Hurlbut. 

electron shell. Group of orbital (extra nu- 
clear) electrons moving at same average 
radius from atomic nucleus, and arranged 
in accordance with principal quantum 
numbers. Pryor, 3. 

electron volt. The quality of kinetic energy 
gained by an electron when it is acceler- 
ated through a voltage difference of 1 volt. 
L&L. 

electro-osmosis. a. A filtering of liquid con- 
ductors, under the influence of electric 
current, through porous or semipermeable 
partitions with a speed that is independent 
of their thickness but varying with their 
nature and section. Taylor. d. Diffusion of 
a substance through a membrane in an 
electric field. If electromotive force is ap- 
plied to a colloidal solution and soluble 
particles are held by a membrane, the dis- 
persion medium migrates in the opposite 
direction to that which would be taken by 
the soluble particles. Pryor, 3. c. Pressure 
of a solution against electric potential. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

electrophoresis; cataphoresis. Movement of 
colloid particles toward an oppositely 
charged electrode through a solution. 
Pryor, 3. 

electroplate. To plate with an adherent con- 
tinuous coating by electrodeposition; espe- 
cially, to plate with a metal. Webster 3d. 

electroplating. Electrodepositing metal (may 
be an alloy) in an adherent form upon an 
object serving as a cathode. ASM Gloss. 

electropneumatic lighting. Where compressed 
air is available this is a convenient and 
safe method of lighting since the well glass 
surrounding the bulb is flushed out with 
compressed air by a special valve before 
the self-contained generator commences to 
run; afterwards the exhaust from the tur- 
bine is passed through the lamp fitting 
with a small back pressure of 142 to 2 
pounds per square inch, preventing ingress 
of methane. The equipment can be used 
underground where the use of electricity 
is prohibited and for both roadway and 
face lighting. Sinclair, I, pp. 226-227. 

electropolishing. Enhancing the surface finish 
by preferential dissolution of metal at the 
anode. The current density and hence solu- 
tion rate, is greatest at sharp points. ASM 
Gloss. 

electropositive. a. Positively charged; having 
more protons than electrons. An electro- 
positive ion in a cation. Pryor, 3. b. Term 
used to describe substances that end to 
pass to the cathode in electrolysis. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 533. 

electropositive potential. The potential of an 
electrode that is relatively noble or cath- 
odic with respect to other electrodes and is 
made of material that is at the inactive 
end of the emf or galvanic series. The sign 











electropositive potential 


| of the potential is positive. BuMines Bull. 
|| 619, 1964, p. 206. 
'electrorefining. The process of anodically dis- 
| solving a metal from an impure anode and 
|| depositing it in a more pure state at the 
) cathode. Lowenheim. 
‘\lelectroscope. Any of various instruments for 
| detecting the presence of an electric charge 
on a body, for determining whether the 
charge is positive or negative, or for indi- 
cating and measuring the intensity of radi- 
ation by means of the motion imparted to 
charged bodies (as strips of goldleaf) sus- 
pended from a metal conductor within an 
insulated chamber. Webster 3d. 

j electrostatic bunching. Flocculation of par- 

} ticles during dry screening due to binding 
electrical forcés at their surfaces. Pryor, 4. 

electrostatic capacity. Quantity of electricity 
needed to raise system one unit of poten- 
tial. Pryor, 3, p. 68. 

|, electrostatic cleaning process. A method of 

| cleaning small sizes of coal, namely, 2 milli- 

meters to 0.1 millimeter by passing the 

material over a slowly rotating roller 
through an electrostatic field of high volt- 
age existing between the earthed roller and 
an adjacent wire. The coal and impurities 
are electrified to relatively the same extent, 
but the coal loses its charge very slowly 
and is carried further round by the roller 
than the impurities and separation is ef- 
| fected with reasonable efficiency. Nelson. 

}/ electrostatic dust and fume sampler. An ac- 
curate means of collecting even very fine 
particles for analysis. Dust, fume, or mist 
particles, including metallic fumes, are 
drawn into the portable samples, preion- 
ized, and precipitated electrostatically in a 
collecting cylinder, This equipment permits 
precise quantitative and qualitative analy- 
sis so that proper measures for safeguarding 
workers and processes can be taken. These 
units should never be used in explosive 
atmospheres. Bests, p. 579. 

(electrostatic precipitator. The most efficient 
of the dust samplers, the electrostatic pre- 
cipitator is a medium-volume instrument. 

Air is drawn through a metal tube serving 
as a collecting surface (the anode) in 
which a platinum wire mounted axially 
acts as the ionizing and precipitating elec- 
trode (the cathode). A potential of about 
10,000 volts direct current is maintained 
across the tube and wire. The assembly 
mounting and collecting tube contains a 
small fan to induce air flow. Hartman, p. 54. 

| electrostatics. Science of electric charges cap- 
tured by bodies which then acquire special 
characteristics due to their retention of 
such charges. In electrostatic separation, 
dry mineral particles acquire charges as 
they pass through a high-voltage field. They 
are then deflected from their natural fall- 
ing path in accordance with the attraction 
or repulsion due to the influence of their 
retained charge as they pass other charged 
bodies. Electrostatic bunching is particle 
cling during the laboratory screening of dry 
material in which frictional electric charge 

is set up. Pryor, 3. 

| electrostatic separation. a. A process of ore 

concentration based upon the electrostatic 

principle that like charges repel and unlike 
charges attract one another. Henderson. 

b. A method of separating materials by 

dropping feed material between two elec- 

trodes, positive and negative, rotating in 
opposite directions. Nonrepelled materials 
drop in a vertical plane; susceptible mate- 
rials are deposited in a forward position 














381 


somewhat removed from the vertical plane. 
ASM Gloss. c. Another name for high ten- 
sion separation. Pryor, 3, p. 208. : 

electrostatic separator. A vessel fitted with 
positively and negatively charged conduc- 
tors and may be used for extracting dust 
from flue gas or for separating mineral dust 
from gangues. Nelson. 

electrostatic spraying. A process in which 
particles that are to be sprayed are given 
an electrostatic charge opposite to that on 
the ware to be sprayed; this attracts the 
sprayed particles to the ware. Although 
technically applicable to vitreous enamel- 
ing, this method of spraying has so far been 
little used in the ceramic industry. Dodd. 

electrostatic strength. As applied to electric 
blasting caps, a measure of the detonator’s 
ability to withstand clectrostatic discharges 
without exploding. Fraenkel, v. 3, Art. 
16:10, p. 5. 

electrostatic transducer. A transducer which 
consists of a capacitor and depends upon 
interaction between its electric field and 
the change of its electrostatic capacitance. 
Hy. 

electrostenolysis. The deposition of metals 
in capillary pores of diaphragms when solu- 
tions of the metals are electrolyzed. Hess. 

electrostriction. a. A deformation caused by 
electrical stress. Standard, 1964. b. The 
phenomenon wherein some dielectric mate- 
rials experience an elastic strain when 
subjected to an electric field, this strain 
being independent of the polarity of the 
field. H&G. 

electrotape; microdist. A phase comparison 
base line measuring system similar to tel- 
lurometer and geodimeter. It is similar to 
tellurometer in that radar frequencies are 
used whereas in the geodimeter light waves 
are employed. All three systems use a 10 
megacycle crystal as the basis of their meas- 
urement so one period or lane width is 15 
meters in the electrotape and tellurometer 
and is 7.5 meters in the geodimeter duc 
to the method of measuring. H&G. 

electrotechnics. The science of the methods, 
processes, and operations in which elec- 
tricity is applied in the industrial arts. Also 
called electrotechnology. Standard, 1964. 

electrothermics. A term describing those 
processes in which the electric current used 
for producing metallurgical reactions is 
used solely for its heating effect. E.C.T., 
v. 8, p. 939. Compare electrolysis. 

electrotinning. Electroplating tin on an ob- 
ject. ASM Gloss. 

electrotyping. Electroforming, as applied to 
printing plates. Lowenheim. 

electrovalent bond. Valence bond created be- 
tween atoms by transfer of one or more 
electron. The atom losing an electron 
(donor) becomes positively charged. The 
receiving atom becomes negatively charged 
and they are combined (compounded) by the 
resulting electrostatic attraction. Pryor, 3. 

electrowinning. Recovery of a metal from an 
ore by means of electrochemical processes. 
ASM Gloss. 

electrowon tungsten. See tungsten direct- 
from-ore process. 

electrum. Old name of amber, a fossil gum; 
also, a gold-silver alloy, occurring naturally 
with up to 26 percent silver. Pryor, 3. 

electrum metal. An alloy of gold and silver; 
contains from 55 to 88 percent gold. 
Pryor, 3. ? 

Elektron alloys. Alloys based on magnesium, 
the additional elements being aluminum 
(3 to 12 percent), manganese (less than 





elevation 


0.4 percent and zinc less than 3% per- 
cent). Pryor. 3. 

element. a. A substance which cannot be de- 
composed into other substances. A.G.I. b. 
A substance all of whose atoms have the 
same atomic number. The first definition 
was accepted until the discovery of radio- 
activity (1896), and is still useful in a 
qualitative sense. It is no longer strictly 
correct, because (1) the natural radio- 
active decay involves the decomposition of 
one element into others, (2) one element 
may be converted into another by bom- 
bardment with high-speed particles, and 
(3) an element can be separated into its 
isotopes. The second definition is accurate, 
but has the disadvantage that it has little 
relevance to ordinary chemical reactions 
or to geologic processes. A.G.I. 

elemental carbon. Carbon made from peat 
coke by calcination; used for dry-cell elec- 
trodes. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

elemental sulfur. Sulfur in the original ele- 
mental condition, such as flowers of sulfur. 
Shell Oil Co. 

elementary cell; unit cell. The simplest form 
which includes all the characteristics of a 
crystal, It is repeated indefinitely to form 
the lattice structure of a crystal. Hess. 

elementary molecule. One consisting of a 
combination of like atoms, for example, Os. 
Pryor, 3. 

elementary particle. Originally applied to any 
particle that could not be further subdi- 
vided; now applied only to protons, elec- 
trons, neutrons, antiparticles, and strange 
particles, but not to alpha particles and 
deuterons. L@L, 

element, chemical. A substance that cannot 
be separated by ordinary chemical means 
into substances different from itself. Shell 
Oil Co. 

element, linear. In structural petrology, a 
fabric element of rodlike form where one 
dimension is much greater than the other 
two. A.G.I. 

element 102. Named nobelium; symbol, No. 
See also nobelium; actinide elements. CCD 
6d, 1961. The acceptance of the name 
nobelium was apparently premature. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-109. 

element stone. Opal. Shipley. 

eleolite. The massive or coarsely crystalline 
variety of nepheline. Dana 17, pp. 501-502. 

eleolite syenite. See nepheline syenite. 

elephant ear. A fine-grained, flat sponge used 
in finishing pottery. ACSG, 1963. 

elephant jasper. A dark to light-brown jasper 
with scattered small, black dendritic inclu- 
sions. Shipley. 

elephant’s trunk. See hydraulic ejector. Ham. 

Elers ware. Fine unglazed stoneware made 
first by Elers in Staffordshire, England, 
about 1690. ACSG. 

elev Abbreviation for elevation. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

elevante. Mex. An overhand stope. Fay. 

elevating conveyor. Any conveyor used to 
discharge material at point higher than 
that at which it was received. Term is spe- 
cifically. applied to certain underground 
mine conveyors. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

elevating grader. A grader equipped with a 
collecting device and elevator, by which the 
loosened material can be loaded to spoil 
banks or into vehicles for transport. Nelson. 
See also belt loader. 

elevation. a. A particular height or altitude 
above a general level; as, the height of a 
locality above the level of the sea; of a 


elevation 


building, etc., above the level of the ground. 
A.G.I. b. In the United States, the term 
generally refers to height in feet above 
mean sea level. A.G.J. c. Altitude above sea 
level of the following useful reference 
points: (1) ground level of a drilling loca- 
tion; (2) derrick floor; and (3) top of 
rotary or kelly bushing (from which the 
depth of the hole is usually measured). 
Wheeler. d. In an air lift, the distance the 
water is raised above the surface. Lewis, 
p. 687. 

elevation correction. In gravity measurements, 
the corrections applied to observed gravity 
values because of differences of station ele- 
vation to reduce them to any arbitrary 
reference or datum level, usually sea level. 
The corrections consist of (1) the free-air 
correction, to take care of the vertical de- 
crease of gravity with increase of elevation, 
and (2) the Bougeur correction, to take 
care of the attraction of the material be- 
tween the reference datum and that of the 
individual station. In seismic measurements, 
the corrections applied to observed reflec- 
tion time values due to differences of sta- 
tion elevation in order to reduce the obser- 
vations to an arbitrary reference datum or 
fiducial plane. A.G_I. 

elevator. a. A device for raising or lowering 
tubing, casing, or drive pipe, from or into 
well. See also casing elevator. Fay. b. An 
endless belt or chain conveyor with cleats, 
scoops, or buckets for raising material. 
Webster 3d. c. A cage or platform and its 
hoisting machinery, as in a building or 
mine, for conveying persons or goods to or 
from different levels. Webster 3d. In Eng- 
land called a lift. d. An apparatus used to 
facilitate the removal of coal from shuttle 
cars or low conveyors into mine cars. B.C_I. 
e. A vertical or steeply inclined conveyor. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. f. A type of conveyor for 
raising coal, stone, ore, or slurry, usually 
at the coal preparation plant or mill. Nor- 
mally it comprises a series of steel buckets 
attached to an endless chain. It has a 
capacity up to 120 tons per hour. See also 
bucket elevator. Nelson. g. A cage hoist. 
Nichols. h. A machine that raises material 
on a belt or a chain of small buckets. 
Nichols. i. A hinged circle or latch block 
provided with long links to hang on the 
hoistlike hook and used to hoist collared 
pipe, drill pipe and/or casing, and drill 
rods provided with elevator plugs. Some 
large elevators are fitted with slips for use 
on uncollared or flush-outside tubular 
equipment. Long. j. A term sometimes and 
incorrectly used as a synonym of lifting bail. 
Long. See also hydraulic dredge; vertical 
reciprocating conveyor. 

elevator bucket. A vessel generally rectangu- 
lar in plan and having a back suitably 
shaped for attachment to a chain or belt 
and a bottom or front designed to permit 
discharge of material as the bucket passes 
over the head wheel of a bucket elevator. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

elevator cup. See 
MH4.1-1958. 

elevator dredger. A dredger fitted with a 
bucket ladder. Ham. 

elevator kiln. A kiln into which a setting of 
ware is raised from below; the ware is set 
(outside the kiln) on a refractory base 
which is subsequently elevated by jacks 
into the firing position. Kilns of this type 
have been used, for example, in the firing 
of abrasive wheels. Dodd. 

elevator plug. A short steel plug provided 


elevator bucket. ASA 








382 


with a pin thread by means of which it 
may be coupled to the upper end of a stand 


of drill rods. Its diameter is greater than j 


that of the drill rod to which it is attached, 
and hence it provides a shoulder that can 
be grasped by an elevator. When each 
stand of rod is provided with an elevator 
plug and an elevator is used in lieu of a 
rod-hoisting plug, the handling of rods. is 
facilitated and a round trip can be made 
in less time. Also called rod plug. Long. 

elevator pump. An endless band with buckets 
attached, running over two drums for drain- 
ing shallow ground. Zern. 

elevator rope. A rope used to operate an ele- 
vator. Zern. 

Elie ruby. Scot. A variety of pyrope found 
in small garnetlike grains in the trap tuff 
of Kincraig Point, near Elie, in Fife. Fay. 

Elihu Thompson process. A method of elec- 
tric welding of iron. Fay. 

eliquate. a. To liquate; smelt. Webster 3d. 
b. To part by liquation. Webster 3d. 

eliquation. See liquation. Fay. 

elkerite. a. A variety of bitumen formed 
through a slow oxidation of petroleum. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. b. A name applied to a 
subgroup of pyrobitumens rich in oxygen 
and partly soluble in alkali. They resemble 
an earthy brown coal and probably repre- 
sent a product of intense weathering of 
bitumens. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

elkhornite. A hypabyssal igneous rock con- 
sisting of a labradorite-bearing augite sye- 
nite. Johannsen, v. 3, 1937, p. 92. 

ell. A sleeve curved at an angle for going 
around corners. The most common is the 
90° ell, but other angles, usually 45° or 
60° are available. Kentucky, p. 119. 

ell balls; elled balls. S. Wales. Ironstone in 
shale above the ell coal or elled coal. Arkell. 

ellestadite. A lavender to rose calcium sul- 
fate and silicate, containing chlorine and 
fluorine and minor amounts of CO2 and 
P.O;s. It is a sulfate-apatite, with P.O; 
almost entirely replaced by SOs; and SiOx. 
Hexagonal; crystals and stringers. The end 
member of the apatite group, resembling 
wilkeite. From Crestmore, Calif. English. 

ellipse of stress. An ellipse, drawn propor- 
tional to the principal stresses in a plane 
at a point, shows resultant stress at any 
angle through the point. Ham. 

ellipsoidal. A structural term applied to spi- 
litic and similar rocks which, as a result 
of the conditions under which they consoli- 
dated, are disposed in a series of sacklike 
or pillowlike masses; same as pillow struc- 
ture. Holmes, 1928. 

ellipsoid of strain. An ellipsoid that repre- 
sents the state of strain at any given point 
in a body; it has the form assumed under 
stress by a sphere centered at the point in 
question. Ro. 

ellipsoid of stress. An ellipsoid that represents 
the state of stress at a given point in a 
body; its semiaxes are vectors representing 
the principal stresses at the point, and any 
radius vector represents the resultant stress 
on a particular plane through the point. 
For a condition of plane stress (one prin- 
cipal stress zero) the ellipsoid becomes the 
ellipse of stress. Ro. 

elliptical opening. Opening in which the 
vertcial cross section is an ellipse. BuMines 
Bull. 587, 1960, p. 2. 

elliptical polarization. Manner in which the 
intensity and direction of an electrical or 
magnetic field change as a function of time, 
that results from the superposition of two 
alternating fields that differ in direction 








eluant 


and in phase. Schieferdecker. 

Ellis vanner. Vanning machine with gyratory 
movement. Pryor, 3. 

elluvial. A term used by British geologists to 
indicate residual deposits as distinguished 
from alluvial- or stream-moved deposits. 
Hess. 

Elmore jig. A plunger-type jig of either 
single or mulitple compartments. Its distin- 
guishing features are: (1) an automatic 
control in the form of a cylinder that meas- 
ures the specific gravity of the mixture of 
coal and refuse; (2) the refuse draw is a 
star gate under the overflow lip in each 
compartment, which extends the full width 
of the jig; and (3) the hutch is commonly 
collected with a screw conveyor and dis- 
charged through the refuse elevator. Used 
both for treatment of nut and slack sizes 
of bituminous coal. Mitchell, pp. 423-424. 

Elmore process. This inventor’s bulk-oil proc- 
ess (1902) mixed finely ground pulped ore 
with equal quantities of oil in a vessel with 
some crude surface-active agent, and then 
overflowed the oil, now loaded with the 
valuable mineral. These were then sepa- 
rated by centrifuging and washing. In the 
Elmore vacuum process a thick aqueous 
ore-pulp was mixed with a little oil, diluted 
and subjected to vacuum which caused air 
to be released from solution and rise to 
form a mineralized froth, which overflowed 
from the separating vessel. Pryor, 3. 

elongated piece. One in which the ratio of 
the length to width of its circumscribing 
rectangular prism is greater than a speci- 
fied value. ASTM C125-66. 

elongate irregular marks. Elongate, some- 
what irregular scour marks intermediate in 
size between channels and flutes. Pettijohn. 

elongation. a. A term that is both general 
and specific. Generally, the extension of 
a material in the tension test at any speci- 
fied point, (for example, yield point elonga- 
tion). Specifically, the extension of a mate- 
rial at rupture in the tension test. H&G. 
b. In tensile testing, the increase in the 
gage length, measured after fracture of the 
specimen within the gage length, usually 
expressed as a percentage of the original 
gage length. ASM Gloss. 

elpasolite. An isometric, colorless mineral, 
4[K,NaAlFz], distinct from cryolite; no 
cleavage, fracture uneven, has the luster of 
cryolite; isotropic. From Pikes Peak region, 
Colo. American Mineralogist, v. 33, No. 
1-2, January-February 1948, p. 84. 

elpidite. A white to brick-red basic hydrous 
silicate of sodium and zirconium, HeNa2Zr- 
(SiOs3)s. Crystals crude-prismatic; usually 
fibrous columnar, Orthorhombic. From 
Narsarsuk, Greenland; Kola Peninsula, 
Russian Lapland. English. 

Elsburg series. S. Afr. The uppermost sub- 
division of the Witwatersrand system. Beer- 
man. 

Elsner’s equation. In dissolution of gold by 
dilute aerated cyanide solution (the cya- 
nide process for gold extraction), this 
reads: —4Au+8NaCN+0O:2+ 2H2O0 = 4Na- 
Au(CN)2+4NaOH. Analogous equation is 
given for silver. Other mechanisms have 
been suggested by Janin and Bodlaender, 
the latter requiring two stages of reaction 
with the intermediate formation of hydro- 
gen peroxide. Pryor, 3. 

Eltran method. Electrical exploration method 
in which an electrical transient is sent into 
the earth and the change in shape of this 
transient is studied. Schieferdecker. 

eluant. Liquid used to displace captured ions 











eluant 


from the zeolite or resin on which they are 

held; also, in ion exchange processes, solu- 

| tion used for elution. Pryor, 3. 

veluate. In the ion exchange process, pregnant 

} solution eluted from loaded resins. Pryor, 3. 

|/elutheromorphic. Relates to new minerals 

|| which have been formed during metamor- 
_ phism and which are independent of pre- 
existing minerals as regards to their shapes. 
The word is contrasted with pseudomor- 
phic which applies to minerals which take 
their forms from the minerals which they 
replace. Schteferdecker. 

Jution. In the ion exchange process, removal 
of uranium or other ions from loaded resins 





way 


on — 


by suitable chemical solution (eluant). 
Pryor, 3. 
Velutriate. To subject to elutriation. Webster 
i) od. 


jelutriation. a. Purification or sizing by wash- 
| ing and pouring off the lighter or finer 
| matter suspended in water, leaving the 
heavier or coarser portions behind. Fay. 
b. In powder metallurgy, classification of 
powder particles by means of rising stream 
of gas or liquid. ASM Gloss. c. Laboratory 
classification in which sands are sorted in 
| rising columns of fluid, under precise con- 
| ditions of control. Pryor, 2. d. A process of 
washing, decantation, and settling which 
separates a suspension of a finely divided 
solid into parts according to their weight. 
It is especially useful for very fine particles 
below the usual screen sizes and is used for 
pigments, clay dressing, and ore flotation. 
CCD 6d, 1961. e. The desorption of ions 
from an ion exchanger. NRC-ASA N1.1- 
1957. 
jlelutriator. An appliance for washing or sizing 
very fine particles, based on the principle 
| that large grains settle at a faster rate 
through a liquid than small grains of the 
same material. The medium is commonly 
an upward current of water. Nelson. See 
| also hydrosizer. Pryor, 3. 
jleluyial. Formed by the rotting of rock in place 
to a greater or less depth. Fay. 
jleluvial gravels. Those gravels resulting from 
the disintegration in situ of the rocks which 
contributed to their formation, in contrast 
to alluvial material, which is transported 
away by water and deposited elsewhere. 
Some gem deposits are eluvial. Nelson. 
jeluvial horizon. The layer from which mate- 
rial has been removed in solution or in 
water suspension and in which silt and 
sand-sized particles have become concen- 
trated. Schieferdecker. 
jleluvial ore deposit. A residual ore deposit 
|} almost formed in situ but mostly displaced 
by creep. Synonym for eluvial placer. 
Schieferdecker. 
j/eluvial placers. Placer minerals concentrated 
| near the decomposed outcrop of the source 
| deposit by rain wash, not by stream action. 
| Bateman. 
feluvials. Sands and gravels weathered in situ 
| from local rocks. Perhaps moved by wind, 
| but not by streaming action. Pryor, 3. 
jeluviation. The movement of soil material 
from one place to another within the soil, 
in solution or in suspension, when there is 
an excess of rainfall over evaporation. Hori- 
zons that have lost material through eluvia- 
tion are referred to as eluvial and those 
| that have received material as illuvial. 
_ Eluviation may take place downward or 
sidewise according to the direction of water 
| movement. As used, the term refers espe- 
cially, but not exclusively, to the movement 
of colloids, whereas, leaching refers to the 





383 


complete removal of material in solution. 
A.G.I. 

eluviation, chemical. A process in the forma- 
tion of soil in which decomposition occurs 
and certain products thus liberated are 
translocated in true or colloidal solution to 
be deposited in other horizons, under the 
influence of water movements within the 
soil. A.G.I. 

eluviation, mechanical. The removal from soil 
of the finer fractions of its mineral content 
by washing down to lower levels. A.G_J. 

eluvium. Atmospheric accumulations in situ, 
or at least only shifted by wind, in distinc- 
tion to alluvium, which requires the action 
of water. Fay. 

elvan. Cornish term for pneumatolized granite 
rocks containing tourmaline, fluorite, or 
topaz. Pryor, 3. 

elvan course. A plutonic dike; an elvan dike. 
Fay. 

elve. The handle of a miner’s pick. A varia- 
tion of helve. Fay. 

emaldine. Same as emildine. Shipley. 

emanation. a. The escape of radioactive gases 
from the materials in which they are 
formed; for example, radon from radium 
and krypton and xenon from a substance 
undergoing fission. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 
b. A name given to element 86 or radon; 
symbol, Em. The names radon and emanon 
are also used. The naturally occurring 
radon isotopes of mass numbers 219, 220, 
and 222 are known as actinon, thoron, and 
radon, respectively. The longest-lived iso- 
tope is radon 222, half-life, 3.825 days. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

emanation deposits. The group of ore deposits 
of gaseous magmatic origin. Schieferdecker. 

emanations. The released gaseous products 
of magmatic fluids, which may contain 
elements found in hypogene mineral de- 
posits. Schieferdecker. 

emanations, magmatic. A combination of vola- 
tile and nonvolatile materials given off by 
a magma at various stages in its history, 
and with various compositions and densi- 
ties. The term usually includes both aque- 
ous liquids and gases, and both the pegma- 
titic and the hydrothermal fluids. See also 
mineralizer. A.G_I. 

emanations, volcanic. Volatile or nonvolatile 
materials emitted from volcanoes, fuma- 
roles, or lavas at the earth’s surface, usually 
consisting of a mixture of water vapor and 
one or more of the other volcanic gases. 
A.G.I. 

embanking. See diking. Schieferdecker. 

embankment. a. Artificial ridge of earth and 
broken rocks, such as a dike or railroad 
grade across a valley. A.G.J. Supp. b. A fill 
whose top is higher than the adjoining 
surface. Nichols. 

embatholithic. The fourth stage in erosion of 
metalliferous batholith, when exposed areas 
of intruding rocks are nearly equal to the 
areas of invaded rock. See also crypto- 
batholithic. A.GJ. 

embatholithic deposit. A mineral deposit 
found in or outside the rim of an intrusive 
rock complex of which the exposed area is 
nearly equal to the areas of the invaded 
rock. Schieferdecker. 

embayed coast. A coast with many projecting 
headlands, bays, and outlying islands. It 
usually results from submergence. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

embayment. A deep depression in a shoreline 
forming a large, open bay. Fay. 

embedment pressure. A measure of the maxi- 
mum pressure required to embed a steel 





emerald triplet 


ball to a given depth in a rock. This gives 
a direct indication of the resistance of the 
formation to embedment by a propping 
material and the effect of the rock on prop- 
pant deformation. American Petroleum In- 
stitute. Drilling and Production Practice, 


1963, p. 138. 
embolite. a. A chlorobromide silver mineral, 
Ag(Cl,Br); sectile; isometric. Sanford; 


Dana 17. b. The chief silver ore in some 
of the Chile mines; occurring as yellow- 
green incrustations and masses. C.7.D. 

emborrascarse. Mex. To become barren by 
pinching out, etc, Fay. 

emboss. To decorate, ornament or reinforce 
with raised surfaces. Usually effected by 
stamping in metalwork for enameling. 
Enam. Dict. 

embossed. A decoration in relief, or excised 
on the ware surface. ASTM C242-60T. 

embossing. Raising a design in relief against 
a surface. ASM Gloss. 

embossing die. A die used for producing em- 
bossed designs. ASM Gloss. 

embrechite. A migmatite in which the struc- 
tural features of the usual crystalline schists 
are still preserved, although often partly 
obliterated by metablastesis (recrystalliza- 
tion and growth of preferred minerals or 
mineral groups). Includes augen gneisses, 
banded gneisses (phlebites), and the like. 
A.G.I. 

Embrey vanner. Variation from the Frue with 
inclined deck and end shake. (Obsolete). 
Pryor, 3. 

embrittlement. Reduction in the normal duc- 
tility of a metal due to a physical or chem- 
ical change. ASM Gloss. 

Emerada. A trademark name for a yellowish- 
green synthetic spinel. Shipley. 

emerald. Variety of beryl—gem stone. Green 
color due to trace of chromium. Oriental 
emerald is a colored corundum gem. 
Pryopseoe 

emerald copper. Same as dioptase. Fay. 

emerald cut. A rectangular step-cut faceted 
gem with corners beveled and all surfaces 
covered by a series of rectangular facets or 
steps. Sinkankas., 

emerald filter. Same as emerald glass. Shipley. 

emerald glass. a. Any green glass, such as 
used in the manufacture of imitation stone. 
Shipley. b. A glass of emerald color made 
by fusing beryl; specific gravity, 2.5; re- 
fractive index, 1.52. Shipley. c. The usual 
trade name for a color filter through which 
genuine emeralds and some other genuine 
stones appear reddish to violetish while 
glass imitations and some genuine stones 
appear green. Same as beryloscope. See 
also Walton filter; detectoscope. Shipley. 

emeraldine. A coined name for green-dyed 
chalcedony. Also, a name for a dark-green 
dye for fabrics, of no gemmological interest. 
Shipley. 

emerald jade. Semitransparent to translucent 
jadeite of emerald color. Also called im- 
perial jade. Shipley. 

emerald malachite. Same as dioptase. Shipley. 

emerald matrix. Any rock embedded with 
emerald, especially one composed of feld- 
spar and quartz. Shipley. 

emerald nickel. See zaratite. Fay. 

emerald triplet. a. An assembled stone usually 
consisting of a crown and pavilion of rock 
crystal bound together by green transparent 
cement. Sometimes green or colorless beryl 
is used for the crown and occasionally also 
for the pavilion. Glass is often used for the 
pavilion, and sometimes for the crown as 
well, but the trade still calls it an emerald 


emerald triplet 


triplet. See also triplet. b. A triplet consist- 
ing of (1) a thin plate of red garnet for 
the table, (2) rock crystal for the body, 
and (3) green glass for the lower part. 
Rare. Shipley. c. A term that is loosely and 
incorrectly used to designate green doublets. 
Shipley. 

emeralite. A light-green tourmaline from 
Mesa Grande, Calif. Shipley. 

emerandine. Dioptase. Schaller. 

emerged bog. A bog which grows normally 
above the water level, drawing up the water 
by its sponginess, and becoming much 
thicker than an immersed bog. Standard, 
1964. 

emerged coast. See shoreline of emergence. 
Schieferdecker. 

emergence. a. A term which implies that part 
of the ocean floor has become dry land but 
does not imply whether the sea receded or 
the land rose. A.G.I. b. Point at which an 
underground stream comes to the surface. 
A.G.I. c. In paleobotany, an outgrowth, 
consisting of epidermal and cortical tissues 
lacking vascular tissues, for example, rose 
prickles. A.G.I. 

emergency door. See stee] separation door; 
safety door. Nelson. 

emergency lighting. The Act requires that 
safety lighting be provided in all places 
lighted by electricity where a lighting fail- 
ure would cause danger. Such places in- 
clude coal handling and preparation plants 
and wherever there is moving machinery. 
The requirement is generally satisfied by 
using batteries as the emergency power 
source. Nelson. 

emergency winding. An arrangement to wind 
men in a shaft in cases of a lengthy and 
widespread failure of electrical supply from 
electricity board networks. For this purpose 
transportable winders with diesel or diesel- 
electric drives of sizes from 100 to 200 
horsepower may be used. A typical equip- 
ment consists of a towing vehicle and trailer 
which carries the electric winder complete. 
The 100-horsepower, direct-current, motor- 
driven winder is fully equipped to meet 
statutory requirements. In cases where the 
cages in the shaft are beyond the lifting 
power of the winder, a plummet cage, 
accommodating 6 to 7 men, is used. Nelson. 

emergents. Algae and sea grasses which are 
at least partially exposed at lowest low 
water. Hy. 

emery. An impure mineral of the corundum 
or aluminum oxide type used extensively 
as an abrasive before the development of 
electric-furnace products. ASM Gloss. 

Emery-Dietz gravity corer. A sampling de- 
vice capable of working even under mod- 
erately adverse sea’ conditions. The corer 
weighs about 650 pounds in air and con- 
sists essentially of a shaft, weights, and 
coring tube. H&G. 

emerying. A polishing process in which a 
light scroll, in combination with carbor- 
undum powder as an abrasive, is applied 
in finer grades to the surface being pol- 
ished. This process usually follows iron- 
ing and precedes buffing. AIME, p. 328. 

emery rock. A rock containing corundum 
and iron ores. See also corundolite. A.G.I. 

emery stone. A mixture of gun shellac and 
emery, or emery and clay used for emery 
wheels. Fay. 

emery wheel. A wheel coated with emery, 
or made of emery stone; used for grind- 
ing or polishing. Standard, 1964. 

E Mesabi casing. See Mesabi E casing. 
Long. 





384 


emf. See elecromotive force. Pryor, 3. 

emildine. A spessartite garnet that contains 
yttrium, but no chromium, and little or 
no magnesium; from southwest Africa. 
English. 

emilite. Identical with emildine. English. 

eminence. A mass of high land; a high 
ground or place. A.G-J. 

emission spectrum. A spectrum regarded as 
characterizing the body that emits the 
rays rather than one through which they 
pass. Standard, 1964. 

emissivity. The ratio of radiant energy 
emitted by a body to that emitted by a 
perfect black body. A perfect black body 
has an emissivity of 1; a perfect reflector, 
an emissivity of 0. Strock, 10. 

emissivity, thermal. The capacity of a mate- 
rial for radiating heat; commonly ex- 
pressed as a fraction or percentage of the 
ideal black body radiation of heat which 
is the maximum theoretically possible. 
HW. 

Emley plastometer. An instrument designed 
primarily for assessment of the plasticity 
of building plaster; it has also been used 
for the testing of clay. The material to be 
tested is placed on a porous disk which is 
mounted on a vertical shaft; as the shaft 
revolves, it rises, pressing the sample 
against a conical metal disk, the motion 
of which is resisted by a lever. Equilib- 
rium is reached when the force of the 
sample under test against the metal disk 
is equal to the stress acting through the 
lever; the average relative tangential force 
for the first 5 minute period is taken as 
an index of plasticity. Dodd. 

emmonite. A variety of strontianite in which 
the stronium is partially replaced by cal- 
cium. Standard, 1964. 

emmonsite. Probably a hydrated ferric tel- 
lurite. In thin yellow-green scales. Fay. 

Emory picker. A chute with narrow openings 
for the cleaning of coal. The slate travel- 
ing slowly because of friction falls into 
the openings and thus is removed from 
the coal which rolling freely down the in- 
cline is carried over the narrow gaps. 
Zern. 

Emperor Press. Trade name; a dry-press 
brickmaking machine of the rotary table 
type. Dodd. 

emphysema. A swelling or inflation due to 
abnormal presence of air in the tissues. 
Subcutaneous emphysema is. the presence 
of air in the tissues just under the skin. 
When seen in diving, it usually involves 
the skin of the neck and nearby areas. 
Mediastinal emphysema is the presence of 
air in the tissues in the vicinity of the 
heart and large blood vessels in the mid- 
dle of the chest. Unless extreme, neither 
of these conditions is likely to cause seri- 
ous difficulty. If emphysema is extreme, 
air embolism will usually be present also. 
H&G. 

Empire drill. a. A_ light, hand-operated 
churn drill for testing placers from 100 
to 125 feet deep, though it is more com- 
monly used for shallower holes. It con- 
sists of a string of 4-inch casing, to the 
lower end of which is screwed a toothed 
cutting shoe. To the upper part, project- 
ing above the ground, is fastened a round 
steel platform on which men stand while 
operating the drilling tools. The casing 
can be turned by men or a horse on the 
end of a long sweep fastened to the plat- 
form. The core of material inside the 
casing is loosened and brought to the sur- 





emulsification 


face by a drill pump on the end of a 
string of rods. Special tools are made for 
drilling in difficult ground. Because of its 
light weight, this is an economical drill 
for deposits in remote regions difficult of 
access. Lewis, pp. 74-75. b. A term often 
misused as a synonym for churn drill. 
Long. 

empire method. See Banka method. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 3. 

empirical. Relying on or proceeding on the 
information derived from experience and 
observation for lack of other knowledge. 
Proceeding strictly experimentally or by 
the trial and error method. Webster 3d. 

empirical formula. The simplest formula of 
a compound which expresses its composi- 
tion by weight. Cooper. 

emplace. a. To move to a particular posi- 
tion, said of intrusive rocks. A.G.I. Supp. 
b. To develop in a particular place, said 
of ore deposits. A.G.I. Supp. 

emplacement. A process by which igneous — 
rock intrudes or an ore body is developed | 
in older rocks. A.GI. Supp. 

emplectite. A sulfide of copper and bismuth, 
(CusBisS.), sometimes used as a source of 
bismuth, occurring at Tannenbaum and | 
elsewhere as thin striated gray metallic | 
prisms intimately associated with quartz. 
C.M.D. 

emplectum. See emplectite. 

empressite. A pale bronze silver telluride; 
AgTe; fine granular; massive; probably — 
identical with muthmannite. From Em- | 
press Josephine mine, Kerber Creek dis- 
trict, Colo. English. 

empties. Empty mine or railroad cars. Empty 
railroad cars are called “flats” in Arkansas. 
Fay. 

empty. An empty car, truck, tub, box, or) 
wagon. Mason. 

empty-car puller. In bituminous coal min- | 
ing, a laborer who pulls empty cars from) 
cage or detaches them from hoisting cable» 
when hoisting of loaded cars is done on) 
one side of the shaft or haulage slope’ 
and lowering is done on the other. D.O%G 
Ve 

empty-cell process. The creosoting of tim-) 
ber under pressure but without applying | 
an initial vacuum. Air will therefore re-! 
main in the wood cells, so that total ab-) 
sorption of the preservative is low. Ham.) 

empty coupler. See coupler. PO ale 

empty rope. Any winding or hauling rope” 
from which the load upon it has been re-) 
moved. Fay. 

empty track. A track for storing empty mine’ 
cars. Fay. ; 

empty trip. Applies to empty coal, ore, and: 
waste cars returning for another load. 
Fay. 

empyrical. a. Of or pertaining to combus-) 
tion; rare usage. Standard, 1964. b. Hav- 
ing a combustible principle, as coal; rare’ 
usage. Standard, 1964. 

em.s. N. of Eng. Earnings per manshift. 
Trist. 

Emsian. Upper Lower Devonian. 
Supp. 

Ems method. The condensation of dust and 
fumes from calcining furnaces by use of 
large flues filled with parallel rows of 
sheet iron. Fay. 

emu Abbrivation for electromagnetic unit’ 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

emulsification. a. The phenomenon of hold: 
ing finely divided particles of a liquid ir 
suspension with the body of another liquid’ 















i 


AGI. 


emulsification 


Shell Oil Co. b. In metal cleaning, the sus- 
pending of finely divided matter, for ex- 
ample, mineral oil or grease, in an alka- 
line solution assisted usually by agitation 
and heating. Hansen. 

emulsifier. a. Synonym for mud mixer. Long. 
b. A machine for mixing water, oil, or 
resins with a saponifying or other agent 
to form an emulsion. Long. c. A sapon- 
fying or other agent added to water and 
oil or water and resins, causing them to 
form an emulsion. Long. d. In penetrant 
inspection, a material that is added to 
some penetrants, after the penetrant is 
applied, to make a water-washable mix- 
ture. ASM Gloss. 

emulsifying agent. A material in small quan- 
tities that increases the stability of a dis- 
persion of one liquid in another. ASM 
Gloss. 

emulsion. a. Milkification. A liquid mixture 
in which a fatty or resinous substance is 
suspended in minute particles almost equi- 
valent to molecular dispersion. Fay. b. A 
combination of water and oily material 
made miscible with water through the ac- 
tion of saponifying or other agent. Fay. 
c. A suspension of one finely divided liquid 
phase in another. ASM Gloss. d. The 
mud-laden fluids used in petroleum. drill- 
ing often contain substances that are 
emulsified; hence diamond drillers often 
refer to mud used in diamond drilling as 
an emulsion. Long. 

emulsion breaking rate. In uranium tech- 
nology, rate of disengagement of phases 
(aqueous and organic carrier). Pryor, 3. 

emulsion cleaner. A cleaner consisting of 
organic solvents dispersed in an aqueous 
medium with the aid of an emulsifying 
agent. ASM Gloss. 

emulsion injection. An artificial cementing 
process in which bituminous emulsion is 
injected into soils with a particle size 
equivalent to that of coarse sand, ranging 
ing from 2 to 0.6 millimeters. Ham. 

_ emulsion texture. A texture showing minute 
blebs or rounded inclusions of one mineral, 
irregularly distributed in another mineral. 
Schieferdecker. 

emulsoid. Colloidal soluble with water or 
other liquid as dispersion medium, the 
product having a lower surface tension 
and a higher viscosity; differs from a sus- 
pensoid in that it is reversible (able to re- 

turn to soluble after evaporation). Pryor, 3. 

emulsols. Proprietary wetting agents used in 
froth flotation. Range includes quaternary 
ammonium compounds with aliphatic sub- 
stituents; pyridinium salts; unidentified 
cationics. Pryor, 3. 

enamel. Glassy coating for metals. VV. See 
also porcelain enamel. ACSG, 1963. 

| enamel, aluminum. See aluminum enamel. 
ASTM C286-65. 

-enamel-back tubing. Glass tubing, the back 
half of which (the tube being held ver- 
tically) is seen to consist of white or 
colored ply glass. See also ply glass. Dodd. 

‘enamel, beading. See beading enamel. 
ASTM C286-65. 

enamel, blackboard. See chalkboard enamel. 

ASTM C286-65. 

‘enamel brick clay. Similar to clays used for 

manufacture of buff face bricks. See also 
brick clay. CCD 6d, 1961. 

‘enamel bricks. Fine quality of glazed bricks. 
Mersereau, 4th, p. 260. 

‘enamel brusher. See brusher. D.O.T.1. 

‘enamel burner. See oven tender. D.O.T.1. 















385 


enamel, cast-iron. See cast-iron enamel. 
ASTM C286-65. 

enamel, chalkboard. See chalkboard enamel. 
ASTM (C286-65. 

enamel clay. Ball clays which are capable of 
floating nonplastic enamel slips so that 
they will spray and dip more evenly. 
Enamel clays usually contain some alkali 
and must be as low as possible in carbon. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

enamel color. A ceramic color for the on- 
glaze decoration of pottery. Dodd. 

enamel, copper. See copper enamel. ASTM 
C286-65. 

enameled brick. Brick with a glazed or 
enamellike surface. Crispin. 

enamel firing. In the British pottery indus- 
try, this term is synonymous with decor- 
ating firing. Dodd. 

enamel furnaces. Usually recuperative muffle 
furnaces for burning enameled ware. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

enameling. Production of hard glazed finish 
or coating on metal or ceramics. If by 
fusion, vitreous enameling. Pryor, 3. 

enameling iron. A very low-carbon, low- 
metalloid, open-hearth, cold-rolled sheet 
steel, produced specifically for use as a 
base metal for porcelain enamel. ACSG, 
1963. 

enamel kiln. a. A muffle kiln for firing 
painted and gilded ware. C.T.D. b. A kiln 
for enameling porcelain. Also called ena- 
meling kiln. Standard, 1964. 

enamel, luminescent. See luminescent ena- 
mel. ACSB, 3. 

enamel-oven feeder. One who hangs parts 
on a moving conveyor that lowers the 
parts into a vat of enamel, lifts them out, 
and carries them through a drying oven 
(enamel-oven unloader). Also called 
hanger; oven loader. D.O.T. 1. 

enamel, porcelain. A vitreous coating ap- 
plied to a metal base by proper applica- 
tion and firing. Enam. Dict. 

enamel scrapings. See scrapings. 
C286-65. 

enamel smelting furnaces. Rotary oil-fired 
furnaces or small tanks for making enamel 
frit. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

enamels, reclaim. See reclaim. ASTM C286- 
65. 

enamelware. Any of the varied steel, alu- 
minum, or copper shapes that have been 
coated in porcelain enamel. The products 
of the kitchenware industry are commonly 
referred to as enamelware. Enam. Dict. 

enamelware beader. One who puts a dec- 
orative coating on the beading of ena- 
meled ware by hand. Removes utensil 
from conveyor. Dips finger tips covered 
with rubber finger stalls in vat of enamel 
and rubs enamel onto beading. Dips han- 
dle into enamel. Returns utensil to con- 
veyor. D.O.T. 1. 

enamel wiper. One who removes cooking 
utensils and other ware, that have been 
dipped in enamel, from the dipping tongs 
and stands them on needle points. Wipes 
enamel from rim to permit application 
of another color, and suspends articles 
on hooks for transfer to drying oven. Also 
called cleaner and wiper; dipper helper; 
enamelware wiper; wet cleaner; wiper 
and cleaner. D.O.T. 1. 

enantiomorphous. In crystallography, similar 
in form but not superposable related to 
each other as the right hand is to the left, 
hence, one the mirror image of the other. 


A.G.I. 


ASTM 








end arch 


enargite. A natural copper arsenic sulfide, 
CusAsS;, found in metallic veins. May 
contain some antimony. Grayish-black to 
iron-black color; grayish-black streak; lus- 
ter, metallic; Mohs’ hardness, 3; specific 
gravity, 4.45. Found in Montana, Utah, 
Colorado; Peru; Yugoslavia. An ore of 
copper and arsenic. CCD 6d, 1961. 

en cabochon. A style of cutting used in the 
case of certain gemstones, notably garnets 
(carbuncles), and those gems which de- 
pend for their beauty largely upon minute 
orientated inclusions, such as cat’s-eye, 
crocidolite, star ruby, and star sapphire. 
Such stones are not faceted, but a smooth- 
domed surface is produced, the plan of 
the stone being circular or oval. C.M.D. 

encampanado. Mex. A shaft which does not 
reach the lower level of the mine. Fay. 

encapillar. Mex. To start work in a new 
gallery. Fay. 

encapsulation. The sealing of an electronic 
component, particularly of a semiconduc- 
tor, generally with a ceramic sealing com- 
pound. Compare potting material. Dodd. 

encastre. a. Applied to the end-fixing of a 
beam built in at its ends. Ham. b. See 
fixed. Ro. 

encaustic. A term loosely applied to articles 
decorated with impressed designs filled 
in with colored slip and then fired. C.T.D. 

encaustic tiles. Ceramic tiles in which a pat- 
tern is inlaid with colored clays, the whole 
tile then being fired. Dodd. 

enchada. Braz. A kind of hoe used by gold 
washers. Fay. 

enclave. An outcrop of one rock group en- 
tirely surrounded by that of another rock 
group. Certain outliers and inliers, and a 
window, might be called enclaves; but the 
term is chiefly useful when the time and 
structural relationships between the two 
groups are uncertain. Challinor. 

enclosed switch. An electric switch that is 
totally enclosed to guard against contact 
and flash hazards. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

enclosure wall. An exterior nonbearing wall 
in skeleton frame construction, anchored 
to columns, piers, or floors, but not neces- 
sarily built between columns or piers or 
wholly supported at each story. ACSG. 

encrinites. a. The original and general term 
for the crinoidea. A.G.J. b. Crinoid co- 
quina. A.G_I. 

encroachment. a. To work coal or mineral 
beyond the boundary which divides one 
mine area from another; to work coal 
from a barrier pillar which has been left 
as a safety measure. Also called trespass. 
Nelson. b. The advancement of water, 
replacing withdrawn oil or gas in a res- 
ervoir. A.G_I. 

encrusting forms. Marine life which forms 
a hard surface on submerged objects by 
attachment fouling. Hy. 

end. a. Solid rock face at termination of 
tunnel. Pryor, 3. b. The secondary cleav- 
age more or less at right angles to the 
bord or face cleat. Mason. c. The extrem- 
ity of a drive. Gordon. d. A direction 
parallel to the main natural line of cleat 
or cleavage in coal. Also called end line. 
TIME. e. Scot. A room or working place 
facing the ends or secondary joints of a 
seam, that is, in the line of the main joints. 
Also called butt. Fay. f. Eng. The inner 
extremity of a heading or stall. Fay. g. Eng. 
See headways. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

end arch. A brick shape used for the con- 
struction of arches and sprung roofs; the 


end arch 


large faces are inclined towards each other 
in such a way that one of the end faces 
is smaller than the other. Dodd. 

end bands. Half-tile, made by cutting whole 
tile longitudinally, and used where the 
roof butts against a vertical surface. Fay. 

end-bearing piles. See bearing piles. Nelson. 

end-bump table. A mechanically operated, 
sloping table by which heavy and light 
minerals are separated. The end motion 
imparted to the table tends to drive all 
minerals up the slope of the table, but a 
flow of water carries the quartz and other 
light minerals down faster than the me- 
chanical motion carries them up. The 
heavy minerals settle to the bottom and 
finally reach the upper end and are de- 
livered into a proper receptacle. The Gil- 
pin County, Imlay, and Golden Gate con- 
centrators are the chief types. Liddell 2d, 
p. 386. 

end clearance angle. See clearance angle. 
ASM Gloss. 

end cleat. a. The minor joints in a coal seam 
coursing at about right angles to the ma- 
jor joints. See also cleat. Nelson. b. See 
end joint. Pryor, 3. 

end clinometer. A clinometer designed to be 
fitted only to the bottom end of a drill- 
rod string as contrasted with a line cli- 
nometer that can be coupled into the drill- 
rod string at any point between two rods. 
Long. 

end-construction tile. Tile designed to re- 
ceive its principal stress parallel to the 
axes of the cells. ASTM C43-65T. 

end contraction. Contraction of water area 
flowing over a weir, in which the notch 
is narrower than, the stream in which the 
weir is placed. See also contracted weir. 
Ham. 

end course; on-end. Scot. At right angles 
to, or facing, the end joints. Fay. 

end-cut tile. Tile designed to be laid with 
the axes of the cells vertical. ACSC. 

end cutting-edge angle. The angle of con- 
cavity between the face-cutting edge and 
the face plane of the cutter. It serves as 
relief to prevent the face-cutting edges 
from rubbing in the cut. ASM Gloss. 

end-discharge tippler. A framework to dis- 
charge the coal or mineral from a mine car 
or a wagon by elevating the rear end and 
deliver the load from its front end onto 
a screen, chute, or bunker below track 
level. See also tippler. Nelson. 

end-dump car. See mine cars. Lewis, p. 222. 

end dumping. Process in which earth is 
pushed over the edge of a deep fill and 
allowed to roll down the slope. Carson, p. 
362, 

end dump truck. See rear dump truck. 

endeka nitrocellulose; high-grade guncotton. 
CosH2»Os(NOs)i1; molecular weight, 
1,143.56; white fibers; and soluble in ace- 
tone. Used in shells and in mines. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

endellionite. Synonym for bournonite. Hey 
Dawah 95S: 

endellite. A mineral, Al:Six0;(OH).s.2H2O, 
having a structure in which kaolinite-type 
layers alternate with single layers of water 
molecules; related to halloysite. Compare 
hydrohalloysite; hydrokaolin. American 
Mineralogist, v. 28, No. 1, January 1943, 
p. 1. 

Endell plastometer. See Gareis-Endell plas- 
tometer. Dodd. 

enderbite. A rock of the charnockite series 
composed of quartz, plagioclase, hyper- 





386 


sthene, and accessory magnetite and zircon. 
A medium-grained, gray plutonic rock 
with conspicuous blue quartz. Hess. 

end face; face on end. A coal face that is at 
right angles to the main cleats in the seam. 
Nelson. 

end feather. See feather brick. Dodd. 

end-fired furnace. A furnace with fuel sup- 
plied from the end wall. ASTM C162-66. 

end flow. Flow of metal at the ends of steel 
rails when in service, caused by impact 
and the pressure of railroad wheels. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

endgate. a. Gate at the front end of a car as 
it travels toward the dump. This gate has 
hooks which are engaged at the dump by 
stirrups which lift it, so that when the 
dump pitches forward the coal slides un- 
der the uplifted endgate and is discharged 
onto a chute or over a dump pile. Zern. 
b. A gate leading to and at right angles to 
an end face. Also called ending. TIME. 

endgate car. A mine car constructed with 
one hinged end that lifts up as the car is 
tilted down, permitting the coal, ore, and 
waste to run out. Kentucky, p. 211. See 
also mine cars. 

endgate hooks. See endgate. Zern. 

end grain; grain end. Corn. A highly jointed 
part of a granite mass, Arkell. 

ending. a. A road driven at right angles to 
the end cleat. Mason. b. Eng. An adit 
driven in a direction with the grain of the 
coal. Fay. 

endings. A pillar method of working. See also 
narrow work, b. Nelson. 

endiopside. A contraction of enstatite diop- 
side for a clinopyroxene intermediate in 
composition between enstatite and diop- 
side. Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

end joint. A joint at right angles to the face 
cleats in a coal seam. Also called end cleat; 
butt cleat. Pryor, 3. 

endless chain. A device for hauling coal in 
which a chain passes from the engine 
along one side of the road around a pulley 
at the far end and back again on the other 
side of the road. Empty cars, attached to 
one side of the chain by various kinds of 
clips or hooks are hauled into the mine; 
loaded cars attached to the other side of 
the chain are hauled out of the mine. 
Korson. 

endless-chain haulage. See endless-rope haul- 
age. Fay. 

endless rope. A rope that moves in one direc- 
tion, one part of which carries loaded cars 
from a mine at the same time that another 
part brings the empties into the mine. 
Zern. 

endless rope haulage. A popular form of rope 
haulage in British coal mines, although it 
is gradually giving way to locomotive haul- 
age. Two rail tracks are used, one for the 
empty tubs traveling inbye and one for the 
loaded tubs being hauled outbye simulta- 
neously. The endless steel rope passes 
round a pulley, which is rotated by an en- 
gine through suitable gearing, and around 
a return sheave at the inbye end of the 
haulage road. The tubs are attached singly 
or in sets at regular intervals. The rope 
travels continuously in one direction at a 
speed of about 2% miles per hour. The 
system is capable of hauling over long dis- 
tances, but requires wide roadways to ac- 
commodate the double track. The system 
is normally used on relatively flat road- 
ways. There are severe practical problems 
on steep gradients. See also haulage clip; 





endogenic 


tension carriage. Nelson. 

endlichite. A variety of the mineral vanadin- 
ite in which the vanadium is partly re- 
placed by arsenic. Dana 17. 

endlines. The boundary lines of a mining 
claim which cross the general course of the 
vein at the surface. If the side lines cross 
the course of the vein instead of running 
parallel with it, they then constitute end- 
lines. When a mining claim crosses the 
course of the lode or vein instead of being 
along such lode or vein, the endlines are 
those which measure the width of the 
claim as it crosses the lode. Fay. 

endlines not parallel. Extralateral rights are 
allowed on a claim whose endlines con- 
verge, but they are not allowed in case 
the endlines diverge. Converging endlines 
on a claim would have the disadvantage 
of giving the owner of such a claim a con- 
tinually diminishing length of vein on 
working down the dip. Lewis, p. 33. 

end-member. a. One of two or more rela- 
tively simple compounds or substances oc- 
curring in a mixture. A.G.J. Supp. b. One 
of two or more distinctive forms between 
which more or less gradual and continuous 
variation occurs. A.G.J. Supp. 

end milling. A method of machining with a 
rotating peripheral and an end cutting — 
tool. See also face milling. ASM Gloss. 

end moraine. A ridgelike accumulation of 
drift built along the margin of a valley 
glacier or ice sheet. USGS Prof. Paper 
DOD SOE eee Lae 

endobatholithic. The fifth stage in erosion 
of a (metalliferous) batholith in which the 
invaded rocks lie only as islands or roof 
pendants. See also cryptobatholithic. A.GJ. 

endobatholithic deposit. A mineral deposit 
found in or near an island or roof pendant 
of invaded rock (very often in a small cu- 
pola of intrusive rock in a roof pendant), 
of which the exposed areas are reduced to 
small remnants surrounded by invading 
rock complexes. Schteferdecker. 

endoblastic structures. Those minute struc- 
tures produced in individual host crystals, 
either by the separation from solid solu- 
tion of oriented and usually intersecting 
sets of crystal needles, plates or rods, or 
oriented film and roughly euhedral nega- 
tive cavities, filled or empty. The term | 
does not apply to larger inclusions in crys- 
tals, for which the expression poikilitic has | 
long been used. Hess. 

endoenzyme. An enzyme that remains within — 
the cell that produced it. I.C. 8075, 1962, 
p. 63. 

endoergic. Synonym for endothermic. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 

end of coal. The direction, or section, at | 
right angles to the face; sometimes called 
the butt. Fay. 

endogene. See endogenetic, b. Hess. 

endogenetic. a. Pertaining to rocks resulting | 
from physical and chemical reactions, their | 
origin being due to forces within the mate- 
rial. In general, they are nonclastic, chemi- - 
cal precipitates formed by solidification, 
precipitation, or extraction of the mineral | 
matter from the states of igneous fusion, — 
aqueous solution, or vaporization. Compare 
authigenic. A.G.J. b. Applied to processes | 
that originate within the earth and to 
rocks, ore deposits, and landforms which 
owe their origin to such processes. Oppo- — 
site of exogenetic. Synonym for endogenic. 
Holmes, 1920. 

endogenic. See endogenetic, b. 











endogenous 


| endogenous. Formed by processes interior to 

the earth’s surface, as by aqueous deposi- 
tion in veins: said of mineral or rock 
masses. Synonym for endogenetic; endo- 
genic. Opposite of exogenous. Standard, 
1964; A.G.I. 


}|-endogeospheric elements. The group of ele- 


ments probably belonging to the interior 
of the earth (siderophile elements, chal- 
cophile elements, and a specific part of 
the lithophile elements). This group is 
more or less identical to the metallogenic 
elements of the earlier classifications. 
| Schieferdecker. 
yendoglyph. A hieroglyph found within a 
| single layer. Pettijohn. 
}endometamorphism; endomorphism. The 
modification produced in an igneous rock 
due to the partial or complete assimilation 
of portions of the rocks invaded by its 
magma; a phase of contact metamorphism 
in which attention is directed to the 
changes suffered by the intrusive body in- 
stead of to those produced in the invaded 
| formations. See also endomorphic. Holmes, 
1920. 
) endomorph. A crystal of one species enclosed 
| in one of another. Webster 3d. 
| endomorphic. Pertaining to or characteristic 
/ of contact metamorphism that takes place 
within the cooling eruptive rock; resulting 
from the reaction of the wall rock upon 
the peripheral portion of an eruptive rock 
mass. Fay. 


/}endomorphous. Of, or pertaining to, endo- 

morph. Shipley. 

) end-on. Working a seam of coal, etc., at right 
angles to the cleat, or natural planes of 
cleavage. Fay. 

)end-on working. Working of coal seam at 
right-angles to the natural cleats, joints or 
slips. Pryor, 3. 

‘endoscope. In gemmology, an instrument 

| which affords a magnified image of the 
drill hole of a pearl. Used to distinguish 
between genuine and cultured pearl. A 
modification of it directs onto the walls of 
the drill hole a tiny beam of light, the 
subsequent path of which through the 
pearl reveals whether the structure of its 
core is concentric (real pearl) or parallel 
(cultured pearl). See also pearl micro- 
scope. Shipley. 

| endoscopic stage. A special microscope stage 
used for distinguishing between drilled 
genuine and cultured pearls. Incorporates 
the principle of the endoscope. Shipley. 

\ endosmosis. The transmission of a fluid in- 

| ward through a porous septum or parti- 

tion which separates it from another fluid 
of different density. Opposite of exosmosis. 

t Fay. 

| endosmotic. Of or pertaining to the flow or 
diffusion of water or solutions through the 
invisible pores of a rock inward to fissures. 
Fay. 


| endostratic formation. Bedding in clays re- 


sulting from alternating, desiccation, and 
saturation by groundwater. Hess. 
endothermic. Accompanied by the absorp- 


tion of heat. C.T.D. Opposite of exo- 
thermic. 

‘endothermic reaction. A chemical reaction 
that takes place with absorption of heat. 


The dehydration of kaolinite is a reaction 
of this type. Dodd. 


| endpiece. Corn. See wallplate. Fay. 


‘end plate. See sideplate. In timbering, where 
both a cap and a sill are used, and posts 














387 


act as dividers, the posts become the end 
plates. Fay. 

end point. a. The temperature at which the 
last portion of oil has been vaporized in 
ASTM or Engler distillation. Also called 
final boiling point. Shell Oil Co. b. That 
at which titration or other chemical ac- 
tion is deemed complete. Pryor, 3. 

end-port furnace. A furnace with ports for 
fuel and air in the end wall. ASTM 
C162-66. 

end-product. The stable nuclide that is the 
final member of a radioactive disintegra- 
tion series. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

end runner. See riser brick. Dodd. 

end-runner mill. A small grinding unit, pri- 
marily for laboratory use, operating on the 
principle of the pestle and mortar; the 
runner is set eccentrically in the mortar, 
which is mechanically driven. Compare 
edge-runner mill. Dodd. 

ends. York. Headings which are driven on 
the end or end-on. Fay. 

end skew. A brick so modified that one end 
is inclined at an angle other than 90° to 
the two largest faces. A.R.J. See also skew 
brick. 

end slicing. See top slicing combined with 
ore caving. Fay. 

end span. A span which is a slab or a con- 
tinuous beam at its interior support only. 
Ham. 

end thrust. The thrust exerted from the end 
of a structural member. This term is also 
applied particularly to the end thrust of a 
centrifugal pump towards its suction end, 
resisted by a thrust bearing. Ham. 

endura emerald. A coined name used for 
glass imitation sold by a particular distrib- 
utor and still sometimes used for any glass 
imitation of emerald. Shipley. 

endurance. The ability of a metal or a fabri- 
cated structure to recover from or to with- 
stand repeated stress loadings or fluctua- 
tions. Pryor, 3. 

endurance limit. Limiting stress below which 
specimens can withstand hundreds of 
millions of repetitions of stress without 
fracturing. Considerably less than the rup- 
ture strength. Also called fatigue limit. 
A.G.T: 

endurance ratio. a. Ratio of the endurance 
limit to the ultimate static tensile strength. 
Ro. b. Same as fatigue ratio. ASM Gloss. 

endurance strength. The highest stress re- 
peated application or reversal of which a 
material can withstand without rupture 
for a given number of cycles is the endur- 
ance strength of that material for that 
number of cycles. Unless otherwise spec- 
ified, reversed bending is usually implied. 
Compare endurance limit. Ro. 

endwall. a. The brick, concrete, or stone- 
work construction at the sides of an ex- 
cavation built to carry a flat or arched 
roof. Also called sidewall. Spalding, p. 
160. b. The vertical refractory wall, fur- 
thest from the furnace chamber, of the 
downtake of an open-hearth steel furnace. 
Dodd. c. One of the two vertical walls 
terminating a battery of coke ovens or a 
bench of gas retorts; it is generally con- 
structed of refractory bricks and heat in- 
sulating bricks with an exterior facing of 
building bricks. Dodd. d. Compare gable 
wall. Dodd. 

en echelon. a. Parallel structural features 
that are offset like the edges of shingles 
on a roof when viewed from the side. 
A.G.I. b. In steps; in echelon. A term used 








engine barrel 


with reference to (1) a faulting structure 
resembling a series of steps, in which the 
fault planes dip in the same general direc- 
tion and at about the same angle, and (2) 
the repeated parallel occurrence of len- 
ticular ore bodies or vein—echelon veins. 
Nelson. 

enelectrite. Minute, colorless, monoclinic, 
lath-shaped crystals, presumably a hydro- 
carbon; found in chemawinite (variety of 
amber), Cedar Lake, Manitoba, Canada. 
Tomketeff, 1954. 

energizing coil. Primary coil that is used in 
the inductive methods to set up the elec- 
tric currents in the earth. Schieferdecker. 

energy. a. The ability of a body to perform 
work. Shell Oil Co. b. The capacity for 
producing motion. Energy holds matter to- 
gether. It can become mass, or can be de- 
rived from mass. It takes such forms as 
kinetic, potential, heat, chemical, electri- 
cal, and atomic energy, and can be 
changed from one of these forms to an- 
other. Leet. c. Kinetic energy is that due 
to motion, and potential energy is that 
due to position. In a stream the total en- 
ergy at any section is represented by the 
sum of its potential and kinetic energies. 
Seelye, 1. 

energy absorption. A term that is both gen- 
eral and specific. Generally, it refers to the 
energy absorbed by any material subjected 
to loading. Specifically it is a measure of 
toughness or impact strength of a material; 
the energy needed to fracture a specimen 
in an impact test. It is the difference in 
kinetic energy of the striker before and 
after impact, expressed as total energy 
(foot-pound or inch-pound) for metals 
and ceramics, and energy per inch of 
notch for plastics and electrical insulat- 
ing materials. H&G. 

energy band. Energy spectrum of valence 
electrons in a polyatomic material. Con- 
duction is not significant if the energy band 
is filled. VV. 

energy efficiency. The product of the current 
efficiency by the voltage efficiency. Lowen- 
heim. 

energy gap. Forbidden part of the energy 
spectrum of valence electrons. If the lower 
energy band is filled, electrons must be 
activated across this gap before electronic 
conduction is realized. VV. 

energy level. The distance from an atomic 
nucleus at which electrons can have orbits. 
May be thought of as a shell surrounding 
the nucleus. Leet. 

energy of rupture. The work done per unit 
volume in producing fracture. It is not 
practicable to establish a definite energy of 
rupture value for a given material, because 
the result obtained depends upon the form 
and proportions of the test specimen and 
the manner of loading. As determined by 
similar tests on similar specimens, the en- 
ergy of rupture affords a criterion for 
comparing the toughness of different ma- 
terials. Ro. 

enforced order mixer. See Frenkel mixer. 
Dodd. 

engine. a. A machine by which power is ap- 
plied to the doing of work, particularly 
one that converts some motive energy, 
especially heat, into mechanical power. 
Standard, 1964. b. Eng. A collier’s term 
for enginehouse or building, arching, etc., 
within which a steam engine is fixed. 
Fay. 

engine barrel. Scot. A large water barrel 


engine barrel 


used in sinking shafts. Fay. 
engine boy. A young person in charge of 
the drive for a face conveyor; he starts 
and stops the conveyor according to the 
supply of empty cars at the discharge end. 
Nelson. 
engine distillate. A refined or unrefined pe- 
troleum distillate similar to naphtha but 
often of higher distillation range. ASTM 
D288-57. ; 
engineer. A person who is trained in or who 
follows as a calling or profession a branch 
of engineering (as civil, military, electrical, 
mining, or structural engineering). Web- 
ster 3d. 
engineered brick. A brick whose nominal 
dimensions are 3.2 by 4 by 8 inches. AC'SG. 
engineering geology. a. The application of 
the geological sciences to engineering prac- 
tice for the purpose of assuring that the 
geologic factors affecting the location, de- 
sign, construction, operation, and mainte- 
nance of engineering works are recognized 
and adequately provided for. A.GJ. b. A 
branch of geological science, forming a 
link between geology and engineering, par- 
ticularly civil and mining. It provides a 
basis of theory to guide engineering prac- 
tice where earth or rock materials are di- 
rectly or indirectly involved. See also min- 
ing geology; soil mechanics. Nelson. 
Engineering News formula. A pile driving 
2Wh 
P= 
s+c 
where P is the allowable load on the pile; 
W is the weight of a drophammer, or 
the weight of the moving parts of a single- 
acting steam or airhammer; h is the dis- 
tance through which a drophammer falls 
or the stroke of a steam or airhammer, 
expressed in feet; s is the average pene- 
tration per blow for the last few blows, 
expressed in inches; and c is a constant, 
equal to 1.0 for a drophammer and 0.1 
for a steam or airhammer. The values 
for P and W are expressed in the same 
units, in either pounds or tons. The for- 
mula as written includes a safety factor 
of 6. Urquhart, Sec. 8, pp. 63, 65. 
engineering psychology. See human engi- 
neering. Nelson. 
engineer’s chain. Has a hundred links, each 
1 foot long. Gunter’s chain, formerly much 
used in land surveys, is 66 feet long and 
has a hundred links, each 7.92 inches 
long. Crispin. 
engineer’s transit. Theodolite. Pryor, 3. 
engine keeper. Scot. A brakeman. Fay. 
engineman. a. Eng. One who works a wind- 
ing, hauling, fan, pumping, or other en- 
gine. See also engineer. Fay. b. The man 
in charge of winding engine. Also called 
brakesman. Peel. 
engine pit. Eng.; Scot. A shaft used entirely 
for pumping purposes. Fay. 
engine plane. a. A system of rope haulage 
in which the loads are raised or low- 
ered on the slope by a steam or electric 
hoist. In the simplest form only one track 
and one rope are required, and power is 
used for raising the load. Double engine 
planes have two separate tracks or three 
rails and a passing turnout. Lewis, p. 225. 
b. Eng. An underground way, either level or 
dipping inbye and outbye, or both (undu- 
lating), along which the cars are conveyed 
to and from the workings by engine power. 
See also endless chain; endless rope; main 
rope; tail rope. Fay. c. A passageway 
having a steep grade along which cars 





formula which is as follows: 








388 


are raised and lowered by a rope attached 
to an engine; a plane. In Arkansas, lim- 
ited to planes down which coal is low- 
ered. When the coal is hoisted, the plane 
is known as a slope. Fay. d. A roadway, 
horizontal or inclined, on which tubs or 
cars are hauled by rope haulage. Nelson. 
e. Direct rope haulage. Pryor, 3. f. Eng. 
A mechanical haulage road. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

engine road. Scot. A haulage road worked 
by engine power. Fay. 

engine seat. Scot. The platform or founda- 
tion to which an engine is fastened. Fay. 

engine shaft. Usually the principal shaft in 
a mine, and the one at which the hoist- 
ing and pumping are done. Fay. 

engine tenter. N. Staff. A brakeman. Fay. 

engine-turned ware. Ceramic bisque ware 
that is lined or fluted in a special lathe. 
ACSG. 

engine-turning lathe. A lathe having an ec- 
centric motion and used to incise dec- 
oration on pottery ware before it is fired. 
Dodd. 

enginewright. Mid. A practical man whose 
duty about a colliery is to inspect the 
machinery, ropes, and other appliances. 
Fay. 

englacial. Embedded in a glacier, as en- 
glacial drift; being within the body of 
a glacier, as an englacial stream. Web- 
ster 3d. 

englacial till. See till. Fay. 

English amber. See British amber. Shipley. 

English and Turner factors. See thermal 
expansion factors for glass. Dodd. 

English bond. A bond which is made of 
alternate courses of stretchers and head- 
ers with a one-half brick piece soap or 
closer, next to the corner header. AJSTI, 
No. 24. 

English brilliant cut. A cushion-shaped bril- 
liant with eight star facets, eight upper 
break facets, eight lower break facets, four 
pavilion facets, a table, and a culet. See 
also star cut. Shipley. 

English copper process. Obtaining copper by 
reducing copper ores in a reverberatory 
furnace. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

English crossbond. A modification of Eng- 
lish bond in which stretcher courses break 
joints with each other. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

English cupellation. A method of refining 
silver in which a small reverberatory fur- 
nace with a movable bed and a fixed roof 
is used. The bullion to be cupelled is 
charged gradually and the silver is re- 
fined in the same furnace where the cu- 
pellation is carried on. Fay. 

English furnace. A small furnace for the dis- 
tillation of zinc. The English furnaces 
differ from other types by distilling the 
zinc per descensum instead of per ascen- 
sum. Fay. 

Englishite. A hydrous phosphate of calcium, 
potassium and aluminum, 4CaO.K:2O.- 
4A1203.4P20s.14H:0; probably  ortho- 
rhombic; highly cleavable layers; white. 
Found near Fairfield, Utah. English. 

English kiln. A transverse arch chamber kiln 
with a system of flues and dampers above 
the chambers permitting any two cham- 
bers to be connected. It was designed by 
A. Adams in 1899 for the firing of build- 
ing bricks made from highly bituminous 
clays. Dodd. 

English method. A method of smelting lead 
ore in which the characteristics are: a 








enriched uranium 


large charge of lead ore, a quick roasting, 
a high temperature throughout, and the 
aim to extract all the lead in the rever- 
beratory. The hearth inclines toward the 
middle of one of the sides, the lead col- 
lects in the furnace and is tapped at in- 
tervals into an outside kettle. Fay. 

English pink. See chrome tin pink. Dodd. 

English process. In copper smelting, the 
process of reduction in a reverberatory 
furnace, after roasting, if necessary. Fay. 

English salts. Epsom salts. Webster 2d. 

English translucent china. Ceramic _table- 
ware, etc., introduced in 1959 by Doul- 
ton Fine China, Ltd., in contrast to Eng- 
lish bone china. It is feldspathic, but dif- 
fers from continental porcelain in that it 
is biscuit fired at a higher temperature 
than the glost fire. Dodd. 

English tubbing. A form of tubbing with 
outside flanges, for lining circular shafts 
sunk through heavily watered strata. See 
also tubbing. In England, cast iron began 
to be used as a shaft lining at the begin- 
ning of the 19th century and was mainly 
due to the initiative of Mr. Buddle, Senr. 
Nelson. 

English white. See prepared calcium car- 
bonate. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

English zinc furnace. A furnace in which 
zinc is reduced and distilled from cal- 
cined ores in crucibles. Fay. 

engobe. Slip coating applied to a ceramic 
body for imparting color, opacity, or other 
characteristics and then covered with a 
glaze. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

engorgement. The clogging of a furnace. 
Fay. 

engrafted valley system. Valley system con- 
sisting of originally independent rivers, 
contracted to one system in consequence 
of negative movements of the sea level. 
Schieferdecker. 

engraving. The process of carving figures, 
letters, etc., upon glass by abrasive means. 
ASTM C162-66. 

enhydrite. A mineral (as nodules of chalced- 
ony) having cavities containing water. 
Standard, 1964. 

enhydrous. Containing water; having drops 
of included fluid; as, enhydrous chalced- 
ony. Standard, 1964. 

enigmatite. See aenigmatite. 

enlarging shots. Boreholes driven after the 
face of the rock has been unkeyed, and 
two or three free faces have thus been 
provided. Stauffer. 

en masse conveyor. A conveyor comprising 
a series of skeleton or solid flights on an 
endless chain or other linkage which op- 
erates in horizontal, inclined, or vertical 
paths within a closely fitted casing for the 
carrying run. The bulk material is con- 
veyed and elevated en masse in a sub- 
stantially continuous stream with a full 
cross section of the casing. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. Also called chain conveyor. 

en masse feeder. See conveyor-type feeder. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

Enochkin series. The middle portion of the 
thick Jurassic succession of Alaska, con- 
sisting of shales, sandstones, and conglom- 
erates; represented in northwest Alaska by 
a very great thickness of plant-bearing 
continental strata. C.T.D. 

enriched uranium. Uranium in which the 


percentage of the fissionable isotope, ura- 


nium 235, has been increased above the 
0.71 percent contained in natural uranium. 


L&L; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
































enriched uranium 


| ics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-143. 
fenrichment. a. The action of natural agen- 
cies which increases the metallic content 
of an ore. Secondary sulfide enrichment 
refers to the formation of new sulfide 
minerals which contain a larger percent- 
age of the metals. Fay. b. See isotopic 
enrichment. LGL. 
penrichment, secondary. Silver, copper, and 
other lodes decompose at the surface, and 
the sulfides become converted into oxy- 
salts, which are carried deeper into the 
lode by descending waters. In the zone 
immediately between the weathered out- 
crop and the unaltered sulfides, that is, 
in the zone of secondary enrichment, 
chemical action takes place between the 
descending waters bearing oxysalts and 
the unaltered sulfides, resulting in the for- 
mation of a new series of minerals whose 
members are often very rich in the valu- 
able metal of the lode. As a result of 
this chemical concentration workable ore 
bodies may result from rather low-grade 
ores. See also gossan; mineralization; zones 
of lode. Nelson. 

enrockment. A mass of large stones thrown 

into water to form a base (as for a pier). 

Webster 3d. 

ensayar. Sp. To assay. Fay. 

jensaying. Assaying. Hess. 

i ‘Ensign-Bickford hot-wire lighter. A fuse 

lighter similar to a Fourth-of-July spark- 

ler, that burns for 2% minutes, sufficient 
time to light 30 to 50 fuses. The lead 
splitter is a lead tube about one-eighth 
inch in diameter filled with a slow-burn- 

ing powder that burns at the rate of 36 

seconds per foot with a hot splitting 

flame. Lewis, p. 120. 

|'Ensign-Bickford master fuse lighter. A shell, 
similar to a shotgun cartridge, which con- 
tains an ignition compound in the base. 
As many as 7 fuses can be pushed into 
the shell until the fuses contact the igni- 
tion compound. The lighting of one fuse 
which burns into the shell sets off the com- 

pound and ignites the other 6 fuses. 
Lewis, 120. 

| Enslin apparatus. This apparatus for the 

determination of the water-absorption ca- 
pacity of clays was originally designed by 
O. Enslin for testing soils. It consists of 
a U-tube, one arm of which is connected 
via a 3-way tap to a calibrated horizontal 
capillary tube; the other arm ends in a 
funnel with a sintered-glass base on which 
is placed a weighed sample of clay. Water 
is allowed to contact the sample and the 
amount absorbed is read from the capil- 
lary tube. The result is expressed as a 
percentage of the weight of the dry clay. 
Dodd. 

i Mnsonify. The penetration of sound into any 
particular part of the sea. Hy. 

'-enstatite. A mineral, MgO.SiOs, of the same 
composition as compounds which may be 

| formed in slags in service. Bureau of Mines 

le. Staff. 

‘enstatite cat’s-eye. Enstatite which, when ca- 
bochon cut, has a chatoyant effect, but 
not a well-defined eye. Shipley. 

/ enstatitfels. See enstatolite. Hess. 

‘enstatolite. A coarse-grained, yellowish- or 
greenish-gray igneous rock consisting es- 
sentially of enstatite with some chromite 
grains; also, talc, chlorite, and magne- 
site. Hess. 

| enstenite. Winchell’s name for orthorhombic 

pyroxenes of the isomorphous - series, 















389 


MgSiO;-FeSiOs. 
English. 

enterolithic structure. Small folds resulting 
from changes in volume due to chemical 
changes in a rock. A.GJ. 

enthalpy. a. Heat contained per unit mass 
(h): h=u-+ pv, where u is internal 
energy and pv is flow work (pressure 
times volume). Pryor, 3. b. Total heat 
content of air; the sum of the enthalpies of 
dry air and water vapor, per unit weight 
of dry air. Measured in British thermal 
units per pound. Hartman, p. 8. c. For 
most engineering purposes, heat content 
or total heat above some base tempera- 
ture. Specific enthalpy is the ratio of 
total heat to weight of substance. Strock, 
10. 

entombment. The act or fact of burial of a 
rock body of distinctive form and origin 
by rocks of a different kind. Challinor. 

entoolitic. Applied to odlitic structures that 
have formed through the filling of small 
preexisting cavities by successive coatings 
on their walls. Stokes and Varnes, 19505. 

entrained-bed carbonization. A U.S. Bureau 
of Mines process in which coals generally 
unsuitable for making coke strong enough 
to perform satisfactorily in conventional 
blast furnace practice, are made suitable. 
Using entrained-bed carbonization, such 
coals are processed to yield a char, as well 
as useful coal tars and oils. The char, in 
turn, is mixed with similar coals to ob- 
tain a metallurgical-fuel blend. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

entrainment. a. The suspension of liquid 
droplets, gas bubbles, or fine solid par- 
ticles being carried by a stream of fluid. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. b. A physical carry- 
ing along of fine droplets of brine in the 
stream of vapor. Kaufmann, p. 225. 

entrance head. The head necessary to pro- 
mote flow into a conduit or similar struc- 
ture. This comprises both entrance loss 
and velocity head. Ham. 

entrance lock. Lock providing entrance for 
vessels to a dock in which the water level 
differs from that outside. Ham. 

entrance loss. The head lost in friction and 
turbulence of water at the inlet to a con- 
duit. Ham. 

entrenched meander. Streams which have 
reached the advanced stage of one cycle 
hold their courses in the second cycle, and 
cut down in the old meanders ; the result 
is a meandering stream in a young val- 
ley. These conditions constitute entrenched 
meanders. Synonym for intrenched mean- 
der. A.G.I. 

entropy. a. A measure of the unavailable 
energy in a system, that is, energy that 
cannot be converted into another form of 
energy. A.G.I. Supp. b. A measure of the 
mixing of different kinds of sediment; 
high entropy is appraoch to unmixed 
sediment of one kind. A.G.J. Supp. c. 
Ratio of amount of heat added to air to 
the absolute temperature at which it is 
added. Measured in British thermal units 
per degree Reaumur. Hartman, p. 8. d. 
Specific entropy is the ratio of entropy to 
weight of substance. Strock, 10. 

entropy change; A S. Quantity of heat 
absorbed from surroundings, divided by 
absolute temperature. Pryor, 3. 

entropy unit; E.U. 1 calorie divided by de- 
gree divided by mole. Entropy change 
being latent heat absorbed divided by 
temperature at which change occurs, the 


Compare clinoenstenite. 








entry driver 


entropy of pysin divided by mole of ice 
at, O° 2@} ' 


“3 1437 7 = 
Ss = 073.2 > 5.26 cal. x deg. 


020° Et Us 
This can only be calculated directly in a 
reversible process such as change of state. 
Pryor, 3. 

entry. a. In coal mining a haulage road, 
gangway, or airway to the surface. Fay. 
b. An underground passage used for haul- 
age or ventilation, or as a manway. Back 
entry, the air course parallel to and be- 
low an entry. Distinguished from straight 
entry, front entry, or main entry. Dip en- 
try, an entry driven down hill so that 
water will stand at the face. If it is driven 
directly down a steep dip it becomes a 
slope. Gob entry, a wide entry with a 
heap of refuse or gob along one side. Slab 
entry, an entry which is widened or 
slabbed to provide a working place for a 
second miner. Double entry, a system of 
opening a mine by two parallel entries; 
the air current is brought into the rooms 
through one entry and out through the 
parallel entry or air course. Cutoff entry, 
an entry driven to intersect another and 
furnish a more convenient outlet for the 
coal. Single entry, a system: of opening a 
mine by driving a single entry only, in 
place of a pair of entries. The air current 
returns along the face of the rooms, which 
must be kept open. Triple entry, a sys- 
tem of opening a mine by driving three 
parallel entries for the main entries. Twin 
entry, a pair of entries close together and 
carrying the air current in and out, so 
laid out that rooms can be worked from 
both entries. Also called double entry. 
Fay. c. A coal heading. To develop a coal 
mine in the United States, one or more 
sets of main entries are driven into the 
take. Each set consists of four to eight 
coal headings, connected at intervals by 
crosscuts. From these, and usually at right 
angles, butt entries, three to six in num- 
ber, are driven at intervals of up to 1,500 
yards. Between the sets of butt entries, 
face entries, three to four in number, are 
driven at intervals of up to 500 yards to 
form a block or panel. The entries to split 
the panels may be 12 to 20 feet wide and 
at 50 to 100 feet centers. Each entry is 
made as productive as possible and pro- 
ductivity is often higher in the entry work 
than in pillar extraction. See also pillar- 
and-stall. Nelson. d. As applied in the ap- 
propriation of public land means that act 
by which an individual acquires an incep- 
tive right to a portion of the unappro- 
priated soil of the country. Ricketts, J. 
e. Scot. The beginning of a lease. Fay. 

entry air course. A passage for air parallel 
to an entry. Fay, p. 20. 

entry conveyor. See underground mine con- 
veyors; entry table. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

entry driver. A combination mining ma- 
chine designed and built to work in en- 
tries and other narrow places, and to load 
coal as it is broken down. An undercut- 
ting frame and two vertical shearing 
frames serve to undercut and shear the 
sides of the coal, so that the ram 
equipped with bars and operated by hy- 
draulic jacks, can break down the coal. 
The height at which the ram operates 
against the coal, when the undercut and 
shearing are completed, is adjustable. A 
conveyor in the undercutting frame car- 


x mole * 


entry driver 


ries the broken down coal back to another 
conveyor mounted on a turntable so that 
the coal can be loaded into a mine car, 
or slate can be deposited on the gob side 
of the entry. The entire machine is 
mounted in a pan. Kiser, 1, p. 28. 

entry driver operator. In bituminous coal 
mining, one who operates a type of coal 
cutter known as a heading machine, that 
is adapted to the driving of underground 
haulageways in coal from one part of the 
mine to another or to the surface. Also 
called entry driving machine operator. 
DOs ella 

entry driving machine operator. See entry 
driver operator. D.O.T. 1. 

entryman. a. A miner who works in an en- 
try. Fay. b. One who enters upon public 
land with intent to secure an allotment 
under homestead, mining, or other laws. 
Webster 3d. c. In anthracite and bitu- 
minous coal mining, one who is engaged 
in driving a haulageway, airway, or pas- 
sageway from one place to another in the 
mine or to the surface. Also called head- 
ing driver. D.O.T. 1. 

entry stumps. Pillars of coal left in the 
mouths of abandoned rooms to support 
the road, entry, or gangway until the 
entry pillars are drawn. In Arkansas, 
these pillars are called entry stumps even 
when the rooms are first driven, before 
any pillars are pulled or the rooms aban- 
doned. Fay. 

entry table. A conveyor which transports 
material to the feeding position of a ma- 
chine. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

envelope. a. The outer part of a recumbent 
fold; especially used to contrast the sedi- 
mentary cover of a recumbent anticline with 
the crystalline cone. A.G.J. b. A meta- 
morphic rock surrounding an igneous in- 
trusion. A.GJ. Supp. c. In a mineral, an 
outer part separate in origin from (later 
than) an inner part. Challinor. 

envelope kiln. Alternative name, particu- 
larly in the United States, for top-hat 
kiln or shuttle kiln. See also top-hat kiln; 
shuttle kiln. Dodd. 

environment. The aggregate of all the sur- 
rounding conditions, influences, or forces 
affecting a locus of sedimentation. Schief- 
erdecker. 

eo. Indicating the dawn or beginning of 
an epoch, as Eocene. Standard, 1964. 

Eocene. a. An epoch of the Tertiary be- 
tween the Paleocene and Oligocene and 
strata of that age; considered by some to 
be the oldest Tertiary and includes the 
Paleocene. A.GJ. Supp. b. Originally, 
the older Tertiary included Oligocene. 
Synonm for Eogene. A.G.JI. Supp. 

Eocryptozoic. Early Precambrian. 
Supp. 

Eogene. The lower of two Cenozoic subdi- 
visions, consisting of Paleocene, Eocene, 
and Oligocene. Compare Neogene. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

eolation. The process by which wind modi- 
fies land surfaces, both directly by trans- 
portation of dust and sand and by the 
work of sandblasts, and indirectly by wave 
action on shores; eolic gradation. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

eolian. a. Of, relating to, formed by, or de- 
posited from the wind or currents of air. 
Eolian was formerly spelled aeolian. See 
also eolian rock. Fay. b. Applied to sand 
dunes which have been accumulated by 
the wind. Gordon. 


A.G.I. 





390 


eolian crossbedding. Crossbedding produced 
by wind. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

eolian deposit. Wind-deposited accumula- 
tions, such as loess and dune sand. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

colianite. Introduced by Sayles for all con- 
solidated sedimentary rocks which have 
been deposited by the wind. A.G.J. 

eolian marble. A name given by Hitchcock 
to the crystalline granular limestone of 
Mount Eolus, Vt. Fay. 

eolian placer. A placer concentrated by 
wind action. Bateman. 

eolian rock. A fragmental rock, composed 
of wind-drifted materials. For example, 
the drift sandrock, the common building 
stone of Bermuda. Fay. 

eolith. Dawn stone. Oldest known stone im- 
plements, believed to have been devel- 
oped by early man. Found in gravels. 
Pryor; 8. 

eolotropic. See aeolotropic. 

eon. A period of existence; an age. Used 
by some geologists to subdivide all geo- 
logic time into two broad categories. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Eopaleozoic. Formerly used for the earlier 
portion of Paleozoic time, including the 
Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian. Ob- 
solete. A.G.TI. 

Eosite. Trade name for a rose-colored Tibet 
stone. Shipley. 

eosphorite. A pink to rose-red mineral with 
the formula, (Mn”,Fe”)Al( POs) (OH):=.- 
H:O; isomorphous with childrenite. Hey 
2d, 1955; Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 936-937. 

E6tvés balance. A sensitive torsion balance 
for measuring variations in the density of 
the underlying rocks and that records the 
horizontal gradient of gravity. Webster 3d. 

Eoétvés unit. The unit of measurement in 
work with E6étvés torsion balance having 
the dimensions of acceleration divided by 
length, for the gradient and differential 
curvature values. For the gradient, 1 
Eétvés unit (LE) = 1 x 10° gallons per 
horizontal centimeter. A.G.J. 

Eozoic. Precambrian; Prepaleozoic. Formerly 
applied to the rocks now included in the 
Archean and Algonkian systems and the 
corresponding geologic periods, being in- 
tended to supplant Azoic when it was 
learned that the Azoic rocks contain some 
fossil remains. Obsolete. Fay. 

epaulet. A style of cutting gems. Hess. 

epeiric. Applied to shallow seas that cover 
or have covered large parts of continents 
without being disconnected from _ the 
ocean. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

epeirogenic. Of or relating to epeirogeny. 
Webster 3d. 

epeirogeny. The deformation of the earth’s 
crust by which the broader features of re- 
lief (as continents, ocean basins, and 
greater plateaus) are produced. Compare 
diastrophism. Webster 3d. 

ephemeral stream. A stream which flows in 
direct response to precipitation. Fay. 

epi-. a. A prefix indicating alteration. A.G.I. 
b. A prefix indicating that the rock be- 
longs in the uppermost zone of metamor- 
phism; that is, it originated under mod- 
erate temperature, low hydrostatic pres- 
sure, and powerful stress. See also apo-; 
cata-; kata-; meso-; meta-. A.G.J. c. A 
Greek prefix signifying on or upon. A.G.I. 

epiasteria. An asteria which, cut cabochon 
and in the correct crystallographic direc- 
tion and observed by reflected light, ex- 
hibits the optical phenomenon of a star. 








epidote 


See also asteria; diasteria. Shipley. 

epiasterism. Asterism seen by reflected light, 
as in star ruby or sapphire which is cut 
cabochon to reveal the asteria. Shipley. 

epibatholithic. The third stage in which ero- 
sion has exposed small parts of the barren 
core below the dead line. See also cryp- 
tobatholithic. A.G.J. 

epibatholithic deposit. A mineral deposit 
found in or outside the outer rim of an 
intrusive body of which small parts of the 
barren core are already exposed by ero- 
sion. Schieferdecker. 

epibatholithic stage. When erosion has gone 
deep enough to expose small parts of the 
barren rock that lies below the dead line. 
A.G.I. 

epibenthic dredge. This bottom sampler de- 
veloped by Scripps Institution consists of 
a pair of sheet-metal skis attached to a 
light framework for a silk or nylon net. 
A sheet of heavy canvas fastened beneath 
the net protects it from tearing. Remov- 
able rakers in front of the net stir up the 
bottom as the dredge advances, permit- 
ting the net to capture the creatures con- 
tained in the sediment. A bottom-walking 
wheel connected to a small veederroot 
counter indicates the distance over the 
bottom the device travels during a haul. 
The epibenthic dredge is lowered in the 
ocean with an ordinary hydrographic 
winch, and will go as far down as 4,500 
feet. Collecting speed of the dredge is 
only 2 knots eliminating wire angle prob- 
lems. H&G. 

epibenthos. In oceanography, animals and 
plants found living below low tidemark 
and above the hundred fathoms line. 
GeieD. 

epicenter. Point on the earth’s surface di- 
rectly above the focus of an earthquake. 
Mather. 

epicentral area. Area surrounding the epi- 
center. Schieferdecker. 

epiclastic. Consisting of the consolidated 
detritus of preexistent rocks not volcanic. 
Standard, 1964. 

epicontinental. Situated upon a continental 
plateau or platform, as an epicontinental 
sea. Fay. 

epicrystalline. Both sedimentary and crystal- 
line in character; said of strata. Standard, 
1964. 

epidermal deformation. Deformations af- 
fecting the outer cover of the earth’s 
crust, such as slumping, volcanotectonic 
collapse, sliding, compressive settling, etc. 
Schieferdecker. 

epidermophytosis. See athlete’s foot. Sin- 
clair, DAI 9 5: 

epidiabase. Metamorphosed diabase with 
amphibolitized augite. A.GJ. Supp. 

epididymite. A colorless basic silicate of so- 
dium and beryllium, HNaBeSi;Os; ortho- 
rhombic. Crystals tabular, striated. From 
Narsarsuk, Greenland; Langesundfiord, 
Norway. English. 

epidiorite. A doleritic or basaltic rock in 
which the augite has suffered alteration 
to hornblende, so that the rock approaches 
the composition of a diorite. Distinguished 
from diabase by the less extreme altera- 
tion of the feldspars. Holmes, 1920. 

epidosite. A rock consisting of epidote and 
quartz and sometimes containing gold. 
Banded epidosites are sometimes used for 
ornamental stones. CCD 6d, 1961. 

epidote. A basic silicate of aluminum, cal- 
cium, and iron. One form is Caz(A1OH) 











epidote 


(A1Fez) (SiO«)3; monoclinic; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 6 to 7; specific gravity, 3.25 to 3.5; 
and a common secondary constituent of 
igneous rocks. Pryor, 3. 
}epidotization. Metamorphism in which epi- 
dote is formed from other minerals. Web- 
ster 3d. 
fepigene. a. Formed, originating, or taking 
} place on or not far below the surface of 
the earth. Webster 3d. b. A crystal that 
is not natural to the substances in which 
it is found. Compare pseudomorph. Web- 
} ster 3d; Fay. 
epigene relief. Includes hills, ridges and 
} peaks, valleys, gorges, and canyons, cer- 
tain plains and plateaus, basins of vari- 
ous sorts, and other minor features sculp- 
tured into or constructed upon hypogene 
or preexisting epigene features by the ac- 
tion of the external or epigene agents, like 
rivers, winds, glaciers, oceans, and others, 
which effect the surface of the earth and 
the outermost zones of the lithosphere. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
epigenesis. The change in the mineral char- 
acter of a rock due to outside influences. 
Compare metamorphism. As applied to 
ore deposits, epigenetic deposits are young- 
er than the country rock containing them. 
Webster 3d; Fay. 
epigenetic. Produced on or near the earth’s 
surface, for example, epigenetic disinte- 
gration, epigenetic valleys, etc. In petrog- 
raphy, it is usually applied to mineral de- 
posits of later origin than the enclosing 
rocks, or to the formation of secondary 
minerals by alteration. Contrasted with 
pseenctics Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 
WTO's 
epigenetic deposit. a. A mineral deposit 
formed later than the enclosing rocks. De- 
posits of this nature are formed in open- 
ings in the rocks or by replacement. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. Deposits 
formed subsequently to the enclosing rock 
by the mother liquor penetrating into sur- 
rounding rocks and depositing minerals. 
Most mining districts containing epigene- 
tic deposits are commonly characterized 
by the presence of intrusive igneous rocks, 
complex folding and deformation of the 
geologic structure of the district, and by 
alteration of the country rock through 
the chemical action of the circulating min- 
eral solutions. These deposits can be classi- 
fied into six groups: (1) contact-meta- 
morphic deposits; (2) pegmatite deposits; 
(3) deposits of the deep-seated vein zone; 
(4) deposits of the intermediate vein 
zone; (5) deposits of the shallow vein 
zone; and (6) surface deposits formed by 
springs of magmatic origin. See also deep- 
seated vein zone deposits; intermediate 
vein zone deposits; shallow vein zone de- 
posits; spring deposits; contact-metamor- 
phic deposit; pegmatite deposits. Lewis, 
i pp. 273-275. 
epigenetic drainage. Drainage by streams 
whose courses were determined by the 
conditions of an older, higher land surface 
now eroded. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
epigenetic ore deposit. A term generally ap- 
plied to ore (mineral) deposits of later 
origin than the enclosing rocks. Schiefer- 
| decker. 
pigenetic pattern. A dispersion pattern 
| formed by the subsequent introduction of 
| metal from an outside source. Hawkes, 
2, p. 26. 
\@pigenetic stream. Proposed by Richthofen 











264-972 O-68—26 











391 


for what is now referred to as superposed 
stream. Obsolete. A.G.I. 

epigenic. Epigene. Hess. 

epigenite. Described as a steel-gray metallic 
mineral with a black streak and an un- 
even fracture, 4CuS2.3FeS.AsoS;; Mohs’ 
hardness, 3.5. Hess. 

epiglyphs. A hieroglyph on top of a bed. 
Pettijohn. 

epineritic environment. The marine bottoms 
to a depth maximum 20 fathoms. Schief- 
erdecker. 

epiphesis. See apophysis. Fay. 

epiplankton. In oceanography, plankton 
found in depths of less than one hundred 
fathoms. C.T.D. 

Epiric. Upper Permian and Triassic. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

epistilbite. A colorless zeolite, chemically 
similar to heulandite; hydrated silicate of 
calcium and aluminum, crystallizing in the 
monoclinic system. C.M.D. 

epistolite. A white, hydrous siliconiobate 
and titanate, chiefly of sodium; mono- 
clinic; rectangular plates; commonly in 
curved folia with pearly luster. From Ju- 
lianehaab, Greenland. English. 

epitaxy. Induced orientation of the crystal 
lattice of an electrodeposit at the plane 
of contact with the undisturbed under- 
lying metal. ASM Gloss. 

epithermal. Applied to hydrothermal de- 
posits formed at low temperature and 
pressure. Bateman. 

epithermal deposit. A deposit formed in 
and along fissures or other openings in 
rocks by deposition at shallow depths 
from ascending hot solutions, A.G.I. 

epizone. a. The uppermost zone of meta- 
morphism in Grubenmann’s system for the 
classification of metamorphic rocks. Gruben- 
mann’s original scheme was extended by 
Niggli, in whose epizone are also included 
the products of low-temperature contact 
metamorphism near the outer boundary of 
an aureole, and rocks that have been af- 
fected by low-temperature hydrothermal 
metasomatism involving introduction of 
magmatically derived material. Schiefer- 
decker. b. The upper zone of metamorph- 
ism. The distinctive physical conditions in 
this zone are moderate temperature, lower 
hydrostatic pressure, and powerful stress. 
The rocks characteristically produced in- 
clude mylonites and cataclastic rocks gen- 
erally, phyllites, chlorite schists, talc schists, 
porphyroids, and in part marbles and 
quartzites. A.G.J. c. The metamorphic en- 
vironment characterized by low tempera- 
ture and hydrostatic pressure, with or with- 
out high stress, resulting in chemical and 
mechanical metamorphism; characterized 
by hydrous silicate minerals. A.G.I. 

epm Abbrivation for equivalents per million. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

epoch. a. A geologic time unit corresponding 
to a series; a subdivision of a period; form- 
erly used for other smaller divisions of geo- 
logic time. A.G.J. Supp. b. In terrestrial 
magnetism, a period of time over which 
magnetic elements are considered; usually 
10 years. Hy. 

epoxy. Compound in which an oxygen atom 
is joined across two carbons, for example, 
epoxypropane. Pryor, 3. 

epoxy resins. Resins that are finding increas- 
ing use in the ceramics industry. Used in 
tile installations, in ceramic fiber laminates, 
in printing inks, in adhesives, in coatings, 
in potting materials, and as casting mate- 
rials. Lee. 











equation, chemical 


epsilon structure. A Hume-Rothery designa- 
tion for structurally analogous close-packed 
phases or electron compounds, like CuZns, 
that have ratios of seven valence electrons 
to four atoms. Not to be confused with the 
epsilon phase as indicated on a constitu- 
tion diagram. ASM Gloss. 

epsomite. A mineral composed of hydrous 
magnesium sulfate. MgSO:..7H:O; ortho- 
rhombic. Sanford; Dana 17. 

epsom salt. Same as epsomite. Fay. 

eq.s. explosive. An unsheated explosive incor- 
porating cooling agents, which is equivalent 
in safety (relating to the ignition of meth- 
ane/air mixture) on a charge/weight basis 
to an explosive having a sheath of cooling 
agents around it. Abbreviation for equiva- 
lent-to-sheated explosive. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
secw Os 

equal angle. A metal angle section with each 
leg of equal length. Ham. 

equal-area net. A type of projection of points 
on a sphere to a flat surface (circle). The 
areas of every square degree on the pro- 
jection are equal. A.G.J. 

equal-errors cut point; wolf cut point. The 
density at which equal portions of the feed 
material are wrongly placed in each of two 
products of a specific-gravity separation. 
BIS F3IO2 1 962) 

equal-errors size. The separation size at 
which equal portions of the feed material 
are wrongly placed in each of two prod- 
ucts of a sizing operation. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

equal expectation, rule of. If two oil wells 
under similar conditions produce equal 
quantities during any given year, the quan- 
tities they produce thereafter, on the aver- 
age, will be approximately equal, regardless 
of their relative ages. A.G.I. 

equal-falling particles. Particles possessing 
equal terminal velocities. They are the 
oversize material and form the underflow 
of a classifier. See also Stokes law. Nelson. 

equalization of winding load. The balancing 
of the weight of the winding rope which 
varies considerably during a winding cycle. 
See also balance rope; winding; winding 
drum. Nelson. 

equalizing bed. Bed of ballast or concrete in 
the bottom of a trench on which pipes are 
laid. Ham. 

equal lay. Ropes of which the layers of wires 
in strands have all been laid to the same 
length of lay. Also known as parallel lay. 
Ham. 

equant. Applied to crystals having the same 
or nearly the same diameter or the same 
dimensions in all directions; equant crys- 
tals may be polyhedral, spheroidal, or ir- 
regularly anhedral. A.G.I.; Schieferdecker. 

equant element. In structural petrology, a 
fabric element of approximately equal di- 
mensions. A.G.J. 

equation. In a chemical reaction no matter 
is created and none is destroyed. Hence, 
the same numbers of the same atoms exist 
after the change as before it, but after the 
change they are not combined together in 
the same way as they were before the 
change took place. This fact can be best 
expressed by means of statements involving 
only formulae and symbols: such state- 
ments are known as equations. Cooper. 

equation, chemical. Expression which shows 
formulas of reacting compounds and result- 
ing products (change of state). Conforms 
with laws of conservation of mass. An ionic 
equation expresses ion-reaction, for ex- 
ample, 

Ba++ + SO.= ~ BaSQ: 


equation, chemical 


the arrow showing reversibility tending to- 
ward equilibrium. Pryor, 3. 

equation of motion. The Newtonian law of 
motion states that the product of mass and 
acceleration equals the vector sum of the 
forces. In meteorological and oceanograph- 
ic use, both sides of the equation of motion 
are divided by mass to give force per unit 
mass. The forces considered in ocean cur- 
rents are gravity, Coriolis force, pressure 
gradient force, and frictional forces. Hy. 

equation of state. One connecting pressure 
(p), volume (v) and temperature (t) for 
a substance. Pryor, 3. 

equator. The great circle midway between 
the two poles and dividing the grain into 
two polar hemispheres. A.G_J. 

equi. A combining form meaning equal, or 
equally, from the Latin aequus (equal). 
Webster 3d. 

equiareal projection. Projection from the cen- 
ter of a sphere through a point on its sur- 
face to a plane tangent at the south pole 
so constructed that areas between merid- 
ians and parallels on the plane are equal 
to corresponding ones on the surface of the 

- sphere. A.G.I. Supp. 

equiaxed crystals. Polyhedral crystals formed 
by spontaneous crystallization in the inte- 
rior of a mass of metal in a mold. Distin- 
guished from columnar crystals and chill 
crystals. C.T.D. 

equiaxed grain structure. A structure in 
which the grains have approximately the 
same dimensions in all directions. ASM 
Gloss. 

equiform. Applied to the crystals of equi- 
granular rocks, when they have the same, 
or nearly the same, shape. Schieferdecker. 

equigranular, A textural term applied to 
rocks, the essential minerals of which are 
all of the same order of size. Holmes, 1920. 

equilibrant. An adjective applied to a force 
that will balance two or more other forces. 
Billings, 1954, p 10. 

equilibrium. a. When two or more forces act 
upon a body in such a manner that the 
body remains at rest the forces are said to 
be in equilibrium, or in a perfect balance. 
Morris and Cooper, p. 173. b. Chemical 
equilibrium is reached when a reversible 
reaction is proceeding at the same rate in 
each direction. Metastable equilibrium is a 
steady unsatisfied state which will undergo 
further change on addition of the phase 
necessary to complete its stability. Physical 
equilibrium can connote stable coexistence 
of a substance in two or more phases, such 
as solid, liquid, and/or vapor. Pryor, 3. c. 
A state when a fixed proportion of daughter 
elements or gamma-ray emitters are present 
in normal amounts. The normal stage in 
decay of uranium from an isolated, pure 
state, about a million years. It is only at 
this stage or thereafter that radioactivity 
will indicate correct proportions of ura- 
nium on a counter. Ballard. 

equilibrium diagram. A graphical representa- 
tion of the temperature, pressure, and com- 
position limits of phase fields in an alloy 
system as they exist under conditions of 
complete equilibrium. In metal systems, 
pressure is usually considered constant. 
ASM Gloss. See also constitution diagram. 

equilibrium eutectic. The composition within 
any system of two or more crystalline phases 
which melts completely at the minimum 
temperature, or the temperature at which 
such a composition melts. ACSG, 1963. 

equilibrium moisture content. The moisture 
content of a soil when the water is static. 








392 


Nelson. 

equilibrium moisture of coal. The moisture 
content retained at equilibrium in an at- 
mosphere over a saturated solution of 
potassium sulfate at 30° C, and 96 to 97 
percent relative humidity. When the sam- 
ple, before such equilibrium, contains total 
moisture at or above the equilibrium mois- 
ture, the equilibrium moisture may be con- 
sidered as equivalent to inherent or bed 
moisture ; and any excess may be considered 
as extraneous moisture. ASTM D121-62. 

equiplanation. From the Latin aequus mean- 
ing equal and the Latin planus meaning 


a plain. Equiplanation includes all the’ 


physiographic processes which tend to re- 
duce the relief of a region and cause the 
topography eventually to become more 
plainlike in contour without involving any 
loss or gain of material, that is, the quan- 
tities of material remain apparently equal, 
or are not increased or decreased by the 
plain-producing process or processes. Mate- 
rial may be exported from certain districts 
during the time that equiplanation is in 
progress, but this export takes place inde- 
pendently of the equiplanating. A.G_J. 

equipment flowsheet. A diagram indicating, 
preferably by symbols, the units of plant 
to be used in the various operational steps 
carried out within a coal-preparation plant. 
B.S. 3552; 1962. 

equipotential line. a. A line along which water 
will rise to the same elevation in piezo- 
metric tubes. ASCE P1826. b. A line along 
which the potential is everywhere constant 
for the attractive forces concerned. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

equipotential-line method. A technique used 
in electrical prospecting requiring artificial 
currents. It is based on the principle that 
if two electrodes are inserted in the ground 
and if an external voltage is applied across 
them, there will be a flow of current 
through the earth from one electrode to the 
other. If the medium through which the 
current flows is homogeneous in its electri- 
cal properties, the flow lines will be regular 
and, in a horizontal plane, symmetrical 
about the line joining the electrodes. Any 
inhomogeneities in these properties will 
cause distortions in the lines of current 
flow. Such distortions indicate the existence 
of buried material with higher conductivity 
than its surroundings, so that it attracts 
the flow lines toward itself, or with lower 
conductivity so that it tends to force the 
lines into the surrounding medium. Dobrin, 
p. 345. 

equipotential surface. A surface on which the 
potential is everywhere constant for the 
attractive forces concerned. A.G.1J. 

Equisetales. Trees which were well repre- 
sented in the Coal Measures forests by the 
type known as Calamites. The tree was 
straight, growing up to 50 feet and more 
in height, and reproduction was by means 
of spores formed in slender cones attached 
to the smaller branches. Nelson. 

equity. The loss or gain in performance con- 
sidered as an annuity whose term is the life 
of the machine. Lewis, p. 374. 

equivalence, coefficient of. A factor used in 
converting amounts of aluminum, iron, and 
manganese into equivalent amounts of zinc, 
in relation to their effect on the constitu- 
tion of brass. C.T.D. 

equivalent. a. In geology, corresponding in 
geologic age or in stratigraphic position; 
applied to formations, etc, Fay. b. Applied 
to mineral grains or particles of varying 








equivalent orifice 


shapes, diameters, and density that fall 
through water at an equal velocity. Usually 
used in the plural. Fay. c. Weight (gram) 
of element combining with or displacing 
1 gram of hydrogen. Weight of compound 
dissolved in one liter of normal (N) solu- 
tion (which could combine with 1 gram 
hydrogen or 8 grams oxygen). Pryor, 3. 
d. The figure which expresses the volume 
of a refractory shape, as compared to the 
volume of a 9 by 44% by 2% inch standard 
9-inch brick. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
equivalent absorption. With any sound-ab- 
sorbing substance, the surface area which 
absorbs sound energy at the same rate as 
that of a known test unit. Hess, 
equivalent bending moment. A bending mo- 
ment which, acting alone, would produce 
in a circular shaft a normal (tensile or 
compressive) stress of the same magnitude 
as the maximum normal stress produced 
by a given bending moment and a given 
twisting moment acting simultaneously. Ro. 
equivalent circuit. An electrical network, the 
frequency response of which is identical to 
that of a quartz oscillator plate. AM, J. 
equivalent diameter. The diameter of a hypo- 
thetical sphere composed of material hav- 
ing the same specific gravity as that of the 
actual soil particle and of such size that 
it will settle in a given liquid at the same 
terminal velocity as the actual soil particle. 
Also called equivalent size. ASCE P1826. 
equivalent evaporation. The quantity of water 
which would be evaporated by a given 
apparatus if the water is received by the 
apparatus at 212° F, and vaporized at that 
temperature under atmospheric pressure. 
It is expressed in pounds per hour. Strock, 
10. 
equivalent fluid. A hypothetical fluid having 
a unit weight such that it will produce a 
pressure against a lateral support presumed 
to be equivalent to that produced by the 
actual soil. This simplified approach is 
valid only when conditions of deformation 
are such that the pressure increases linearly 
with depth and the wall friction is neg- 
lected. ASCE P1826. 
equivalent foot-candle. See foot-lambert. Sin- 
clair, I, p. 200. 
equivalent free-falling diameter. See equiva- 
lent particle diameter. Dodd. 
equivalent grade. In textural classification, it 
refers to the arithmetic mean size. A.G.I. 
equivalent length. The resistance of a duct 
or pipe elbow, valve, damper, orifice, bend, 
fitting, or other obstruction to flow ex- 
pressed in the number of feet of straight 
duct or pipe of the same diameter which 
would have the same resistance. Strock, 10. 
equivalent molecular unit. In the Niggli cal- 
culation of the molecular norm, the sum 
of all cations in the formula of a given | 
mineral. Thus, NazO.AleO3.2SiO2 equals 6 
nepheline equivalent units, because there 
are 6 cations in the formula. A.G_I. 
equivalent of a base. The number of parts by 
weight of the base which, by reaction with 
an acid, bring about the replacement of 
1 part by weight of hydrogen. Cooper. 
equivalent of an acid. The number of parts | 
by weight of the acid which contain 1 part 
by weight of replaceable hydrogen. Cooper. 
equivalent of a salt. The number of parts by | 
weight of the salt, produced by the replace- © 
ment of 1 part by weight of hydrogen in © 
the corresponding acid. Cooper. 
equivalent orifice. A term suggested by | 
Murgue which compares the resistance of | 
air of a mine to the resistance of a circular | 














equivalent orifice 


| opening in a thin plate through which the 
| same quantity of air flows under the same 
|| pressure as in the mine: 
i 0.00039Q = 0.00089Q = 53Qx 
at.O) — =a 
| “VW.G. VP “VP 
where E.O. equals the equivalent orifice 
in square feet; Q equals flow of air in cubic 
feet per minute; W.G. equals inches of 
water gage; P equals pressure in pounds 
per square foot; and Qx equals flow of air 
in kilocusecs. The formula is based on a 
| vena contracta of 0.65 for the flow through 
|| the orifice. Lewis, p. 712. 
Reeryatent particle diameter; equivalent free- 
falling diameter. A concept used in evalu- 
ating the size of fine particles by a sedi- 
mentation process; it is defined as the 
diameter of a sphere that has the same 
density and the same free-falling velocity 
in any given fiuid as the particle in ques- 
tion. Compare particle size. Dodd. 
| equivalent proportion law. See law of equiv- 
alent proportion. 
equivalent radius. The radius of a spherical 
particle of density 2.65 (the density of 
quartz) which would have the same rate 
| of settling as the given particle. A.G.I. 
mepsvatent sheathed explosives. Ordinary per- 
| mitted explosives to which extra common 
salt has been added and which appear to 
have the good effects of actual sheathed 
explosives. Used in many mines. Cooper, 
p. 347, 
equivalent temperature. A composite of mean 
radiant temperature and air temperature; 
also defined as the mean temperature of 
the environment effective in controlling 
the rate of sensible heat loss from a black 
body in still air when the surface tem- 
perature and size of the black body are 
comparable to those of the human body. 
Where the enclosure surface (mean radiant 
temperature) and air temperatures are 
equal, this temperature is also the British 
equivalent temperature; when not equal 
the British equivalent temperature is that 
temperature at which a body with an 80° 
F surface temperature will lose sensible 
heat at the same rate as in the given 
environment. Strock, 10. 
|equivalent twisting moment. A twisting mo- 
ment which, acting alone, would produce 
in a circular shaft a shear stress of the 
Same magnitude as the shear stress pro- 
duced by a given twisting moment and a 
given bending moment acting simultane- 
| ously. Ro. 
equivalent weight. It equals the molecular 
weight of the substance or a submultiple 
of it, chosen according to some convention. 
A.G.I. 
equivolumnar wave. Synonym for distortional 
wave ; secondary wave; shear wave; S-wave; 
| transverse wave. A.G.I. 
fr Chemical symbol for erbium. Handbook 
) of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 
ira. a. A large division of geologic time; spe- 
cifically, a division of geologic time of the 
highest order, comprising one or more 
periods. The eras generally recognized are 
the Archeozoic, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, 
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Fay. b. The Am. 
Comm. Strat. Nomen. recommended (1954) 
that Early Precambrian be substituted for 
Archeozoic and Late Precambrian for Pro- 
|| terozoic. A.GI. 
\i-ray. Abbreviation for extraordinary ray. 
}\ A.G.I. 
\frbia. See erbium oxide. CCD 6d, 1961. 









393 


erbium. A silvery metallic element of the rare 


earth group. Found in euxenite and in 
the same minerals as dysprosium (gadolin- 
ite, fergusonite, and xenotime). Symbol, 
Er; valence, 3; hexagonal; atomic number, 
68; atomic weight, 167.26; specific gravity, 
9.051; melting point, 1,497° C; boiling 
point, 2,900° C; insoluble in water; and 
soluble in acids. C.T.D.; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. 
B-109, B-174, 


erbium family. The rare earth elements dys- 


prosium (atomic number, 66), holmium 
(atomic number, 67), erbium (atomic num- 
ber, 68), and thulium (atomic number, 
69). They are a subgroup of the yttrium 
family. Hess. 


erbium oxalate. A reddish microcrystalline 


powder; Er2(CsOx)3.10H2O0; decomposes at 
575° C; and insoluble in water and in 
dilute acids. Oxalates of the rare earth 
metals are used to separate the latter from 
common metals. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-174. 


erbium oxide; erbia. Pink; transforms to iso- 


metric at 1,300° C; Er.O3; readily absorbs 
moisture and carbon dioxide from the at- 
mosphere; specific gravity, 8.64; specific 
heat, 0.065; infusible; insoluble in water; 
and is slightly soluble in mineral acids. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-174. Used 
for infrared absorbing glass; as a phosphor 
activator; and in microwave ferrites. Lee. 


erbium sulfate octahydrate. Pink ; monoclinic; 


Erz(SOx)s.8H2O; soluble in water; specific 
gravity, 3.217; and loses 8H:O at 400° C. 
Used to determine the atomic weight of 
the rare earth element, erbium. CCD 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. B-174. 





erosional unconformity 


Erinide. A trademark name for a yellowish- 
green synthetic spinel. Shipley. 

erinoid. A casein plastic used for molding 
many common objects and sometimes for 
inferior gem imitations. Specific gravity 
about 1.33; refractive index about 1.53 
to 1.54, Shipley. 

eriochalcite. A bluish-green to greenish-blue 
halide of copper, 2[CuCle.2H2O]. Fracture 
conchoidal; luster, vitreous. Identical with 
antofagastite. Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 44-46. 

erionite. A hydrous silicate of calcium, potas- 
sium, sodium, and aluminum, H2CaK,Naz2- 
AleSisQ17.5H2O; color, white; orthorhom- 
bic; aggregates of wooly fibers. A zeolite 
near stilbite in composition, From Durkee, 
Oregon. English. See also offretite. Miner- 
alogical Magazine, v. 33, No. 256, March 
1962, pp. 66-67. 

eriophorum peat. Peat composed mainly of 
eriophorum or cotton grass, also contains 
moss, heather, etc. Tomkezeff, 1954. 

erlan. A metamorphic schist composed essen- 
tially of augite. Standard, 1964. 

erles. Eng. Earnest money. Fay. 

E rod bit. A Canadian standard, noncoring 
bit having a set diameter of 1.460 inches. 
More commonly called 14% E drill-rod bit. 
Long. 

erode. To wear away, as land, by the action 
of water. Also, to produce or to form by 
erosion, or by wearing away, as glaciers 
erode U-shaped valleys. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

erodible. Capable of or subject to being 
eroded (as by the action of water and 
wind). Webster 3d. 

eroding stress. The shear stress of water flow- 
ing across a sloping land surface. Its sym- 
bol is Fi. A.G.I. Supp. 

erose. Descriptive of a margin which appears 
eroded, or gnawed, or of a jaggedness 


erdkohle. Ger. Earth coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
erdol. Ger. Petroleum. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
cremeyevite. A hexagonal, vitreous-lustered 


that is too small to be considered fringed, 
or too irregular to be regarded as toothed. 
A.G.I. 


erg. An 








mineral, AIBOs;; colorless to pale yellowish- 
brown; conchoidal fracture; no cleavage; 
found as single crystals on Mt. Soktuj, Nert- 
schinsk district, eastern Siberia, U.S.S.R. 
Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 330-332. 

absolute centimeter-gram-second 
(cgs) unit of work representing the work 
done by a force of 1 dyne acting through 
a displacement of 1 centimeter in the direc- 
tion of the force. Compare joule. Webster 
3d. 


ergonomics. The study of man in relation to 


his working environment. See also human 
engineering. Nelson. 


Erian. Middle Devonian. A.G.I. Supp. 
krian orogeny. Early Devonian diastrophism. 


A.GI. Supp. 


ericaite. Boracite containing up to 2.32 per- 


cent MnO. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 


Erichsen test. A cupping test in which a piece 


of sheet metal, restrained except at the 
center, is deformed by a cone-shaped spher- 
ical-end plunger until fracture occurs, The 
height of the cup in millimeters at fracture 
is a measure of the ductility. ASM Gloss. 


Ericsson telephone. A telephone used in mine 


rescue stations. This pertable signaling de- 
vice consists of a base station unit con- 
nected by a flexible twin-core cable to an 
advance station unit, and signals can be 
sent to and received by both units by means 
of buzzers. The base party can speak to the 
advance party, and the loudspeaker on the 
advance-station unit conveys the instruc- 
tions to all members of the rescue team. 
McAdam, p. 176. 











erosible. Synonym for erodible. Webster 3d. 

erosion. a. The group of physical and chemi- 
cal processes by which earth or rock ma- 
terial is loosened or dissolved and removed 
from any part of the earth’s surface. It 
includes the processes of weathering, so- 
lution, corrasion, and transportation. The 
mechanical wear and transportation are 
effected by rain, running water, waves, 
moving ice, or winds, which use rock frag- 
ments to pound or to grind other rocks 
to powder or sand. Fay, b. It includes all 
processes by which earthy matter or rock 
is loosened and removed from place to 
place. In the United States, erosion in- 
cludes weathering, corrasion, and trans- 
portation. USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 88. 
c. Destruction of metals or other materials 
by the abrasive action of moving fluids, 
usually accelerated by the presence of solid 
particles or matter in suspension. When 
corrosion occurs simultaneously, the term 
erosion-corrosion is often used. ASM Gloss. 
d. The wearing away of a solid substance 
by repeated impact action of a solid, liquid, 
of gas. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

erosion, accelerated. Erosion at a rate higher 
than is considered to be normal and natural 
for the site. It is generally caused by man, 
usually through the reduction of the vege- 
tal cover. A.G.I. 

erosional flood plain. A flood plain that has 
been created by the lateral erosion and 
the, gradual retreat of the valley walls. 
Leet. 

erosional unconformity. The surface separat- 


erosional unconformity 


ing older rocks, that have been subjected 
to erosion, from the younger sediments or 
sedimentary rocks which cover them. 
A.G.I. 

erosional vacuity. That part of a lacuna re- 
sulting from erosion of formerly existing 
rocks at an unconformity. A.G.J. Supp. 

erosion caldera. A large amphitheaterlike vol- 
canic depression resulting from the enlarge- 
ment of a caldera or a crater by erosional 
processes. An example is the Papenoo cal- 
dera of Tahiti. A.GI. 

erosion channel. See classical washout. Nel- 
son. 

erosion-corrosion. This is the combination of 
erosion phenomenon and corrosion phe- 
nomenon which produces a high rate of 
local attack of the base metal. Since many 
materials are corrosive resistant because 
of a productive oxide film adhering to 
their surface, when corrosive fluids strike 
this film it is eroded away leaving the base 
metal unprotected from corrosion. H&G. 

erosion cycle. The succession of stages 
through which a newly uplifted landmass 
must pass before it is worn down to a pene- 
plain or to a surface near sea level. In the 
juvenile stages, the surface is sharply cut 
by canyons; in the mature stages, it may 
disappear and the topography be charac- 
terized by high, steep hills and fairly open 
valleys; and in the old-age stages, the land 
is so worn down that the streams meander 
sluggishly across a lowland. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

erosion fault scarp. Where erosion has acted 
unequally along a fault on account of the 
difference in hardness between a crushed 
zone and an intact rock, the resultant cliff 
may be termed an erosion fault scarp. See 
also fault-line scarp. Obsolete. A.G.J. 

erosion, geologic norm of. The process on or 
in a given land form undisturbed by the 
activities of man and his agents. A.G.I. 

erosion grooves. Appear to be the longi- 
tudinal ripple marks. Closely spaced lines 
of straight-sided scour marks. Pettijohn. 

erosion intensity. The mass of material eroded 
per unit area per unit time. Its symbol is 
er. A.GI. Supp. 

erosion of refractories. Mechanical wearing 
away of the surfaces of refractory bodies in 
service by the washing action of moving 
liquids, such as molten slags or metals. 
HW. 

erosion proportionality factor. The ratio of 
erosion intensity to erosion stress. A meas- 
ure of the quantity of material removed 
per unit of applied eroding force. Its sym- 
bol is ke. A.G.I. Supp. 

erosion ramp. A sloping belt of reef rock 
immediately above the reef flat where ma- 
rine erosion is active on an atoll islet. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

erosion scarp. A scarp produced by the 
agents of erosion. A.G.J. 

erosion surface. a. A land surface shaped by 
the disintegrating, dissolving, and wearing 
action of streams, ice, rain, winds, and 
other terrestrial and atmospheric agencies 
Fay. b. An area which has been flattened 
by subaerial or marine erosion to form an 
area of relatively low relief at an elevation 
close to the baselevel (sea level) existing 
at the time of its formation. Relics of such 
surfaces may now be found far above sea 
level owing to the falling baselevel, below 
the present ocean surface. H&G. 

erosion thrust. A thrust fault along which 
the hanging wall moved across an erosion 
surface. A.G.I. 











394 


erosive. a. Having the property of wearing 
away or corroding; corrosive. Fay. b. Wear- 
ing away; acting by erosion. Fay. c. Hav- 
ing the power of accomplishing erosion. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

erpoglyph. A term applied to worm castings. 
Pettijohn. 

erratic. a. One of the large waterworn and 
iceborne blocks or boulders which are 
scattered generally over the higher and 
middle latitudes of the Northern Hemi- 
sphere. A.G.I. b. A rock which has been 
transported from a distance, generally by 
ice. A.G.I. c. A transported rock fragment 
different from the bedrock on which it lies, 
either free or as part of a sediment. Gen- 
erally applied to fragments transported by 
glacier ice or by floating ice. A.G.I. 

erratic assay. An assay of a sample that 
shows a distinctly higher (or lower) value 
than the assays of other samples in its 
vicinity. A.G.I. 

erratic blocks. Eng. See erratic. Rounded er- 
ratic blocks are called boulders. Fay. 

erratics. a. A term applied to coal and rock 
pebbles, boulders and fossil tree trunks 
found in, or associated with, coal seams. 
The study of these erratics throws valu- 
able light on the origin and formation of 
coal seams. Nelson. b. Stones, ranging in 
size from pebbles to large boulders, which 
were transported by ice, and on melting, 
were left stranded on alien soil and far 
from their original source. As with the 
Coal Measures erratics, they furnish valu- 
able evidence on the Ice Age. Nelson. 

error. Difference between observed or calcu- 
lated value and the true one. Pryor, 3. 

error band. Statistically, range of determined 
values inside which the correct value is 
presumed to lie. All samples or determina- 
tions inside this band are taken to be 
valid experimentally. Pryor, 3. 

error curve; tromp error curve. A partition 
curve drawn to defined conventional scales 
with the portion showing recoveries over 
50 percent reversed to enclose an error 
area. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

error of traverses. See closure, error of. See- 
lye, 2. 

error signal. A signal in an automatic con- 
trol system which represents the discrep- 
ancy between the desired and the actual 
performance, and which is used to apply 
the necessary corrections. NCB. 

erubescite. Bornite. Pryor, 3. 

eruption. The emission or ejection at the 
earth’s surface, through a crater, pipe, or 
fissure, of such material as lava, heated 
water, gases, mud, stones, and dust. It is 
characteristic of volcanoes and geysers 
and is usually more or less sudden, vio- 
lent, and explosive. Fay. 

eruption, volcanic. The emission or ejection 
of volcanic materials at the earth’s surface 
from a crater or pipe or from a fissure. 
Central eruptions are those in which vol- 
canic materials are emitted from a cen- 
tral vent or pipe or ordinarily result in 
the formation of a volcanic cone. Fissure 
eruptions are those in which lava or pyro- 
clastic materials emanate from a relatively 
narrow fissure or a group of fissures, com- 
monly building lava plains and lava pla- 
teaus. The character of volcanic eruptions 
varies from relatively quiet outpourings of 
fluid lava, as in most Hawaiian eruptions, 
to violent explosions accompanied by show- 
ers of volcanic ash, like that of Krakatao in 
1883. A.GI. 

eruptive. a. Applied to igneous rocks that 








escarpment 


reach the surface of the earth in the mol- 
ten state. A.G.I. Supp. b. Refers to ma- 
terial thrown’ out by a volcano. A.G.I. 
Supp. c. Sometimes applied to any igneous 
rock, but this usage is not recommended. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

eruptive breccia. Synonymous with volcanic 
breccia. A.GJ. 

eruptive vein. A vein filled by the eruption 
of igneous material from below. Standard, 
1964, 

erythrite. a. Synonym for erythritol. CCD 
6d, 1961. b. Cobalt bloom. A natural hy- 
drated cobalt arsenate, Cos(AsO:) 2.8H2O, 
found in oxidized parts of cobalt and 
arsenic-bearing veins. Crimson, peach, red, 
pink, or pearl gray in color, with adaman- 
tine or pearly luster. Contains 37.5 per- 
cent cobalt oxide. Soluble in hydrochloric 
acid; Mohs’ hardness, 1.5 to 2.5; specific 
gravity, 2.91 to 2.95. Found in California, 
Colorado, Idaho, Nevada; Ontario, Can- 
ada. Used for coloring glass and ceramics. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

erythrocalcite. A hydrated copper chloride, 
CuCl.-+-nH2O. An alteration product from 
Mt. Vesuvius. Weed, 1918. Synonym for 
eriochalcite. 

erz cement. A ferruginous hydraulic cement 
formerly made in Germany; it has now 
given place to Ferrari cement. See also 
Ferrari cement. Dodd. 

Erzgebirgian orogeny. Early Upper Carbonif- 
erous diastrophism. A.G.I. Supp: 

Es Chemical symbol for Einsteinium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

escalator clause. In a contract likely to re- 
quire labor over a substantial period, a- 
clause providing for readjustment of agreed 
payments in the event of defined events, 
for example, change in wage rates. 
Pryor, 3. 

escape. a. Eng. A second or additional shaft 
by which the men may get out of the 
mine in case of accident to the other 
shafts. Also an upcast; escape pit; escape- 
way. Fay. b. A wasteway for discharging 
the entire flow of a stream. Seelye, 1. 

escape apparatus. An apparatus used to give 
underground workers adequate protection 
against carbon monoxide and other noxious 
gases at mine fires and explosions. There 
are two main types available: (1) simple, 
lightweight, self-contained breathing sets 
which can be used in poisonous atmos- 
pheres or in atmospheres deficient in oxy- 
gen, and (2) carbon monoxide filters 
which give protection against carbon mon- 
oxide poisoning but can only be used 
when the atmosphere contains sufficient 
oxygen to support life. McAdam, p. 48. 

escape clause. Provision in contract absoly- 
ing signatory from penalty in specific cir- 
cumstances. Pryor, 3. t 

escape shaft. A shaft driven especially to 
permit egress from the mine in case of 
emergency. B.C.I. 

escapeway. An opening through which the 
miners may leave the mine if the ordinary 
exit is obstructed. Fay. — 

escar. See esker. Fay. 

escarpment. a. A cliff or a relatively steep 
slope separating level or gently sloping 
tracts. Fay. b. In gently inclined strata, 
the abruptly truncated and clifflike out- 
crops of the resistant beds are called es- 
carpments. A.G.J. c. The steep face pre- 
sented by the abrupt termination of strata. 
A.G.I. 















i\es 


ves 


| 
es: 


hres 


| &s 


Eschka’s mixture 


)Eschka’s mixture. A mixture of 2 parts mag- 


nesium and 1 part dried sodium carbo- 
nate; used as a reagent for determining 
sulfur in coal or coke. Hackh’s Chem. Dict. 
chynite. A columbate of rare earths, (Ce, 
Ca,Fe*,Th) (Ti,Cb)20s. An end member 
of the isomorphous eschynite-priorite se- 
ries; orthorhombic; black to brown color; 
moderately to strongly radioactive. Found 
in nepheline syenite and in the nepheline- 
free miascite, with feldspar, zircon, and 
samarskite, at Miask, in the Ilmen Moun- 
tains, U.S.S.R.; also found in gold sands 
in Norway and in granite pegmatite in 
Silesia. Also spelled aeschynite. Crosby, pp. 
18-19; Frondel, p. 179. 

crow. A deed or bond, money, or a piece 
of property delivered into the keeping of 
a third party by one party to a contract 
or sometimes taken from one party to a 
contract and put in trust to be returned 
only upon the performance or fulfillment 
of some condition of the contract or to 
insure such performance of fulfillment by 
some other disposition. Webster 3d. 

f Abbreviation for electrostrictive force. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

Kar. See esker. 


|;eskebornite. A mineral, perhaps FeSe, (Fe, 


Cu)Se, or (Cu,Fe)iiSe. Very similar to 
pyrrhotite in physical properties, but much 
softer. Magnetism highly variable accord- 
ing to orientation. Optically hexagonal or 
pseudohexagonal, but the X-ray pattern 
is cubic, similar to that of sulvanite. 
American Mineralogist, v. 39, No. 7-8, 
July-August, 1954, pp. 691-692; v. 46, No. 
3-4, March-April, 1961, p. 467. 


‘-esker; escar; eskar; osar. a. A glaciofluviatile 


landform, which is most commonly called 
an esker in the United States. It 1s also 
called os (singular) and osar (plural) in 
the United States, having been derived 
from the Swedish as (singular) and asar 
(plural). Also spelled eschar; asar. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. A long, winding gravel 
ridge deposited in the bed of a subglacial 
stream. C.T.D. c. A long, narrow, often 
sinuous, ridge or mound of sand, gravel, 
and boulders deposited between ice walls 
by a stream flowing on, within, or beneath 
a stagnant glacier. Compare kame. Web- 
ster 3d. d. A serpentine ridge of gravel 
and sand. It is often associated with kames 
and is taken to mark a channel in the 
decaying ice sheet, through which a 
stream washed much of the finer drift, 
leaving the coarser gravel between the 
ice walls. A.G.I. 

ker delta; osar delta. When a_ glacial 
stream, on emerging from its ice tunnel, 
enters a lake, it builds a delta with the 
load of sediment that it carries. With 
the disappearance of the ice dam the 
lake is drained, but the delta remains, 
and if an esker was built in the ice tunnel, 


it will extend up to the delta. Such an 


esker-fed delta may be called an. esker 
delta. A.G.I. 


'esker fan; osar fan. A small plain of gravel 


and sand built at the mouth of a sub- 
glacial tunnel or of a channel in the ice. 
It is associated with an esker or an esker- 
like chain of deposits made in the ice 
sheet at the same time. A.G.I. 


| esker lake; osar lake. A lake which owes its 


existence and outline to the presence of 
an esker or of eskers. A.G.I. 


\ esker terrace; osar terrace. The sediment, 


termed osar terraces (esker terraces), 








395 


crosses hill and valleys just the same as 
the osars (eskers), and these topographic 
relations are inconsistent with the hy- 
pothesis that they are valley drift, though 
in the valleys their situation is such that 
they must have been subject to the action 
of streams, often were eroded by them, 
and often were overlain by valley drift. 
A.G.I. 

eskolaite. Chromium oxide, CrzOs, isomor- 
_phous with hematite, from Outokumpu, 
Finland. Essentially identical with meru- 
mite, which has priority, but merumite 
was imperfectly described and was believed 
to be hydrated; the name eskolaite is to 
be preferred. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

esmeraldite. A medium coarse-grained to a 
medium fine-grained igneous rock with a 
hypautomorphic granular texture. The es- 
sential minerals are quartz and musco- 
vite, with muscovite usually less abundant 
than quartz. Feldspar, if present, does not 
vege 5 percent. Johannsen, v. 2, 1932, 
fo Uh 

Esperanza classifier. A classifier of the free- 
settling type in which the settled material 
is removed by dragging it up an inclined 
plane by means of a continuous belt of 
flat blades or paddles. It is continuous in 
its operation. Liddell 2d, p. 391. 

esplanade. A broad bench or terrace border- 
ing a canyon, especially in the plateau 
areas of the southwestern United States. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

espley rock. A conglomerate or breccia with 
rapid lateral passage through grit to fine 
sandstone; cement usually ferruginous with 
some lime and alumina. Characteristically 
developed amid variegated clays of Etruria 
Marl group of Upper Coal Measures in 
the English Midlands. Arkell. 

essential. In petrology, necessarily present in 
a particular type of rock, being required 
by the definition of that rock type; applied 
to the characteristic in a particular rock. 
Fay. 

essential ejecta. a. Pyroclastic detritus, wheth- 
er loose or indurated, which is of imme- 
diate, juvenile, magmatic origin.. A.G.I. 
b. Fresh magmatic matcrial thrown out in 
liquid form by a volcano. Synonymous 
with juvenile ejecta. A.G.I. 

essential mineral. a. One of those mineral 
constituents of a rock that are necessary 
to its classification and nomenclature. An 
essential constituent is not necessarily a 
major constituent, for the presence in a 
rock of minor amounts of such minerals, 
as nepheline, olivine, or quartz may affect 
its classification. See also accessory mineral. 
A.G.I. b. A mineral essential to national 
defense for which no great difficulty of 
procurement during war is anticipated, 
but which requires constant surveillance 
because future developments may neces- 
sitate reclassification as strategic or critical. 
In 1941, essential minerals of the United 
States included arsenic, copper, helium, 
iron, lead, magnesium, molybdenum, pe- 
troleum, phosphates, potash, sulfur and 
pyrite, uranium, zinc, and zirconium. Hess. 

essexite. a. A coarse-grained, plutonic igneous 
rock that is essentially an alkali gabbro, 
having a preponderance of soda. Named 
from Essex County, Mass. C.T.D.b. A plu- 
tonic rock composed essentially of plagio- 
clase, hornblende, biotite, and titanaugite, 
with subordinate alkali feldspar and nephe- 
line. An alkalic gabbro. A.G.I. 

esskohle Ger. Steam coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 











estuarine deposition 


essonite. A cinnamon-colored variety of hesso- 
nite; called hyacinth when used as a gem, 
though the term more properly belongs to 
zircon. Sanford; Dana 17. 

EST Abbreviation for Eastern Standard 
nine Also abbreviated est. Zimmerman, 
p. 39. 

established dune. Sand can only be moved 
by the wind when it is dry and when only 
a little vegetation is growing on it. In a 
humid climate, the prevailing moisture 
and the favorable conditions for the growth 
of vegetation are factors that tend to arrest 
the advance of sand dunes. When these 
conditions become dominant, the dunes 
are soon covered with vegetation and their 
movement stopped. They become estab- 
lished dunes. A.G.I. 

Estates Department. Gr. Brit. Each Area of 
the National Coal Board has an Estates 
Department for matters covering the many 
houses and farms owned by the Board. 
It performs its duties much in the samc 
way as a good estate agent would for a 
landlord. A further duty of the depart- 
ment is the investigation of subsidence 
damage claims by property owners. Nelson. 

estavel. An underground stream in a karst 
region. A.GJ. Supp. 

esterellite. A name given by Michel-Levy to 
a variety of diorite porphyry from Esterel, 
France. The rock shows some peculiari- 
ties of chemical composition which have 
given it special interest in discussions re- 
lating to differentiation. Fay. 

estimate. An approximate figure, based on 
rough application of experience cum men- 
tal arithmetic to a problem at an early 
stage of discussion. Not a firm, basic 
datum. Pryor, 3. 

estovers. Eng. Necessary supplies; especially 
wood that a tenant is allowed to take from 
the landlord’s premises for the necessary 
fuel or implements used by himself and 
his resident servants or for necessary re- 
pairs. Webster 3d. 

estramadurite. A massive variety of apatite 
found in Estramadura, Spain. A phosphate 
ore. Hey 2d, 1955; English. 

estuarine. Of, relating to, or formed in an 
estuary. Webster 3d. 

estuarine clay. A clay deposited in depressed 
valleys, or estuaries of the sea, or in lakes. 
It is represented by certain Wisconsin 
types, those of the Hudson River Valley, 
and by many Columbia clays along the 
Atlantic Coast. USGS Prof. Paper 11, 
1903;, p. 19. 

estuarine delta. A delta built into a pre- 
existing estuary. A.G.I. Supp. 

estuarine deposit. A mixed deposit of or- 
ganisms and sediments of both marine 
and fluviatile origin. Along river chan- 
nels, they grade upstream into typical 
freshwater river-channel deposits; seaward, 
they grade into marine deposits, and lat- 
erally, they grade into deposits consisting 
of mud-cracked clays, silts, some sands, 
and at times, peat. A.G.I. 

estuarine deposition. Sedimentation in the 
environment of an estuary. The deposits 
differ from those which form in a deltaic 
environment, chiefly in their relationship 
to the strata of the adjacent land, and 
they are usually of finer grain size and 
of more uniform composition. Both estu- 
arine and deltaic deposits are character- 
ized by brackish water and by their con- 
taining land-derived animal and plant re- 
mains. C.T.D. 


estuarine sand 


estuarine sand. Sand produced by the pre- 
cipitation of finely divided fragmental ma- 
terial carried down by the rivers to the sea. 
Estuarine sands are frequently laminated. 
Although silica is the chief constituent of 
estuarine sands, clay is often present. 
A.G.I. 

estuary. a. The mouth of a river where the 
tide meets the river current. Webster 3d. 
b. An arm of the sea at the lower end of 
a river. Webster 3d. c. A drowned river 
mouth caused by the sinking of the land 
near the coast, or by the rising of the 
ocean surface. Webster 3d. d. A drainage 
channel adjacent to the sea in which the 
tide ebbs and flows. Some estuaries are the 
lower courses of rivers or smaller streams, 
others are no more than drainage ways 
that lead sea water into and out of coastal 
swamps. A.G.J. Supp. 

estuary coast. A coast showing many estu- 
aries. Schieferdecker. 

esu Abbreviation for electrostatic unit. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

E.T.C. English translucent china. See also 
english translucent china. Dodd. 

etch. To attack the surface of glass with 
hydrofluoric acid or other agent, generally 
for marking or decoration. ASTM C162-66. 

etch angle. The angle formed between the 
true horizon and the actual plane of the 
etch ring in an acid bottle as measured be- 
fore capillarity corrections are applied. 
Also called apparent angle. Compare ap- 
parent dip. Long. 

etch cleaning. Removing ‘soil by dissolving 
away some of the underlying metal. ASM 
Gloss. 

etch cracks. Shallow cracks in hardened 
steel, containing high residual surface 
stresses, produced on etching in an em- 
brittling acid. ASM Gloss. 

etched. a. Applied to a rough, frosted sur- 
face, as of minerals or of sand grains. 
A.G.I. b. Pitted or corroded in such a 
manner that a pattern of pits or lines is 
produced that is related to the crystal 
structure or to the tectonic structure. See 
also frosting. A.G.I. c. Weathered so that 
the surface is roughened. See also center- 
ing. ASTM C162-66. d. Treated by etch- 
ing. ASTM C162-66. e. Ceramic surfaces 
so affected by acid, alkalis, or other chemi- 
cals as to have lost gloss to a slight extent, 
or taken on a rough surface, are said to 
have been etched. Enam. Dict. 

etch figure; etching figure. A marking con- 
sisting usually of a minute pit produced 
by a solvent (or an etchant) on the crystal 
face of a mineral and revealing its crys- 
talline or molecular structure. Webster 3d. 

etching. a. A process of engraving in which 
the lines are produced by the action of an 
acid or a mordant. Fay. b. Used in study- 
ing the composition and structure of metals 
and crystals. Fay. c. The frosting or rough- 
ening of the surface of a sand grain or of 
a crystal by means of a solvent. A.G.I. 

etching acid. See hydrofluoric acid. Long. 

etching pits. Small cavities formed on the 
surface of metals during etching. C.T.D. 

etch line. A line of demarcation between 
the etched and unetched portions of the 
inside of an acid bottle, used to determine 
the inclination of a borehole by an acid- 
dip survey. Long. 

etch method; etching method. A method, 
using a soda-lime glass tube partially filled 
with a dilute solution of hydrofluoric acid, 
of determining the angle at which a bore- 











396 


hole is inclined at any specific point of its 
course below the collar. See also acid-dip 
survey. Long. 

etch pattern. Regular surface marking de- 
veloped by solvent action on smooth sur- 
face of alloy or crystal, and characteristic 
for that specific substance. The reagent 
used is an etchant, usually of an acid 
in water or alcohol. Pryor, 3. 

etch period; etching period. See etch time. 
Long. 

etch ring. Synonym for etch line. Long. 

etch time; etching time. The time required 
for a dilute solution of hydrofluoric acid, 
of a specific strength, to etch the inside 
of an acid bottle enough so that the line of 
demarcation between the etched and un- 
etched portions of the acid bottle is clearly 
discernible. Long. 

etch tube. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

ethane. Colorless; gaseous; C2Hs; contained 
in the gases given off by petroleum and 
in illuminating gas. Crispin. 

ethanol. See ethyl alcohol. C.T.D. 

ether. Colorless; liquid; (C2Hs)20. Made by 
treating alcohol with sulfuric acid. Chiefly 
used in the manufacture of smokeless pow- 
der and as a solvent for gums, fats, waxes, 
etc. Crispin. 

ether axes. See axes of elasticity. Fay. 

ethical gemmology. The study of the correct 
and incorrect nomenclature of gems, with 
emphasis on names and terms which may 
mislead or deceive purchasers. Shipley. 

ethmolith. A crosscutting intrusive body of 
plutonic rock that narrows downward and 
is funnel-shaped. A.G.I. 

ethyl alcohol. A colorless, volatile, flammable 
liquid, C:H;OH, which is in fermented and 
distilled liquors. Also called ethanol. API 
Gloss. See also alcohol. 

ethylene. Colorless; flammable; unsaturated ; 
gas; CeHy. Contained in illuminating gas. 
Crispin. 

ethylenediamene. Used as an electrolyte to 
transform coal into a tan-gray substance 
with a relatively high hydrogen-to-carbon 
ratio. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

ethylene dibromide. The chief compound of 
bromine used with tetraethyl lead as a 
gasoline antiknock fluid. Acts as a scaveng- 
ing agent, preventing lead from depositing 
on cylinders, valves, and spark plugs of 
gasoline engines. Also used as a reagent 
in the synthesis of dye and pharmaceutical 
intermediates, as an anesthetic, sedative, 
and antispasmodic agent, and as a solvent 
for gums and waxes, It is being used in- 
creasingly in fumigation preparations for 
control of insects and pests in soil and 
seeds. BuMines Bull. 585, 1960, p. 151. 

ethylene glycol. A highly explosive liquid, 
C:H:(NOs)2; somewhat volatile; nonfreez- 
ing; explosive base. Used as an antifreeze. 
Lewis, p. 104. 

ethyl orthosilicate; ethyl silicate; tetraethy! 
orthosilicate. a. Colorless; liquid; (C2Hs).4 
SiO.s; molecular weight, 208.22; specific 
gravity, 0.9357; boiling point, 165.5° C; 
insoluble in water; and soluble in ethyl 
alcohol. Used in manufacturing weather- 
proof mortars and in hardening stone. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. b. Flammable; faint 
odor; hydrolyzed by water to an adhesive 
form of silica; and flash point, 125° F. Used 
as a preservative for stone, brick, concrete, 
plaster; to weatherproof and to acidproof 
mortar and cements; and for refractory 
bricks and other molded objects. CCD 6d, 
1961. 














eucolite 


etindite. a. leucite nephelinite. A.G.J. b. An | 


extrusive igneous rock intermediate in com- 
position between leucitite and nephelinite. 
One composition was 42 percent titanau- 
gite, 29 percent nepheline, 15 percent leu- 
cite, 7 percent magnetite, and 7 percent 
sphene, perofskite, and apatite. Johann- 
sen, v. 4, 1938, p. 367. 

Etroeungtian. Synonym for Strunian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Etruria marl. A brick clay occurring in the 
Carboniferous system and used for the 
manufacture of bricks and roofing tiles, 
particularly in the Midlands and North 
Wales. These clays have a high iron con- 
tent; they fire to a red color under oxidiz- 
ing conditions but under reducing condi- 
tions they fire to the blue color of the 
well-known Staffordshire engineering brick. 
Dodd. 

Etruscan ware. Basalt ware having an en- 
caustic decoration, mainly in red or white 
in imitation of early Italian Etruscan 
pottery. Dodd. 

ettle. a. N. of Eng. Waste. See also attle, 
a. Fay. b. To intend; to appoint; to ar- 
range. See also attle, b. Fay. 

ettlings N of Eng. Earnings; wages. Fay. 

ettringite. A hexagonal mineral, [CaseAl] 
[SosSisHos ) Oro] [HeOree]. Mine ralogical 
Magazine, v. 33, No. 256, March 1962, pp. 
59-64. 

eu Abbreviation for entropy unit. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

eu-. From the Greek neuter of eys meaning 
good. A combining form meaning well, 
good, most typical. Webster 3d. 

Eu Chemical symbol for europium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

eu-autochthony. Applies to plant remains 
which are now found in the exact place 
and more or less in the correct relative 
positions in which they grow, for instance, 
roots, stumps, and even entire trunks. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. 

eubitumn. A collective name for fluid, vis- 
cid, and solid bitumens that are easily 
soluble in organic solvents. Petroleum, 0zo- 
kerite, elaterite, and asphalt are examples. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

eucairite. A silver and copper selenide carry- 
ing 25.3 percent copper and 43.1 percent 
silver. Crystallization, isometric; luster, 
metallic; silver-white to lead-gray color; 
Mohs’ hardness, 2.5; specific gravity, 7.5; 
streak, shining; also occurs massive and 
granular. From Smaland, Sweden; Co- 
piapo, Chile. Weed, 1918. 

eucalyptus oil. Frothing agent used in flota- 
tion. Essential oil distilled from leaves of 
eucalyptus trees. Pryor, 3. 

euchlorine. An emerald-green basic sulfate of 
potassium, sodium, and copper, 4(K,Na)s 
SO:.6CuSO..3Cu(OH)>:. A thin incrustation 
on lava. Orthorhombic. From Vesuvius, 
Italy. England. 

euchroite. A vitreous, bright emerald or 
leak green, transparent to translucent hy- 
drous copper arsenate mineral, CusAs2Os.- 
Cu(OH).+6H2O, crystallizing in the or- 
thorhombic system. Fay. 

euclase. A natural basic aluminum-beryllium 
silicate, BezAle(SiOxs)2(OH )2; colorless, 
light blue, or green; vitreous luster; Mohs’ 
hardness, 7.5; specific gravity, 3.05 to 3.10. 
Found in Austria, Russia, Brazil, Peru, and 
Tasmania. Used in gem stones. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

eucolite. Similar to eudialyte, but optically 























eucolite 





negative. Crosby, p. 99. 

} eucrite. A variety of gabbro composed essen- 

tially of bytownite or anorthite, augite, 

hypersthene, and minor olivine. An olivine 
gabbro containing a highly calcic plagio- 
clase. A.G.I. 
| eucryptite. A lithium mineral, LisO.AI:Os.- 
2SiOs. When heated, the beta form ex- 
pands in one direction and contracts in 
another direction; it is a constituent of 
special ceramic bodies having zero thermal 
expansion. Dodd. 
eucrystalline. A textural term meaning well 
crystallized and applied to igneous rocks, 
such as granites, which are well crystal- 
lized. A.G.I. 

eudialyte. An optically positive, rare, weakly 
radioactive, hexagonal mineral, (Ca,Na,Ce, 
etc) 5(Er,Fe,Cb,etc. ) 2SisO1s( (OH,C1) ; pale 
pink, carmine, red, or brown; found in 
nepheline syenite and granite, commonly 
associated with arfvedsonite, sodalite, feld- 
spar, aegirite, catapleiite, and astrophyllite. 

_ See also eucolite. Crosby, pp. 99-100. 

| eudidymite. A white, tabular monoclinic min- 

eral with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cleav- 

age; Na2O.2BeO.6Si0O2.H2O; lamellar twin- 

ning always present; Mohs’ hardness, 6; 

specific gravity, 2.55. Larsen, p. 104. 

| eudiometer. An instrument for the volumet- 

ric measurement and analysis of gases. 

Webster 3d. 

| eudyalite. See cudialyte. 

| eugeosyncline. An orthogeosyncline in which 

volcanic rocks are abundant. A.G.I. 

_ eugranitic. Resembling or pertaining to nor- 
mal granite, as eugranitic texture. Same 
as granitoid. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

euhedral. In petrology, bounded by its own 
crystal faces; automorphic; said of some 
minerals in a crystalline rock and con- 
trasted with subhedral and anhedral. Fay. 

eukrite. An achondrite (stony meteorite) that 
is chiefly augite and anorthite; abbreviated 
as eu. Hess. 

_euktolite. A name derived from the Greek 
words for desired rock and given by Rosen- 
busch to one which filled a gap in his clas- 
sification of rocks. The same rock had been 
previously named venanzite. Fay. 

Euler crippling stress. The crippling load, 
P, of a strut divided by its cross-sectional 
ATEa. AN, calculated from the formula, 
— PEs, where E is Young’s modulus, 
k is the radius of gyration of the section, 
and 1 is the effective length of the strut. 
See also slenderness ratio. Ham. 

Eulerian methods of current measurement. 
A measurement of the rate of flow past a 
geographically fixed point; current meter 
methods. Hy. 

Euler velocity field. The Euler method as- 
sumes that the velocity of all particles of 
the fluid has been defined. On this as- 
sumption the velocity field is completely 
described if the components of the velocity 
can be represented as function of the co- 
ordinate and time. H&G. 

eulite. Orthopyroxenes containing 70 to 90 
mole-percent of FeSiO;. A contraction of 
eulysite, a rock in which the mineral 
occurs. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

Eulittoral zone. See Benthic division. Hy. 

eulysite. An iron-manganese-rich metamor- 
phic rock characterized by the presence 
of manganiferous fayalite, and often con- 
taining hedenbergite, iron-rich hypersthene, 
grunerite, garnet, and magnetite. A.GI. 

eulytite. A silicate of bismuth, BiySisO., oc- 








397 


curring usually in minute dark brown or 
grayish tetrahedral crystals. Fay. 


euosmite. Brownish-yellow fossil resin with 


pleasing odor that occurs in brown coal. 
Tomketeff, 1954. 


eupatheoscope. A black, hollow copper cylin- 


der heated electrically to the surface tem- 
perature of a human being. The heat loss 
from the cylinder in a given environment 
is equivalent to that lost by a human being; 
thus, equivalent temperature. Strock, 10. 


euphyllite. A white sodium-potassium mica 


that is intermediate between muscovite and 
paragonite. Standard, 1964. 


eurite. Applied to compact felsitic rocks 


without phenocrysts, having the compo- 
sition of quartz porphyry or porphyry. 
Also used in a wider sense to cover all 
aphanitic rocks of granitic composition 
whether porphyritic or not. A.G.I. 


europium. a. A metallic element of the rare 


earth group, contained in black monazite, 
gadolinite, samarskite, and xenotime. Sym- 
bol, Eu; isometric; atomic weight, 151.96. 
C.T.D. b. Gray metal; atomic number, 63; 
valences, 2 and 3; melting point, 826° C; 
boiling point, 1,439° C; specific gravity, 
5.259; insoluble in water; and stable in 
air and in water. The most sparsely dis- 
tributed of the terbium family of rare 
earths. Isolated by the electrolysis of its 
anhydrous trichloride in a bath of fused 
alkali chloride. Bennett 2d, 1962; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-110. 


europium chloride. EuCl;; molecular weight, 


258.32; yellow needles; melting point, 
850° C; and specific gravity, 4.89 (at 
20° C). Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-174. 


europium oxide; europia. Rare earth oxide; 


pale rose; EusO3;; melting point, above 
1,300° C; and specific gravity, 7.42. Used 
as a nuclear-control-rod material and in 
fluorescent glass. Lee; Handbook of Chem- 


istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-175.. 
europium sulfate. Eus(SO:)s.8H2O; molecu- 


lar weight, 736.23; pale rose crystals; no 
melting point because it loses 8H2O at 
375° C; soluble in water; and specific grav- 
ity, anhydrous, 4.95. Bennett 2d, 1962: 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-175. 


eusapropel. A well-matured organic ooze. 


Tomkeieff, 1954. 


euscope. A grain size comparator. Osborne. 
eustacy; eustatic change. a. A worldwide 


change of sea level, contrasted with local 
diastrophic uplift or subsidence of the 
land. Webster 3d. b. A simultaneous, world- 
wide change of sea level caused by a 
change in the volume of the sea water that 
resulted from either the melting of conti- 
nental ice sheets (continental ice caps) or 
their formation. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


eustatic. a. Pertaining to a simultaneous, 


worldwide change in sea level. A.G.J. 
b. Pertaining to a real, worldwide change 
in sea level, and not to a relative change 
in sea level resulting from local coastal 
subsidence or elevation. A.G.J. c. Relating 
to or characterized by eustacy. See also 
eustacy. Webster 3d. 


eustatic movements. Absolute movements of 


the sea level (due to changes in the ca- 
pacity of ocean basins, to changing cli- 
matic circumstances, etc.), having a great 
influence on the development of coasts. 
Schieferdecker. 








eutectic point 


eustratite. A compact, lamprophyric dike 
rock with rare phenocrysts of olivine and 
corroded hornblende and still fewer green 
augite and feldspar phenocrysts in a partly 
glassy groundmass. This glass has the 
chemical composition of potential sanidine 
aa nepheline. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 
178. 

Eutaw group. A subdivision of the Cretaceous 
system in the Southern United States, 
lying between the Tuscaloosa, which it 
overlaps northwards, and the overlying 
Selma chalk. The Tombigbee sand occurs 
at the top of the group. C.T.D. 

eutaxic. Of or relating to stratified ore de- 
posits. Opposite of ataxic. Webster 3d. 

eutaxitic. Applied to a structure of certain 
volcanic rocks with a streaked or blotched 
appearance due to the alternation of bands 
or elongated tenses of different color, com- 
position, or texture; the bands, etc., having 
been ejected originally as individual por- 
tions of magma which were drawn out 
together in a viscous state and formed 
a heterogeneous mass by welding. The 
term is most appropriately used in de- 
scribing the structure of a majority of 
welded tuffs. Holmes, 1920. 

eutectic. a. As a noun, an alloy or a solution 
having its components in such proportions 
that the melting point is the lowest pos- 
sible with those components. Webster 3d. 
b. The characteristic microstructure re- 
sulting from the solidification of a metal 
of a eutectic composition. Webster 3d. c. As 
an adjective, relating to a eutectic or to its 
composition (eutectic mixture) or to the 
temperature at which it melts or freezes 
(crystallizes) which is the eutectic point. 
Webster 3d. d. An isothermal reversible 
reaction in which a liquid solution is con- 
verted into two or more intimately mixed 
solids on cooling, the number of solids 
formed being the same as the number of 
components in the system. ASM Gloss. 
e. An alloy having the composition indi- 
cated by the eutectic point on an equi- 
librium diagram. ASM Gloss. f. An alloy 
structure of intermixed solid constituents 
formed by a eutectic reaction. ASM Gloss. 

eutectic alloys. Such alloys as aluminum and 
silicon, cadmium and bismuth, cadmium 
and zinc, silver and lead. They are made 
up of two metals entirely soluble in each 
other when liquid but on setting or freez- 
ing the crystals of the individual metals 
form. Crispin. 

eutectic change. The transformation from 
the liquid state to the solid state in a eutec- 
tic mixture. It involves the simultaneous 
crystallization of two components in a 
binary system and of three in a ternary 
system. C.M.D. 

eutectic melting. Melting of localized micro 
areas whose composition corresponds to 
that of the eutectic in the system. ASM 
Gloss. 

eutectic mixture. A discrete mixture (not a 
compound) of two or more minerals 
which have crystallized simultaneously 
from the mutual solution of their con- 
stituents, the two or more minerals being 
in definite proportions. Simultaneous crys- 
tallization sometimes gives rise to graphic 
texture, but it does not necessarily do so, 
as the development of graphic _inter- 
growth involves other factors besides eu- 
tectic proportions. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

eutectic point; eutectic temperature. The 
lowest melting temperature obtainable 


eutectic point 


with a mixture of components, provided 
the components do not form solid solu- 
tions. A.G.I. 

eutectic ratio. The ratio of solid phases crys- 
tallizing from the eutectic liquid at the 
eutectic temperature. It is such as to 
yield a gross composition for the crystal 
mixture that is identical with that of the 
liquid. Most frequently stated in terms 
of weight-percent. A.GJ. 

eutectic structure. The particular arrange- 
ment of the constituents in a eutectic 
alloy which arises from their simultaneous 
crystallization from the melt. See also 
graphic texture. C.T.D. 

eutectic system. A binary or ternary alloy 
system in which one particular alloy solidi- 
fies at a constant temperature which is 
lower than the beginning of solidification 
in any other alloy. C.T.D. 

eutectic temperature. The lowest melting 
temperature in a series of mixtures of two 
or more components. HW. 

eutectic texture; eutectoid texture. Inter- 
growths of minerals, either along crystal- 
lographic or bleb boundaries, resembling 
those precipitated from eutectic solutions. 
A.G.I. 

eutectofelsite. See eutectophyre. Hess. 

eutectoid. a. An isothermal reversible reac- 
tion in which a solid solution is converted 
into two or more intimately mixed solids 
on cooling, the number of solids formed 
being the same as the number of com- 
ponents in the system. ASM Gloss. b. An 
alloy having the composition indicated by 
the eutectoid point on an equilibrium dia- 
gram. ASM Gloss. c. An alloy structure 
of intermixed solid constituents formed by 
a eutectoid reaction. ASM Gloss. 

eutectoid texture. A graphic texture with 
each grain showing the complicated graphic 
intergrowth. Schieferdecker. 

eutectophyre; eutectofelsite. A whitish, 
earthy, tufflike rock made up of fine, inter- 
locking aggregates of quartz and ortho- 
clase. Hess. 

eutomous. In mineralogy, having distinct 
cleavage; cleaving readily. Fay. 

eutrophic. Applied to a lake which is rich 
in dissolved nutrients, but is frequently 
shallow and has seasonal oxygen deficiency 
in the stagnant bottom waters. Webster 3d. 

eutrophic peat. Peat rich in plant nutrients, 
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and. cal- 
cium. Synonymous with calcareous peat. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

euvitrain. Structureless vitrain; collite; xylo- 
vitrain. Vitrain that is shown microscopi- 
cally to consist of completely jellified and 
hardened plant material showing no cellu- 
lar structure whatever. It can be further 
differentiated into two subvarieties based 
on the mode of formation. Compare provi- 
train. It is subdivided into collain and 
ulmain. A.G.I.; Tomkeieff, 1954. 

euvitrinite. A variety of the major maceral 
vitrinite. The micropetrological constituent 
or maceral of euvitrain. Further divisible 
into two subvarieties, ulminite and colli- 
nite. See also collinite, b. Compare provi- 
trinite. A.G.I. 

euxamite. Radioactive radium mineral found 
in Brazil. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

euxeniie; loranskite. A rare-earth mineral, 
( Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th ) (Nb,Ta,Ti )2O8;. color, 
brownish-black ; luster, brilliant to vitreous; 
Mohs’ hardness, 5 to 6; specific gravity, 
5 to 5.9. Found in Norway, Malagasy Re- 
public, Canada, and Pennsylvania. A 
source of uranium, niobium, and tantalum. 











398 


GCD> 6d, 1961. 

euxinic. a. Relating to a rock facies that in- 
cludes black shales and graphitic sedi- 
ments of various kinds. Webster 3d. b. Ap- 
plied to a restricted circulation (barren 
basin) environment, or to the sediments 
deposited in such an environment. A.G.I. 

euxinic basin. A poorly ventilated basin, such 
as the Gulf of Karabugas on the Caspian 
Bea ALGil. 

euxinic deposition. Deposition in a deep and 
nearly isolated sea in which the muds 
are rich in organic matter, but where 
the deeper waters are often toxic and, 
except for anaerobic bacteria, no life is 
found. The Black Sea is an example. 
A.G.I. 

ev Abbreviation for electron volt. 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

evaluate. To fix a valuation, but not to 
appraise. Shipley. 

evaluation. The fixing of a evaluation, not an 
appraisal. Used in preference to the word 
valuation which is often confused with 
appraisal. Shipley. 

Evans cell. A nitro-oxygen cell with iron 
electrodes and sodium chloride electrolyte. 
Osborne. 

evansite. A rare, weakly radioactive, massive 
mineral, Als(PO:s)(OH)s.6H2O; colorless to 
milky white, sometimes with a_ bluish, 
greenish, or yellowish tinge; varieties high 
in iron are brown, reddish-brown, or color- 
less; found associated with limonite and 
allophane. Small amounts of uranium have 
been found in some specimens of evansite. 
Crosby, pp. 120-121. 

evapocryst. An individual primary evaporite 
grain. A.G.JI. Supp. 

evapocrystic. Refers to the primary texture 
of evaporites in which no linearity or lam- 
inations of grains is evident. A.G.J. Supp. 

evapolensic. Refers to primary nonporphyri- 
tic roughly laminated texture in evapo- 
rites. A.G.I. Supp. 

evapoporphyrocrystic. Refers to a texture in 
evaporites in which larger primary grains 
occur with a finer matrix. A.G.I Supp. 

evaporate. a. To convert into vapor. A.G.I. 
b. To pass off a vapor; to give forth 
vapor; to undergo evaporation; to convert 
from a liquid state into vapor; to draw off 
in vapor or fumes; or to expel moisture 
from, as by heat, leaving the solid portions 
or residue. Webster 3d. 

evaporated. A liquid converted to its vapor 
by the application of heat or reduced pres- 
sure. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

evaporating dish; evaporating pan. A shal- 
low dish of glass, porcelain, or metal used 
in processes requiring evaporation. Fay. 

evaporation. a. The change by which any 
substance is converted from a liquid state 
into and carried off in vapor. Specifically, 
the conversion of a liquid into vapor in 
order to remove it wholly or partly from a 
liquid of higher boiling point or from 
solids dissolved in or mixed with it. Com- 
pare distillation; sublimation. Webster 3d. 
b. The process of evaporating or concen- 
trating by conversion of a part into vapor. 
Webster 3d. c. In hydrology, the process 
by which water becomes a vapor at a 
temperature below the boiling point. A.G.I. 
d. The act of drying or concentrating. 
Crispin. 

evaporation gage. A graduated vessel of glass 
for determining the rate of evaporation of 
a liquid placed in it, in a given time and 
exposure. Fay. 

evaporation opportunity. The ratio of the 


BuMin 








even-crested ridges 


rate of evaporation from a land or water 
surface in contact with the atmosphere, to 
the evaporativity under existing atmos- 
pheric conditions. It is the ratio of actual 
to potential rate of evaporation, and it is 
generally stated as a percentage. Also 
called relative evaporation. A.G_I. 

evaporative centrifuge. A batch-separating 
device in which a mixture to be separated 
is introduced into the centrifuge as a 
liquid. The vapors are removed from a 
point near the axis of the centrifuge, hav- 
ing been separated by diffusion through 
the centrifugal field. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

evaporative cooling. a. The conversion of 
sensible heat to latent heat with addition 
of moisture and practically no change in 
total heat content of air. Hartman, p. 320. 
b. Cooling by the evaporation of water; 
heat for which is supplied by the air; 
feasible where the wet-bulb depression is 
marked, and consequently widely used in 
dry climates. Strock, 10. 

evaporative equilibrium. With a sling psy- 
chrometer, when the wet-bulb temperature 
finally reaches a stable point. Strock, 10. 

evaporativity. The rate of evaporation under 
the existing atmospheric conditions from 
a surface of water that is chemically 
pure and which has the same temperature 
as the atmosphere immediately above it. 
Also called potential rate of evaporation. 
AGI. 

evaporite. a. One of the sediments: which is 
deposited from aqueous solution as a re- 
sult of extensive or total evaporation of 
the solvent. A.G.J. b. One of the salts that 
results from the evaporation of ocean 
water or of saline lakes. Bateman. c. Rocks, 
such as anhydrite, rock salt, and potash 
salts, formed by evaporation of lakes or 
seas. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

evaporite-solution breccia. A breccia which 
can be demonstrated to have resulted 
from the solution removal of evaporites. 
A.G.I. 

evasé; diffuser. An outlet passage of grad- 
ually increasing cross-sectional area leading 
from a fan. B.S. 3618, sec. 2, 1963. 

evasé chimney. A passage of gradually in- 
creasing area through which the whole of 
the air discharged by a fan must pass. The 
velocity of the air is gradually reduced 
and much of the kinetic energy is trans- 
formed into equivalent pressure energy. 
Also called expanding chimney. Nelson. 

Eve method. An artificial respiration method 
which requires the use of a specially de- 
signed rocking stretcher. The patient is 
placed face downwards on the stretcher 
and strapped securely in position. The 
push-pull action of the diaphragm can be 
induced artificially by rocking the patient 
from a position of 50° above to 50° be- 
low the horizontal. The change in posi- 
tion should be made promptly, but the 
number of complete cycles of inspira- 
tory and expiratory movements should not 
exceed 10 per minute. A mercury indi- 
cator is attached to the side of the rock- 
ing stretcher to ensure the operator of 
keeping the correct timing. McAdam, pp. 
87-89. 

even-course ashlar. Structural unit for lime- 
stone that consists of blocks of uniform 
height for each course, although succeed- 
ing courses may vary in thickness. AIME, 
p. 330. 

even-crested ridges. a. Applied to high Ap- 
palachian ridges, the tops of which are at 
almost a common level, indicating that a 





§ 








even-crested ridges 


plain reconstructed by filling the surface 

depressions to the level of the ridge tops 

is an old peneplain. Also called even- 

crested skyline; even-crested summit 

areas; even-crested uplands; accordant 

summit levels. A.G.J. b. The general ac- 

cordance of summit levels in a surface of 

high topographic relief, suggesting that 

the highest reconstructed plain is a pene- 

plain that resulted from a previous cycle 

| of erosion. A.G.I. 

even fracture. A fracture surface which is 

| flat or nearly flat, as in chert. Nelson. 

)vening emerald. Peridot, which loses some 

| of its yellow tint by artificial light, ap- 

pearing more greenish. Shipley. 

venkite. Paraffin wax, C2Hw, as white, op- 
tically biaxial scales in a vein of sulfide 
ores from the district of the Evenki peo- 
ple, Lower Tunguska river, Siberia, 
U.S.S.R. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

hvent, seismic. Applied to any definite phase 
change or amplitude difference on a seis- 
mic record. It may be a reflection, a re- 

| fraction, a diffraction, or a random signal. 

i) A.G.I. 

(verglade. A tract of swampy land covered 

mostly with tall grass. A swamp or an in- 

undated tract of low land. It has local 

usage in the southern United States. A.G.I. 

)verlasting lamps. N. of Eng. Natural jets 
of firedamp or small blowers which con- 
tinue to burn as long as gas is given off. 
Fay. 

{iverson process. An early flotation process 
using from 6 to 20 percent oil and up to 
1 percent acid, patented by Carrie Ever- 
son, whose husband was a pioneer in this 
field. Pryor, 3. 

jevjite. Hornblende gabbro containing labra- 
dorite or bytownite as the only light-col- 
ored mineral. The hornblende must be pri- 
mary and not uralitic. Compare bojite. 
A.GI. Supp. 

yolutionary operation. A method of process 
operation which introduces tightly con- 
trolled variations designed to transfer lab- 
oratory-proved improvements into changes 
leading to better commercial production. 
Pryor, 3. 

evolution sulfur. Sulfur present in a_sub- 
stance as a sulfide, so that on the appli- 
cation of moderate heat or acids, a gas- 
eous sulfur compound is given off. Hess. 

jex-. Prefix denoting absence or lack of; for 
example, exstipulate means without stip- 
ules. A.G.I. 

PXaminer. a. A metal or coal mine deputy. 

| The ventilation- and dust-suppression offi- 

| cials, workmen’s inspectors, and others 
may also be called examiners. Nelson. b. 
The official who inspects the workings be- 
fore and during the shift. Mason. See also 
coal mine inspector; fire boss; metal mine 
inspector; fireman; deputy. 

fexcambion. Scot. An exchange of land or 
minerals. Fay. 

jexcavating cableway. Cableway fitted with a 
bucket suitably designed for excavating. 
Ham. 

excavation. Digging and removing soil; blast- 
ing, breaking, and loading of coal, ore, 
or rock in mines. Continued excavation 
implies continued loading and clearing 
away. See also hydraulic mining pick; 
pneumatic pick. Nelson. 

excavation deformation. The zone around 

_ any excavation within which a structure 

might be disturbed by rock movements 





















399 


resulting from that excavation. Nelson. 

excavator. The term embraces a large num- 
ber of power-operated digging and loading 
machines. These are used increasingly in 
opencast mining and in quarrying. Nelson. 
Variants are the grab, skimmer, trencher, 
rotary digger, bucket wheel, and grader. 
Pryor, 3. See also bulldozer; continuous- 
bucket excavator; dragline; power shovel; 
walking dragline. Nelson 

excavator base machine. A tracted prime 
mover to which can be fitted a variety of 
front-end excavating and lifting appliances. 
Nelson. 

excellent fumes. Fumes that contain a mini- 
mum of toxic and irritating chemicals. 
Nichols. 

exception; reservation. A reservation or ex- 
ception of the minerals in a tract of land 
conveyed is a separation of the estate in 
the minerals from the estate in the surface, 
and it makes no difference whether the 
word used is excepted or reserved. Rick- 
etts, I. 

excess air. In practice, complete combustion 
cannot be obtained without slightly more 
air than is theoretically necessary. The 
amount of this excess air varies with the 
design and mechanical condition of the 
appliance, but ranges from 15 percent up- 
wards. Nelson. 

excess hydrostatic pressure; hydrostatic ex- 
cess pressure. The pressure that exists in 
pore water in excess of the hydrostatic pres- 
sure. ASCE P1826. 

excessive amounts of dust. Means bituminous 
coal dust in the air in such amount as to 
create a potential explosion hazard. To be 
a potential explosion hazard, a cloud of 
bituminous coal dust must contain at least 
0.04 ounce of dust per cubic foot of air, 
which is so dense that visibility will be 
very low and breathing difficult. BuMines 
Coal-Mine Inspectors’ Manual, June 1966, 
pt. 3-16b, p. 41. 

excessive location. A mining claim in excess 
of the width allowed by law. Fay. 

excess reactivity. Reactivity over and above 
that needed to achieve criticality. Excess 
reactivity is built into a reactor (by using 
extra fuel) in order to compensate for fuel 
burnup and the accumulation of fission- 
product poisons during operation. See also 
reactivity. L@L. 

exchangeable bases. 
Dodd. 

exchange capacity. The capacity to exchange 
ions as measured by the quantity of ex- 
changeable ions in a soil. ASCE P1826. 

exchange capacity, anion. See anion exchange 
capacity. ACSG, 1963. 

exchange capacity, cation. See cation ex- 
change capacity. ACSG, 1963, 

excitation. The addition of energy to a sys- 
tem, thereby transferring it from its ground 
state to an excited state. Excitation of a 
nucleus, an atom, or a molecule can result 
from absorption of photons or from inelas- 
tic collisions with other particles or systems. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

excitation anode. An electrode that is used 
to maintain an auxiliary arc in the vacuum 
tank. Coal Age, 1. 

excitation equipment. The equipment used 
for starting, maintaining, and controlling 
the arc. Coal Age, 1. 

excitation time. The minimum time for which 
electric current must flow in the fusehead 
of a detonator to insure its ignition. B.S. 
3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

excited. Excited atom, one with electrons at 


See ionic exchange. 











exhalation 


super-normal energy levels; excited state 
of particle, one in which surface is not in 
equilibrium with ambient fluid. Pryor, 3. 

excited state. The state of an atom or nucleus 
when it possesses more than its normal 
energy. The excess energy is usually re- 
leased eventually as a gamma ray or pho- 
ton. L@L. 

exciter. An auxiliary generator that supplies 
energy for the field excitation of another 
electric machine. Lowenheim. 

exclusion area. The area immediately sur- 
rounding a nuclear reactor where human 
habitation is prohibited in order to assure 
safety in the event of accident. L@L. 

exclusive prospecting license; E.P.L. Grant 
of right to prospect a designated area for 
a limited period. Pryor, 3. 

excursion; power excursion. A sudden, rapid 
rise in the power level of a reactor caused 
by supercriticality. Excursions are usually 
quickly suppressed by the reactor’s nega- 
tive temperature coefficient and/or by con- 
trol rods. L@L. 

exempted claim. A mining title on which 
exemption from otherwise essential activity 
has been granted. Pryor, 3. 

exemptions. Exemption laws are grants of 
personal privileges to debtors, which may 
be waived by contract or surrender or by 
neglect to claim before sale. Ricketts, I. 

exfoliate. a. To peel off in concentric layers, 
as some rocks weather. The concretionary 
structure of some greenstones is brought 
out in this way, the weathered surface 
showing rounded masses with the successive 
spherical layers falling off. Fay. b. To peel 
off in shreds, thin layers, or plates, as bark 
from a tree trunk. A.G.J. c. To swell up 
and to open out into leaves or plates in a 
direction at right angles to the leaves or 
plates, thus opening like a book or extend- 
ing like an accordion. For example, ver- 
miculite exfoliates when it is heated and 
extends its individual crystals into curving, 
wormlike or accordionlike aggregates of 
plates. Fay; Bureau of Mines Staff. 

exfoliation. a. The phase of weathering that 
involves the breaking loose of thin con- 
centric shells, slabs, spalls, or flakes from 
rock surfaces. Webster 3d. b. The breaking 
off or peeling off of scales or lamellae, as 
concentric sheets from rock surfaces by 
the action of either physical or chemical 
forces. A.G.IJ. c. A type of corrosion that 
progresses approximately parallel to the 
outer surface of the metal, causing layers 
of the metal to be elevated by the forma- 
tion of corrosion product. ASM Gloss. d. 
The property of some hydrous silicates, not- 
ably vermiculite, of permanently expanding 
concertina-wise when rapidly heated to a 
temperature above that at which water is 
evolved. Compare bloating; intumescence. 
Dodd. 

exfoliation dome. a. A large, rounded, domal 
feature produced in homogeneous igneous 
rock by the process of exfoliation. A.G.I. 
b. An exfoliation dome is produced by 
spalling which may result from alternate 
freezing and thawing, from the heat of 
forest fires, or from the removal of over- 
lying rock pressure by erosion. The large, 
dome-shaped, igneous-rock structures in 
Yosemite National Park, Calif., are classic 
examples of exfoliation domes. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

exhalation. a. Any vapor or gas arising from 
substances or surfaces exposed to the atmos- 
phere. Fay. b. Any gas or vapor formed 
beneath the surface of the earth and escap- 


exhalation 


ing either through a conduit or fissure, or 
from molten lava or a hot spring; an ema- 
nation. Fay. c. An exhaling or sending 
forth, as of steam or vapor. Something that 
is exhaled or given off or that rises in the 
form of gas, fumes, or steam. For example, 
a foul exhalation from the marsh. Web- 
ster 3d. 

exhaust fan. In coal mining, a fan which 
sucks used air from a mine and thereby 
causes fresh air to enter by separate entries 
to repeat the cycle. B.C. 

exhausting auxiliary fan; suction fan. An 
auxiliary fan which exhausts air from the 
face of a tunnel through ducting or piping 
and discharges it into the return side of 
the airway off which the tunnel branches. 
See also auxiliary ventilation. Nelson. 

exhaustion. a. In mining, the complete re- 
moval of ore reserves. Fay. b. The process 
of completely extracting from a substance 
whatever is removable by a given solvent. 
Fay. 

exhaust purifier. Attached to the exhaust 
manifold of diesel motors up to four cycles, 
this purifier reduces noxious and irritating 
fumes in mines and other enclosed spaces 
such as tunnels. The purifier consists of a 
heavy steel shell enclosing the catalytic 
sections that burn hot gases to carbon diox- 
ide and water vapor. Purified gases are 
fed through a water-filled tank and con- 
densed. Bests, p. 374. 

exhaust system. A system in which the flue 
and chimney or blower arrangement are 
used to remove air or gases from a kiln 
or drier. ACSG, 1963. 

exhaust ventilation. A system of ventilation 
in which the fan draws air through the 
workings by suction. Opposite of forced 
ventilation. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

exhumed topography. Monadnocks, moun- 
tains, or other topographic forms buried 
under younger rocks and exposed again by 
erosion. A.G.J. 

exine. a. The outer of the two layers form- 
ing the wall of certain spores. Webster 3d. 
b. The spore coat. A.G.JI. Supp. 

exinite; liptinite. a. M. C. Stopes in 1935 
used the term exinite for the constituent 
represented by the exines of spores in coal. 
C. A. Seyler in 1932, however, used the 
term with its present meaning designating 
the following group of macerals—sporinite, 
cutinite, alginite, resinite. The macerals 
grouped under the term exinite are not 
necessarily exines but appear to have simi- 
lar technical properties. The term liptinite 
was introduced by A. Ammosov in 1956. 
Little information is so far available on 
the technological behavior of pure exinite. 
By comparison and extrapolation it has 
proved possible, however, to deduce that 
in coals with more than 35 percent volatile 
matter exinite is the maceral group rich- 
est in volatile matter and in hydrogen 
(about 80 percent and about 9 percent re- 
spectively). In coals with 18 to 25 percent 
volatile matter, exinite is more resilient 
than the vitrinite; in coals with more than 
25 percent volatile matter, it has even 
greater resilience than micrinite. Exinite, 
therefore, increases the strength of bands 
in which it occurs and in broken coal con- 
centrates in particles greater than 1 milli- 
meter. JHCP, 1963, part I. b. The micro- 
petrologic constituent, or maceral, of spore 
exines and cuticular matter. See also spo- 
rinite; cutinite. A.G.J. 

exinoid. A coal constituent similar to mate- 








400 


rial derived from plant exines. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

exinonigritite. Nigritite derived from spore 
exines. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

existent corner. A claim corner whose posi- 
tion is evidenced by a monument or its ac- 
cessories as described in the field note rec- 
ord, or whose location can be identified by 
the aid of acceptable testimony. Seelye, 2. 

exit table. See runout table. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. 

exo-. A combining form from the Greek exo 
signifying out of, out, outside of, outside, 
or outer. Webster 3d. 

exocast. The exterior mold of a fossil. A.G_J. 
A,.G.JI. Supp. 

exogene. See exogenic. Hess. 

exogene effect. An effect induced upon the 
invaded rocks by the igneous intrusion. 
Bateman, 1950, p. 83. 

exogenetic. a. Pertaining to a rock composed 
of fragments of older rocks and owing its 
origin chiefly to agents acting from with- 
out. A.G.IJ. b. Applied to processes origi- 
nating at or near the surface of the 
earth, such as weathering and denudation, 
and to rocks, ore deposits, and landforms 
which owe their origin to such processes. 
Opposite of endogenetic; endogenic. 
Holmes, 1920. 

exogenetic rock. A rock formed by processes 
owing their origin to the external part of 
the earth. Schieferdecker. 

exogenic. Same as exogenous. A.G.I. 

exogenic differentiation. Chemical differen- 
tiation during a cycle of rock weathering 
and sediment transportation and deposi- 
tion. A.G.I. Supp. 

exogenite. A secondary mineral deposit of 
differing composition from the enclosing 
rock and younger than the enclosing rock. 
It often occurs as an incrustation filling a 
cavity. A.G.TI. 

exogenous. a. Produced from without; origi- 
nating from or due to external causes. 
Webster 3d. b. Composed of materials de- 
rived from the processes of erosion or 
produced by metamorphism through con- 
tact with an adjacent igneous intrusion. 
Synonym for exogenetic; exogenic. Oppo- 
site of endogenous. Webster 3d. c. Added 
to the outside, as a foraminiferal test. 
A.G.I. 

exogenous dome. See volcanic dome. A.G.I. 

exogenous inclusion. See accidental inclu- 
sion. A.G.I. 

exogenous lava dome. Synonym for shield 
volcano. A.G_I. 

exogeospheric element. One of the group of 
typical elements of the atmosphere and 
of the lithosphere; the atmophile ele- 
ments and the more typical lithophile 
elements. Schieferdecker. 

exogeosyncline. a. A parageosyncline that 
lies along the cratonal border and obtains 
its sediments from erosion of complement- 
ing highlands in the orthogeosynclinal] belt 
that lies outside of the craton. A.G.I. b. 
A transverse basin extending from an or- 
thogeosyncline into a craton. Webster 3d. 

exoglyph. A hieroglyph on surface of bed as 


opposed to internal hieroglyph (endo- 
glyph). Pettijohn. 
exograph; roentgenograph; shadowgraph. 


The impression made on a sensitized sur- 
face by X-rays passed through an object. 
Hess. 

exometamorphic; exomorphic. A descriptive 
term for those changes which are produced 
by contact metamorphism in the wall rock 





expansion bend 


of the intrusion; opposite of endomorphic. 
Fay. 

exometamorphism; exomorphism. The mod- 
ifications produced in the invaded rocks 
by intrusions which transverse them; con- 
tact metamorphism in the usual sense as 
contrasted with endometamorphism or 
endomorphism. A.G.I. 

exomorphism. See exometamorphism. Hess. 

exorheic region. A region that is drained 
by rivers that flow into the ocean. Oppo- 
site of endorheic region. A.G.J. Supp. 

exosmosis. The process of osmosis in an 
outward direction. C.T.D. Compare en- 
dosmosis. 

exosphere. Space beyond the earth’s atmos- 
phere. It begins at a height of about 1,000 
kilometers. A.GJ. Supp. 

exothermic; exothermal. Characterized by 
or formed with the evolution of heat. 
Opposite of endothermic; endothermal. 
Webster 3d. 

exothermic reaction. A reaction that pro- 
ceeds with the evolution of heat. A.G.I. 

exotic. That which has been introduced 
from other regions. Fay. 

exotic limonite. Limonite precipitated in 
rock other than that which formerly con- 
tained the iron-bearing sulfide. A.G.I. 

expanded blast furnace slag. The lightweight 
cellular material obtained by controlled 
processing of molten blast furnace slag 
with water, or with water and other 
agents, such as steam or compressed air, 
or both. ASTM C125-66. 

expanded clay. See lightweight expanded 
clay aggregate. Dodd. 

expanded foot. The lobe or fan of ice formed 
where the lower portion of a valley glacier 
leaves the confining walls of a valley and 
expands onto a level surface. A.G_I. 

expander. An inert material, such as carbon 
or barium sulfate, added to the active ma- 
terial in accumulator plates in order to 
prevent shrinkage of the mixture. C.T.D. 

expanding. A process used to increase the 
diameter of a cup, shell, or tube. See 
also bulging. ASM Gloss. 

expanding cement. Hydraulic cement of 
special type produced from clinker, gyp- 
sum, and blast furnace slag, as experi- 
mentally developed in France by Pro- 
fessor Lossier. This expands during setting 
and initial hardening, and the expansion 
can be controlled. Ham. 

expanding cutter. See expansion 
Long. 

expanding electrode test. A geophysical test 
based on the resistivity method to deter- 
mine underground geological structure. 
Nelson. 

expanding metals. Alloys of bismuth, which 
expand on cooling and solidifying; for ex- 
ample, 2 parts antimony to 1 part bis- 
muth. C.T.D. 

expanding plug. See expansion plug. Long. 

expanding reamer. A reamer which is cap- 
able of slight adjustment in diameter by 
means of a coned internal plug acting in 
a partially split length of the tool. Nelson. 

expanding waterway. A channel or groove 
incised into and across the face of a bit, 
the depth and/or width of which grad- 
ually increases from the inside to the 
outside walls of the bit. Long. 

expansion. Synonym for dilatation. Schiefer- 
decker. 

expansion bend. A bend in a pipeline that 
takes up movement due to temperature 
change and that prevents damage. Pryor, 3. 


cutter. 


























expansion bit 





_ \ppansion bit. A drill bit that may be ad- 
| justed to cut various sizes of holes. The 
}adjustment of some types may be accom- 
| plished by mechanical means while the bit 
}is inside the borehole. Also called paddy; 
paddy bit. Long. 

\ppansion bolt. A bolt equipped with a split 


















| | attaching to brick or concrete. Crispin. 


| ppansion chamber. Empty enclosed space 


|} above drying stove. Noke. 
‘ppansion coefficient. A measure of the rate 


pansion cutter; expanding cutter. A bore- 
}hole drill bit having cutters that may be 
|| expanded to cut a larger size hole than the 
size of the bit in its unexpanded state; 
also, a device equipped with cutters that 
may be expanded inside casing or pipe to 
jsever, or cut slits or holes in, the casing 
} or pipe. Compare paddy. Long. 
'\ppansion dome. Imaginary dome of rock 
above underground working, matched by 
similar inverted dome below the stope. 
'The dome lies inside the zone of stress 
due to an unsupported ground, but is 
| partially destressed owing to expansion 
| and peripheral transfer of load. Pryor, 3. 
jppansion fissure. In petrography, one of a 
system of irregularly radiating fissures 
| which ramify through feldspars and other 
‘minerals adjacent to olivine crystals that 
| have been replaced by serpentine. Expan- 
sion fissures are characteristic of norites 
and gabbros. The alteration of olivine to 
|) serpentine involves a considerable increase 
in volume, and the stresses that are pro- 
duced as the result of this increase in 
-volume are relieved by the fissuring of the 
) surrounding minerals. A.G.J. 
pansion fit. A fit easily made by placing a 
‘cold (subzero) inside member into a 
|\warmer outside member and allowing an 
equalization of temperature. ASM Gloss. 
pansion joint. a. In conveyors a joint con- 
\struction arranged to permit sliding of 
joining members, yet providing continuity 
of support for the conveying medium. Its 
‘purpose is to accommodate change in 
‘length caused by expansion or contrac- 
| tion, chain slack, or takeup movement. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. b. Permanent joints 
‘between different parts of the work, 
|/ formed to allow small relative movements 
normal to the joint to occur without the 
development of serious stresses. See also 
\ control joints. Taylor. c. A joint arranged 
‘between two parts to allow these parts to 
expand with temperature rise, without dis- 
torting laterally; for example, the gap left 
‘between successive lengths of rail, or the 
joint made between successive sections of 
-Carriageway in road construction. C.T.D. 
| d. Eng. A special pipe joint used in long 
Pipelines to allow for expansion; for ex- 
ample, a horseshoe bend, a corrugated 
Pipe acting as a bellows, a sliding socket 
joint with a stuffing box. C.T.D. e. A de- 
vice for overcoming the motion of ex- 
pansion and contraction in pipes due to 
heat or cold. In steam and hot water 
heating systems, the expansion joints in 
risers are of the (1) sliding sleeve type 
or (2) sylphon bellows type. The latter 
_ are preferable on low-pressure systems up 
to 15 pounds pressure. Crispin. f. An open 
joint left for thermal or permanent expan- 
| sion of brick in furnace construction. 
) Bureau of Mines Staff. 
expansion loop. Either a. bend like the let- 








401 


ter U or a coil in a line of pipe to pro- 
vide for expansion or contraction. Fay. 

expansion plug. Various devices that may be 
lowered into a borehole and mechanically 
expanded to tightly seal or plug the bore- 
hole at any predetermined point. Com- 
pare deflecting plug. Long. 

expansion reamer. Synonym for underream- 
er. Long. 

expansion ring. A hoop or ring of U-sec- 
tion used to join lengths of pipe so as to 
permit of expansion. Fay. 

expansion rollers. Rollers fitted to one end 
of a bridge to allow for expansion and 
contraction due to change of tempera- 
ture, the other end of the bridge being 
fixed. Ham. 

expansion rule. Special rule used in making 
molds for silica brick to correct for burn- 
ing expansion. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

expansion spalling. Spalling due to perma- 
nent growth of the fire face. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

expansion tamping. A term used in quarry- 
ing when the drill hole above the pow- 
der charge is filled for several inches with 
hay, tow, or the like, followed by several 
inches of clay lightly tamped and finally 
by well-packed stemming. Fay. 

expansive clay. A clay containing a sub- 
stantial amount of montmorillonite, and 
whose tendency to expand depends largely 
upon the percentage of this clay which it 
contains. Carson, 2, p. 90. 

ex parte. Partisan; evidence from one side 
only. Pryor, 3. 

expected tonnage. The calculated tonnage 
of recoverable ore in the mine. Lewis, p. 
519. 

expending beach. A beach formed with the 
chief aim of absorbing wave energy. Ham. 

experimental beryllium oxide reactor. Used 
to test fuel elements, it is intermediate 
step toward development of a propulsion 
system using a gas-cooled atomic reactor. 
Abbreviation, ebor. Hy. 

experimental face; trial face. A normal long- 
wall face on which new machines, such 
as a cutter loader, may be put to work 
to gain experience and perhaps improved. 
Such trials may disclose weaknesses and 
they would also indicate the best support 
system, turnover and other operating fac- 
tors. See also standby face. Nelson. 

expert. One who has acquired special skill 
in or knowledge of a particular subject 
through professional training or practical 
experience; a specialist. Webster 3d, Often 
applied to a mining engineer, as a min- 
ing expert. Fay. 

explode. a. To undergo rapid combustion 
with sudden release of energy in the form 
of heat that causes violent expansion of 
the gases formed and consequent produc- 
tion of great disruptive pressure and a 
loud noise; as, dynamite explodes. Web- 
ster 3d. b. To burst violently as a result 
of pressure from within; as, a steam boiler 
may explode. Webster 3d. 

exploder. a. A cap or fulminating cartridge, 
placed in a charge of gunpowder or other 
explosive, and exploded by electricity or 
by a fuse. Also called detonator. Fay. b. 
Electric shot-firing apparatus specially de- 
signed to provide a source of electric en- 
ergy of sufficient power to fire electric 
detonators. Each type of exploder is de- 
signed to fire a specific number of shots 
in series, and exploders are rated accord- 
ingly, for example, single-shot exploders, 
30-shot exploders, and 100-shot exploders. 





exploratory drilling 


McAdam II, p. 62. c. A small hand ma- 
chine for supplying the electric current for 
firing shots in mines and quarries. In Great 
Britain, exploders are of two general 
types: (1) exploders which contain no 
form of stored electrical energy, but gen- 
erate the current by means of a dynamo; 
and (2) exploders in which a capacitor, 
previously charged either by a battery or 
a dynamo contained in the exploder, sup- 
plies the current for discharge into the 
shot-firing circuit. Also called battery; 
blasting machine. See also Beethoven ex- 
ploder; dynamo exploder; Little Demon 
exploder; M.E. 6 exploder. Nelson. d. A 
chemical employed for the instantaneous 
explosion of powder. Zern. 

exploit. a. To make complete use of; to 
utilize. Fay. b. To research or to experi- 
ment; to explore. Fay. c. To employ or to 
utilize selfishly, without regard to right 
or justice. Fay. d. Excavate in such a 
manner as to utilize material in a par- 
ticular vein or layer, and waste or avoid 
surrounding material. Nichols. e. To turn 
a natural resource to economic account. 
For example, to exploit a mineral deposit. 
Webster 3d. 

exploitation. a. The process of winning or 
producing from the earth the oil, gas, 
minerals, or rocks which have been found 
as the result of exploration. A.G.I. b. The 
extraction and utilization of ore. Fay. 

exploration. a. The search for coal, mineral, 
or ore by (1) geological surveys; (2) geo- 
physical prospecting (may be ground, 
aerial, or both); (3) boreholes and trial 
pits; or (4) surface or underground head- 
ings, drifts, or tunnels. Exploration aims 
at locating the presence of economic de- 
posits and establishing their nature, shape, 
and grade and the investigation may be 
divided into (1) preliminary and (2) 
final. See also preliminary exploration. 
Also called prospecting. Nelson. b. Work 
involved in gaining a knowledge of the 
size, shape, position, and value of an ore 
body. Lewis, p. 20. c. A mode of acquir- 
ing rights to mining claims. Fay. 

exploration company. A prospecting and de- 
velopment syndicate, with large financial 
resources that enable it to maintain a con- 
siderable staff and carry on simultaneous 
operations in many fields. Hoov, p. 253. 

exploration drilling. Drilling boreholes by 
the rotary, diamond, percussive, or any 
other method of drilling for geologic in- 
formation or in search of a mineral deposit. 
Long. 

exploration syndicate. A syndicate made up 
of a group of people who organize for the 
purpose of engaging an intelligent pros- 
pector or young engineer-geologist, out- 
fitting him with transportation and sam- 
pling equipment, and sending him to the 
mining districts to prospect and to investi- 
gate likely claims. Hoov, pp. 252-253. 

exploratory drift. A drift that is driven in 
an ore deposit for the purpose of explor- 
ing the deposit both horizontally and ver- 
tically to see whether or not it will be 
worth working. Stoces, v. 1, p. 70. 

exploratory drilling. The putting down of 
boreholes from the surface or from under- 
ground workings, to seek and locate coal 
or mineral deposits and to establish geo- 
logical structure. Exploratory drilling is 
frequently done from underground work- 
ings, the holes being drilled upwards, 
horizontally or downwards as required. For 


exploratory drilling 


underground drilling, roller bits, diamond 
crowns or tungsten-carbide bits may be 
used and can be coring or noncoring. 
Rotary boring is the predominant method 
for exploratory work from the surface, par- 
ticularly where cores of significant deposits 
are required. See also diamond drilling. 
Nelson. 

exploratory well. A well drilled either in 
search of a new, and as yet undiscovered, 
field of oil or gas, or with the expectation 
of extending the limits of a field already 
partly developed. A.G.I. 

exploratory work. Mining operations to de- 
termine the size of the deposit, and also 
its character along the strike as well as to 
the dip. This is done by making drives and 
inclines. These openings follow the de- 
posit both in strike and dip. They are de- 
signed in such a way so as to make it pos- 
sible to use them for mining proper should 
the exploration turn out favorably. Stoces, 
vel, p: 214. 

explore. To search, develop, or prospect. 
von Bernewitz. 

explorer’s alidade. Same as gale alidade. 
A.G.I. 

exploring drift; exploring place. The work- 
ing drift approaching old workings whose 
exact position is uncertain, bored as a 
precaution against an unexpected holing. 
Peel. 

exploring heading. a. A heading driven hori- 
zontally upwards or downwards from mine 
workings for exploration purposes. Nelson. 
b. A heading driven in advance of the 
workings as a special safeguard when ap- 
proaching waterlogged workings whose 
position is uncertain. See also inrush of 
water. Nelson. c. A heading driven ahead 
in an area intersected by faults or wash- 
outs to explore the ground and regain the 
disrupted coal seam. Nelson. 

exploring mine. Scot. A working place driven 
ahead of the others to explore the field. A 
prospect. Fay. 

explosibility curves. Curve lines drawn 
through coordinating points, indicating ig- 
nition or propagation, in which the recti- 
linear coordinates of the diagram are fac- 
tors of volatile fixed carbon ratios, total 
incombustible, density of dust, size of dust 
particles, and firedamp, if any, in the air 
current. Rice, George S. 

explosibility limit. The addition of inert 
dust to coal dust decreases its explosi- 
bility, and when enough has been added 
an explosion cannot occur. The point at 
which explosion cannot occur is said to be 
the explosibility limit of the coal in ques- 
tion. Rice, George S. 

explosible. Capable of being exploded. Web- 
ster 3d. 

explosimeter. a. An instrument for testing 
explosibility by measuring the concentra- 
tion of combustible gases and vapors in 
air. Webster 3d. b. An instrument for 
measuring low concentrations of combusti- 
ble gases and vapors in air; it is designed 
to indicate 100 percent for lower explo- 
sive-limit mixtures; it must be calibrated 
for each gas- or vapor-air system for which 
it is to be used. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

explosion. a. A violent and rapid chemical 
reaction, usually accompanied by a loud 
report in which a large volume of gas at a 
high temperature is produced. See also 
colliery explosion. Nelson. b. A rapid ox- 
idation, accompanied by heat and flame, 
of firedamp, coal dust, or other strongly 
flammable material, resulting in a great 





402 


and sudden development of gases and 
pressure; when in a mine passage it may 
become increasingly violent as it pro- 
gresses in either direction, depending on a 
continuance of the gas or dust. Rice, 
George S. c. The rapid release of pressure 
without regard to its source. I.C. 8137, 
1963, p. 76. d. A sudden breaking apart, 
shattering, or bursting in pieces by internal 
pressure, as that of gas or steam. Standard, 
1964. e. A rapid increase of pressure in a 
confined space. Explosions are generally 
caused by the occurrence of exothermic 
chemical reactions in which gases are pro- 
duced in relatively large amount. C.T.D. 
f. An act of exploding: a violent expan- 
sion or bursting that is accompanied by 
noise and is caused by a sudden release 
of energy from a very rapid chemical re- 
action, from a nuclear reaction, or from 
an escape of gases or vapors under pres- 
sure, as in a steam boiler. Compare def- 
lagration; detonation. Webster 3d. g. The 
noise made by such bursting. Webster 3d. 
h. A large-scale, rapid, and spectacular ex- 
pansion, outbreak, or other upheaval. 
Webster 3d. i. Sudden release of pressure 
by rupture of a confining medium. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. j}. Sudden release of energy 
accompanied by increase in pressure and/ 
or volume. See also coal mine explosion. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 


explosion breccia. A deposit of coarse, in- 


durated, volcanic debris containing blocks 
torn from the walls of a volcanic vent and 
lying in a matrix of comminuted rock. 
The absence of magmatic ejecta indicates 
that the explosions which gave rise to this 
type of rock are of phreatic origin. A.G.J. 


explosion caldera. A caldera resulting pri- 


marily from a violent volcanic explosion 
which blows out a huge mass of rock, 
leaving a broad, deep basin in its place. 
Relatively rare and small in size compared 
to collapse calderas. An example is Bandai- 
san in Japan, where phreatic eruptions 
were followed by enormous avalanches that 
left an amphitheaterlike basin. A.G.I. 


explosion crater. A volcanic crater formed 


by a violent explosion, commonly devel- 
oped along rift zones on the flanks of 
large volcanoes and occasionally at the 
summit of volcanoes. It is distinguished 
from ordinary craters at the top of vol- 
canic cones and from pit craters, which 
are produced largely by collapse. Synony- 
mous with explosion pit. A.G.J. 


explosion dust. The dust deposited from the 


cloud raised by the explosion which settles 
after the explosion has died down, only 
part of which may be traversed. by the 
flame. Sinclair, I, p. 266. 


explosion-hazard investigation. The investi- 


gation of a mine to determine the possi- 
bility of an explosion occurring by reason 
of the kind, size, purity, and dryness of the 
coal dust along the mine passages and the 
presence or absence of firedamp. It also 
determines the degree of the hazard of an 
explosion from natural conditions and of 
one arising through the neglect or igno- 
rance of the mine personnel. The purpose 
of such investigations is to make specific 
recommendations for reducing that haz- 
ard to a negligible point by appropriate 
methods and continued diligence. Rice, 
George S. 


explosion pit. Synonymous with explosion 


crater. A.G.I. 


explosion pressure. The pressure developed 


at the instant of an explosion. Streefkerk, 


explosion-tested equipment. 





explosive 


p. 42. 


explosion proof. a. The term explosion-proof 


casing or enclosure that is so constructed 
and maintained as to prevent the ignition 
of gas surrounding it by any sparks, flashes, 
or explosions of gas that may occur within 
such enclosures. Fay. b. Said of electrical 
apparatus so designed that an explosion 
of flammable gas inside the enclosure will 
not ignite flammable gas outside. Such an 
apparatus is used in mines or other places 
having an explosive atmosphere. Also 
called flameproof. C.T.D. c. In fiery mines, 
fitting, motor, switch, or fixture so made 
and maintained as to preclude possibility 
of sparks, arcs, or heat sufficient to ini- 
tiate explosion in surrounding air or mine 
dust. Pryor, 3. d. See flameproof enclo- 
sure. Nelson. 


explosion-proof mine apparatus. An appa- 


ratus that is capable of withstanding explo- 
sion tests established by the U.S. Bureau 
of Mines; namely, internal explosions of 
methane-air mixtures, with or without coal 
dust present, without igniting surrounding 
explosive methane-air mixtures, and with- 
out damage to the enclosure or discharge 


of flame. ASA M2.1-1963. 


explosion-proof motors. The U. S. Bureau 


of Mines has applied the term “explosion 


proof” to motors constructed so as to pre-_ 


vent the ignition of gas surrounding the 
motor by any sparks, flashes, or explosions 
of gas or of gas and coal dust. that may 
occur within the motor casing. ‘Fay. 


explosion-proof stopping. Sandbag stoppings 


strengthened by incorporating arched 
girders or rolled steel joists, suitably placed 
and anchored into the roof and floor or 
sides of the mine road, placed across the 
shortest dimension of the road. Mason, V. 
1, pp. 287-288. 


explosions from molten iron. An explosion 


caused by molten iron coming in contact 
with water or wet material. Fay. 

In explosion- 
tested equipment, housings for electric 
parts are designed to withstand internal 
explosions of methane-air mixtures with- 
out causing ignition of such mixtures that 
surround the housings. ASA M2.1-1963. 


explosion tuff. A tuff, the constituent ash 


particles of which have been dropped di- 
rectly into place after being ejected from 
a volcanic vent. The term distinguishes 
such tuffs from the more ordinary types 
which are washed into place. Holmes, 
1920. 


explosion wave. a. From the French, onde 


explosive, and coined by Bertholet, sig- 
nifying that wave or flame which passes 
through a uniform gaseous mixture with a 
permanent maximum velocity. The rate of 
the explosion wave is a definite physical 
constant for each mixture. The explosion 
wave travels with the velocity of sound in 
the burning gas which itself is moving 
rapidly forward en masse in the same di- 
rection, so that the explosion wave is 


propagated far more rapidly than sound | 


travels in the unburned gas. Fay. b. 
Strictly speaking, a detonation wave. Rice, 
George S. 


explosive. a. Any mixture or chemical com- 


pound by whose decomposition or com- 
bustion gas is generated with such rapid- 


ity that it can be used for blasting or in | 


firearms, for example, gunpowder, dyna- 
mite, etc. Fay. b. A substance which 
undergoes a rapid chemical change, with 














production of large volumes of gas. High | 











‘explosive antimony. 


explosive 


pressures are set up when the action oc- 
curs in a confined space such as a bore- 
hole and consequently the surrounding 
coal or ore is broken. The change is ef- 
fected either by burning, as with low ex- 
plosives, such as gunpowder, or by deto- 
nation, as with high explosives. See also 
explosive factor; Morcol; permitted ex- 
plosives. Nelson. c. That which is liable 
to explode or to violently burst forth 
from within by force. Crispin. d. In coal 
mining, there are two main classes per- 
mitted and nonpermitted, that is, those 
which are safe for use in coal mines and 
those which are not. Ammonium nitrate 
mixtures are mostly used in coal mines; 
nitroglycerin derivatives in metal mines. 
Geli Ds 

A black powder ob- 
tained by the rapid cooling of antimony 
vapor, or by the electrolysis of a solution 
of antimony chloride in hydrochloric acid, 
using a platinum cathode and an antimony 
anode. When scratched, the hard black 
mass deposited on the cathode will ex- 
plode. It may consist of a solid solution of 
antimony trichloride in metallic antimony. 
Camm. 


i! explosive cooling agent; coolers. A substance 


added to a permitted explosive to cool the 
explosion flame and thus reduce the risk 
of igniting mine gases. The agent may be 
sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. 
Nelson. 


|Explosive D. Ammonium picrate. Bennett 


2d, 1962. 


» explosive drilling. A technique developed for 


deep-hole drilling in especially strong and 
abrasive rocks. In this method, a series of 
small underwater explosions are used to 
break the rock at the bottom of the hole, 
the fragments from each explosion being 
washed away by the flushing water. The 
explosive used is in the form of a liquid 
which is transported down the hole un- 
mixed in nonexplosive chemical compo- 
nents which are then automatically mixed 
in correct proportions for maximum sensi- 
tivity at the drill head. Since the energy 
is liberated at the bottom of the hole 
there is no energy loss with depth and 
since the explosion is underwater, the 
shock wave is transmitted with maximum 
efficiency. Mining and Minerals Engineer- 
ing, v. 1, No. 5, January 1965, p. 183. 


‘explosive dusts. Dusts which are combustible 


when airborne. They include metallic dusts 
(magnesium, aluminum, zinc, tin, iron), 
coal (bituminous, lignite), and_ sulfide 
ores. Hartman, p. 41. 


‘explosive factor; powder factor. The ratio 


between the burden of a shothole in tons 
or cubic yards and the weight of explasive 
charge in pounds, that is, tons (or cubic 
yards) per pound of explosive. The factor 
is dependent on the rock and the frag- 
mentation required, but 5 tons per pound 
is about average in quarry blasting. To 
minimize secondary blasting, some quarry- 
men prefer a factor of about 3 tons per 
pound. See also blasting. Nelson. 


‘explosive force. A force represented with 


separate values for the heat liberated by 
the explosive decomposition and the det- 
onating rate. Streefkerk, p. 42. 


‘explosive forming. Shaping metal parts in 


confined die cavities where the forming 
pressure is generated by an_ explosive 
charge. ASM Gloss. 


|| explosive fringe. See flammable fringe. B.S. 





403 


3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

explosive index. The percentage of pyroclas- 
tic ejecta among the total products of a 
volcanic eruption. A.G.J. Supp. 

explosive limits. The limits of percentage 
composition of mixtures of gases and air 
(or oxygen) within which an explosion 
takes place when the mixture is ignited. 
Institute of Petroleum, 1961. 

explosively anchored rockbolt. See rockbolt, 
explosively anchored. 

explosiveness of dust. The explosiveness of 
a dust is its ability to produce violent 
effects and is measured by the pressure 
produced after the explosion has traveled 
a fixed distance under standard condi- 
tions. Sinclair, I, p. 252. 

explosive oil. See nitroglycerin. CCD 6d, 
1961: 

explosive, permissible. See permissible ex- 
plosive. Fay. 

explosive pressing. A process for comparison 
by the blast of an explosion within the 
mold containing the powder to be com- 
pacted. Dodd. 

explosive, primary. See primary explosive. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

explosive ratio. The weight of explosive per 
cubic feet of rock broken. A ratio used 
largely in the United States. Nelson. Also 
called powder factor. 

explosives. Gunpowder—black powder; 
KNOs, sulfur and carbon. Nitrate mix- 
tures, nitrates other than potassium. Chlo- 
rate mixtures, contain K.ClO;. Dynamites, 
contain nitroglycerin. Guncotton, nitrated 
cellulose or other nitro-compounds. Per- 
mitted safety, may be used in coal mine. 
(Cardox, airdox.) Picrates, contain picric 
acid. Tri-nitro-toluene (T.N.T.). Pryor, 3. 

explosives casting. In explosives casting, large 
amounts of low-cost ammonium nitrate 
mixtures are loaded into medium-sized 
drill holes in a usual ratio of more than 1 
pound of powder per cubic yard of over- 
burden. The explosive charges are det- 
onated through millisecond delay electric 
blasting caps. When the shot is fired, a 
large part of the overburden is blasted into 
the pit away from the high wall and up on 
the spoil pile where it attains a favorable 
angle of repose. Woodruff, v. 3, p. 467. 

explosive sensitiveness. The ease with which 
an explosive will detonate or explode. An 
explosive must be sufficiently insensitive to 
withstand any shocks which may occur in 
handling or transporting, but, at the same 
time, it must detonate when initiated by 
an ordinary detonator, and also transmit 
the detonation wave from one cartridge to 
another in a shot hole. Nelson. 

explosive shattering. This method consists 
in soaking the ore thoroughly in water and 
then heating to 180° C under a pressure 
of 150 pounds per square inch. The pres- 
sure is then suddenly released, and the 
absorbed water is converted to steam 
which disrupts the ore. Explosive shatter- 
ing is said to be more effective than ordi- 
nary crushing and grinding in liberating 
mineral particles without harmful over- 
grinding. Newton, Joseph. Introduction to 
Metallurgy, 1938, p. 238. 

explosive store; powder house. A surface 
building at a mine where explosives and 
detonators may be kept. In Great Britain, 
the store must be licensed by the local 
authority either for gunpowder or mixed 
explosives. It must be at certain minimum 
distances from other buildings and the 


exsolution mineral. 





exsolution texture 


maximum quantity of explosives that may 
be kept is fixed. Nelson. 


explosive strength. A measure of the amount 


of energy released by an explosive on det- 
onation and its capacity to do useful work. 
Several methods of expressing explosive 
strength are used, but in most cases the 
figures are calculated from the deflection 
of a freely suspended ballistic mortar in 
which small explosive charges are fired. 
Nelson. 


explosive stripping. A method, encouraged 


by the introduction of lower cost AN-FO 
explosives, in which by using an excess of 
explosives in the strip mine bench, up to 
about 40 percent of the overburden can 
be removed from the coal seam by the en- 
ergy of the explosive, thereby requiring no 
excavation. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Bri- 
tannica Book of the Year, 1964, p. 570. 


explosive volcano. A volcano characterized 


by periodic eruptions of great violence and 
explosive force. Standard, 1964. 


exposed coalfield. A coalfield where the Coal 


Measures outcrop at the surface all around 
its margin or boundary. South Wales is a 
good example of an exposed coalfield. See 
also concealed coalfield. Nelson. 


exposed finish tile. A hollow clay building 


block, the surfaces of which are intended 
to be left exposed or painted; the surface 
may be smooth, combed, or roughened. 


Dodd. 


exposure. a. The proportional mass of a 


diamond or other cutting medium pro- 
truding beyond the surface of the metal in 
which it is inset in the face of the bit. 
Sometimes incorrectly called clearance. 
Long. b. In geology, the condition or fact 
of being exposed to view, either naturally 
or artifically. Also, that part of a rock, a 
bed, or a formation which is exposed; an 
outcrop. Fay. 


exposure dose. Expressed in roentgens, is a 


measure of the total ionization that the 
quantity of radiation could produce in air. 


BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 747. 


exposures. S. Afr. Portions of the pay ore ex- 


posed in development operations, etc. 
Beerman. 


expression rolls. A pair of steel rolls which, 


when rotated, will force a clay column 
through a die or along a cutting-off table 
(as in shaping of bats for roofing-tile man- 
ufacture). Compare crushing rolls. Dodd. 


exsiccation. Drying by draining; forced evap- 


oration of moisture. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


exsolution. a. The separation of individual 


minerals in solid solution when the tem- 
perature is lowered. Bateman. b. Solid 
solutions of some pairs of minerals form 
only at high temperatures and become un- 
stable at lower temperatures: When these 
solid solutions cool slowly, one mineral 
may separate out of the other at a certain 
point in the cooling-temperature curve. 
This is unmixing, or exsolution. Bateman, 


1950, p. 32. 


exsolutional. Applied to those sedimentary 


rocks that solidify from solution either by 
precipitation or by secretion. A.G.J. 

One of the unmixing 
minerals that form through exsolution 
from other minerals by cooling and are 
mostly included in them. Schieferdecker. 


exsolution texture. The texture of any inter- 


growth of minerals formed by the exsolu- 
tion of one or more guest minerals from a 
host mineral by unmixing under certain 
conditions of cooling. The term comprises: 


exsolution texture 


Crystallographic or oriented intergrowth 
textures; cell, cellular, net, or mesh tex- 
tures; oleanderleaf texture; emulsion tex- 
ture; pseudoeutectic or graphic texture; 
eutectoid texture, etc. Schieferdecker. 

exsolved, See exsolution. A.G.I. 

exsudation. The scaling off of rock surfaces 
through the growth of salines by capillary 
action. It probably has only local impor- 
tance as a weathering process. A.G.I. 

extendable conveyor. a. For bulk materials 
is usually of troughed design and may be 
lengthened or shortened while in opera- 
tion. Commonly used in underground mine 
conveyor work. ASA MH4.1-1958. b. For 
packaged materials, objects, or units con- 
veyor may be one of several types includ- 
ing roller, wheel, and belt conveyors. Con- 
struction is such that conveyor may be 
lengthened or shortened within limits to 
suit operating needs. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

extended charges. Explosive charges spaced 
at intervals in a quarry or opencast blast 
hole. See also deck loading. Nelson. 

extended consequent stream. A consequent 
stream flowing seaward on a newly 
emerged coastal plain that extends the 
course of an older stream with headwaters 
in the old land behind the coastal plain. 
A.G.I. 

extended head pulley. See head pulley, a. 

extended stream. When a region near the 
sea is uplifted and a submerged conti- 
nental shelf becomes part of the coastal 
plain, the streams of the older land are 
extended across it. A.G.I. 

extender. A mineral substance used to di- 
lute and cheapen paint but which also 
may be useful in facilitating the suspen- 
sion of the pigment, increasing moisture 
resistance, giving a dull finish, thicken- 
ing primers for filling porous surfaces, 
improving abrasion resistance, or improv- 
ing brushing qualities. Extenders include 
asbestos, barite, calcite (whiting), celestite, 
clay, diatomaceous earth, dolomite (sili- 
ceous), gypsum, magnesite, mica (in- 
cluding sericite), quartz (including trip- 
oli), slate flour, talc, vermiculite, and 
witherite. BuMines I.C. 7264, December 
1943, p. 19; Hess. 

extensible conveyor. A conveyor which is 
capable of being lengthened or shortened 
while in operation. NEMA MBI1-1961. 

extensible discharge trough. Consists of two 
or more shaker conveyor troughs, nested, 
to be installed on the discharge end of 
the pan line so as to provide for adjust- 
ment of the position of the discharge point. 
After adjustment, they are locked in 
place. Jones. 

extensional fault. A normal fault believed 
to have resulted from the stretching of 
the earth’s crust. A.G.I. Supp. 

extension barrel. Synonym of extension core 
barrel. Long. 

extension core barrel. A core barrel, the 
length of which may be increased by 
coupling similar sections. Long. 

extension coupling. Coupling consisting of a 
threaded tubular section around which a 
loose- or tight-fitting ring is placed. The 
coupling connects the core barrel to the 
first drill rod. Also called guide-ring 
coupling. Long. 

extension fracture. One of the fractures that 
form parallel to a compressive force. In a 
sense, they are tension fractures. Billings, 
1954, p. 96. 

extension joint. One of the joints that form 





A404 


parallel to a compressive force. In a sense, 
they are tension fractures. Billings, 1954, 
p. 117 

extension ore. Possible ore believed to exist 
ahead of ore exposed in the face of a 
drift. Forrester, p. 554. 

extension tongs. See brown tongs. Long. 

extension well. A productive outpost well. 
See also outpost well. A.GI. 

extensometer. a. Instrument used for meas- 
uring small deformations, deflection, or 
displacements. BuMines Bull. 587, 1960, 
p. 2. b. An instrument for measuring 
changes caused by stress in a linear di- 
mension of a body. ASM Gloss. 

exterior panel. Panel of a slab whose sup- 
port is discontinuous on at least one edge. 
Ham. 

external grinding. Grinding the external sur- 
face of a rotating workpiece. ASM Gloss. 

external mold. The impression in the ad- 
joining rock of the outer sides of the hard 
parts of an organism. A.G_I. 

external rotation. The rotation of small min- 
eral aggregates in metamorphic rocks, the 
internal relationships of which are little 
disturbed. G.S.A. Memoir 6, 1938, p. 36. 

external sintered tip pick. See sintered car- 
bide-tipped pick. Nelson. 

external vibrator. A vibrator used to facili- 
tate concrete placing, being fixed to the 
shuttering as distinct from an internal vi- 
brator, which is immersed in the concrete. 
Ham. 

external waste. S. Afr. Unpayable or waste 
rock on the outsides of a band or sev- 
eral bands of ore; internal waste is be- 
tween bands of ore which are mined to- 
gether. Beerman. 

extinction. a. In optical mineralogy, the ar- 
resting of a beam of light by polariza- 
tion, by the imperfect transparency of the 
medium, or otherwise. Fay. b. A position 
at which a birefringent substance on the 
stage of a polarizing microscope with 
crossed nicols is dark, even though the 
line of sight is not parallel to an optic 
axis; also the darkness thus obtained. 
A.G.I. c. When a birefringent mineral is 
examined between crossed Nicol prisms 
or Polaroid disks and no light is trans- 
mitted the mineral is said to be in a posi- 
tion of extinction. There are four such 
positions during a complete rotation of 
360°. Anderson. 

extinction angle. The angle through which a 
section of an anisotropic crystal must be 
revolved from the trace of a known crys- 
tallographic plane or direction to the po- 
sition of maximum darkness or extinction 
under the petrographic microscope. It is 
diagnostic in the identification of a min- 
eral grain. Fay; A.G.I. 

extinction direction. a. In optical mineralogy, 
the position of extinction of a mineral 
grain expressed in angular degrees with 
respect to a crystallographic axis, a crys- 
tal face, a cleavage trace, or a twin plane. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. b. One of two 
directions in a crystal that are parallel 
to the vibration planes of the crossed 
nicols of the petrographic microscope. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

extinctive atmosphere. An atmosphere cre- 
ated behind mine seals when the supply 
of oxygen is completely cut off thereby 
bringing combustion to an end. Roberts, 
I, p. 99. 

extinct volcano. See volcano. A.G.I. 

extine. The outer coat of a pollen grain. 





extraction water 


A.GI. 

extinguish. To put out; to quench. Jones. 

extoolitic. An odlitic structure built up, 
around a core from within outward; a 
small concretion. Opposite of entodlitic.. 
Fay. 

extracontinental geosyncline. A geosyncline) 
situated outside a continent and marginal) 
to it. A.GI. Supp. 

extract. Substance, or substances, separated 
from petroleum products by the selective: 
action of a solvent in solvent-extraction | 
processes other than dewaxing. Extracts’ 
are generally aromatic in character. See 
also raffinate. Institute of Petroleum, 196]. 

extractable metal. A metal that can be ex- 
tracted from a sample by any given chem- 
ical treatment. Hawkes. : 

extractant. In solvent extraction, the active 
organic reagent which forms an extract-| 
able complex with uranium. Newton, Pp. 
440. | 

extraction. a. The process of mining and 
removal of coal or ore from a mine. Nel- 
son. b. The separation of a metal or valu-| 
able mineral from an ore, or concentrate. 
See also percentage extraction. Nelson. c, 
Percentage of ore body actually severed | 
and removed to surface. Pryor, 3. d. S. 
Afr. Extracting metal from ore, often ex-_ 
pressed as a percentage. Beerman. e. Used | 
in relation to all processes that are used | 
in obtaining metals from their ores. 
Broadly, these processes involve the break- 
ing down of the ore both mechanically 
(crushing) and chemically (decomposi- 
tion), and the separation of the metal 
from the associated gangue. Extraction 
metallurgy may be conveniently divided 
into ore dressing, pyrometallurgy, hydro- | 
metallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Bureau | 
of Mines Staff. f. A designation for that 
part of the metallic content of the ore 
which is obtained by a final metallurgical 
process, as the extraction was 85 percent. | 
Compare recovery. Fay. g. The process of | 
dissolving and separating out specific con- 
stituents of a sample by treatment with | 
solvents specific for those constituents. | 
ASTM STP No. 148-D. h. In refining, 
this term usually applies to solvent ex- | 
traction which consists of separating by | 
solvent or solvents the desired part from | 
the undesired material. Shell Oil Co. i. In 
chemical engineering, the operation wherein | 
a liquid or solid mixture is brought into | 
contact with an immiscible or partially | 
miscible liquid to achieve a redistribution 
of solute between the phases. NRC-ASA | 
N1.1-1957. 

extraction metallurgy. Primary work of pro- — 
ducing metal from ores or their concen- 
trates. Pryor, 3. 

extraction naptha. A naptha suitable for ex- 
traction purposes. ASTM D288-57. 

extraction ratio. Ratio of the mined area to — 
the total area. BuMines Bull. 587, 1960, 
Dee . 

extraction tower. A tower containing pack- | 
ing, baffle plates, or sprays arranged so | 








as to provide intimate contact between | 
the immiscible or partially miscible phases — 
in an extraction process. NRC-ASA N1.1- | 
1957. | 
extraction ventilation. The ventilation of a | 
tunnel face (or mine) by an exhaust fan. 
See also exhausting auxiliary fan. Nelson. 
extraction water. Superheated water pumped 
into wells to melt and ~to extract molten — 
sulfur from ‘salt domes. G.S.A. Memoir 


| extraction water 


DO eLOo2, 'D. 9: 

extractive distillation. Separation by distilla- 

| tion of a relatively nonvolatile azeotrope 

| formed from an added compound and 
one of the constituents of the original 
| mixture. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 
jextractive metallurgy. The extraction of 
| metals from their ores or from the nat- 
urally occurring aggregates of minerals by 
various mechanical and chemical methods. 
The major divisions of extractive metal- 
| lurgy may be classified as mineral dress- 
| ing, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and 

| electrometallurgy. E.C.T., v. 8, p. 934. 

»extract layer. The liquid layer in a solvent 

extraction system into which the desired 

| solute is extracted. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

- extractor. One who or that which extracts; 
as a drill extractor. Standard, 1964. 

- extractor box. See zinc box. Fay. 

|extrados. The exterior arc of an arch, as 
in a tunnel. Sandstrom. 

-extradosal. The fractured ground outside of 
the fracture zone. In many mines, extra- 
dosal bursts occur more frequently than 
intradosal; that is, the extradosal ground 
ahead of the working face serves as an 
abutment which supports the superincum- 
bent rock to the surface. Lewis, pp. 624- 
625. Compare intradosal. 

extra-duty glazed tile. A ceramic tile with 
a glaze that is sufficiently durable for 
light-duty floors and all other surfaces in- 
side buildings provided that there is no 

| serious abrasion or impact. Dodd. 

_ extra dynamite. Differs from straight dyna- 
mite in that a portion of the nitroglycerin 
content is replaced with sufficient ammo- 
nium nitrate to maintain the grade 
strength, manufactured in grade strengths 
of from 20 to 60 percent. It is lower in 
velocity and water resistance than straight 
dynamite, but is less sensitive to shock 
and friction and less flammable. Carson, 
p. 308. See also low-density explosive. 
Kentucky, p. 165. 

-extra-flexible hoisting rope. A rope consist- 
ing of 8 strands of 19 wires each with a 
large hemp center. H&G, p. 129. 

extraglacial deposit. A sedimentary deposit 
laid down by glacial waters beyond the 
margin of the ice. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

extrahazardous. Unusually dangerous; spe- 
cifically used in insurance in classifying 
occupational risks, as mining is extra- 
hazardous. Fry. 

extra heavy. When applied to pipe, means 
pipe thicker than standard pipe; when ap- 
plied to valves and fittings, indicates goods 
suitable for a working pressure of 250 

| pounds per square inch. Strock, 3. 

|| extra-heavy drill rod. Sometimes used as a 
synonym for drill collar. Long. 

_extra-heavy pipe. A class of thick-walled 

pipe usually designated as double extra 
strong by pipe manufacturers. Sometimes 
used in lieu of drill rods in wash-boring 
operations in sinking pipe through deep 
overburden. Long. 

extra-heavy wash rods. See extra-heavy pipe. 

Long. 

extra high voltage; EHV. A development in 
the electric utility industry which permits 
a half-million volts to be jammed into a 
conductor and carried to distant places on 

a single new transmission line (6 were 
previously required). This development 
makes possible greater use of mine-mouth 
generating plants, reduces the price of 
electricity, and thereby makes coal more 




















405 


competitive since transportation of coal 
to distant plants becomes unnecessary. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

extralateral. Situated or extending beyond 
the sides; specifically noting the right of 
a mine owner to the extension of a lode 
or vein from his claim beyond the side- 
lines, but within the vertical planes 
through the endlines. Fry. 

extralateral right. In the United States Min- 
ing law, said of the right which one who 
locates on the public domain, a claim in 
which a vein comes to an apex, has to 
parts of the vein beyond the planes passed 
through the sidelines of his claim, but 
lying within vertical cross planes passed 
through the endlines. Fay. 

extralite. An explosive mixture consisting of 
ammonium nitrate and carbonate, liquid 
and solid hydrocarbons, and zinc chlorate. 
Standard, 1964. 

extramensurate ore bodies. Those difficult to 
explore and measure much in advance of 
mining, in which the value of prospects 
for ore based on geologic evidence ex- 
ceeds the value of proved reserves through- 
out most of the life of mines supported 
by them. McKinstry, p. 477. 

extramorainic. Situated outside of or be- 
yond the terminal moraine of a glacier. 
Fay, 

extraneous ash; secondary ash. a. The min- 
eral matter in coal which was introduced 
during the formation of the seam. It con- 
sists of clayey or sandy particles which 
were blown or washed into the plant 
debris as it was accumulating. See also 
inherent ash; secondary mineral matter. 
Nelson. b. Coal ash consisting of sediment 
deposited with the plant debris. A.G.J. 
Supp. c. Ash arising from mineral mat- 
ter associated with, but not inherent in, 
coal. B.S. 3323, 1960. d. Ash in coal de- 
rived from inorganic material deposited 
with coal or in cracks in coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

extraneous coal. See extraneous ash. Pryor, 3. 

extraordinary ray; E-ray. a. In optically uni- 
axial crystals, the ray of polarized light 
which vibrates in a plane that includes 
the vertical crystallographic axis and has 
the direction of its vibration constantly 
changing as the direction of its path 
through the crystal changes. Thus, the 
velocity of the ray will correspondingly 
vary, and its index of refraction will not 
in general obey the sine law. Fay; Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. In optically uniaxial 
crystals, the ray of polarized light that 
vibrates at an angle to the basal pina- 
coid and the refraction. of which varies 
with that angle. A.G.J. 

extrapolation. Projection of a graphic curve 
beyond the line of points established from 
plotting data. Pryor, 3. 

extra-special improved plough. A grade of 
wire rope used for winding with a ten- 
sile strength of between 115 and 125 tons 
per square inch. Mason, v. 2, p. 461. 

extra-strong pipe. Synonym for double extra 
strong. Long. 

extraterritorial rights. Sometimes affect em- 
ployment in alien countries by giving im- 
munity from some laws. May affect work- 
ing conditions. Pryor, 3. 

extravasation. The eruption of molten or 
liquid material from the earth, as lava 
from a vent, water from a geyser, etc. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

extruded hole. A hole formed by a punch 





exude 


which first cleanly cuts a hole and then 
is pushed farther through to form a 
flange with an enlargement of the orig- 
inal hole. ASM Gloss. 

extruded section. The most common type of 
light alloy structural section, produced by 
extrusion. Ham. 

extruded tube. A seamless tube produced 
by extrusion. Light Metal Age, v. 16, No. 
9, October 1958, pp. 17-24. Glossary of 
terms used in the aluminum extrusion 
industry. 

extrusion. a. The operation of producing 
rods, tubes, and various solid and hollow 
sections, by forcing heated metal through 
a suitable die by means of a ram; applied 
to numerous nonferrous metals, alloys, 
and. other substances. C.T.D. b. The act 
or process of extruding; thrusting or push- 
ing out; also, a form produced by the 
process; a protrusion. Webster 3d; Web- 
ster 2d. c. The emission of magmatic ma- 
terial (generally lavas) at the earth’s sur- 
face; also, the structure or form produced 
by the process, such as a lava flow, a 
volcanic dome, or certain pyroclastic 
rocks. A.G.I. d. Lava or mud forced out, 
as through a vent or a fissure, onto the 
earth’s surface. Webster 3d. e. Plastic clay 
is forced through a mouthpiece of a 
pugmill or a press, forming a rod or a 
tube, which can be cut to the desired 
length. Rosenthal. 

extrusion billet. A cast or wrought metal 
slug used for extrusion. ASM Gloss. 

extrusion defect. A defect of flow in ex- 
truded products caused by the oxidized 
outer surface of the billet flowing into the 
center of the extrusion. It normally oc- 
curs in the last 10 to 20 percent of the 
extruded bar. Also called pipe; core. ASM 
Gloss. 

extrusion ingot. A solid or hollow cylindrical 
casting used for extruding into rods, bars, 
shapes, or tubes. ASM Gloss. 

extrusive. a. Pertaining to igneous material 
poured out on the surface of the earth 
in a molten state and to fragmental ma- 
terial of all sizes erupted from volcanic 
vents. Lava flows and tuff beds are com- 
mon examples. Stokes and Varnes, 19595. 
b, An extruded rock or body. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. c. Of, relating to, or 
produced by geologic extrusion, such as 
volcanic eruptions and other extrusive 
phenomena. Extrusive rocks formed after 
lava reached the earth’s surface. An ig- 
neous rock mass produced by geologic 
extrusion. Synonym for effusive. Con- 
trasted with intrusive. Fay; Webster 3d. 

extrusive igneous body. Magma extruded 
upon the earth’s surface, forming lava 
flows. Bateman. 

extrusive rock. Any igneous rock derived 
from a magma or from magmatic mate- 
rials that was poured out or ejected at 
the earths’ surface, as distinct from an 
intrusive or plutonic igneous rock which 
has solidified from a magma that has 
been injected into older rocks at depth 
without reaching the surface. Synonymous 
with effusive rock; volcanic rock. A.G.I. 

exudation. The action by which all or a 
portion of the low melting constituent of 
a compact is forced to the surface dur- 
ing sintering. Synonymous with sweating. 
ASTM B243-65. 

exudation vein. See segregated vein. 

exude. a. To discharge gradually through 
pores or small openings, as liquid, gum, 


exude 


or moisture; give off or out by slow per- 
colation; as the pines exude pitch. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. To ooze or flow slowly forth 
through pores, cracks, or gashes; as gums 
exude from wounded trees. Standard, 1964. 

ex vessel. A price quoted ex vessel used in 
connection with a port name means all 
costs paid until free of the ship’s tackle at 
the port designated. Hess. 

eye. a. The top or mouth of a shaft. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 2. b. The central or in- 
take opening of a radial-flow fan. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 2. c. Entrance to mine 
working, at which daylight can be seen 
from within. Pryor, 3. d. The hole in a 
pick or hammer head which receives the 
handle. Fay. e. The opening at the top 
of a beehive coke oven for charging. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 364. f. The opening in 
the bottom of a pot furnace through 
which the flame enters. ASTM C162-66. 

eye agate. Agate with concentric bands which 
may be of various alternating colors, 
about a dark center. Shipley. 

eye and eyebrow structure. A structure in 
some of the rhyolites of the Sudbury, On- 
tario, area consisting of crescent shaped 
bodies of quartz with pealike masses of 
quartz on the concave side. The convex 
side is toward the top of the flow, A.G_I. 

eye assay. An estimate of the valuable min- 
eral content of a core or ore sample as 
based on a visual inspection. Long. 

eyeball assay. Synonym for eye assay. Long. 

eyebolt. A rod or bolt having an eye or 
loop at one end and threaded at the 
other end. Long. 

eye coal; circular coal. Coal characterized 
by the occurrence of small circular or 
elliptical structural disks or eyes arranged 
in parallel planes either in, or normal to 
the bedding, and having shiny surfaces 
that reflect light like small mirrors. The 
individual eyes usually have a central point 
around which frequently appear several 
circular zones which are bent like the rim 
of a plate. Radiating striae are noticeable, 
being more distinct on the edge and finer 
in the center. A.G_J. 

eyed structure. Synonym for augen struc- 
ture. A.G.I. 

eyeletting. Displacing material about an open- 
ing in sheet or plate so that a lip protrud- 
ing above the surface is formed. ASM 
Gloss. 

eye of a shaft. See eye, a. Fay. 

eyes. Derb. Small cavities lined with crystals, 
in the alabaster rock, Chellaston quarries. 
Arkell. 

eyesight. A window or other opening in a 
tuyere through which the operator can 
see into the melting zone of the blast fur- 
nace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 399. 

eyestone. Eng. An agate which shows in the 
center a spot or spots more highly col- 
ored than the concentric layers. Fay. 

eykometer. a. A device for making static 
measurements of the yield value of a mud 
fluid. Hess. b. An instrument for the de- 
termination of the yield point of clay 
suspensions. Dodd. 

ezcurrite. Hydrous sodium borate, 2Na.O. 
5B2O3.7H2O, with characters very similar 
to those of kernite (NasBsO;.4H2O). Asso- 
ciated with kernite, borax, tincalconite 
in the Tincalayu mine, province of Salta, 
Argentina. Spencer.21, M.M., 1958. 

ezteri. Sp. Am. A green jasper with reddish 
veins; a kind of bloodstone. Fay. 





406 
F 


f a. Abbreviation for fusion. Zimmerman, 


pp. 49, 172. b. Abbreviation for freezing. 
Webster 3d. c. Abbreviation for frequency. 
Zimmerman, p. 48. d. Symbol for coeffi- 
cient of friction; friction factor. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 26, 48, 49. e. Abbreviation for 
function, for example, f(x) is the func- 
tion of x. Zimmerman, p. 132. f. Symbol 
for activity coefficient; molecular concen- 
tration; activity coefficient on a mola] 
basis. Zimmerman, pp. 4, 25. g. Abbre- 
viation for fugacity. Zimmerman, p. 49. h. 
As a subscript, the symbol for saturated 
liquid at saturation pressure and tem- 
perature. Zimmerman, p. 94. i. Symbol for 
relative humidity. Zimmerman, p. 157. 
j. Symbol for focal length. Webster 3d. 
k. Symbol for the relative aperture of a 
photographic lens; often printed f/ or f. 
Webster 3d. 1. Abbreviation for foot, fur- 
long. Webster 3d. m. Abbreviation for 
fathom. Zimmerman, p. 44. n. Abbrevia- 
tion for farad. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 
o. Abbreviation for fluid; symbol for fluid 
ounce. Zimmerman, pp. 46, 470. p. Abbre- 
viation for fine, formed, formula, fragmen- 
tation, fuel. Webster 3d. q. Abbreviation 
for flat. Zimmerman, p. 46. r. Abbrevia- 
tion for fordable. Zimmerman, p. 47. s. 
Abbreviation for failure, fragile. Webster 
3d. t. Abbreviation for fire. Zimmerman, 
p. 45. u. Abbreviation for fair, forward, 
full. Webster 3d..v. Abbreviation for fog. 
Zimmerman, p. 47. 

a. Symbol for frequency, including fre- 
quency in electric circuits, mechanics, 
acoustics. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmer- 
man, pp. 56, 189. b. Symbol for coefficient 
of friction; friction factor. Zimmerman, p. 
146. c. Symbol for function; for example, 
f(x) is the function of x. Zimmerman, p. 
132. d. Symbol for distribution function. 
Zimmerman, p. 156, e. Symbol for activity 
coefficient; molar concentration; activity 
coefficient on a molal basis. Zimmerman, 
pp. 145, 170. £. Symbol for relative humid- 
ity. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-98. g. Symbol for focal 
length; focal length of object space. The 
symbol f’ is used for focal length of image 
space. Zimmerman, p. 156. h. Symbol for 
the relative aperture of a photographic lens. 
Also the symbol f/ is used. Webster 3d. i. 
Symbol for fugacity. Zimmerman, p. 145. 
j. Symbol for acceleration. Zimmerman, p. 
169. k. Symbol for degrees of freedom in 
Gibbs’ phase rule and in kinetic theory. 
Zimmerman, p. 153. 1. As a subscript, the 
symbol for filament. Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-98. 
a. Chemical symbol for fluorine. Zimmer- 
man, p. 144. b. Abbreviation for Fahrenheit 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. c. Abbreviation 
for force. Also abbreviated f. Webster 3d; 
Zimmerman, p. 47. d. Symbol for concen- 
trated force; load. Zimmerman, p. 47. e. 
Symbol for free energy. Zimmerman, p. 48. 
f. Abbreviation for friction. Zimmerman, 
p. 48. g. Abbreviation for farad; Faraday: 
faraday; symbol for Faraday’s constant. 
Zimmerman, pp. 44, 171, 203. h. Abbrevia- 
tion for function; for example, F (x) is 
the function of x. Zimmerman, p. 132. i 
Abbreviation for fuel. Zimmerman, p. 204 
j. Symbol for luminous flux. Zimmerman, 
p. 65. k. Abbreviation for fine. Webster 3d. 
1. Abbreviation for fire. Zimmerman, p. 








fabric-type dust collector 


203. m. Abbreviation for filament. Zim- 
merman, p. 254, n. Abbreviation for fog. 
Zimmerman, p. 441. 0. Abbreviation for 
flat. Zimmerman, p. 203. p. Abbreviation 
for frame. Zimmerman, p. 359. 

F a. Symbol for force; gravitational force; 
stretching force or tension; tension in a 
spring or in a membrane. Also a symbol 
for gravitational force with a subscript g, 
as Fy. Zimmerman, pp. 156, 157, 165, 169. 
b. Symbol for total load force; total load 
due to pressure; concentrated load. Zim- 
merman, pp. 145, 174. c. Symbol for weight. 
Zimmerman, p. 167. d. Symbol for friction. 
Zimmerman, p. 146. e. Symbol for feed rate. 
Zimmerman, p. 148. f. Symbol for Fara- 
day’s constant or equivalent. Zimmerman, 
p. 156. g. Symbol function; for example, 
F(x) is the function of x. Zimmerman, p. 
132. h. Symbol for distribution function. 
Zimmerman, p. 154. 1. Symbol for lumi- 
nous flux. Zimmerman, p. 156. j, Symbol 
for Gibbs’ free energy. Zimmerman, p. 145. 

°F. Degrees Fahrenheit. Dodd. 

fa Abbreviation for fayalite. A.G.I. 

Faber du Faur furnace. A cubical crucible 
furnace built into cast-iron framework, 
mounted on trunnions in order that the 
furnace may be turned over and the con- 
tents emptied. Used in the desilverization 
of zinc crusts. Fay. 

fabianite. A mineral, CaB:0;(OH), mono- 
clinic crystals from halite at Rehden, Diep- 
holz, Germany. Are distinct fromthe syn- 
thetic compound. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 

Fabian system. May be described as the 
father of freefall drilling systems, all others 
having originated from it, although it is 
not now used in its original form. See also 
freefall. Fay. 

fabric. The special arrangement and orienta- 
tion of rock components, whether crystals 
or sedimentary particles, as determined by 
their sizes, shapes, etc. A.G.I. Supp. 

fabricate. To assemble, construct, or manu- 
facture. Hansen. 

fabrication. The cutting, punching, stamping, 
or otherwise forming trimmed sheet mica 
into shapes for use in end-products. Skow. 

fabric axes. See axes, fabric. A.G.I. 

fabric, depositional. In structural petrology, 
a depositional fabric results from deposition 
of unconsolidated rock components from a 
fluid medium, as in undeformed, unmeta- 
morphosed sediments or in igneous rock 
gravity differentiates. A.G.I. 

fabric element. A rock component, ranging 
from an atom or an ion to a mineral grain 
or a group of mineral grains in pebbles, 
lenses, layers, etc., that acts as a unit in 
response to deformative forces. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

fabric growth. Used in structural petrology. 
A growth fabric results where the orienta- 
tion of the fabric elements is independent 
of stress and resultant movement. For ex- 
ample, growth from the walls of a fissure, 
growth in a pressure shadow, etc. A.G.I. 

fabric habit. The relations between the shape 
of a mineral grain and its lattice structure. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

fabrics. Asbestos cloth after weaving. Sinclair, 
W.E., p. 483. 

fabric-type dust collector. This type of col- 
lector utilizes a fabric or cloth to remove 
the dust particles from the air. The basic 
idea is the same as that employed in 
vacuum cleaners, but there is usually an 
automatic or self-cleaning feature for re- 
covering the dust. Fabric-type dust col- 








fabric-type dust collector 


lectors should not be subjected to exces- 
sively abrasive or corrosive materials, or 
high temperatures that might injure the 
fabric, unless special materials have been 
employed for that purpose. Bags and tubes 
employing glass filter fabric are capable of 
handling gases with temperatures up to 
550°F, and also can withstand the action 
of many corrosive gases. Fabric-type col- 
lectors fall into two groups on the basis 
of design. One uses the fabric in a closed 
bag or a series of small diameter bags com- 
monly called tubes, while the other has the 
fabric on a frame like a screen. Pit and 


Quarry, 53rd, sec. B, p. 268. 


(face. a. The solid surface of the unbroken 


portion of the coalbed at the advancing 
end of the working place. I.C. 8001, 1960, 
p. 1. b. The face of coal is the principal 
cleavage plane at right angles to the strati- 
fication. Driving on the face is driving 
against or at right angles with the face. 
Fay. c. A point at which coal is being 
worked away, in a breast or heading; also, 
working face. Fay. d. The surface exposed 
by excavation. The working face, front, 
or forehead, is the face at the end of the 
tunnel heading, or at the end of the full- 
size excavation. Fay. e. A cleat or back. 
Fay. f. Eng. To place a full tub in position 
for being lowered on an incline, Lancashire 
coalfield. Fay. g. The face of the coalbed. 
Hudson. h. A working place from which 
coal or mineral is extracted. See also coal- 
face; face height. Nelson. i. The exposed 
surface of coal or other mineral deposit in 
the working place where mining, winning, 
or getting is proceeding. C.T.D. j. The 
smooth surface of the coal as contrasted 
to butt. B.C.J. k. Can. Extremity of under- 
ground mine passage. Hoffman. |. The end 
of a drive. Gordon. m. The main cleavage; 
bord cleat. Mason. n. The more or less ver- 
tical surface of rock exposed by blasting or 
excavating, or the cutting end of a drill 
hole. Nichols. o. An edge of rock used as a 
starting point in figuring drilling and blast- 
ing. Nichols. p. The width of a roll crusher. 
Nichols. q. That part of a bit in contact 
with the bottom of a borehole when drilling 
is in progress and which cuts the material 
being drilled. Also called cutting face; 
working face. Long. r. To cover or build up 
a surface, such as the face or cutting points 
of a bit, with a layer of metal usually ap- 
plied by a welding method. See also dress; 
hard face. Long. s. The bottom of a drill or 
borehole. Long. t. The principal frontal 
surface presenting the greatest area such 
as the face of a pile of material, the point 
at which material is being mined, etc. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. u. The outer surface of a 
pulley in contact with a belt; the outer 
surface of a gear, roll, or drum usually ex- 
pressed in terms of inches of width. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. v. In structure, the original 
upper surface of a stratum especially if it 
has been raised to a vertical or a steeply 
inclined position. A.G.J. Supp. w. In crys- 
tallography, the plane surface of a crystal. 
A.G.I. Supp. x. As a verb, to be directed 
toward younger rocks, for example, over- 
turned strata and structures face down- 
ward. A.G.J. Supp. y. The exposed surface 
of a wall or masonry unit. ACSG. z. The 
surface of a unit designed to be exposed in 
the finished masonry. ACSG, 1963. aa. The 
part of a wheel that does the grinding 
ACSG, 1963. bb. In a lathe tool, the sur- 
face against which the chips bear as they 
are formed. ASM Gloss. 


264-972 O-68—27 





407 


face-airing. The operation of directing the 


intake air to, and along the working face 
of a mine. The term was used in the early 
part of the 18th century to describe the 
coursing of air naturally induced in a coal 
mine. See also circulation of air. Nelson. 


face area. The working area inby the last 


open crosscut in an entry or a room, in- 
cluding the pillar being extracted or long- 
wall being mined. J.C. 8001, 1960, p.1. 


face belt conveyor. A light belt conveyor 


employed at the face. It is the type gen- 
erally used in conventional machine min- 
ing. Nelson. 


face belt joints. Three types of face belt joints 


are used: (1) hinged plate type which are 
attached to the belt by means of copper 
rivets and connected together by means of 
pins; (2) wire hook joints, the most popu- 
lar for face belts—the hooks are inserted 
by means of a hand-operated machine and 
are connected by a flexible steel pin; and 
(3) spliced joint, in which a portion on 
each side of the belt is cut away so as to 
provide a splice, and this is secured by 
cramped-type pins which are inserted and 
knocked over by hand. Mason, v. 2, p. 487. 


face boss. In bituminous coal mining, a fore- 


man in charge of all operations at the 
working faces where coal is undercut, 
drilled, blasted, and loaded. Also called 
face foreman. D.O.T.1. 


face brick. Building brick especially selected 


for the face of a wall. AISI, No. 24. 


face brick clay. Red, white, or buff burning 


clay, semirefractory or refractory; require- 
ments similar to those for pressed brick 


clay. CCD 3d, 1942, p. 195. 


face-centered. Relating to a crystal space lat- 


tice in which each cubic unit cell has an 
atom at the center and at the corners of 
each face. Webster 3d. 


face cleat. a. A well-defined joint or cleavage 


plane in a coal seam. Compare butt cleat. 
See also face. Fay. b. The major joints in 
a coal seam. See also cleat. Nelson. c. 
Planes of easiest breakage. Lewis, p. 542. 
d. The principal cleat in coal. Face or 
hewing face primarily means the vertical 
wall of coal facing the miner working in 
the direction of a boardway (a gallery at 
right angles to the principal cleat). Also 
called face; facing. Arkell. 


face concentration. The ratio of pithead out- 


put (tons) to length of face (yard) or 
tons per yard of face. The management 
objective is to keep this figure as high as 
practicable. See also concentration of out- 
put. Nelson. 


face conveyor. a. Any type of conveyor em- 


ployed at the face. In coal mines, belts are 
widely used, with the trend towards ar- 
mored conveyors with machine mining. 
Nelson. b. A conveyor, generally 10 to 100 
feet in length, used parallel to the face 
in room and pillar mining to move material 
along the face to a room conveyor. Face 
conveyors may or may not be sectional; 
those conveyors which are 20 feet or less 
in length are usually nonsectional. NEMA 
MB1-1961. c. Any conveyor used parallel 
to a working face which delivers coal into 
another conveyor or into a car. Jones. d. A 
mechanical conveyor at the face of a work- 
ing upon which coal is loaded by hand. 
Grove. e. See underground mine conveyors. 


ASA MH4.1-1958. 


faced crystal. Applied in the trade to a natu- 


ral mass of quartz bounded by one or more 
of the original crystal faces. AM, /. 


face deputy. A deputy in metal mining. Nel- 





face-on 


son. 

face-discharge bit. A bit designed for drilling 
in soft formations and for use on a double- 
tube core barrel, the inner tube of which 
fits snugly into a recess cut into the inside 
wall of the bit directly above the inside 
reaming stones. The bit is provided with 
a number of holes drilled longitudinally 
through the wall of the bit through which 
the circulation liquid flows and is ejected 
at the cutting face of the bit. Also called 
bottom-discharge bit; face-ejection bit. 
Long. 

faced wall. A wall in which the facing and 
backing are so bonded with masonry or 
otherwise tied as to exert common action 
under load. ACSG. 

face-ejection bit. Synonym for face-discharge 
bit. Long. 

face entry. An entry driven at right angles 
to the face cleat and parallel to the butt 
cleat.ub Gale 

face equipment. Face equipment is mobile or 
portable mining machinery having electric 
motors or accessory equipment normally 
installed or operated in by the last open 
crosscut in an entry or room. I.C. 7,962, 
1960, p. 21. 

face foreman. See face boss. D.O.T. 1. 

face half and half. Eng. A longwall face 
crossing the main cleavage planes of the 
seam at an angle of 45°. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. 

face hammer. Used for rough dressing stones. 
It has one blunt end and one cutting end. 
Crispin. 

face haulage. a. The transportation of mined 
coal from the working face to an inter- 
mediate haulage. It is accomplished by 
shuttle cars, conveyors, locomotives, and 
mine cars, or by combinations of such 
equipment. Woodruff, v. 3, p. 52. b. See 
primary haulage. Kentucky, p. 210. 

face height. The vertical height of a quarry 
or opencast face from top to toe, that is, 
the height of overburden and coal, ore, or 
stone. A face height is chosen that can be 
reached by the excacator so that all scal- 
ing of loose material can be accomplished 
by the machine, thus eliminating the nec- 
essity for men to go over the face on ropes 
to bar off loose ground. Where the height 
exceeds this figure, a form of benching 
may be adopted. Nelson. 

face left. See face right. Pryor, 3. 

facellite. Original spelling of phacellite. Hey 
2d, 1952. 

face loading pan. A shaker conveyor pan or 
trough which has been widened for one 
half of its length to provide a greater load- 
ing surface when used at the face. Jones. 

faceman. See miner. D.O.T. /. 

face mechanization. On a longwall face, the 
term implies the use of some type of cutter 
loader with perhaps self-advancing sup- 
ports, giving a quicker turnover and higher 
productivity. In the case of a rock drivage 
the term would mean the regular use of 
a shovel loader. See also conventional 
machine mining. Nelson. 

face milling. Milling a surface that is per- 
pendicular to the cutter axis. ASM Gloss. 

face of hole. The bottom of a borehole. Long. 

face of weld. The exposed surface of an arc 
or gas weld on the side from which the 
welding was done. ASM Gloss. 

face-on. a. When the face of the breast or 
entry is parallel to the face cleats of the 
seam. See face, b. Fay. b. Working of a 
Mine in a direction parallel to the natural 
cleats. Compare end-on. C.T.D. Supp. 


face on bord 


face on bord. See bord face. Nelson. 

face on end. See end face. Nelson. 

faceplate. A glass or plastic window worn 
over the scuba or skin divers face and 
designed to provide an air space between 
the diver’s eyes and the water. The face- 
plate permits both eyes to see in the same 
plane. A full faceplate covers the eyes, 
mouth and nose while a regular faceplate 
covers the eyes and nose only. H&G. 

face right; face left. Position of the vertical 
circle of theodolite with respect to tele- 
scope, viewed from eyepiece end. Pryor, 3. 

face run. N. of Eng. The time during which 
a coal getting machine is moving along 
the face. T7rist. 

face sampling. The cutting of pieces of ore 
and rock from exposed faces of ore and 
waste. The faces may be natural outcrops 
or faces exposed in surface trenches and 
pits. Face samples may be taken by cutting 
grooves or channels of uniform width and 
depth across the face or sections of the 
face or by picking off small pieces all over 
the face, more or less at random. BuMines 
Bull. 419, 1939, p. 46. 

face shield. A guard fitted to a miner’s hel- 
met as a protection to the eyes and face 
where flying particles are a danger. It 
usually takes the form of a detachable 
wraparound face shield about 8 inches 
deep and fitted to a top band. It gives 
protection without in any way impairing 
the wearer’s vision or working capacity. 
See also protective clothing. Nelson. 

face shovel equipment. An excavator base 
machine fitted with boom and bucket for 
excavating and loading material from an 
exposed face above track level. Nelson. 

face signal. N. of Eng. A wire stretched along 
the face to control, directly or indirectly, 
the running of the face conveyor. T7ist. 

face signaling. The system for transmitting 
signals from points on a conveyor face to 
the operator at the control panel near the 
main gate. On some plough faces, the 
signals on the conveyor are spaced every 
5 yards. Each switch contains a push 
which transmits the signals to a lockout 
device which stops the conveyor and 
plough and it cannot be restarted until 
the catch is released. See also signalling 
system. Nelson. 

face slip. a. The front slip of a coal seam. 
Fay. b. An inclined joint in coal sloping 
away from the hewing face. Arkell. 

face stone. A diamond inset in the face por- 
tion of a bit. Compare kerf stone. Long. 

facet. a. The polished plane surface of a cut 
gemstone. Fay. b. One of the small plane 
surfaces produced on a diamond or on 
other precious stones in cutting, especially 
to enhance its brilliance and beauty. A 
similar surface on other material, as one 
cut on a pebble by natural forces. Webster 
3d. c. Any nearly plane surface abraded 
on a rock fragment, as by glaciation, for 
example. A.G.J. d. Asymmetrically scal- 
loped rock surfaces. Synonym for flute. 
A.G.I. e. As a verb, to cut facets upon. 
Webster 3d. 

facet cut. A type of cut gem bounded by 
plane faces as distinguished from cabochon 
cut or other unfaceted cut. Also called 
faceted cut. See also facet; cutting. Shipley. 

faceted boulder. The boulders are ground 
flat on one or more sides, according as 
they have been forced to turn in their 
bedding of ice, and the surfaces are scored 
with sets of parallel scratches. Such 
faceted and ice-scratched boulders are 








408 


very characteristic, and can never be mis- 
taken for river boulders, or boulders of any 
other origin. A.G.I. 

faceted pebble. A highly significant and in- 
teresting result of sand corrosion on loose 
stones is the faceted pebble or windkanter. 
It generally has three or more faces 
ground flat, by the sand blown over it at 
different times, and these faces meet in 
sharp angles. These angles do not repre- 
sent the direction of the wind at the time 
of cutting, but rather the more or less 
accidental meeting of faces cut at different 
times. Walther described einkanter, irregu- 
lar windkanter, dreikanter, and parallel 
kanter from the Lybian desert, all formed 
by the wind blowing in one direction only. 
See also dreikanter glyptolith. A.G_I. 

faceted spur. a. In a river valley, the spurs 
between ravines run down and die out at, 
or near, the river. In a glaciated valley, 
the spurs are ground away by longitudinal 
glacial erosion up to the top of the ice 
and after its recession, terminate in more 
or less well-defined inverted V-shapes in 
the wall of the main valley. These gla- 
ciated spurs are described as faceted. 
A.G.I. b. The end of a ridge which has 
been truncated or steeply beveled by 
stream erosion, glaciation, or faulting. 
A.G.I. 

face timber. The timber used to support the 
working portion of a coal face. TIME. 

face timbering. The placing of safety posts 
at the working face to support the roof of 
the mine. The safety post is the most im- 
portant timber in a mine as exposure is 
greater at this point than any other since 
the newly exposed top is always of un- 
known quality. Kentucky, p. 149. 

faceting machines. Mechanical devices for 
holding stones during grinding or polish- 
ing facets upon them. By their use facets 
can be placed at the exact angles which 
theoretically result in producing the most 
brilliant stone. Rarely used in fashioning 
diamonds or the more valuable colored 
stones where recovery of a greater amount 


of weight is more important than maxi- - 


mum brilliancy. See also grinding; polish- 
ing. Shipley. 

face transfer point. See transfer point. Nelson. 

face waling. A waling fitted across the end 
of a trench and held in position by the 
ends of the main walings. Ham. 

face wall. A wall built to sustain a face cut 
into the earth in distinction to a retaining 
wall, which supports earth deposited be- 
hind it. Zern. : 

face worker. A miner who works regularly 
at the face. In a coal mine it means 
colliers, conveyor shifters, face packers, 
etc. Nelson. 

facieology. The study of facies. A.G.I. Supp. 

facies. a. The aspect belonging to a geologic 
unit of sedimentation, including mineral 
composition, type of bedding, fossil con- 
tent, etc. Sedimentary facies are areally 
segregated parts of differing nature be- 
longing to any genetically related body 
of sedimentary deposit. G.S.A. Mem. 39, 
1949, p. 8. b. In petrography: (1) the 
general appearance or nature of one part 
of a rock body as contrasted with other 
parts; (2) part of a rock body as differ- 
entiated from other parts by appearance 
or composition; and (3) a kind of rock 
distinguished from other more or less re- 
lated kinds. In stratigraphy: (1) a strati- 
graphic body as distinguished from other 
bodies of differing appearance or compo- 





facing brick 


sition; and (2) a lateral subdivision of a 
stratigraphic unit. Compare lithofacies; 
biofacies; tectofacies. A.G.J. Supp. c. The 
combination of the physical and biological 
characters exhibited by a geological forma- 
tion at a particular point. Ballard. d. The 
local rock-type development in a formation 
of lateral variation. Wheeler. 

facies change. The lateral or vertical change 
in the lithologic or paleontologic charac- 
teristics of contemporaneous deposits. As 
facies relationships are usually complex, 
the exact feature selected for mapping or 
discussion should be clearly designated. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

facies contour. A line indicating equivalence 
in lithofacies development, for example, a 
particular value of the sand to shale ratio. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

facies departure map. A map showing areal 

| relations of facies based on the degree of 
similarity to some paritcular sedimentary 
composition. A.G.I. Supp. 

facies evolution. Gradual change in the na- 
ture of facies and their relations within a 
particular area. A.G.I. Supp. 

facies family. A group of closely related and 
associated facies, for example, different 
parts of an organic reef. A.GJ. Supp. 

facies fauna. A group of animals adapted to 
life on a restricted type of sea floor or 
other environment. A.G.J. 

facies fossil. A fossil, usually a species, which 
is adapted to life in a restricted environ- 
ment. A.G_I. 

facies, igneous. A variety of igneous rock. 
Especially applied to an igneous rock that 
in some respects is a departure from the 
norma] or typical rock of the mass to which 
it belongs. For example, a mass of granite — 
may grade into a porphyritic facies near 
its borders. Fay. 

facies map. A map showing the distribution 
of different types of sedimentary facies 
occurring within a designated geologic unit. 
‘AG: 

facies sequence. A succession of vertically 
related facies. A.G.I. Supp. 

facies strike. The direction indicated by facies 
contours. A.G.J. Supp. 

facies suite. All broadly related facies, for 
example, all marine deposits. A.G.J. Supp. 

facies tract. A system of different but geneti- 
cally interconnected facies. The term origi- 
nally included the areas of erosion which 
furnished sediments to the areas of deposi- 
tion. A.G.J. Supp. 

facing. a. Aust. The main vertical joints often 
seen in coal seams; they may be confined to 
the coal, or continue into the adjoining 
rocks. See also cleat. Fay. b. A powdered 
substance (as graphite) applied to the 
face of a mold or mixed with sand that 
forms it, to give a smooth surface to the 
casting. Webster 3d. c. A face slip or joint 
as opposed to a back slip. The plane is 
incined towards the observer from floor to 
roof. Nelson. d. Applied to the original 
direction of a layer. A.G.J. e. In machin- 
ing, generating a surface on a rotating | 
workpiece by the traverse of a tool per- 
pendicular to the axis of rotation. ASM 
Gloss. f. In founding, special sand placed 
against a pattern to improve the surface 
quality of the casting. ASM Gloss. g. Any 
material, forming a part of a wall, used as 
a finishing surface. ACSG. 

facing brick. A brick made especially for 
facing purposes, often treated to produce 
surface texture and made of selected clays 
or otherwise treated to produce desired 




















facing brick 





| color. ACSG. 

|\facing of strata. The direction of the top of 

beds is especially important in steeply dip- 

ping or overturned beds. The tops of the 

beds or their facing is determined by ripple 

marks, graded bedding, crossbedding, mud 

cracks, pillow structure, etc. A.G.I. 

|)facing sand. See molding sand. 

facing tile. Tile designed for use in exterior 

or interior walls, partitions, or columns 

where the faces of units are to be left 

| exposed. ACSG. 

|\facing wall. Concrete used as a lining instead 

| of timber sheeting against the earth face 

of an excavation, especially when asphalt 

tanking is required. Ham. 

\facsimile. An exact copy or reproduction. See 

| also imitations; synthetic stone. Shipley. 

facsimile crystallization. Synonymous with 
mimetic crystallization. G.S.A. Mem. 6, 
1938, p.-39. 

factor. a. One who makes it his business to 
sell merchandise or property intrusted to 
him for that purpose, receiving a commis- 
sion on the amount of sales; a commission 
merchant; often in combination with the 
name of the merchandise; as, coal factor. 
Factors and brokers are both and equally 
agents, but with this difference: the factor 
is intrusted with the property which is the 
subject matter of the agency; the broker 
is only employed to make a bargain in 
relation to it. Standard, 1964. b. One of 
the several elements, circumstances, or in- 
fluences which tend to the production of a 
given result. Fay. 

factor of safety. a. The ratio, allowed for in 
design and manufacture, between the 
breaking load on a member or appliance 
(for example, a winding rope) and the 
safe permissible load on it. Nelson. Com- 
pare allowable stress; margin of safety. b. 
The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength 
of the material to the force exerted against 
it. If a rope will break under a load of 
6,000 pounds, and it is carrying a load of 
2,000 pounds, its factor of safety is: 

6,000 
2.000 = 3, or f.s 3 

Brantly, 2. 

vactor of stress concentration. Irregularities 
of form such as heles, screw threads, 
notches, sharp shoulders, etc., when present 
in a beam, shaft or other member subject 
to loading, may produce high localized 
stresses. This phenomenon is called stress 
concentration, and the form irregularities 
that cause it are called stress raisers. The 
ratio of the true maximum stress to the 
stress calculated by the ordinary formulas 
of mechanics (flexure formula, torsion 
formula, etc.), using the net section but 
ignoring the changed distribution of stress, 
is the factor of stress concentration for 
the particular type of stress raiser in ques- 
tion. Ro. 

actor of utilization. The ratio of the allow- 

able stress to the ultimate strength. For 

cases in which stress is proportional to load. 

the factor of utilization is the reciprocal 

of the factor of safety. Ro. 

factory scrap. The scrap mica resulting from 

cutting, punching, or stamping trimmed 

sheet mica into shapes for use in various 

end products. Skow. 

jvaddom. Eng. A fathom, 6 feet, commonly 

used as a measure by miners. Fay. 

ade. Attack of the surface of glass causing 

an oily or whitish surface. ASTM C162-66. 

adeometer. An instrument used to measure 














409 . 


the comparative fading properties of col- 
ored materials, on exposure to calibrated 
conditions of artificial sunlight and hu- 
midity. Enam. Dict. 

fading. Partial or complete loss of color (in 
whiteware) due to excessive heat treat- 
ment. ACSG, 1963. 

Faenza white. In ceramics, a fine enamel of 
stannic oxide characteristic of some vari- 
eties of majolica ware. Fay. 

Fagergren cell. A froth-flotation cell in which 
a squirrel-cage rotor is driven concentric- 
ally in a vertical stator. Air is drawn down 
the rotor shaft and dispersed into the pulp. 
The laboratory model (500 and 1,000 
gram) is widely used in test work. Pryor, 3. 

Fagersta cut. This cut is drilled with hand- 
held equipment. The empty hole is drilled 
in two steps, the first as an ordinary hole 
and the second as an enlargement of this 
pilot hole. The cut is something between a 
four-section cut and a double spiral cut. 
The Fagersta cut is drilled with light 
equipment, which makes it suitable for use 
in mines and in small drifts, where drilling 
with heavy machines is not profitable. 
Langefors, pp. 247-248. 

fagot; faggot. a. Made by forming a box with 
four long, flat bars of wrought iron and 
filling the interior with scrap and short 
lengths of bar. C.T.D. b. See pile, g and h. 
Fay. 

fagoted iron. Wrought-iron bar made _ by 
heating a fagot to welding heat and rolling 
down to a solid bar. If the process is re- 
peated, double-fagoted iron is obtained. 
GsEAD? 

fagoting. Revetment of riverbanks with brush- 
wood fagots in such places as grass cannot 
grow. Fagots are instrumental in collecting 
fine silt. Ham. 

faheyite. A mineral, (Mn,Mg,Na) BesFes” ’- 
(PO;)s.6H2O; hexagonal, as white fibers in 
pegmatite from Brazil. Spencer 20, M.M., 
19955: 

fahlband. A term originally used by German 
miners to indicate certain bands of schis- 
tose rocks impregnated with finely divided 
sulfides but not always rich enough to 
work. Fay. 

fahlerz. Ger. A gray copper ore. Sometimes 
called fahl ore. Fay. Synonym for tetra- 
hedrite; tennantite. A.GJ. 

fahlite. A variety of fahlerz. Fay. 

fahlore; gray copper ore. A group of miner- 
als, (Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)12(Sb,As)4Sis, consisting 
essentially of sulfantimenides or sulfarsen- 
ides of copper. Substitution of iron, zinc, 
silver, mercury, and lead is known for part 
of the copper, and of bismuth for arsenic 
and antimony. See also tetrahedrite; ten- 
nantite; freibergite; schwatzite. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

fahlum metal. A white alloy containing 40 
percent tin and 60 percent lead. Used in 
the manufacture of cheap jewelry. Crispin. 

fahlunite. An altered form of iolite. Fay. Syn- 
onym for cordierite. Hey 2d, 1955. 

Fahrenheit. Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German 
physicist (1686-1736). His name is given 
to-the commonly used thermometer scale 
in which the freezing point of water is 32° 
and the boiling point is 212°. Crispin. To 
convert from the Fahrenheit scale to the 
centigrade scale, subtract 32 and multiply 
by 5/9: Symbol EF G:22D: 

Fahrenwald machines. These include (1) a 
hydraulic classifier and (2) a flotation cell 
marketed as the Denver Sub A. Pryor, 3. 

faience. a. Originally the French name for 
the earthenware made at Faenza, Italy, in 








fairlight clay 


the 16th century; the ware had a tin 
opacified glaze and in this resembled majo- 
lica and delftware. The meaning has now 
changed. In France, faience is any glazed 
porous ceramic ware; faience fine is equiv- 
alent to English earthenware. In England, 
the term faience now refers to glazed arch- 
itectural ware, for example, large glazed 
blocks and slabs (not dust-pressed glazed 
tiles). In the United States, faience ware 
signifies a decorated earthenware having a 
transparent glaze. Dodd. b. A body com- 
posed of crushed quartz grains with no 
apparent adhesive remaining. The bodies, 
such as beads (earliest), figurines, pottery, 
and special shapes, are glazed and some- 
times molded. ACSG, 1963. 

faience mosaic. Faience tile that is less than 
6 square inches in facial area, usually five- 
sixteenths to three-eighths inches thick, 
and usually mounted to facilitate installa- 
tion. ASTM C242-60T. 

faience tile. Glazed or unglazed tile, generally 
made by the plastic process, showing char- 
acteristic variations in the face, edges, and 
glaze that give a handicrafted nonmechani- 
cal decorative effect. ASTM C242-60T. 

faience ware. Formerly a decorated earthen- 
ware with an opaque glaze, but currently 
designating a decorated earthenware hav- 
ing a transparent glaze. ASTM C242-60T. 

faikes; fakes; blaes. Shaly sandstone. Pryor, 3. 

failed hole. A drill hole loaded with dynamite 
which did not explode. Fay. 

failure. Applied when a structure element 
can no longer fulfill the purpose for which 
it was designed. Any structure will prob- 
ably give evidence of being unsafe before 
actual collapse. Ham. 

failure by rupture. See shear failure. ASCE 
P1826. 

fainting. Temporary loss of consciousness 
caused by an insufficient supply of blood 
to the brain and is a mild form of physical 
shock. Fainting may be caused by an in- 
jury, the sight of blood, exhaustion, heat, 
aa of air, fright, or joy. Kentucky, p. 

9. 

fair. One of several terms used to designate 
a low-quality drill diamond. Long. 

fairchildite. A potassium and calcium car- 
bonate, KeCO3.CaCOs, hexagonal, formed 
by the fusion of wood-ash in burnt trees. 
On hydration it yields buetschliite and 
calcite. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

fairfieldite. A triclinic, pearly to subadaman- 
tine lustered mineral, Caz(Mn,Fe) (POs:)2.- 
2H2O, isomorphous with collinsite; white, 
also. greenish-white, pale  straw-yellow, 
salmon-yellow color; uneven fracture; 
found in pegmatite at Branchville, Fair- 
field County, Conn.; also found as an alter- 
ation of dickinsonite and as pseudomorph 
after rhodochrosite. Dana 7, v 2, pp. 720- 
721; Hey 2d, 1955. 

fairing. The shaping of an object, to enable 
the airstream to slip past it without tur- 
bulence, is known as fairing. It is usually 
carried out by additions of metal sheeting, 
brickwork, or concrete. Spalding. 

fairlead. a. A block, ring, or strip of plank 
with holes that serves as a guide for the 
running rigging or for any ship’s rope and 
keeps it from chafing. Webster 3d. b. A 
device which lines up cable so that it will 
wind smoothly onto a drum. Nichols, 2. c. 
Applies to the swivel pully on the drag 
rope of a dragline excavator. Ham. 

fairlight clay. A Cretaceous clay of the Hast- 
ings, England, area that finds use in mak- 
ing building bricks. Dodd. 


fairy stone 


fairy stone. a. Scot. A fantastically shaped 
calcareous or  ferruginous concretion 
formed in alluvial clays. Fay. b. A cruci- 
form, twinned staurolite crystal. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. c. A fossil sea urchin or echi- 
noid. Standard, 1964. 


fake. a. York. A crossbedded and banded silt- 


stone. Nelson. b. Scot. A well-laminated 
and banded siltstone. Nelson. c. A vernac- 
ular term for platy formations, such as 
micaceous flagstones associated with oil 
shales or coal seams. Also spelled faiks; 
faikes. Holmes, 1928. d. A soft soldering 
fluid used by jewelers. Fay. 

fake opal. A variety of opalized quartz. von 
Bernewitz. 

fake reflection. Accidental lineup of disturb- 
ances on the seismogram simulating a re- 
flection. Schteferdecker. 

fake set. A temporary set of timber used to 
hold up bad ground until there is space 
for the permanent set. von Bernewitz. 
fakey rock. York. Flaggy standstone or silt- 
stone. Arkell. 


fakey sandstone. Scot. Flaggy sandstone. 


Arkell. 

Falconbridge process. Recovery of nickel 
from a nickel-copper matte. After crush- 
ing and roasting to remove sulfur, the 
copper is acid-leached, filtered off and 
electrolyzed. The residual solids are melted, 
cast as anodes and refined electrolytically 
to produce nickel. Pryor, 3. 

falding furnace. A mechanically raked muffle 
furnace having three hearths with com- 
bustion flues under the lowest hearth. Fay. 


fales. Stones with two or more differently 


colored layers. Shipley. 


fall. a. A mass of roof or side which has 


fallen in any subterranean working or 
gallery, resulting from any cause whatever. 
Fay. b. A length of face undergoing holing 
or breaking down for loading. Fay. c. A 
mass of rock, coal, or ore which has col- 
lapsed from the roof or sides of a roadway 
or face. Falls of ground are responsible 
for the greatest proportion of underground 
deaths and injuries. Nelson. d. The rolling 
of coal from the face into the room, usu- 
ally as the result of blasting; sometimes 
the amount blasted down. Locally, also the 
caved roof after the coal is extracted. 
B.C.I. e. The collapse of the roof of a 
level or tunnel, or of a flat working place 
or stall; the collapse of the hanging wall 
of an inclined working place or stope. 
C.T.D. {f. A mass of stone which has fallen 
from the roof, or sides of an underground 
roadway, or from the roof of a working 
place. C.T.D. g. To blast, wedge, or in 
any other way to break down coal from 
the face of a working place. C.T.D. h. To 
crumble or break up from exposure to the 
weather; clays, shales, etc., fall. Fay. i. To 
break down; to collapse. Fay. j. Descent 
from a higher to a lower level. Fay. k. 
Working by falls. A system of working a 
thick seam of coal by falling or breaking 
down the upper part after the lower por- 
tion has been mined. Compare caving sys- 
tem. Fay. 1. A precipitous descent of water. 
A cascade, a cataract, or a waterfall. Web- 
ster 3d. m. The flow or descent of one body 
of water into another. A.G_J. 

fall block. A block pulley which rises and 
falls with the load in a lifting tackle. Ham. 


fallers. a. Movable supports for a cage. Also 


called fangs; keps. Nelson. b. Lanc. Syn- 
onym for cage shuts. Fay. 

falling. Scot.; N. of Eng. An overlying stra- 
tum which falls or comes down as the min- 











410 


eral is extracted from under it. Sometimes 
called following. Fay. 

falling-head test. A soil permeability test in 
which the borehole is filled up with water 
and the rate at which the water falls is 
observed. Institution of Mining and Metal- 
lurgy. Symposium on Opencast Mining, 
Quarrying, and Alluvial Mining. London, 
16-19 November 1964, Paper 17, p. 5. 

falling pin seismometer. In reality a limit- 
recorder of the intensity of ground vibra- 
tions initiated by a quarry or opencast 
blast. It consists essentially of a level glass 
base on which a number of 4-inch-diam- 
eter pins of lengths ranging from 6 to 15 
inches are stood upright. The pins stand 
inside hollow steel rods so that each pin 
can fall over independently of the others. 
The longer the pin the less energy required 
to topple it. In practice it has been ac- 
cepted that if the shorter pins (up to 10 
inches) remain standing, then there is no 
possibility of structural damage to a build- 
ing by a quarry blast. See also vibrograph. 
Nelson. 

falling slag. Blast furnace slag that contains 
sufficient calcium orthosilicate to render 
it liable to fall to a powder when cold. 
Such a slag is precluded from use as a 
concrete aggregate by the limits of com- 
position specified in British Standards 
1047. See also calcium orthosilicate. Dodd. 

falling stone. A meteorite. Webster 2d. 

falling tide. Synonym for ebb tide. Schiefer- 
decker. 

fall line. a. A line joining the waterfalls on a 
number of successive rivers that marks the 
point where each river descends from the 
upland to the lowland and the limit of 
navigability. Webster 3d. b. A line charac- 
terized by numerous waterfalls, as the edge 
of a plateau in passing which the streams 
make a sudden descent. Webster 2d. c. A 
large river, the valley of which extends 
across a coastal plain often has low falls or 
rapids near the inner margin of the plain, 
which determine the limit of navigation. 
The falls occur where the river passes from 
a steeper slope on the resistant rocks of 
the older land to a nearly level channel 
excavated in the weak strata of the plain. 
A line drawn through the falls on suc- 
cessive rivers is called the fall line. A.G.I. 

fall of ground. Rock falling from the roof 
into a mine opening. Weed, 1922. See also 
fall, a. Fay. 

fallout; radioactive fallout. Debris (radio- 
active material) that settles to earth after 
a nuclear explosion. Fallout takes two 
forms: (1) Local fallout that consists of 
the denser particles injected into the at- 
mosphere by the explosion. They descend 
to earth within 24 hours near the site of 
the detonation and in an area extending 
downwind for some distance (often hun- 
dreds of miles), depending on meteorologi- 
cal conditions and on the yield of the de- 
tonation. (2) Worldwide fallout that con- 
sists of lighter particles which ascend into 
the upper troposphere and stratosphere and 
are distributed over a wide area of the 
earth by atmospheric circulation. They are 
then brought to earth, mainly by rain and 
snow, over periods ranging from months 
to years. L@L. 

fall ridder. See bordroom man. C.T.D. 

fall table. A hinged platform to cover the 
mouth of a shaft. Nelson. 

fall zone. The region of waterfalls or rapids 
in a river where it passes from the older 
interior land to the inner margin of the 





false galena 


coastal plain. What appears on a map as 
a fall line is usually a fall zone in actuality 
with respect to a particular river. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

false amethyst. An early name for violet- 
colored fluorite when cut as a gem. Other 
colors of the same mineral were called false 
emerald, ruby, sapphire, or topaz. Fay. 

false anomaly. An area of high metal con- 
tent that cannot be used as a guide to ore. 
Hawkes, p. 335. 

false anticline. An anticlinelike structure 
produced by compaction of sediment over 
a resistant mass such as a buried hill or 
reef. A.GJ. 

false bedding. a. Bedding affected by cur- 
rents, usually erratic and with frequent 
changes in direction, A.G.J. b. An old term 
for crossbedding. See also crossbedding; 
pseudo cross-stratification. Pettijohn. 

false bottom. a. Aust.; U.S. A bed of drift 
lying on the top of other alluvial deposits, 
beneath which there may be a true bottom 
or a lower bed of wash resting directly 
upon the bedrock. Fay. b. A strip of wire 
screening nailed to a wooden frame, the 
latter being slightly narrower than the 
width of the sluicebox; in use the frame 
is placed in the bottom of the sluice, with 
or without riffles being placed on top. For 
the purpose of cleaning up, the frame is 
removed and the fine sand, containing 
gold, is scraped up and placed into pans 
for washing down. False bottoms are em- 
ployed for saving both fine and coarse gold. 
Griffith, S. V. p. 63. c. A floor of iron 
placed in a puddling machine. Fay. d. A 
flat, hexagonal or cylindrical piece of iron 
upon which the ore is crushed in a stamp 
mill; the die. In Victoria, Australia, it is 
called stamper bed. Fay. e. An insert put 
in either member of a die set to increase 
the strength and improve the life of the 
die. ASM Gloss. 

false chrysolite. Same as moldavite. Shipley. 

false cleavage. a. Synonymous with strainslip 
cleavage; close-joints cleavage. A.G.J. b. 
A secondary cleavage superposed on a slaty 
cleavage. Fay. c. A weak cleavage that is 
at an angle to the slaty cleavage. Some is 
fracture cleavage. Minute foldings of par- 
allel-arranged constituents, as in micaceous 
slates, may yield a plane of weakness par- 
allel to the limbs of the folds, causing a 
cleavage that has been called in part false 
cleavage. A.G.I. d. Closely spaced surfaces, 
a millimeter or so apart, along which a 
rock splits. The surfaces are either minute 
faults or the short limbs of small folds. 
A.G.I. 

false diamond. Several natural minerals are 
sometimes completely colorless and, when 
cut and polished, make brilliant gems. 
These include zircon, white sapphire, and 
white topaz. All three, however, are bire- 
fringent and can easily be distinguished 
from true diamond. C.M.D. 

false doublet. See doublet. Shipley. 

false emerald. Green fluorite. Shipley. 

false equilibrium. The growth of a metastable 
or monotropic phase under conditions ap- 
parently indicating true equilibria, as in the 


development of andalusite crystals where — 


sillimanite actually represents the stable 
phase. A.G.I. 


false esker. An eskerlike landform composed | 


of till instead of water-laid drift. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

false fossils. Mineral structures imitating or- 
ganisms. Mason, v. 1, p. 25. 


false galena. Sphalerite. Webster 3d. An obso- | 





false galena 
















_— lete term for blende. C.T.D. 

| false gate. A gate carried forward in the seam 

|| thickness only (which must be over 3 
feet), with cut-throughs as required to the 
main gate. The false gate has a short con- 
veyor which takes the face conveyor coal 
and delivers it to the main gate conveyor 
through a crosscut a short distance behind 
the face. This layout enables the main gate 
rippings to be worked on three shifts. 
Nelson. 

false gossan. a. The oxidized outcrop of a 
basic rock, such as basalt, or of an iron ore. 
See also gossan. Nelson. b. Transported 
iron, precipitated by reacting rocks, may 
form an iron-stained area that resembles a 
true gossan. Bateman, 1950, p. 254. 

|false hyacinth. Same as hessonite. Shipley. 

‘false indication. In nondestructive inspection, 

| an indication that may be interpreted 

| erroneously as a discontinuity. ASM Gloss. 

\false lapis. a. Lazulite. Shipley. b. Blue-dyed 
agate or jasper. See also Swiss lapis. Ship- 

| ley. 

false lapis lazuli. Lazulite. Schaller. 

\false lead. Blende (zinc blende). C.M.D. 

|false leaders. A stee] mast placed on the 

ground and held upright by guy ropes. Its 
function is both to guide a pile during driv- 
ing and to hold the weight of a steam pile- 
hammer above it. See also hanging leaders. 

Ham. 

\false-leg arches. Temporary arch legs used 

) adjacent to the face conveyor in an ad- 
vance gate to allow the conveyor being 
moved forward and still maintain the gate 
supports. The conveyor side half-arch is 
temporarily replaced by props and cross- 
bars (false legs). When the conveyor has 
passed the half-arch is bolted back in posi- 
tion. Nelson. 

\false mud cracks. Some polygonal patterns, 
such as those formed in soils, and some 
fucoidal networks resemble those produced 
by drying and therefore have been called 
false mud cracks. See also parting cast. 
Pettijohn. 

‘false nephrite. A misnomer for serpentine, 
Transvaal jade, or other green mineral 

__ similar in appearance to nephrite. Shipley. 

\false part. In founding, a part of a flask used 

|| temporarily in forming a mold. Standard, 

| 1964. 

false ruby. Some species of garnet (Cape 

ruby) and some species of spinel (balas 

ruby, ruby spinel) possess the color of the 

ruby. C.M.D. 

\false sapphire. Blue fluorite. Shipley. 

|false set. a. A light, temporary lagging set 

of timber supporting the side and roof 

lagging until the drive is advanced suffi- 
ciently to allow the heavy permanent set to 
be put in when the false set is taken out 
and used again in advance of the next 
permanent set. Engineering and Mining 

Journal, v. 139, No. 4, April 1938, p. 55. 

b. A temporary support for forepoles used 

in driving a tunnel in soft ground. Also 

called horsehead. Nichols. 

\false stratification. An early term for cross- 

bedding. Rarely used in the United States. 

Pettijohn. 

false stull. A stull so placed as to offer sup- 
port or reinforcement for a stull, prop, or 
other timber, Fay. 

\false superposition. An overturn in strata, as 
the older rocks have been thrust over the 
newer ones. Standard, 1964. 

\false topaz. A yellow variety of quartz re- 
sembling topaz. Fay. 

alse wiring. Same as curling. ASM Gloss. 


= = 














All 


falsework. Usually temporary framework, 
bracing, or support used as an aid in con- 
struction and removed when construction 
is completed. Crispin. 

Falter apparatus. Apparatus designed by A. 
H. Falter for the determination of the 
softening point of a glass by the fiber- 
elongation method as defined by J. T. 
Littleton. See also softening point. Dodd. 

falun brilliants. Name for theater jewelry 
made of a lead-tin alloy. Shipley. 

famatinite. A copper-antimony sulfide min- 
eral, 3CusS.Sb2Ss, containing 43,3 percent 
copper. Sanford. 

Famennian. Upper Upper Devonian, below 
Strunian, A.G.I. Supp. 

famille rose. A series of red colors obtained 
from gold (purple of Cassius). ACSG. 

famille verte. A series of green colors ob- 
tained from chromic oxide used in the 
18th century on decoration of china or 
porcelain. ACSG, 1963. 

family. When a number of genera agree in 
certain major structural characters, they 
are grouped together to form a family. 
See also order. Nelson. 

family of igneous rocks. Subgroups, under 
clans, in the classification of igneous rocks, 
for example, the syenite family. A.G.I. 

famp. a. Cumb. Decomposed limestone, but 
in some other districts, a very fine-grained 
siliceous bed. Fay. b. Newc. Soft, tough, 
thin shale beds. Fay. 

fan. a. A ventilator to exhaust or blow the 
air current necessary to circulate the mine 
roadways and workings. Until about 1930, 
mine fans were of the centrifugal or radial- 
flow type with an efficiency up to 65 per- 
cent. Axial-flow fans then became popular 
because of their higher efficiency (up to 80 
nercent) and smaller size. Because of their 
noise, axial-flow fans are not usually prac- 
ticable to obtain a pressure of more than 
4 to 5 inches water gage per stage, whereas 
for new coal mines, fan pressures of 12 to 
15 inches water gage may be needed. For 
such pressures three-stage fans are required 
and they are costly. During the last decade, 
or so, radial-flow fans have been greatly 
improved and are as efficient as the best 
axial-flow fan. Modern radial-flow fans 
have an efficiency approaching 90 percent 
and are generally favored for pressures ex- 
ceeding about 5 inches water gage. It is 
now general practice to install two fans 
at collieries, one to act as a standby. See 
also aerofoil-vane fan. Nelson. b. To drill 
a number of boreholes each in a different 
horizontal or vertical direction from a 
single-drill setup. Long. c. A dispersion 
pattern that spreads predominantly to one 
side of the source of material. Hawkes. d. 
An accumulation of debris brought down 
by a stream descending through a steep 
ravine and debouching in the plain be- 
neath, where the detrital material spreads 
out in the shape of a fan, forming a sec- 
tion of a very low cone. See also alluvial 
fan. A.G_I. 

fan blower. A rotating fan for producing a 
current of air. It may be used for carrying 
off fumes as of chemicals, for ventilating, 
and for forced draft in furnaces. Crispin. 

fan characteristics. The behavior of a fan 
under various conditions cannot be ex- 
pressed in simple mathematics but may be 
shown graphically by suitable curves, 
known as the fan’s characteristic curves or 
characteristics. The variables of interest 
are pressure, volume flowing, power con- 
sumed, fan speed, fan efficiency, and mine 








fan efficiency 


resistance. Roberts, I, p. 187. 

fan cleavage. Cleavage which, if studied 
over a large enough area, dips at different 
angles so that, like the ribs of a fan, it 
converges either upward or downward. 
A.G.I. 

fan cut. A cut in which holes of equal or 
increasing length are drilled in a pattern 
on a horizonal plane or in a selected 
stratum to break out a considerable part 
of it before the rest of the round is fired; 
the holes are fired in succession in accord- 
ance with the increasing angle they form 
in relation to the face. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. 6. 

fancy. A term that has been applied to semi- 
precious stones prized for other qualities 
than intrinsic value. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fancy agates. Agates showing delicate mark- 
ings and intricate patterns. Shipley. 

fancy lump coal. a. Soft coal from which all 
slack and nut coal has been removed. Fay. 
b. Ark. Semianthracite coal of larger size 
than grate coal. Fay. 

fancy sapphire. a. A sapphire of any hue 
other than blue or colorless, although 
colorless is included by some. Shipley. b. 
An incorrect term under which assorted 
lots of sapphires and sometimes as many 
as a dozen other mineral species of almost 
every conceivable color are sold. Shipley. 

fancy stone. a. A variety of a gemstone which 
is less often encountered commercially, 
such as a fancy sapphire. Shipley. b. An 
unusually fine gemstone, particularly a 
diamond of unusually fine color grade. 
Shipley. 

fan delta. A gently sloping alluvial deposit 
formed where a steep stream runs from a 
mountain gorge or canyon out upon a 
more open valley or lowland. A.G_I. 

fan drift. a. The short tunnel connecting the 
upcast shaft with the exhaust fan. In the 
case of a forcing fan, the fan drift is con- 
nected to the downcast shaft. Surface 
(gallery-type) drifts are being favored at 
a number of British collieries. These are 
quite as efficient and often cheaper to 
construct than the conventional type of 
drift in which the shaft mounting is situ- 
ated approximately 60 to 80 feet below the 
shaft collar. Modern fan drifts conduct 
very large volumes of air and are designed 
to achieve streamline flow as far as practi- 
cable. See also ventilation, reversal of. Nel- 
son. b. The enclosed airtight passage, road, 
or gallery from the mine to the fan. 
Mason. c. The passage or duct for the in- 
take of a ventilating fan on a mine. C.T.D. 
d. An airway leading from a mine shaft, or 
airway, to a fan. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

fan drift doors. When there are two fans at 
a mine it is necessary to install isolation 
doors for each drift leading to each fan, 
in order to prevent the working fan draw- 
ing air from the outside atmosphere. With 
modern fan layouts, the fan drift may be 
16. feet or more square and pass 600,000 
cubic feet per minute of air and sometimes 
more. Modern fan drift doors can be fixed 
in any position from full-open to full-closed 
and can be manipulated by one man from 
outside the fan drift. Doors of the butter- 
fly type are often used and can be opened 
manually or by power. Nelson. 

fan drilling. See fan, b. Long. 

fan efficiency. The ratio obtained by dividing 
useful power output by power input. This 
is expressed as a percentage. Fan efficiency 
is understood to mean that airpower is 
calculated from volume flowing and total 


fan efficiency 


pressure, on the assumption that the air 
does not change in volume. The velocity 
pressure, present in the air leaving the 
evasé, is considered as a loss. The power 
input is that supplied to the fan shaft and 
thus includes the loss in the fan bearings 
but excludes all losses in the drive. Roberts, 
I, pp. 185-186. 

fan-efficiency tests. See overall ventilation 
efficiency; thermometric fan test; volu- 
metric efficiency. Nelson. 

fanega. Mex. A variable unit of dry measure, 
usually 90.815 liters; of superficial measure 
usually 3.5663 hectares. Fay. 

fan engineer. In anthracite and bituminous 
coal mining, one who maintains and oper- 
ates a fan system that forces fresh air into 
or exhausts foul, dust-laden air from un- 
derground workings for ventilation. May, 
according to type of machinery, regulate 
and control the temperature and humidity 
of the air. Also called fan-engine engineer ; 
fanner; fan runner; fan tender. D.O.T. 1. 

fan exhaust. An electric fan used for the re- 
moval of enamel dust from the spray 
booth, or fumes from the pickle room, thus 
safeguarding the health of the worker. 
Enam. Dict. 

fan fold. An anticlinal fold in which the 
two limbs dip toward one another, or a 
syncline in which the two limbs dip away 
from one another. Billings, 1954, p. 42. 

fang. a. Scot. The power of a pump bucket 
to form:a vacuum. Hence, a pump has 
“lost the fang’ when so much air passes 
the bucket that a vacuum cannot be made 
until water is poured on the top of the 
bucket. b. Derb. An air course, cut in the 
side of the shaft or level, or constructed 
of wood. Fay. c. In Wales in the plural, 
cage shuts. Fay. d. Kep. Nelson. 

fang bolt. Used for attaching ironwork to 
timber. The nut is a plate with teeth which 
bite into the wood. To tighten, the bolt is 
turned while the nut remains stationary. 
Crispin. 

fanging; fanging pipes. a. Eng. Wooden air 
pipes used in mine ventilation. See also 
fang, b. Fay. b. See brattice, a. C.T.D. 

fanglomerate. a. Proposed by Lawson for an 
ancient alluvial fan deposit at Battle 
Mountain, Nev., which has been firmly 
cemented since deposition. A.G.I. b. A 
fanglomerate is composed of heterogeneous 
materials which were originally deposited 
in an alluvial fan but which since deposi- 
tion have been cemented into solid rock. 
USGS Bull. 730, 1923, p. 88. 

fanhead. The area on an alluvial fan close 
to the apex. A.G.I. 

fan laws. The general fan laws are the same 
for either axial-flow or centrifugal fans. 
These laws are as follows: (1) air quan- 
tity varies directly as fan speed; quantity 
is independent of air density (twice the 
volume requires twice the speed); (2) 
pressures induced vary directly as fan speed 
squared, and directly as density (twice the 
volume develops four times the pressure) ; 
(3) the fan-power input varies directly as 
the fan speed cubed and directly as the air 
density (twice the volume requires eight 
times the power) ; and (4) the mechanical 
efficiency of the fan is independent of the 
fan speed and density. BuMines Bull. 589, 
1960, p. 24. 

fanman. One who controls operation of an 
electric fan for cooling kilns after burning 
and also for building up kiln fires before 
burning. D.O.T. 1.. 

fan mesa. A remnant of an alluvial fan left 








412 


standing in the process of the degradation 
of the fan. A.G.I. 

fanner. Scot. A small portable hand fan. 
See also Blow-George. Fay. See fan en- 
gineer. D.O.T. 1. 

Fanning’s equation. Frictional pressure drop 
(A pt) of fluid flowing in a pipe is 


omen C2] [4] 


where f is a function of the Reynolds num- 
ber, v = rate of flow, g is acceleration due 
to gravity, 1 and d are length and diameter 
of pipe. Pryor, 3. 

Fann viscosimeter. A specific make of viscosi- 
meter. See also viscosimeter. Long. 

fan rating. The head, quantity, power, and 
efficiency to be expected when a fan is 
operating at peak efficiency. Hartman; p. 
183. 

fan runner. See fan engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

fan scarp. A fault scarplet or little fault 
scarp entirely in piedmont alluvium or in 
an alluvial fan. A.G.I. 

fan shaft. a. The ventilating shaft to which 
a mine fan is connected. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2. b. The spindle on which a fan im- 
peller is mounted. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

fan shooting. A refraction type of seismic 
shooting in which a fan of detectors is laid 
out from a single shot point. Arrival times 
of refraction impulses at the detectors, 
when less than normal, may indicate the 
presence of relatively shallow salt masses 
(salt domes) encountered by seismic ray 
paths. A.G.J.; A.GI. Supp. 

fan static pressure. a. The total ventilating 
pressure required to circulate the air 
through a mine less the natural ventilation 
pressure. Also called fan useful pressure. 
Nelson. b. The difference between the fan 
total pressure and the fan velocity pressure. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

fan structure. An arrangement of closely 
folded strata such that the axial planes of 
the folds dip on each side of a mountain 
pass or range toward the central axial 
plane of the range itself, so that the whole 
has a structure, in cross section, resembling 
that of an open fan held upright. Fay. 

fan tender. See fan engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

fan test. A fan test comprises observations of 
air quantity, total pressure, and power, 
while the fan is running at a known 
constant speed. Roberts, I, p. 206. 

fan-topped pediment. A pediment with a thin 
(50- to 200-foot) covering of alluvial fans. 
A.G.I. 

fan total head. Equal to the fan static head 
plus the velocity head at the fan discharge 
corresponding to a given quantity of air 
flow. Hartman, p. 181. 

fan total pressure. The algebraic difference 
between the mean total pressure at the fan 
outlet and the mean total pressure at the 
fan inlet. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

fan velocity pressure. The velocity pressure 
corresponding to the average velocity at 
the fan outlet. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

fan width. Centrifugal fans are referred to as 
single or double width, depending on the 
construction of the impeller. A double 
width fan has two impellers mounted side 
by side and rigidly coupled on the same 
shaft. This has the same effect as operating 
fans in parallel and produces approxi- 
mately twice the quantity of a single width 
fan. Hartman, p. 177. 

F.A.Q. Fair average quality. Hess. 

farad. The practical meter-kilogram-second 








farsundite 


(mks) unit of capacitance equal to the 
capacitance of a capacitor between the 
plates of which appears a potential of 1 
volt when it is charged by 1 coulomb of 
electricity. The unit is the standard in the 
United States. Abbreviation, f. Webster 3d. 

faraday. The quantity of electricity trans- 
ferred in electrolysis per equivalent weight 
of any element or ion, being equal to about 
96,500 coulombs per gram equivalent. 
Webster 3d. 

Faraday effect. The rotation of the plane of 
polarization produced when plane-polar- 
ized light is passed through a substance in 
a magnetic field, the light traveling in a 
direction parallel to the lines of force. For 
a given substance, the rotation is propor- 
tional to the thickness traversed by the 
light and to the magnetic field strength. 
C.T.D. 

Faraday’s law. a. The amount of chemical 
change produced by an electric current 
is proportional to the quantity of elec- 
tricity. Lowenheim. b. The quantities of 
different substances liberated by a given 
quantity of electricity are proportional to 
their chemical equivalent weights. Lowen- 
heim. 

fare. In Wales, standing coal, or coal un- 
holed or uncut. Fay. 

Far East Rand. S. Afr. The area between 
Boksburg and Heidelburg, Transvaal, lim- 
ited in the north and east by the outcrops 
or sub-outcrops of the Main reef, but not 
yet limited in the south. Beerman. 

farewell rock. The highest rock formation 
of the Millstone grit of South Wales, Eng- 
land, occurring immediately beneath the 
Coal Measures. Since all workable coal 
seams occur in the overlying Coal Meas- 
ures, it is useless to search for coal in these 
rocks, hence the miners’ term farewell 
rock, Nelson. 

farmers’ drill. A straight-fluted twist drill, 
used on soft metals. Crispin. 

farmout. Donation of acreage in support of 
a drilling deal. Wheeler. 

faro. a. A small atoll-shaped reef with la- 
goons a few meters to 30 meters deep, 
forming part of a barrier or atoll rim. In 
some places, the rim consists of a row of 
round or oblong faros with hardly any 
normal reefs in between them. A.G.I. b. A 
small angular reef forming part of a bar- 
rier or atoll. A.G_I, 

Farrar process. Method of case-hardening 
iron by use of ammonium chloride, man- 
ganese dioxide and potassium ferro-cyanide. 
Pryor, 3. 

farren wall. A cavity wall (4-inch cavity) for 
house construction. Dodd. 

farringtonite. A monoclinic phosphate min- 
eral, essentially Mgs(POx)2, but with iron 
and silicon present; occurs as colorless to 
wax-white to yellow material peripheral to 
olivine nodules; from Saskatchewan, Can- 
ada. A meteorite. American Mineralogist, 
v. 46, No. 11-12, November-December 
P9GIS pols: 

farrisite. A name derived from Lake Farris 
in Norway, and applied by Brégger to a 
very peculiar rock, which occurred only 
in one small dike. The rock is finely gran- 
ular in texture and consists of some soda- 
bearing tetragonal mineral related to meli- 
lite, together with barkevikite, colorless 
pyroxene, biotite, serpentine pseudomorphs 
after olivine, magnetite, and apatite. Fay. 

far set. Mid. To timber and sprag the far 
end of a stall, preparatory to holing. Fay. 

farsundite. A hypersthene-hornblende granite. 























farsundite 


Hess. 

| fascicular schist. A schist with elongated fer- 
romagnesian minerals lying in a plane but 
otherwise unoriented. G.S.A. Memoir 6, 
1938, p. 70. 

' fascine. a. Fr. A fagot; a bunch of twigs and 
small branches used for forming founda- 
tions on soft ground. Fay. b. Bunches of 
branches and twigs laid on bad roads. 
von Bernewttz. 

| faserkohle. German name for fusain. Tom- 

| keteff, 1954. 

| fashioned gem stone. One which has been cut 
and. polished. See also fashioning (of 

gems). Shipley. 

|| fashioning of gems. Includes slitting, cleav- 

ing, cutting, polishing, and other opera- 
tions employed in preparing rough gem 
material for use in jewelry; also the deter- 
mination of the proportions. Shipley. 

\ Fashoda garnet. Dark-red to brownish-red 
pyrope garnet from Tanganyika, Africa. 

| Shipley. 

| Fashoda ruby. a. Iron-rich pyrope garnet 

| from Tanganyika, Africa. Same as Fash- 
oda garnet. Shipley. b. In the trade, refers 
usually to any red garnet. Shipley. 

|| fasibitikite. A gray variety of riebeckite- 

| aegirine granite containing eucolite and 

' zircon from Ampasibitika, Malagasay Re- 

public. Holmes, 1928. 

|| fasicular. Relating to or consisting of bundles. 

Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

| fasinite. A crystalline rock composed mainly 

of augite and nepheline, with subsidiary 

olivine, biotite, etc. It is chemically equiv- 
alent to berondrite, and differs from bekin- 
kinite by the absence of hornblende and 

analcite. Holmes, 1928. 

|| fasrige. The components of the rocks are 
largely threadlike or rodlike, and are ar- 
ranged in approximately parallel lines 
(parallel-fasrig) or unoriented (verworren- 
fasrig, as in gypsum, asbestos, etc.). Sub- 
divisions are kornig-fasrig with very short 
unoriented rods, as in amphibolite, some 
gypsum, etc., and _ schiefrig-fasrig, with 
longer individuals, interwoven in planes, 
as in hornblende schist, etc. Synonym for 
fibrous. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

| fassaite. See augite. 

|| fast. a. Eng. In the Lancashire coalfield, the 

first hard bed of rock found after sinking 

through sand or quick ground, upon which 

a wedging crib is generally laid. Fay. b. 

When a heading or bord end is not in 

communication with another one by a 

breakthrough, but has only one open end, 

it is said to be fast or called a fast place. 

Fay. c. Having a solid side more or less 

at right angles to the working face. Mason. 

d. A heading or working place which is 

driven in the solid coal, in advance of 

the open places, said to be in the fast. 

C.T.D. e. A hole in coal which has had 

insufficient explosive used in it, or which 

has required undercutting. C.T.D. f. A 

heading or stall driven in the fast or solid 

coal, with rib sides. See also narrow stall. 
| Nelson. 

| fast break. In magnetic-particle inspection, 

an interruption of the current flowing in 

the magnetizing coil such that the collaps- 

ing field induces eddy currents and strong 

magnetization in the test part. ASM Gloss. 

| fast breeder reactor. A nuclear reactor that 
operates with fast neutrons and produces 
more fissionable material than it consumes. 
L&L. 

| fast cord. It consists of three central paper 
strings coated with a black powder com- 





413 


position and held together with cotton 
countering. These are then enclosed in an 
extruded layer of plastic incendiary com- 
position and finished with an outer plastic 
covering. The overall diameter of fast 
igniter cord is approximately 0.10 inch. 
McAdam II, p. 61. 

fast country; fast ground. Solid or undis- 
turbed rock. The same as fast. Arkell. 

fast-delay detonation. A loosely applied term 
for any method for the firing of blasts 
involving the use of the blasting timer or 
millisecond delay caps. Streefkerk, p. 17. 

fast end. a. The part of the coalbed next to 
the rock. Fay. b. A gangway with rock on 
both sides. See also loose end, a. Fay. c. 
The limit of a stall in one direction, or 
where the face line of the adjoining stall 
is not up or level with, nor in advance of, 
it. Fay. 

fast feed. See fast gear. Long. 

fast-feed gear. See fast gear. Long. 

fast gear. a. As used by drillers in referring 
to the feed gears in a gear-feed swivel 
head, the pair of gears insatlled in the 
head that produces the greatest amount of 
bit advance per revolution of the drill 
stem. Also called fast feed; high feed. 
Long. b. As used by drillers in referring 
to the speed at which the drill motor 
rotates the drill stem or hoist drum, the 
transmission gear position giving the fastest 
rotation per engine revolutions per minute. 
Long. 

fast ice. Sea ice which remains fast, generally 
in the position where it originally formed, 
by being attached to a shore, or to 
grounded icebergs or growlers. Schiefer- 
decker. 

fast junking. See junking, b. Fay, p. 372. 

fast line. That portion of the cable or wire 
line, reeved through a block and tackle, 
that runs from the stationary block to the 
hoisting drum on a drill machine. Com- 
pare deadline. Long. 

fast-needle survey. A dial survey adopted to 
overcome the difficulty of loose-needle 
surveying in the presence of local magnetic 
influences. The bearings of lines are de- 
rived from those immediately preceding 
and the survey is oriented from a correct 
magnetic bearing or other known base. 
Mason, v. 2, p. 725. 

fast neutron. A neutron with energy greater 
than 0.1 million electron volt. See also 
thermal neutron. L@L. 

fast place. Scot. A drift or working place in 
advance of the others. Fay. 

fast powder. Dynamite or other explosive 
having a high-speed detonation. Nicholls. 

fast reactor. A reactor in which the fission 
chain reaction is sustained primarily by 
fast neutrons rather than by thermal or 
epithermal neutrons. Fast reactors contain 
little or no moderator to slow down the 
neutrons from the speeds at which they 
first are ejected from a fissioning nucleus. 


L&L. 


fast shot. Newc. A charge of powder explod- 


ing without the desired effect. Fay. 

fast side. a. Scot. The side not sheared in a 
room where shearing is done on one side 
only. Fay. b. The rock adjoining the coal. 
Arkell. c. The side which has a solid side. 
Mason. d. The end of the face where there 
is a solid face more or less at right angles. 
Mason. e. Eng. That part of a face which 
has solid coal on one side. Also called rib 
side. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

fast wall. Eng. The wall in which bearing 
doors are placed. Fay. 





fatigue life 


fat. a. A white or yellowish substance form- 
ing the chief part of adipose tissue. It may 
be solid or liquid; is insoluble in water; 
and when treated with an alkali, the fatty 
acid unites with the alkaline base to make 
soap. Fay. b. A term used in flotation. 
Fay. c. Rich, high-grade ore. Fat coal is 
high in gas-producing volatiles. Pryor, 3. 

fatal accident. As defined by the U.S. Bureau 
of Mines the accident shall be considered 
a fatal coal-mine accident when less than 
five persons are killed and property dam- 
age is slight (except ignitions and mine 
fires). Bureau of Mines. Instructions for 
Disaster, Fatal-Accident, and Miscellane- 
ous Health and Safety Reports, April, 1966, 
Chapter 4.1, p. 32. 

fat amber. Opaque yellowish amber. Shipley. 

fat boys; fatters. Boys or men employed to 
lubricate axles of tubs or wagons and roll- 
ers of haulage gear. C.T.D. 

fat clay. a. Clay of relatively high plasticity. 
Opposite of lean clay. A.G.J. b. A fine- 
grained clay, which in the plastic state, 
can be readily formed with pressure, but 
shows slight swelling when the pressure is 
released. Usually very sticky. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

fat coal. A coal which contains a relatively 
high percentage of volatile matter. Nelson. 

fat concrete. A concrete containing a large 
proportion of mortar. Taylor. 

fathogram. A continuous profile of the depth 
obtained by echo soundings. A.G.I. 

fathom. a. Corn. Six feet. A fathom of min- 
ing ground is six feet square by the whole 
thickness of the vein, or in Cornish phrase, 
a fathom forward by a fathom vertical. 
Fay. b. A measure used for sea depths and 
sometimes for shaft and rope lengths. Nel- 
son. c. In alluvial deep-lead mining, a 
square fathom is a section of wash 6 feet 
by 6 feet on the bottom with a height de- 
pending on the depth of wash extracted. 
If the height is 3 feet the fathom would 
contain 108 cubic feet. Nelson. d. In lead 
mining, sometimes a volume of 6 feet by 
6 feet by 2 feet. Nelson. e. Sometimes 
given as the unit of performance of a rock 
drill, that is, fathoms per shift. Nelson. f. 
In mining, fathom is a 6-foot cube of rock, 
or alternately 6 feet by 6 feet by width of 
lode on which contract payment may be 
based, Cornish custom. Pryor, 3. g. In 
general mining, the volume of a 6-foot 
cube; in gold mining, often a volume 6 
feet by 6 feet by the thickness of the reef. 
C.T.D.h. S. Afr. Mining reports referring 
to fathoms usually mean square fathoms. 
Beerman. i. A unit of linear measurement 
that equals 6 feet or 1.828 meters. Crispin. 

fathomage. Scot. Payment made to miners 
per fathom driven or cut. Fay. 

fathometer. An instrument used in measuring 
the depth of water by the time required 
for a sound wave to travel from surface 
to bottom and for its echo to be returned. 
It may be used also for measuring the 
rise and fall of the tides in offshore local- 
ities. H&G. 

fathom tale. Corn. See tutwork, b. This name 
probably arises from the payment for such 
work (tutwork) by the space excavated, 
and not by the ore produced. Fay. 

fatigue. Of metals, failure under repeated 
stress. Notch fatigue is premature failure 
initiated at a notch, scratch, or blemish. 
Pryor, 3. 

fatigue life. The number of cycles of ‘stress 
that can be sustained prior to failure for a 
stated test condition. ASM Gloss. 


fatigue limit 


fatigue limit. The maximum stress below 
which a material can presumably endure 
an infinite number of stress cycles. If the 
stress is not completely reversed, the value 
of the mean stress, the minimum stress, or 
the stress ratio should be stated. ASM 
Gloss. 

fatigue of metals. A deterioration in the 
crystalline structure and strength of metals 
due to repeated stresses above a certain 
critical value. See also annealing. Nelson. 

fatigue range. The maximum range of stress 
which a metal will withstand indefinitely. 
When the maximum stress in tension 
equals that in compression, the fatigue 
range is twice the fatigue limit. The mean 
stress, or half the range, must be stated 
to define the fatigue conditions. Ham. 

fatigue ratio. The ratio of the fatigue limit 
for cycles of reversed flexural stress to the 
tensile strength. ASM Gloss. 

fatigue strength. See endurance limit. Ro. 

fatigue strength reduction factor. Alternative 
term for factor of stress concentration in 
fatigue. Ro. 

fatigue test. A test made on a material to 
determine the range of alternating stress 
to which it may be subjected without risk 
of ultimate failure. By subjecting a series 
of specimens to different ranges of stress, 
while the mean stress is constant, a stress- 
number curve is obtained. C.T.D. 

fat lime. a. A pure lime (quick or hydrated), 
distinguishing it from an impure or hy- 
draulic lime; it is also used to denote a 
lime hydrate that yields a plastic putty 
for structural purposes. Boynton. Compare 
lean lime. b. Lime containing more than 
95 percent calcium oxide. It hydrates very 
rapidly, with a great evolution of heat and 
voluminous powder formation. Also called 
rich lime. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

fat lute. A mixture of pipe clay and linseed 
oil, used for filling joints, apertures, etc. 
Fay. 

fat mortar. A mortar containing a high per- 
centage of cementitious components that 
tends to be sticky and adheres to the 
trowel. ACSG. 

fat stone. Name for nepheline. Its fractured 
surfaces have a greasy luster. Shipley. 

fatters. See fat boys. C.T.D. 

fatty amber. Same as flohmig amber. Shipley. 

fatty luster; greasy luster. Having the bril- 
liancy of a freshly oiled reflecting surface, 
characteristic of slightly transparent min- 
erals, such as serpentine and sulfur. Nelson. 

Fauck’s boring method. An earlier percussive 
boring method used largely on the Con- 
tinent for exploration, etc. The cutting 
tool is given a rapid but very short stroke 
and the hole is flushed by water passing 
down through the hollow rods. No beam 
is used, but the rope to which the boring 
tools are suspended has an up-and-down 
motion imparted to it by an eccentric. The 
arrangement gives up to 250 strokes per 
minute with a stroke length as low as 344 
inches. Nelson. 

F'augeron kiln. A coal-fired tunnel kiln of a 
design proposed in 1910 by E. G. Fau- 
geron; the distinctive feature is the division 
of the tunnel into a series of chambers 
by division walls on the cars and drop 
arches in the roof. Such kilns have been 
used for the firing of feldspathic porcelain. 
Dodd. 

fauld. a. The tymp arch or working arch of 
a furnace. Fay. b. Scot. Same as fold. 
Standard, 1964. 

faulding boards; folding boards. Catches in 





414 


a mine shaft to facilitate the stopping of 
the cage at intermediate coal seams. C.T.D. 

fault. a. A fracture or a fracture zone along 
which there has been displacement of the 
two sides relative to one another parallel 
to the fracture. The displacement may be 
a few inches or many miles. A.G.I. b. A 
break in the continuity of a body of rock. 
It is accompanied by a movement on one 
side of the break or the other so that what 
were once parts of one continuous rock 
stratum or vein are now separated. The 
amount of displacement of the parts may 
range from a few inches to thousands of 
feet. Various descriptive names have been 
given to different kinds of faults. See also 
closed fault; dip fault; dip-slip fault; dis- 
tributive fault; flaw fault; gravity fault; 
heave fault; hinge fault; horizontal fault; 
longitudinal fault; normal fault; oblique 
fault; oblique-slip fault; open fault; over- 
lap fault; overthrust fault; parallel-dis- 
placement fault; pivotal fault; reverse 
fault; rotary fault; step fault; strike fault; 
strike-slip fault; thrust fault; transcurrent 
fault; translatory fault; underthrust fault; 
vertical fault. Fay. c. See epigenetic ore 
deposit; growth of faults. Nelson. d. In 
coal mining, a sudden thinning or disap- 
pearance of a coal seam. Also known as 
a want or pinchout. Kentucky, p. 21. e. A 
displacement of rock formations along a 
plane or zone of fracture in which one side 
is termed upthrown; the other, down- 
thrown. Wheeler. f. Eng. A dislocation or 
displacement of the strata. Also called 
hitch; step; trouble. SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

fault-angle valley. The original or subse- 
quently modified valley at the junction of 
the descending backslope of one tilted 
block and the scarp of the next upland 
block. A.G.I. 

fault basin. A region depressed relatively to 
the surrounding region and separated from 
it by bordering faults. A.G_J. 

fault bench. Irregular benches are produced 
on the sides of hills and mountains by 
certain kinds of faulting. Their surfaces 
may be undulating or hummocky and need 
not be horizontal along their length. There 
may be a slight depression, and sometimes 
a saddle, between the outer edge of such 
a bench and its inner edge where it meets 
the hillside. See also fault terrace. A.G.I. 

fault block. a. A mass bounded on at least 
two opposite sides by faults. It may be 
elevated or depressed relatively to the ad- 
joining region, or it may be elevated rela- 
tively to the region on one side and de- 
pressed relatively to that on the other side. 
A.G.I. b. A body of rock bounded by one 
or more faults. A.G.J. c. The displaced 
mass of rocks on either side of a fault 
plane See also footwall; hanging wall. 
Nelson. 

fault block mountain. See block mountain; 
fault block. A.G.I. : 

fault breccia. a. The assembly of broken frag- 
ments frequently found along faults. A.G_I. 
b. The crushed rock produced by the fric- 
tion of the two walls of a fault rubbing 
against each other. Schieferdecker. c. See 
breccia; gouge; leather bed. Nelson. 

fault bundle. A group of faults. Fay. 

fault casing. A layer of hardened clay lin- 
ing the fault plane and often showing 
groovings and striae due to the rock 
movement along the fault plane. Arkell. 

fault cave. A cave developed along a fault 
or a fault system. Schieferdecker. 

fault cliff. Synonymous with fault scarp. 





fault inlier 


fault coal. Aust. A name used for inferior 
coal in the Clermont district, Queensland, 
which occurs not only near faults, but also 
away from them. Fay. 

fault coast. The essential feature of a fault 
coast is a fault scarp separating a higher- 
standing earth block, which, after fault- 
ing, forms the land, from a lower-lying 
block, which, after faulting, is depressed 
below sea level. It may be a level sea floor, 
or it may be a land surface with low, 
moderate, or strong relief. The vertical 
displacement on the fault may be small or 
great if the pre-faulting surface has low 
relief, but, if the pre-faulting surface has 
strong relief, a continuous fault coast can 
be formed only by a vertical movement of 
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of feet; that 
is, the movement must be sufficient to 
submerge the ridges of the downthrown 

‘ block. A.G.I. 

fault complex. An intricate system of inter- 
connecting and intersecting faults of the 
same or of different ages. A.G.I. Supp. 

fault deflection. A deviation in the course 
of a fault caused by its interception by 
another fault. Schieferdecker. 

fault dip. The vertical inclination of a fault 
plane, or a shear zone, measured from the 
horizontal plane. Fay. 

fault drag. Distortion of the bedding which 
may occur in the vicinity of a fault plane. 
B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 5. 

faulted mountain. Synonymous with block 
mountain. A.G_I. 

fault embayment. A depressed region in a 
fault zone or between two faults invaded 
by the sea. The Red Sea and Tomales 
Bay on the San Andreas fault in Cali- 
fornia are examples. A.G_I. 

fault escarpment. See fault scarp. A.G_I. 

fault fissure. The fissure produced by a fault, 
even though it is filled afterward by a 
deposit of minerals. Fay. 

fault fold. A fold accompanied by steep 
faults that are parallel to the fold and 
are contemporaneous with the folding. 
A.G.I. 

fault gap. A depression between the offset 
ends of a ridge developed on a resistant 
rock layer that has been displaced by a 
transverse fault. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fault gouge. Finely ground material filling, 
or partly filling, a fault zone. It is some- 
times a slippery mud, which coats the 
surfaces of the fissure or cements the 
breccia. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fault groove. One of the undulations deeper 
than fault striae but similarly formed. 
They record larger movements and have 
greater significance as indicating the di- 
rection of movement. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

fault growth. Fault development by count- 
less slippages along the fault plane. See 
also growth of faults. Nelson. 

fault hade. The inclination of the fault plane 
from the vertical plane, usually expressed 
in degrees. Nelson. 

fault heave; fault shift. The amount of lat- 
eral movement of the strata at a fault. 
The fault throw and heave are essential 
elements of a fault and form basic values 
when exploring and driving to recover the 
disrupted coal seam. Nelson. 

faulting. The movement which produces 
relative displacement of adjacent rock 
masses along a fracture. Fay. 

fault inlier. An isolated exposure of the 
overridden rock in a region of thrust 
faulting. It is surrounded by rocks of the 

















fault inlier 


overriding block and is thus separated 
from other surface exposures of rock like 
| itself. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
| faultline; fault trace; fault outcrop. The 
intersection of a fault surface or a fault 
plane with the surface of the earth or 
with any artificial surface of reference. 
| Compare fault trace; fault trend. Fay. 
|| Faultline coast. A type of wave-straightened 
coast. See also wave-straightened coast. 
ale Cele 
|| faultline scarp. a. A scarp which has been 
produced by differential erosion along an 
old faultline. A.G.J. b. A scarp that is 
the result of differential erosion along a 
faultline rather than the direct result of 
the movement along the fault. See also 
obsequent faultline scarp; resequent fault- 
line scarp. Billings, 1954, p. 155. 
||| faultline-scarp shoreline. This shoreline is 
the result of several geologic events: Fault- 
ing to bring weak beds opposite resistant 
beds, peneplanation of both weak and re- 
sistant beds to a common level, uplift to 
permit erosion of the weak-rock area to 
a lowland with resulting exposure of a 
faultline scarp by this differential erosion, 
and finally, partial submergence to bring 
the sea against the faultline scarp. The 
faultline-scarp shoreline differs from the 
fault shoreline because it was caused by 
submergence and not by recent faulting. 
It differs from the fault-scarp shoreline 
because the partially submerged surface 
was caused by differential erosion and not 
by faulting. Bureau of Mines Staff; A.G.I. 
| faultline valley. A valley that follows the 
| line of a fault. Fault valleys are usually 
straight for long distances. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 
| | faultline-valley shoreline. A rectilinear shore- 
line indirectly dependent upon faulting 
may result from the partial submergence 
of a valley which has been eroded along 
the crushed zone of a fault, or along a 
narrow strip of infaulted weak rock. A.G.I. 
| fault mosaic. An area divided by intersect- 
ing faults into blocks that have settled in 
varying degrees. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
|| fault mountain. Synonym for mountain of 
| dislocation. A.G.I. 
|| fault outcrop. Synonymous with fault line; 
fault trace. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
|| fault plane. a, The plane along which fault- 
| ing has taken place. Compare fault sur- 
| face. Schieferdecker. b. A fault surface 
without notable curvature. A.G_I. 
| fault plate. The surface along which a fault 
| has occurred. See also hade. Ham. 
fault ridge. A relatively elevated elongated 
fault block lying between two faults with 
| approximately parallel strikes. A.GI. 
|’ fault rock. The crushed rock produced by 
| the friction of the two walls of a fault 
rubbing against each other. Fay. 
| fault scarp; fault escarpment; fault cliff. a. 
A relatively steep, straight slope of any 
height owing its relief directly to the 
movement along the fault, even though 
erosion may have greatly scarred the ini- 
tial topography. Billings, 1954, pp. 153- 
155. b. The cliff formed by a fault. Most 
fault scarps have been modified by ero- 
sion since the faulting occurred. A.G.I. 
: c. An escarpment that coincides more or 
} less closely with a line of faulting, the 
escarpment occurring on the high side of 
| the dislocation. A.G.IJ. 
|| fault-scarp coast. A straight coast produced 
/ by recent faulting. Such a coast has no 
water near 









continental shelf, has deep 





415 


shore, or has submarine slopes which are 
a continuation of the land slopes. Shep- 
ard, p. 73. 

fault-scarp shoreline. If faulting develops a 
true fault scarp on any land surface, 
and depression of the land or elevation 
of the sea level partially submerges this 
land surface in such a manner as to 
bring the sea level to rest against the 
scarp, there will result a fault-scarp shore- 
line. A.G.I. 

fault set. Two or more parallel faults within 
an area. A.G_I. 

fault shift; fault heave. The lateral move- 
ment of the rocks at a fault. In a normal 
fault it represents the barren ground on 
a plan of the area (coal mining). Nelson. 

fault shoreline. When the block on the 
downthrown side of a fault is so far de- 
pressed as to permit the waters of sea 
or lake to rest against the fault scarp, 
it is a fault shoreline. See also fault 
coast. A.G.I. 

fault smash. A mining term to describe the 
crushed ground along and in the vicinity 
of a fault plane and applies particularly 
to thrust faults. The fault smash tends 
to obscure the fault pattern and makes 
diagnosis more difficult. Nelson. 

fault space. The space between the walls of 
an open fault. Fay. 

fault striae. The scratches on faulted sur- 
faces caused by forced movement of par- 
ticles or projecting hard points against 
the fault walls. They may indicate the 
direction of movement on the fault. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fault strike. The direction, with respect to 
North, of the intersection of the fault 
surface, or of the shear zone, with a hori- 
zontal plane. A.G_I. 

fault stuff. Rock filling a fault; fault breccia. 
Arkell. 

fault surface. The surface of a fracture along 
which dislocation has taken place, and if 
without appreciable curvature, it is called 
a fault plane. Nelson. Compare fault plane. 

fault system. a. A system of parallel or near- 
ly parallel faults. Schieferdecker. b. It con- 
sists of two or more fault sets that were 
formed at the same time. A.G_I. 

fault terrace. a. A terrace formed by two 
parallel fault scarps on the same declivity, 
thrown in the same direction. Fay. b. One 
of the terraces on a slope resulting from 
step faulting in which the downthrow is 
systematically on the same side of several 
parallel faults. Billings, 1954, p. 196. 

fault throw. The amount of vertical dis- 
placement of the rocks due to faulting. 
The most important faulting feature from 
the mining aspect. Nelson. 

fault trace. a. The line of intersection of a 
fault plane with the earth’s surface. Com- 
pare fault line; fault trend. Fay. b. The 
intersection of a fault and the earth’s 
surface, as indicated by the dislocation 
of fences, roads, etc., by ridges and fur- 
rows in the ground, by diagonal ruptures 
of the turf, etc. A.G.I. 

fault trap. A trap, the closure of which re- 
sults from the presence of one or more 
faults. A.G.TJ. 

fault trellis drainage pattern. A trellis pat- 
tern found where a series of parallel faults 
have brought together bands of resistant 
and weak rock. A.G.J. 

fault trough. A relatively depressed fault 
block lying between two faults with ap- 
proximately parallel strikes. A.G.I. 

fault-trough coast. A coast along a narrow 





Faust jig 


arm of the sea which floods a fault trough. 
The coasts of the Gulf of California and 
the Red Sea are examples. A.G_I. 

fault vein. A mineral vein deposited in a 
fault fissure. Fay. 

fault vent. A volcanic vent located on a 
fault. Fay. 

fault walls. That portion of the fault blocks 
at the fault plane. See also footwall; 
hanging wall. Nelson. 

fault wedge. A wedge-shaped block of rock 
between two faults. Stokes and Varnes, 
1959. 

faulty structure (of stones). Irregularities of 
crystallization; also subsequent breakage 
or separation between the atomic planes, 
such as a Cleavage crack, cloud, or feather. 
Shipley. 

fault zome. a. A fault, instead of being a 
single clean fracture, may be a zone hun- 
dreds or thousands of feet wide. The fault 
zone consists of numerous interlacing 
small faults or a confused zone of gouge, 
breccia, or mylonite. Billings, 1954, p. 
125. b. The ground or mass between the 
fault walls in the case of an open fault; 
the broken and smash ground along the 
fault plane. The fault zone may provide 
important evidence regarding the direc- 
tion and amount of fault throw. See also 
closed fault; coal leads; shear zone. Nelson. 

fauna. a. All the invertebrate and vertebrate 
animals of any given age or region. All 
the plants are similarly called its flora. 
Fay. b. The animals of any place or time 
that lived in association with each other. 
The limitations of any fauna are rela- 
tive. They may be interpreted broadly 
as of the fauna of a continent or of a 
geologic period, or restrictively as of the 
fauna of a small area of the sea bottom 
during a single season. A paleontologic 
fauna consists only of those animals whose 
remains are preserved as fossils. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

faunal. Of, or pertaining to, a natural as- 
semblage of animals. A.G_I. 

faunizone. a. A succession of stratified rocks 
characterized and delimited by the na- 
ture of its contained fossil fauna. A.G.J. 
b. A biostratigraphic unit characterized 
by the presence of a particular fauna 
that may have either time or environ- 
mental significance. Compare assemblage 
zone. A.GJ. Supp. c. A biostratigraphic 
unit Consisting of various more or less 
overlapping biozones. It has dominantly 
time-stratigraphic significance. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

faunule. Proposed by Fenton in 1928 for 
a diminutive fauna. Applied in paleon- 
tology to an association of animals found 
in a single stratum or in a succession of 
strata of limited thickness. A.GI. 

fausted ore. Eng. Refuse lead ore which un- 
dergoes a second dressing. Fay. 

fausteds. Eng. The waste left in the sieve 
as separated from the ore. Fay. 

faustite. The zinc analogue of turquoise, 


(Zn,Cu) Ale(PO.s),OHs.5H2O, containing 
7.74 percent ZnO, 1.61 percent CuO; 
fine-grained, apple-green masses; from 


Nevada. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 
Faust jig. A plunger-type jig, usually built 
with multiple compartments. It has three 
distinguishing features: (1) plungers on 
both sides of the screen plate, which are 
accurately synchronized; (2) the refuse 
is withdrawn through kettle valves near 
the overflow lips in the respective com- 
partments; and (3) the hutch is commonly 


Faust jig 


discharged periodically by the operator by 
means of suitable hand valves operated 
from the working floor. This jig is used 
extensively on slack sizes of bituminous 
coal. Mitchell, pp. 422-423. 

Fauvelle. A system of drilling, that was in- 
vented in 1846 by an Englishman, Beart, 
and a French engineer, Fauvelle, pro- 
viding for the continuous removal of the 
detritus from the well by means of a 
water flush or current of water. All the 
water-flush system now in use are modi- 
fications of the Fauvelle system, which has 
long ceased to be employed in its orig- 
inal form. Fay. 

favas. Braz. In the diamond fields, brown 
pebbles, consisting of a hydraded phos- 
phate, or of titanium and zirconium ox- 
ides, and regarded as good indications 
of the possible presence of diamonds. Fay. 

favas de zirconio. Braz. Rounded pebbles 
of baddeleyite. Hess. 

favorable locality. The experienced pros- 
pector always seeks a favorable locality, 
which may be in the neighborhood of a 
mining district or else in a locality that 
contains favorable rocks and _ structures 
and appears as if it might contain the 
mineral sought. See also critical area. 
Nelson. 

f-axis. In structural petrology, the axis of 
rotation, normal to t, around which a 
gliding plane may be bent. G.S.A. Mem. 
6, 1938, p. 89. 

fayalite. A silicate of iron, FeeSiO., belong- 
ing to the chrysolite group; orthorhombic. 
Dana 17. 

fayance. See faience. 

fayence. See faience. 

faying surface. The surface of a piece of 
metal (or a member) in contact with 
another to which it is or is to be joined. 
ASM Gloss. 

Fayol’s theory. See harmless depth theory. 
Briggs, p. 54. 

FCC (diamond) lattice. A unit cell in which 
there is one atom at each corner of the 
cell, one in the center of each face, and 
four interior atoms disposed along oppos- 
ing diagonals each a distance of a/4 
from the top and bottom respectively. 
Newton, p. 177. 

F-coal. Coal material that predominates in 
fusain bands. It occurs as microscopic par- 
ticles in the lungs of miners. A.G.J. Supp. 

Fe. Chemical symbol for iron. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

fea; fey. Shrop. Workable measures, usually 
ironstone. Arkell. 

feasibility studies. In mineral processing, 
amenability tests. Pryor, 3. 

feasible ground. Ground that can be easily 
worked, and yet will stand without the 
support of timber and beards. Fay. 

feather. a. To blend the edge of a new 
material smoothly into the old surface. 
Nichols, 2. b. A slightly projecting nar- 
row rib lengthwise on a shaft, arranged 
to catch into a corresponding groove in 
anything that surrounds and slides along 
the shaft. Zern. c. See plug and feathers. 
Fay. d. A fault, in glass, of feather-like 
appearance and caused by seed produced 
by foreign matter picked up by the glass 
during its shaping. See also seed. Dodd. 
e. A fault in wired glass resulting from 
bending of the transverse wires. Dodd. 

ASIA alum. See alunogen; _halotrichite. 

ay. 

feather amphibolite. A metamorphic rock 








416 


in which porphyroblastic crystals of horn- 
blende tend to form stellate groups on the 
planes of schistosity. See also amphibo- 
lite; garbenschiefer. A.G.I. 

feather bed. a. Eng. Hard, bituminous, pink- 
ish limestone, crowded with shells. Ar- 
kell. b. Eng. Irregular, compact shell lime- 
stone of variable thickness, in the Mid- 
dle Purpeck beds of Swanage. Arkell. 

feather brick. A specially molded brick of 
the shape that would be produced by 
cutting a standard square diagonally from 
one edge. This could be done in three 
ways to produce a feather end (or end 
feather), a feather-end-on edge, or a 
feather side (or side feather) depending 
on whether the diagonal terminates, for 
a 9 by 4% by 3-inch brick, at a 41-inch 
edge, a 3-inch edge, or a 9-inch edge. 
Dodd. 

feather combing. A method of decoration 
in which a fine point is lightly drawn 
across superimposed slips of different 
colors in the wet state. ACSG, 1963. 

featheredge. a. The thin end of a wedge- 
shaped piece of rock or coal. Fay. b. A 
passage from false to true bottom. Zern. 
c. Eng. The thinning off of a portion of 
the roof strata due to false bedding. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. d. A sharp edge, 
such as that produced when a brick is 
cut lengthwise from corner to corner to 
produce a triangular cross section. ACSG, 
1963. 

featheredge brick. A brick so modified that 
one of the largest faces is inclined from 
one side to the opposite side (where the 
thickness is reduced to one-eighth inch). 
ACSG, 1963. 

feathered tin. Pure tin in a granulated con- 
dition; granulated tin is prepared by 
pouring the molten metal into cold water. 
Standard, 1964. 

feather end. See feather brick. Dodd. 

feather ends. Firebricks with tapered ends. 
Osborne. 

feather gypsum. Same as satin spar. Shipley. 

feathering. a. Featherlike figures appearing 
in defective glazes. C.T.D. b. See plug 
and feathers. Fay. 

feather joint. One of a series of joints that 
branch at an angle from a larger joint 
or fault. A.G_I. 

feather ore. See jamesonite. 

feather quartz. Quartz in imperfect crystals, 
the bases of which meet at an acute angle 
along a central plane so that a cross sec- 
tion somewhat resembles a feather. Hess. 

feathers. Two long wedge-shaped pieces of 
steel or iron which are inserted at the 
back of a drill hole in coal, between which 
a long wedge is driven up, forcing the 
feathers apart, and thereby breaking down 
or loosening the coal. See also plug and 
feathers. Fay. 

feather shot. Copper granulated by being 
poured molten into cold water. Webster 
3d, 

feather side. See feather brick. Dodd. 

feathers of litharge. Crystals of litharge. Fay. 

fecal pellet. The excrement, mainly of in- 
vertebrates. It occurs especially in mod- 
ern marine deposits, but it also occurs as 
a fossil in sedimentary rocks. Usually a 
fecal pellet is of simple ovoid form and 
measures 1 millimeter or less. More rarely, 
it is rod-shaped with either longitudinal 
or transverse sculpturing. Also called a 
casting. A coprolite is of similar origin 
but it is much larger. Bureau of Mines 


Staff; Pettijohn, 2d, 1957, p. 220. 








feed cylinder 


federal mine inspector. See mine inspector. 
fee. a. Mid. To load the coal, from a head- 


ing into cars. Fay. b. Property, as min- 
eral land. Fay. 


feed. a. Forward motion imparted to the 


cutters or drills of rock-drilling or coal- 
cutting machinery, either hand or auto- 
matic. Fay. b. In stonecutting, sand and 
water employed to assist the saw blade 
in cutting. Fay. c. The longitudinal move- 
ments imparted to a drill stem to cause 
the bit to cut and penetrate the formation 
being drilled. Long. d. The distance a 
drill stem on a diamond drill may be ad- 
vanced into the rock before the rods 
must be rechucked; for example, a driller 
may say a drill is equipped with an 18- 
inch feed, meaning that the bit may be 
made to drill a maximum distance of 18 


_ inches each time the drill stem is chucked- 


up in the drive rod of the swivel head. 
Long. e. A mechanism which pushes a 
drill into its work, Nichols. f. The process 
of supplying material to a conveying or 
processing unit. Nichols. g. Material for 
treatment supplied to an appliance or 
plant. B.S. 3552, 1962. h. The water sup- 
ply which is pumped into a boiler at 
boiler pressure by the feed pump. Nelson. 
i. See drill feed. Nelson. j. That treated 
for removal of its valuable mineral con- 
tents. Also, feed to any machine or proc- 
ess along a mill’s flow line. Also called 
mill-head ore. Pryor, 3. k. The material, 
as ore, upon which a crusher or grind- 
ing mill operates. The material supplied 
to a furnace or other metallurgical proc- 
ess. Fay. 1. The rate at which a cutting 
tool or grinding whee] advances along or 
into the surface of a workpiece, the di- 
rection of advance depending upon the 
type of operation involved. ASM Gloss. 


feedback. In automatic control of a process, 


control of an earlier stage by means of 
variance registered at a later stage. Pryor, 


3. 


feedback control] system. A control system, 


comprising one or more feedback con- 
trol loops, which combines functions of 
the controlled signals with functions of 
the commands to tend to maintain pre- 
scribed relationships between the com- 
mands and the controlled signals. NRC- 
ASA N1.1-1957. 


feed boot. A smal] surge hopper mounted 


at the input end of some machines to 
simplify loading and to maintain an even 
supply of material. See also feeder; plate 
feeders. Nelson. 


feed check valve. A nonreturn valve in the 


delivery pipe between feedwater pump 
and boiler. C.T.D. 


feed control. System of valves or other me- 


chanical device controlling the rate at 
which longitudinal movements are im- 
parted to the diamond- or rock-drill stem 
and/or the cutting teeth on a coal-cutting 
machine. Long. 


feed-control valve. A small valve, usually a 


needle valve, on the outlet of the hydrau- 
lic-feed cylinder on the swivel head of a 
diamond drill used to control minutely 
the speed of the hydraulic piston travel 
and, hence the rate at which the bit is 
made to penetrate the rock being drilled. 
Also called drip valve; needle valve. Long. 


feed cylinder. A hydraulic cylinder and pis- 


ton mechanism, such as that on a diamond- 
drill swivel head to transmit longitudinal 
movements to the drive rod and chuck to 
which the drilling stem is attached. Also 















































feed cylinder 


called hydraulic cylinder. Long. 

feed-end blocks. In rotary kilns, special fire 
clay shapes or rotary kiln blocks so in- 
stalled as to reduce the kiln diameter. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

feeder. a. Very small fissures or cracks 
through which methane escapes from the 
coal. As working faces are advanced, fresh 
feeders are encountered in each fall of 
coal. Kentucky, p. 70. b. A small stream 
of gas escaping from a coal crevice. 
Korson. c. Any flow of water or gas en- 
tering a mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. d. 
A small vein carrying ore running into a 
larger one. Also called leader. Gordon. e. 
A conveyor or bunker structure for de- 
livering coal or other broken material at 
a controllable rate. See also feeder con- 
veyor; plate feeders. Nelson. f. A cable 
of high current carrying capacity which 
connects power stations to substations. 
Nelson. g. A flow of water from the strata 
or from old workings. Nelson. h. See 
Lofco car feeder. Nelson. i. A conveyor 
adapted to control the rate of delivery of 
bulk material, packages or objects, or a 
device or mechanism which controls, sep- 
arates, or assembles objects. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. j. A blower of gas, as in a coal 
mine. Fay. k. Synonymous with feeder 
vein. Bureau of Mines Staff. |. A spring 
or a stream. Fay. m. A mechanical de- 
vice for regularly producing and deliver- 
ing gobs of glass to a forming unit. ASTM 
C162-66. n. In foundry, feeder is a runner 
or riser so placed that it can feed molten 
metal to the contracting mass of the cast- 
ing as it cools in its flask, therefore pre- 
venting formation of cavities or porous 
structure. The feeder head, or hot top, 
is a similar reservoir of excess metal at 
the top of a vertically poured ingot. In a 
casting the feeding head may be stirred 
during cooling by pumping action of a 
feeding rod. Pryor, 3. 

feeder and catchers tables. A pair of re- 
versible conveyors, entry and exit, which 
provide for repeat feeding of metal being 
processed through a rolling mill. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

feeder chainman. See car-haul man. D.O.T. 
1. 

feeder channel. The part of the forehearth 
of a tank furnace, producing container 
glass or pressed glassware, that carries the 
molten glass from the working end to the 
feeder mechanism. Dodd. 

feeder circuit. A feeder circuit is a con- 
ductor or group of conductors and as- 
sociated protective and switching devices 
installed on the surface, in mine entries, 
or in gangways, but not extending beyond 
the limits set for permanent mine wiring. 
ASA M2.1-1963. 

feeder connection. The opening or surround- 
ing blocks in a furnace wall to receive 
the channel leading to the feeder. ASTM 
C162-66. 

feeder conveyor. a. A short auxiliary con- 
veyor designed to receive coal from the 
face conveyor and load it onto the gate 
conveyor. Also called stage loader. See 
also gate-end loader. Nelson. b. Any con- 
veyor which transports material to an- 
other conveyor. NEMA MBI-1961. c. A 
short conveyor belt that supplies material 
to a long belt. Nichols. 

feeder-fed bottle machines. See bottle-mak- 
ing machines. C.T.D. 

feeder gate; feeder plug. A shaped refrac- 
tory used to adjust the rate of flow of 





A17 


molten glass in the feeder channel. Dodd. 

feeder head. See hot top. C.T.D. 

feeder nose. See feeder spout. Dodd. 

feeder opening. See feeder connection. 
ASTM C162-66. 

feeder plug. See feeder gate. Dodd. 

feeder process. See gob _ process. 
C162-66. 

feeder sleeve; feeder tube. A cylindrical 
tube that surrounds the feeder plunger 
in a glass forming machine. Dodd. 

feeder spout; feeder nose. The part of the 
feeder in a glass tank furnace containing 
an opening in which the orifice ring is 
inserted; it forms the end of the fore- 
hearth. Dodd. 

feeder trough. In a duckbill, the trough 
which is attached to the conveyor pan 
line and serves as a base on which the 
feeder trough rides. Jones. 

feeder tube. See feeder sleeve. Dodd. 

feeder vein. A small vein joining a larger 
vein. Fay. 

feed gear; feed gears. The gearing or as- 
semblage of three to four pairs of matched 
gears in a gear-feed swivel head of a dia- 
mond drill by means of which the drill 
string coupled to the feed screw is made 
to advance and penetrate the formation. 
Long. 

feed grinding. See crossfeed grinding; down- 
feed; indexfeed. ACSG, 1963. 

feedhead. Synonym for swivel head. Long. 

feeding. a. Conveying metal stock or work- 
pieces to a location for use or processing, 
such as wire to a consumable electrode, 
strip to a die, or workpieces to an assem- 
bler. ASM Gloss. b. Pouring additional 
molten metal into a freshly poured mold 
to care for volume shrinkage during 
progressive setting. Freeman. 

feeding baffle. A door or gate which can 
be opened or closed to regulate the dis- 
charge of material from a hopper, bin, 
or chute. Nelson. 

feed materials. Refined uranium or thorium 
metal or their pure compounds in a form 
suitable for used in nuclear reactor fuel 
elements or as feed to uranium-enrich- 
ment facilities. L@L. 

feed nut. The threaded sleeve fitting around 
the feed screw on a gear-feed drill swivel 
head, which is rotated by means of paired 
gears driven from the spindle or feed 
shaft. Rotation of feed nut causes the 
feed screw and attached drilling stem to 
advance. With a 300-pair of feed gears 
engaged, the feed nut revolves 300 times 
to advance the drill stem 1 inch. Long. 

feed off. The act or process of applying feed 
pressure to a drill bit by allowing the 
hoist line to pay out slowly when the drill 
stem is suspended from the hoist line and 
rotated by a kelly. Long. 

feedometer. Device which weighs a passing 
stream of ore. See also weightometer. Pryor, 


3 


ASTM 


-feed pan; little pug. A horizontal container 


which delivers the feed to the press at 
a uniform rate. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

feed pipe. A main line pipe; one which car- 
ries a supply directly to the point of 
use, or to secondary lines. Crispin. 

feed pressure. a. Total weight or pressure, 
expressed in pounds or tons, applied to 
drilling stem to make the drill bit cut and 
penetrate the formation being drilled. 
Long. b. Pressure, expressed in pounds 
per square inch, required to force grout 
into a rock formation. Compare injection 





feel 


pressure. Long. c. Pressure, expressed in 
pounds per square inch (psi), required 
to force-feed water into a steam boiler. 
Long. 

feed pump. The pump which provides a 
steam boiler with feedwater. Nelson. 

feed quill. Synonym for feed nut; sometimes 
improperly used as a synonym for feed 
screw. Long. 

feed rate. Rate at which a drilling bit is 
advanced into or penetrates the rock for- 
mation being drilled expressed in inches 
per minute, inch per bit revolution, num- 
ber of bit revolutions per inch of ad- 
vance, or feet per hour. Also called cut- 
ting rate; cutting speed; forward speed; 
penetration feed; penetration rate. Long. 

feed ratio. The number of revolutions a 
drill stem and bit must turn to advance 
the drill bit 1 inch when the stem is 
attached to and rotated by a screw- or 
gear-feed-type drill swivel head with a 
particular pair of the set of gears en- 
gaged. (Example. When a_ screw-feed 
swivel head of a diamond drill equipped 
with three pairs of gears, having a feed 
ratio of 100, 200, and 400, is operated 
with the 100-pair engaged, the drill stem 
must revolve 100 times to advance the 
bit 1 inch, if the 200-pair is engaged, 
the drill stem rotates 200 times per inch 
advanced, and if the 400-pair is engaged 
the stem must rotate 400 times to ad- 
vance the bit 1 inch). Long. 

feed regulator; feeder. A mechanical device 
for controlling the rate of supply of feed. 
BiS 389925 19623 

feed screw. The externally threaded drill- 
rod drive rod in a screw- or gear-feed 
swivel head on a diamond drill, some- 
times incorrectly called a feed quill or 
feed spindle. Long. 

feed shaft. a. A short shaft or countershaft 
in a diamond-drill gear-feed swivel head 
rotated by the drill motor through gears 
or a fractional drive and by means of 
which the engaged pair of feed gears is 
driven. Long. b. See fire pillar. Dodd. 

feed speed. Normally used by drillers to de- 
note feed ratios. See also feed ratio. Long. 

feed spindle. Synonym for feed shaft; some- 
times incorrectly used as a synonym for 
drive rod and/or feed screw. Long. 

feed travel. The distance a drilling machine 
moves the steel shank in traveling from 
top to bottom of its feeding range. Nichols. 

feedwater. Water which is often purified, 
heated to nearly boiler temperature, and 
deaerated before being pumped into a 
steam boiler by the feed pump. Nelson. 

feedwater heater. An apparatus for heating 
water before it is fed to a boiler. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

feed wheel. See regulating wheel. ACSG, 
1963. 

fee engineer. One who (usually a mining 
engineer) looks after the interest of the 
owner of mineral rights. His specific du- 
ties are to check up the amount of ore 
mined by the lessor (operator) ; see that 
no undue waste is permitted, and that 
royalties are paid according to contract. 
Fay. 

feel. a. S. Staff. To examine the roof of 
a seam of coal with a stick or rod by 
poking and knocking it. Fay. b. The act 
of listening to the action of the engine 
and pump and occasionally feeling the in- 
tensity of the vibration of the drilling 
string to determine or judge how efficiently 


feel 


the bit is cutting. Long. 

feigh. Refuse or dirt from ore or coal. C.T.D. 

Feinc filter. Drum filter of vacuum type in 
which a parallel system of strings takes the 
place of the usual closely fitted filter 
cloth. These strings are led off on the 
descending side of the drum’s cycle, and 
carry their charge of filter cake to a 
sharp turning point, where this is de- 
tached while the strings return through 
spacing combs and rollers to the drum. 
Pryor, 3: 

feinig. A jewel diamond having its grain 
in regular layers. Compare naetig. Brady, 
4th ed, 1940, p. 164. 

feinkohle. Same as formkohle. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

fekes. a. Scot. Shale and slate. See also 
faikes. Fay. b. Scots colliers’ term for post 
stone or freestone bands. Arkell. 

feldspar; felspar. One of a group of rock- 
forming minerals which includes micro- 
cline, orthoclase, plagioclase, and anorhto- 
clase. Mohs’ hardness, 6; specific gravity, 
2.5 to 3. Industrially important in glass 
and ceramic industries. Orthoclase (K.A1.- 
SisOs) becomes soda orthoclase on partial 
replacement of potasium by sodium. Other 
formulas include albite (Na.A1.Si;03) and 
anorthite (CaA1.SixOs). Pryor, 3. 

feldspar convention. See rational analysis. 
Dodd. 

feldspar jig. A small coal washer to deal 
with the % to O inch range. It works 
on the same basic principle as the Baum 
washer, but in view of the small-size ma- 
terial a feldspar (specific gravity 2.6) bed 
is provided on the perforated grid plates 
to prevent the bulk of the feed passing 
straight through the perforations. Stratifi- 
cation of the raw feed takes place in the 
usual way. Nelson. 

feldspar sunstone. Sunstone. Schaller. 

feldspar-type washbox. A washbox to clean 
small coal, in which the pulsating water 
is made to pass through a layer of graded 
material, for example, feldspar, situated 
on top of the screen plate. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 

feldspathic. Containing feldspar as a prin- 
cipal ingredient. Fay. 

feldspathic emery. Is similar to spinel emery 
but contains in addition from 30 to 50 
percent plagioclase feldspar. Pure mag- 
netite often is found in streaks within this 
mass. AIME, p. 7. 

feldspathic graywacke. a. High-rank gray- 
wacke (of Krynine). Pettijohn, 2d, 1957, 
pp. 328-329. b. A graywacke containing 
a quantity of feldspar as individual grains 
or in small fragments of rock. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

feldspathic sandstone. A sandstone contain- 
ing from 10 to 25 percent feldspar grains 
and which is intermediate between a pure 
quartzose sandstone and an arkose. Syno- 
nym for subarkose; arkosic sandstone. 
A.G.I. 

feldspathic tawite. An igneous rock, inter- 
mediate in composition between tawite 
and a sodalite syenite composed essen- 
tially of sodalite and alkali feldspar (the 
former being predominant) with aegirine. 
Holmes, 1928. 

feldspathides. See feldspathoids. 

feldspathization. The introduction of feld- 
spars into a rock, or the replacement of 
other rock-forming minerals by feldspars. 
A.G.I. 

feldspathize. To introduce feldspars into a 








418 


rock, or to replace other rock-forming 
minerals with feldspars. A.G-.I. 

feldspathoids. A collective term including 
several minerals, aluminosilicates of so- 
dium, potassium, or calcium, that are simi- 
lar in composition to the feldspars, but 
contain less silica than the corresponding 
feldspar. Leucite and nepheline are the 
most common, others are melilite, hauynite, 
nosean, and sodalite. The German equiva- 
lent feldspat vertreter, which means feld- 
spar substitute, indicates the chief occur- 
rence of these minerals; they take the 
place of feldspars in igneous rocks that 
are too low in silica for feldspar to form 
or that contain more alkalies and alu- 
minum than can be accommodated in the 
feldspars. A.G.I. Compare lenad; foids; 
feloids. 

feldstone. A rock having a fine granular 
structure, and composed chiefly of feld- 
spar and quartz. Gordon. 

felite; felith. A constituent of portland ce- 
ment clinkers. English. 

felith. See felite. 

fell. a. Eng. A tract of waste land; a moor. 
Standard, 1964. b. A barren hill or up- 
land level; high, rocky ground, now lit- 
tle used except in proper names of hills. 
Standard, 1964. c. One of the many names 
for lead ore, formerly current in Derby- 
shire, England. See also riddle. Fay. d. 
The finer pieces of ore which pass through 
the sieve or riddle in sorting. Standard, 
1964. 

Fellenius’ circular arc method. Failure of a 
clay slope involves slipping of the earth 
on a circular arc. Research was under- 
taken in Sweden on this type of failure 
after a considerable length of Gothen- 
burg harbor had slipped into the sea in 
1916. This circular arc method was 
worked out by Petterson and developed 
by Fellenius in 1927. Ham. 

fell heap. Derb. A pile of ore and rock as 
it comes from the mine, placed in a con- 
venient place for dressing. Fay. 

fells shale. A Scottish oil shale, which yields 
from 26 to 40 gallons of crude oil and 
from 20 to 35 pounds of ammonium sul- 
fate per ton. Fay. 

feloids. A group of minerals comprising the 
the feldspars and feldspathoids. English. 

felsenmeer. a. German for sea of rock. Above 
the limit for the growth of trees (the 
treeline or timberline), rock destruction 
proceeds with great rapidity, as is indi- 
cated by the wild and chaotic confusion 
of pieces of rock. There is no equiva- 
lent English term for felsenmeer. It is 
pre-eminently characteristic of lofty 
mountain slopes. A.G.J. b. Any consid- 
erable area, usually fairly level or of only 
gentle slope, which is covered with mod- 
erate size or large blocks of rock. Synon- 
mous with block fields; stone fields. A.GTJ. 

felsic. A mnemonic adjective derived from 
(fe) for feldspar, (1) for lenads or felds- 
pathoids, and (s) for silica and applied 
to light-colored rocks containing an abun- 
dance of one or all of these constituents. 
Also applied to the minerals themselves, 
the chief felsic minerals being quartz, 
feldspars, feldspathoids, and muscovite. 
Synonym for acid (as applied to igneous 
rocks) ; silicic. A.G.J. 

felsic mineral. A feldspar, a feldspathoid, 
or a silica mineral, such as quartz. A mne- 
monic term derived from feldspar, lenads 
or feldspathoids, and silica for the feld- 








felty 


spars, feldspathoids, and quartz which are 
actually present in an igneous rock. Fel- 
sic is also applied to a rock composed 
predominantly of a mineral or minerals of 
this group of minerals, Not synonymous 
with salic. Schieferdecker. 

felsiphyric. Synonym for 
A.G.I. 

felsite. a. A finely crystalline, igneous quartz- 
feldspar rock with or without phenocrysts. 
It is composed of microscopic feldspar, 
quartz, and glass. Synonymous with petro- 
silex. Fay. b. An igneous rock with or 
without phenocrysts, in which either the 
whole or the groundmass consists of a 
cryptocrystalline aggregate of felsic min- 
erals, quartz and potassic feldspar being 
those characteristically developed. When 
phenocrysts of quartz are present, the 

~ rock is called a quartz felsite, or, more 
commonly, a quartz porphyry. A.G.J. c. 
Field term for any fine-grained acid ig- 
neous rock whose exact composition has 
not been determined. Ballard. 

felsitic. A textural term ordinarily applied 
to dense, light-colored igneous rocks com- 
posed of crystals that are too small to 
be readily distinguished with the unaided 
eye. In this sense, the term is essentially 
synonymous with microcrystalline. Occa- 
sionally, it is used as a microscopic term 
and applied to the groundmass of porphy- 
ritic rocks which are not glassy but are 
too fine-grained for the mineral constit- 
uents to be determined with the micro- 
scope. In this sense, it is synonymous with 
cryptocrystalline. The terms microcrys- 
talline and cryptocrystalline are preferred. 
Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 211. i 

felsitic rock. A fine-grained, light-colored 
igneous rock, including rhyolite and fel- 
site, and also andesite if it is light col- 
ored. Compare basaltic rock; granitic 
rock. A.G.I. 

felsitoid. Having a felsitic appearance, with 
an exceedingly compact aphanitic texture. 
Applied to metamorphic rocks. Fay. 

felsobanyite. A massive snow-white hydrous 
aluminum sulfate mineral, 2A1sO;SOs.1 
OH:.O. Fay. - 

felsophyre. A contraction of felsite porphyry. 
A general term for a quartz porphyry 
having a felsitic or a cryptocrystalline 
groundmass. A.G.I. 

felsophyric. A textural term proposed by 
Vogelsang and applied to porphyries hav- 
ing a felsitic or cryptocrystalline ground- 
mass. A.G.I. 

felspar. A British spelling of felspar follow- 
ing an error by Kirwan. Hess. 

felstone. A very compact and uniform kind 
of feldspar. See also felsite. Fay. 

felted. Synonym for felty. A.GJ. 

felt papers. Used as sheating papers on 
roofs and side walls for protection against 
dampness, heat, and cold. Those used for 
roofing are often impregnated with tar, 
asphalt, or chemical compounds. Crispin. 

felty. A textural term applied to dense, 
holocrystalline igenous rocks or to the 
dense, holocrystalline groundmass of por- 
phyritic igneous rocks consisting of tightly 
appressed microlites, generally of feld- 
spar, interwoven in irregular, unoriented 
fashion. If, as is characteristic of many 
andesites and trachytes, the crowded mi- 
crolites of feldspar are disposed in a sub- 
parallel manner as a result of flow, and 
their interstices are occupied by micro- 
crystalline or cryptocrystalline material, 


aphaniphyric. 













felty 


the texture is called pilotaxitic or trachy- 
tic. Synonym for felted. A.G.IJ. 

female. a. The recessed portion of any piece 
of work into which another part fits is 
called the female portion. Crispin. b. Syn- 
onym for box. Long. 

| female thread. Synonym for box thread. 
Long. 

femic. A mnemonic adjective derived from 
(fe) for iron and (m) for magnesium. 
Applied to the group of standard norma- 
tive minerals in which these elements are 
an essential component, including the 
pyroxene and olivine molecules and most 
of the normative accessory minerals (mag- 
netite, ilmenite, and hematite). The cor- 
responding mnemonic adjective for the 
ferromagnesian minerals actually present 
in a rock is mafic. A.G_I. 

|femic minerals. Geologically, those which 
contain iron and magnesium as calcu- 
lated in the United States scheme of rock 
classification. Pryor, 3. 

|feminine. Refers to rubies of a pale tine. 
Hess. 

| femmer. Fragile, weak, or slender as in the 

| case of a thin, soft roof bed over a coal 

seam. Nelson. 

| femolite. Colloform material with formula 
near (Mo,Fe)Se, with iron near 6.5 per- 
cent gives a weak X-ray pattern near 
that of molybdenite, from which it shows 
minor differences. A superfluous name for 
an inadequately characterized substance. 
Hey, M.M., 1964. 

'fen. a. Low peaty land covered wholly or 
partly with water. Webster 3d. b. Ground 
wet enough to be more or less thickly 
overgrown with reeds and other aquatic 
vegetation. A.G.J. c. Low swampy land; 
a moor; a marsh. A.G_I. 

{fenaksite. A pale-rose monoclinic silicate of 
ferrous iron and alkalies from a pegma- 
tite associated with an ijolite-urtite in- 
trusion at Khibina, Kola peninsula, 
U.S.S.R. Named from the composition, 
iron-sodium-potassium-silicon. The name 
is easily confused with phenakite. Hey, 
M.M., 1961. 

‘fence. a. A guard around exposed and mov- 

ing parts of machinery. It ensures that 

personnel working near the machine can- 
not inadvertently contact any moving parts, 
so preventing accidental injury to hands 
or feet. Nelson. b. A timber barrier across 
the entrance to abandoned, unventilated, 
or unsafe workings. Nelson. c. Aust. An 
obstruction, such as a bar or cross sticks, 
placed across an underground passage 
past which men have no right to travel. 

Fay. d. Aust. To make a drive (trench) 

around the boundaries of an_ alluvial 

claim, to prevent wash dirt from being 
worked out by adjoining claim holders. 

Fay. 

{fence diagram. Three or more geologic sec- 
tions showing the relationship of wells to 
subsurface formations. The scales dimin- 
ish with distance from the foreground 
to give proper perspective. When several 
sections are used together, they form a 
fencelike enclosure, hence the name. Sim- 
ilar in some respect to a block diagram, 
but it has the advantage of transparency 
which is not possible in a block diagram. 
A.G.TI, 

ence guards. S. Staff. Rails fixed around 
the mouth of a shaft, or across the shaft 
at a landing to keep people and objects 
from falling in. Fay. 











419 


fences. An accomplice of the high grader 
who generally sells or disposes of the stolen 
high-grade ore, since the high grader can 
rarely send his metal to the mint with- 
out committing himself, and will not or- 
dinarily go to the trouble to steal unless 
there is some market for the stolen ma- 
terial. Hoov, p. 493. 

fender. A thin pillar of coal adjacent to 
the gob, left for protection while driving 
a lift through the main pillar. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

fender pile. Usually a free standing timber 
pile driven into the seabed or riverbed 
just adjacent to a berth. Its function is to 
absorb impact from a berthing vessel. 
Ham. 

fend off; fend-off bob. Eng. A beam hinged 
at one end (the other end having a free 
reciprocating motion) fixed at a bend in 
a shaft or upon an inclined plane, to 
regulate the motion of and to guide the 
pump rods passing round the bend. Fay. 

fenite. a. A hybrid aegirine syenite produced 
by the action of iolite magma on granite. 
A.GJI. Supp. b. A contact-altered coun- 
try rock around a carbonate plug. A.G_I. 
Supp. c. An igneous-rock hybrid between 
the ijolite-melteigite series of rocks and 
the biotite-granite country rocks of the 
Fen area, Norway. Composed of 70 to 90 
percent alkali feldspar, 5 to 25 percent 
aegirine and subordinate alkali horn- 
blende, sphene, apatite, and calcite re- 
ported as primary. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, 
p. 32. 

Fenoscandia. An ancient stable region in 
northwestern Europe. A.G.J. Supp. 

fen peat. Peat that accumulated in stagnant 
or in slowly flowing water. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

fenster. German for window. An erosional 
break through an overthrust sheet or 
through a large recumbent anticline 
through which the rocks beneath the 
thrust sheet are exposed at the surface. 
The term fenster or window has some- 
times been used erroneously in the United 
States for areas in which the normal 
stratigraphic succession has not been dis- 
turbed by faulting, but where older 
strata are exposed along the eroded crest 
of an anticline. Synonym for window. 
AG. 

ferberite. An iron tungstate mineral, FeWO,; 
monoclinic. Applied to the wolframites 
which carry little or no manganese. Fer- 
berite contains 76.3 percent tungsten tri- 
oxide, WOs. Sanford; Dana 17. Synonym 
for eisenwolframite. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

Ferets law. States that the strength (S) of 
cement or concrete is related to its mix- 
ing ratio by the equation S = K[c/ 
(c + w + a)]? where c, w and a are 
the absolute volumes of the cement, water 
and air in the mix. This relationship was 
proposed by R. Feret at the beginning 
of the century. Dodd. 

ferganite. A very rare, strongly radioactive, 
possibly orthorhombic, sulfur-yellow trans- 
lucent mineral, Us(VO,)2.6H2O, found as- 
sociated with other uranium minerals. 
Ferganite may be a leached or weathered 
product of tyuyamunite. Crosby, p. 20. 
A vanadium ore. Osborne. 

ferghanite. Same as ferganite. English. 

fergusite. a. An intrusive rock composed es- 
sentially of pseudoleucite and subordinate 
alkalic pyroxene, with accessory opaque 
oxides, olivine, apatite, and biotite. A.G.I. 








Ferraris table 


b. A variety of shonkinite or dark nephe- 
line syenite containing orthoclase-nephe- 
line pseudomorphs after leucite; named 
for Fergus County, Mont. Holmes, 1928. 

fergusonite. An oxide of yttrium, erbium, 
niobium, and tantalum, (Y,Er) (Nb,Ta) 
Ox; sometimes containing small amounts 
of other rare earths, and uranium, zir- 
conium, thorium, calcium, iron, and tita- 
nium. Found in pegmatites. Color gray, 
brown, or black; luster, dull to vitreous; 
streak, brown or gray; Mohs’ hardness, 
5.5 to 6.5; specific gravity, 5.6 to 5.8. 
Found in North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Virginia, Texas, Norway, Sweden, 
and Africa. A rare-earth mineral. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

fermentation. The process of decomposition 
of carbohydrates with the evolution of 
carbon dioxide or the formation of acid, 
or both. Tomketeff, 1954. 

fermium. A synthetic radioactive element 
with atomic number 100 that was dis- 
covered in the debris from the 1952 hy- 
drogen-bomb explosion. Fermium has since 
been prepared in a nuclear reactor by ir- 
radiating californium, plutonium, or ein- 
steinium with neutrons, in a cyclotron by 
bombarding uranium with accelerated 
oxygen ions, and by other nuclear reac- 
tions. Named for Enrico Fermi. It has 
chemical properties similar to those of the 
rare earth erbium. Symbol, Fm; mass 
number of the most stable isotope, 253. 
See also actinide elements. CCD, 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Phy- 
sies, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-92, B-110. 

fermorite. A pinkish-white to white hydro- 
fluoarsenate and phosphate of calcium and 
strontium, consisting largely of the ar- 
senic analogue of apatite, 3[(Ca,Sr)s(P,- 
As)2Os].Ca(OH,F)»s: Crystalline masses. 
Hexagonal. From Sitapar, India. English. 

fernandinite. a. A dull green hydrous cal- 
cium vanadyl] vanadate, CaO.V20..5V2Os. 
14H.2O. Cryptocrystalline fibrous. Massive. 
From Minasragra, Peru. English. b. A 
vanadium ore. Osborne. 

ferralitic soil. Tropical soil characterized by 
a large content of iron oxide. Compare 
laterite. A.G.J. Supp. 

Ferrari cement. A sulfate resistant cement 
consisting principally of 3Ca0O.SiOu., 
2CaO.SiOz, and 4CaO.A1203.Fe2Os. The 
sulfate resistance results from the forma- 
tion of a protective film of calcium ferrite 
around the calcium aluminate crystals 
formed by hydrolysis of the brownmil- 
lerite. Dodd. 

Ferraris furnace. a. An inclined reverber- 
atory furnace for calcining sulfide ore. 
Fay. b. A gas-fired, heat-recuperative fur- 
nace for the distillation of zinc ore. Fay. 

Ferraris screen. A screening machine, utiliz- 
ing inclined supports, developed in south- 
ern Europe for screening small sizes of 
ore and sand. The wooden screen frame 
is set horizontally and supported on flex- 
ible wooden staves inclined at about 65° 
from the horizontal. The connecting rod 
also is inclined to the screen frame, so as 
to be approximately at right angles to 
the supports. Mitchell, p. 136. 

Ferraris table. An ore-concentration table 
consisting of a plane rubber belt travel- 
ing between rollers furnished with broad 
flanges to keep the belt in line. It has a 
slope from side to side. The feed is at 
the upper corner, and washing is by jets 


directed across the table. Liddell 2d, p. 


Ferraris table 


386. 

Ferraris truss. Supporting batten used orig- 
inally as a slanting support under shak- 
ing screen. When the screen was pushed 
forward the radial motion of the truss 
caused it to rise slightly, giving a throw- 
ing motion to the load and aiding the 
gravity-assisted return as the reciprocat- 
ing action of the screen vibrator was re- 
versed. Principle used in such shaking 
tables as the James. Pryor, 3. 

ferrate. Any of various classes of compounds 
containing iron and oxygen in the anion 
or regarded as so constituted: As (1) 
a strongly oxidizing dark red salt ana- 
logous to the chromates and sulfates and 
formed in various ways (as by heating 
iron filings with a nitrate), or (2) ferrite. 
Webster 3d. 

Ferrel’s law. A statement of the fact that 
currents of air or water are deflected by 
the rotation of the earth to the right in 
the northern hemisphere and to the left 
in the southern hemisphere. A.G.J. See 
also Coriolis force. 

ferreto zone. Reddish brown or reddish zone 
in permeable near-surface material that is 
produced under conditions of free sub- 
surface drainage by the deposition of 
secondary iron oxide. A.G.J. Supp. 

ferric. Of, pertaining to, or containing iron 
in the trivalent state; for example, ferric 
chloride (FeCl1s). Standard, 1964. 

ferric chloride; ferric trichloride; iron chlo- 
ride; molysite. Black-brown; hexagonal; 
FeCls; specific gravity, 2.898 (at 25° C) ; 
melting point, 306° C; decomposes at 
315° CG; and very soluble in water, in 
alcohol, in ether, and in glycerol. Used to 
produce decorative surface effects on ce- 
ramics and it is an oxidizing, chlorinating, 
and condensing agent. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-182. 

ferric chromate; iron chromate. Yellow pow- 
der; Fes(CrOx.)s; soluble in acids; and 
insoluble in water and in alcohol. Used in 
metallurgy and in ceramics (color). CCD 
6d, 1961. 

ferric ferrocyanide. See Prussian blue. 

ferric fluoride; iron fluoride. Green, ortho- 
rhombic; FeFs;; melting point, above 1,000° 
C; soluble in acids and in water; and spe- 
cific gravity, 3.52. Used in ceramics. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-182. 

ferric furnace. A high, iron blast furnace, 
in the upper part of which crude bitumi- 
nous coal is converted into coke. Fay. 

ferric hydroxide. A brown flocculent precipi- 
tate which dries to the oxide, Fe(OH)s;; 
specific gravity, 3.4 to 3.9; melting point, 
loses water below 500° C; soluble in acids; 
insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. 
Used in water purification and in manu- 
facturing pigments. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ferricopiapite. A variety of copiapite in 
which X in the formula X(OH)>s.Fe’’’s 
(SOxs)s.nH:O is mainly ferric iron. Simi- 
larly, ferrocopiapite and magnesiocopiapite 
when X is mainly ferrous iron or magne- 
sium. Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

ferric oxide; ferric oxide, red; red iron tri- 
oxide; iron sesquioxide; red iron oxide; 
hematite; red hematite; red iron ore; 
rouge. Dense; red-brown to black; hexago- 
nal trigonal; Fe2Os; specific gravity, 5.12 
to 5.24; melting point, 1,565° C; soluble 
in acids; and insoluble in water. Found 
in nature as the mineral hematite. Used in 











420 


metallurgy as a source of iron; in gas 
purification; as a laboratory reagent; as a 
laboratory reagent; as a catalyst; and in 
polishing. CCD, 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-183. 

Ferric oxide, red. See ferric oxide. CCD, 6d, 
1961. 

ferricrete. a. A soil zone more or less ce- 
mented by iron oxide. A.GJ. Supp. b. 
Pocket word for ferruginous concreted 
gravel. A variety of calcrete with ferru- 
ginous cement. Compare silcrete. Arkell. 

ferricrust. The hard crust of an iron-bear- 
ing concretion. Schieferdecker. 

ferric vanadate; ferric metavanadate; iron 
metavanadate. Grayish-brown powder; 
Fe(VOs)s; soluble in acids; and insoluble 
in water and in alcohol. Used in metal- 
lurgy. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-184. 

ferricyanide process. A wet scrubbing proc- 
ess for removing hydrogen sulfide from 
fuel gases in which sodium ferricyanide 
is used as a scrubbing medium. This re- 
acts with hydrogen sulfide to form the 
ferrocyanide, which is then oxidized to 
reform ferricyanide, precipitating sulfur. 
The sulfur is recovered by filtration. Fran- 
cis, 1965, v. 2, p. 428. 

ferride. A member of a group of elements 
that are related to iron. The group in- 
cludes chromium, cobalt, manganese, 
nickel, titanium, and vanadium, besides 
iron. A.G.I. 

ferrielectric. Unbalanced orientation of elec- 
trical dipoles. Intermediate between ferro- 
electric and antiferroelectric. VV. 

ferrierite. A colorless to white hydrous sili- 
cate of aluminum, magnesium, and _ so- 
dium, Alz(SizOs)sR’2.6H2O, with Ram 
Meg:Naz:H2 = 1:1:1. A magnesium zeo- 
lite related to mordenite. Spherical aggre- 
gates of thin, blade-shaped crystals. Ortho- 
rhombic. From Kamloops lake, British Co- 
lumbia, Canada. English. 

ferrifayalite. A mineral, (Fe,Fe,Mn)>2-xSiO,, 
with 32 to 47 percent FesOs and 27 to 12 
percent FeO, from the Cherkassk massif, 
Kuraminsk, Siberia, U.S.S.R. The homo- 
geneity of the material is doubtful, and 
the name premature. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

ferriferous. a. Synonym for ferruginous. Con- 
taining iron. A.G.I. b. Applied to rocks 
containing iron minerals, such as hematite, 
limonite, and siderite. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

ferrilite. A variety of common trap rock or 
diabase. Fay. 

ferrimagnetic material. A material which 
macroscopically has properties similar to 
those of a ferromagnetic material but 
which microscopically also resembles an 
antiferromagnetic material in that some of 
the elementary magnetic moments are 
alined antiparallel. If the moments are of 
different magnitudes, the material may still 
have a large resultant magnetization. ASM 
Gloss. 

ferrimagnetism. Unbalanced orientation of 
magnetic moments. Intermediate between 
ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. 
VV. 

ferrimolybdite; molybdic ocher; iron molyb- 
date; molybdite. A natural hydrated mo- 
lybdate of iron, Fes(MoQO,)s.8H2O; color, 
yellow; luster, silky to earthy, usually oc- 
curs as fibrous crusts. Found in New Mex- 
ico, Arizona, California, Nevada, and 
Pennsylvania. CCD 6d, 1961. 

ferrinatrite. A hydrated sulfate of sodium 











ferritic stainless steels 


and ferric iron, NasFe(SO:)3.3H2O; gray- 
ish-white, whitish-green color; brittle; 
splintery fracture; luster, vitreous. Found 
in Atacama Desert, Chile. Formerly called 
ferronatrite, but name changed since the 
mineral to which that names applies is a 
ferric, not a ferrous sulfate. Dana 7, v. 2, 
pp. 456-457; English. 

ferrisepiolite. Group name to include gunnb- 
jarnite and xylotile. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

ferrisicklerite. A dark-brown phosphate of 
manganese and iron, 12RO.5Fe2O3.9P205 
with R = Mn’’ and lithium. An inter- 
mediate member of the series triphylite- 
ferrisicklerite-heterosite, in which iron pre- 
dominates over managnese. From Varu- 
trask, Sweden. English. 

ferrisymplesite. An amber-brown hydrous ar- 
senate of ferric iron, 3Fe2O3.2AseO;.16H:O; 
fibrous. From Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. 
\ English. 

ferrite. a. Pure, or nearly pure, metallic iron, 
as a crystallin constituent of manufactured 
iron and steel. English. b. Native iron, 
such as the terrestrial iron from Disko 
lybdate of iron, Fe2(MoOx;)3.8H2O; color, 
Island, Greenland. English. c. Ferruginous 
pseudomorphs after olivine. English. d. An 
amorphous iron hydroxide, occuring in 
many rocks in red or yellow particles. 
English. e. Used alternatively as a mineral 
or chemical name for green to brown nee- 
dles, CasAlFeO; to CazFe2O;, present in 
basic slags. Those of the composition Cae- 
AlFeO;, are identical with brownmillerite. 
Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. f. A solid solu- 
tion of one or more elements in body-cen- 
tered cubic iron. Unless otherwise desig- 
nated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), 
the solute is generally assumed to be car- 
bon. On some equilibrium diagrams there 
are two ferrite regions separated by an 
austenite area. The lower area is alpha 
ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there 1s 
no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 
ASM Gloss. g. In the field of magnetics, 
substances having the general formula 
M++O.M2+++Os, the trivalent metal often 
being iron. ASM Gloss. h. Allotropic iron 
as the alpha ferrite is stable below 912° C, 
soft, magnetic, with body-centered cubic 
lattice, and dominates the structure of 
wrought iron. Gamma ferrite is stable 
from 912° to 1,400° C, and is nonmag- 
netic, dissolves carbon to form a solid so- 
lution with face-centered cubic lattice. 
Ferrites are also compounds of trivalent 
iron with such divalent metals as cobalt, 
nickel, and manganese, and are used where 
special magnetic hysteresis is needed. They 
also include mixed oxides of iron, man- 
ganese, aluminum, etc., which might be 
called ferromagnetic ceramics, as they are 
made by firing, as with pottery. Thus pro- 
duced they have special insulating quali- 
ties as they do not carry eddy currents 
when responding to external magnetic 
fields, a property valuable in very high- 
frequency transformers. The name ferrite 
is also loosely applied to some iron ores. 
Pryor, 3. 

ferrite spinels; ferritspinelle. A collective 
name for minerals of the magnetite series, 
ferrite compounds, RFe:O.(R=Mg,Fe,- 
Zn,Mn,Zn), in the spinel group. Spencer 
20, M.M., 1955. 

ferritic stainless steels. Steels that contain 
from 18 to 30 percent chromium, that are 
not hardenable by heat treatment, and 
that are magnetic. The mechanical prop- 
erties of these alloys lie between those of 





Se a ee ae 

















|| ferroan dolomite. 


|| ferroantigorite. 


| | ferrocarpholite. A mineral, 


ferritic stainless steels 


the martensitic and the austenitic alloys. 
Since these steels do not have excep- 
tionally high mechanical properties, they 
are used in applications where the best 
combination of mechanical properties and 
oxidation or corrosion resistance is desired. 


Henderson, p. 378. 


| ferritization. The metasomatic alteration of 


other minerals into ferrite. Fay. 


| ferritspinelle. See ferrite spinels, 
| ferritungstite. A pale yellowish to brownish- 


yellow hydrous tungstate of ferric iron, 
Fe:O;.WOs:.6H2O. Microscopic hexagonal 
plates; ocherous. Hexagonal. Deer Trail 
district, Washington. English. The orig- 
inal material from the Deer Trail district 
contained jarosite intimately mixed with 
the ferritungstite, both minerals being very 
fine grained. New data obtained on ferri- 
tungstite from Mineral County, Nevada, 
show that it is tetragonal, commonly 
dipyramidal, with the formula CasFe:- 
"Fes” ’(WOx,)7.9H:O. American Mineralo- 
gist, uv. 42, No. 1-2, January-February 
TOD Oar 


| ferriturquoise. A variety of crystallized tur- 


quoise containing 5 percent FesOs, from 
Lynchburg, Va. Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 


|| ferro-. A combining form, denoting (1) deri- 


vation from iron or a composition con- 
taining iron and (2) specifically, the 
presence of iron in the ferrous condition. 
Standard, 1964. 


\\ ferroactinolite. A hypothetical molecule, Cae- 


Fe”;SisO2(OH)2, to explain the compo- 
sition of the amphibole group. Spencer 18, 
M.M., 1949. 


| il ferroalloy. An alloy of iron that contains a 


sufficient amount of one or more other 
chemical elements to be useful as an 
agent for introducing these elements into 
molten metal, usually steel. ASM Gloss. 


| ferroalluaudite. Synonym for varulite. Hey, 


M.M., 1964. 

Dolomite in which not 
more than 50 percent of the magnesium 
has been replaced by iron. A.GJ. Supp. 
A hypothetical molecule, 
H.Fe"3SisxOs, corresponding to antigorite, 
HiMegsSi209, to explain the composition 
of the chlorites. Described as iddingsite 
pseudomorphous after fayalite. English. 


| ferroboron. A boron iron alloy containing 


0.20 to 24 percent boron. Boron alloys 
are marketed in a number of grain sizes. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 151. A 
boron iron alloy containing from 0.20 to 
24 percent foron. BuMines Bull. 585, 
1960, p. 143. 

HiFeAlSicO1 3 
orthorhombic; analogous to  carpholite 
with iron in place of manganese. Spencer 


TS SeVA Mion LOO2., 


| ferrochrome. An alloy of iron and chromium. 


Pryor, 3 


| ferrocoke. A mixture of coke and iron made 


by coking a mixture of coal with an iron 
oxide such as limonite, magnetite, or 
ilmenite. Hess. 


|| ferrocoke process. In this process, coal of 


suitable type and size is blended with 
finely crushed iron ore or fine ore con- 
centrates and carbonized in the usual way. 
The resulting coke contains metallic iron 
and is used in the blast furnace as part 
of the normal burden. Osborne. 


| ferroconcrete. A term which is being replaced 


by reinforced concrete. Nelson. 


| ferrocopiapite. See ferricopiapite. Spencer 15, 


M.M., 1940. 


| ferroeckermannite. The hypothetical amphi- 





A421 


bole end-member NasFe**sAlSisO..(OH):. 
Hey, M.M., 1964. 

ferrodenite. A hypothetical molecule, NaCaz- 
Fes’’AlSi;Ox(OH)2, to explain the com- 
position of the amphibole group. Spencer 
18, M.M., 1949. 

ferroelectric. Spontancous electrical polariza- 
tion with all dipoles in the same direction. 
The polarity can be reversed by an ex- 
ternal electrical field. VV. 

ferroferrilazulite. Artificially produced mono- 
clinic iron phosphate approximating to 
Fe’Fe,” ’(POx)2(OH):2, isomorphous with 
lazulite with Fe in place of Mg and Al. 
Later named barbosalite. At high temper- 
ature it changes over to a tetragonal modi- 
fication, lipscombite. Spencer 20, M.M., 
E95 9), 

ferroferrite. The name suggested by Stead 
for a constituent consisting essentially of 
pure iron. He further suggested that when 
iron is associated with large quantities of 
an element with which it forms solutions 
such as phosphorus, nickel, aluminum, 
manganese, silicon, chromium, and va- 
nadium, the constituents so formed should 
be known as phosphoferrite, nickelferrite, 


aluminoferrite, manganoferrite, silicofer- 
rite, chromoferrite, and vanadoferrite. 
Osborne. 


ferrogabbro. A gabbro in which the pyroxene 
or olivine, or both, are exceptionally high 
in iron. A.G_J. 

ferrohastingsite. A variety of hastingsite rich 
in iron, FeO being considerably more 
than double MgO. This is the original 
hastingsite from Dungannon, Hastings 
County, Ontario, Canada. English. 

ferrohexahydrite. A name for the hypotheti- 
cal monoclinic end-member, FeSO. 6H2 
O. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

ferrohortonolite. Members of the olivine group 
containing 70-90 mol. percent of Fe:SiO.. 
Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

ferrohypersthene. Members of the enstatite- 
orthoferrosilite series between hypersthene 
(80-50 mol. percent enstatite) and ortho- 
ferrosilite (12-0 percent En). Compare 
iron hypersthene. Spencer 16, M.M., 1943. 

ferrolite. a. Wadsworth’s name for rocks com- 
posed of iron ores. Fay. b. A name for a 
black iron slag, said to be satisfactory for 
fashioning into gemstones. Shipley. 

ferromagnesian. Containing iron and mag- 
nesium. Applied to certain dark silicate 
minerals, especially amphibole, pyroxene, 
biotite, and olivine, and to igneous rocks 
containing them as the dominant constitu- 
ents. Fay. 

ferromagnesian silicate. A silicate in which 
the positive ions are dominated by iron, 
magnesium, or both. Leet. 

ferromagnesite. An iron-bearing variety of 
magnesite used for refractories owing to 
its ability to bond under heat. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

ferromagnetic. a. Of, or relating to, a class 
of substances characterized by abnormally 
high magnetic permeability, a definite 
saturation point, and appreciable residual 
magnetism and hysteresis. Iron, nickel, 
cobaJt, and many alloys are ferromagnetic. 
Webster 3d. b. Refers to those paramag- 
netic materials having a magnetic perme- 
ability considerably higher than 1. They 
are attracted by a magnet. A.G_I. 

ferromagnetic material. a. A material that in 
general exhibits the phenomena of hys- 
teresis and saturation and whose perme- 
ability is dependent on the magnetizing 
force. Microscopically, the elementary 


ferroprussiate 


ferroselite. Iron selenide, 





ferrosundiusite 


magnets are aligned parallel in volumes 
called domains. The unmagnetized condi- 
tion of a ferromagnetic material results 
from the overall neutralization of the 
magnetization of the domains to produce 
zero external magnetization. ASM Gloss. 
b. The three substances, iron, nickel, and 
cobalt, are so considerably more magnetic 
than any other susbtances, that they are 
placed in a group by themselves; they are 
termed ferromagnetic substances. Merri- 
man. 


ferromagnetic substance. A substance such as 


iron which is vastly more magnetic than 
any other susbtance. See also lifting mag- 
net; magnet. Nelson. 


ferromagnetism. Spontaneous magnetic orien- 


tation of all magnetic moments in the 
same direction. The orientation can be 
reversed by an external magnetic field. 
VV. 


ferromanganese. A ferroalloy containing man- 


ganese as the special additive. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 


ferromatic prop. A hydraulic prop of conti- 


nental origin, employing the system of 
hydraulic injection. The prop is extended 
and set by injecting water-emulsion fluid 
under pressure from a central power pack 
via hose extending along the coalface. 
Nelson. 


ferromiyashiroite. The hypothetical amphi- 


bole end-member NasFe**t3A13Si;O022(OH) >. 
Hey, M.M., 1964. 


ferromolybdenum. A molybdenum-iron alloy 


produced in the electric furnace or by a 
thermite process. It is used to introduce 
molybdenum into iron or steel alloys and 
as a coating material on welding rods. 


BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 597. 


ferronickel. A nickel-stecl alloy used for rheo- 


stats and coils. Crispin. 


ferrophosphorous. An iron of high phosphor- 


ous content used in making steel for tin- 
plate. Crispin. 


ferroplatinum. A dark gray to almost black, 


native platinum alloy containing sufficient 
iron to be attracted by a magnet. Analyses 
show 16 to 21 percent iron, 71 to 78 per- 
cent platium, and more or less iridium. 
Same as iron platinum; eisen platinum. 
Hess. 

paper. Specially sensitized 
paper so treated that it can be used for 
producing blueprints. Ham. 


ferrosalite. A variety of the clinopyroxene 


salite (sahlite), rich in iron. Spencer 16, 
M.M., 1943. 

FeSes, orthorhom- 
bic, resembling marcasite, from Tuva, 
Siberia, U.S.S.R. Named from the com- 
position. Compare achavalite; eskebornite. 


Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 


ferrosilicon. Alloy of iron and silicon, used 


in steel and corrosion-resistant cast iron. 
With 15 percent silicon, forms the solid 
constituent of the separating fluid in 
dense-media baths, this concentration giv- 
ing good grain strength, rust resistance 
and amenability to cleaning by use of 
wet magnet. Pryor, 3. 


ferrosilite. A pyroxene, Fes2(SixO.). Identical 


with iron-hypersthene. Minute needles in 
obsidian. From Lake Naivasha, Kenya, 
east Africa. English; Rice; Dana 17. 


ferrospinel. a. Spinel with iron as the chief 


trivalent ion. VV. b. Synonym for her- 
cynite (of Zippe). Hey, M.M., 1961. 


ferrosundiusite. The hypothctical amphibole 


end-member NazCaFe*tsAl,SisO22 (OH). 
Hey, M.M., 1964. 


ferrotschermakite 


ferrotschermakite, A hypothetical molecule, 
CasFes”Fe:” ’A12SisO22(OH):2, to explain 
the composition of aluminous amphiboles. 
See also tschermakite. Spencer 17, M.M., 
1946. 

ferrotungsten. A ferroalloy containing tung- 
sten as the special additive. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

ferrous. a. Designation for iron salts in which 
the iron is bivalent; for example, ferrous 
chloride (FeCl). Bennett 2d, 1962. b. Of, 
pertaining to, or containing iron in the 
bivalent state. Standard, 1964. 

ferrous alloying elements. The various ele- 
ments used for alloying with steel are: 
nickel, manganese, vanadium, silicon, zir- 
conium, chromium, tungsten, molybde- 
num, beryllium, copper, titanium, alumi- 
num, and uranium. Camm. 

ferrous ammonium sulfate; iron-ammonium 
sulfate; Mohr’s salt. Light green; mono- 
clinic; Fe(SOxs). (NH4s)2SO.. 6H.O; de- 
composes at 100° to 110° C; soluble in 
water; insoluble in alcohol; and _ specific 
gravity, 1.864 (at 20° C, referred to 
water at 4° C). Used in metallurgy. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-150. 

ferrous fluoride octahydrate; iron fluoride 
octahydrate. Green crystals; FeF2.8H2O; 
loses 8H.0 at 100° C; soluble in acids; 
slightly soluble in water; soluble in hy- 
drofluoric acid; insoluble in alcohol and 
in ether; and specific gravity, anhydrous, 
4.09. Used in ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-182. 

ferrous metal. A metal with iron as its major 
constituent; relatively heavy, usually mag- 
netic, and in most of its forms, quite 
strong. See also nonferrous metal. Nelson. 

ferrous metallurgy. The metallurgy of iron 
and steel. Newton, p. 8. 

ferrous mineral. Any mineral having a con- 
siderable portion of iron in its composi- 
tion. Shipley. 

ferrous oxide. This lower oxide, FeO, tends 
to be formed under reducing conditions; 
it will react with SiOs to produce a ma- 
terial melting at about 1,200° C, hence 
the fluxing action of ferruginous impuri- 
ties present in some clays if the latter are 
fired under reducing conditions. Melt- 
ing point, 1,420° C; specific gravity, 5.7. 
Dodd. 

ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; iron sulfate 
heptahydrate; copperas; green copperas; 
melanterite. Green; monoclinic; FeSO..- 
7H:20; often brownish yellow from oxida- 
tion and efflorescence; soluble in water; 
slightly soluble in alcohol; specific gravity, 
1.89; and it loses 6H:0 at 90° C and 
7H:0 at 300° C. Used in metallurgy in 
producing electrolytic iron; in precipitat- 
ing gold from its solutions; and in etch- 
ing aluminum. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-183, Used in water purification and 
in Prussian blue. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

ferrous sulfide; iron sulfide; iron protosulfide; 
iron sulfuret; iron monosulfide; troilite. 
Dark brown or black; metallic; hexa- 
gonal; FeS; soluble in acids; insoluble in 
water; specific gravity, 4.75 to 5.40; and 
melting point, 1,193° to 1,199° C. The 
manufactured sulfide is used for generat- 
ing hydrogen sulfide; in ceramics; and in 
making other sulfides. See also pyrite. 
CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-183. 








A422 


ferro-vanadium. Alloy used in shock-resistant 
car steels. Pryor, 3. 

ferrox. A mixture of about 90 percent hydrous 
iron oxide and 10 percent Portland ce- 
ment used for desulfurizing producer gas 
or other gas. The ferrox is granulated so 
that the gas readily passes through a mass 
of it. Hess. 

ferroxdure. A sintered oxide consisting mainly 
of the oxide BaFei20.., and used for the 
production of permanent magnets. Os- 
borne. 

ferruccite. A sodium fluoborate, NaBFi. Mi- 
nute crystals. Orthorhombic. From Vesu- 
vius, Italy. English. 

ferruginate. a. Cemented with iron minerals, 
generally limonite. A.G.J. Supp. b. As a 
verb, to stain with iron. A.G.J. Supp. 

ferruginous. a. Containing iron. Synonym for 
ferriferous. Fay. b. Descriptive of rocks 
having a red color but not necessarily an 
abnormally high iron. content. A.GJ. 
Supp. 

ferruginous chert. A sedimentary deposit con- 
sisting of chalcedony or of fine-grained 
quartz and variable amounts of hematite, 
magnetite, or limonite. USGS Monograph 
19, 1892, pp. 192-193. 

ferruginous deposit. A sedimentary rock con- 
taining enough iron to justify exploita- 
tion as iron ore. The iron is present, in 
different cases, in silicate, carbonate, or 
oxide form, occurring as the minerals 
chamosite, thuringite, siderite, hematite, 
limonite, etc. The ferruginous material 
may have formed contemporaneously with 
the accompanying sediment, if any, or it 
may have been introduced later. C.T.D. 

ferruginous manganese ore. A term used by 
the Bureau of Mines for those ores con- 
taining 10 to 35 percent manganese. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 554. 

ferruginous ores. Ganguc, principally oxides 
of iron. Newton, Joseph. Introduction to 
Metallurgy, 1938, p. 205. tir 

ferruginous rocks. Rocks of this group are 
usually carbonate of iron which has par- 
tially or wholly replaced limestone. Ma- 
SOnsala. Lom pe, less 

ferruginous sandstone. A sandstone rich in 
iron as the cementing material or as 
grains, or both. Fay. 

ferruginous schist. A schistose rock notably 
high in iron, See also basic schist; itabi- 
rite; jaspilite; schist; taconite. A.G.J. 

ferrule. a. A metal ring or cap on the end 
of a cane, handle of a tool, post, or the 
like, to strengthen or protect it. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. A bushing or thimble in- 
serted in the end of a boiler flue or the 
like, to spread it and make it a tight 
joint. Standard, 1964. c. A short pipe 
coupling. Standard, 1964. d. As used by 
drillers in Africa and the United States, 
a synonym for case; casing. Long. 

fersmanite. See fersmannite. 

fersmannite; fersmanite. A brown titanium- 
bearing silicate, monoclinic, CasNazTisSis- 
OF: Dana 17, pp. 413, 601. 

Fersman’s law. Parallel orientation of feld- 
spar prism edges with the edge between 
two adjacent rhombohedral planes of 
quartz in graphic granite so that the c 
axis of the quartz forms an angle of 42° 
16’ with the c axis of the feldspar. Hess. 

fersmite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
possibly orthorhombic, black mineral, (Ca, 
Ce,Na) (Nb, Ti,Fe,Al)2(O,OH,F).«, found 
in syenite pegmatites; associated with mi- 
crocline, plagioclase, biotite, pyrochlore, 
alkali hornblende, apatite, sphene, magne- 





fettkohle 


tite, zircon, xenotime, and orthite. Crosby, 
pp. 71-72. 

fertile material. In nuclear technology, any 
substance which is not capable of sus- 
taining a chain reaction but which can 
be converted into a fissionable material 
in a nuclear reactor. Uranium 238 (which 
can be converted to plutonium 239) and 
thorium 232 (which can be converted to 
uranium 233) are fertile materials. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

fervanite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
probably monoclinic, golden-brown min- 
eral, Fe:VsO..5H2O, found in coatings 
and fracture fillings; associated with hew- 
ettite, steigerite, carnotite, and tyuyamu- 
nite. Crosby, p. 121. A vanadium ore. 
Osborne. 

Fery radiation pyrometer. An instrument in 

_ which the heat radiated from the hot 

‘body is focused, by means of a concave 
mirror, on to a small central hole behind 
which a small thermocouple is placed in 
front of two small, inclined, mirrors. The 
instrument is sighted on to the hot body 
and focused by rotating a screw until the 
lower and upper halves of the image co- 
incide; the electromotive force generated 
by the thermocouple is indicated on a 
galvanometer. The instrument, once fo- 
cused, gives continuous readings and may 
be connected to a recording indicator. 
Osborne. 

festoon. A type of cross lamination.resulting 
from (1) the erosion of plunging troughs 
having the shape of a quadrant of an 
elongated ellipsoid, (2) the filling of the 
troughs by sets of thin laminae conform- 
ing in general to the shape of the trough 
floors, and (3) the partial destruction of 
the filling laminae by subsequent erosion, 
producing younger troughs. A.G.I. 

festoon bedding. Crossbedding tangential to 
the lower stratification plane and trun- 
cated at the top, with a curved upper 
surface giving a wedge-shaped appear- 
ance. Ballard. 

festoon crossbedding. See festoon cross lami- 
nation. Pettijohn. 

festoon cross lamination. a. Elongate, semi- 
ellipsoidal, crosscutting erosional troughs 
filled in with conformally laminated 
strata. Same as trough cross-stratification. 
Pettijohn. b. Crossbedding deposited on 
a concave surface. Pettijohn. 

festooned pahoehoe. A type of pahoehoe, the 
surface of which is marked by ropy fes- 
toons, which are convex in the direction 
of lava flow and which are the result of 
drag caused by the flowing of the liquid 
lava beneath the plastic crust. USGS Bull. 
994, 1953, p. 35. 

fetch. The unobstructed distance which the 
wind can travel to any point when rais- 
ing waves. See also Stevenson’s formula. 
Ham. 

fetid. a. Having the odor of hydrogen sulfide 
or rotten eggs. The odor is elicited by 
friction from some varieties of quartz and 
limestone. Fay. b. Having a disagreeable 
odor caused by the occurrence of certain 
bituminous substances or of hydrogen sul- 
fide. This odor is apparent when some 
varieties of limestone and quartz are 
broken or are rubbed vigorously. A.GJ. 
Supp. 

fetid calcite. A variety of calcite. Hey 2d, 
19595. 

fetid sandstone. See stinkstone. Fay. 

fettkohle. Ger. Medium volatile coal. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 











fettle 423 Fidler-Maxwell kiln 


|| fettle. a. To cover or line the hearth of (a 
reverberatory furnace) with fettling. Web- 
ster 3d. b. To clean and smooth (as a 


ing; insulating electrical wire and motors; 
insulating jet motors; sound deadening. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 


fibrous gypsum. Satin spar. See also fibrou 
calcite. Shipley. : 
fibrous materials. Any tough material of 





metal or plastic) after casting or molding. 
Webster 3d. c. To remove fins, mold 
marks, and rough edges from dry, or 
nearly dry, ware. A.C.S.G., 1963. 


|| fettler. One who removes excess dried glaze 


from dipped tile with sandpaper and 
knife. Also called tile edger. See also 
finisher. D.O.T.1. 


if fettling. a. N. of Eng. Cleaning up any under- 


ground roadway, etc. Fay. b. Protecting 
the bottom of the open-hearth furnace 
with loose material, such as ore, sand, 
etc.; also, the material so used. Hender- 
son. c. The removal of extraneous por- 
tions, such as flash and sprue, from cast- 
ings and forgings. Henderson. d. The re- 
moval, in the clay state, and usually by 
hand, of excess body left in the shaping 
of pottery ware at such places as seams 
and edges. Compare scrapping. Dodd. 
e. The process of repairing a steel-fur- 
nace hearth, with dead-burned magnesite 
or burned dolomite, between tapping and 
recharging the furnace. Dodd. f. Finish- 
ing the surface of a ceramic article in 
white hard clay state with a tool, or 
ena it with tow (towing). Rosen- 
thal. 


feying. A local term in the English brick 


industry for the cleaning up of a clay pit 
floor after an excavator has been at work. 


Dodd. 


FFI log. See free fluid index. Wyllie, p. 157. 
fiard. An irregular inlet, formed by glacial 


scour in a low rocky coast. Schieferdecker. 


| fiards. Small, glacially excavated bays which 


dissect, in a great number, glaciated low 
rocky coasts. Schieferdecker. 


| fiasco. An ignominius failure of any kind; 


a complete breakdown. Said of a mining 
venture which has resulted in failure. 


Fay. 


fiasconite. An igneous rock that is an anorth- 


hite-leucite basanite with 13 percent anor- 
thite, 17 percent leucite, 48 percent au- 
gite, 15 percent olivine, 3 percent nephe- 
lite, and 1.7 percent iron ores. Johannsen, 


v. 4, 1938, pp. 307-308. 


fiber. a. The smallest single strands of asbestos 


or other fibrous materials. Mersereau, 
4th, p. 210. b. An individual filament 
made by attenuating molten glass. A con- 
tinuous filament is a glass fiber of great 
or indefinite length. A staple fiber is a 
glass fiber of relatively short length (gen- 
erally less than 17 inches). ASTM 
C162-66. c. Ceramic fibers are made from 
a batch consisting of alumina and silica 
(separate or already combined as kaolin 
or kyanite) together with a borosilicate 
flux; zirconia may also be present. Other 
types of ceramic fiber are made from 
fused silica and from potassium titanate. 
These fibers are used in the production 
of lightweight units for thermal, electri- 
cal, and sound insulation; they have also 
been used for high-temperature filtration, 
for packing, and for the reinforcement of 
other ceramic materials. Dodd. 


Fiberfrax. Trademark for ceramic fiber made 


from alumina and silica. Available in 
bulk as blown, chopped and washed; 
long staple; paper; rope; roving; blocks; 
inert to most acids and unaffected by hy- 
drogen atmosphere; resilient. Used in 
high temperature insulation of kilns and 
furnaces; heating elements; burner blocks; 
rolls for roller hearth furnaces and pip- 


264-972 O-68—28 





Fiberglas. Trademark for a variety of prod- 
ucts made of or with glass fibers or glass 
flakes including mats and rovings used 
for reinforcing organic and inorganic 
materials such as polyester and epoxy 
resins, bitumens, etc., for protecting un- 
derground pipelines against corrosion; 
coarse fibers in the form of packs used 
for filtering gases or liquids as in heating 
and ventilating systems and chemical proc- 
esses. CCD 6d, 1961. 

fiberizing. Beating asbestos rock into fiber or 
separating the fibers. Mersereau, 4th, p. 
210. 

fiber rope; hemp rope; Manila rope. A rope 
made from vegetable fiber such as com- 
mon hemp, sisal, or jute. The rope is 
nonkinking and therefore is sometimes 
used for hoisting in prospecting wind- 
lasses. Nelson. 

fiber stress. A term used for convenience to 
denote the longitudinal tensile or com- 
pressive stress in a beam or other mem- 
ber subject to bending. It is sometimes 
used to denote this stress at the point or 
points most remote from the neutral 
axis, but the term stress in extreme fiber 
is preferable for this purpose. Also, for 
convenience, the longitudinal elements or 
filaments of which a beam may be ima- 
gined as composed are called fibers. Ro. 

fibroblastic. a. That texture of metamorphic 
rocks resulting from the development of 
minerals with a fibrous habit during re- 
crystallization. Schieferdecker. b. Synony- 
mous with nematoblastic. A.G.I. Supp. 

fibroferrite. A mineral with a probable com- 
position of Fe(SO,) (OH). 5H:O for fully 
hydrated material. It occurs as fine-fibrous 
crusts and masses. Color, pale yellow or 
straw-yellow to nearly white; also green- 
ish-gray and yellowish-green to pale green. 
Dana 7, v. 2, pp. 614-615. 

fibrolite; sillimanite. One of three crystalline 
forms of aluminum sillicate, AlsSiO;, the 
others being andalusite (low temperature) 
and kyanite (high temperature). Sillima- 
nite occurs commonly as felted aggre- 
gates of exceedingly thin fibrous crystals, 
hence the name fibrolite, in contact meta- 
morphosed aluminous sediments such as 
mudstones, shales, etc. Crystals of a pale 
sapphire blue are used as gems. C.T.D. 

fibrolite cat’s-eye. A pale greenish fibrolite 
with fibrous inclusions which, when cut, 
produces a chatoyant effect but not a 
well-defined cat’s-eye. Shipley. 

fibrolithoid. A substitute for celluloid. Shipley. 

fibrous. a. Applied to minerals that occur in 
fibers, as asbestos. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. b. Synonym for asbestiform. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. c. Consisting of fine 
threadlike strands, for example, satin spar. 
Nelson. 

fibrous aggregate. A crystalline aggregate 
composed of closely packed fibers. Takes 
a good polish. Shipley. 

fibrous anhraxylon. Thin strands of anthraxy- 
lon having the appearance of threads 
in thin sections. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fibrous calcite. Translucent calcite composed 
of fibrous crystals, which, like fibrous 
gypsum, with which it is often confused, 
causes a silky sheen. When cut cabochon, 
it produces a girasol or chatoyant effect, 
but not a true cat’s-eye. Also like fibrous 
gypsum, it is called satin spar but less 
correctly. Shipley. 





threadlike structure employed to prevent 
loss of circulation or to restore circula- 
tion in porous formations. Brantly, 1. 


fibrous peat. a. Peat composed of the fibrous 


remains of plants. It is fibrous, spongy, 
moderately tough, and nonplastic. It does 
not shrink much on drying. Also called 
woody peat. See also pseudofibrous peat; 
amorphous peat; mixed peat. Tomkeieff, 
1954. b. Firm, moderately tough peat in 
which plant structures are only slightly 
altered by decay. It shrinks little on dry- 
ing. Francis, p. 149. 


fibrous silica. An extracted glass filament 


which has a very high silica content with 
traces of iron, calcium, and magnesium. 
The fibers can be produced in a batted 
form or spun into thread and woven into 
cloths, tapes, sleevings and other textile 
materials. Thermal and chemical proper- 
ties are similar to those of vitreous silica. 


CCD 6d, 1961. 


fibrous structure. a. In forgings, a structure 


revealed as laminations, not necessarily 
detrimental, on an etched section or as a 
ropy appearance on a fracture. It is not 
to be confused with the silky or ductile 
fracture of a clean metal. ASM Gloss. 
b. In wrought iron, a structure consisting 
of slag fibers embedded in ferrite. ASM 
Gloss. c. In rolled-steel plate stock, a uni- 
form, fine-grained structure on a frac- 
tured surface, free of laminations or shale- 
type discontinuities. As contrasted with 
part (a) above, it is virtually synonymous 
with silky or ductile fracture. ASM 
Gloss. d. If the crystals in a mineral ag- 
gregate are greatly elongated and have a 
relatively small cross section, the struc- 
ture or texture is fibrous. The fibers may 
be parallel, as in corcidolite and some- 
times in gypsum and cerussite. When the 
fibers are very fine, they may impart a 
silky luster to the aggregate, as in croci- 
dolite and satin-spar gypsum. There is 
also a feltlike type. Fibrous crystals may 
radiate from a center, producing asteri- 
ated or starlike groups, either coarse or 
fine, as frequently observed in pyrolusite, 
wavellite, natrolite, and tourmaline, and 
sometimes in stibnite and other minerals. 
Also called fibrous texture. C.M.D. 


fibrous texture. A texture marked by elongated 


blades with serrated or fibrous edges, re- 
sembling a feather or a plume. Schiefer- 
decker. 


fibrous wax. A fibrous ozokerite. Tomkeieff, 


1954. 


fichtelite. Crystalline scales of a white, trans- 


lucent hydrocarbon having approximately 
the composition, C;Hs, that occurs in 
fossil wood. It is soluble in ether but not 
in alcohol. Tomketeff, 1954. 


fictile. a. Molded, or capable of being molded 


into the form of an art work or artifact. 
Webster 3d. b. A piece of fictile ware. 
Webster 3d. c. Made of earth or clay; of 
or pertaining to pottery. Standard, 1964. 
d. Said of all thrown, modeled, molded, 
and carved clay work. C.T.D. 


fictive temperature. The transition tempera- 


ture between a supercooled liquid and a 
glass. VV. 


Fidler-Maxwell kiln. A straight tunnel kiln 


designed to be fired with gas, coal, or oil; 
a distinctive feature was the use of cast- 
iron recuperators in the cooling zone. 


Dodd. 


fidler’s gear 


fidler’s gear. Lifting tackle designed for laying 
heavy blocks at any angle, used in the 
blockwork of a jetty or quay wall below 
water level. Ham. 

fiducial interval. A measure of confidence in 
precision of a set of sample data. For a 
given numerical value of fiducial interval, 
the number of samples required from a 
given deposit to give an accurate meas- 
ure of its value can be determined. Lewis, 
p. 350. 

fiducial mark. a. An index line or point. A 
line or point used as a basis of reference. 
A.GI. b. In photogrammetry, index 
marks rigidly connected with the camera 
lens through the camera body and form- 
ing images on the negative which defines 
the principal point of the photograph. 
A.GI. 

fiducial point. a. In surveying, accurately 
established reference point to which field 
measurements are tied. Pryor, 3. Triangu- 
lation point; bench mark. 

fiducial time. A time on a seismograph record 
that may be marked to correspond, by 
employing necessary corrections, to a da- 
tum plane in space. A.G.I. 

fiducial-time correction. In this method, the 
corrected times are used instead of depths. 
The application of an assumed or meas- 
ured velocity distribution and the change 
from directly determined times to calcu- 
late depths is made only as a final step 
on those times which, from correlation 
with other times or from general geolo- 
gic information, are considered to be of 
sufficient interest to be converted to 
depths. A.G.I. 

fieg. In Wales, a term for a crack in the roof, 
often letting in water. Fay. 

field. a. A section of land containing, yielding, 
or worked for a natural resource. For 
example, a coalfield, an oilfield, or a dia- 
mond field. Webster 3d. A large tract or 
area, as large as many square miles, con- 
taining valuable minerals. See also coal- 
field. Fay. b. A large, unbroken expanse 
of sea ice. Webster 3d. An area of drift 
ice of such an extent that its limits can- 
not be seen from the ship’s masthead. 
Synonym for ice field. Schieferdecker. c. 
The scene of observation, as of actual 
phenomena, outside of a laboratory. Geol- 
ogists working in the field, for example. 
Webster 3d. d. The usually circular area 
visible through the lens system of an opti- 
cal instrument, such as a microscope. 
Webster 3d. e. A region of space in which 
a given effect (as gravity, magnestism, or 
electricity) exists and has a definite value 
at each point. Webster 3d. A region or 
space traversed by lines of force (as gra- 
vitational, magnetic, or electric). Webster 
2d. f. The immediate locality and sur- 
roundings of a mine explosion. Fay. g. 
As an adjective, it means made, con- 
ducted, or used in the field. For example, 
field geology, field map, field method, 
etc. Webster 3d. h. A colliery, or firm of 
colliery proprietors. Fay. i. Outdoor sur- 
veys or investigations as in field geology. 
Nelson. j. The expanse or area of wall 
between openings and corners, composed 
for the most part of stretcher units. 
me k. S. Afr. Synonym for goldfield. 
ay. 

field ampere turns. The number of windings 
multiplied by the number of ampheres 
surrounding an electric field. Pryor, 3. 

fieldbook. A book used in surveying, engi- 
neering, geology, etc., in which are set 








424 


down the angles, stations, distances, ob- 
servations, etc. Fay. 

field capacity. The amount of water held in 
a soil by capillary action after gravita- 
tional water has percolated downward 
and drained away. It is expressed as the 
ratio of the weight of the water retained 
to the weight of the dry soil. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

field classification of rocks. A classification 
of rocks made in the field. It is based on 
features distinguishable in hand _speci- 
mens by using a hand lens, a knife, an 
acid bottle, etc. The classification may 
be refined or modified by subsequent ex- 
amination with a microscope or other 
techniques that are generally used in a 
laboratory. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

field compaction trial. Tests carried out under 
site conditions to determine the best com- 
bination of (1) type of compaction plant; 
(2) thickness of loose soil layer; (3) num- 
ber of passes; and (4) moisture content 
(where variation is possible) in order to 
achieve the highest possible soil densities. 
Nelson. 

field drain. The more usual term applied to 
agricultural drains. Ham. 

field-drain pipe. An unglazed, fired clay pipe, 
generally 3 inches or 4 inches in diameter 
and about 1 foot long, for the drainage 
of fields; occasionally these pipes have a 
flattened base, or longitudinal ribs, to fa- 
cilitate alignment during laying. Dodd. 

field engineer. In petroleum production, one 
who directs civil, electrical, and mechani- 
cal engineering activities concerned with 
production and transmission of natural 
gas, gasoline, and oil, and with provision 
of utilities at an oilfield, or gasfield or in 
a pipeline system. D.O.T.1. 

field focus. The total area or volume which 
the source of an earthquake occupied. If 
a fault is the source, the focus is the 
local fault surface, and is called the field 
because it is inferred from the area of 
shaking, as observed in the field. A.G.I. 

field geology. a. The study of rocks and rock 
materials in their natural environment 
and in their natural relations to one an- 
other. Field geology seeks to interpret the 
surface features and their relationship to 
underground structures, and forms the 
basis of coal and mineral prospecting, 
particularly in regions where geological 
maps are not available. See also subsur- 
face geology. Nelson. b. Points to prac- 
tical work in the open field, as distin- 
guished from the researches which may 
be carried on in the library or laboratory. 
Challinor. 

field ice. Synonym for sea ice. A.G.J. 

field investigation. In reference to experimen- 
tal-mine tests, the investigation made at 
a mine when a large sample is taken for 
testing at the experimental mine, this in- 
vestigation including the taking of road 
dust, rib dust, mine air, and standard coal 
samples, and the noting of conditions af- 
fecting the safety of the mine. Rice, 
George S. 

fieldite. A zinciferous variety of tetrahedrite. 
Weed, 1918. 

field-laboratory operator. One who analyzes 
mine water for acid, copper, and iron 
content by removing samples of water 
that flow to and from the precipitation 
drum, and who performs routine chemi- 
cal tests. D.O.T. Supp. 

field map. A map made in the field and bear- 
ing observations of various kinds upon 








filament winding 


which the final map is based. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

field moisture equivalent. The minimum water 
content expressed as a percentage of the 
weight of the oven-dried soil, at which a 
drop of water placed on a smoothed sur- 
face of the soil will not immediately be 
absorbed by the soil but will spread out 
over the surface and give it a shiny ap- 
pearance. ASCE P1826, 

field moisture equivalent of soils. See mois- 
ture equivalent. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

field of veins. An area traversed by numer- 
ous veins. Schieferdecker. 

field-reversal hypothesis. The concept that 
the earth’s magnetic field has been re- 
versed periodically. A.G.J. Supp. 

field rivet. See site rivet. Ham. 

field seismologist. See observer, a. D.O.T. 1. 

field setter. A person skilled in the art of 

. handsetting diamond bits, working at or 
‘near the site of one or more operating 
drills to set bits to be used. Long. 

fieldwork. Work done, observations taken, or 
other operations, as triangulartion, level- 
ing, making geological observations, etc., 
in the field or upon the ground. Fay. 

fierry. To split, as slate. Hess. 

fiery. Containing an explosive gas; said of a 
gaseous mine. Fay. 

fiery dragon. Derb. Toadstone. Arkell. 

fiery heap. Eng. The deposit of rubbish and 
waste or unsalable coal which ignites 
spontaneously. Fay. 

fiery mine. a. A mine in which the’seam or 
seams of coal being worked give off a 
large amount of methane. Fay. b. One in 
which there is danger of explosion due to 
coal dust or flammable gas. Pryor, 3. c. 
A gassy mine; a mine where gas ignitions 
and outbursts have occurred in the past. 
Nelson. 

fifth wheel. a. The weight-bearing swivel con- 
nection between highway-type tractors and 
semitrailers. Nichols. b. An unnecessary 
machine or person working on a job. 
Nichols. c. A wheel used to automatically 
operate the dump mechanism of mine ore 
cars. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fighting. Eng. Said of a ventilating current 
when the motion of the air is first in one 
direction and then in another, due to the 
weight or pressure of the ventilating cur- 
rent of air in a mine becoming equal or 
nearly so in both the downcast and up- 
cast shafts. Fay. 

Figuier’s gold purple. A tin gold color, pro- 
duced by a dry method; it has been used 
for porcelain decoration. Dodd. 

figure cuts. See V-cuts. Skow. 

figured glass. Flat glass having a pattern on 
one or both surfaces. ASTM C162-66. 

figure stone. Agalmatolite. Webster 3d. 

Fijian soapstone. A soapstone of a post-Ter- 
tiary age found in the Fiji Islands, in 
which no fossil has yet been discovered. 
Standard, 1964. 

filamented pahoehoe. A type of pahoehoe, the 
surface of which has a lacy or filamented 
appearance caused by the bending over 
and laying down of innumerable threads 
of lava produced by the escape of gas 
bubbles from the surface. Most of the 
threads have fallen back on the surface 
of the flow and are commonly alined in 
the direction of flowage. This is the 
commonest type of pahoehoe surface, and 
generally it is superposed on the ropy, 
hummocky, or entraillike forms. USGS 
Bull. 994, 1953, p. 35. 

filament winding. Basically filament winding 


























filament winding 


is the technique of coating small fila- 
ments of materials, usually glass, with a 
resin, usually an epoxy. Filament windings 
are used to especially impart higher com- 
pression strengths and better corrosion 
resistance to sea structures. H&G. 


\ filar micrometer. In its usual form consists of 


an ocular containing a fine wire which 
can be moved across the field by means 
of a thumbscrew for the purpose of 
measuring size. Hess. 


if file hardness. Hardness as determined by the 


use of a file of standardized hardness on 
the assumption that a material which 
cannot be cut with the file is as hard as, 
or harder than, the file. Files covering 
a range of hardnesses may be employed. 
ASM Gloss. 


) filiform. See wiry. Nelson. 
|| filiform texture. Threadlike crystals of one 


mineral embedded in another mineral. 
A.G.I. 


| filigree. a. Delicate ornamental work, used 


chiefly in decorating gold and silver. Cris- 
pin. b. Naturally occurring native metals 
(for example, gold, silver, or copper) in 
lacelike form. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


||| filite. A smokeless powder used in Italy. Web- 


ster 2d. 


) fill. a. Any sediment deposited by any agent 


to fill or to fill partly a valley, a sink, or 
other depression. A.G.J. b. Manmade de- 
posits of natural soils and waste material. 
ASCE P1826. c. Material deposited or 
washed into a cave passageway. Fill is 
generally prefixed by a work describing 
its dominant grain size; for example, sand 
fill, silt fill, clay fill, gravel fill, etc. A.GI. 
d. Material used to fill a cavity or a pas- 
sage. An embankment to fill a hollow or 
a ravine, or the place filled by such an 
embankment. Also, the depth of the fill- 
ing material when it is in place. As a 
verb, to make an embankment in or to 
raise the level of a low place with earth, 
gravel, or rock. Webster 3d. e. The unit 
charge of batch into a tank or pot. 
ASTM C162-66. f. Tailings, waste, etc., 
used to fill underground space left after 
extraction of ore. Termed hydraulic fill, 
if flushed into place by water. See also 
pack, c. Pryor, 3. g. Eng. To load trams 
in the mine. Fay. h. An earth or broken 
rock structure or embankment. Nichols. 
i. Soil that has no value except bulk. 
Nichols. j. Soil or loose rock used to raise 
a grade. Nichols. 


filled bitumen. Bitumen containing a filler 


consisting of finely powdered Portland 
cement or hydrated lime. Ham. 


| filled stopes. Stopes which have been filled 


with barren stone, low-grade ore, or sand 
after the ore has been extracted. See also 
metal mining. Nelson. 


filled valley. A valley in a wide basin in an 


arid or a semiarid region containing abun- 
dant alluvium in the form of fans, flood 
plains, and lake deposits. A.GJ. Supp. 


filler. a. The men or boys who shovel coal or 


ore into tubs or onto a face conveyor. 
The shift on which the fillers work is 
known as the filling shift or coaling shift. 
Nelson. b. One who works in the stopes 
putting the filling waste into place in the 
mined-out rooms, transports the waste, 
and serves the tipping and filling ma- 


chines. Stoces, v. 1, p. 649. c. One who | 


fills. Mason. d. A coal getter during his 
two years’ training. Mason. e. In the 
stonework industry, one who _ prepares 
marble blocks for sawing ; measures graded 





425 


blocks and marks them for most economi- 
cal cut, using a rule, straightedge, and 
crayon; checks slabs after they have been 
sawed from blocks to see that they con- 
form to correct measurement. D.O.T. 1. 
f. A mineral used for a specific purpose in 
a manufactured product but which is not 
an essential constituent. A.G.J. g. A min- 
eral substance added to a product to in- 
crease the bulk or weight of the product, 
or to dilute expensive materials, and often 
also to improve the product. Any inert 
material that is added to obtain the 
weight or the bulk needed to give the de- 
sired composition or physical condition. 
Such mineral matter as clay, talc, or ti- 
tanium dioxide that is added to paper 
in papermaking to increase the opacity 
and to improve the printing quality, or 
dry limestone dust or the dust from an- 
other suitable rock used in the surface 
mixture of sheet-asphalt pavement or ex- 
amples of fillers. Webster 3d. h. A moist, 
puttylike mixture of inorganic materials 
used to fill holes in iron castings to in- 
sure an even surface for enameling. 
Enam, Dict. See also plugging com- 
pound. i. A nonreacting additive to the 
molding compound to change its physi- 
cal characteristics, such as increasing bulk, 
reducing shrinkage, improving strength, 
and increasing heat resistance and di- 
electric strength. BuMines RJ. 5971, 
1962, pS: 


filler and drayer. A man who fills tubs at the 


coal face and pushes them to the main 
haulage road. C.T.D. 


filler clay. A clay used in a crushed or ground 


state for purposes other than for the 
production of ceramic materials or prod- 
ucts, and generally behaving as an inert 
ingredient. While such clays may some- 
times change the properties of the prod- 
uct, they are themselves unchanged in 
compounding for use. Filler clays may or 
may not be white. See also rubber and 
paper clay, each of which is a particular 
class of filler clay. ACSB-1. 


filler, head. In stonework industry, a foreman 


who supervises a crew of workers engaged 
in moving and preparing marble for cut- 
ting with gang saws. D.O.T. 1. 


filler-in. See painter, hand. D.O.T. 1. 
filler-joist construction. A floor, or roof, con- 


structed with rolled steel joists 6 by 3 
inches in section or smaller, spaced at 
from 18 to 30 inches apart and supported 
on main-span beams. The voids between 
the joists may be filled with plain or re- 
inforced concrete, or with hollow tiles 
or woodwool slabs (for roofs) covered by 
appropriate concrete topping. Ham. 


filler metal. Metal added in making a brazed, 


soldered, or welded joint. ASM Gloss. 


filler wires. Small wires in a strand for spac- 


ing larger wires and supporting them in 
position. Ham. 


fillet. a. A radius (curvature) imparted to 


inside meeting surfaces. ASM Gloss. b. 
A concave cornerpiece used on foundry 
patterns. ASM Gloss. c. The concave 
curved junction of two surfaces which 
would otherwise meet at an angle. Fil- 
lets are used at reentrant angles in the 
design of brick shapes, to lessen the dan- 
ger of cracking. HW. d. Rounded corner 
in square or rectangularly shaped open- 
ings. BuMines Bull. 587, 1960, p. 2. 


fillet weld. A weld, approximately triangular 


in cross section, joining two surfaces es- 
sentially at right angles to each other in 





film flotation 


a lap, tee, or corner joint. ASM Gloss. 

fill factor. The approximate load the dipper 
actually is carrying expressed as a per- 
centage of the rated capacity. The fill 
factor is commonly called the dipper fac- 
tor for shovels or the bucket factor for 
draglines. Woodruff, v. 3, pp. 499-500. 

filling. a. Eng. The places where trams are 
loaded in the workings. Fay. b. The waste 
material used to fill up old stopes or 
chambers. Weed, 1922. c. Allowing a mine 
to fill with water. Weed, 1922. d. The 
loading of tubs or trucks with coal, ore, 
or waste. C.T.D. f. Loading of mineral 
into mine trucks; shoveling onto con- 
veyors; gob stowing; packing old stopes 
with waste. Pryor, 3. g. Clogging of the 
abrasive coat by swarf. It may be reduced 
in many operations by using an open- 
coat construction or a lubricant. See also 
swarf. ACSG, 1963. 

filling deposits. a. A general term for deposits 
filling preexisting cavities, replacing the 
term “crustified deposits” proposed by 
Posepny. Fay. b. Replacement deposition. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

filling material. a. Material such as waste, 
sand, ashes, and other refuse used to fill 
in worked-out areas of excavation. Stoces, 
v. 1, p. 207. b. Backfill. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

filling-out. Aust. Shoveling into skips and 
taking to the surface, as filling-out burn- 
ing material when a small fire occurs in 
a mine. Fay. 

filling pieces. Rocks of such size as to fill the 
open spaces between crib timbers, etc. 
Fay. 

filling point. The level up to which a glass 
bottle has the nominal capacity. ASTM 
C162-66. 

filling system. See sublevel stoping, b. Fay. 

filling up; silting up. Of a bay with mud or 
sand. Schieferdecker. 

filling-up method. See overhand stoping, b. 
Fay. 

fill off. See strip, d. Mason. 

fill terrace. a. Part of a former alluvial valley 
floor built upward by deposition of valley- 
filling sediments. A.G.J. Supp. b. Com- 
prises a series of terms, including, allu- 
vial terrace, glacial terrace, and others, 
which are formed after the rejuvenation 
of a stream-filled valley or a valley sur- 
face made by aggregation. A.G.I. 

film. a. A term used in flotation meaning a 
coating, layer, or thin membrane. Fay. 
b. A thin layer of a substance, at the 
most, a few molecules thick, generally 
differing in properties from other layers 
in contact with it. C.T.D. 

film badge. A package of photographic film 
worn like a badge by workers in the nu- 
clear industry to measure exposure to 
ionizing radiation. The absorbed dose 
can be calculated by the degree of film 
darkening caused by the _ irradiation. 
L&L. 

film coefficient. The heat transferred by con- 
vection per unit area per degree tem- 
perature difference between the surface 
and the fluid. Also called unit convection 
conductance; surface coefficient. Strock, 
10. 

film flotation. Early stage in development of 
modern flotation process for concentra- 
tion of minerals, notably sulfides. The 
containing pulp was agitated with oil 
which then floated up, carrying selected 
minerals. This mineralized film was then 
overflowed or skimmed off. Pryor, 3. 


film mica 


film mica. Knife-trimmed mica split from the 
better qualities of block mica to any spe- 
cified range of thicknesses between 0.0012 
and 0.004 inch. Skow. 

film, monomolecular; film, unimolecular. 
Surface coating at interface between solid 
and fluid, one molecule thick and continu- 
ous over an appreciable area. Pryor, 3. 

film sizing; reverse classification. Sorting of 
mineral particles on such flattish sur- 
faces as sluices and shaking tables in ac- 
cordance with the sizes of the particles 
moved by a flowing film of water, which 
exercises transporting force proportional 
to the cross section exposed to flow. 
Pryor, 3. 

film-sizing tables. A table used in ore dressing 
for sorting fine material by means of a 
film of flowing water. These tables may 
be considered as surface tables, from 
which the products are removed before 
they have found a bed, so that the wash- 
ing is always done on the same surface; 
also building tables or buddles, on which 
the products are removed after they have 
formed a bed. These use the relative 
transporting power of a film of water 
flowing on a quiet surface, which may be 
either rough or smooth, to act upon the 
particles of a water-sorted product. The 
smaller grains, of high specific gravity, are 
moved down the slope slowly or not at all 
by the slow undercurrent; the larger 
grains, of lower specific gravity, are moved 
rapidly down the slope by the quick up- 
per current. Liddell 2d, p. 387. 

film strength. The relative resistance of the 
bisque to mechanical damage. ASTM 
C286-65. 

film, unimolecular. See film, monomolecular. 
Pryor, 3. 

filter. a. A device for separating solids or 
suspended particles from liquids or fine 
dust from ventilating or cooling air. An 
electrical air filter can collect airborne 
contaminants ranging from about 60 to 
under 1 micron in size. See also vacuum 
filtration. Nelson. b. In ore treatment, 
separating device incorporating a separat- 
ing membrane on which solids are re- 
tained. The plate-and-frame filter is inter- 
mittent in action, and has channeled 
plates covered by membranes, separated 
by spacing frames, which fill as pulp is 
forced in and filtrate is drawn out, ap- 
pliance being opened and emptied peri- 
odically. The drum filter is a horizontal 
drum rotated slowly through a semicircu- 
lar tank in which pulp is kept stirred by 
reciprocating paddles. Vacuum applied to 
inside of drum draws filtrate through 
filter cloth at surface, leaving a cake 
which, after emergence and perhaps wash- 
ing with sprays, is scraped off on the 
down-running side of the drum. The leaf 
filter is intermittent, and used to clarify 
liquids or separate small quantities of 
suspended matter, for example, gold 
slimes after precipitation with zinc from 
cyanide solutions. Membrane, perhaps 
precoated with diatomaceous earth, dips 
into liquid being treated. Genter filter is 
an assisted thickener. A round tank re- 
ceives pulp, which is drawn to suspended 
socks or membranes distended by wood 
balls, to which a cycle of vacuum followed 
by blow-back is applied automatically. 
Cake formed during vacuum period is 
sloughed off, falls to bottom of tank and 
is gathered and removed as underflow 
by means of slowly rotating rakes. The 





426 


bag filter is used to remove dust and free 
particles from gas streams. The centrifu- 
gal filter acts by use of centrifugal force. 
Pryor, 3. See also filtration. c. A layer, or 
a combination of layers, of pervious ma- 
terials designed and installed in such a 
manner as to provide drainage and yet 
prevent the movement of soil particles by 
flowing water. Also called protective filter. 
ASCE P1826. d. A porous bed of sand 
or of other material that separates mat- 
ter held in suspension, or dissolved im- 
purities or coloring matter from a liquid 
or a gas that is passed through it. Webster 
3d. e. As a verb, to subject to the action 
of a filter; to pass a liquid or a gas 
through a filter for the purpose of purify- 
ing, or separating, or both. To act as a 
filter, to remove from a fluid by means 
of a filter, to percolate. Webster 3d. f. An 
electric device in seismic instruments that 
permits selection of frequency charac- 
teristics appropriate for the ground mo- 
tion it is desired to record. A.G.I. g. In 
radiography, a device, usually a thin me- 
tallic layer, inserted into a beam of radi- 
ation so as to modify the transmitted spec- 
trum of radiation. It may be used to en- 
hance or reduce contrast, or to minimize 
undesirable scattered radiations. ASM 
Gloss. h. In compressors, cleaners for the 
intake air which should be free from dust 
to minimize wear in the compressor. A 
simple screen can be made by building 
an intake box with panels of 14-inch mesh 
wire screen covered with cheese cloth. 
One type, made of frames 20 x 20 inches 
and giving an effective opening 18 x 18 
inches or 2% square feet, contains metal- 
lic filaments coated with a viscous fluid. 
Each frame has a capacity of 800 cubic 
feet of air per minute. Lewis, p. 683. 
i. In photography, a glass or gelatin plate 
placed in front of, in, or back of the 
lens, to modify on the film or plate the 
effect of light, of different colors, or of 
some particular color. Seelye, 2. j. Re- 
sistances, inductances, and capacitances, 
or any one or combination of these, which 
allows the comparatively free flow of cer- 
tain frequencies or of direct current while 
blocking the passage of other frequen- 
cies. An example is the filter used in a 
power supply, which allows the direct cur- 
as to pass, but filters out the ripple. 
y 


filter aid. a. A low-density, inert, fibrous, or 


fine granular material used to increase 
the rate and improve the quality of fil- 
tration. ASM Gloss. b. Diatomaceous 
earth, used either to coat a filter cloth 
or as a thick filtering layer which can 
be ploughed off with its load of cake 
from a rotating drum filter. Pryor, 3. 


filter bed. a. A pond or tank having a false 


bottom covered with sand, and serving 
to filter river or pond water. Fay. b. A fill 
of pervious soil that provides a site for 
a septic field. Nichols. c. A general name 
for a contact bed or any similar bed used 
for filtering purposes. C.T.D. 


filter block. A hollow, vitrified clay masonry 


unit, sometimes salt-glazed, designed for 
trickling filter floors in sewage disposal 
plants. ACSG, 1963. 


filter cake. a. The compacted solid or semi- 


solid material separated from a liquid 
and remaining on a filter after pressure 
filtration. Institute of Petroleum, 1961. 
b. The layer of concentrated solids from 
the drilling mud left behind on the walls 





filter press 


of a borehole, or on a filter paper in fil- 
tration tests on mud. Institute of Pe- 
troleum, 1961. 

filter cake texture. The physical properties of 
a cake as measured by toughness, slick- 
ness, and brittleness. Brantly, 1. 

filter candle. A porous ceramic tube, which 
may be rounded and closed at one end, 
made with a high porosity and of sub- 
stantially uniform pore size. Dodd. 

filter cloth. The fabric used as a medium for 
filtration; for example, nylon cloth, blan- 
ket cloth, finely woven wire mesh, or 
finely woven glass thread. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

filter correction. In seismic work, a correction 
of recorded times made necessary by the 
use of different filters in the instrumenta- 
tion. The correction simulates the use of 
a constant filter. A.G.I. 

filtered light. A term commonly used to refer 
‘to light which has passed through a 
colored glass (a filter) which absorbs the 
rays of some hues, allowing those of 
other hues to pass through. Shipley. 

filter feed trough. A tank containing the pulp 
to be filtered, generally fitted with an agi- 
tator to maintain the solids in the pulp 
in suspension, and in which the drum or 
disk of a rotary vacuum filter is partially 
immersed. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

filter glass. Glass, usually colored, used in 
goggles, helmets, and hand shields to ex- 
clude harmful light rays. ASM Gloss. 

filtering effect. The differential damping of 
pressures or of vertical oscillation of water 
particles with increasing depth, depend- 
ing upon the wave period. At a given 
depth longer waves are damped less than 
shorter waves. Hy. 

filtering stone. Any porous stone, such as sand- 
stone through which water is filtered. 
Fay. 

filter loss. The amount of fluid delivered 
through a permeable membrane in a 
specified time. Brantly, 1. 

filter material. Graded granular material 
which permits water to pass through it 
but retains solid matter. Ham. 

filter-operator helper. One who assists the 
concentrate-filter operator by regulating 
flow of concentrate from the pipeline. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

filter paper sampler. A high-volume sampler 
using a plain or pleated fibrous filter of 
various materials and weaves to collect 
dust particles as air is drawn through the 
instrument by a suction pump. In one 
instrument, the air flow is maintained 
constant (at one of three selected rates), 
even when dust begins to clog the filter. 
Very high efficiencies can be attained 
with special filter materials (fiber glass, 
membranes). Hartman, p. 53. 

filter-plant foreman. A foreman who super- 
vises workers engaged in extracting water 
from concentrate, using settling tanks and 
filter machines, and in loading filtered 
concentrate into railroad cars. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

filter press. a. A form of pressure filter, non- 
continuous in operation, used in coal 
preparation for the removal of water 
from slurries, tailing and similar prod- 
ucts. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. A filter consist- 
ing usually of a series of rigid corrugated 
plates with intervening filter medium (as 
cloth) assembled in a framework so that 
the suspension to be filtered can be 
forced under pressure into the assembled 
press and the solids can collect as cake 











427 


filter press fineness modulus 


filtration rate. The measure of the amount 
of filtrate from a drilling fluid passing 
through or into a porous medium. Filter 
loss and cake thickness constitute the de- 
termining factors of filtration qualities. 
Brantly, 1. 

Filtrol. Trade name for bentonite. Hess. 

filty. Som. A local term for firedamp. Fay. 

fimmenite. A variety of spore peat. Tomkeieff, 


between the plates. See also plate-and- 
'| frame filter. Webster 3d. 

| filter pressing. a. Squeezing out of a residual 
|| magma from the interstices of a mush 
| of crystals. A process similar to squeez- 
‘| ing water out of a sponge. Bateman. b. 
The process of the straining out of liquid 
‘| when an igneous rock has partly crys- 
_ tallized and then is subjected to pressure 


fine annealing. Annealing to an extremely low 
stress and uniform index of refraction. 
ASTM C162-66. 

fine chemicals. Chemicals produced in rela- 
tively small quantities for use in limited 
quantities; for example, silver nitrate. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

fine coal. English translation of German fein- 
kohle. Tomkeieff, 1954. 





} 





| filter-type respirator. 


by earth movements, etc. Bateman, 1950, 
p. 51. c. A process of magmatic dif- 
ferentiation in which a magma having 
crystallized to a mush of interlocking crys- 
tals in liquid becomes compressed, per- 
mitting the liquid to move toward regions 
of lower pressure and hence to become 
separated from the crystals. A.G.I. 


| | filter pump. An aspirator for hastening the 


process of filtering by creating a partial 
vacuum. Standard, 1964. 


|| filter sand. Sand suitable for use in filtering 


the suspended matter from water. A.G.J. 


|| filter stick. Short glass tube with filtering 


septum used in laboratory sampling. Pryor, 
Sr 

A protective device 
which removes dispersoids from the air 
by physically trapping the particles on 
the fibrous material of the filter. It offers 
no protection against gases or vapors, or 
atmospheres deficient in oxygen. Many 
workers, however, are subjected to dusts, 
fumes, and mists in sufficient quantity to 
impair health. Common examples are the 
dusts of cement, coal, flour, limestone, 
silica, and asbestos encountered in min- 
ing, grinding, and crushing operations; 
the metallic fumes of welding, smelting, 
and refining processes; and the mists 
formed by the disintegration of a liquid 
in such work as spray-coating, atomizing, 
and chromium-plating. The U.S. Bureau 
of Mines tests and approves this type 
of respirator for one of the three dis- 
tinct classes of dusts, fumes, and mists, 
or for various combinations of those 
classes. Bests, p. 100. 


|| filter well. A system used in the lowering of 


ground water. Ham. 


| filtrate. The liquid product from the filtration 


process. B.S. 3552, 1962. 


|| filtration. a. A process for separating solids 


from liquids by allowing the liquid to 
pass through a finely woven cloth or 
gauze which retains the solids, using 
vacuum or pressure to accelerate the sep- 
aration. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. Commercially, 
the separation of relatively clear filtrate 
from pulp, with arrest of solids on suit- 
able membrane, usually moved continu- 
ously so as to discharge a ribbon or filter 
cake. All metallurgical filters contain a 
canvas (or other fabric) diaphragm 
which serves as the filtering medium, and 
the filtrate is forced through the filter 
cloth either by suction or pressure. The 
clear liquid passes through, and the sus- 
pended solids remain on the filter cloth 
in the form of a filter cake. Pryor, 2; 
Newton, p. 104. 


| filtration differentiation. a. A difference in 


rock character resulting from a filtration 
effect during intrusion. Hess. b. See filter 
pressing. A.G.I. 


| filtration qualities. The filtration characteris- 


tics of a drilling fluid. These qualities are 
inversely proportional to the thickness of 
filter cake deposited on the face of a 
porous medium and the amount of water 
allowed to escape from the drilling fluid 
into or through the medium. Brantly, 1 


final controlling element. In flotation, 


findlings quartzite. 





1954. 


fin. a. The thin sheet of metal squeezed out 


between the collars of the rolls in a roll 
train. Fay. b. A fault, sometimes occur- 
ring in pressed or blown glassware, in 
the form of a thin projection following 
the line between the parts of the mold. 
Also called flash. Dodd. c. The feather 
edge obtained when cutting flat glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

that 
controlling element which directly changes 
the value of the manipulated variable. 
Fuerstenau, p. 543. 


final drive. A set of reduction gearing close 


to or inside of a drive wheel. Nichols. 


final exploration. The detailed investigation 


of a coal or mineral area on which a 
preliminary report was favorable. The 
final exploration of an area may involve 
a costly boring program, surveys, and 
sampling. See also preliminary explora- 
tion. Nelson. 


final set. The time required for a hydraulic 


cement to develop sufficient strength to 
resist a prescribed pressure. In the usual 
Vicat needle test, this stage of the setting 
process is defined as that at which the 
needle point will, but its circular attach- 
ment will not, make a depression on the 
surface of the cement. Dodd. 


final setting time. The time during which a 


fresh paste of cement and water will 
stiffen by a given amount. See also initial 
setting time. Ham. 


finandranite. A coarse igneous rock consisting 


of potassium-rich syenite composed of 88 
percent microcline and 9 percent toren- 
drikite (amphibole) with some biotite, 
ilmenite, and 3 percent apatite. Johann- 
SCT BU OG EL OIL Dewla.. 


find. a. Eng. A sinking or driving for coal, 


etc., attended with success. Fay. b. A 
thing found or discovered; especially, a 
valuable discovery; as, a find of minerals. 
Standard, 1964. 

A compact, cemented 
quartzite of a type occurring in Germany 
as erratic blocks, hence the name, which 
is the German word for foundling. This 
type of quartzite, which is used as a raw 
material for silica-brick manufacture, is 
composed of about 60 percent of quartz 
grains set in 40 percent of a chalcedonic 
matrix. In Germany, the term is being 
displaced by the more informative term 
cemented quartzite. Dodd. 


fine. Sometimes used to designate high-quality 


drill diamonds. Long. 


fine adjustment screw. A tangent screw on a 


theodolite. Ham. 


fine aggregate. a. Aggregate in which the 


largest particles have a diameter of less 
than one-fourth inch. Shell Oil Co. b. In 
the crushed stone industry, fine aggregate 
is commonly regarded as the material 
passing a %%-inch sieve and almost en- 
tirely passing the No. 4 sieve. AIME, 
p. 286. c. Aggregate which passes a 3/16- 
inch British Standard test sieve and con- 
tains only so much coarser material as 
may be specified. Taylor. 





fine cold asphalt. A wearing course of bitu- 
men and fine aggregate which may be 
spread or compacted when either cold 
or warm. Ham. 

fine flake salt. A fine size of grainer salt with 
thin, delicate flakes. Kaufmann. 

fine gold. a. Almost pure gold. The value of 
bullion gold depends on its percentage of 
fineness. See also fineness; float gold. Fay. 
b. In placer mining, gold in exceedingly 
small particles. Hess. 

fine-grained. Descriptive of rocks composed 
of small grains. Generally the term is used 
only in a relative way, but an average 
size of less than 1 millimeter has been 
suggested. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fine-grained rocks. Rocks in which the crystals 
are very fine-grained or else the whole or 
part is glass. These are the volcanic rocks. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 11. 

fine-grained soil. Soil consisting mostly of clay 
and silt, more than 50 percent by weight 
smaller than 0.074 millimeter in diameter. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

fine grinder; pulverizer. A machine for the 
final stage of size reduction, that is to 
-100 mesh. Such machines include ball 
mills, tube mills, and ring-roll mills. Dodd. 

fine grinding. Fine grinding is usually per- 
formed in a mill rotating on a horizontal 
axis and containing balls, rods, or peb- 
bles (grinding media) which serve to 
grind the ore in the mill. The different 
mills used in fine grinding are known as 
ball mill, pebble mill, Hardinage mill, 
tube mill, etc. Newton, p. 65. 

fine industrials. Synonym for toolstones. Long. 

fine material. All sediment finer than 0.062 
millimeter; also called wash load. USGS 
Prof. Paper 462-F. 

fine metal. The higher grades of copper regu- 
lus or matte obtained in the English pro- 
cess of copper smelting. Included are 
the following four varieties which are 
distinguished by appearance and copper 
content: (1) blue, containing about 60 
percent copper; (2) sparkle, about 74 per- 
cent copper; (3) white, about 77 per- 
cent copper; and (4) pimple, about 79 
percent copper. Fay. 

fineness. a. The degree of purity of gold, for 
example, gold 950 fine contains 950 parts 
of pure gold, and 50 of other matter. 
See also carat. Nelson. b. Parts per thou- 
sand in purity. Bureau of Mines Staff. c. 
The proportion of pure silver or gold in 
jewelry, bullion, or coins often expressed 
in parts per thousand and being in United 
States silver, coin nine-tenths or .900 fine 
and in English gold, coin eleven-twelfths 
or .9166 fine. Webster 3d. d. A measure 
of the specific surface area or particle-size 
distribution. Taylor. e. The state of subdi- 
vision of a substance. C.T.D. 

fineness factor. A measure of average particle 
size obtained by summing the products of 
the reciprocal of the size grade midpoints 
times the frequency of particles in each 
class expressed as a decimal part of the 
total frequency. A.G.I. 

fineness modulus. a. An empirical factor ob- 
tained by adding the total percentages of 


fines. a. 


fineness modulus 


a sample of the aggregate retained on 
each of a specified series of sieves, and 
dividing the sum by 100. AIME, p. 
289. b. One-hundredth of the sum of the 
cumulative values for the amount of ma- 
terial retained on the series of Tyler or 
U.S. sieves including half sizes up to 100 


mesh. Example: 
On 4mesh 2 percent 
OneCare elo 4 
OnsitOy Oo 
On' S30 Baawow., 4 
One 5 0 see iOue a 
On 1TOORs 295 y 


Sum = 276 + 100 = 2.76 fineness 
modulus, Dodd. 


fineness of enamel. A measurement of the 


degree to which a frit has been milled in 
wet or dry form, usually expressed in 
grams residue retained on a certain mesh 
screen from a 50-milliliter or a 100-gram 
sample. ASTM C286-65. 


fine raggings. Eng. Pieces of ore deposited at 


the bottom of a sieve. Fay. 


finery. A furnace or hearth in which best 


quality bar iron is produced from white 
pig iron (used particularly in Sweden). 
GL 3D. 

Very small material produced in 
breaking up large lumps, as of ore or 
coal. Zern. b. Small pieces of rock and 
dirt that fall from the mine roof, and 
generally, though not always, precede a 
falling of heavy material and conse- 
quently signify danger. Fay. c. In general, 
the smallest particles of coal or mineral 
in any classification, process, or sample of 
the run-of-mine material. See also anthra- 
cite fines. Nelson. d. Coal having a maxi- 
mum particle size usually less than one- 
sixteenth inch (1.6 millimeter) and rarely 
above one-eigth inch (3.2 millimeters). 
B.S. 3552, 1962. e. Coal with a maximum 
particle size usually less than one-eighth 
inch (3.2 millimeters); also applied in a 
general sense to the content of fine ma- 
terial in a coal. B.S. 3323, 1960. f. Clay 
or silt particles in soil. Nichols. g. The 
finer-grained particler of a mass of soil, 
sand, or gravel. Seelye, 1. h. In hydraulic 
sluicing, the material that slowly settles 
to the botom of a mass of water. Seelye, 1. 
i. The fine fraction of a sediment or the 
product of rock crushing, particularly 
that which passes through a grading sieve. 
A.G.I. Supp. j. The fraction of sand and 
gravel finer than 0.074 millimeters in 
particle diameter. A.G.J. Supp. k. The 
portion of a soil finer than a number 200 
U.S. standard sieve. ASCE P1826. 1. 
The product passing through the screen 
when the material from the zinc boxes of 
a cyanide mill is rubbed over a sieve. See 
also shorts. Fay. m. Ores in too fine or 
pulverulent a condition to be smelted in 
the ordinary way. Standard, 1964. n. Sand 
grains that are substantially smaller than 
the predominating size in a batch or lot 
of foundry sand. ASM Gloss. o. In 
powder metallurgy, the portion of a 
powder composed of particles which are 
smaller than a specified size, currently 
less than 44 microns. See also superfines. 
ASM Gloss. p. Fine particles of any 
ceramic material (that is, this term is 
relative to the produce being made. 
Some products may require some -325 
mesh material; others -20 mesh. “Fines” 
as related to one product would be —325 





428 


mesh; for the other, -20 mesh.) Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

fine sand. All grains between 0.25 and 0.125 
millimeter in diameter. A.G_I. 

fine silt. See silt grade. C.T.D. 

fine silver. Pure silver, 1000 parts fine or 100 
percent silver. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
pb. 811. 

fines removal. The removal of fine particles 
from a feed material, by either wet or 
dry methods, to facilitate treatment or 
utilization of the remainder. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 

fine zinc. A name given to the highest grades 
of commercial spelter or zinc. Camm. 

finger. a. A pair or set of bracketlike projec- 
tions placed at a strategic point in a drill 
tripod or derrick, generally at a level with 
one of the work platforms, to keep a 
number of lengths of drill rods or casing 
in place when they are standing in the 
tripod or derrick. Also one of the flexible 
prong parts of a basket lifter. Long. b. 
One of the cutting edges on a finger bit. 
See also finger bit. Long. c. A minor 
structure radiating from a major struc- 
ture. A.GJI. Supp. 

finger bar. a. Aust. An iron rod attached to 
a cage with the end bent in such a way 
as to keep the skips from running off the 
cage while being raised or lowered. Fay. 
b. Pivoted length of wood used to sup- 
port unit in stamp battery when hanging 
up. See also cam stick. Pryor, 3. 

finger basket. See basket, a. Long. 

finger bit. A steel rock-cutting bit having 
fingerlike, fixed, or replaceable, steel-cut- 
ting points affixed. Long. 

finger board. A board with projecting dowels 
or pipe fingers located in the upper part 
of the drill derrick or tripod to support 
stands of drill rod, drill pipe, or casing. 
Compare finger. Long. 

finger-car. A small four-wheeled bogie having 
two uprights from which project pairs 
(usually 10 in number) of fingers; these 
can be raised or lowered by a lever and 
cam. Finger-cars are used in the Keller 
system of handling bricks. See also Keller 
system. Dodd. 

finger chute. Steel rails hinged independently 
over ore chute, to control rate of flow of 
rock. Pryor, 3. 

finger coal. Natural coke occurring in small 
hexagonal columns where coal was altered 
by an igneous intrusion. Stutzer and Noe, 
1940, p. 299. 

finger grip. a. A finishing tool designed to 
recover a broken drill rod or dropped 
tool from a borehole. Long. b. Eng. A 
tool used in boring for gripping the upper 
end of the rods. Fay. 

fingering. a. The lateral dividing of a sand 
body or other rock unit into two or more 
bodies. Applied also to dividing streaks 
of porosity, some of which are more or 
less permeated with fluid. A.G.I. b. The 
intrusion of water in the form of a finger 
or a tongue when oil is removed. A.G.I. 
c. The movement of fluids along a non- 
uniform front, by which the displacement 
of one fluid by another is more rapid at 
one point than at an adjacent point. 
ARG Ts 

finger lake. One of several, associated, long, 
narrow rock basins occupied by lakes. 
A,G.I. 

Fingerlakesian. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

finger lifter. A basket-type core lifter. Long. 

finger raise. Steeply sloping openings permit- 


Lower Upper Devonian. 





fink truss 


ting caved ore to flow down raises 
through grizzlies to chutes on the haulage 
level. Bureau of Mines Staff. 


finial, Ornamental pieces of burned clay used 


for finishing off the joining of the ridge 
line with the hips, ridge line at gables, 
or top of a tower. Fay. 


fining. a. The conversion of cast into malle- 


able iron in a hearth or charcoal fire. Fay. 
b. See refining. Fay. c. The process by 
which the molten glass approaches free- 
dom from undissolved gases. ASTM 
C162-66. d. The act of making clear or 
pure; as, the fining of a precious metal. 
Crispin. 


fining agent. Substance which aids expulsion 


of bubbles in glass manufacture, for exam- 
ple, As:Os; substance that forms a quick- 
settling precipitate with suspended matter 
and thus clarifies a liquid, for example, 


‘ albumen. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
fining time. Shortest term required to produce 


a glass free of bubbles varying with the 
composition and the temperature of treat- 
ment. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


finish. a. The surface condition, quality, or 


appearance of a metal. ASM Gloss. b. 
Stock on a forging to be removed when 
finish-machined. ASM Gloss. c. Any 
aftertreatment performed on fibrous glass 
products previous to their end use. Phil- 
lips. d. The part of a bottle for holding 
the cap or closure. ASTM C162-66. 
e. Stage in melting process after*glass ap- 
pears free of seeds. ASTM C162-66. 


finish coat. Final porcelain enamel coating. 


It may be a one-coat finish. ACSB, 3. 


finished steel. Steel that is ready for the mar- 


ket and has been processed beyond the 
stages of billets, blooms, sheet bars, slabs, 
and wire rods. ASM Gloss. 


finisher. a. A person having charge of a fur- 


nace during the melting and fining of 
the glass. ASTM C162-66. b. The work- 
man who does the final work, such as 
polishing or putting the handle or foot on 
a piece of ware. ASTM (C162-66. c. 
One who removes rough edges from green 
ware, such as plates, cups, or handles, and 
smooths it with sponge. Also called fettler; 
shaper; sponger. D.O.T. 1. d. See also 
glazing machine operator. D.O.T. 1. 


finish grade. The final grade required by speci- 


fications. Nichols. 


finish grinding. The final grinding action on a 


workpiece where the objectives are surface 
finish and dimensional accuracy. ASM 
Gloss. 


finishing jig. The jig used to save the smaller 


particles of ore in a concentrator or stamp 
mill. Weed, 1922. 


finishing lime. A type of refined hydrated 


lime, milled in such a manner that it is 
suitable for plastering, particularly the 
finish coat. Putty derived from this hy- 
drate possesses unusually high plasticity. 
Boynton. 


finishing rolls. The last roll, or the one that 


does the finest crushing in ore dressing, 
especially in stage crushing. Fay. 


finishing temperature. The temperature at 


which hot working is completed. ASM 
Gloss. 


finish machining. Analogous to finish grind- 


ing. ASM Gloss. 


finish mold. See neck mold. Dodd. 
finish tile. Tile with a face that may be used 


as a finished wall. ACSG, 1963. 


fink truss. A frequently used symmetrical steel 


roof truss effective over a maximum span 
of 50 feet. Ham. 























fin-neck bolt 


| fin-neck bolt. Similar to carriage bolt. Used 


through wood or through wood and metal. 
Two fins under the head prevent turn- 
ing while the nut is being tightened or 
loosened. Crispin. 


finned tube. Extended (grilled) surface in 


the form of fins on tubes or pipe. Strock, 
10. 


| finnemanite. A gray, olive-green to black 


chloroarsenite of lead, PbsCl(AsOs)s. 
Prisms and crystalline crusts. Hexagonal. 
From Langman, Sweden. English. 


Finnish amber. Amber from the shores of 


Finland. See also Baltic amber. Shipley. 
fiord; fjord. a. A long, deep, arm of the sea, 
occupying a portion of a channel hav- 
ing high steep walls, a bottom made un- 
even by bosses and sills, and with side 
streams entering from high- -level valleys 
by cascades or by steep rapids. -A.G.I. 
b. A narrow, deep, steep-walled inlet of 
the sea that was formed by the sub- 
mergence of a mountainous coast. Fay. c. 
A sea-occupied segment of a glaciated 
trough. A.G.J. d. Where the sea enters a 
deeply excavated glacial through after the 
melting away of the glacier, a fiord re- 
sults. A rise of sea level may occur and 
allow the sea to enter glaciated valleys, 
or it may increase the depth of water in 
true fiords; but it is not necessary to as- 
sume such a rise to account for fiords. 
Along with or since the rise of sea level 
that drowned the valleys of many coasts 
after the Ice Age, fiord regions rose iso- 
statically as they were relieved of a great 
load of ice. It is clear that glaciers have 
excavated troughs far below sea level; 
and it is in general such troughs that have 
been entered by the sea as the glaciers 
melted forming fiords. A.G.I. 


429 


processes of scorification, cupellation, etc. 
Standard, 1964. 

fireback. The back wall of a furnace or fire- 
place. Fay. 

fireball. The luminous ball of hot gases which 
forms a few millionths of a second after 
a nuclear explosion. L@L. 

fire bank. The spoil heap at the surface of 
a colliery, when burning or heated by 
spontaneous combustion. Nelson. 

fire bars. Cast-iron bars forming a grate on 
which fuel is burnt, as in domestic fires, 
boiler furnaces, etc. C.T.D. 

fire blende. Pyrostilpnite. Fay. 

fireboard. A blackboard on which the fire 
boss indicates every morning, by chalk 
marks, the amount of gas in different 
parts of the mine. Fay. 

fire boss. a. A person designated to examine 
the mine for gas and other dangers. In 
certain states, the fire boss is designated 
as the mine examiner. U.S. BuMines Fed. 
Mine Safety Code—Bituminous Coal and 
Lignite Mines, Pt. I Underground Mines, 
Oct. 8, 1953. b. A state certified super- 
visory mine official who examines the 
mine for firedamp, gas, and other dan- 
gers before a shift comes into it and who 
usually makes a second examination dur- 
ing the shift; in some states, it is used 
loosely to designate assistant or section 
foreman. B.C.I. c. A colliery deputy. Nel- 
son. d. Also called examiner; fire viewer; 
gas boss; gas man; mine examiner. D.O.T. 
vis 

firebox. a. A chamber (as of a furnace or 
steam boiler) that contains a fire; specifi- 
cally, the compartment of a steam loco- 
motive in which the fuel is burned. Web- 
ster 3d, b. One of the small refractory 
lined chambers, built wholly or partly in 
the wall of a kiln, for combustion of the 


| | fiord coast; fiorded coast. A glaciated coast, 
characterized by a partial submergence 
of glacial troughs. Schieferdecker. 

_fior di persicor. A white marble with veins 
and clouds of purple or red, from Albania. 
Fay. 

_ fiord Siake A lake in a glacially excavated 
rock basin of a U-shaped valley at low 
elevation. A.G.I. Supp. 

fiord shoreline. A shoreline characterized by 
the development of numerous fiords; as, 
for example, the west coast of Norway. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 








| fiord valley. A deep, narrow channel occupied 


by the sea, and extending inland often 
for as far as 50 or 100 miles. A.G_I. 


fuel. Dodd. 


firebreak. A strip across the area in which 


either no combustible material is em- 
ployed, or in which, if timber supports 
are used, sand (not waste rock) is later 
filled and packed tightly round them. 
Where timber is not used in stope sup- 
ports, the firebreaks are simply stretches 
in the levels or winzes in which timber 
lagging is replaced by some other sub- 
stance, such as steel or concrete. Spald- 
ing, p. 226. 


fire breeding. S. Staff. Said of any place 


underground showing indications of a 
gob fire. Fay. 


firedamp 


filled transformers, generators, motors, 
switch panels, circuit breakers, insulated 
electrical conductors, and other electrical 
devices. I.C. 8149, 1963, p. 22. 


fire clay. a. A clay that is high in alumina or 


silica; diffusion is not less than cone 19 
(1,515° C). Fire clays may be sedi- 
mentary or residual, plastic or nonplastic, 
and are dominantly composed of kaolinite. 
The classification of fire clays may be re- 
lated to the composition, fiscal charac- 
teristics, refractoriness, use, association 
with other materials, etc., such as plastic 
fire clays, nonplastic fire clays, high- 
alumina fire clay, siliceous fire clay, flint 
clay, coal measure fire clay, sagger clay, 
high-heat duty fire clay, etc. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. b. An earthy or stony min- 
eral aggregate which is composed essen- 
tially of hydrous silicates of aluminum 
with or without free silica. It is plastic 
when sufficiently pulverized and wetted, 
rigid when subsequently dried, and of 
sufficient purity and refractoriness for use 
in commercial refractory products. HW. 
c. Formerly used for almost any soft non- 
bedded clay immediately underlying a 
coalbed many of which are not refrac- 
tory. Compare underclay. A.GJI. Supp. 
d. Soft, unbedded, gray or white clay, 
high in silica and hydrated aluminum 
silicates, and low in iron and alkalies. 
Fire clay forms the seat earth of many 
coalbeds and has value as refractory clay. 
Also called bottom stone. ~ Raistrick 
and Marshall, p. 22. e. A stratum of rock 
found in anthracite mines which disin- 
tegrates on exposure to air. Hudson. 


fire clay brick. A refractory brick manufac- 


tured substantially or entirely from fire 
clay. HW. See also first quality fire 
clay brick; second quality fire clay brick; 
third quality fire clay brick. AISI, No. 24. 


fire clay goods. Mainly composed of fire clays 


with the addition of opening materials 
such as grog (granulated fire clay or 
sand). Rosenthal. 


fire clay mineral. A poorly crystallized (partly 


disordered) kaolinite. A.GI. 


fire clay plastic refractory. A fire clay mate- 


rial tempered with water and suitable for 
ramming into place to form a monolithic 
furnace lining that will attain satisfac- 
tory physical properties when subjected 
to the heat of furnace operation. ASTM 
C71-64. 


firecoat. A film produced on metallic surfaces 


firebrick. a. Bricks made from a very refrac- 


| fiorite. Siliceous sinter, named from Mount 
Santa Fiora, Tuscany, Italy. An opal oc- 
curring near hot springs. Fay. 

fire. a. To blast with gunpowder or other 

explosives. Fay. b. A word shouted by 
miners to warn one another when a shot 
is fired. Fay. c. Eng. A collier’s term for 
the explosive gas in mines. Fay. d. To 
explode or blow up. The expression “the 
pit has fired” signifies that an explosion 
of firedamp has taken place. Fay. e. Fuel 
in a state of combustion, as on a hearth, 
in a grate, furnace, etc. Fay. f. Flashes 
of spectrum colors from the facets of a 
cut stone, due to dispersion. See also 
dispersion. Anderson. g. The manifesta- 
tion of rapid combustion, or combination 
of materials with oxygen. Leet. 

| fire agate. a. A glass imitation of fire opal. 

___ Shipley. b. Same as goldstone. Shipley. 

| fire assay. The assaying of metallic ores, usu- 

ally gold and silver, by methods requiring 

a furnace heat. It commonly involves the 





} 
| 








Fire-Chek Keys. Trade name; 


tory clay to withstand intense heat. Mer- 
sereau, 4th, p. 260. b. An aluminosilicate 
brick of fire-clay composition. VV. 


fire bridge. The separating low wall between 


the fireplace and the hearth of a rever- 
beratory furnace. Fay. 


firebug. See mine patrolman. D.O.T. J. 
fire chamber. That part of a furnace which 


contains the fuel, as in a puddling fur- 
nace. Standard, 1964. 

pyrometric 
cones made by Bell Research, Inc., E. 
Liverpool, Ohio. Dodd. 


fire classification. The following explains the 


National Fire Protection Association classi- 
fications. Class A fires are defined as those 
in ordinary solid, combustible materials, 
such as coal, wood, rubber, textiles, paper, 
and rubbish. Class B fires are defined as 
those in flammable liquids, such as fuel or 
lubricating oils, grease, paint, varnish, and 
lacquer. Class C fires are defined as those 
in (live) electric equipment, such as oil- 





by oxidation due to the action of heat. 
Standard, 1964. 


fire crack. A fissure formed in metal during 


the process of reheating or that of anneal- 
ing. Standard, 1964. 


fire cracks. Cracks in ware caused by local 


temperature shock. ASTM C162-66. 


fired. a. Eng. Said of a mine when an explo- 


sion of firedamp has taken place. Fay. 
b. Said of one who has been discharged 
from work. Fay. 


firedamp. a. A combustible gas that is formed 


in mines by decomposition of coal or 
other carbonaceous matter, and that con- 
sist chiefly of methane; also the explosive 
mixture formed by this gas with air. Web- 
ster 3d. The gas is contained in the coal 
and often given off in large quantities, 
and explodes upon ignition when mixed 
with atmospheric air. Fay. Also called 
marsh gas; methane. b. A stone, brick, 
or concrete airtight stopping to isolate an 
underground fire, and to prevent the in- 
flow of fresh air and the outflow of foul 


firedamp 


air. See also seal. Also called firewall. 
Nelson. 

firedamp alarm. An instrument which gives 
a warning signal when the methane con- 
tent in the atmosphere exceeds a known 
value. Roberts, I, p. 83. 

firedamp cap. A small cap which forms over 
the flame of a safety lamp when sufficient 
firedamp (methane) is present. C.T.D. 

firedamp, dangers of. Firedamp is dangerous 
because (1) it may cause suffocation, and 
(2) it may cause an explosion. The pres- 
ence of firedamp in mine air reduces the 
oxygen available for breathing. If a flame 
safety lamp will not burn in the atmos- 
phere there is danger of suffocation 
through oxygen deficiency. Firedamp ex- 
plosions have been the cause of the worst 
coal mining disasters in history. See also 
methane. Nelson. 

firedamp detector. Usually a portable device 
to detect the presence and determine the 
percentage of firedamp in mine air. See 
also methanometer; sampling instrument. 
Nelson. 

firedamp detectors, automatic. See Ringrose 
firedamp alarm; Naylor Spiralarm. Sin- 
clair, I, pp. 28-29. 

firedamp detectors, nonautomatic. See Ceag 
Montlucon gas detector; McLuckie gas 
detector; S.M.R.E. firedamp_ recorder; 
M.S.A. methanometer. Sinclair, I, pp. 29- 
Bile 

firedamp drainage. The collection of firedamp 
from coal measures strata, generally into 
pipes, with or without the use of suction. 
Also called methane drainage. B.S. 3618, 
TICS, SCCs 2. 

firedamp drainage drill. A heavy compressed- 
air operated percussive, rotary or rotary- 
percussive drilling machine for putting up 
the boreholes in firedamp drainage. See 
also Hausherr DK9/51 drilling machine. 
Nelson. 

firedamp explosion. An explosion of a flam- 
mable mixture of firedamp and air. See 
also colliery explosion. Nelson. 

firedamp fringe. The zone of contact between 
the goaf gases and the ventilation air 
current at the face. Roberts, I, p. 229. 

firedamp layer. A sheetlike accumulation of 
firedamp under the roof of a mine road- 
way where the ventilation is too slug- 
gish to dilute and remove the gas. Al- 
though the term is new, the hazard existed 
since the earliest days of coal mining. A 
firedamp layer may be specified as one 
in which the gas is 5 percent or over and 
of a length greater than the width of the 
road in which it occurs. Nelson. 

firedamp migration. The movement of fire- 
damp through the strata or goaf of a 
mine. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

firedamp pressure chamber. A method of 
firedamp drainage in coal mines without 
boring. When old gobs are drained, pres- 
sure chambers are built at the intake to, 
and at the return from, the worked-out 
district. These areas or chambers are 
sealed off and the pressure controlled 
either manually or automatically. The 
gas is drawn from the chambers in pipes 
passing out through the main return. The 
method provides a supply of gas and the 
underground conditions are safer. Nelson. 

firedanip probe. A flexible rubber tube con- 
nected to a rod, which can be thrust into 
roof cavities and breaks so that a sample 
of the air may be transferred to a methan- 
ometer and its firedamp content deter- 
mined. An aspirator attached to the 





430 


methanometer is used to pump the air 
sample into the instrument. Nelson. 

firedamp reforming process. Methane has 
twice the calorific value of town’s gas, 
and in some cases, the gas obtained from 
firedamp drainage has to be modified by 
catalytic reforming before it can be passed 
into the mains. When mixed with steam 
and passed over a nickel catalyst, methane 
is converted to a mixture of hydrogen and 
carbon monoxide, and when this is 
blended with pure methane a gas having 
similar properties to town’s gas is pro- 
duced. Nelson. 

firedamp tests. Tests to detect the presence 
and concentration of firedamp in mine 
workings. When carrying out a test with 
a safety lamp, the flame is lowered until 
it is about one-eighth inch high. It then 
consists of a small blue flame with a spot 
of yellow light in the middle. At the top 
there is a faint halo of paler blue known 
as the fuel cap, which must not be mis- 
taken for a small gas cap. When firedamp 
is present it forms a faint bluish gas 
cap over the testing flame. The lowest 
percentage that can be estimated in this 
way is from 1 to 1% percent. As the 
percentage of gas increases, the gas cap 
gradually grows upwards, and at 2 per- 
cent it forms a triangle, about as high 
as the testing flame is wide. When the 
gas percentage increases further, the tri- 
angle gets taller and taller. See also flame 
safety lamp. Nelson. 

fire decorating. The process of firing ceramic 
or metallic decorations on the surface of 
ceramic ware. ASTM C242-60T. 

fire division wall. Any wall which subdivides 
a building so as to resist the spread of 
fire, but is not necessarily continuous 
through all stories to and above the roof. 
See also firewall. ACSG. 

fired on. Decoration fused into the surface 
of glazed pottery or glassware. Dodd. 

fire door. a. The door or opening through 
which fuel is supplied to a furnace or 
stove. Fay. b. A fireproof door in a build- 
ing or in a mine, as a door to enclose an 
area in which there is a mine fire. Fay. 

fired stone. Same as heated stone. Shipley. 

fired zircon. Any zircon, the original natural 
color of which has been changed or en- 
tirely eliminated by heating. The induced 
colors often fade. Shipley. 

fire engine. a. Scot. A name formerly given 
to the steam engine. Fay. b. Eng. A 
pump worked by hand for throwing water 
upon gob fires. Fay. 

fire extinguisher. A portable or wheeled appa- 
ratus for putting out small fires by eject- 
ing fire extinguishing agents that may 
consist of water alone, water and chemi- 
cals (as soda-acid solutions or foam), or 
chemicals alone (as carbon tetrachloride, 
carbon dioxide, or dry chemicals). Web- 
ster 3d. See also air foam extinguisher; 
carbon dioxide gas extinguisher; chemi- 
cal foam extinguisher; dry-powder ex- 
tinguisher; foam fire extinguisher; soda- 
acid extinguisher; water/carbon dioxide 
extinguisher. 

fire face. The surface of refractory walls ex- 
posed to direct heat of a furnace. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

fire feeder. a. An apparatus for feeding the 
fire of a furnace. Fay. b. A stoker. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

firefighter. In metal mining, one who is 
trained in fighting fires at the surface and 
especially underground, being subject to 





fireman, tail rope 


immediate call; generally instructed in 
use of self-contained oxygen breathing ap- 
paratus. Also called fireman or helmet 
rode Fi Lee DM OM from tie 

firefighting plan. A plan showing the positions 
of items of firefighting equipment. Sepa- 
rate plans are used for surface buildings 
and underground workings. B.S. 3618, 
UGG 3 ese Gane 

fire finished. Glassware that has received its 
final surface gloss by heating the ware, 
usually in a flame. Dodd. 

fire flooding. See in situ combustion. 

fire foam. A nonflammable blanket of foamed 
material (for example, alum, soda, and 
glue) used to extinguish fires where water 
would make matters worse, or where seal- 
ing off of oxygen is practicable. Pryor, 3. 

firefountaining. As a noun, the rhythmic erup- 
tion of gas-charged lava (normally ba- 
saltic) from a volcanic vent, either a lo- 
calized central vent or a fissure, forming 
a fountain of molten rock. Lava foun- 
tains are a common type of eruption in 
Hawaii. They issue from fissures along 
rift zones on the flanks of Mauna Loa, 
and commonly reach heights of 300 feet 
and even 1,000 feet in extreme cases. The 
coalescing of lava fountains along a fis- 
sure produces the so-called curtain of 
firenw4sG I: 

Firefrax. Brand names for series of air-setting 
and heat-setting cements, made from fire 
clay or kaolin, able to withstand high 
temperatures; used in laying and repair- 
ing firebricks, furnace linings, etc. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

fire glost. See glost firing. 

fire grate. The grate which holds the fuel in 
many forms of heaters and furnaces. Fay. 

fire-heavy. Eng. Words marked upon the scale 
of a mercurial barometer to indicate when 
much firedamp may be expected to be 
given off in the mine, and to show that 
extra vigilance is required to keep the 
ventilation up to its full strength. Fay. 

fire inspector. See mine patrolman. D.O.T. 1. 

fire kiln. An oven or place for heating any- 
thing. Fay. 

fire lamp. a. Eng. An iron basket on three 
legs, or hung by chains from posts, in 
which coal is burnt to give light to miners 
where gas is not used. Fay. b. An iron 
bucket or basket of fire suspended in a 
pit shaft (shallow mine) to create a 
draught or ventilation through the work- 
ings. Fay. 

fireman. a. Eng. A man whose duty it is to 
examine with a safety lamp the under- 
ground workings, to ascertain if gas is 
present, to see that doors, bratticing, stop- 
pings, etc., are in good order, and gen- 
erally to see that the ventilation is effi- 
cient. See also fire boss; fire fighter. Fay. 
b. In a metal mine, a miner whose duty 
it is to explode the charges of explosive 
used in headings and working places. 
C.T.D. c. In a fiery mine, the official who 
checks the underground explosive risk. 
Pryor, 3. d. In a coal mine, an official re- 
sponsible for safety conditions under- 
ground. See also deputy. C.T.D. 

fireman, fan. In bituminous coal mining, one 
who tends and fires the boiler generating 
steam for driving fans used for mine venti- 
lation: 2.027%. 7: 

fireman, tail rope. In bituminous coal mining, 
one who fires the boiler supplying steam 
for the engine which powers the tail-rope 
haulage system, a type of cable haulage 
used to raise and lower cars along an 

















fireman, tail rope 


incline between the surface and a level 
in a mine. D.O.T. 1. 


ji fireman, tipple. In bituminous coal mining, 


one who fires the boiler which generates 
steam for driving the machinery at the 
tipple where coal is prepared for market. 
DiOPie is 

| fireman, washer. 
DL OUMT: 


See fireman, washery. 


I fireman, washery. In anthracite coal mining, 


one who tends and fires the boiler gen- 

erating steam for driving the machinery 

in a coal-washing plant where coal is 

cleaned and separated from slate and 

other impurities to prepare it for market. 

Also called fireman, washer. D.O.T. 1. 
fire marble. See lumachelle. Fay. 


| firemarks. a. Tiny indentations similar in ap- 


pearance to pinholes, resulting from fir- 
ing the enamel coating at a higher tem- 
perature or for a longer length of time 
than necessary. ACSB-3. b. In clayware, 
any defect in the appearance of a prod- 
uct resulting from direct contact with 
flame. ACSG, 1963. 


| fire opal. A hyacinth-red opal which gives out 


firelike reflections. Fay. 

| fire-opal glass. Translucent glass imitating 
fire opal, usually has a specific gravity 
of 2.4 or more. Shipley. 


|| fire over. To allow a melting unit to idle at 


operating temperature. A.S.T.M. C162- 
66. 

| fire pan. York. See fire lamp, b. Fay. 

| fire patrolman. See mine patrolman. D.O.T. 1. 

| fire pillar. One of the vertical shafts, beneath 
each firehole, left in a setting of bricks 
in a top fired kiln. Also called feed shaft. 
Dodd. 


|| fire pit. See lava pit. A.GT. 
| fire point. Minimum temperature at which 


oil will burn continuously, as distinct from 
flashpoint. Pryor, 3. 

| fire-polish. To make glass smooth, rounded, 
or glossy by heating in a flame. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

| fire polishing. The polishing of glassware, 
decorated with a pressed pattern, by 
holding it in a glory hole. C.T.D. 


|| firepot. Vhe vessel which holds the fire in a 


furnace. Webster 3d. 


|| fire prevention officer. A suitable person ap- 


pointed by the manager of a mine to in- 
spect all fire-fighting appliances and 
equipment on the surface and under- 
ground. The equipment may include mo- 
bile pumps, hoses, extinguishers, etc. 
There are commonly fire stations on the 
surface and underground. There may be 
fire hydrants underground every 250 yards 
along main roadways to within about 50 
yards of the face. See also mine fires. 
Nelson. 


|| fireproofing. a. The act or process of making 


a thing fireproof. Webster 3d. b. The ma- 
terials used in the process. Webster 3d. 
c. A general name applied to those forms 
used in the construction of floor arches, 
Penna etc., for fireproof buildings. 
ay. 

| fireproofing brick clay. See hollow brick clay. 
C.C.D. 3d; 1942, p. 195. 

| fireproofing tile. a. Tile for use as a protection 
for structural members against fire. 
A.S.T.M. C43-65T. b. Tile designed for 
use in exterior or interior walls, partitions, 
or columns where faces of the units are 
exposed. AC'SG. 

| fire-refined copper. Copper which has been 
refined by the use of a furnace process 
only, including refinery shapes and, by ex- 





A431 


tension, fabricators products made there- 
from. Usually when this term is used 
alone, it refers to fire-refined, tough pitch 
copper without elements other than oxy- 
gen being present in significant amounts. 
ASM Gloss. See also fire refining. 

fire refining. a. The refining of blister copper 
by oxidizing the impurities in a reveratory 
furnace and removing the excess oxygen 
by poling. May be used as an alternative 
to electrolytic refining, and in any case 
is carried out as a preliminary to this. 
C.T.D. b. Includes a number of processes 
used for the removal of impurities from 
impure metals produced by the smelting 
process. Impurities are removed by in- 
troducing air into the molten metal or ex- 
posing the metal to air, and by the addi- 
tion of various fluxes and the removal of 
impurities as gases, drosses, or liquid 
slags. Lead, tin, and some types of im- 
pure copper are also fire-refined. E.C.T., 
v. 8, p. 937. 

fire resistance. This term has at times been 
used indiscriminately to denote the re- 
sistance of a material to ignition or to 
the spread of flame. In the relevant British 
Standard 476, part 1, the meaning is 
restricted to the performance of com- 
plete elements of a building structure 
without regard to the performance of the 
materials of which they are composed. In 
the United States, fire tests for building 
construction and materials are the subject 
of American Society for Testing Mate- 
rials—E119. Dodd. 

fire rib. S. Staff. A solid rib or wall of coal 
left between workings to confine gob 
fires. Fay. 

fire runner. In bituminous coal mining, one 
who enters mine immediately after blast- 
ing to search for any fires that might have 
been started by blast. Also called shot- 
firer runner; shot runner. D.O.T. 1. 

fire sand. a. Refractory oxides or carbides 
used for furnace linings. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
b. A sand so free from fluxes that it is 
highly refractory. Freeman. See also 
foundry sand; furnace sand. 

fire scale. Intergranular copper oxide remain- 
ing below the surface of silver-copper 
alloys that have been annealed and 
pickled. ASM Gloss. 

fire seal. a. A strip across an area through 
which neither fire nor noxious gases can 
penetrate. It involves not only sealing of 
stopes but levels also. Spalding, p. 226. 
b. See sealing; explosion-proof stopping. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 287. 

fire setting. An ancient method of tunneling 
through rock. A fire was built against 
the face of the mineral, which was then 
quenched with water, thus causing crack- 
ing. Pryor, 3. 

fire, single. The process of maturing an un- 
fired ceramic body and its glaze in one 
firing operation. A.S.T.M. C242-60T. 
Also called “one fire.” 

fire stink; gob stink. The smell given off when 
heating or spontaneous combustion oc- 
curs in the waste or elsewhere under- 
ground. Nelson. 

firestone. a. Pyrite which was formerly used 
for striking fire; also, flint. Webster 3d. 
‘b. A stone or rock capable of withstand- 
ing a considerable amount of heat with- 
out injury. C.T.D. c. Synonymous with 
fire clay. Fay. d. In a slag hearth, a plate 
of iron covering the front of the furnace 
except for a few inches of space between 
it and the bedplate. Webster 2d. 





firing impulse 


fire styth. See fire stink. Fay. 

fire tile. A tile, used in a furnace, which is 
unaffected by great heat. Standard, 1964. 

fire travel. The movement of the zone of 
highest temperature around the gallery 
of an annular kiln. A typical rate of fire 
travel is one chamber per day, often a 
little faster. Dodd. 

fire trier. Mid. A fire viewer. Hess. 

fire-tube boiler. See Lancashire boiler. Nelson. 

fire up. A command to start operating a drill 
either to collar a borehole or to restart 
work on the first working shift of a day. 
Long. 

fire viewer. A person whose duty it is to 
examine the workings of a mine with a 
safety lamp. A fire boss. Fay. 

firewall. a. A wall to prevent the spread of 
fire usually made of noncombustible ma- 
terials; especially a wall completely sepa- 
rating two parts of a building from the 
basement to three feet above the roof and 
consisting of fire-resistive material and 
having all openings protected by auto- 
matically closing fire doors. Webster. b. 
A wall to retain oil in case of its escape 
from a tank or to prevent the spread of 
burning oil. Webster 3d. 

firewatch miner. In metal mining, one who 
goes through a mine with his superior 
after each shift and looks for possible 
fire hazards. He works as a regular miner 
during the shift, but reports later, and 
makes his inspection after the shift has 
left the mine. D.O.T. 1. 

firing. a. The process of initiating the action 
of an explosive charge or the operation 
of a mechanism which results in a blast- 
ing action. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. b. 
(Eng.) In the Derbyshire coalfield, the 
application of heat by building fires upon 
hard strata in order to soften them, pre- 
liminary to the use of the pick. See also 
fire setting. Fay. c. The act or process of 
applying fire or intense heat to anything; 
as, in stoking. Standard, 1964. d. In min- 
ing, the igniting of explosive charges. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. e. High-tempera- 
ture treatment that sinters particles into 
a coherent product with desired proper- 
ties. VV. f. The controlled heat treat- 
ment of ceramic ware in a kiln or furnace, 
during the process of manufacture, to 
develop the desired properties. ACSC, 
1963. g. The process of heating ware to 
mature the applied coating into a porce- 
lain enamel or a ceramic coating. ACSG, 
1963. See also burning. h. Starting up a 
furnace or kiln. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

firing a mine. Eng. Maliciously setting fire to 
a coal mine. Fay. 

firing behavior. The changes in appearance 
and properties of ceramic ware when 
heated. ACSG, 1963. 

firing cable. See shotfiring cable. Nelson. 

firing circuit. See shotfiring circuit. Nelson. 

firing cycle. The time required for firing 
(burning) the porcelain enamel. Or, more 
particularly, the chart of time and tem- 
perature for a burning operation. Bryant. 

firing expansion. The increase in size that 
sometimes occurs when a refractory raw 
material or product is fired; it is usually 
expressed as a linear percentage expan- 
sion from the dry to the fired state. Fir- 
ing expansion can be caused by a crystal- 
line conversion (for example, of quartz 
into cristobalite, or of kyanite into mul- 
lite plus cristobalite), or by bloating. See 
also bloating. Compare after-expansion. 

firing impulse. As applied to electric blasting 


firing impulse 


caps, the minimum impulse of current 
required to fire a detonator. Fraenkel, v. 
SRATERTORIO, pao: 

firing key. A special key which fits the ex- 
ploder used in electric firing of blasting 
charges; carried by authorized shot firer. 
Pryor, 3. 

firing line. Scot. An appliance used in former 
times for clearing a room of firedamp. A 
prop being set up near the face, a ring 
was fixed in it near the roof, and a cord 
or wire passed through the ring. Attach- 
ing his lamp to one end of the cord, the 
miner withdrew to a distance, and pull- 
ing the cord raised the lamp to the height 
necessary to explode the accumulated fire- 
damp. Fay. 

firing machine. a. A designation for the elec- 
tric blasting machine. Fay. b. An appa- 
ratus for feeding a boiler furnace with 
coal. A mechanical stoker. Fay. 

firing point. Eng. That point at which fire- 
damp mixed with atmospheric air ex- 
plodes. The percentages of gas vary from 
6 to 13 percent, with the maximum ex- 
plosibility at about 11 percent. Fay. 

firing range. a. The range of firing tempera- 
ture within which a ceramic composition 
develops properties which render it com- 
mercially useful. ASTM (C242-60. b. 
The time-temperature interval in which 
a porcelain enamel or ceramic coating is 
satisfactorily matured. ASTM C286-65. 

firing shrinkage. The decrease in size that 
usually occurs when ceramic ware is 
fired; it is usually expressed as a linear 
percentage contraction from the dry to 
the fired state. Firing shrinkage always 
occurs with shaped products containing 
plastic clay and often amounts to 5 to 6 
percent. Compare after-contraction. Dodd. 

firing temperature. The peak (top) tempera- 
ture reached during firing. Normally con- 
sidered as the setting for the furnace. 
Bryant. 

firing time. The period during which the ware 
remains in the firing zone of the furnace 
to mature the coating. ASTM C286-65. 

firkin. In England, a measure of capacity, 
usually one-fourth barrel. Standard, 1964. 

firm. Corn. A solid shelf of rock; the same as 
bedrock. See also shelf. Fay. 

firmament stone. Precious opal. Shipley. 

firm clay. Clay or silt which can be spade dug 
and molded by squeezing in the hand. 
Ham. 

firmly bound carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide 
contained in calcium carbonate or in dis- 
solved carbonate anions. A.GJ. Supp. 

firn. a. More or less compacted snow-ice oc- 
curring above the snowline; it consists of 
small rounded crystalline grains formed 
from snow crystals. Also called névé. 
C.T.D. b. Snow above the glaciers which 
is partly consolidated by alternate thaw- 
ing and freezing, but has not yet become 
glacier ice. A.G.J. c. Compacted, granular 
but still pervious, snow with a density 
usually higher than 0.4 but lower than 
0.82. It is considered by some to be any 
snow that has survived one or more abla- 
tion seasons. Firn may later become gla- 
cial ice. A.GJ. 

firn basin. The accumulation area of a gla- 
cier. A.G.I. 

firn field. a. A mass of firn which is not part 
of a glacier. A.G.J. b. The accumulation 
area of a glacier. In this sense, it is 
synonymous with firn basin. A.G_I. 

firnification. The process by which snow is 
changed into firn. A.G.I. 





432 


first. Sometimes used to designate high-quality 
drill diamonds. Long. 

first aid. a. Emergency, crude repair of a bit 
made by a drill runner at the drill site. 
Long. b. The assistance or treatment given 
an injured workman immediately after, 
or as soon as possible after, the injury 
occurs. Long. 

first arrival. The primary or first impulse re- 
corded by seismographs. In the refrac- 
tion method of seismic prospecting, the 
quantity observed is the time between the 
initiation of the seismic wave by an ex- 
plosion and the first disturbance indicated 
by a seismic detector at a measured dis- 
tance from the shot point. Since first 
arrivals only are considered, the wave 
causing the disturbance is that wave 
which has traveled the minimum time 
path between the shot point and the de- 
tector. A.GJ. Also called first impetus; 
initial impulse; initial kick. Schiefer- 
decker. 

first break. See weight break. Briggs, p. 162. 

first bye. A diamond with a faint greenish 
tint. Schaller. 

first-class conduction. Electrical conduction 
by the transfer of free electrons. The flow 
of electricity through a first-class or me- 
tallic conductor is a director flow of free 
electrons. Also called metallic conduction. 
Newton, Joseph. Introduction to Metal- 
lurgy, 1938, p. 22, 439. 

first-class lever. A bar having a fulcrum (pivot 
point) between the points where force 
is applied and where it is exerted. Ni- 
chols. 

first-class ore; shipping ore. An ore of suf- 
ficient value to admit of selling to a 
smelter or reduction plant. See also sec- 
ond-class ore. Nelson. 

first helper. One who tends an open-hearth 
furnace in which scrap iron is melted and 
purified to make steel; keeps records per- 
taining to weight of charges, time con- 
sumed in melting operations, and furnace 
temperature. Also called melter assistant; 
open-hearth furnace operator. D.O.T. 1. 

first impetus. See first arrival. Schieferdecker. 

first man. Leic. The head butty or coal getter 
in a stall. Fay. 

first mining. In the room-and-pillar method, 
that part of the coal that is won from 
the rooms as distinguished from the sec- 
ond part which is the extraction of the 
remaining pillars. Stoces, v. 1, p. 349. 

first-of-the-air. a. Ark. That part of the air 
current which has just entered a mine, 
or working place; the intake air. Fay. 
b. Ark. The working place of a mine, 
or the split, which is nearest the intake, or 
received the first of the air. Fay. 

first order geosyncline. An extensive belt of 
major geosynclines such as that of the 
Alpine system. A.G.I. Supp. 

first order nappe. An overturned, generally 
recumbent anticlinal fold in which the 
middle part of the overturned limb is re- 
placed by a thrust fault. A.GJ. Supp. 

first-quality fire clay brick. A trade term usu- 
ally indicating fire clay brick of the high 
duty class, as classified by A.S.T.M. 
A.R.JI. See also high-heat duty fire clay 
brick. 

first ripping. The ripping work carried out as 
the roadway is being formed and driven 
forward. See also second ripping. Nelson. 

firsts. a. N.S.W. The best ore picked from 
a mine. New South Wales. b. Pottery 
ware that has been selected as virtually 





fisheye 


free from blemishes. Compare lump; sec- 
onds. Dodd. 

first side. The surface of plate which is ground 
and polished first. ASTM C162-66. 

first water. Gems, particularly diamonds, of 
the highest value, irrespective of size, are 
said to be of the first water. In diamonds, 
the term applies to stones which are 
flawless, without color or are almost blu- 
ish-white. A slight amount of color de- 
tracts from the value and they are said 
to be off color. Nelson. 

first way. Rift; reed; cleavage way. See also 
easy way. Arkell. 

first weight. The first indication of roof pres- 
sure which takes place after the removal 
of coal from a seam. C.T.D. 

first working; advance working. The removal 
of the coal in driving the entries and 
rooms. Kentucky, p. 332. Compare sec- 
ond working. 

firth. a. A narrow arm of the sea. Webster 3d. 
b. The opening of a river into the sea. 
Synonym for estuary; frith (a variant 
spelling). A.G.I. 

fir-tree bit. A rotary bit in which a number 
of cutting edges are arranged behind a 
pilot bit to enlarge the hole to the re- 
quired diameter. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

fir-tree crystal. A type of dendrite. ASM 
Gloss. 

Fischer-Tropsch process. Hydrogenation of 
carbon monoxide to form hydrocarbons 
from coal or natural gases. Pryor, 3. 

fish. a. Eng. To catch up a drowned clack by 
means of a fish head. See also fish head. 
Fay. b. To join two beams, rails, etc., to- 
gether by long pieces at their sides. Zern. 
c. To pull up or out from, or as from 
some deep place, as if by fishing. Said 
of recovering lost or broken well-boring 
tools. Fay. d. The article recovered and/ 
or the act or processes involved in the re- 
covery of lost drilling tools, casing, or 
other articles from a borehole. Also called 
fishing. Long. e. Any foreign material in 
a well which cannot be removed at will. 
Brantly, 2. 

fish backs. A term aplied to groups of closely 
spaced fractures in marble deposits. Fay. 

fishbed. In geology, a deposit containing the 
fossil remains of fishes in predominant 
quantity among those of other marine 
animals. Also called bone bed. Fay. 

fish bellied. Said of (1) steel girders with a 
convex lower edge; and (2) long straight- 
edges, which are convex upward; such a 
form results in greater resistance to bend- 
ing. C.T.D. 

fished joint. A rail joint made by means of 
fishplates. Ham. 

Fisher subsieve sizer. An apparatus using a 
gas permeability method for determina- 
tion of the average particle diameter of 
powders. A sample, equal in weight 
(grams) to the true density of the mate- 
rial, is compacted between two porous 
plugs in a metal tube, to a known poro- 
sity. Air or a suitable gas, under a con- 
stant pressure head, is passed through the 
compressed sample and rate of flow mea- 
sured by a calibrated flowmeter. The 
average particle diameter of the powder 
is indicated directly on a self-calculating 
chart by the liquid height in one arm of 
the flowmeter tube. No dispersion is re- 
quired and the results are unaffected by 
particle shape. Osborne. 

fisheye. a. A little-used name for moonstone, 
also for opal with a girasol effect. Ship- 
ley. b. A popular trade term for any 








fisheye 


transparent faceted stone so cut that its 
center is lacking in brilliancy. Shipley. c. 
A diamond cut too thin to present the 
maximum effect of brilliancy. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 


which part of the calctum may be re- 
placed by potassium. Synonym for apo- 
phyllite. Fay. 
\fish head. Scot. A tool for extracting clacks 
} (valves) from mine pumps. Fay. 
} fishing. a. In drilling, the operation by which 
| lost or damaged tools are secured and 
brought to the surface from the bottom 
of a well. Fay. b. The operation of at- 
tempting to recover a piece of drilling 
or other equipment broken off or lost from 
the drilling tools and left in the hole. 
oe AGS. 

fishing jars. Jars having a longer stroke than 
drill jars. They are used in jarring loose 
a drilling string or casing stuck in a bore- 
hole. Long. 

\fishing job. Foreign material or tools in the 

hole which must be removed. Brantly, 2. 

‘fishing salt; fishery salt. Coarse-grained salt 

|} produced in various ways, usually grainer 

or solar salt. Kaufmann. 

| fishing spear. A square-shaped, long-tapered 

tool, screwed on the end of either left- 

hand-threaded or rosined rods and used 
to fish or recover drill rods from a bore- 
hole one length at a time. Long. 

\fishing string. A length of drill rods (usually 
either left-hand-threaded or with the 
couplings rosined) used in fishing opera- 
tions. Long. 

‘fishing tap. A thread-cutting tool to cut 
threads inside a casing or other hollow 
part that is to be fished from a borehole. 
Long. 

\fishing tool. a. A tool to recover or overcome 
broken bits or other harmful objects from 
the bottom of a borehole. Pieces of metal 
are sometimes recovered by the use of a 
strong magnet attached to the drill string. 
See also screw bell. Nelson. b. Apparatus 
of various types used on the end of a 
drill string to fish or remove from the 
hole lost pieces of drilling equipment or 
tramp iron. Long. 

\\\fishing-tool operator. In petroleum produc- 
tion, one who extracts lost equipment 
and removes other obstacles that are en- 
countered in the borehole while drilling 
oil or gas wells, or that obstruct flow from 
producing wells, by devising methods and 
directing use of special tools. Also called 
oil well fishing-tool operator. D.O.T. 1. 

\fishplate. Specially shaped steel plates for 
joining the end of one rail to the next 
rail in the track. The fishplates are fixed 
(one on each side) to overlap the rail 
ends and bolted through the rails. Nelson. 

‘fish scale. A defect, sometimes occurring in 
sheet steel enamelware where a small 
chip or particle of the fired coating liter- 
ally jumps from the surface, the chips 
being half-moon-shaped particles some- 
what resembling the scales of a fish. Fish 
scale is a ground coat defect but often 
does not occur until the cover coat has 
been applied and burned. Hansen. See 
also. delayed fish scaling; process fish 
scaling. A.S.T.M. C286-65. 

‘fishtail. a. An abrupt and ragged termination 
of a coalbed that is considered to have 
resulted from a washout during the peat 
stage. The more or less leathery peat is 
believed to have been separated parallel 
to its bedding, permitting wedges of sand 















433 


and silt to be forced into the separations 
in such a manner that, after the coalifica- 
tion has taken place, a cross section shows 
splayed and ragged coal separated by 
sandstone wedges. Raistrick and Marshall, 
pp. 81-82. b. The act or process of ro- 
tatively drilling a borehole with a fishtail 
bit. Also called fishtailing. Long. c. In 
roll forging, the excess trailing end of a 
forging. It is often used, before being 
trimmed off, as a tong hold for a subse- 
quent forging operation. ASM Gloss. 

fishtail bit. A rotary bit used to drill soft for- 
mations. The blade is flattened and di- 
vided, the divided ends curving away 
from the direction of rotation. It re- 
enn a fishtail. A.G.J. Also called drag 
it. 

fishtail bolt. Anchor bolt having a split tail, 
cast into concrete or bedded in masonry. 
Ham. 

fishtail mica. See A-structure. Skow. 

fishtail structure. A coal seam structure some- 
times observed along the fringe of a 
washout. It was probably produced by 
the water forcing open layers of the 
coaly mass and the injection of fine sand 
or silt into the splayed partings—the veins 
of coal branching out like a fishtail. Nel- 
son. 

fissile. a. Capable of being split, as schist, 
slate, and shale. See also fissility. Fay; 
A.G.I. b. Synonym for fissionable. Fissile 
is used more in England and in Canada 
than in the United States. N.R.C.-A.S.A. 
N1.1-1957. 

fissile bedding. Bedding which consists. of 
laminae less than 2 millimeters in thick- 
ness. A.G.I. 

fissile material. See fissionable material. L@L. 

fissile rock. A rock which splits into thin 
layers, no matter to what cause that 
splitting is due. See also slate. Nelson. 

fissility. The quality of being fissile. Web- 
ster 3d. b. The property of rocks char- 
acterized by separation into parallel lami- 
nae, as slate, schist, etc. Webster 2d. c. 
The property of splitting easily along 
closely spaced parallel planes. A.G.I. 

fission. a. The splitting of an atomic nucleus 
(as by bombardment with neutrons) espe- 
cially into approximately equal parts, re- 
sulting in the release of enormous quan- 
tities of energy when certain heavy 
elements, such as uranium and plutonium, 
are split. Also called nuclear fission. Con- 
trasted with fusion. Webster 3d. b. The 
splitting of an atomic nucleus into at 
least two parts of comparable size, ac- 
companied by the ejection of two or 
three neutrons and occasionally other par- 
ticles. A.GJ. 

fissionable. Capable of undergoing fission, 
usually by the action of neutrons, but 
also of protons, deutrons, alpha particles, 
electrons, and gamma radiation. A.G.I. 

fissionable material. Any material readily fis- 
sioned by slow neutrons; for example, 
uranium 235 and plutonium 239. L@L. 

fission-product elements. Radioactive isotopes 
of atomic numbers 35 to 60, inclusive. 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

fission-product poisoning. The absorption or 
capture of neutrons by fission products 
in a reactor, decreasing its reactivity. 
L&L. 

fission products. The nuclides produced by 
the fission of a heavy element nuclide, 
such as uranium 235 or plutonium 239. 
Thirty-five fission-product elements from 
zinc through gadolinium have been identi- 








fit 


fied from slow neutron fission. N.R.C.- 
A.S.A. N1.1-1957. They are of medium 
atomic weight, and almost all are radio- 
active; for example, strontium 90 and 
cesium 137. L@L. 

fission yield. The quantity of energy released 
by fission in a nuclear explosion as dis- 
tinct from that released by fusion. L@L. 

fissle; fistle. The sound which is heard in a 
coal mine when the floor is rising because 
of pressure. C.T.D. 

fissure. a. An extensive crack, break, or frac- 
ture in the rocks. A mere joint or crack 
persisting only for a few inches or a few 
feet is not usually termed a fissure by 
geologists or miners, although in a strict 
physical sense it is one. Where there are 
well-defined boundaries, very slight evi- 
dence of ore within such boundaries is 
sufficient to prove the existence of a lode. 
Such boundaries constitute the sides of 
a fissure. See also vein; lode; fissure vein. 
Fay. b. A high, narrow, relatively straight 
passageway in a cave. A.G.I. 

fissure cave. A cave developed along a fissure. 
Schieferdecker. 

fissured. Synonym for fractured. A.G.I. 

fissured clay. A clay such as London clay, 
having a network of joints which open 
in dry weather. See also intact clay. Ham. 

fissure eruption. See eruption, volcanic. A.G.I. 

fissure system. A group of fissures having the 
same age and approximately parallel strike 
and dip. Stokes and Varnes, 19505. 

fissure theory. The earliest theory to explain 
the occurrence of oil or gas in pools on 
anticlines. Proposed by Hunt in 1861, it 
assumes that the arching of strata caused 
them to break along the crest of the anti- 
cline, thus producing numerous small fis- 
sures. In 1878 Carll first pointed out that 
oil occurred in porous beds rather than 
in fractures or fissures. A.G.I. 

fissure vein. a. A cleft or crack in the rock 
material of the earth’s crust, filled with 
mineral matter different from the walls 
and precipitated therein from aqueous 
solution, or introduced by sublimation or 
pneumatolysis. Fay. b. A mineral mass, 
tabular in form, as a whole, although 
frequently irregular in detail, occupying 
or accompanying a fracture or a set of 
fractures in the enclosing rock. This min- 
eral mass has been formed later than 
the country rock, either through the fill- 
ing of open spaces along the latter or 
through chemical alteration of the ad- 
joining rock. Fay. c. A fissure in the 
earth’s crust filled with mineral. Fay. 
d. A fissure vein or lode may have in 
addition to the clear fissure filling of 
mineral a considerable amount of decom- 
posed wall rock, clay, etc. See also fis- 
sure; lode; vein. Fay. 

fistle. See fissle. Fay. 

fit. a. The amount of clearance or interfer- 
ence between mating parts is called ac- 
tual fit. Fit is the preferable term for the 
range of clearance or interference which 
may result from the specified limits on 
the dimensions (limits of size) of the 
shaft and hole. ASA B4.1-1955, Pre- 
ferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical 
Parts, standardizes on the names for 740 
classes and sizes of fits each with a defi- 
nite range of clearance or interference 
as a result of the given tolerances on hole 
and shaft. The standard gives 9 classes of 
running and sliding fits for 21 size ranges, 
11 classes of clearance locations fits for 
21 size ranges, 6 classes of transitional 


fit 


fits for 13 size ranges, 2 classes of inter- 
ference locational fits for 21 size ranges, 
and 4 classes of force and shrink fits for 
40 size ranges. ASM Gloss. b. The ad- 
justment of a glaze to a clay or to an 
already fired clay body. ASCG. See also 
glaze fit. 

fitcher. Corn. To stick fast, as a drill. Fay. 

fitchered. Said of a drill hold sufficiently 
crooked to make a drill stick. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

fitchering. Corn. In drilling of short holes, 
jamming of bit in drill hole. Pryor, 3. 

fit state. In Great Britain, adequate ventila- 
tion in a mine. Mason, v. 1, p. 183. 

fittage. Newc. Expenses incurred in selling 
the coal. Fay. 

fitter. a. Broadly, a skilled man who can re- 
repair and assemble machines in an engi- 
neering shop. In coal mining, there is at 
least one fitter employed underground 
on each shift. His main duties are the 
maintenance and repair of machinery, 
such as coal cutters, conveyors, pumps, 
haulages, etc. See also mechanic. Nelson. 
b. Eng. The person who sells coal at 
the shipping port. A coal factor. See also 
factor. Fay. 

fitting. a. Scot. The whole machinery, plant, 
and works of a colliery. Fay. b. Scot. 
Selling coal, as the business of a fitter. 
Fay. c. Hand or bench work involved in 
the assembly of finished parts by a fitter. 
C.TD: 

fitting maker. See junction maker. D.O.T. 1. 

fitting office. Newc. The office for the trans- 
action of business relating to coal sales, 
at the shipping port. Fay. 

fittings. a. Auxiliary and accessory tools and 
equipment needed to drill a borehole 
using either percussive, churn, rotary, dia- 
mond, or other types of drills. Long. b. 
Denotes the pieces to be attached to pipes 
to connect them or provide outlets, etc. 
Long. c. Small auxiliary parts of an en- 
gine or machine. C.T.D. d. Boiler acces- 
sories, as valves, gauges, etc. C.T.D. e. 
Special sizes and shapes of wall and floor 
tiles. In the United Kingdom, called fit- 
tings; in the United States, trimmers. See 
also oddments. Also called trimmers. 
Dodd. 

fit-up. Formwork for concrete which is framed 
so that it can be struck as a complete 
unit without being damaged. Ham. 

Fitz Mill. A type of fine grinding unit used, 
for example, in the preparation of the 
body for sparking plugs; trade name— 
W. J. Fitzpatrick Co. Dodd. 

fiveling. A twinned crystal formed by fivefold 
cyclic twinning. A.G.J. Supp. 

fix. a. The position on a map of a point of 
observation obtained by surveying pro- 
cesses. Also, the act of determining such 
a position. A.G.J. b. To fettle or line 
with a fix or fettling, consisting of ores, 
scrap, and cinder, or other suitable sub- 
stances, the hearth of puddling furnace. 
Fay. 

fixation. a. The act or process by which a 
fluid or a gas becomes or is rendered 
firm or stable in consistency, and evapora- 
tion or volatilization is prevented. Specifi- 
cally, that process by which a gaseous 
body becomes fixed or solid on uniting 
with a solid body, as the fixation of oxy- 
gen or the fixation of nitrogen. Fay. b. 
A state of nonvolatility or the process of 
entering such a state; as, the fixation of 
a metal or the fixation of nitrogen in a 
nitrate by bacteria. Standard, 1964. c. 





434 


A process by which dye colors are made 
permanent. Standard, 1964. 

fix-bitumens. A group name for all authi- 
genic, nonfluid bitumens; divided into 
stabile protobitumens and metabitumens. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fixed; clamped; built-in; encastré. A condition 
of support at the ends of a beam or 
column, or at the edges of a plate, which 
prevents the ends or edges from rotating 
in the plane of bending. It does not imply 
longitudinal constraint. Compare held. Ro. 

fixed ash. a. The fine mud or silt washed in 
by water during the formation of the coal 
seam. Mason, v. 2, p. 644. b. See inherent 
ash. 

fixed capital. That sunk in installation and 
works which is virtually unrealizable apart 
from its use in producing mineral which 
can be sold. Includes earthworks, shafts 
and tunnels, hydroelectric schemes of 
purely local value specific to the mine. 
Pryor, 3. 

fixed carbon. a. In the case of coal, coke, and 
other bituminous materials, the solid resi- 
due other than ash, obtained by destruc- 
tive distillation, determined by definite 
prescribed methods. ASTM .DI121-62. 
b. A calculated figure obtained by sub- 
tracting from 100, the sum of the per- 
centages of moisture, volatile matter, and 
ash. B.S. 3323, 1960. c. That part of the 
carbon which remains when coal is heated 
in a closed vessel until the volatile matter 
is driven off. It is the nonvolatile matter 
minus the ash. Fay. 

fixed-cistern barometer. See Kew-type barom- 
eter. Roberts, I, p. 19. 

fixed clip monocable. An aerial ropeway in 
which a moving endless rope both sup- 
ports and transports carriers which are 
permanently fixed to it. The length of 
the line may be several miles. Individual 
loads are limited to about 2 hundred- 
weight and total capacity seldom exceeds 
about 15 tons per hour. See also normal 
monocable; single jig-back. Nelson. 

fixed coastal barrier. A barrier which has be- 
come partly or wholly attached to the 
mainland by landward migration or by 
silting up of the enclosed lagoon or tidal 
flat area. Schieferdecker. 

fixed electrode method. A geophysical survey- 
ing method used in self-potential system 
of prospecting in which one electrode re- 
mains stationary while the other is 
grounded at progressively greater distances 
from it. The method indicates the min- 
eral sought directly beneath the greatest 
anomaly and has been extensively and 
successfully used to prospect both min- 
eral ores, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite and 
galena, and insulating material like cinna- 
bar and stibnite. Sinclair, II, pp. 194-195. 

fixed-feed grinding. Grinding where the wheel 
is fed into the work, or vice versa, by 
given increments or at a given rate. 
ASM Gloss. 

fixed-flexible-type carrying idler. Consists of 
a flexible-type carrying idler mounted in 
a rigid frame which fixes the position 
of the points or roll support. NEMA 
MBI1-1961. 

fixed ground water. Ground water held in 
saturated material having interstices so 
small that it is permanently attached to 
the pore walls, and is usually not avail- 
able as a source of water for pumping. 
A.G.JI. 

fixed guides; rigid guides. Wood bars or steel 
rails fixed vertically to cross buntons in 








flabby cast 


a shaft. The cage shoes travel along the 
guides and therefore prevent the cage 
from swinging and doing damage in the 
shaft. Some skips are fitted with rubber- 
tyred rollers running on 6- by 4-inch steel 
channel guides. Guide shoes may be fitted 
to act as alternative guides in case of 
breakdown of rollers. Fixed guides are 
used when shaft space is limited, that is, 
when the clearances do not permit the 
use of flexible or rope guides. Nelson. 

fixed needle traverse. In surveying, one made 
with compass fitted with sight line which 
can be moved above a graduated horizon- 
tal circle, so that the azimuth angle can 
be read as with a theodolite. Used for 
rough work where the local existence of 
magnetic material might deflect a swing- 
ing (loose) compass needle. Pryor, 3. 

fixed-position welding. Welding in which the 
‘work is held in a stationary position. 
ASM Gloss. 

fixed rent. Scot. The minimum yearly rent for 
use of a mineral field. Fay. See also mini- 
mum rent. Nelson. 

fixed retaining walls. Walls which are rigidly 
supported at top and bottom. Such walls 
have to withstand a pressure much 
greater than that due to earth pressure on 
a free retaining wall. Ham. 

fixed screen. A stationary inclined or curved 
panel, commonly of wedgewire, which is 
used to remove a large proportion of 
water and fines from a suspension of coal 
in water. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

fixed wrench. A wrench the jaws of which are 
rigidly fixed and not adjustable; also, a 
rod-pulling wrench made by welding the 
movable jaw to the handle of a discarded 
Stilson or pipe wrench in such a position 
that the distance between the two jaws 
of the wrench is about one-eighth inch 
greater than the diameter of the rod on 
which the wrench will be used. Long. 

fixing block. A building unit that may be 
made of clay, lightweight concrete or 
breeze, and that is sufficiently soft to per- 
mit nails to be driven in but sufficiently 
nonfriable to hold the nails firmly in 
position. Clay fixing blocks are made to 
have a high porosity, the pores being of 
controlled size. Dodd. 

fixing moment. Bending moment required at 
the end support of a beam to fix it so 
that it will not rotate. Ham. 

fixture. An article which may or may not 
actually be affixed to the freehold as, for 
instance, engines, boilers, hoisting works, 
mills, pumps, electric hoist firmly bolted 
to the substructure upon which it rests, 
the superstructure and engine house suffi- 
ciently affixed to the soil for mining pur- 
poses, a gallows frame together with 
the gallows and transformers forming in- 
tegral parts of one mechanism. So, der- 
ricks, belt houses, wells, oil-well casing, 
tanks, pump house, camp house, and 
bunkhouse, affixed to the land become a 
part of the realty. Ricketts, p. 377. 

fizelyite. A dark lead-gray sulfantimonite of 
lead and silver, 5PbS.Ag.S.4Sb.Ss. Deeply 
striated prisms. Monoclinic. From Kis- 
banya, Romania. English. 

flabby cast. A fault sometimes encountered 
in the casting of pottery ware. The ar- 
ticle appears satisfactory as cast but sub- 
sequently deforms, either as a result of 
a thixotropic effect or because the in- 
terior of the casts is still fluid; if the 
cause is thixotropy, the amount of sodium 
silicate (Na) and NazCOs used as defloc- 

















|| flaikes. 


| 





flabby cast 


culant should be increased; the second 
cause is most common in the casting of 
thick ware and is prevented by increas- 
ing the casting rate. Dodd. 


||| flabellate. Resembling a fan in shape. Web- 


ster 3d. 

| flag. a. Sandstone or sandy limestone rocks, 
usually more or less micaceous, which are 
fissile along the bedding planes, splitting 
into slabs. Sometimes misnamed slates 
because used for roofing rather than pav- 
ing. Arkell. b. A track signal or target. 
Zern. c. Ches. A bed of hard marl over- 
lying the top stratum of a salt bed. Fay. 
d. A thin slab of stone. See also flag- 
stone. Fay. 


|| flagger. In bituminous coal mining, a laborer 


who attaches a flag to the rear car of a 
loaded train of cars (if flag is missing 
at end of haulage trip, it denotes train 


has lost one or more cars, and all motor-- 


men are warned). Also called flagman. 
DrOeiinl. 


||| flagging. a. In geophysical work, the use by 


surveyors of flags of cloth, paper, or plas- 
tic to mark instrumental or shot loca- 
tions. A.G.J. b. A pavement of large 
stone slabs. A.G.I. Supp. c. Slabs of slate 
used for paving porches, patios, terraces, 
verandas, walkways, and for stepping 
stones. A.J.A1.E., p. 797. 

flagging a squib. Uncoiling the end of the 
paper which is impregnated with sulfur 
or some other combustible substance. Flag- 
ging the squib permits more time to 
elapse from the ignition of the unrolled 
paper and the firing of the charge of 
powder. Fay. 

flaggy. a. Capable of being split into parallel- 
faced slabs thicker than slates. Fay. b. 
Strata from 10 to 100 millimeters thick. 
ANGLIA 

flagman. See flagger. D.O.T. 1. 

flags. Thin-bedded hard sandstones that can 
be used for flagstones. A.G.I. Supp. 

flagstaffite. Colorless, transparent, orthorhom- 
bic crystals identical with terpene hydrate, 
CioH20O2.H2O, found with resin in the 
radial cracks of fossil pine trees. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 

flagstone. A rock that splits readily into slabs 
suitable for flagging. Fay. 

Sandstone which splits along the 

grain. C.T.D. 


|| flail. A hammer hinged to an axle so that it 


can be used to break or crush material. 
Nichols. 

flajolotite. A discredited term equal to tri- 
puhyite, probably FeSbO.. American Min- 
eralogist, v. 39, No. 3-4, March-April 
1954, p. 405. 

flake. A flat fragment of a rock or a mineral 
with maximum dimension of less than 4 
millimeters. A.G.J. 

flake copper. Very thin scales of native cop- 
per. Weed, 1922. 

flake mica. Finely divided mica recovered 
from mica and sericite schist and as a 
byproduct of feldspar and kaolin benefici- 
ation. See also scrap mica. Skow. 

flake powder. In powder metallurgy, flat or 
scalelike particles, relatively thin. ASM 
Gloss. 

flake sulfur; float sufur. Pyrite occurring as 
thin flakes on the natural cleavage sur- 
faces of coal that floats readily on the 
surface of the wash water in the washing 
process. Mitchell, p. 67. 

| flake white. A name sometimes given to pure 
white lead. Fay. 

| flaking. a. Thin chips or slivers that break 





435 


from a ceramic surface. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. The breaking of small chips from 
a refractory face, particularly chrome ore 
containing refractories. This may be allied 
with bursting. AJS.I. No. 24. 

flambé. A form of lusterware, usually red or 
yellow, with flamelike splashes of blue, 
violet, and other colors, giving changing 
tints in different aspects. C.T.D. 

flambé glaze. A flow glaze with copper, which 
gives a variegated effect. A.C.S.G., 1963. 

flamboyant structure. The optical continuity 
of the crystals or grains as disturbed by a 
divergent structure caused by slight dif- 
ferences in orientation. A.G.I. 

flame. A burning mixture of a combustible 
gas (or vapor) and air. Solid fuels burn 
with a glow, but with little flame. Flames 
are normally hot, but under some condi- 
tions are cool. Principal types of flame 
are: luminous, nonluminous, long (lazy) 
flames, and short flames. Francis, 1965, v. 
2, p. 436. 

flame coal. High volatile bituminous coal that 
burns with a bright flame. A.G.J. Supp. 

flame coloration. See flame reaction. Fay. 

flame-coloration tests. In mineral identifica- 
tion, qualitative tests made by moisten- 
ing powdered material with Hcl, plac- 
ing a few grains on platinum or nickel- 
chrome wire, and noting any color im- 
parted to blue Bunsen flame. Sodium 
gives a strong yellow flame; calcium light 
red; strontium crimson; barium green; 
potassium lilac; copper blue-green. Pryor, 3. 

flame cutting. Steel and other metals can be 
cut with an oxyhydrogen, oxycoal gas, or 
oxyacetylene flame up to a thickness of 
about 40 inches. Modern flame cutting 
profiling machines operate to close toler- 
ance. Ham. 

flame drill method. Another name for jet 
piercing. AIME, p. 326. 

flame gun. A large blowtorch using kerosine 
for fuel. Nichols. 

flame hardening. A method for local harden- 
ing in which the steel is heated by a 
mechanically operated oxyacetylene blow- 
pipe which traverses the object to be 
hardened at a _ predetermined rate. 
Quenching is often carried out by a jet 
of water following immediately behind, 
also mechanically controlled. The hard- 
ened layer may vary in depth from a 
mere skin to 0.25 inch, according to the 
material being treated. Ham. 

flame inhibitor. A substance, such as hexa- 
chloroethane, used for coating limestone 
dust for use in stone-dust barriers. The 
inhibitor is dissolved in the waterproof- 
ing agent. Tests have indicated its effec- 
tiveness in preventing or reducing the 
propagation of coal-dust explosions. Nel- 
son. 

flame kiln. A limekiln burning wood. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

flameless combustion. Term sometimes used 
for surface combustion. See also surface 
combustion. Dodd. 

flame opal. a. Opal in which red play of 
color occurs in more or less irregular 
streaks. Shipley. b. A flash opal with red 
as the predominant color. Shipley. 

flame photometry. The spectrum measure- 
ment of a substance heated to incandes- 
cence in a flame. A.G.J. Supp. 

flame plating. This process, developed by 
Linde Air Products Company, is the ap- 
plication of a thin coating of refractory 
material to a surface by the introduction 
of the plating powder, oxygen, and ace- 





flame spraying 


tylene into a chamber where the explo- 
sive gas mixture is detonated, the plating 
powder thus being melted and projected 
on the inner surface of the chamber and 
on any object within it. Dodd. 

flameproof. A term descriptive of electrical 
machines, switches, and fittings demanded 
legally for use in fiery mines in Great 
Britain. Enclosing boxes with accurately 
fitted wide flanges are used. Pryor, 3. See 
also explosion proof. C.T.D. 

flameproof construction. A flameproof en- 
closure for electrical apparatus, is one 
which, under normal working conditions, 
will withstand the internal explosion of 
a flammable gas which may exist within 
it, and which will prevent the transmis- 
sion of a flame capable of igniting an 
explosive atmosphere outside the equip- 
ment. Roberts, II, p. 141. 

flameproof enclosure. An enclosure for elec- 
trical apparatus which will withstand, 
without injury, any explosion of the pre- 
scribed flammable gas that may occur 
within it under practical conditions of 
operation within the rating of the appara- 
tus (and recognized overloads, if any, 
associated therewith), and will prevent 
the transmission of flame such as will 
ignite the prescribed flammable gas which 
may be present in the surrounding atmos- 
phere. See also certified apparatus. B.S. 
3618, 1965, Sec. 7. 

flame reaction. The characteristic coloration 
that certain chemical elements or their 
compounds impart to a nonluminous 
flame (as yellow from sodium or green 
from copper). Webster 3d. 

flame recorder. Synonymous with photo- 
graphic-paper recorder. Rice, George S. 

flame-resistant cable. A portable cable that 
will meet the flame test requirements of 
the U.S. Bureau of Mines. ASA C42.85, 
1956. 

flames. Drag phenomena, occurring in the 
lower limb or in the autochthonous sedi- 
mentary cover, caused by overthrust fold- 
ing. Schieferdecker. 

flame safety lamp. A lamp, the flame of which 
is so protected that it will not immediately 
ignite firedamp. The original flame safety 
lamp was developed by Sir Humphrey 
Davy in 1815 and there are several varie- 
ties. The flame is generally surrounded 
by a cylindrical covering of wire gauze. 
An explosive or flammable mixture of gas 
entering the lamp will be ignited by the 
flame, but the flame of combustion will 
not pass through the cool gauze and ig- 
nite the gas outside the lamp. The illu- 
minating power of these lamps is slightly 
more than 1 candlepower, and they will 
burn for an entire shift with one filling. 
Each lamp is generally provided with a 
relighting device, and with a magnetic 
lock to prevent the lamp being opened in 
the mine. The chief disadvantage of this 
lamp is its low illuminating power. Fay; 
Lewis, pp. 734-735. See also safety lamp; 
electric cap lamp. 

flame spectrum. The spectrum obtained by 
volatilizing substances in a nonluminous 
flame. Webster 3d. 

flame spinel. Intensely bright orange-red rubi- 
celle. Shipley. 

flame spraying. The process of coating a sur- 
face (of metal or of a refractory) by 
spraying it with particles of oxides, car- 
bides, silicides, or nitrides that have been 
made molten by passage through an oxy- 
acetylene or oxyhydrogen flame; the coat- 


flame spraying 


ing material can be fed into the flame 
either as a powder or as a continuous rod. 
The object is to provide a thin protective 
coating, usually to prevent oxidation, as 
in the flame spraying of alumina on to 
steel. Dodd. 

flame straightening. Correcting distortion in 
metal structures by localized heating with 
a gas flame. ASM Gloss. 

flame structure. a. Load cast showing some 
evidence of some horizontal slip. A.G I. 
Supp. b. Load cast in which part of an 
underlying layer has been squeezed ir- 
regularly upward into the overlying layer. 
A.G.I. Supp. c. The mud plumes sepa- 
rating the downward bulging load pockets 
or load casts of sand at sand-shale inter- 
face. Also described as streaked-out rip- 
ples.. Also called antidune; load wave. 
Pettijohn. 

flame test. The use of the characteristic col- 
oration imparted to a flame to detect the 
presence of certain elements. A.G.J. 

flame trap. A device, consisting of a pack of 
thin stainless-steel plates set with a gap 
between each equal to one-fiftieth of an 
inch, placed in the air intake pipe of a 
compression-ignition engine to guard 
against possible emission of sparks or ex- 
treme heat. Mason, v. 2, p. 448. 

flaming coal. Coal containing from 70 to 75 
percent carbon and yielding from 50 to 
65 percent powdery coke. It burns with 
a smoky flame with little or no agglo- 
meration (or binding). Nelson. 

flammability (dust cloud). The flammability 
of a dust cloud is its ability to promote 
a spreading inflammation away from the 
source of ignition. Sinclair, I, p. 250. 

flammable. Capable of being easily ignited 
and of burning with extreme rapidity. 
This adjective is now used technically in 
preference to inflammable because of the 
possible ambiguity of the in- prefix. For 
example, certain equipment cannot be 
used for safety reasons in coal mines in 
which flammable gases are present. Web- 
ster 3d. 

flammable fringe; explosive fringe. In a sys- 
tem where air (or other reactant gas) 
and a flammable gas are present, that re- 
gion in which the two gases have mixed 
to produce a gas capable of propagating 
flame. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. : 

flammable mixture of gases. A mixture which, 
when once ignited, will allow flame to 
be self-propagated throughout the mix- 
ture, independent of and away from the 
source of ignition. In coal mines, it is 
only when the methane and air are 
mixed in certain definite proportions that 
the mixture is flammable and explosive, 
and will allow flame to spread in all di- 
rections. See also limits of flammability. 
Nelson. 

flammkohle. Ger. High volatile coal; coal 
that burns with a strong flame. Hess. 

flampard. Derb. A very rough, granular- 
structured stone. Arkell. 

flamper. Derb. Clay ironstone in beds or 
seams. Fay. 

flamrich screen. See resonance screen. Nelson. 

flan. Shrop. A dark slate. Arkell. 

flang. Corn. A two-pointed pick used by 
miners. Fay. 

flange. a. Eng. In the Derbyshire coalfield, 
a place where the vein turns out of its 
course. Fay. b. Applied to a vein widen- 
ing. Fay. c. The projecting annular rim 
around a cylinder, used for strengthening, 
fastening, or positioning. ASM Gloss. 





436 


d. A circular metal plate that drives a 
grinding wheel. ASM Gloss. e. A foun- 
dry molder’s tool for forming flanges. 
Webster 3d. f. A plate to close a pipe 
opening or other orifice; a blank flange. 
Standard, 1964. g. A rib or offset on a 
casting. Crispin. h. The circular faces of 
couplings or of pipe fittings. Crispin. i. 
The turned edge of a metal shape or 
plate which resists bending strain. Cris- 
pin. j. A ridge that prevents a sliding mo- 
tion. Nichols. 

flange bolts. Newc. Bolts for fastening pumps, 
or pipe flanges, together. Fay. 

flanged bottom. An imperfection; an offset 
bottom of a bottle. ASTM C162-66. 

flanged finish. See finish. Dodd. 

flange wheel. A truck or trolley wheel having 
a flange or flanges at the edge to keep it 
from leaving the rail. Crispin. 

flank. a. Another term for a limb of a fold. 
Also synonymous with leg; shank; branch; 
slope. Billings, 1954, p. 34. See also limb. 
b. The end surface of a tool that is ad- 
jacent to the cutting edge and below it 
when the tool is in a horizontal position 
as for turning. ASM Gloss. 

flank bore. See flank hole. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. 

flank hole. a. A hole bored ahead of a work- 
ing place, when approaching old work- 
ings. C.T.D. b. A borehole to detect 
water, gas, or other danger, driven from 
the side of an underground excavation 
in a line not parallel with the center line 
of the excavation. Also called flank bore; 
flanking hole. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

flanking hole. A shothole drilled at an acute 
angle to the coal face for the purpose of 
trimming it. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 

flanking hole method. Holes bored into the 
face at an angle which may vary from 
30° to 60° to the line of face and 6 feet 
to 7 feet in length. The distance between 
shot holes, the angle of the hole, and the 
charge, depend to a great extent on the 
hardness of the coal. As the coal grows 
harder the burden on each shothole must 
be reduced by placing the  shotholes 
closer together and reducing the angle 
of the hole to the face. McAdam II, p. 
109. 

flanking moraine. The term moraine origi- 
nally defined an accumulation of ice-borne 
rock rubbish dropped at the terminus, 
or along the sides, of an Alpine glacier. 
The term lateral moraine has established 
usage, as applied to a mountain glacier, 
and it should not be applied to the side- 
long or flanking moraines left by lobes or 
tonguelike projections of an ice sheet. 
An appropriate term is flanking moraines. 

GI 


flank production. Usually applied to the oil 
obtained around the periphery or flank 
of a geologic feature, as from the dragged- 
up and severed reservoirs on the flanks 
of a salt plug. A.G_I. 

flanks. Outer edges of a carriageway, also 
referred to as shoulders. Ham. 

flans. Shrop. Stony pieces of coal that will 
not burn. Arkell. 

flap. a. A gravity-collapse structure. A bed 
that has slid down the side of an anti- 
cline and bent over so that it is now up- 
side down. A.G.J. b. Same as clack, a 
Long. c. The hinged, flat disk mounted 
inside the lower end of a split- or other- 
type dry-sample barrel that closes and 
holds the sample within the barrel when 
it is withdrawn from a boring. Long. 





flaser structure 


flap door. Newc. A manhole door. Fay. 

flapper. a. A laborer who flattens copper 
starting sheets by beating them against 
a rigid steel or copperplate with a wooden 
paddle to remove folds, buckles, and 
creases which tend to cause short circuits 
during electrolytic copper refining. D.O.T. 
1. b. See clack, a. Long. 

flapper topped air crossing. Eng. An air cross- 
sing fitted with a double door or valve 
giving direct communication between the 
two air currents when forced open by the 
blast of an explosion. Fay. 

flapper valve. See clack valve. Long. 

flapping. a. Striking through the slag-covered 
surface of molten copper with a rabble 
blade just before the bath is poled to 
hasten oxidation. ASM Gloss. b. Strik- 
ing the surface of molten copper with an 
iron scraper or rabble to increase the 
‘surface exposed to the air. Mersereau, p. 
482. 

flaps. Eng. Rectangular wooden valves about 
24 by 18 by 1% inches thick, hung ver- 
tically to the framework of the air cham- 
bers of a ventilator. A flap valve. Fay. 

flap seat. See clack seat. Long. 

flap trap. A nonreturn valve to prevent flood- 
ing. Ham. 

flap valve. Nonreturn valve formed by hinged 
flap, which rises as fluid is drawn up 
through a pipe or chamber and falls 
back on its seating to prevent return flow. 
Pryor, 3. 

flare bed. The refractory-lined duct that con- 
veys gas from the producers to the com- 
bustion chambers in a setting of horizon- 
tal gas retorts. Dodd. 

flared column head. Circular concrete column 
expanding to a cone shape below a floor 
slab, as seen in mushroom construction. 
Ham. 

flare header. A brick fired on one end to a 
darker color than the face. ACSG. 

flare-type bucket. A dragline bucket with a 
bowl of aluminum alloy covered top and 
bottom with steel wearing plates. Sides 
and back are of steel plates, and manga- 
nese steel is used for the lip and teeth. 
This bucket has no arch; thus weight is 
minimized. The sides are flared, permit- 
ting heaped loading, and the bucket 
dumps backward, not forward, thereby 
giving a somewhat longer dumping range. 
Lewis, pp. 533-534. 

flaring cup. A cup wheel with the rim extend- 
ing from the back at an angle so that 
the diameter at the outer edge is greater 
than at the back. See also cup wheel. 
ACSG, 1963. 

flaser gabbro. A cataclastic gabbro in which 
are preserved lenses (phacoids, augen) of 
undeformed rock. See also allalinite; gab- 
bro schist; mylonite; zobtenite. A.G J. 

flaser gneiss. A cataclastic rock, usually of 
igneous origin, with lenses (placoids, au- 
gen) of undeformed rock. See also au- 
gen gneiss; hartschiefer; kakirite; mylo- 
nite; stronalite. A.GJ. 

flaser granite. A cataclastic granite with lenses 
(phacoids, augen) of undeformed rock. 
See also augen gneiss; mylonite; strona- 
lite. A.G.I. 

flaser structure. a. A structure developed in 
granitoid rocks and especially in gabbros 
by dynamic metamorphism. Small lenses 
of granular texture are set in a scaly 
aggregate that fills the interstices between 
them. It appears to have been caused by 
shearing that has crushed some portions 
more than others, and that has developed 








—E——— ee 














= 


li fl 


fl 





Al 


flaser structure 


a kind of rude flow structure» Fay. b. A 
structure developed in gneisses, gabbros, 
etc., by dynamic metamorphism. Small 
lenses of granular material are separated 
by wavy ribbons and streaks of finely 
crystalline, foliated material, usually ag- 
gregates of parallel scales in wavy or in 
bent lines. A.GJ. c. Lenticles of fine sand 
or silt, commonly aligned and usually 
crossbedded, which superficially resembles 
the flaser structure of some mylonites and 
other sheared metamorphic rocks. Petti- 
john. 


||| flash. a. Ches. A subsidence of the surface due 


to the working of rock salt and pumping 
of brine. Fay. b. In forging, the excess 
metal forced between the upper and 
lower dies. ASM Gloss. c. In die cast- 
ing, the fin of metal which results from 
leakage between the mating die surfaces. 
ASM Gloss. d. In resistance butt weld- 
ing, a fin formed perpendicular to the 
direction of applied pressure. ASM 
Gloss. e. The formation, by surface fusion 
or vitrification, of a film of different tex- 
ture and/or color on clay products or on 
glassware. In the firing of clay products, 
flashing may occur unintentionally; it is 
then a defect because of its uncontrolled 
nature. Bricks that are intentionally 
flashed make possible pleasing architec- 
tural effects. Flashed glassware is made 
by fusing a thin film of a different glass 
(usually opaque or colored) on the sur- 
face of the ware. Dodd. f. In structural 
brickwork, a sheet of impervious material 
secured over a joint through which water 
might otherwise penetrate. Dodd. g. A 
fault in glassware. See also fin, b. Dodd. 
h. The fin of excess body formed during 
the plastic pressing of ceramic ware, for 
example, electrical porcelain; it is re- 
moved by an auxiliary process. Dodd. i. 
Alternative name for casting spot. See 
also casting spot. Dodd. 
ashboard. See stop log. Ham. 


|| flash box. A box in which a light source, an 


electromagnet, and a telescope are all 
mounted in the pendulum apparatus of 
gravitational recording. A.G-_I. 

ash-butt welding. A resistance welding proc- 
ess which may be applied to rod, bar, 
tube, strip, or sheet to produce a butt 
joint. After the current has been switched 
on, the two parts are brought together 
at a predetermined rate so that discon- 
tinuous arcing occurs between the two 
parts to be joined. This arcing produces 
violent expulsion of small particles of 
metal (flashing) and a positive pressure 
in the weld area excludes air, minimiz- 
ing oxidation. When sufficient heat has 
been developed by flashing, the parts are 
pressed together so that all fused and 
oxidized material is extruded from the 
weld. Ham. 

ash coal dryer; suspension dryer. An appli- 
ance in which the moist coal is fed into 
a column of upward-flowing hot gases and 
moisture removal is virtually instantane- 
ous. Suspension dryers are widely used in 
the United States for drying coals from 
one-half inch downwards in size. See also 
Cascade coal dryer; Raymond flash dryer. 
Nelson. 


) flashed. Clear glass encased with a thin layer 


of glass of another colot. Haggar. 


‘flashed brick. a. Variegated colored brick 


produced by the flashing process. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. b. Brick subjected to re- 
ducing conditions near the end of the 





A437 


firing cycle to develop the desired color. 
ACSG, 1963. 

flashed glass. A term sometimes applied to 
glass colored by the application of a thin 
layer of densely colored glass to a thicker, 
colorless, base layer. C.T.D. 

flashes. Shallow lakes created by the removal 
of coal. Briggs, p. 11. 

flash fire opal. Same as flash opal. Shipley. 

flash flood. A sudden flood resulting from a 
cloudburst. A.G.I. Supp. 

flashing. a. Firing a kiln under reducing con- 
ditions to obtain certain desired colors on 
clayware; colors may be affected by add- 
ing) manganese, salt, or zinc. ACSG, 
1963. b. A thin impervious material 
placed in mortar joints and through air 
spaces in masonry to prevent water pene- 
tration and/or to provide water drain- 
age. ACSG, 1963. c. Applying a thin 
layer of opaque or colored glass to the sur- 
face of clear glass or vice versa. See also 
striking. ASTM C162-66. d. In_ glass- 
making, the reheating of partially formed 
glassware in a flashing furnace, to re- 
store the plastic condition and to smooth 
rough edges. Fay. 

flashing furmace. A furnace for reheating 
glass. Fay. 

flashless nonhygroscopic powder. Smokeless 
powder containing flash-reducing sub- 
stances, such as mineral salts, metals, etc., 
and rendered nonhygroscopic by a coat- 
ing. Abbreviation, FNH powder. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

flashlight powder. Two parts of powdered 
magnesium with one part of potassium 
chlorate. Crispin. 

flash marks. a. Discoloration on the surface 
of a brick resulting from the adherence 
of fly ash or the impingement of a re- 
ducing flame during burning. A.R.J. b. 
Cross-set marks due to flashing reduction 
penetrating to certain sections of the 
brick. ACSG, 1963. 

flash opal. An opal in which the play of color 
is limited to a single hue. Shipley. 

flashpoint. a. The minimum temperature at 
which sufficient vapor, is released by a 
liquid or solid to form a flammable vapor- 
air mixture at atmospheric pressure. J.C. 
8137, 1963, p. 76. b. The temperature 
to which an oil must be heated in a 
specified instrument for sufficient vapor to 
be given off to form a flammable mixture 
with air under the prescribed conditions. 
Francis, 1965, v. 1, p. 271. c. The tem- 
perature at which petroleum, being 
heated, begins to evolve vapor in such 
quantity that on the application of a 
small flame a momentary flash occurs due 
to the ignition of the vapor. Also called 
flashing point. Fay. 

flash plate. A very thin final electrodeposited 
film of metal. ASM Gloss. 

flash radiography. High-speed radiography in 
which exposure times are short enough 
to give an unblurred photograph of mov- 
ing objects, such as fired projectiles and 
high-speed machinery. ASM Gloss. 

flash roast. a. Rapid removal of sulfur as 
finely divided sulfide mineral is allowed to 
fall through a heated oxidizing atmosphere. 
Pryor, 3. b. Also called suspension roast. 
Newton, p. 289. 

flash set. The setting of cement during or 
immediately after mixing. Taylor. Com- 
pare false set. 

flash test. A trial to determine the flash point 
of volatile oils, such as kerosine. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 








flat-back arch 


flash wall. A continuous wall refractory brick- 
work built inside a downdraught kiln 
in front of the fireboxes; its purpose is to 
direct the hot gases towards the roof of 
the kiln and to prevent the flames from 
impinging directly on the setting. Dodd. 

flash welding. A resistance butt-welding proc- 
ess in which the weld is produced over 
the entire abutting surface by pressure 
and heat, the heat being produced by 
electric arcs between the members being 
welded. ASM Gloss. 

flask. a. A tinned vessel in which a miner 
carries oil for his lamp, or beverage for 
his lunch. Fay. b. In foundry work, a 
molding box which holds the sand into 
which molten metal is poured. Top half 
or part is its cope, bottom is drag, fur- 
nished with locating lugs. Pryor, 3. c. 
An iron bottle in which quicksilver is 
sent to market. It contains 7614 pounds. 
Fay. d. A necked vessel for holding li- 
quids; especially, a broad, flattened ves- 
a of metal or sometimes glass. Webster 
Ode 

flasrig. A German term for a texture found 
in gneisses, gabbros, etc., and caused by 
dynamic metamorphism. Short layers or 
small lenses of granular texture alternate 
with still thinner (flaser) layers composed 
of aggregates of parallel scales in wavy or 
bent lines. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 


flat. a. Eng. In the Derbyshire coalfield, a 
district or set of workings separated by 
faults, old workings, or barriers of solid 
coal. Fay. b. N. of Eng. A siding or sta- 
tion underground; a parting. Fay. c. In 
Arkansas, a railroad car of the gondola 
type for shipping coal. Fay. d. In mine 
timbering, horizontal crosspiece or cap 
used in roof support. Pryor, 3. e. Of a 
mining lode, one less than 15° from hori- 
zontal in its dip. Pryor, 3. f. A flat 
coal seam. Korson. g. N. of Eng. In 
single place workings, the area served by 
one or more putters. Trist. h. Eng. Any 
passbye to which the putters or trailers 
bring the full tubs. SMRB, Paper No. 
61. i. Eng. The area of working places 
from which coal is brought to the same 
passby. SMRB, Pater No. 61. j. Eng. 
The area of working places under the 
supervision of a deputy  overman. 
SMRB, Paper No. Gi. Also called sid- 
ing. k. In the Wisconsin and Illinois zinc 
district, flat is used for the horizontal 
joints or bedding planes along which ore 
has formed. A.G.J. 1. Eng. In Derbyshire 
coalfield and N. Wales, a horizontol vein 
or ore deposit, which is auxiliary to a 
main vein. Also, any horizontal portion 
of a vein which is not horizontal else- 
where. Fay. m. A dull diamond bit. Long. 
n. Synonym for macle. Long. o. A level 
surface of land with little or no relief; 
a plain. A tract of wet, low-lying level 
land. Webster 3d. p. A general term 
meaning smooth, or even; a surface of 
low relief. See also tidal flat. A.G.I. 

flat arch. a. An arch in which both outer and 
inner surfaces are horizontal planes. H.W. 
b. In furnace construction, a flat struc- 
ture spanning an opening and supported 
by abutments at its extremities; the arch 
is formed by a number of special tapered 
bricks, and the brick assembly is held in 
place by their keying action. Also called 
a jack arch. HW. See also suspended arch. 

flat-back arch. A 9- by 6-inch special arch 
brick, one large face of which makes an 


flat-back arch 


angle other than 90° with the edge faces. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

flat-back stope. An overhand stoping method 
in which the ore is broken in slices paral- 
lel with the levels. Also called longwall 
stope. Fay. 

flat belt conveyor. A type of belt conveyor 
in which the carrying run of the con- 
veyor belt is supported by flat belt idlers 
or by a flat surface. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

flat belt idler. An idler consisting of one or 
more rolls supporting the belt in a flat 
position. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

flat bit. A dull diamond or percussive-type 
rock-cutting bit. Long. 

flat-bottom crown. See flat-face bit. Long. 

flat coal. Coal that is flat and hence not suit- 
able for the market. Mitchell, p. 182. 

flat coals. Scot. Seams of coal lying horizontal 
or at a low angle of inclination. Fay. 

flat course. A course of brick laid in a wall 
with their largest faces horizontal. A.RJ. 

flat cut. A manner of placing the boreholes, 
for the first shot in a tunnel, in which 
they are started about 2 or 3 feet above 
the floor and pointed downward so that 
the bottom of the hole shall be about level 
with the floor. Fay. 

flat double cabochon. Same as lentil. Shipley. 

flat drawn. Sheet glass made by the vertical 
drawing process. Dodd. 

flat drill. A rotary end-cutting tool constructed 
from a flat piece of material provided 
with suitable cutting lips at the cutting 
end. ASM Gloss. 

flat edge trimmer. A machine for trimming 
notched edges on shells. The slide is cam 
driven to obtain a brief dwell at the 
bottom of the stroke, at which time the 
die, sometimes called a shimmy die, oscil- 
lates to trim the part. ASM Gloss. 

flat ends. Thin cleavages from the faces of 
a diamond crystal. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

flat face. See flat-face bit. Long. 

flat-face bit. A diamond core bit the face of 
which, in cross section, is square. Also 
called flat-bottom crown; flat-nose bit; 
square-nose bit. Long. 

flat gel. A condition wherein the ten minute 
gel strength is substantially equal to the 
initial gel strength. Brantly, 1. 

flat glass. A general term covering sheet glass, 
plate glass, and various forms of rolled 
glass. ASTM C162-66. 

flat hole. A borehole following a near hori- 
zontal course. Long. 

flat idler. A belt idler that supports the belt 
in a flat position. NEMA MBI-1956. 

flatiron. A  triangular-shaped, sloping-mesa 
type of hogback ridge, often occurring in 
series on the flank of a mountain. A.G.I. 

flat jack. A hollow steel cushion formed of 
two almost flat discs, welded around the 
edge, which is inflated under controlled 
pressure. Jacks of this type were used by 
Freyssinet in the construction of the Plou- 
gastel bridge. See also jack. Ham. 

flat joint. In igneous rocks, a joint dipping 
at 45° or less and randomly oriented 
with respect to other joints. G.S.A. Mem. 
5, 1937, p. 39. 

flat-joint pointing. A pointing in which the 
mortar is flush with the surface and is 
lined with the point of the trowel. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

flat lad. Eng. Same as craneman, a. Fay. 

flat lode. A lode which varies in inclination 
from the horizontal to about 15°. Fay. 

flat-lying. Said of deposits and coal seams 
with a dip up to 5°. Stoces, v. 1, p. 56. 





438 


flat-lying gravity fault. See plane of stretch- 
ing. A.G.I. 

flat-lying joints. Joints occurring in some 
igneous rocks. The origin of such joints 
is somewhat uncertain. Lewis, p. 603. 

flatman. N. of Eng. One who links (couples) 
the cars together at the flats, or levels. 
See also flat, b. Fay. 

flat mass. Synonym for blanket deposit. A.G-J. 
Supp. 

flatness. a. A measure of the shape of a pebble 
given by the sum of the long and the 
intermediate diameters of the pebble di- 
vided by twice the short diameter. A.G.I. 
b. A measure of the shape of a pebble 
given by the ratio of the radius of cur- 
vature of the most convex portion of the 
flattest face to the mean radius of the 
pebble. A.G.I. 

flatnose bit. See flat-face bit. Long. 

flatnose shell. A cylindrical tool with a valve 
at the bottom, for boring through soft 
clay. Fay. 

flat of ore. A horizontal ore deposit occupying 
a bedding plane in the rock. See also flat. 
Fay. 

flat-position welding. Welding from the upper 
side, the face of the weld being horizontal. 
Also called downhand welding. ASM Gloss. 

flat rails. Scot. Tramrails. Fay. 

flat rods. A series of horizontal or inclined 
connecting rods, running up upon rollers, 
or supported at their joints by rocking 
arms, to convey motion from a steam en- 
gine or water wheel to pump rods at a 
distance. Fay. 

flat rope. A steel rope made up of a number 
of loosely twisted four-strand ropes placed 
side by side, the lay of the adjacent 
strands being in opposite directions to se- 
cure uniformity in wear and to prevent 
twisting during winding. The strands are 
sewn together with steel wire. At one 
period, flat ropes were widely used but 
round strand ropes are now preferred. 
Nelson. 

flats. a. Eng. Subterraneous beds or sheets of 
traprock or whin. Fay. b. Eng. Tracts of 
coal seams which lie at a moderate incli- 
nation in districts containing highly in- 
clined beds, North Staffordshire coalfield. 
See also flat. Fay. c. Narrow decomposed 
parts of limestones that are mineralized. 
Fay. d. Flatcars. Zern. e. Thin, flat pieces 
of diamond crystal. Hess. f. Small flat 
areas on diamonds inset in a bit crown 
caused by abrasion during contact with 
the rock drilled. Long. g. Synonym for 
macles. Long. See also macle. 

flats and pitches. a. In the Upper Mississippi 
lead and zinc district the term is applied 
to the nearly horizontal solution openings 
in the Galena dolomite (flats) and the 
interconnecting inclined joints or frac- 
tures (pitches) in which the ore has been 
deposited. A.G.I. b. Applied to certain ore 
bodies of characteristic form that occur in 
regions of bedded sedimentary rocks. 
Such ore bodies have a steplike form 
with the flats following nearly horizontal 
bedding planes and the pitches following 
steeply dipping joint planes or fractures. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

flat sheet. a. An iron sheet, laid at rail junc- 
tions, crossings, and ends underground, on 
which tubs or trucks can be _ turned. 
C.T.D. b. A steel plate laid on the floor 
at the face of a tunnel or heading before 
blasting to provide a smooth floor for 
shoveling the broken rock into tubs. Nel- 





flat-wall-tile pressman 


son. c. Synonym for blanket deposit. 
AGI Supp. 

flat slab. Reinforced concrete slab designed 
to span in two directions. Ham. 

flat-spiral auger shoe. A flat-faced dry-sample- 
cutting device consisting of a short tube 
of which one-half of the bottom end is 
equipped with a short, flat, spiral web, 
tipped with a cutting edge. Compare 
Iwan auger shoe. Long. 

flatstones. More correct term for the Stones- 
field slate and similar flags. Arkell. 

flattened strand rope. A wire rope designed 
to give a greater wearing surface than 
ordinary round ropes and yet have about 
the same strength and flexibility. They 
have roughly some 50 percent more wear- 
ing surface than ordinary round ropes, 
owing to the Lang lay of wires. They are 
made in several forms. Lewis, p. 249. 

flattened-strand triangular rope. A wire rope 
of the flattened-strand construction in 
which the strands are triangular in shape. 
Zern. 

flattener. One who takes a cylindrical piece 
of glass like a wide tube, cracked longi- 
tudinally, and, after heating it to soften- 
ing in a furnace, flattens it out to form 
a sheet. An old process only used for 
making special types of sheet. C.T.D. 

flattening-furmace. A furnace in which split 
cylinder glass is flattened out into sheets. 
Standard, 1964. 

flattening, plane of. In structural petrology, 
the pebbles or grains are flat and perpen- 
dicular to the greatest principal stress axis. 
The plane of schistosity is called a plane 
of flattening. A.G.J. 

flattening test. A quality test for tubing in 
which a specimen is flattened between 
parallel plates that are closed to a speci- 
fied height. ASM Gloss. 

flatter. a. A man who uncouples empty tubs 
or trucks and couples on full tubs, to 
make up sets at the inbye sidings or 
putter’s flat. C.T.D. b. A kind of hammer 
used by blacksmiths. Crispin. c. Aust. See 
flatman. Fay. d. See slick sheet, a. Pryor, 
3, p. 172. e. See stoner. Dodd. 

flatting. a. Derb. Hauling coal underground 
with horses and boys. Fay. b. York. Hori- 
zontal vein of spar or barytes in the lead 
mines. Also called flatting bed. Arkell. 
c. A process for truing-up handmade fire 
clay refractories while they are still only 
partially dried. Handmaking is now little 
used except for some special shapes. Dodd. 

flatting mill. a. A rolling mill for breaking 
down bar metal to a sheet form. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. A roller mill for flattening 
grains of metal and reducing them to 
dust. Standard, 1964. 

flatting stuff. York. Minerals from flatting 
beds. Arkell. 

flat-topped ripple mark. Ripples with flat, 
wide crests separated by narrow troughs. 
Pettijohn. 

flat trimmer. a. A workman who stands in a 
car in which coal is being loaded from a 
chute, whose duty it is to pick out slate, 
sulfur, and other impurities found in the 
coal. Fay. b. See also coal cleaner. D.O.T. 1. 

flat trimmer, head. In bituminous coal min- 
ing, a foreman who is in charge of men 
picking impurities from coal as it is 
dumped into railroad cars at the mine 
surface. D.O.T. 1. 

flat vein. Same as flat, 1; vein, i. 

flat wall. Corn. A local term for footwall. Fay. 

flat-wall-tile pressman. One who tends a bat- 
tery of automatic presses that form flat 











TT 


flat-wall-tile pressman 





I! 

| 

|| wall tile from tempered clay. Also called 

| tile-press tender, automatic. D.O.T. 1. 

|| flatware. Plates, saucers, dishes, etc. Compare 

| hollowware. Dodd. 

| flatware presser. One who presses clay by 

| hand into the hollow of a mold to form 
ware of oval or irregular shape, such as 

| pudding dishes, comb and brush trays, 
and bonbon dishes. Also called ware pres- 
ser. D.O.T..1. 

| flatwork. Derb. A horizontal mineral vein 

pe thout connection with the surface. Ar- 

| kell. 

|| flatwork finisher. One who smooths plates, 


! 


I 


dishes, and other ware by setting piece 
on whirler which revolves it, and holding 
knife against it to remove rough marks. 
Ds Og brag & 

| flatworking. Scot. A working of moderate 
inclination. See also flat, 1; flat lode. 
Fay. 

| flaw. a. A crack or inclusion in a diamond; 

also, internal twinning in a diamond. 

' Long. b. A steep, transverse fault along 

| which the displacement has been parallel 

_ to the strike of the fault. That is, a steep, 
transverse strike-slip fault. Compare tear 
fault. See also flaw fault. A.G.J. c. In dry 
process enameling, a defect of the ware 

‘| that is cause for rejection. ASTM C286-65. 

| flaw fault. A rare type of fault, described by 
Suess, in which the strike is transverse 
to the strike of the rocks, the dip is high 
and varying from one side to the other 
in the course of the fault, and the rela- 
tive movement is practically horizontal 
and parallel with the strike of the fault. 

| See also flaw. A.GJI. 

|| flawless. Used to describe a diamond which 
is free from all internal and external 
blemishes or faults of every description 
under skilled observation in normal, na- 
tural, or artificial light with a 10-power 
loupe, corrected for chromatic and spheri- 
cal aberration. Hess. 

| flaxseed coal. A fine size of anthracite coal. 
Webster 2d. 

| flaxseed ore. An odlitic iron ore in which the 
odlites have been somewhat flattened 
parallel to the bedding plane so that they 
are disk-shaped rather than spherical. 

A.G.I. 

| fleak. Derb. A thatched cover to protect the 

| miners while breaking and washing ore. 

2 | Fay. 

| fleaking. Eng. Thinning the pillars of coal 

before abandonment. A variation of flake. 

| See also flitching. Fay. 

|| fleches d’amour. Acicular, hairlike crystals of 
rutile, a crystalline form of oxide of ti- 
tanium, TiO., embedded in quartz. Used 
as a semiprecious gem stone. Also called 
love arrows, the literal translation of 
fleches d’amour. C.M.D. 

| fleck; flake. To scale or peel off suddenly; 
applies to shaley beds in the roof or to 
coal slab at the face. Nelson. 

| flecked. A variation in the solid color of an 
enamel or glaze secured by the addition 
of sized particles of frit of a different 
color. ACSB-3. 

| fleckschiefer. An argillaceous rock in which 
there has been incipient production of 
new minerals as a result of low-grade 
metamorphism. See also spotted slate. 

mee A.G-T. 

| fled. Said of pottery in which cracks have 

appeared after removal from the biscuit 

oven. C.T.D. 

 fleek. Mid. Coal or other rock is said to 

 “fleek off” when humps or masses of it 


264-972 O--68—29 








439 


fall from a slip or fault in the workings 
without giving warning, or without much 
labor in cutting. A variation of flake. 
Fay. 

fleet. The movement of a rope sidewise when 
winding on a drum. See also fleet angle. 
Zern. 

fleet angle. a. The included angle between the 
rope, in its position of greatest travel 
across the drum, and a line drawn per- 
pendicular to the drum shaft, passing 
through the center of the head sheave or 
lead sheave groove. ASA MI11.1-1960, 
p. 35. b. Of hoisting gear in mine shaft’s 
headworks, the angle between the sheave 
and extreme paying-off position on the 
winding drum; in good practice below 3°. 
Pryor, 3. c. As used by diamond drillers 
and miners, the angle between the two 
ends of a hoist drum as a base and the 
sheave wheel in a drill tripod or derrick 
or the headframe pulley as the apex. 
Long. d. As used by petroleum drillers, 
the side angle at which the rope or cable 
approaches the crown block sheave or 
pulley. Long. e. The maximum angle be- 
tween a rope and a line perpendicular 
to the drum on which it winds. Nichols. 
f. Aust. The angle between the two ends 
of a winding drum as a base, and the 
peatineme pulley or sheave as the apex. 

ay. 

fleet wheel. a. A grooved wheel or sheave that 
serves as a drum and about which one 
or more coils of a hauling rope pass. 
Zern. b. Surge wheel. Mason. 

fleischerite. A mineral, PbsGe’’ (SOx) 2(OH).«.- 
4H.0O; hexagonal; from Tsumeb, South- 
west Africa. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

Fleissner process. A thermal drying, batch- 
type process, in which the action of high- 
pressure steam on a lump of lignite pro- 
duces the following effects: The lump is 
heated inside and out to an approximately 
uniform temperature by its envelope of 
condensing steam. As the temperature 
rises and the pressure increases part of the 
colloidal water is expelled from the lump 
as a liquid. The lump shrinks as water 
leaves and the cells collapse and when 
the pressure is lowered more water leaves 
by evaporation caused by the sensible heat 
stored in the lump. When the pressure is 
lowered further by vacuum, additional 
moisture is evaporated, which cools the 
lump. Mitchell, p. 702. 

Fleming’s rule. A simple rule for relating the 
directness of the flux, motion, and elec- 
tromotive force in an electric machine. 
The forefinger, second finger, and thumb, 
placed at right angles to each other, rep- 
resent respectively the directions of flux, 
electromotive force, and motion or torque. 
If the right hand is used the conditions 
are those obtaining in a generator (Flem- 
ing’s right-hand rule), and if the left hand 
is used the conditions are those obtaining 
in a motor (Fleming’s left-hand rule). 
GuieD:. 

Flemish bond. The arrangement of bricks 
‘made by alternating headers and stretchers 
in each course. The position of each head- 
er being in the center of the stretcher 
above and below. A.J.S.I. No. 24. 

Flemish brick. A hard, yellow paving brick. 
Standard, 1964. 

flenu coal. Belg. A long-flame smoky variety 
of bituminous coal occuring abundantly 
in the Belgian coalfields. Similar coal is 
found in Wales. Fay. 

flerry. To split, as slate. Standard, 1964. 





flexible ventilation ducting 


fietton. An English building brick made in 
the Fletton district, near Peterborough, 
by the semidry process from Oxford clay; 
this clay is shaly and contains much or- 
ganic matter, which assists in the firing 
process. The crushing strength varies from 
about 2,000 to 4,500 pounds per square 
inch and the water absorption from about 
17 to 25 percent weight. Dodd. 

fleurus diamond. Quartz crystal. Schaller. 

Fleuss apparatus. The first practical form of 
self-contained breathing apparatus, which 
was developed by H. A. Fleuss in 1879. 
Compressed oxygen, carried in a copper 
cylinder, was used in the apparatus; was 
used at Seaham colliery in 1881. Nelson. 

flexibility. a. The ability to be bent repeat- 
edly, within limits, without cracking or 
breaking. API Glossary. b. The property of 
bending, as shown in some minerals by 
experimenting upon their plates or lam- 
inae. A flexible mineral remains bent after 
the pressure is removed, as in talc, sele- 
nite, etc. Nelson. 

flexible. a. As applied to the characteristic 
of tenacity in minerals, it means that the 
mineral will bend without breaking, and 
will remain bent, as talc. Fay. b. Bends 
without breaking and has no tendency to 
return to its original form. A.G.J. c. Ca- 
pable of being flexed. Capable of being 
turned, bowed, or twisted without break- 
ing. Webster 3d. 

flexible cam. An adjustable pressure-control 
cam of spring steel strips used to obtain 
varying pressure during a forming cycle. 
ASM Gloss. 

flexible coupling. A coupling used to connect 
shafts of adjacent rotating machines where 
flexibility is desirable, as in making a con- 
nection between a motor and a speed re- 
ducer in a chain conveyor power unit. 
The metal outside flanges are secured to 
inner flexible disks by bolts. Jones. 

flexible ducts. See ventilation ducts. Roberts, 
PR pP225. 

flexible guides. See winding guides. Sinclair, 
V, p. 46. 

flexible joint. Any joint between two pipes 
that permits one of them to be deflected 
without disturbing the other pipe. Fay. 

flexible mineral. A mineral which yields to 
the bending stress and stays bent; for ex- 
ample, asbestos. Stokes and Varnes, 1955, 
p. 149. 

flexible pavement. A waterproof top layer for 
a road or aircraft runway made of bi- 
tuminous material which is assumed to 
have no tensile strength. Ham. 

flexible sandstone. a. A fine-grained itaco- 
lumite. Standard, 1964. b. A sandstone, 
thin slabs of which will bend noticeably 
without breaking. Hess. c. Synonymous 
with itacolumite. A.G I. 

flexible silver ore. Same as sternbergite. Fay. 

flexible-type carrying idler. Consists of one 
or more idler rolls arranged to form a 
catenary trough. This may be accom- 
plished by mounting a single roll on a 
flexible shaft or by linking a series of 
rolls with individual rigid shafts. NEMA 
MBI1-1961. 

flexible ventilation ducting. Flexible tubes 
made from fabrics coated with rubber or 
polyvinyl-chloride (P.V.C.) for auxiliary 
ventilation. The ducting is made in lengths 
of 25, 50, and 100 feet, every length hav- 
ing a spring steel wire coupling ring sewn 
or welded into each end, and can be sup- 
ported from a wire running along the roof. 
The advantages of flexible ducting over 


flexible ventilation ducting 


metal tubes are: (1) can be stored in a 
much smaller space; (2) less weight; (3) 
can conform to moderate bends much 
easier than metal pipes, and (4) cost of 
fixing is only a fraction of that incurred 
with metal pipes. See also ventilation tub- 
ing. Nelson. 

flexible wall. Reinforced concrete retaining 
wall having a stem designed as a canti- 
lever, as a beam or as both. Ham. 

flexing. The bending of the conveyor belt 
which takes place as it wraps around the 
pulleys. The ply nearest the face of the 
pulley is under the minimum stress and 
the ply farthest from the face is under the 
maximum stress. Flexing stresses increase 
with a decrease in pulley diameters. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. ; 

Flexlok. A patented circle brick, with book 
ends, used in domestic furnaces, cupolas, 
and acid tank linings. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

flexural center; shear center. With reference 
to a beam, the flexural center of any sec- 
tion is that point in the plane of the sec- 
tion through which a transverse load, ap- 
plied at that section, must act if bending 
deflection only is to be produced, with no 
twist of the section. Compare torsional 
center; elastic center; elastic axis. Ro. 

flexural modulus of elasticity. The modulus 
of elasticity of a material in the flexure 
test. It may be calculated from a load- 
deflection diagram as follows: 





mye 
E, = tbh? ( ¥ ) for rectangular specimen) 
3 
i ae ( ¥ ) tor round specimen) 
where E,, = flexural modulus of elasticity, 
psi 
P slope of initial straightline portion 
ya= of curve on load-deflecting diagram, 
pound/inch 
L = span, inch 
b =} specimen width, inch. 
H&G. 


flexural rigidity. Second moment of the sec- 
tion of a beam multiplied by its Young’s 
modulus. Ham. 

flexural slip. Movement in relatively com- 
petent rocks in which the bending of lay- 
ers dominates over the slip between them. 
G.S.A. Mem. 6, 1938, p. 155. 

flexural strength. See modulus of rupture; 
transverse strength. 

flexure. a. A bending or folding of strata 
under pressure. Standard, 1964. b. A bend 
in a rock. Hess. c. A general term for in- 
dividual folds, warps, tilts, bends, or 
turns in rock strata. A flexure may be a 
broad open fold of large dimensions or 
a small closely compressed fold. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. d. Synonymous with 
fold. A.G.J. e. A broad domical structure. 
A.G.JI. f. A slight folding. A.GJI. Supp. 

flexure correction. A correction necessary in 
pendulum observations of gravity. The 
vibrating pendulum produces oscillations 
of the receiver case, of the pillar, and of 
the surface soil. Rather complex coupled 
vibration phenomena arise and the period 
of the pendulum itself changes. Numerous 
methods have been suggested to correct 
for this influence or to eliminate it. Since 
the correction is of the order of 10- to 40 
x 10% sec. on solid rock or cement and 
may increase to as much as 500 x 107 sec. 











440 


on marshy ground, it must be determined 
accurately. A.G.I. 

flexure fold. See fold, flexure. A.G.I. 

flexure folding. In the narrow sense, it refers 
only to the bending of strata. In the broad 
sense, it includes flexure-slip folding. See 
also flexure-slip folding. A.G.TI. 

flexure-slip folding. a. Folds in which the in- 
dividual strata not only bend but also 
slip past one another. Billings, 1954, pp. 
89-90. b. Movement in a layered rock in 
which competent bands are folded but slip- 
ping occurs along deformed s-planes in 
incompetent bands. The most common 
type of deformation. A.G.J. Supp. 

flicker photometer. A photometer consisting 
of a plaster of Paris disk with the edges 
bevelled. The disk is rotated by clock- 
work inside a box placed on the pho- 
tometer bench between the lamps under 
test. The eye sees the two sides of the 
disk in rapid succession and if one is more 
brightly lit than the other, a flickering 
effect is produced. By altering the position 
of the instrument until this flickering dis- 
appears, the point where the illumination 
on the two sides of the disk is equal may 
be found with considerable accuracy. Ma- 
son, v. 1, p. 248. 

flight. a. The metal strap or crossbar attached 
to the drag chain of a chain-and-flight 
conveyor. Jones. b. Plain or shaped plates 
suitably made for attachment to the pro- 
pelling medium of a flight conveyor. ASA 
MH4.1—1958. c. A term sometimes applied 
to one conveyor in uw tandem series. ASA 
MH4.1—1958. d. The screw thread (helix) 
of an auger. Nichols. 

flight conveyor. A type of conveyor compris- 
ing one or more endless propelling media, 
such as chain, to which flights are at- 
tached and a trough through which ma- 
terial is pushed by the flights. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

flight conveyor, reciprocating. See recipro- 
cating flight conveyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

flight line. In an aeromagnetic survey or in 
other airborne geophysical surveys, a line 
drawn on a map or a chart to represent 
the course over which an airplane has been 
flown, or the course over which it is to be 
flown. A.G_I. 

flight loader; Lambton flight. A standard 
coal cutter which has been modified to 
enable it to load prepared coal on to a 
face conveyor. The flights are short plates 
or boxes fitted into special holders in the 
ordinary cutter chain. The flights are ar- 
ticulated and held in position by loose 
pins to allow easy attachment and detach- 
ment. When loading, the jib is angled 
forward 10 to 30 degrees and the flights 
push the coal along the floor on to the con- 
veyor. For a jib 4 feet 6 inches long, four 
flights are commonly used. Face lengths 
up to 200 yards can be loaded by this 
method. Degradation of coal is high. Nel- 
son. 

flight pattern. In an aeromagnetic survey or 
in other airborne geophysical surveys, the 
planned flying route used. A.G.I. 

flinders diamond. A Tasmanian term for a 
variety of topaz. Fay. 

flint. a. A variety of quartz, a cryptocrystal- 
line substance composed of silica, SiOz. It 
is very tough and breaks with a conchoidal 
fracture and cutting edges. Of various 
colors, white, yellow, gray, and black. 
Mohs’ hardness, 7; specific gravity, 2.65. 
Flint pebbles from the coasts of England, 
Northern France, and Belgium are cal- 











flinty crush rock 


cined and ground and used as a main 
source of silica by earthenware and por- 
celain manufacturers. See also chert. Fay; 
Dana 17, p. 601; Rosenthal b. Pulverized 
quartz of any type. Hess. c. Shrop. Fine- 
grained sandstone suitable for building 
purposes. Fay. 

flint clay. a. A flintlike clay which when 
ground develops no plasticity. A.G.J. b. 
A very hard refractory clay which is 
largely composed of well-crystallized ka- 
olin that breaks with a conchoidal frac- 
ture, similar to flint, hence the name. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

flint-enameled ware. Rockingham-type pot- 
tery with a glaze flecked in yellow, brown, 
and blue; patented at Bennington, Ver- 
mont. ACSG, 1963. 

flint fire clay. A hard or flintlike fire clay 
occurring as an unstratified massive rock, 

‘ practically devoid of natural plasticity and 
showing a conchoidal fracture. ASTM 
C71-64. See also flint clay. 

flint glass. a. A glass in which lead and po- 
tassium replace a considerable part of the 
lime and soda of ordinary glass. This gives 
a-softer, more fusible, more lustrous and 
brilliant glass with high refraction and low 
dispersion and therefore of use as an opti- 
cial glass. CCD 6d, 1961. b. A term used by 
the container industry for colorless glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

flintkote. An emulsion of petroleum asphalt 
in water for the protection of steel against 
the action of seawater. Osborne. 

flintless stoneware. Defined in the Pottery 
(Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 
of 1950 as: stoneware the body of which 
consists of natural clay to which no flint 
or quartz or other form of free silica has 
been added. Dodd. 

flint mill. a. A device in which flints on a 
revolving wheel produce a shower of sparks 
incapable of igniting firedamp, and once 
used to light miners at work. See also 
steel mill, a. Fay. b. In pottery works, a 
mill in which flints are ground. Webster 
2d. c. Floating instrument platform in use 
in the Pacific Ocean. Similar in design to 
seagoing platform for acoustic research, 
and used as a base for oceanographic re- 
search. Flip is manned and can drift with 
currents. Hy. 

flint optical glass. An optical glass with high 
dispersion and high index of refraction, 
usually forming the diverging elements of 
an optical system. Any optical glass pos- 
sessing a Nu-value less than 50.0; or any 
optical glass with a Nu-value between 50.0 
and 55.0 having a refractive index less 
than 1.60. ASTM C162-66. 

flint pebbles. Colloidal quartz stones, found 
on the coasts of France, Belgium and 
England. They are rounded and have 
chemical and physical properties suitable 
for use in ball mills. Enam. Dict. 

flint, potter’s. Ground sand, very low in iron 
content. Enam. Dict. 

Flintshire furnace. A reverberatory furnace 
with a depression, well, or crucible in the 
middle of the side of the hearth used for 
the roasting and reaction process on lead 
ores. Fay. 

Flintshire process. Method of smelting ga- 
lena concentrates in reverberatory furnace, 
with a crucible well in its hearth. Pryor, 3. 

flint shot. Clean, dry, sharp sand; used in 
sand blasting. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

flint ware. An alternative name for stone- 
ware. C.T.D. 
flinty crush rock. A black flinty product of 











PS a a 

















flinty crush rock 


| dynamic metamorphism associated with 
mylonite, and representing a fritted or 
partly fused variety of mylonite. It is gen- 
erally structureless, but occasionally shows 
‘| traces of incipient crystallization. See also 
| buchite; hartschiefer; mylonite; pseudo- 
| tachylyte; trap-shotten gneiss; ultramy- 
| lonite. Holmes, 1920. 
||flinty slate. A common slate containing more 
than the normal percentage of silica. Fay, 
‘\flip-flop. a. A trigger circuit which has one 
| stable or quasistable state and one un- 
| stable state, and which undergoes a com- 
plete cycle of change in response to a 
single triggering excitation. NCB. b. A glass 
decanter with a thin base: Dodd. 
| flipping turn. System of pulleys incorporated 
in the return-side tracking of belt con- 
veyor, which turns it through 180°, so 
that any adherent abrasives do not come 
in contact with idler pulleys. Pryor, 3. 
flit. a. To move, dismantle, or re-erect con- 
veyors. Sinclair, V, p. 286 b. N. of Eng. 
|| Move or transport (applied to coal-cut- 
ting equipment. Tvist. c. See flitting. 
T.I.M.E. 
itch. N. Wales. A flat, elongate, galena ore 
body, found in the lead mines. Arkell. 
‘)flitching. a. Widening of underground road- 
way by removing rock from sides. Pryor, 3. 
b. The working of 2 to 5 yards or more 
of the rib side coal in a narrow stall or 
| heading. See also skipping. Nelson. 
| (flit plug. See cable coupling unit. B.S. 3618, 
sme 965, sec. 7. 
\flit plug adaptor. See cable coupler adaptor. 
Bisa 3618) 1969, sec. 7. 
\flitter. Collier wie, moves a coal cutter to a 
"new working place; to flit is to shift equip- 
| ment. Pryor, 3. 
\y ee Aust. Conveying a coal-cutting ma- 
chine from one place to another. Fay. 




















pillar methods of working to transport face 
machines from one heading or bord to 
another. Nelson. 

\\loat. a. The term float or float rock means 
bunches, blotches, pieces, or boulders of 
quartz or rock lying detached from, or 
resting upon the earth’s surface without 
any walls. When found upon the unap- 
propriated public domain it belongs to 
the finder. Ricketts, I. b. Debris from a 
lode transported from the original site and 
found on (or near) the surface. Hoov, p. 
94, c. Also, fine gold and minerals float 
in panning and other operations, causing 
losses. von Bernewitz. d. Used by miners 
and geologists for pieces of ore or rock 
which have fallen from veins or strata, 
or have been separated from the parent 
vein or strata by weathering agencies. It 
is not usually applicd to stream gravels. 
Float is also used as an adjective. Fay. 
Also called floater; float mineral; float 
ore. e. Scot. Intrusive traprock either at 
the surface or between strata. Fay. f. Eng. 
A clean rent or fissure in strata unaccom- 
panied by dislocation. Fay. g. A timber 
platform, faced with boiler iron on both 
sides, and provided with rings at the 
corners for lifting. It is used in shaft work 
to prevent the crushing of the bottom 
timbers by flying fragments of rock. Stauf- 
fer. h. Values so fine that they float on 
the surface of the water when crushed or 
washed; for example, float gold. C.T.D. 
i. In reference to a dozer blade—to rest 
by its own weight, or to be held from dig- 
ging by upward pressure of a load of dirt 
against its moldboard. Nichols, 2. j. That 




















441 


part of an automatic refuse extractor 
which is suspended in a washbox to in- 
dicate variations in the layer of heavy 
material on the screen plate. B.S. 3552, 
1962. k. Used by drillers to describe the 
tendency of the bit in a flat-angle bore- 
hole to follow an increasingly flatter course 
as the depth of the borehole increases. 
Long. |. Various forms of ball-and-seat 
valves commonly inserted in casing and 
rod strings in such a manner as to keep 
drilling fluid out of the casing or rod string 
when lowered into a borehole. Also called 
float valve. Long. m. To lift a material by 
the buoyant action of a strong current or 
flow of a liquid medium; also, that ma- 
terial buoyant enough to float on the sur- 
face of a liquid medium. Long. n. In min- 
eral concentration, term used in connec- 
tion with response of a specific mineral to 
flotation process. Pryor, 3. o. The very fine 
dust which does not settle out of the air 
current in the pulverizing machinery but 
is strained out of the air by fine cloth 
bags. Also used to designate the fine dust 
collecting on the roof and timbers in any 
mine. Rice, George S. p. The floating part 
of an apparatus for indicating the height 
of water in a steam boiler or other vessel. 
Fay. q. A floating metal air container for 
indicating the height of liquid in a tank. 
GHEEDt 

floatability. In mineral concentration, word 
used in connection with response of a spe- 
cific mineral to flotation process. Pryor, 3. 

float-and-sink analysis. Use of series of heavy 
liquids diminishing (or increasing) in den- 
sity by accurately controlled stages for the 
purpose of dividing a sample of crushed 
coal into fractions either equal-settling or 
equal-floating at each stage. The floats at 
a given specific gravity are defined as the 
percentage floating at that density and 
the sinks have a defined higher density. 
Each product (minus one density and 
plus another) is ignited after weighing and 
the ash content is found. From this test- 
ing, a washability curve is drawn which 
relates density with ash content, in the 
form of cumulative float, sink and specific 
gravity curves. The ash curve plots ash 
against density for successive fractions. 
The densimetric curve plots specific grav- 
ity against cumulative weight. The Mayer 
curve (M-curve) plots cumulative weight 
against that of a constituent (for example, 
ash). Pryor, 3. 

float coal. Small, irregularly shaped isolated 
deposits of coal imbedded in sandstone or 
in siltstone. They appear to have been 
removed from the original bed by wash- 
out during the peat stage and to have been 
carried a short distance and redeposited. 
Also called raft. A.G.TI. 

float copper. a. In the Lake Superior region, 
fine scales of metallic copper, especially 
produced by abrasion in stamping, which 
do not readily settle in water. Fay. b. Of 
rock or vein material, found as a loose 
fragment some distance from the vein 
outcrop or bed. Webster 2d. 

float dust. Fine particles of coal suspended in 
the air. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

floater. a. A single Acapunent of float. Long. 
b. Synonym for float valve. Long. c. British 
term for float. Also called float mineral ; 
float ore. Fay. d. A refractory shape that 
is allowed to float on the surface of molten 
glass in a tank furnace in order to hold 
back any scum that may be present. 
Compare ring, f. Dodd. 








floating strainer 


floater hole. An opening in a tank through 
which floaters are placed. ASTM C162-66. 

floaters. a. N.S.W. Loose fragments of rock, 
ore, and reef in the soil. New South Wales. 
b. Fire clay blocks floating in the batch 
of a tank furnace to keep the gall out of 
the working end (for the same purpose as 
the bridge). Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

float glass process. A process for making 
sheet glass introduced in 1959 by Pilking- 
ton Bros. Ltd., at St. Helen’s, England. A 
ribbon of glass is floated on molten tin, 
the product being sheet glass with truly 
parallel surfaces, both fire polished. Dodd. 

float gold; flour gold. Particles of gold so 
small and thin that they float on and are 
liable to be carried off by the water. Fay. 

floating. a. Descriptive of the relations of 
large sedimentary particles that are not 
in contact with each other and which are 
contained in a much finer grained matrix. 
A.G.I. Supp. b. Descriptive of quartz sand 
grains more or less sparingly disseminated 
in limestone. A.G.J. Supp. c. The equal 
spreading of plaster, stucco, or cement 
work by means of a board called a float. 
Crispin. 

floating agent. As used in the vitreous enamel 
industry, this term is the equivalent of the 
English term suspending agent. See also 
suspending agent. Dodd. 

floating block. Synonym for traveling block. 
Long. 

floating cable. In seismic operations in water- 
covered areas, a cable connecting geo- 
phones suspended by floats. A.GI. 

floating calcite scales. Floating scales built 
up of small calcite rhombohedrons. 
Schieferdecker. 

floating control system. As used in flotation, 
a system in which the rate of change of 
the manipulated variable is a continuous 
function of the actuating signal. Fuer- 
stenau p. 549, 

floating dock. An open-ended structure built 
up of steel plates, which can be floated 
or submerged by means of air chambers 
as required for ship repairs. Ham. 

floating foundation. See buoyant foundation. 
Ham. 

floating harbor. A system of floating booms 
moored so as to give breakwater protec- 
tion against waves. Ham. 

floating light. Cymophane. Schaller. 

floating opal. Small pieces of gem opal, 
placed in glycerin in a transparent, drop- 
shaped or spherical glass container, for 
use principally as a drop on a neck orna- 
ment. Shipley. 

floating peat. Peat composed of floating 
plants. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

floating pipeline. A pipe supported on pon- 
toons which is used for removing spoil 
from a suction dredger. Ham. 

floating reef. Masses of displaced bedrock 
lying among alluvial detritus. See also 
float. Fay. 

floating sand grain. An isolated sand grain, 
particularly in limestone, that is not in 
contact with other scattered sand grains. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

floating spurs. Aust. Short-lived, flat quartz 
veins. Fay. 

floating strainer. A buoyant pump suction 
end which draws its water from near the 
surface of the free-water level and thus 
pumping almost clear water. A floating 
strainer may be used in dealing with 
bodies of water other than in properly 
constructed sumps. Nelson. 


floating-tube barrel 


floating-tube barrel. Synonym for double- 
tube core barrel, swivel-type. Long. 

floating-tube core barrel. Synonym for 
double-tube barrel, swivel-type. Long. 

float mineral. Small fragments of any ore 
carried away from the ore bed by the 
action of water or by gravity alone, often 
leading to the discovery of mines; also, 
metailic particles detached in stamping 
ore, and suspended in water. Standard, 
1964. See also floater, c; float ore; float. 

float ore. Fragments of vein material found 
on the surface, and usually downstream 
or downhill from the outcrop. Fay. 

float rock. See float, a. Long. 

floats. a. Fractions with a defined upper 
limit of specific gravity and so described, 
for example, floats, 1.40 specific gravity. 
B.S. 3552, 1962. b. As applied to asbestos, 
the fibers recovered from the precipitation 
of the dust in either filters, cyclone col- 
lectors, or other media. The fibers are fine 
and light and of varying lengths. Sinclair, 
W. E., p. 288. 

floatstone. a. A cellular quartz rock. The 
honeycomb quartz detached from a lode 
is often called floatstone by miners. Fay. 
b. A variety of opal that floats on water; 
found in light, spongy, concretionary or 
tuberous masses. Standard, 1964. c. A 
bricklayer’s rubbingstone for working out 
the defects in a brick that has been cut. 
Standard, 1964. 

float sulfur. See flake sulfur. Mitchell, p. 67. 

float switch. A switch actuated by a float for 
starting or stopping a pump motor as the 
level of the water rises or falls. Ham. 

float test. Method for determining the con- 
sistency of bituminous materials. Institute 
of Petroleum, 1961. 

float valve. a. Synonym for a ball-and-seat- 
type apparatus inserted in a pipe, casing, 
or drill-rod string being lowered into a 
borehole. See also float, 1. Long. b. A 
valve operated by a float. Long. 

floc. a. A loose, open-structured mass formed 
in a suspension by the aggregation of 
minute (colloidal) particles. ASCE P1826. 
b. A small aggregate of tiny sedimentary 
grains. A.G.I. Supp. c. A flocculent mass 
formed by the aggregation of a number of 
fine suspended particles. Synonymous with 
floccule. Webster 3d. 

flocculant. An agent that induces or pro- 
motes flocculation, or produces floccules 
or other aggregate formation, especially 
in clays and soils. For example, lime alters 
the soil pH and acts as a flocculant in 
clay soils. An acid reagent is also used 
as a flocculant. Webster 3d. 

flocculate. a. As a verb, to cause to aggre- 
gate or to coalesce into small lumps or 
loose clusters or into flocculent mass or 
deposit. For example, the calcium cation 
tends to flocculate clays. Compare coagu- 
late. Also, to aggregate or to coalesce 
into small lumps or loose clusters or into 
a flocculent mass or deposit. Especially 
applicable to colloids, clays, and soils. For 
example, certain clays flocculate readily. 
Webster 3d. b. As a noun, something that 
has flocculated. A flocculent particle or 
mass; a floc; a floccule. Webster 3d. c. A 
term used in the flotation process. Fay. d. 
To thicken a clay suspension by addition 
of an acid. ACSG. e. The addition of a 
suitable electrolyte to a clay suspension 
to cause the clay particles to agglomerate 
and settle. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

flocculating. a. The thickening of the con- 
sistency of a slip by. adding a suitable 





442 


electrolyte. ASTM C286-65. b. The ag- 
glomeration of clay particles in a clay 
suspension by adding an electrolyte. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

flocculating agent; flocculant. a. A reagent 
added to a dispersion of solids in a liquid 
to bring together the fine particles to 
form flocs. B.S. 3552, 1962. b. A sub- 
stance which produces flocculation, as, 
for example, the inorganic acids, and 
which thereby promotes settling. Fay. 

flocculation. a. The gathering of suspended 
particles into aggregations. Opposite of 
deflocculation. Fay. b. The process of 
forming flocs. ASCE P1826. c. The act or 
process of flocculating. A product of floc- 
culating; a cluster; a conglomeration; or 
an aggregate. Webtser 3d. d. Coalescence 
of minute particles into floccules (often 
consisting mainly of water) to accelerate 
settlement as part of dewatering or thick- 
ening of a pulp. Appropriate chemicals 
are used to promote adhesion. Pryor 2. 
e. Agglomeration of the separate colloidal 
particles of a suspension into bunches or 
flocs with a loss of colloidal properties. In 
drilling fluid a flocculating agent such as 
brine may cause the clay particles to floc- 
culate with the result that the solids settle 
out. Flocculation may give rise to enor- 
mous increases in gel strength. Brantly, 1. 

floccule. A smal] loosely aggregated mass of 
material suspended in or precipitated from 
a liquid. One of the flakes of a flocculent 
precipitate. Synonymous with floc. Web- 
ster 3d. 

flocculent. Resembling wool, therefore, 
wooly. Coalescing and adhering in flocks. 
A cloudlike mass of precipitate in a solu- 
tion. From the Latin floccus, meaning a 
lock of wool. Fay. 

flocculent deposit. An aggregate or precipi- 
tate of small lumps formed by precipita- 
tion. Hy. 

flocculent structure. An arrangement com- 
posed of flocs of soil particles instead of 
individual soil particles. ASCE P1826. 

flock. Any small tufted or flakelike mass of 
matter floating in a solution, especially 
if produced by precipitation. Standard, 
1964. 

flocs. Aggregates resulting from flocculation. 
BUS e002) 1oO7. 

floc test; water test. A test for the durability 
of hydraulic cement, 1 gram of the cement 
is shaken with 100 milliliter of water in 
a test tube which is then placed on its 
side and allowed to stand for 7 days; if 
the amount of floc formed is very small, 
the cement is considered to be durable. 
Dodd. 

Flodin process. A direct process for the 
manufacture of steel, by means of which 
iron with a carbon content from 0.2 per- 
cent upwards can be produced by smelt- 
ing, in a specially constructed electric 
furnace, a mixture of hematite and coal, 
or charcoal, the process being continuous. 
The reduced metal accumulates at the 
bottom of the furnace from which it is 
tapped. Both sulfur and phosphorus are 
reduced to a low figure without addi- 
tional refining, while the manganese and 
silicon contents are controlled in the same 
way as in the ordinary open-hearth proc- 
ess. It is claimed that the steel produced 
is superior in quality both to open hearth 
and Bessemer steel, and it is suggested 
that this superiority is due to the small 
amount of slag, and relative absence of 
gases. Osborne. 





flood casting 














































floe. a. A piece of sea ice, other than fast) 
ice, from 10 meters in diameter to ice) 
field size. Schieferdecker. b. An area of! 
ice, other than fast ice, the limits of) 
which are within sight, as distinct from: 
an ice field. Also called a sea floe. A.G.I.) 
c. A mass of floating ice some 100 feet) 
to 5 miles across, that is not fast to any) 
shore, that was formed by the breaking) 
up of the frozen surface of a large body) 
of water. A.G.I. Supp. d. Loose ganister’ 
or other rock, accumulated at the base of 
a slope. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
floe-berg. a. The great stratified masses of! 
salt ice that lie grounded along the shores 
of the Polar Sea are nothing more than 
fragments broken from the edges of the 
perennial floes. We called them floe-) 
bergs, in order to distinguish them from, 
and yet express their kinship to, icebergs.) 
A.G.I,. b. A thick mass of floe ice heaped. 
together by the collision of floes with each) 
other or with the shore. A.G.I. 
floe ice. Floating ice of much greater thick- 
ness is sometimes seen, but it is doubtful 
if these great thicknesess represent the 
ice formed by the freezing of undisturbed) 
sea water. The ice formed in winter is 
often broken up in the summer into float-) 
ing pieces, floe ice; and the floe ice is 
sometimes crowded together in ice packs, 
A.G.I. 
floe rock. Rock occurring in or taken from 
a body of talus; usually refers to ganister. 
A.RI. 
floe till. See till. Fay. 
floetz; flotz. A bed or stratum. As used by’ 
Werner, means a layer or bed enclosed’ 
conformably in a stratified series, but dif-| 
fering in character from the rocks in which’ 
it occurs. Fay. 
flohmig amber. A fatty amber, resembling 
goose fat; full of tiny bubbles, but not as) 
opaque as cloudy amber. Shipley. | 
flohmig bernstein. German name for an oily- 
looking dim amber. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
floitite. A rock that contains biotite together 
with the typical minerals of the green-) 
schist facies. A.G.I. 
floocan. See flucan. Pryor, 3. 
flood. a. Any relatively high streamflow 
which overtops the natural or artificial) 
banks in any part of a stream or river.) 
A.G.I. b. A rising and overflowing of a 
body of water that covers land that is” 
not usually under water. Webster 3d. c._ 
An outpouring of considerable extent, as 
a flood of lava. A great stream of lava that! 
flows in a steady course. Webster 3d. d.) 
The flowing in of the tide. The semidiurnal_ 
swell or rise of water in the ocean. Oppo-) 
site of ebb. The highest point of a tide, 
Webster 3d. e. In sedimentary petrology,’ 
a term implying the occurrence of a par-} 
ticular species so far in excess of all others, 
as to constitute almost a pure concentrate, 
A.G.I. f. As a verb, to cover or to cause) 
to be covered with water or some other 
fluid. To fill an oil sand with water tc 
displace and to expel the oil. Webster 3d) 
flood basalt. See plateau basalt. A.G_I. 
flood basin. The tract actually covered by 
water during the highest known flood, ov 
the flat area between the sloping low 
plain on one side and the river land or 
the other side. It is occupied by heavy 
soils and commonly has either no vegeta» 
tion or a_ strictly swampy vegetation 
A.G.I. 
flood casting. Term used in the British sani 





flood casting 


tary ware industry for the process of slip 
casting in which excess slip is removed 
from the mold by draining. In other 
sections of the pottery industry, the proc- 
ess is referred to merely as casting; in 
| the United States, the process is known 
| as drain casting. Dodd. 
!\Jood channel. Tidal channel in which the 
|| flood currents are stronger than the ebb 
‘| currents. Schieferdecker. 
ood current. The movement of the tidal 
| current toward the shore or up a tidal 
|| stream. Schieferdecker. 
\\dooded suction. See suction head. Pit and 
} Quarry, 53rd, Sec. E, p. 82. 
||foodgate. a. Eng. A gate to let off excess of 
water in flood or other times. Zern. b. A 
gate for regulating the flow of water, as 
in a raceway. Standard, 1964. 
\Jooding. The drowning out of a well by 
water that sometimes results from drilling 
|| too deeply into the sand. A.G.I. 
|flooding point. The limiting flow rate in two- 
| phase countercurrent flow through a col- 
umn above which the column is inoper- 
able due to irregular flow. NRC-ASA N1.1- 
i 1957. 
\flood plain. a. The flat ground along a stream, 
‘| covered by water at the flood stage. Fay. 
b. All great rivers annually flood portions 
of level land near their mouths, and cover 
the level land with sedimentary deposits. 
The whole area flooded is called the flood 
plain. A.GJ. c. A strip of relatively 
smooth land bordering a stream, built of 
sediment carried by the stream and drop- 
ped in the slack water beyond the influ- 
ence of the swiftest current. USGS Bull. 
730, 1923, p. 88. d. That portion of a 
river valley, adjacent to the river channel, 
that is built of sediments during the pres- 
ent regimen of the stream and which is 
covered with water when the river over- 
flows its banks at flood stages. A.G.I. 
\\food-plain clay. Any clay underlying the 
| flood plain of a river. ACSB-1. 
|\flood-plain meander scar. Any and all fea- 
tures on a flood plain that mark the 
| former course of a stream meander. A.G_I. 
\\food plain of aggradation. A flood plain 
formed by the building up of the valley 
floor by sedimentation. Leet. 
|\flood-plain scroll. One of the patches of 
material having curved crescentic shapes 
originating from deposition along the in- 
side curve of river meanders, and incor- 
ported in large numbers into the flood 
| plain. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
|\flood-plain splay. A small fan often com- 
posed of coarse material and formed when 
an overoladed stream breaks through 
either an artificial or a natural levee and 
deposits due to a decrease in velocity. 
i(. A.G.I. 
|\flood tide. a. The flow, or rising toward the 
| shore, is called the flood tide, and_ the 
falling away, ebb tide. A.GJ. b. That 
period of tide between low water and the 
succeeding high water; a rising tide. 
pe.G-.T. 
‘/flookan; flucan. A vein of clayey material; 
a vein of fine material and water which 
will run into underground workings if 
not stopped. C.T.D. 
\floor. a. The rock underlying a stratified or 
| nearly horizontal deposit, corresponding 
to the foot wall of more steeply dipping 
deposits. Fay. b. A horizontal, flat ore 
| body. Fay. c. The bed or bottom of the 
' ocean. A comparatively level valley bot- 
tom; any low-lying ground surface. A.G_I. 

















443 


d. That part of any underground gallery 
upon which a person walks or upon which 
a tramway is laid. Fay. e. A plank plat- 
form underground. Fay. f. The upper sur- 
face of the stratum underlying a coal 
seam. C.T.D. g. The bottom of a coal 
seam or any other mineral deposit. Arkell. 
h. Plank-covered or steel-mesh-covered, 
level work area at the base of a drill 
tripod or derrick around the collar of a 
borehole in front of the drill. Long. i. 
Loose plank laid parallel with rock drift at 
the heading before blasting a round of 
holes to make easier the loading of broken 
rock by shovels. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

floorboard. A thick wooden-plank member 
of a drill or other work platform. See also 
floor, h. Long. 

floor break. The break or crack which sep- 
arates a block of stone from the quarry 
floor. Fay. Also called floor cut. Hess. 

floor brick. A brick having mechanical, ther- 
mal, and chemical resistance to the con- 
ditions to which it is likely to be exposed 
when used in an industrial floor. Dodd. 

floor burst. A type of outburst generally 
occurring in longwall faces and preceded 
by heavy weighting due to floor lift. Gas 
evolved below the seam seems to collect 
beneath an impervious layer of rock, and 
a gas blister forms beneath the face, giv- 
ing the observed floor lift. Later, the 
floor fractures and the firedamp escapes 
into the mine atmosphere. Roberts I., pp. 
72-73. 

floor clamp. Synonym for safety clamp in 
drilling boreholes. Long. 

floor cut. a. A machine cut made in the 
floor dirt immediately below the coal 
seam. See also bottom cut. Nelson. b. A 
cut by means of which a block of stone 
is separated from the quarry floor. See also 
floor break. Fay. 

flooring stone. Staff. Gypsum mixed with 
blue or green earth. Arkell. 

floor lift. The upward heave of the floor 
beds after a coal seam has been extracted. 
See also creep. Nelson. 

floor penetration. The breaking up or cut- 
ting into a friable floor by timber or 
steel supports. Footblocks or sills are 
sometimes used to increase the bearing 
area and reduce floor penetration. Nelson. 

floor quarry; quarry tile. A heavy ceramic 
flooring material. Floor quarries (as dis- 
tinct from floor tiles) are usually made 
by a plastic process. They are relatively 
thick (1 inch) and generally not less 
than 8 by 8 inches in size. They are hard 
fired to produce a body resistant to heavy 
abrasion and to attack by most industrial 
liquids, hence their wide use for factory 
floors. In the United Kingdom, the term 
is floor quarry, while in the United States, 
quarry tile is used. Dodd. 

floor sand. Used foundry sand mixed with 
some new sand and coal dust. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

floor sill. A large timber laid flat on the 
ground or in a level, shallow ditch to 
which are fastened the drill-platform 
boards or planking. Long. 

floor-stand grinder. An offhand grinder 
mounting either one or two wheels on a 
horizontal spindle fixed to a metal base 
attached to the floor. ACSG, 1963. 

floor station. A survey station secured in the 
floor of a mine roadway or working face. 
BS. 1361 85) 1963; ‘seems 

floor tile. a. Ceramic tiles, normally un- 
glazed, for flooring. It is difficult to draw 





flot 


a sharp distinction between floor tiles and 
floor quarries, but the former are always 
dry pressed, and they are relatively thin 
and do not normally exceed 6 by 6 inches 
in size. Dodd. b. One of the refractory 
shapes used in the construction of a gas 
retort; a group of these titles is laid hori- 
zontally to brace the retorts of a vertical 
setting and to limit the combustion flues. 
Dodd. c. Term used for a hollow fired- 
clay block for use in the construction of 
floors and roofs. Dodd. 

floor trader. A free-lance dealer operating 
solely for his own profit through antici- 
pating the trend of the stock market. 
Hoov, p. 281. 

flop gate. An automatic gate used in placer 
mining when there is a shortage of water. 
This gate closes a reservoir until it is 
filled with water, when it automatically 
opens and allows the water to flow into 
the sluices. When the reservoir is empty 
the gate closes, and the operation is re- 
peated. Fay. 

flora. All the plants collectively of a given 
formation, age, or region. Compare fauna. 
Fay. 

floran tin. Corn. Tin mineral scarcely visible 
in the rock; also, tin ore stamped very 
small. Fay. 

florencite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
pale yellow, hexagonal mineral, CeAls 
(PO,)2(OH)., found in schists and placer 
sands; also known from pegmatites asso- 
ciated with fluorite and microcline. Iso- 
morphous with hamlinite; from Brazil. 
Crosby, p. 100; Hess. 

florescence. The rapid reproduction of plank- 
ton. See also plankton bloom. Hy. 

Florida phosphate. Phosphate rock from 
Florida, usually fluorapatite (CaF) Cas 
(PO,)2, encountered as land pebble, hard 
rock, soft rock, or powder. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Floridin. a. A trade name for fuller’s earth 
worked by the Florindin Company at 
Quincy and Jamieson, Fla. English. b. 
Used in decolorizing petroleum and vege- 
table oils. Fay. Also spelled Floridine. 

floridite. Applied at one time to phosphate 
rock from Florida. Hess. 

florite. Activated bauxite; Al2O3.3H2O or 
A1(OH)s;, made by heating selected baux- 
ites under controlled conditions to produce 
a porous and adsorptive material similar 
in many respects to activated alumina. 
HH Cdtet lend. O46. 

florizone. a. A zone characterized by its 
flora. A.G.I. Supp. b. A biostratigraphic 
unit characterized by the presence of a 
particular flora that may have either time 
or environmental significance. A.G.I. Supp. 

florspar. See fluorite. 

flos ferri. A coralloid variety of aragonite. 
Fay. 

flosh. Corn. A rude mortar, with a shutter 
instead of a screen, used under stamps. 
Fay. 

flospinning. Forming cylindrical-, conical-, 
and curvilinear-shaped parts by power 
spinning or flowing metal over a rotating 
mandrel. ASM Gloss. 

floss. a. Fluid, vitreous cinder, floating in a 
puddling furnace. Fay. b. A floss hole. 
Webster 3d. c. White cast iron for con- 
verting into steel. Webster 2d. 

floss hole. a. A small door provided at the 
bottom of a flue or chimney for the re- 
moval of ash. Osborne. b. A tap hole. 
Fay. 

flot. a. Ore lying between the beds or at 


flot 


certain definite horizons in the strata. 
Arkell. b. Eng. Veins that branch off 
laterally, Alston Moor lead mines. Arkell. 

flotagen. Collector agent used in flotation 
process, based on mercapto-benzthiozole. 
Pryor, 3. 

flotation. a. The method of mineral separa- 
tion in which a froth created in water by 
a variety of reagents floats some finely 
crushed minerals, whereas other minerals 
sink. A.GJ. Supp. Formerly the term 
flotation with descriptive adjectives was 
used for all processes of concentration in 
which levitation in water of particles 
heavier than water was obtained. Thus, 
if some particles were retained in an oil 
layer or at the interface between an oil 
layer and a water layer, the process was 
spoken of as bulk-oil flotation; if the par- 
ticles were retained at a free water surface 
as a layer one particle deep, the process 
was skin flotation; and if the particles 
were retained in a foamy layer several 
inches thick, the process was froth flota- 
tion. Froth flotation is the process that 
has survived the test of time, and the 
term flotation is now used universally to 
describe froth flotation. Gaudin 2, p. 1. 
See also bulk flotation; bulk-oil flotation; 
film flotation; differential flotation; selec- 
tive flotation; skin flotation. b. The weight 
supporting ability of a tire, crawler track, 
or platform on soft ground. Nichols. 

flotation agent. A substance or chemical 
which alters the surface tension of water 
or which makes it froth easily. See also 
depressant. Nelson. 

flotation cell. Appliance in which froth flo- 
tation of ores is performed. It has pro- 
vision for receiving conditioned pulp, 
aerating this pulp and for separate dis- 
charge of the resulting mineralized froth 
and impoverished tailings. Types of cell 
include agitation (impeller, and splashing, 
now obsolete) ; pneumatic (in which air 
blown in agitates pulp), such as Halli- 
mond laboratory cell, Callow, McIntosh, 
Forrester, Southwestern and Britannia; 
vacuum cells (Elmore and Clemens, obso- 
lescent); subaeration with mechanized 
stirring and pressure-input air (M.S. cell, 
Agitair) ; subaeration, self-aerating mech- 
anized cell (Fagergren, Denver, M.S.S.A., 
Humboldt, Boliden, K. & B., etc.) ; work- 
ing parts of cell may include feed entry, 
impeller, middling return pipe, hood, 
standpipe, circulating ports, baffles (in- 
cluding crowding baffle), adjustable weir, 
lining plates, sand-relief ports, skimming 
paddle, froth launder. Pryor, 3. 

flotation man. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, one who tends flotation machines 
which are used to separate valuable min- 
erals from gangue (waste material) in 
finely ground ore by causing the mineral 
to float in a liquid pulp while the gangue 
remains submerged. Also called flotation 
operator. D.O.T.1. 

flotation middlings. Flotation products which 
may be re-treated. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

flotation of crystals. The act or process of 
floating lightweight crystals in a body 
of magma. Opposite of crystal settling. 
See also crystal flotation. A.G.I. 

flotation oil. Oil, such as creosote oil, pine 
oil, or turpentine. Used to wet a particular 
component of a powdered ore and cause 
it to concentrate in an airy froth. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

flotation plane. Plane of a liquid surface in 
which a body floats. Hess. 





444 


flotation process. See flotation. 

flotation reagents. Those used in the froth- 
flotation process. They include pH regula- 
tors, slime dispersants, resurfacing agents, 
wetting agents, conditioning agents, col- 
lectors, and frothers. Pryor, 3. 

flotation regulator. An acid or an alkali used 
to control the pH of flotation solutions. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

flotation time. The time necessary to make 
the separation into concentrate and tailing 
depends on such factors as particle size 
and reagents used, and must be known 
for determination of the size and number 
of flotation cells in the plant. Fuerstenau, 
p. 365. 

Flotol. A synthetic reagent of the general 
nature of pine oil, used as frother in flota- 
tion process. Pryor, 3. 

flotz. Ger. See floetz. Fay. 

flour copper. a. Very fine scaly native copper 
that floats on water and is very difficult 
to save in milling. Weed, 1922. b. See also 
float copper. Fay. 

floured. The finely granulated condition of 
quicksilver, produced to a greater or lesser 
extent by its agitation during the amal- 
gamation process. The coating of quick- 
silver with what appears to be a thin film 
of some sulfide, so that when it is sepa- 
rated into globules these refuse to reunite. 
Also called sickening; flouring. Fay. 

floured mercury. See floured. Fay. 

flour gold. The finest size gold dust, much 
of which will float on water. See also float 
gold. Fay. 

flour gypsum. Same as gypsite. New South 
Wales, p. 54. 

flouring. Subdivision of mercury to the point 
where globules are minute and cease to re- 
unite, leading to loss. This is due mainly 
to excessive shearing when mercury is 
mixed with gold-bearing ore as it is being 
ground. Pryor, 3 

flour salt. Very fine-grained vacuum pan salt. 
Kaufmann. 

floury soil. Fine-grained soil having the 
appearance of clay when wet, but powdery 
when dry. Ham. 

flow. a. That which flows or results from 
flowing. A mass of matter moving or that 
has moved in a stream, as a lava flow. Fay. 
b. The movement of a fluid, such as air, 
water, or magma (lava). A.G.I. c. The 
plastic deformation of solids. Synonymous 
with solid flow; rock flowage; plastic flow. 
A.G.I.d. A tabular-shaped body of lava 
that consolidated from magma on the 
surface of the earth. A.G.I. e. In ceramics, 
the flux used to cause color to run and 
blend in firing. Fay. 

flowability. A characteristic of a foundry 
sand mitxure which enables it to move 
under pressure so that it makes intimate 
contact with all surfaces of the pattern 
or corebox. ASM Gloss. 


flowage. An irreversible and permanent de- 


formation of rocks without fracture. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

flowage cast. Structures thought to be formed 
by the flowage of mobile, hydroplastic 
sand over the uneven bottom in the direc- 
tion of slope. May be transverse, longitudi- 
nal, or multidirectional. Those, which 
seem to be produced by a combination of 
load-casting and current-oriented flow, 
have been termed flow cast. They are re- 
lated to flame structures. Pettijohn. 

flowage differentiation. The retarding effect 
produced by relatively stationary walls on 
the movement under the influence of pres- 


flow brazing. Brazing by pouring molten filler | 








flow channel. The portion of a flow net’ 


P1826. 
flow characteristic. The rate at which a metal | 





flow cleavage. a. Cleavage that depends on — 


flow cleavage 


sure of a mush of crystals in a magmatic 
liquid, which may give rise to magmatic 
differentiation and also to the concentra- 
tion of ore minerals. Schieferdecker. 


flowage fold. a. A minor fold that is the 


result of the flowage of rocks toward a) 
synclinal axis, toward which the minor’ 
folds are overturned. A.G.J. b. A fold in: 
which the layers of rock are thinned at) 
the crest of the fold and are thickened at 
the trough of the fold. A.G.J. Supp. 


flowage structure. A rock structure, the ap- 


pearance of which indicates that the 
material was in a state of flow immediately 
before consolidation. Also called fluidal 
structure. Fay. 


flow-and-plunge structure. a. A variety of 


false bedding, consisting of short, obliquely 
laminated beds deposited irregularly, at 
various angles of slope, the result of tidal 
action, accompanied by plunging waves. 
Fay. b. A term which has been applied to’ 
cross-lamination. Pettijohn. : 


flow banding. A structure of igneous roc 


that is especially common in silicic lava 
flows. It is due to the movement or flow: 
of magmas or lavas. It exists as an alter- 
nation of mineralologically unlike layers. 


A.GI. 





flow blue. A deep cobalt blue which was” 


used for underglaze printing on pottery. 
As the name indicates, the color tended 
to flow into the glaze, giving a blurred 
effect; this result was obtained *by placing 
flow powder in the saggar containing the’ 
ware, chlorine evolved from the powder | 
and combined with some of the cobalt, | 
therefore rendering it slightly soluble in) 
the glaze. See also flow powder. Dodd. 


flow bog. A peat bog, the surface of which 


is likely to rise and fall with every increase | 
or decrease of water. The water may come)! 
from rains or springs. Fay. 





| 
metal over a joint. ASM Gloss. | 


flow breccia. A type of lava flow, usually | 


of silicic composition, in which fragments 
of solidified or partly solidified lava, 
produced either by explosion or by flowage, - 
have become welded together or cemented — 
together by the still fluid parts of the | 

same flow. Holmes, 1920. 


flow-button test. See fusion flow test. Dodd. 
flow cast. a. The rolls, lobate ridges, and 


other raised features produced and pre- 
served in the overlying sandstone are given 
the designation flow cast because they rep- 
resent the filling of the negative features © 
produced by the flowage of the soft under- 
lying sediment. See also load cast. Petti-— 
john. b. Load casts modified by horizontal — 
flowage of the burden during or after) 
emplacement. See also flowage cast. Petti- | 
john. c. A roll, a lobate ridge, or some | 

other raised feature produced on the’ 
underside of a sand layer by the sand | 
having flowed into a depression in the: 
underlying, soft hydroplastic sediment. The | 
underlying rock, which is typically coal 
or mudstone, preserves no diagnostic struc- 

ture. A.GJI. : 


bounded by two adjacent flow lines. ASCE" 


powder will flow through an orifice in a 
standard instrument, and/or according to 
a specified procedure. Rolfe. : 


the parallel arrangement of the mineral : 





flow cleavage 


constituents of the rock and which devel- 
oped during rock flowage. Compare frac- 
ture cleavage. Fay. b. That variety of 
rock cleavage that is the result of the solid 
| flow of the rock. See also foliation. A.G.I. 
||| flow coating. The process of coating a cera- 
'/ mic or metal shape by causing the slip 
to flow over its surface and allowing it 
to drain. ASTM C286-65. 
|| flow curve. A graph of points obtained in 
1 a test for liquid limit. This shows number 
' of blows on the horizontal, logarithmic 
scale and moisture contents on the vertical, 
arithmetic scale. The point of intersection 
between the flow curve and the 25-blows 
vertical line is the liquid limit. The flow 
curve takes the form of a straight line. 
Ham. 
| flow earth. Material on a slope characterized 
by local derivation and lack of sorting. 
A.G.I. Supp. 
| flower agate. a. Any moss agate. Shipley. 
b. Translucent chalcedony from Oregon. 
Contains inclusions of minerals, some- 
times red, brown, or yellow and green, 
arranged in flowerlike forms, often of 
both red and green colors. Shipley. c. 
A term often applied to any moss agate 
or mocha stone with flowerlike markings. 
Shipley. 
flower of iron. See flos ferri. Fay. 
|| flowers. See mottling (of silica refractories). 
Dodd. 
)| flowers of sulfur. A light yellow, pulverulent 
modification of sulfur formed when sulfur 
vapor is condensed. Standard, 1964. 
| flower stone. a. Flower agate. Shipley. b. 
Incorrect term for beach pebbles of chal- 
cedony. Shipley. 
| flow failure. Failure in which a soil mass 
moves over relatively long distances in a 
fluidlike manner. ASCE P1826. 
| flow folding. Folding in incompetent beds 
which offer so little resistance to deforma- 
tion that they assume any shape impressed 
upon them by the more rigid rocks sur- 
rounding them or by the general stress 
pattern of the deformed zone. Synonym 
for ptygmatic folding. A.G_I. 
flow gneiss. A gneiss, the structure of which 
was produced by flowage in an igneous 
mass before complete solidification. A.G.I. 
Supp. 
| flow gradient. A drainageway slope deter- 
mined by the evelation and distance of 
the inlet and outlet, and by required 
volume and velocity. Nichols. 
| flow hole. See throat. ASTM C162-66. 
| flowing film concentration. In metallurgy, a 
concentration based on the fact that 
liquid films in laminar flow possess a 
velocity which is not the same in all depths 
of the film. There is no flow at the bottom 
but maximum at or very near the top 
resulting from the internal friction of one 
layer upon another. By this principle 
lighter particles are washed off while the 






heavier particles accumulate and are in-. 


termittently removed. This is the stationary 
table known for thousands of years. Van- 
ners and round tables have been developed 
from this basic principle, whereas bumping 
and shaking tables jointly utilize flowing 
film and other principles. Gaudin, p. 280. 
| flowing furnace. A reverberatory with in- 
clined hearth, used in Cornwall, England, 
for treating roasted lead ores by the pre- 
cipitation process. Fay. 
| flowing slope. See solifluction. A.G.I. 
flowing well. a. A well in which pumping is 
not necessary to bring the fluid to the 











445 


surface. Fay. b. A well that discharges 
water or oil at the surface without the 
aid of a pump or some other lifting device. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. c. A well in 
which the fluid is flowing to the surface 
because of pressure or entrained gas. 
A.G.I, 

flow, lava. See lava flow. A.G_I. 

flow layer. a. A rock layer, differing mineral- 
ogically or structurally from the adjacent 
layers, and which was produced by flow- 
age before the complete solidification of 
the magma. A.G.J. Supp. b. A parallel 
orientation of flow elements in an igneous 
rock that results in a banded structure. 
Certain minerals are segregated into such 
layers or into very flat lenses of contrasting 
appearance. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

flow line. a. Any internal structure in an 
igneous rock produced by the orientation 
of crystals. See also flow structure; flow 
texture. A.G.IJ. Supp. b. The path that a 
particle of water follows in its course of 
seepage under laminar flow conditions. 
ASCE P1826. c. Distinguishable differences 
(as of color, texture, or arrangement of 
crystals) indicative of flow having taken 
place in a plastic solid (as wrought metal 
or an igneous rock formation). Webster 3d. 
d. The hydraulic grade line. Seelye, 1. 
e. A conduit, as a pipe, laid on the hydrau- 
lic gradient. Seelye, 1. f. Flowage line. 
Seelye, 1. 

flow-line arch. A structure in massive igneous 
rock similar to a schlieren arch but indi- 
cated by more or less obscure flow lines 
rather than by flow layers. G.S.A. Mem. 5, 
1937, p. 69. 

flow machine. A machine used in glassmak- 
ing; molten glass flows into it from a feeder 
under the action of gravity. Dodd. 

flow mark. a. A small channel cut in a sedi- 
mentary surface by water currents. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. The impression of such a channel 
preserved in the overlying sediment. A.G_I. 
Supp. c. A small ridge formed on the upper 
surface of muddy sediment by a water cur- 
rent. A.G.J. Supp. d. See flute cast. Pettz- 
john. 

flowmeter. a. A device installed in a drilling- 
fluid circulation system that registers the 
number of gallons of liquid circulated per 
minute and also indicates when the flow 
past the bit ceases. Long. b. A device which 
registers rate of flow and perhaps quantity 
of gases, liquids, and fluid pulps. Used in 
mineral dressing to measure rates and 
quantities of pregnant solutions in cyanide 
and to control liquid additions to pulps. 
Pryor, 3. 

flow net. A graphic representation of the flow 
lines and the equipotential lines used in 
a study of seepage phenomena. ASCE 
P1826. 

flow powder. A mixture formulated to evolve 
chlorine at the temperature of the glost 
firing of pottery and used in the produc- 
tion of flow blue. For ware covered with a 
lead glaze, a suitable composition is 22 
percent NaCl; 40 percent white lead; 30 
percent CaCOs, and 8 percent borax. For 
use with a leadless glaze, a suitable mix- 
ture is 15 percent NaCl; 55 percent 
MgCl; 15 percent KnOs, and 15 percent 
CaCO;. See also flow blue. Dodd. 

flow process. See gob process. ASTM C162— 
66. 

flow, pseudoviscous. The type of solid flow 
which takes place under a strain and a 





flow structure. a. 


flow structure 


stress too low to produce gliding flow, and 
produces instead intergranular movement 
and dimensional orientation for the most 
part. A.G.J. 


flow rate. a. Weight of dry air flowing per 


unit time. Measured in pounds per hour. 
Hartman, p. 8. b. In powder metallurgy, 
the time required for a powdered sample 
of standard weight to flow through an 
orifice in a standard instrument according 
to a specified procedure. ASM Gloss. 


flow rock. Ganister found loose on the side 


of a mountain. 4.J.S.J. No. 24. 


flow roll. a. A rounded mass of sandstone 


projecting into underlying argillaceous 
sediment either filling an eroded depres- 
sion or produced by differential settling 
and compaction under overburden load. 
A.GJI. Supp. b. Pillow-sized and _ pillow- 
shaped bodies of sandstone which charac- 
terize certain beds. Presumed to form by 
deformation, perhaps a product of large- 
scale load-casting or of subaqueous slump. 
See also ball-and-pillow structure; flow 
structure; slump ball; pseudonodules; 
storm roller. Pettijohn. 


flowsheet. A diagram showing the progress of 


coal or ore through a preparation or treat- 
ment plant. It shows the crushing, screen- 
ing, cleaning, or refining processes to which 
the material is subjected from the run-of- 
mine state to the clean and sized prod- 
ucts. The size range at the various stages 
may also be shown. Nelson. 


flowsheet, liquids. A flowsheet to indicate the 


flow liquids throughout a series of opera- 
tions. B.S. 3552, 1962. 


flowsheet, materials. A flowsheet principally 


concerned with solid materials. B.S. 3552, 
1962. 


flowsheet, weighted. A materials flowsheet 


including a statement of the capacity in 
tons per hour at principal points in the 
plant. B.S. 3552, 1962. 


flow side. The failure of a sloped bank of 


soil in which the movement of the soil 
mass does not take place along a well- 
defined surface of sliding. ASCE P1826. 


flow stage. That stage in the solidification of 


a magma when it is still sufficiently fluid 
to flow as a liquid. A.G.I. i 


flowstone. a. A coating on the floor or on 


the wall of a cave, consisting of a sheet of 
calcium carbonate deposited by slowly 
flowing water. Schieferdecker. b. These 
accumulations assume forms that closely 
resemble masses of ice, and some of the 
cascades in stone are large and impressive. 
To distinguish this material from that de- 
posited by dripping water, it has been 
called flowstone. USGS Bull. 760, 1925, 
p. 110. c. A deposit of travertine which 
has been deposited where water has been 
flowing in a very thin sheet over rocks. 
The term is applied chiefly to such aque- 
ous deposits in caves. Webster 3d. 


flow stress. The uniaxial true stress required 


to cause plastic deformation at a partic- 
ular value of strain. ASM Gloss. 


flow stretching. The orientation and possible 


deformation of crystals with their long 
axes in the direction of plastic flow in 
metamorphic rocks. G.S.A. Mem. 5, 1937, 
p. 10. 

A structure of igneous 
rocks, generally but not necessarily re- 
stricted to volcanic rocks, in which the 
stream lines or flow lines of the magma 


flow structure 


are revealed by alternating bands or lay- 
ers of differing composition, of differing 
crystallinity, or of differing texture, or by 
a subparallel arrangement of prismatic or 
tabular crystals. Holmes, 1920. b. A struc- 
tural feature that forms when a magma is 
solidifying into an igneous rock and while 
it is sufficiently liquid to flow. See also 
linear flow structure; planar flow struc- 
ture. A.G.I. c. A structure due to the aline- 
ment of the minerals or the inclusions of 
an igneous rock so as to suggest the swirl- 
ing curves, eddies, and wavy motions of 
a flowing stream. Fay. d. An_ oriented 
structure that developed in rock during 
flow. Webster 3d. e. A structure of igneous 
rocks which is caused by flow in a magma 
during crystallization. The flow may pro- 
duce alternating bands of different com- 
position, crystallinity, and texture, or a 
parallel orientation of prismatic and tab- 
ular crystals. Synonym for fluidal struc- 
ture; fluxion structure. Schieferdecker. f. 
See ball-and-pillow structure. Also re- 
ferred to as flow layer; flowfold; sand- 
stone flow. Pettijohn. 


flow surface. The plane separating adjacent 


flow layers. G.S.A. Mem. 6, 1938, p. 44. 


flow symmetry. The symmetry of movement 


comparable to the symmetry of equal and 
interchangeable parts located with refer- 
ence to a center or one or more axes or 
planes. See also axial symmetry; isotropic 
symmetry; monoclinic symmetry; ortho- 
rhombic symmetry; polar symmetry; tetra- 
gonal symmetry; triclinic symmetry. A.G.I. 


Supp. 


flow test. A test for the consistency of con- 


crete in terms of its tendency to spread 
when placed on a metal table and jolted 
under specified conditions. Dodd. 


flow texture. A texture common in the glassy 


groundmass of extrusive rocks, especially 
lavas, in which the stream lines or flow 
lines of the once molten rock are revealed 
by a subparallel arrangement of prismatic 
or tabular crystals or microlites. Synonym 
for fluidal texture. A.G_I. 


flowtill. Superglacial debris (ablation mo- 


raine) that moved laterally as a mudflow 
from glacial ice to an adjacent lower sur- 


face. A.G.I. Supp. 


flow unit. One of the nearly contemporaneous 


subdivisions of a lava fiow (usually basal- 
tic) which consists of two or more parts 
which were poured one over the other 
during the course of a single eruption. In 
cross section, a typical flow unit has a 
lenticular form, ranging from about 100 
to 300 feet wide and from 10 to 30 feet 
thick. Longitudinally, the flow unit may be 
as much as one-half mile long. A.G_I. 


flow velocity of water in soil. The vector 


point function used to indicate the rate 
and the direction of movement of water 
through soil, the volume moving per unit 
of time, and the area normal to the di- 
rection of net flow. A.G.J. Supp. 


F.L.P. In Great Britain, tests of every type 


of apparatus are made in explosive atmos- 
pheres before it is approved and allowed 
to use the official letters F.L.P. (flame- 
proof). Mason, v. 2, p. 432. 


flucan; flookam. a narrow band of crushed 


rock or clayey material found along a 
fault zone or vein of ore. See also breccia; 
gouge; selvage; pug. Nelson. 


flucany lode. A lode having flucan on one or 








446 


both walls, and sometimes in the center. 
Fay. 

fluccan. See flucan. Pryor, 3. 

fiuctuate. In tidal information, generally re- 
fers to variations of the water level from 
mean sea level that are not due to tide- 
producing forces and are not included in 
the prediction heights of the tide. Hy. 

flue. a. S. Wales. A furnace, such as a 
large coal fire at or near the bottom of an 
upcast shaft for producing a current of 
air for ventilating the mine. Fay. b. A tube 
or passageway in a steam boiler for hot 
gases or water (depending on whether 
boiler is a fire-tube or water-tube boiler) 
Bureau of Mines Staff. c. Lanc. Shale 
Arkell. d. A British term used in the same 
sense as the term tube is used in the 
United States. Fay. e. A passage or chan- 
nel through which the products of com- 
bustion of a boiler or other furnace are 
taken to the chimney. C.T.D. 

flue bridge. The separating low wall between 
the flues and the laboratory of a rever- 
beratory furnace. Fay. 

flue brush. A brush made of pieces of wire 
or steel used to cleanse the interior of a 
flue from scales and soot. Fay. 

flue cinder. Iron cinder from the reheating 
furnace, so called because it runs out from 
the lower part of the flue. Fay. 

flue dust. Dust passing into the flues of a 
smelter or metallurgical furnace and 
which, unless caught, passes out of the 
chimney. It is composed of particles of 
unchanged or oxidized ore, volatilized lead 
that has been converted into oxide, car- 
bonate and sulfate ash, and fuel, volatilized 
products of arsenic, zinc, bismuth, etc. 
Hess. 

flue liner. A fire clay shape for use in the 
flues and chimneys of domestic heating 
appliances. Dodd. 

flue lining. Low-grade fire clay pipe of cylin- 
drical or rectangular cross section used for 
lining flues. Fay. 

fluellite. A white orthorhombic mineral with 
one indistinct cleavage, AlF3.H2O. Larsen, 
p. 98. 

flue plate; flue sheet. A plate in a boiler for 
supporting the ends of flues. Webster 2d. 

flue tops. A form of burned clayware, often 
of ornamental character, placed on the 
top of chimney flues. Fay. 

fluid. a. As an adjective, having particules 
which move easily and change their rela- 
tive position without a separation of the 
mass and which yield easily to pressure; 
capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous. 
Webster 3d. It differs from a solid in that 
it can offer no permanent resistance to 
change of shape. C.T.D. b. The distinc- 
tion between fluid and plastic is generally 
in the degree of deformation under a given 
stress. A.G.J. c. As a noun, a substance 
that alters its shape in response to any 
force however small, that tends to flow or 
to conform to the outline of its container, 
and that includes gases and liquids and, 
in strictly technical] use, certain plastic solids 
and mixtures of solids and liquids capable 
of flow. Webster 3d. 

fluidal. Relating to or characteristic of a 
fluid, or relating to or characteristic of 
flowing motion. For example, the fluidal 
arrangement of the components of a 
metamorphic rock. Webster 3d. 

fluidal structure. The oriented arrangement 
of mineral grains (in an igneous rock) 
caused by a movement or flow in the mass 





fluidity 


when it was partially crystallized. Also 
called flow structure; fluxion structure. 
Fay. 

fluidal texture. a. A texture of a rock in 
which the arrangement of the minute 
crystals shows the lines of flow of the 
rock material while molten. Webster 3d. 
b. See flow texture. A.G_I. 

fluid catalytic cracking. A cracking process 
first introduced commercially in 1936. 
Basically, it converts a heavy oil fraction 
into a high-grade motor spirit by a process 
of thermal decomposition with the aid of 
a catalyst. The product of this process is 
then fractionally distilled to separate 
out motor-spirit fractions, fuel-oil blending 
components and gases. The latter can be 
used as feedstocks for the manufacture of 
petrochemicals. See also fractional distil- 
lation. Nelson. 

fluid circulation. See drill fluid. Long. 

fluid clutch. A hydraulic coupling which does 
not increase torque. Nichols, 2. 

fluid column. The number of feet of drill- 
ing fluid standing in a borehole while the 
drill is operating and/or the number of 
feet of drilling fluid remaining in a bore- 
hole with the drill string withdrawn. Long. 

fluid contact. The surface in a reservoir 
separating two regions characterized by 
predominant differences in fluid saturation. 
Because of capillarity and other pheno- 
mena, the fluid-saturization changes is not 
necessarily abrupt or complete, nor is the 
surface necessarily horizontal. A.G.I. 

fluid conveyor coupling. A device for over- 
coming the starting resistance of a con- 
veyor fed by a constant-speed motor. It 
is used to allow the motor to reach full 
speed before starting the conveyor. Nelson. 

fluid cut. See fluid wash. Long. 

fluid drive; fluid clutch. An automotive power 
coupling that operates on a_ hydraulic 
turbine principle, the flywheel of the en- 
gine having a set of turbine blades con- 
nected directly to it and driving them in 
oil thereby turning another set of turbine 
blades attached to the transmission gears 
of the automobile. Webster 3d. 

fluid energy mill. A size reduction unit de- 
pending for its action on collisions between 
the particles being ground, the energy being 
supplied by a compressed fluid, (for exam- 
ple, air or steam) that enters the grinding 
chamber at high speed. Such mills will give 
a product of 5p or less; they have been 
used for the fine grinding of frits, kaolin, 
zircon, titania, and calcined alumina, but 
the energy consumed per ton of milled 
product is high. Dodd. 

fluid flow. See Raleigh’s law. Lewis, p. 708. 

fluid-fuel reactor. A type of nuclear reactor 
(for example, a fused-salt reactor) the 
fuel for which is in fluid form. L@L. 

fluidimeter. An instrument devised by J. 
Joshua Phillips for determining the fluidity 
of oils at various temperatures. Fay. 

fluid inclusion. See inclusion, fluid, A.G_I. 

fluidity. a. The quality, state, or degree of 
being fluid: a liquid or gaseous state. 
Webster 3d. b. The physical property of 
a substance that enables it to flow and 
that is a measure of the rate at which it 
is deformed by a shearing stress as con- 
trasted with viscosity: the reciprocal of 
viscosity. Webster 3d. c. In mineral trans- 
port, term not confined to liquids and 
slurries, but also used for finely divided 
solids which flow readily in air currents, 
fluosolids reactors, or through dry ball 
mills. Pryor, 3. 











| 
| 





| 


: 


0 fluidity factor. The relation between the 


























fll 


fl 


\ fl 


fll 


‘fi 


fluidity factor 


densities of a fluid and the suspended solid 
particles which in part determines the 
sorting of transported sediment. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

uidization. a. A roasting process in which 
finely divided solid materials are kept in 
suspension by a rising current of air (or 
other gas). This produces a fluidized bed 
which provides an ideal condition for gas- 
solid reaction because each solid particle 
is in constant motion and in contact with 
the moving gas stream on all sides. The 
solid material must not contain pieces so 
large that the gas stream will not keep 
them in suspension and the temperature 
must be kept low enough that there is no 
fusion or agglomeration of the particles. 
Newton, p. 292. b. A bed of coal is fluidized 
when it is made to float by the upward 
movement of a current of liquid or gas. 
In such a bed friction between particles 
is zero and they become highly mobile. 
Fluidization is used in the calcination of 
various minerals, the coking of petroleum 
pitch, in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and in 
the coal industry. Nelson. c. The process 
in which gas passes through loose fine- 
grained material, mixes with it, and causes 
it to flow like a liquid. It may occur at the 
time of a volcanic eruption, as in a glowing 
avalanche. A.G.I. Supp. 

uidized bed. A cushion of gas between a 
powder and a porous ceramic support, 
which is generally in the form of slabs; 
a current of air or hot gases is forced 
through the porous ceramic under pressure. 
The principle is used as a method of 
conveying powders along a slightly in- 
clined porous ceramic trough; the powder 
can be simultaneously dried and/or cal- 
cined. Dodd. 

uidized bed dryer. A cool dryer which 
depends on a mass of particles being fluid- 
ized by passing a stream of hot air through 
it. As a result of the fluidization, intense 
turbulence is created in the mass including 
a rapid drying action. The coarse dry coal 
is withdrawn from the opposite side of 
the chamber. Fine particles in the feed 
become entrained in the air and are ex- 
tracted in a cyclone, while the finest par- 
ticles may need removal by dry filters or 
wet scrubbers. The dryer has a high capa- 
city and many are in use in the United 
States. See also cascade coal dryer; flash 
coal dryer. Nelson. 

uidized bed reactor. A nuclear reactor in 
which the fuel is in the form of small 
pellets suspended in an upwardly moving 
stream of liquid or gas coolant. L@L. 
uidized roasting. Oxidation of finely ground 
pyritic minerals by means of upward cur- 
rents of air, blown through a reaction 
vessel with sufficient force to cause the 
bed of material to expand (boil). Reaction 
between mineral and air is maintained at 
a desired exothermic level by control of 
oxygen entry, by admission of cooling 
water, or by added fuel. Pryor, 3. 


|| fluid-level measurement. A reflection seismic 


measurement in boreholes. The problem of 
determining the distance from the top of 
the well down to the surface of the fluid 
in the annular space through which fluid 
is pumped between the well casing and 
tubing has been solved by the application 
of the principle used in reflection prospect- 
ing. A sound wave is sent down the well in 
the annular space between the tubing and 
the casing, and the time is measured which 








447 


a wave reflected from the surface of the 
fluid requires to come back to the surface 
of the ground. A.G_I. 

fluid lubricated. The core barrelhead bear- 
ings and/or other rotating members in 
a drill string cooled and lubricated by 
water or mud-laden fluid circulated as 
the drilling fluid. Long. 

fluid measure, apothecary’s. 


1 minim = 0.059 cubic centimeters 
(one drop) 
60 minim = 3.55 cubic centimenters 


(one dram) 
8 fluid drams = 28.4 cubic centimeters 
(one fluid ounce) 
20 drams = 568 cubic centimeters 
(one pint). 
Pryor, 3. 
fluid passage. Synonym for waterway. Long. 
fluid pressure. a. The force with which a 
stream of drilling fluid is ejected from a 
pump, usually expressed in pounds per 
square inch. Long. b. The force, expressed 
in pounds per square inch, exerted by the 
weight of the column of drilling fluid 
measured at any given depth in a bore- 
hole. Compare bottom-hole pressure, b and 
c. Long. c. The pressure exerted by fluid 
contained in rock. A.G.J. Supp. 
fluid ton. Thirty-two cubic feet. A unit to 
correspond with the short ton of 2,000 
pounds, and of sufficient accuracy for many 
hydrometallurgical, hydraulic, and other 
industrial purposes, it being assumed that 
the water or other liquid under considera- 
tion weighs 62.5 pounds per cubic foot. 
Fay. 
fluid volume. Tue amount of drilling fluid 
circulated through the drill string, gen- 
erally expressed in gallons per minute. 
Long. 
fluid wash. The wearing away of core and 
parts of a drill string or bit exposed to 
the erosive forces of the rapid passage of 
the circulated drilling fluid. Also called 
fluid cut. Long. 
flukan. Same as Flucan. Fay. 
fluke. A rod used for cleaning drill holes 
before they are charged with explosives. 
Fay. 
fluken. a. Corn. Gouge clay. Arkell. b. 
A crossvein composed of clay. Arkell. 
flume. a. An inclined channel, usually of 
wood and often supported on a trestle, 
for conveying water from a distance to be 
utilized for power, transportation, etc., 
as in placer mining, logging, etc. Fay. b. 
A milltail. Fay. c. To transport in a flume, 
as logs. Fay. d. To divert by a flume, as 
the waters of a stream, in order to lay 
bare the auriferous sand and gravel form- 
ing the bed. Fay. e. An open trough or 
channel, made of wood or other material, 
used for conveying water. Also called 
launder; sluice; race. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 4. f. A ravine or gorge with a stream 
running through it. Fay. 
flumed. The transportation of solids by sus- 
pension or flotation in flowing water. 
ASTM STP No. 148-D. 
flume man J. In metal mining, one who 
lays and repairs wooden pipes or flumes 
used to convey water in and about a mine. 
Di Ossie 
flume man II. In metal mining, a laborer 
who patrols flume line (usually a wooden 
structure along a hillside) used to convey 
water to placer workings for washing and 
separating the gold, platinum, or other 
metals from the gravel in which it is 
found. Also called flume tender. D.O.T. 1. 





fluorescent penetrant 


flume tender. See flume man II. D.O.T. 1. 

fluming. See flume, c and f. Fay. 

flummery; flummery stone. N. Wales. 
Smooth porcellanous limestone, Carboni- 
ferous limestone, Hunts quarry, Porthy- 
waen, and Vale of Clwyd. Arkell. 

fluobaryt. A compact mixture of fluorite and 
barytes. Hey 2d, 1955. 

fluoborite. A colorless hydrofluoborate of 
magnesium, 3MgO.B.0;.3Mg(F,OH):. 
Prisms. Hexagonal. From Norberg, Sweden; 
Sterling Hill, N. J. English. 

fluocerite. A very rare, weakly radioactive, 
hexagonal mineral, (Ce,La,Nd)F;:, found 
in pegmatites associated with gadolinite 
and allanite; commonly found with bast- 
nasite; its color is pale yellow, becoming 
yellowish and reddish brown by alteration. 
Crosby, p. 101. 

fluor. Synonym for fluorite. Fay. 

fluoramphibole. Artificial amphibole with 
fluorine replacing the hydroxyl of hydroxyl 
amphibole. English. 

fluorapatite. An apatite containing fluorine 
as: (1) apatite in which fluorine predom- 
inates over chlorine, hydroxyl, and car- 
bonate; and (2) calcium phosphate fluo- 
rine, Ca;sF(POs3)2. Webster 3d. 

fluorarfvedsonite. A variety of arfvedsonite 
rich in fluorine; (Na,Ca)s.s(Fe**,Fe**,Mg)s- 
$isO22 (OH). Hey, M.M., 1964. 

Fluorbarite. A trade name for a fluorite- 
barite mixture used in glassmaking. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

fluor crown glass. An optical crown glass 
containing a substantial quantity of fluo- 
rine and having a very low index of re- 
fraction and low dispersion. ATSM C162- 
66. 

fluoredenite. A mineral, artificial NaCasMg:- 
(Sis,sAlo.sOin) oF 2. Spencer 216 M.M., 1958. 

fluometry. See fluorimetry. Pryor, 3. 

fluorene. An organic compound, Cis,Hi, 
formed through burning of pyritous shale 
in Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Later re- 
named kratochvilite. Tomketeff, 1954. 

fluorescence. a. The emission of visible light 
by a substance exposed to ultraviolet light. 
It is a useful property in examining well 
cuttings for oil shows and in prospecting 
for some minerals. A.GJ. Supp. b. The 
absorption of radiation at one wavelength, 
or a range of wavelengths, and its re- 
emission as radiation of longer, visible 
wavelengths. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

fluorescent. Having the property to produce 
fluorescence. Long. 

fluorescent lamp. a. Commonly and improp- 
erly designates an electric lamplike device 
emitting ultra-violet radiations or black 
light. Long. b. A glass globe or tube the 
inner surface of which is coated with a 
fluorescent substance that produces visible 
light when excited by an electrical current. 
Long. 

fluorescent light. Light produced by a fluores- 
cent lamp. See also fluorescent lamp. Long. 

fluorescent magnetic-particle inspection. In- 
spection with either dry magnetic particles 
or those in a liquid suspension, the particles 
being coated with a fluorescent substance 
to increase the visibility of the indications. 
ASM Gloss. 

fluorescent penetrant inspection. A type of 
nondestructive testing wherein a penerat- 
ing type of oil or other liquid with which 
has been combined fluorescent material 
particles is applied over a surface and 
flowed into cracks, crevices, or other sur- 
face defects or irregularities, the excess 
removed and the article examined under 


fluorescent penetrant 


the ultraviolet light. Henderson. 


fluorescent screen. A screen that emits visible 


or actinic light when it is exposed to 
X-rays or gamma rays. It usually consists 
of a piece of cardboard coated with a 
phosphor. ASM Gloss. 


fluorhectorite. The end-member KxMg;—x- 


LixSistOnF2, where x is between 1% and 
24. Hey, M.M., 1964. 


fluoride. A compound of fluorine with one 


other element or radical. A.G.I. 
fluorimetry; fluoremetry. Method of analysis 
based on intensity of fluorescence measured 
when using ultraviolet light. Pryor, 3. 
fluorine. A nonmetallic element, the lightest 
of the halogens, isolated as a pungent, cor- 
rosive gas that is pale greenish yellow. 
It is extremely reactive, being the most 
electronegative (nonmetallic) of the ele- 
ments. Symbol, F; valence, 1; atomic 
number, 9; atomic weight, 18.998; and 
density, 1.696 grams per liter (at 0° C 
and 1 atmosphere). C.T.D.; Webster 3d; 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. B-110. Small quantities in 
water supplies promote resistance to dental 
decay. C.T.D. Supp. 

fluorine minerals. Minerals containing fluo- 
rine, such as apatite, amblygonite, chon- 
drodite, cryolite, fluorite, lepidolite, topaz, 
and others. Fay. 

fluorite; fiuorspar; florspar. A natural cal- 
cium fluoride, CaF2, occurring in veins 
either alone or with metallic ores. It is 
the principal ore of fluorine and is weakly 
radioactive. Color yellow, green, purple, 
pink, red, blue, violet, white, or brown; 
isometric; luster, vitreous; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 4; specific gravity, 3.18. Found in 
Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, New Hamp- 
shire, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, 
Nevada, Utah, Montana, Texas, Califor- 
nia, Washington; Canada, Mexico, Eng- 
land, Germany. Used as a flux in open 
hearth steel furnaces and in gold, silver, 
copper, and lead smelting; manufacture of 
hydrofluoric acid; manufacture of opales- 
cent glass; emery wheels and certain 
cements. Dana 17, pp. 325-328; CCD 6d, 
1961; Crosby, p. 123. 
fluormagnesiorichterite. The synthetic amphi- 
bole end-member Na2Mg;SisOnFo, Hey, 
M.M., 1964. 

fluormica. Group name for the fluorite-rich 
micas, natural or artificial. Compare fluor- 
phlogopite. Hey 2d, 19595. 
fluormica-fluoramphibole ceramic process. 
A process developed by the U.S. Bureau of 
Mines for making strong, machinable 
ceramics of high dielectric strength for 
potential use in aircraft radomes, brake 
blocks, grinding wheels, and similar appli- 
cations. The process involves varying the 
proportions in synthetic fluormica-fluoram- 
phibole mixtures to obtain ceramics that 
are not only strong and durable, but also 
can be machined and formed easily. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

fluorogen. A substance which induces fluo- 
rescence in another substance with which 
it is mixed. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
fluorographic method. A method involving 
exposing soil samples to ultraviolet light 
and recording the emitted light on a 
light-sensitive medium. The densities of 
the recorded sample images are measured 
by a transmission photometer. A.G.I. 
fluorologging. A logging technique based on 
the principle that the rocks overlying an 
oil accumulation have anomalously high 
fluorescent intensities. The logs are pre- 








448 


pared by plotting the fluorescent intensity 
of well cuttings against depth. A.G.I. 

fluorometer. A device for measuring the 
intensity of fluorescence. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

fluoroscope. An instrument consisting of a 
fluorescent screen and a source of ionizing 
radiation. Used to examine the image 
formed by opaque objects placed in the 
beam. ASM Gloss. 

fluoroscopic screen. A fluorescent screen that 
has an emission in the portion of the 
spectrum to which the eye is most sensitive 
and hence, can be viewed directly. ASM 
Gloss. 

fluoroscopy. An inspection procedure in 
which the radiographic image of the sub- 
ject is viewed on a fluorescent screen, 
normally limited to low-density materials 
or to thin sections of metals because of the 
low-light output of the fluorescent screen 
at safe levels of radiation. ASM Gloss. 

fluorosis. A chronic poisoning resulting from 
the presence of 0.9 miligrams per liter 
or more of fluorine in drinking water. 
Teeth become brittle, opaque white with 
a mottled enamel. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fluorphlogopite. A variety of phlogopite in 
which fluorine replaces hydroxyl, F2KMg;- 
(AISis) Ow. English. See also fluormica. 

fluorspar. See fluorite. 

fluortaeniolite. Original, incorrect spelling of 
fluortainiolite. See also fluortainiolite. Com- 
pare tainiolite; taeniolite. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

fluortainiolite. The end-member KMg2LiSi- 
OwFs. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

fluortremolite; fluoretremolite. Artificially 
produced tremolite containing 9.03 percent 
fluorine in place of hydroxyl. Spencer 15, 
M.M., 1940. 

fluosilicates. Salts of fluosilicic acid, HSiF.. 
Magnesium fluosilicate is used as a con- 
crete hardener and in magnesium casting. 
Zinc fluosilicate is used as a concrete hard- 
ener. Copper fluosilicate has a similar use 
and barium fluosilicate is used in ceramic 
operations. Lead fluosilicate is used in the 
electrorefining and in the plating of lead. 
The zinc, magnesium, copper, and lead 
fluosilicates are soluble, in contrast with 
the sodium and potassium salts. See also 
sodium fluosilicate; ammonium fluosilicate. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

fluosilicic acid; hydrofluosilicic acid; silico- 
fluoric acid; sand acid. Transparent ; color- 


less; fuming; corrosive; liquid. H»2SiFs.- 
xH2O; and soluble in water. Used in 
ceramics to increase hardness; in the 


manufacture of sodium, ammonium, mag- 
nesium, zinc, copper, barium, lead, and 
other fluosilicates; and in building (hard- 
ening cement, plaster of Paris, concrete 
flooring, preserving masonry). CCD 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. B-175. 

fluosolids system. A method of roasting ap- 
plied to finely divided material, in which 
air with sufficient strength is blown through 
a heated bed of mineral to keep it fluid, 
while reaction is controlled by continuous 
adjustment of rate of feed, cooling water, 
added fuel (including oxygen in air). 
Train of appliances includes instrument 
controls, air compressor, dust-collecting 
cyclones, and feed pump. Pryor, 3. 

fluran. See floran tin. 

flush. a. To operate a placer mine, where 
the continuous supply of water is in- 
sufficient, by holding back the water and 
releasing it periodically in a flood. Webster 
3d. b. To fill underground spaces, as in 








flush-set 


coal mines, with material carried by water, 
which after drainage, forms a compact 
mass. Webster 2d. c. To clean out a line 
of pipes, gutters, etc., by letting in a 
sudden rush of water. Zern. d. The split- 
ting of the edges of stone under pressure. 
Zern. e. Forming an even, continuous 
line or surface. Zern. f. Eng. A small 
flash due to ignited firedamp, Midland 
coalfield. Fay. g. See hydraulic mine fill- 
ing. Fay. h. Any sudden flow of material 
or water into underground workings. B.S. 
3618, 1963, sec. 4. 


flush-coupled. Provided with couplings the 


outside diameter of which is the same as 
that of the unit pieces on which the cou- 
pling is fitted. See also flush-coupled casing. 
Long. 


flush-coupled casing. A length (usually 10 


feet) of steel tubing one end of which is 


‘ provided with a short coupling having pin 


threads on both ends. The outside diam- 
eters of the coupling and the casing tube 
are equal, and the inside diameter of the 
coupling is usually about three-sixteenths 
of an inch smaller than the inside diam- 
eter of the casing tube. Long. 


flush head. See water swivel. B.S. 3618, 1964, 


sec. 6. 


flushing. a. A drilling method in which wa- 


ter or some other thicker liquid, for in- 
stance a mixture of water and clay, is 
driven into the borehole, through the rod 
and bit. The water rises along the rod on 
its outer side, that is between the walls 
of the borehole and the rod, and with such 
a velocity that the broken rock fragments 
are carried up by this water current (direct 
flushing); or water enters the borehole 
around the rod and issues upwards through 
the rod (indirect flushing). Stoces, v. 1, 
p. 79. b. In a colliery, diversion of ventila- 
tion to clear foul atmosphere; a dangerous 
method. Pryor, 3. c. In oil-well produc- 
tion, use of gravitated ground water to 
force oil or gas to the surface. Pryor, 3. 
d. Hydraulic stowing. Nelson. 


flushing fluid. See drill fluid and flush. Long. 
flush joint; flush-jointed. Two similar mem- 


bers joined in such a manner that either 
or both the outside and inside surfaces of 
the two members are flush. Long. 


flush-joint casing. Lengths (usually 10 feet) 


of steel tubing provided with a box thread 
at one end and a matching pin thread on 
the opposite end. Coupled, the lengths 
form a continuous tube having a uniform 
inside and outside diameter throughout its 
entire length. Long. 


flush-joint drivepipe. Thick-walled drivepipe, 


lengths of which are threaded and coupled 
together in the same manner as flush-joint 
casing. See also flush-joint casing. Long. 


flush-joint pipe. a. A pipe or casing threaded 


and coupled together in the same manner 
as flush-joint casing and flush-joint drive- 
pipe. Long. b. As used by individuals as- 
sociated with the petroleum-drilling indus- 
try, a pipe threaded and coupled together 
in such a manner that the inside surfaces 
are flush and the outside surfaces are en- 
larged, forming a shouldered junction. 
Long. 


flush out; flushing out. See flush. 
flush production. The yield of an oil well 


during the early period of production. Fay. 


flush-set. A bit or reaming shell in which the 


inset diamonds or other cutting points do 








ee a 














flush-set 


| not protrude beyond the metal holding 
| them in place. Long. 
jdush water. Water used to assist the flow of 
materials in chutes or launders. B.S. 3552, 
W| | 1962. 
‘\lute. a. A groove parallel or nearly parallel 
_ to the axis of a cylindrical piece, such as 
| the grooves of a split-ring core lifter or 
the grooves in a core-barrel stabilizer ring. 
Also applied to grooves or webs following 
a corkscrewlike course around the outside 
surface of a cylindrical object, like the 
spiraled webs on an auger stem or rod. 
Long. b. Asymmetric scallopped rock sur- 
faces. Drapes of dripstone or of flowstone. 
A descriptive term used in a commercial 
cave. Synonymous with facet. A.GJ. c. 
Discontinuous grooves and pockets, 2 to 
10 or more centimeters long, formed on 
bedrock by action of turbulent flow of wa- 
ter. A loosely used synonym for flute cast. 
Pettijohn. 
| lute cast; scour cast; scour finger; vortex 
| cast; lobate rill mark; turboglyph. A sole 
mark, a raised subconical structure, the up- 
current end of which is rounded or bulb- 
ous, the other end flaring out and merg- 
ing with the bedding plane. Formed by 
filling of an erosional scour or flute. Petti- 
| john. 
jiluted core. Core the outside surface of 
| which is spirally grooved or fluted. Also 
called corkscrew core. Long. 
jluted coupling. A type of stabilizer. Long. 
jilutes. Substantially parallel depressions, cut 
in a glass article or molded in while the 
glass is plastic, for the purpose of decora- 
tion. ©.T.D. 
\fluthwerk. Ger. Searching for ore in streams 
|| and riverbeds. Fay. 
luting. a. Smooth, gutterlike channels or 
deep, smooth furrows worn in the surface 
of rocks by glacial action. Fay. b. A pe- 
culiar method of surface decay by which 
granite or granite gneisses are left with a 
corrugated or fluted surface. In a large 
subangular fragment of granite, one side 
contains a dozen of these little channels, 
from 1 to 4 inches deep and from 3 to 10 
inches apart from center to center. These 
channels run straight down the face of the 
rock. A.G.J. c. Forming longitudinal re- 
cesses in a cylindrical part, or radial re- 
cesses in a conical part. ASM Gloss. 
\iluvial. a. Of or pertaining to streams and 
rivers; produced by stream or river action, 
as a fluvial plain. Webster 3d. b. Applied 
to sand and gravel deposits laid down by 
streams or rivers. Such deposits are of 
fluvial origin. von Bernewitz. 
jluvial cycle of erosion. The continuous se- 
ries of changes involved in the complete 
reduction of a region to base level by the 
action of streams and rivers or by running 
water in general. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
| Synonym for fluvial geomorphic cycle. 
jluvial geomorphic cycle. The normal cycle 
of erosion by streams and rivers, leading 
to the formation of a peneplain. A.G.IJ. 
Synonym for fluvial cycle of erosion. 
jtluviatile. Growing near or belonging to 
streams or rivers; produced by the action 
of a stream or a river. Synonym for fluvial. 
Standard, 1964. 
uviatile deposit. A sedimentary deposit laid 
, down by a stream or a river. Fay. 
iluviatile sand. Fluviatile sands are usually 
sharp and consist of irregular fragments 











449 


of numerous sizes. Quartz is usually the 
predominant mineral, but other minerals 
may be present in various proportions ac- 
cording to the conditions under which the 
rivers or streams are derived and accord- 
ing to the treatment that such minerals 


have undergone during transportation. 
A.G.I, 
fluvio-aeolian; fluvio-eolian. Produced or 


caused by the action of streams and wind. 
For example, fluvio-aeolian geologic forma- 
tions. Webster 3d. 

fluvioglacial. See glaciofluvial. Webster 3d. 

fluvioglacial drift. Drift transported by wa- 
ters emanating from a glacier. Webster 3d. 

fluviolacustrine. Of or pertaining to sedi- 
mentation partly in lake and partly in 
stream waters or to deposits laid down un- 
der alternating or overlapping lacustrine 
and fluviatile conditions. Webster 3d. 

fluviomarine. a. Formed by the joint action 
of a river and the sea. For example, a 
deposit at the mouth of a river. Synonym 
for estuarine. Fay. b. Of or pertaining to 
a deposit brought into the sea from the 
land, and there rearranged by the waters 
of the sea. Such a deposit often contains 
the remains of land animals, freshwater 
animals, and marine animals. A.G.I. 

fluvioterrestrial. Of or pertaining to the land 
and the fresh waters of the earth; not 
marine. Standard, 1964. 

fluviovolcanic. Of or relating to the com- 
bined action of volcanoes and streams; for 
example, beds of fluviovolcanic ash. Web- 
Ster 3d. 

flux. a. In ceramics, any readily fusible glass 
or enamel used as a base or ground. CCD 
6d, 1961. b. In physics, the rate of flow or 
transfer of electricity, magnetism, water, 
heat, energy, etc., the term being used to 
denote the quantity that crosses a unit area 
of a given surface in a unit of time. CCD 
6d, 1961. c. In chemistry and metallurgy, 
a substance that promotes the fusing of 
minerals or metals or prevents the forma- 
tion of oxides. For example, in metal re- 
fining an addition of some mineral to the 
furnace charge is made for the purpose of 
absorbing mineral impurities in the metal. 
A slag is formed which floats on the top 
of the bath and is run cff. CCD 6d, 1961. 
d. In soldering and brazing, a substance 
which is applied to the portions to be 
united and which, on the application of 
heat, aids in the ready flowing of the sol- 
der and prevents the formation of oxides 
while the solder unites with the two parts 
to form a tight joint. CCD 6d, 1961. e. A 
substance added to a solid to increase its 
fusibility. C.T.D. f. A substance to reduce 
melting temperature. Hurlbut. g. The in- 
tensity of neutron radiation. It is expressed 
as the number of neutrons passing through 
1 square centimeter in 1 second. L@L. 
h. Any chemical or rock added to an ore 
to assist in its reduction by heat, such as 
limestone with iron ore in a blast furnace. 
von Bernewitz. i. In metal refining, a ma- 
terial used to remove undesirable sub- 
stances, like sand, ash, or dirt, as a molten 
mixture. Also used as a protective cover- 
ing for certain molten metal baths. Lime 
or limestone is generally used to remove 
sand, as in iron smelting; sand, to remove 
iron oxide in copper refining. ASM Gloss. 
j. A bituminous material, generally liquid, 





fluxing 


used for softening other bituminous mate- 
rials. Urquhart, sec. 2, p. 81. k. Any sub- 
stance or mixture which lowers the normal 
vitrifying temperature of a ceramic body 
or composition, (that is, fluorspar, neph- 
eline syenite, calcium oxide, etc.). Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 1. An easily fusible mate- 
rial, such as borax, lead, lime, or silica, 
used in mixing enamels or glazes. C.T.D. 
m. Passage across a physical boundary, 
such as carbon dioxide from the atmos- 
phere to the hydrosphere; or across a 
chemical boundary, as carbon dioxide from 
the atmosphere to organic matter. A.G.I. 
Supp. n. State of change. A.G.J. Supp. 
o. As a verb, to cause to become fluid; to 
treat with a flux, especially in order to 
promote fusion; to become fluid. Webster 
3d. 

flux blocks. Refractory shapes which are 
used in contact with molten glass in fur- 
naces. A.R.J. 

flux box. Refractory furnace blocks used in 
contact with glass in melting. ACSG. 

flux factor. A factor for assessing the qual- 
ity of steelworks grade silica refractories. 
It is defined in the American Society for 
Testing and Materials—C416 as the per- 
centage of AlsOs; in the brick plus twice 
the total percentage of alkalies; for first 
quality (Type A) bricks, the flux factor 
must not exceed 0.50. Dodd. 

flux gate; flux valve. A device based on the 
earth-inductor principle and used to indi- 
cate the direction of the terrestrial mag- 
netic field. Webster 3d. 

flux-gate magnetometer; saturable reactor. 
The essential element of this instrument, 
which is used for detailed studies of the 
earth’s magnetic field on a local basis, is 
the flux-gate. This consists of two identical 
saturable cores of high permeability, op- 
positely wound with identical coils. An 
alternating current in these coils mag- 
netizes them first with one polarity, then 
in the opposite sense. If an additional 
field is present, such as the earth’s field, 
it will add to the flux in one coil while 
decreasing that in the other. As a result, 
the voltage drop across the two coils will 
differ. The amount of this difference is 
proportional to the unvarying field, which 
can therefore be measured by noting the 
average voltage difference between the two 
halves of the flux gate. This can be done 
to an accuracy of about +1 gamma. In 
use, a part of the earth’s field is balanced 
out by an additional winding surrounding 
both cores and carrying direct current. In 
airborne use, the recording flux gate is 
kept aligned with the magnetic field by 
the use of two additional flux gates. When 
these are at right angles to the earth’s 
field, they generate no voltage, but if they 
depart from this position, they can be 
made to generate voltages which operate 
motors returning them to proper align- 
ment. In this fashion, the recording ele- 
ment is held always parallel to the total 
field. H&G. 

fluxing. a. Fusion or melting of a substance 
as a result of chemical action. HW. b. The 
development of the liquid phase in a: 
ceramic body under heat treatment by the 
melting of low fusion components. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. c. Treating with a flux 
especially in order to promote fusion or 
softening. Webster 3d. 


fluxing lime 


fluxing lime. Lump or pebble quicklime used 
for fluxing in steel manufacture. The term 
may be applied more broadly to include 
fluxing of nonferrous metals and glass. It 
is a type of chemical lime. Boynton. 

fluxing ore. An ore containing an appreciable 
amount of valuable metal, but smelted 
mainly because it contains fluxing agents 
which are required in the reduction of 
richer ores. Weed, 1922. 

fluxing stone. Consists of pure limestone or 
sometimes dolomite and is used in iron 
blast furnaces and foundries. Usually ma- 
terial below 2 inches in diameter is elim- 
inated. The most desirable size is between 
4 and 6 inches. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, 
p. 886. 

fluxion banding. Banding in rock consisting 
of flow layers. G.S.A. Mem. 5, 1937, p. 15. 

fluxion structure. a. Includes such structures 
as flow lines, parallel orientation of pheno- 
crysts, banding, elongation of vesicles, etc. 
Synonym for flow structure; fluidal struc- 
ture. Fay. b. Structure in rocks involving 
one or more swirl axes. A.G.J. Supp. c. 
Internal structure of igneous rocks indi- 
cating flowage of magma. The orientation 
and arrangement of crystals into flow lines, 
for example, is a fluxion structure. A.G.I. 
Supp.; Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fluxion swirl. The structure seen in thin sec- 
tions of tectonites cut normal to B, indi- 
cating rotation. G.S.4. Mem. 6, 1938, p. 
138. 

flux line block. A refractory block for use in 
the upper course of the walls of a glass 
tank furnace. The flux line is the surface 
level of the molten glass and attack on the 
refractories is more severe at this level than 
beneath the molten glass. Dodd. 

flux lines. a. Imaginary lines used as a means 
of explaining the behavior of magnetic and 
other fields. Their concept is based on the 
pattern of lines produced when magnetic 
particles are sprinkled over a permanent 
magnet. Sometimes called magnetic lines 
of force. ASM Gloss. b. See metal line. 
ASTM C162-66. 

flux oil. Oil of low volatility suitable for 
softening bitumen or natural asphalt. In- 
stitute of Petroleum, 1961. 

flux oxygen cutting. Oxygen cutting with the 
aid of a flux. ASM Gloss. 

flux process. Manufacture of thin or terne- 
plate, in which molten zinc chloride, with 
or without ammonium chloride, is used as 
flux on the surface of the fused metal pot. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

flux spoon. A small ladle for dipping up a 
sample of molten metal for testing. Fay. 

flux stone. Limestone, dolomite, or other rock 
used in metallurgical processes to lower the 
melting temperature of ore. A.G.I. 

fly. a. In Montana, a gate or door in a hop- 
per for diverting ore, rock, or coal from 
one bin or conveyor to another. Fay. b. A 
piece of canvas drawn over the ridgepole 
of a tent, doubling the thickness of the 
roof, but not in contact with it except at 
the ridgepole. Fay. c. The flap or door of 
a tent. Fay. 

fly ash. a. Fine solid particles of noncombus- 
tible ash with or without accompanying 
combustible particles carried out of a bed 
of solid fuel by the draft and deposited 
in quiet spots within a furnace and flues 
or within a boiler setting, or carried out 
of a chimney with the waste gases and 








450 


often recovered for use as a constituent in 
commercial products. Webster 3d. b. Fine- 
ly divided material (which may have poz- 
zolanic properties) from the precipitators 
near flues of power stations using pulver- 
ized coal. Also called pulverized fuel ash. 
Taylor. 

flyback. The recycling period of the saw- 
tooth-modulated frequency modulated os- 
cillator. H&G. 

flycatcher. Aust. A weir to which boards cov- 
ered with gunny sacking are attached to 
catch float gold. Hess. 

fly cutting. Cutting with a single-tooth mill- 
ing cutter. ASM Gloss. 

fly doors. N. of Eng. Doors in working road- 
ways, opening either way. Fay. 

fly dope. Insect repellent containing oil. 
Hoffman. 

fly gate. An opening in a chute that can be 
opened or closed at will. In a chute for 
coal, a fly gate may be inserted so that if 
rock is deposited in the chute, it may be 
trapped out by opening the fly gate. Zern. 

Flygt pump. A submersible pump developed 
in Sweden. It is available in a 1-inch dis- 
charge hose size and in a 3-inch size. The 
l-inch pump produces about 5,000 gallons 
per hour at a 20-foot total static head, 
operating on a 110-volt, single-phase alter- 
nating current. Carson, p. 206. 

flying ant. Spring-loaded pair of catch hooks 
used to aid in retrieving broken or discon- 
tinued pipes in shallow alluvial drilling. 
Pryor, 3. 

flying arch. In a modern glass tank furnace 
the double walled bridge built across the 
furnace to separate the working end from 
the melting and refining end; the flying 
arch is independent of the general furnace 
structure. Dodd. 

flying cradle. Eng. See cradle, a and b. Fay. 

flying reef. Aust. A broken, discontinuous, 
irregular vein. Fay. 

flying veins. A series of veins which overlap 
one another or even run into each other, 
one end having the appearance of a 
branch. Nelson. 

flyrock. The rock fragments which are 
thrown and scattered during quarry or 
tunnel blasting. If more explosive energy 
is available than can be used in doing use- 
ful work in fracturing the rock, it is re- 
flected in severe concussion and excessive 
throw. Flyrock indicates that the explosive 
factor needs adjustment. Nelson. 

flysch. The widespread deposits of sandstones, 
marls, shales, and clays, which lie on the 
northern and southern borders of the Alps. 
Although consisting largely of sandy and 
calcareous shales (hence the name—in ref- 
erence to their fissile character), the flysch 
also contains beds of sandstone and con- 
glomerate. A.G.I. 

flywheel. A heavy wheel used in a rotating 
system to reduce surges of power input or 
demand by storing and releasing kinetic 
energy as it changes its rate of rotation. 
Pryor, 3. 

Fm Chemical symbol for fermium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

fmp Abbreviation for formation pressure. 
Also abbreviated FMP. BuMin Style Guide, 
p- 59. 


fmy Abbreviation for formation volume fac- 





foam fire extinguisher 










































tor. Also abbreviated FMV. BuMin Style. 
Guide, p. 59. 

fnp Abbreviation for fusion point. BuMin. 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

foach. Eng. Nearly synonymous with the old | 
Cornish word, ‘“‘pock,” “pokkin,” to push. - 
A narrow level is called a “foaching little 
level.” When a miner has not obtained | 
what he considers a full price for his con- 
tract he would be likely to say ‘‘’twill do | 
*pon a foach,” namely, it will do on a) 
push. Fay. . 

foal. Newc. A young boy employed in put- | 
ting coal. Fay. 

foam. a. A collection of minute bubbles re- 
sulting from strong agitation of a liquid 
and forming a frothy, somewhat adhesive, | 
and usually whitish mass. Standard, 1964. 
b. To gather, emit, or produce foam; froth. | 
Standard, 1964. c. A layer of bubbles on | 
the surface of molten glass. ASTM C162— 
66. d. A suspension, often colloidal, of a 
gas in a liquid. C.T.D. 

foam drilling. A method of dust suppression. 
in which thick foam is forced through the 
drill by means of compressed air and the 
foam and dust mixture emerges from the 
mouth of the hole in the form of a thick | 
sludge. With this method the amount of 
dust dispersed into the atmosphere is al- 
most negligible and the amount of water 
used is about 1 gallon per hour. Approxi- 
mately 30 to 50 feet of drilling can be 
done with one filling of the unit. Mason, 
v. 1, 304. 

foam-drive process. A process developed by | 
the U.S. Bureau of Mines that utilizes 
detergent-type chemicals to increase the 
effectiveness of gas- and water-injection 
treatments to obtain higher petroleum pro- 
duction from old oilfields. The foam, pro- | 
duced by the mixture of these chemicals i 
with gas and water, when injected in suf- | 
ficient amounts into an oil-bearing forma- 





tion, acts like an underground broom that 
is swept through the pores of oil-bearing 
formations by the water, gas, or other sub- 
stance injected. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
foamed clay. Lightweight cellular clayware: 
for heat and sound insulation. Foam is 
generated in a clay slip, either mechan- 
ically or by a chemical reaction that 
evolves gas bubbles, and the slip is then: 
caused to set. Some insulating refractories 
are made by this process. Dodd. | 
foamed concrete. a. Lightweight concrete in) 
which the lightness is obtained by the for- 
mation in the plastic mix of bubbles of. 
air or gas which are retained on setting 
and hardening. Taylor. b. See aerated con-) 
crete. Dodd. 
foam fire extinguisher. A portable appliance’ 
useful for fighting underground fires. Foam) 
extinguishers are of two types: (1) the) 
chemical foam type in which two chemical 
solutions, an acid solution (aluminum sul-_ 
fate) and an alkali solution (sodium bi- 
carbonate), and foam-forming compounds! 
are contained in the inner and outer con- 
centric compartments respectively of the 
extinguisher; they are mixed by breaking 
a seal and inverting the extinguisher, when 
a stream of thick foamy fluid, consisting! 
of a mass of small bubbles, results which’ 
forms a blanket over the burning material 
and also produces a cooling effect which! 
assists in extinguishing the flame, and (2) | 


| foam fire extinguisher 


| the air foam type in which the air foam 
| is produced mechanically. The outer con- 
) tainer is filled with water and into it is 
| placed a sealed cylindrical container in 
which is a charge of foam compound and 
a small charge of compressed carbon di- 
oxide. When operated, a knob is struck 
sharply and the cylinder is punctured thus 
mixing the foam compound and the water 
which is aerated by a special nozzle as it 
) exudes. Sinclair, I, pp. 280-281. 
|foam glass. Cellular glass, in the form of 
| blocks, usually made by mixing powdered 
glass with a gasifying agent (for example, 
carbon or a carbon compound) the mix- 
ture then being heated for a short time to 
fuse the glass and trap the evolving gas 
bubbles. Foam glass is used as a structural 
heat insulating material. Compare bubble 
glass. Dodd. 

|\foaming. In a boiler, the carryover of slugs 

|| of water into the piping, due to dirty wa- 
ter. See also priming. Strock, 10. 

|\oaming agent. A material that tends to 
| stabilize a foam. ASM Gloss. The same as 
|| frothing agent. 

|\foaming earth. Synonym for aphrite. See also 
earth foam. Fay. 

‘oam injection. The injection of foam into 
shotholes and connecting breaks to displace 
any firedamp present and to minimize fur- 
ther firedamp emission into the shotholes, 
thereby reducing the risk of ignition of 
the gas during shot firing. B.S. 3618, 1964, 

iimesec. 6. 

|oam lime. A line in a tank dividing the 

foam-covered area from the clear area. 

| ASTM C162-66. 

oam plug. A secondary method of fighting 

) underground fires, devloped in Great Bri- 
tain in 1956. It consists of filling the fire 
area with soap bubbles which are moved 
forward by the air current. The foam is 
produced by passing the air current 
through a cotton net, saturated with a 
dilute solution of detergent, which is 
stretched across the mine roadway. The 
air passing through the net forms bubbles 
Y% to 1% inches in diameter which honey- 
comb and form a plug of foam which 
tends to quench the fire and reduce its 
temperature to a point where it can be 
attacked directly and without protective 
clothing. See also high expansion foam. 

| Nelson. 

joam spar. Same as aphrite. Fay. 

foamy. Applied to the structure of a vesicular 

| rock in which the partitions between the 
vesicles form a fine network. Schiefer- 
decker. 

joamy amber. Frothy amber. Almost opaque 

| chalky white amber. Will not take a polish. 
Shipley. 

j.0.b. See free on board. Pryor, 3. 

focal sphere. The theoretical sphere enclos- 
ing the focal region of an earthquake. 
A.GI. Supp. 

focus. In seismology, the source of a given 
set of elastic waves. The true center of an 
earthquake, within which the strain energy 
is first converted to elastic wave energy. 

me.G.!. 

hocused logging devices. Logging devices 
which are designed to focus their lines of 

_ current flow. Wyllie, p. 80. 

fodder. a. N. of Eng. A unit employed in 
expressing weights of metallic lead, and 














451 


equal to 21 hundredweight of 112 pounds 
avoirdupois. Fay. b. Eight pigs of cast 
iron. Webster 2d. 

foddom; faddum. Scot. Fathom. Fay. 

fog; mist; cloud. Dispersion of liquid as min- 
ute droplets in a gas. No sharp dividing 
line from dust. Formation is aided if con- 
densation nuclei are present (dust par- 
ticles, electrically charged gases, or ions). 
Pryor, 3. 

foge. Corn. A forge for smelting tin. Fay. 

fog quenching. Quenching in a fine vapor or 
mist. ASM Gloss. 

foids. Proposed by Johannsen, derived by 
contracting the word feldspathoids, and 
used in his classification of igneous rocks 
to indicate that group of minerals. A.G.I/. 

foig. A crack or a break in the roof. C.T.D. 

foil. Metal in sheet form less than 0.006 
inch in thickness. ASM Gloss. 

Foil back. Trade name for an assembled 
stone. There are three kinds of Foil back: 
(1) genuine Foil back, a genuine gemstone 
backed with colored or silver foil to im- 
prove its color or brilliancy, or both; (2) 
false Foil back, one in which a stone of a 
different species is backed with a color to 
imitate a more desirable one; and (3) 
imitation Foil back, one in which glass is 
substituted for a stone. See also lacquer 
back. Shipley. 

foiling. A thin leaf of metal silvered and 
burnished and afterwards coated with 
transparent colors; employed to give color 
or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones. 
See also Foil back. Shipley. 

foil stone. An imitation jewel. Fay. 

fold. a. The structure of rocks or strata that 
have been bent into a dome (anticline), 
a basin (syncline), a terrace (monocline), 
or a roll. This structure is observed mainly 
in mountainous regions, and is character- 
istic of both the altered and the unaltered 
sedimentary rocks. Strictly, a strong flexure 
of a stratum, with steeply inclined sides. 
Loosely and more commonly, any flexure 
of a stratum. Fay; Standard, 1964. b..A 
bend or an undulation in layered rocks 
caused by compression. Bateman. c. A bend 
in strata or in any planar structure. A.GJ. 
d. See lap. ASTM C162-66. 

fold axis. See axis. A.G_I. 

fold breccia. Breccia that has been produced 
by sharp folding of thin-bedded, brittle 
layers between which there are incompe- 
tent plastic beds. Synonym for riebungs- 
breccia. Pettijohn, 2d, 1957, p. 281. 

fold coast. A coast, the configuration of 
which is controlled by folded rocks. 
Shepard, p. 73. 

fold direction. Where a folded bedding sur- 
face is cylindrical, that is, has a degree of 
regularity such that it may be considered 
as being generated by a line moving in 
space parallel to itself, the direction of 
this line (one way and the opposite) is 
the fold direction of the surface. Challinor. 

fold fault. A fault formed in causal connec- 
tion with folding. A.G.J. Supp. 

fold, flexure. A type of fold, microscopic to 
orogenic in size, in which movement took 
place normal to the axial line and parallel 
with the limbs, producing notable shorten- 
ing. The thickness of the sliding prisms 
forming the limbs varies directly with the 
amplitude of the resulting fold. A.G.I. 

folding. a. The folding or bending of strata 
is usually the result of compression that 





foliation 


causes the formation of the geologic struc- 
tures known as anticlines, synclines, mono- 
clines, isoclines, etc. The amplitude (that 
is, the vertical distance from the crest to 
the trough) of a fold ranges from a 
fraction of an inch to thousands of feet. 
C.T.D. b. There are four principal types 
of folding recognized by geologists: (1) 
flexure folding: (2) flow folding; (3) 
shear folding; and (4) folding due to 
vertical movements. Folding, with its ac- 
companying processes, almost invariably 
creates problems in the design of under- 
ground installations because it involves 
weakening of rock structures and may 
cause anomalous stress conditions to exist. 
Lewts, pp. 592-593. 

folding boards. Scot. a. Shuts; a shifting 
frame on which the cage rests, in or at 
the top of a shaft. Fay. b. Synonym for 
chairs; dogs; keeps; keps. Fay. Also called 
faulding boards. c. In some small coal 
mines, also referred to as cage fans. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

folding door. A door used to cover the shaft 
top during sinking, and operated by steam, 
compressed air, or hydraulic power. Ba- 
lanced weights may be incorporated to 
assist in opening the doors. Nelson. 

folding rule. A collapsible instrument used 
for measuring. Crispin. 

fold mountain. A mountain resulting chiefly 
from large-scale folding of the earth’s 
crust. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fold nappe. A recumbent fold, the reversed 
middle limb of which has been completely 
sheared out as a result of the great hori- 
zontal translation. A.G-I. 

fold system. A group of folds showing com- 
mon characteristics and trends and pre- 
sumably of common origin. A.G.I. 

folia. a. Close, often wavy bands, or lamina- 
tions, up to 4 inches in thickness, of un- 
like mineral composition. The rocks in 
which they appear are said to be foliated. 
Mather. b. Thin flakes or leaves; lamallae. 
Shipley. } 

foliaceous. Consisting of thin (leaflike) lami- 
nae of a mineral substance. Having the 
form or thinness of a foliage leaf or a 
plate. Synonym for foliated. Webster 3d. 

foliate. Suggested by Bastin in 1909 as a 
general term for any foliated rock. A.G.I. 

foliated. a. Leaflike, such as micaceous or 
schistose rocks. von Bernewitz. b. The 
meaning is similar to that of laminated, 
but the latter term generally indicates a 
finer or more parallel division into layers. 
Foliated is applied instead to the approxi- 
mate parallelism of the layers in such 
rocks as gneisses and schists. Synonym for 
foliaceous. Fay. 1 

foliated coal. Coal occurring in thin plates 
or layers. Fay. ! 

foliated structure. Used in a broad sense in- 
cludes the textural or structural properties 
of certain rocks which permit them to be 
cleaved or parted along approximately 
parallel surfaces or lines. In this sense, the 
term includes bedding fissility and schis- 
tosity. McKinstry, p. 641. 

foliate texture. A texture of platy minerals in 
parallel arrangement. Schieferdecker. 

foliation. a. The banding or the lamination of 
metamorphic rocks as distinguished from 
the stratification of sedimentary rocks. Fay. 
b. A crystalline segregation of certain min- 
erals in a rock, in dominant planes, which 
may be stratification planes (stratification 
foliation), joint planes (joint foliation), 


foliation 


shear planes (cleavage foliation), or frac- 
ture planes under the strain of flexure 
(faulting foliation). Standard, 1964. c. 
The arrangement of minerals normally 
possessing a platy habit (such as the micas, 
the chlorites, and talc) in folia or leaves, 
lying with their principal faces and cleav- 
ages in parallel planes; due to their de- 
velopment under great pressure during re- 
gional metmorphism. C.T.D. d. The lami- 
nated structure resulting from segregation 
of different minerals into layers parallel 
to the schistosity. A.G.J. e. Considered 
synonymous with flow cleavage, slaty cleav- 
age, and schistosity by many writers to 
describe parallel fabrics in metamorphic 
rocks, and considerable ambiguity attends 
their current use. A.G.J. f. More or less 
pronounced aggregation of particular con- 
stituent minerals of a metamorphic rock 
into lenticles or streaks or inconstant bands, 
often very rich in some one mineral and 
contrasting with constituent lenticles or 
streaks rich in other minerals. McKinstry. 
g. The ability of certain rocks to fracture 
along parallel surfaces. Lewis, p. 599. 

foliation, axial-plane. See axial-plane folia- 
tion. A.GJ. Supp. 

Folkstone marl. Eng. A stiff marl, varying 
in color from light gray to a dark blue; 
also known as gault. It abounds in fossils. 
Fay. 

follower. a. Chainman at rear end in chain- 
ing survey. Pryor, 3. b. A drill used for 
making all but the first part of a hole the 
latter being made with a drill of larger 
gage, known as a starter. Fay. c. A piston 
that maintains a light pressure against a 
variable amount of fluid in a container. 
Nichols. 

follower chart. A table showing the size of 
casing or pipe that should be placed in a 
borehole drilled with a specific-size bit 
and/or which sizes of casing or pipe can 
be nested inside each other. Long. 

follower rail. The follower rail of a mine 
switch is the rail on the other side of the 
turnout corresponding to the lead rail. 
Kiser, 2, p. 34. 

following. Scot. An overlying stratum which 
falls or comes down as the mineral is ex- 
tracted from under it. Fay. 

following clod. Scot. A thin argillaceous layer 
situated between a seam of coal (below) 
and limestone (above). Arkell. 

following dirt. a. A thin bed of unconsoli- 
dated dirt; a parting between the top of a 
coal seam and the roof. See also pug. 
C.T.D. b. See following stone. Nelson. 

following-in. Eng. Said of a shift arriving at 
a working place before the previous shift 
has finished work. Fay. 

following stone. a. A bed of shale which oc- 
curs immediately over a coal seam and 
falls as the coal is worked. It causes a high 
proportion of stone in the run-of-mine 
coal. See also clod. Also called following 
dirt. Nelson. b. Eng. See ramble. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. 

following-up bank. York. A breadth of about 
6 yards of coal taken off the working face. 
Fay. 

following-up the whole with the broken. See 
bord-and-pillar method. Fay. 

followup tag. The cardboard tag placed in 
the cartons, boxes, or cases of blasting sup- 
plies, used for identifying the date and 
place of manufacture. Fay. 





452 


Follsain process. A method for the sintering 
of the raw materials for the burden of 
blast furnaces in which continuous sinter- 
ing (nodulizing) is carried out in a rotat- 
ing tube furnace; at the discharge end is 
arranged a special tuyere comprising two 
concentric close-ended tubes parallel to the 
furnace axis, the outcr tube having one 
nozzle near its closed extremity, the other 
having a number of nozzles protruding 
through the outer tube. The inner tube 
supplies air heated to 650° to 800° C; the 
outer ones carries cold air, which keeps 
the inner tube from softening and becom- 
ing deformed and itself becomes somewhat 
heated by the time it emerges from the 
nozzle. These jets are directed upon the 
material to be sintered. The fine iron-bear- 
ing material is mixed with a proportion of 
fuel; under the intensive action of the hot 
air blast, the fuel raises the temperature of 
the mixture sufficiently for sintering to 
occur, whereupon the material is dis- 
charged from the furnace. Osborne. 

fondu. See high-alumina cement. Ham. 

font. A reservoir above the mold for fusion- 
casting refractories; molten material from 
the font helps to fill the pipe. See also 
pipe. Dodd. 

Fontainebleau limestone. See sand calcite. 

fool’s gold. Pyrite (FeS:). Pryor, 3 

foot. a. Corn. An ancient measure containing 
2 gallons or 60 pounds of black tin, Fay. 
b. The footwall. Fay. c. A foot is 12 inches 
in length on the vein, including its entire 
width, whether 6 inches or 60 feet, and 
its whole depth down toward the earth’s 
center. Standard, 1964. d. In tamping 
rollers, one of a number of projections 
from a cylindrical drum. Nichols. e. The 
bottom of a slope, a grade, or a declivity. 
The lower part of any elevated landform. 
The foot of a hill, the foot of a mountain, 
etc., for example. A.G.I. f. The base of a 
ceramic shape. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

foot-acre. See acre-foot. Fay. 

footage. a. The payment of miners by the 
running foot of work; also, the sum given. 
Standard, 1964. b. Compare yardage; 
cordage. Fay. c. The number of feet of 
borehole drilled per unit of time, or that 
required to complete a specific project or 
contract. Long. c. So. Afr. Distance cov- 
ered in development operations. The fol- 
lowing distinctions are made: (1) total 
footage advanced or developed is the dis- 
tance covered by driving on and off reef, 
including the distance of shaft sinking in 
some mines; (2) footage on reef, the dis- 
tance covered on the reef horizon, and 
more or less in agreement with (3) footage 
sampled, namely, the distance over which 
samples have been taken and assayed; and 
(4) footage payable and unpayable, which 
is determined from the assays on the basis 
of an estimated limit above which the 
mining of such ore would be payable. 
Beerman. 

footage block. See marker block. Long. 

footage bonus. Wage payments in addition 
to regular wage given to drill-crew mem- 
bers for each foot of borehole completed 
in excess of a specified number of feet 
drilled in a stated length of time. Long. 

footage cost. The total or overall cost of 
drilling 1 foot of a specific-size borehole 
under conditions existing at the place 
where the drilling is done. Long. 


‘foot-candle; lumen per square foot. The 





footlambert 











































footage per bit. The average number of feet 
of borehole specific types of bits drill or» 
can be expected to drill in a certain rock | 
before the bit becomes dulled and is re- 
placed, discarded, resharpened, or reset. 
Long. 

foot ale. Derb. Ale bought with the first | 
day’s wages after a man begins work. All | 
the miners join in a jollification. Fay. 

foot blocks. Eng. Flat pieces of wood placed | 
under props, in tunneling to give a broad | 
base, and thus prevent the superincumbent | 
weight from pressing the props down. Fay, | 

foot blower. A man who blows a small ball | 
which is applied to the stem of a glass 
article and then opened out to: form a) 
foot. C.T.D. 

footboards. Wooden boards, hinged together, 
for hand shaping the foot of glass stem- 
ware. Dodd. 


unit of illumination. The illumination in) 
foot-candles of an object or surface is the’ 
candlepower of a light source divided by. 
the square of the distance of the light 
source from the object or surface. Sinclair, 
I, p. 200. 
foot caster. One who shapes glass foot (base) © 
of stemware or other tableware. Cuts off | 
required amount of molten glass from gob! 
(mass of molten glass) held by gatherer _ 
with shears and attaches to stemware. 
Shapes foot by hand, using a clapper (two/ 
pieces of carbon fastened together with a 
hinged joint). Smooths and finishes the 
foot with a wooden buffer. D.O.T. 1. 
foot clamp. Synonym for safety clamp. Long. 
footeite. A hydrous basic copper oxychloride | 
containing 55.3 percent copper. It is close- 
ly related to tallingite. Crystallization, 
monoclinic; color, deep blue. From Bisbee, 
Ariz. Weed, 1918. 
foot-forming feeder. One who inserts glass) 
stemware into a machine that automati- | 
cally forms the bases on the stemware and _ 
burns off the excess glass from the stems. 
DIOL RA | 
foothill. a. A distinct lower part of a moun- 
tain. One of the hills or minor elevations’ 
of a mountain range which lies next to_ 
the adjacent lower land and forms a) 
transition between that and the higher’ 
portions. Fay. b. One of the lower subsidi-. 
ary hills at the foot of a mountain, or of | 
higher hills. Commonly used in the plural. | 
A.G.I, 
foot hole. Holes cut in the sides of shafts or 
winzes to enable miners to ascend and’ 
descend. Zern. ; 
foothook. S. Staff. The large hoisting-rope’ 
hook that is attached to the skip. Fay. 
foothook chain. S. Staff. A strong chain at 
the end of the rope, and connected with’ 
the foothook. Fay. 
footing. a. The characteristics of the material | 
directly beneath the base of a drill tripod, | 
a derrick, or mast uprights. Also, the mate-') 
rial placed under such members to produce 
a firm base on which they may be set. i 
Long. b. The material on which the floor’, 
sills of a drill floor are set. Long. c. That)! 
portion of the foundation of a structure’ 
that transmits loads directly to the soil. 
ASCE P1826. d. Ground, in relation to its’ 
load-bearing and friction qualities. Nichols. 
ce. A spreading course or courses forming) 
the foot or foundation of a wall. Standard, 
1964. | 
footlambert; equivalent footcandle. The unit 


footlambert 


reflection factor when its illumination is 1 
lumen per square foot. Sinclair, I, p. 200. 
\ foot pds Eng. See solepiece. SMRB, Paper 
No. 

r eee: Tn salt production, a laborer who 

| adjusts height of gate in chute leading 

| from crusher by means of a lever, to regu- 
late flow of crushed rock salt into vibrating 
screens which separate salt into various 
sizes prior to shipment or refining. 

DOT. 1. 

|| footmark. See marker block. Long. 

| footpiece. See sill, e. Fay. 

| foot pins. The hinge which attaches the boom 

to a revolving shovel. Nichols. 

|| foot-pound. A foot-pound is the amount of 
energy required to lift one pound a ver- 
tical distance of one foot. Abbreviation, ft.- 
lb. Brantly, 2. 

| foot poundal. The work done by a force of 
1 poundal acting through a distance of 1 

foot. Nelson. 

| foot-pound-second system; fps system. In 
this, the foot (0.3048 meter) is a measure 
of length; the foot-pound is work required 
to lift 1 pound a height of 1 foot; and the 
foot-poundal, the force needed to accelerate 

| 1 pound for 1 foot in 1 second. Pryor, 3. 

|| foot ridding. Dinting. Mason. 

|| footrill; futteril; footrail. a. Eng. The en- 

trance to a mine by means of a level driven 

into a hillside, An adit. Fay. b. A dip 

road, up which coal is brought. Fay. c. 

Direct drive into underground workings, 

either level or downsloped, not connected 

with surface by shaft. Pryor, 3. 

|| foot rod. Scot. An iron rod at the foot of 

ees rods to which the bucket is attached. 

ay. 

| foot screws. The three screws connecting 

the tribach, of a theodolite or other level, 

with the plate screwed to the tripod head. 

Ham. 

|! foot section. A term used on both belt and 

chain conveyor work to designate that por- 

tion of the conveyor at the extreme op- 
posite end from the delivery point. In 

either type of conveyor, it consists of a 

frame and either a sprocket or a drum on 

which the chain or belt travel, plus such 
other devices as may be required for ad- 
justing belt or chain tension. Jones. 

|| foot shoe. A special pipe or casing shoe 

equipped with a device, such as a float 

valve, used on the bottem end of casing or 
pipe to be floated into a borehole. Long. 

|| foot tender. See bottomer. D.O.T. 1. 

‘foot valve. a. A clack, or ball-and-seat-type 
valve placed at the bottom end of an up- 
standing liquid-piping system to allow 
liquid to enter but not escape from the 
system. Long. b. Nonreturn (check) valve 
at suction end of pump piping. Pryor, 3. 
c. A nonreturn valve immediately above 
the strainer in a centrifugal pumping in- 
stallation. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. d. A 
check valve in the inlet end of a pump 
suction hose. Nichols. 

' footwall. a. The wall or rock under a vein. 
It is called the floor in bedded deposits. 
Lewis, p. 21. b. Opposite wall from hang- 
ing wall. Ballard. c. S. Afr. The wall on 
the lower side of a reef, lode, or fault. 
Beerman. d. Can. The underside of vein 
or lens in relation to dip of ore deposit. 
Hoffman. e. The wall rock underlying the 
lode. Hoov, p. 94. {. In metal mining, that 
part of the country rock which lies below 
the ore deposit. Fraenkel. 

| footwall drift. In the United States, a hori- 






| 











453 


zontal gallery driven in the footwall of a 
vein. Nelson. 

footwall drive. A tunnel just below the ore 
body. Pryor, 3, p. 177. 

footwall of a fault. The lower wall of an 
inclined fault plane. Ballard. 

footwall shaft. See underlay shaft. 

footway. System of ladders and solars by 
which men can enter or leave the mine. 
Pryor, 3. 

foot-yard. In Pennsylvania, a miner’s meas- 
urement of length, such as the distance a 
working face is advanced. With the heel 
of one foot on a mark a short step is taken 
and the tip of the forward toe marks the 
foot-yard. The next measurement is taken 
by placing the first foot against the toe of 
the second and repeating the first step and 
so on. The foreman checks measurements 
with a rule. Hess. 

Foraky boring method. A percussive boring 
system comprising a closed-in derrick over 
the crown pulley of which a steel rope is 
passed from its containing drum. The bor- 
ing tools are suspended from the end of 
the rope and are moved in the hole as re- 
quired by means of the drum. A walking 
beam, operated by a driving mechanism, 
gives the boring tools a rapid vibrational 
motion. Improved methods of boring are 
now available. Nelson. 

Foraky freezing process. One of the original 
freezing methods of shaft sinking through 
heavily watered sands. Although the prin- 
ciple is the same today, the process has 
been improved in many respects. See also 
freezing method. Nelson. 

foralite. A marking in standstone and other 
sedimentary formations that possibly was 
caused by the burrowing of a worm. A 
boring in a stone. Standard, 1964. 

foram. Abrbeviated term for foraminifer that 
is commonly used. A.G.J. Supp. 

foraminifer; (plural) foraminifers. One of 
the foraminifera. A.G.I. Supp. 

foraminifera. a. A subdivision of the phylum 
protozoa with skeletons known as tests 
which are usually microscopic in size, 
commonly made of calcium carbonate, 
more rarely of sand, foreign particles of 
chitin, and which consist of one or more 
chambers. A.G.J. b. A subclass of the sar- 
codina. Unicellular animals mostly of 
miscroscopic size that secrete tests, com- 
posed of calcium carbonate or build them 
of cemented sedimentary grains, that con- 
sist of one to many chambers arranged in 
a great variety of ways. Most of them are 
marine. They range from the Ordovician 
period to the Recent. A.G.J. Supp. c. They 
are important microfossils in well logging, 
because of their long range, their wide dis- 
tribution, and their small size which per- 
mits their recovery as complete fossils from 
well cuttings. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

forbesite. A dull, grayish-white, hydrous 
nickel-cobalt arsenate, He(Ni,Co)2AseOs-+ 
8H2O, having a fiibrocrystalline structure. 
From Atacama, Chile. Fay. 

forble. Four lengths of drill rod or drill pipe 
connected to form a section, which is han- 
dled and stacked in a drill tripod or der- 
rick as a single unit on borehole round 
trips. Also spelled fourble. Long. 

forble board. A board or platform located in 
the upper part of the derrick at a suitable 
elevation so that a man can easily manipu- 
late equipment used to raise or lower drill 
rods or pipe when same are being handled 
in stands of four joints each. Also spelled 
fourble board. Long. 











force of crystallization 


force. Influence which, when brought to bear 
on a body, changes its rate of momentum. 
Attractive, accelerating, repulsive. Meas- 
ured in dynes (centimeter, gram, second) 
or poundals. 

Reveenes Mass x velocity 
time 

Pryor, 3; 

force-aparts. A structure similar to ball-and- 
pillow structure. See also ball-and-pillow 
structure. Pettijohn. 

forced auxiliary ventilation. A system in 
which the duct delivers the intake air to 
the face. The outstanding advantage of this 
system is that the air leaves the duct at 
considerable velocity and can be made to 
sweep the face without the duct being ex- 
tended unduly close to it. The forcing sys- 
tem may be used with flexible ducting and 
simplifies arrangements for protecting the 
duct from blasting. For use in collieries the 
forcing system has the added advantage 
that the fan motor always works in intake 
air, and no special arrangements about fan 
aXe are necessary. Roberts, I. pp. 219- 
220. 

forced-caying system. A stoping system in 
which the ore is broken down by large 
blasts into the stopes that are kept partly 
full of broken ore. The large blasts break 
ore directly into the stupes and have the 
further effect of shattering additional ore, 
part of which then caves. BuMines Bull. 
A) sel WCE G Date PAs 

forced-cut meander. A meander in which 
deposition on the inside of the meander 
equals erosion on the outside of the me- 
ander. Consequently, the width of the 
channel remains constant. A.G.J. Supp. 

forced draft. A draft produced by a fan or 
a similar device which blows air under 
moderate pressure into the combustion 
space of a furnace. API Glossary. 

forced drop shaft. Method of sinking shaft 
through waterlogged ground by means of 
series of caissons forced down hydraulically. 
Developed in Germany and now super- 
seded. Pryor, 3. 

forced production. To work a mine so as to 
make it produce a greater output than can 
be maintained. Fay. 

forced ventilation. A system of ventilation 
in which the fan forces air through the 
workings under pressure. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
SCGHON 

forced vibration. Vibration of a structure, 
generally caused by engines or machines, 
sometimes by wind. See also free vibra- 
tion. Ham. 

force fan. A blowing fan. Fay. 

force lines. Stress fields can be represented 
by lines each of which represents a definite 
force, so that their distance apart is a 
measure of the intensity of stress. The 
conception is similar to that of a mag- 
netic field represented by lines of force. 
Spalding. 

force of blow. The effective diameter of the 
piston or hammer, its weight, distance of 
travel and the air pressure during the for- 
ward movement. The energy of the blow 
in foot-pounds is equal to: 


i W x V" 

I ce 

yal ie 64.4 
where M = the mass; W = the weight in 
pounds; V = the velocity of the hammer 
in feet per second. Lewis, p. 91. 

force of crystallization. The force by which 
a growing crystal tends to develop its own 
crystal form against the resistance of the 


force of crystallization 


surrounding solid mass. Schieferdecker. 

force of friction. See friction. Morris and 
Cooper, p. 187. 

force (or drive) oscillator. An instrument to 
determine the resonant frequency of a 
crystal. A slowly varying frequency is ap- 
plied to the crystal from a signal generator 
and the resonant frequency voltage devel- 
oped across the crystal is measured with a 
vacuum tube voltmeter. AM, 1. 

force piece. Timber placed diagonally across 
a shaft or drift for securing the ground. 
Fay. b. See foreset. Pryor, 3. 

force pump. a. A pump consisting of a 
plunger or ram, the up-stroke of which 
causes the suction valve to open and the 
water to rise in the suction pipe. On the 
down-stroke of the plunger, the suction 
valve closes and the contained water is 
forced through the delivery valve into the 
rising main or discharge pipe. Nelson. b. A 
pump in which the water is lifted. by the 
force due to atmospheric pressure acting 
against a vacuum. Crispin. c. A pump that 
forces water above its valves. Zern. 

forcer. a. A small hand pump used in Cornish 
mining. Standard, 1964. b. The solid 
piston of a force pump. Standard, 1964. 

forcherite. An orange-yellow opal colored 
with orpiment. Standard, 1964. 

forcing fan; blowing fan. A fan which blows 
or forces the intake air into the mine 
workings as opposed to the exhaust fan. 
A mine exhaust fan may become a forcing 
fan (with reduced efficiency) when the 
ventilation is reversed in an emergency. 
Nelson. 

forcing lift; forcing set. Scot. A set of pumps 
Taleing water by a plunger; a ram pump. 
ay. 

forcing set. A pump for forcing water to a 
higher level or to the surface. C.T.D. _ 

ford. A passage across a stream where the 
water is not too deep for wading or for 
the movement of land vehicles. A.G.J. 

Ford cup. An orifice type viscometer. It has 
been used to a limited extent in the testing 
of the flow properties of ceramic suspen- 
sions. For Ford cup No. 4 (the commonest 
size) the following conversion applies: 


; Lathy ; time in seconds 

absolute viscosity in poises Tai aieagt © 
times specific gravity. Dodd. 

forde. An elongated, comparatively narrow 
inlet typically formed by submergence of 
a subglacial channel in formerly glaciated 
area. Schieferdecker. 

forebay. a. A reservoir or pond at the head 
of a penstock or pipeline. Seelye, 1. b. The 
water immediately up stream of any struc- 
ture. Seelye, 1. 

sg oh Scot. The working face of a mine. 

ay. 

forechamber. An auxiliary combination for 
gas-fired boilers, that provides incandescent 
surface for lighting gas instantly when 
turned on after being shut off for any 
reason. Also called Dutch oven; doghouse. 
Fay. 

foredeep. A long, narrow, crustal depression, 
or furrow, bordering a folded orogenic belt 
or island arc on the convex siae, commonly 
on the oceanward side. A.G.I. 

fore drift. The one of a pair of parallel 
headings which is kept a short distance in 
advance of the other. C.T.D. 

foredune. a. A coastal dune or ridge, parallel 
to the shoreline, produced by offshore 
winds. A.G.J. b. A dune developed along 











454 


the shoreward face of a beach ridge. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

forefield. Newc. The face of the workings. 
The forefield end is the end of the work- 
ings farthest advanced. Fay. 

forefield end. Derb. The farthest extremity 
of mine workings. Fay. 

forehammer. Scot. A sledge hammer; com- 
monly applied to the hammer used by a 
blacksmith’s assistant. Fay. 

forehand welding. Welding in which the 
palm of the principal hand (torch or elec- 
trode hand) of the welder faces the direc- 
tion of travel. It has special significance in 
gas welding in that it provides preheating. 
Contrast with backhand welding. ASM 
Gloss. 

forehead. Scot. The face of a mine or level. 
Fay. 

foreheadway. Eng. See headway, a. Fay. 

forehearth. a. A projecting bay in the front 
of a blast furnace hearth under the tymp. 
In open-front furnaces, it is from the fore- 
hearth that cinder is tapped. See also dam; 
tymp. Fay. b. An independent settling res- 
ervoir into which is discarded the molten 
material from the furnace and which is 
heated from an independent source. The 
heavy metal settles to the bottom and the 
light slag rises to the surface. Fay. c. A 
section of a furnace, in one of several 
forms, from which glass is taken for form- 
ing. ASTM C162-66. 

foreign coal. Coal received at a preparation 
plant from a colliery other than that to 
which the plant is attached. B.S, 3552, 
1962. 

foreigners. See furreners. Arkell. 

foreign inclusion. a. An inclusion in an igne- 
ous rock or in a magma derived strictly 
from the invaded country rock. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. b. A fragment of country 
rock enclosed in an igneous intrusion. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

foreland. a. A promontory; a jutting of high 
land into the sea. A.G.J. b. At the be- 
ginning of an erosion cycle the waves at- 
tack the coast at all points, cutting or 
nipping back the initial form of the land 
into a cliff; while at a later stage trans- 
portation of material along the shore begins 
and the waste from the edge and bottom of 
the land, together with the river sediment, 
is built out at certain points in front of 
the older mainland in deposits of various 
shapes, which are appropriately grouped 
together under the general term forelands. 
A.G.I. c. In folded mountain ranges three 
zones may be distinguished: (1) the rigid, 
unyielding mass which is not folded, (2) 
the zone of folding, and (3) the zone of 
diminishing action, where the folding grad- 
ually dies out or ends in a fault. The side 
of the range toward which the overturned 
folds incline is called the foreland, and it 
may be either the unfolded mass or the 
zone of diminishing action. A.G.J. d. A 
promontory or cape; a point of land ex- 
tending into the water some distance from 
the line of the shore; a headland. A.G.I. 
e. Land built out seaward by marine proc- 
esses. A.G.J. f. The relatively stable area, 
lying in shallower water, represented by 
the continental platform. A.G.J. g. The re- 
sistant block towards which the geosyn- 
clinal sediments move when compressed. 
A.G.I. h. In its structural meaning, the 
region in front of a series of overthrust 
sheets. A.G.I. 

foreland shelf. The part of the relatively 
stable continental region that extends in- 








foreset 


ward from the hingebelt of a geosyncline. 
A.GI. Supp. 

forelimb. The steeper dipping side of an 
asymmetric anticline produced by lateral 
thrusting. A.G.J. Supp. 

forelimb thrust. A thrust fault cutting strata 
on the steeply dipping flank of an asym- 
metric anticline. A.G.J. Supp. 

forellenstein. A plutonic rock that has been 
described as an olivine gabbro with no 
pyroxene. Synonymous with  troctolite. 
A.G.I. 

forel scale. The basic scale for measuring sea- 
water color. Hy. 

foreman. The head man; chief man; espe- 
cially, the overseer of a body of workmen. 
Standard, 1964. See also bank boss; mine 
foreman; boss. 

Foreman series. A nonmarine formation of 
Upper Jurassic age occurring in the Cor- 
‘ dilleran geosyncline, as in northern Califor- 
nia. Marine invertebrates occur in certain 
bedsiGaai-D: 

foremine; foreset mine. Scot. A mine (entry 
or room) driven toward the rise of the 
strata. Fay. 

foreoverman. a. Senior overman on a shift. 
Mason. b. N. of Eng. Official responsible 
for the working in a seam during the first 
(fore) shift of the day. Next in seniority 
to the undermanager. T7ist. 

forepole. A pointed board or steel strap with 
a sharp edge, which is driven ahead in 
loose ground for support purposes: See also 
spile; spill. Nelson. 

forepoling. a. A system of timbering for a 
very weak roof. It is done by setting a 
bench of timbers and placing boards or 
long wedges above the header, and as the 
next bench of timbers is placed at the in- 
bye end of the wedges, other like wedges 
are driven in under the first wedges and 
over the second header. This extends the 
wedges in advance of the header until the 
wedges can be driven far enough to permit 
the setting of another three-piece set of 
timbers. By its use coal has been worked 
from under clay and shale that amounts 
to almost dirt. Kentucky, pp. 141-142. b. 
The act of driving the poling boards be- 
yond the last set of timbers, thus forming 
a roof for further advance. Stauffer. c. 
Small pieces of timber or round poles 
driven over collars or cross timbers or be- 
hind legs of timber sets in advance of the 
working place to support small pieces of 
loose rock in caved or broken ground. 
Hudson. d. No. of Eng. A method of roof 
support in which horizontal bars are sup- 
ported by a cantilever arrangement in front 
of the foremost supports on the face or in 
a gate. Trist. e. A method of securing 
loose ground by driving poles, plank, etc., 
ahead of and on the top and sides of the 
timbers. See also spile. Ballard. f. The 
driving of poles or 2 inch boards above cap 
of last four-piece frame or set, to hold up 
weak roof until a permanent set can be 
put in. Used in weak, running, or watery 
ground. Also called spiling. Pryor, 3. 

forepoling girders. Two or more heavy 
straight girders set over and in advance of 
the last permanent support in a tunnel. 
They provide protection to the workmen 
until there is space to erect another sup- 
port. See also horsehead. Nelson. 

forereef. The steeply dipping talus slope 
commonly found on the seaward side of an 
organic reef. A.G.I. 

foreset. a. To set a prop under the fore or 
coal-face end of a bar. TIME. b. Timber 














| 
| 
| 








| 









|, foreshore. 


foreset 


set used at working face for roof support. 
Also called force piece. Pryor, 3. c. Tem- 
porary forward support; a middle prop un- 
der a bar. Mason. 

|foreset bed. a. One of the series of inclined 
layers formed as new sediment moves down 
the steep frontal slope of a delta. See also 
bottomset bed; topset bed. Fay. b. One of 
the inclined, internal, systematically ar- 
ranged layers of a _crossbedded unit. 
Pettijohn. 


| ‘foreset bedding. Synonym for crossbedding. 


Pettijohn. 

foreshaft sinking. The first 150 feet or so of 
shaft sinking from the surface, during 
which time the plant and services for the 
main shaft sinking are installed. Some- 
times, the main sinking contract does not 
commence until the foreshaft has been 
completed. Nelson. 


|| foreshift. a. In coal mining, first or morning 


shift. Pryor, 3. b. Eng. The first shift of 
hewers (miners) who go into the mine 
from 2 to 3 hours before the drivers and 
loaders. Fay. 

foreshock. a. One of the initiating shocks pre- 
ceding the principal earthquake. Schiefer- 
decker. b. An earthquake which precedes 
a larger earthquake within a fairly short 
time interval (a few days or weeks), and 
which originates at or near the focus of 
the larger earthquake. A.G_I. 

The lower shore zone between 

ordinary low- and high-water levels. Com- 


pare backshore. A.G.I. Supp. 


| foresight. a. A sight on a new survey point, 


made in connection with its determina- 
tion; or a sight on a previously established 
point, to close a circuit. A.G.J. b. In a 
transit traverse, a point set ahead on line 
to be used for reference when resetting the 
transit on line or when verifying the aline- 
ment. Seelye, 2. c. An observation of the 
distance and direction to the next instru- 
ment station. Seelye, 2. d. In leveling, the 
foresight is often called a minus sight be- 
Cause it is subtracted from the height of 
instrument to obtain the elevation of the 
point. It is not, however, essentially a 
negative quantity. Seelye, 2. See also level- 
ing practice. e. To sight on a foresight 
hub; also incorrectly used as a synonym 
for foresight hub. Long. f. Any sight or 
bearing taken with a compass, transit, 
theodolite, or level in a forward direction. 
Long. 


| | foresight hub. A stake or mark placed by a 


responsible individual at some distance in 
front of a drill to be used by a driller to 
point and line up a drill to drill a bore- 


| hole in a specific direction. Also called 


front hub. Compare backsight hub. Long. 

'foreslope. The slope extending from the 
outer margin of an organic reef to an arbi- 
trary depth of 6 fathoms (36 feet). A.G.I. 
Supp. 

| fore-spar plate. See bloomery. Fay. 

| forest marble. An argillaceous limestone or 
marble which when cut in certain direc- 
tions shows dark coloring matter so ar- 
ranged as to be imitative of woodlands and 
forests. Also called landscape marble. Fay. 

| forest moss peat. Peat formed in forested 
swamps. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

| forestop. Derb. To forepole. Fay. 

| forest peat. Peat consisting mainly of the 

remains of trees that grew in low wet 

areas. Francis, p. 149. 

| foretrench. See trench. ‘A.G.I. 

| forewinning. Newc. The first working of a 


264-972 O-68—30 





455 


seam in distinction from pillar drawing. 
Zern. Advance workings. Fay. 

forfeiture. a. Loss of some right, privilege, 
estate, honor, office, or effects in conse- 
quence of a crime, offense, breach of con- 
dition, or other act. Webster 3d. Forfei- 
ture of a mining claim takes place by op- 
eration of the law without regard to the 
intention of the locator whenever he fails 
or neglects to preserve his right by com- 
plying with the conditions imposed by law, 
and is made effectual by one who enters 
upon the ground after the expiration of 
the time within which the annual labor 
may be done, and completes a location 
before resumption of work by the original 
locator. Fay. A forfeiture of a mining 
claim consists in the consequence attached 
by law to certain facts, and the intention 
of the claimant as to whether or not a 
forfeiture in fact exists is wholly imma- 
terial, and in this respect a forfeiture 
differs from abandonment. Compare aban- 
donment. Fay. b. Penalty incurred in ac- 
cordance with governing laws and regula- 
tions when mining concessions, claims, 
leases, rights, are not adequately, safely, 
and consistently developed and exploited. 
Pryor, 3. 

forge. a. An open fireplace or hearth with 
forced draft, for heating iron, steel, etc.; 
as, a blacksmith’s forge. Standard, 1964. 
b. A hearth or furnace for making wrought 
iron direct from the ore; a bloomery. 
Standard, 1964. c. Eng. That part of an 
ironworks where balls are squeezed and 
hammered and then drawn out into pud- 
dle bars by grooved rolls. Fay. d. To form 
by heating in a forge and hammering; to 
beat into some particular shape, as a mass 
of metal. Fay. e. A plant where forging is 
carried out. C.T.D. 

forge cinder. The dross or slag from a forge 
or bloomery. Fay. 

forge iron. Pig iron used for the charge of 
a puddling furnace. Mersereau, 4th, p. 
443, 

forgemaster. The owner or superintendent 
of a forge or ironworks. Fay. 

forge pigs. Pig iron suitable for the manufac- 
ture of wrought iron. C.T.D. 

forge roll. One of the train of rolls by which 
a slab or bloom of metal is converted into 
puddled bars. Fay. 

forge scale. A loose coating of oxide which 
forms on heated iron during the process of 
forging; hammer scale. Standard, 1964. 

forge train. In iron puddling, the series of 
two pairs of rolls by means of which the 
slab or bloom is converted into bars. Fay. 

forge welding. A group of welding processes 
in which the parts to be joined together 
are heated to a plastic condition in a forge 
or other furnace and are welded together 
by applying pressure or blows. Ham. 

forging. Plastically deforming metal, usually 
hot, into desired shapes with compressive 
force, with or without dies. ASM Gloss. 

forging press. A press, usually vertical, used 
to operate dies to deform metal plastically. 
Mechanical presses are used for smaller 
closed die forgings; hydraulic or steam hy- 
draulic, for flat die forgings and larger 
closed die forgings. ASM Gloss. 

forging range. Temperature range in which 
a metal can be forged successfully. ASM 
Gloss. 

forging rolls. A machine used in roll forging. 
Also called gap rolls. ASM Gloss. 





formaldehyde 


forging stock. A rod, bar, or other section 
used to make forgings. ASM Gloss. 

fork. a. Corn. Bottom of drainage sump. 
Pryor, 3. b. Eng. In the Derbyshire coal- 
field, a piece of wood supporting the side 
of an excavation in soft ground. Fay. c. 
Scot. A tool used for changing buckets. 
Fay. d. A prop with a Y-shaped end. Fay. 
e. An appliance used in free-fall systems of 
drilling which serves to hold up the string 
of tools during connection and disconnec- 
tion of the rods. Fay. f. Eng. To pump 
water out of a mine. A mine is said to be 
in fork, or a pump to have the water in 
fork, when all the water is drawn out of 
the mine. Webster, 2d. g. A tool with a 
long wooden handle and prongs for load- 
ing lump coal. C.T.D. h. A double-pronged 
clip on a tub or wagon for the haulage 
rope or chain. C.T.D. i. A two-pronged 
lever used to slide flat belt from power- 
drive over to idler pulley (loose pulley). 
Pryor, 3, p. 43. j. A two-pronged rod or 
yoke used to slide shifting collars along 
their shafts. Nichols. k. One of the major 
bifurcations of a stream; a branch. A.G.I. 
1. In seismic instruments, a tuning fork of 
precisely known frequency used to record 
time lines on seismograms. A.G.J. m. A 
strong fork of two or more prongs used to 
slip under a stack of brick to lift and 
transport the stack. ACSG, 1963. 

forked center. A center with taper or straight 
shank and V-head for holding cylindrical 
objects in position during drilling and 
other operations. Crispin. 

fork-filled. Aust. Coal filled into skips with a 
fork, having the prongs about 114 inches 
apart. This separates the bulk of the slack 
from the round coal, which should not 
contain more than 10 percent of fine coal. 
Fay. 

forkhead. A wheel-guiding frame with a 
swivel connection to the machine or ve- 
hicle that rests on it. (A caster frame.) 
Nichols. 

forklift truck. A power-driven truck having 
a forward-projecting steel fork. It is used 
to raise, transport, and lift heavy pack- 
ages, sometimes contained on a pallet for 
stacking or loading at a height. Ham. 

fork-the-hole. To drill a second hole from 
some point within a completed borehole by 
deflection methods and equipment. Long. 

fork truck. An industrial truck provided with 
a brick fork for transporting brick. ACSG, 
1963. 

form. a. All the faces of a crystal that have 
a like position relative to the planes of 
symmetry, the axes of symmetry, etc. All 
those planes, the presence of which are 
required by the symmetry of crystal when 
one of them is present. Fay; Standard, 
1964. b. Any container in which plaster is 
poured over a pattern to make a mold. 
Crispin. c. The retainer which gives re- 
quired shape to the poured concrete and 
is removed after the concrete has set. 
Crispin. 

formability. The relative ease with which a 
metal can be shaped through plastic 
deformation. See also drawability. ASM 
Gloss. 

formaldehyde; oxymethylene; oxomethane; 
formic aldehyde; methanal. Colorless; gas; 
HCHO; suffocating pungent odor; poison- 
ous; melting point, —92° C; boiling point, 
—21° C; specific gravity, 1.075 to 1.081; 
soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether; 
and it polymerizes easily. Usually handled 


formaldehyde 


as an aqueous solution, with or without 
methanol, which acts as an inhibitor of the 
polymerization. Used as a_ hardening 
agent; a reducing agent, as in the re- 
covery of gold and silver; and as a 
corrosion inhibitor in oil wells. CCD 6d, 
1961, 

formanite. A moderately radioactive, tetrag- 
onal mineral, (U,Zr,Th,Ca) (Ta,Cb,Ti) O,, 
containing much more tantalum than co- 
lumbium. It is an end-member of the 
isomorphous fergusonite-formanite series 
which occurs in granite pegmatites, espe- 
cially those rich in rare earths, columbium, 
tantalum, and beryllium; it is frequently 
found as a detrital mineral in placer de- 
posits. On fresh surfaces, it is brownish- 
black or velvety black. Alteration results 
in an externally gray, yellow, brown, or 
dark brown color. Crosby, pp. 20-21. 
format. An informal rock stratigraphic unit 
bounded by marker horizons believed to be 
isochronous surfaces that can be traced 
across facies changes, particularly in the 
subsurface, and useful for correlations be- 
tween areas where the stratigraphic sec- 
tion is divided into different formations 
that do not correspond in time value. 
A.G.I. Supp. 

formation. a. As defined and used by the 
U.S. Geological Survey, the ordinary unit 
of geologic mapping consisting of a large 
and persistent stratum of some one kind of 
rock. Also, it is loosely employed for any 
local and more or less related group of 
rocks. Fay. b. In Dana’s Geology, it is ap- 
plied to the groups of related strata that 
were formed in a geologic period. Fay. c. 
Any assemblage of rocks which have some 
character in common, whether of origin, 
age, or composition. In chronological geol- 
ogy, formations constitute the units, and 
several formations may make up a system. 
Often, the word is loosely used to indicate 
anything that has been formed or brought 
into its present shape. Fay. d. A genetic 
unit formed under essentially uniform con- 
ditions, or under an alternation of condi- 
tions, and assumed to be limited in hori- 
zontal extent. A.G.IJ. e. A sedimentary 
formation is a lithologically distinctive 
product of essentially continuous sedimen- 
tation selected from a local succession of 
strata as a convenient unit for purpose of 
mapping, description, and reference. A.G.I. 
f. Something naturally formed, commonly 
differing conspicuously from adjacent ob- 
jects or material, or being noteworthy for 
some other reason. A.G.J. Supp. g. In 
stratigraphy, the primary unit in litho- 
stratigraphy consisting of a succession of 
strata useful for mapping or description. 
Most formations possess certain distinctive 
lithologic features that may indicate ge- 
netic relationships. Ordinarily, the upper 
and lower boundaries of a formation are 
determined lithologically but they may be 
unconformities or be determined by the 
occurrence of index or guide fossils. The 
age or time value of a formation is not 
necessarily the same wherever it is recog- 
nized. Formations may be combined in 
groups or subdivided into members. A.G.I. 
Supp. h. A secondary mineral deposit 
formed by the accumulation, dripping, or 
flowing of water in a cave. Also, the crys- 
talline deposit formed from flowing, drip- 
ping, or standing water in a cave. A sec- 
ondary cave deposit, such as a stalactite, 
stalagmite, etc. A.G.I.; A.G.I. Supp. 





456 


formation drilling. Boreholes drilled pri- 
marily to determine the structural, petro- 
logic, and geologic characteristics of the 
overburden and rock strata penetrated. 
Also called formation testing. Long. 

formation factor. The electrical resistance 
of a rock saturated with an electrolyte, 
divided by the resistivity of the electrolyte. 
There is an inverse linear relationship be- 
tween the formation factor and the poros- 
ity and permeability of the rock. Also 
known as the formation resistivity factor. 
A.G.I. 

formation fracturing; hydraulic fracturing. 
A technique to open up cracks in an oil 
reservoir rock, which involves the applica- 
tion of high hydraulic pressure and the in- 
jection of a propping agent, such as sand, 
into these cracks. The fractures increase 
the overall permeability of the rock. Insti- 
tute of Petroleum, 1961. 

formation level. Level of the ground surface 
after completion of excavation. Ham. 

formation resistivity factor. The ratio of the 
resistivity of the saturated rock to the re- 
sistivity of the saturating water in a com- 
pletely water-saturated clean rock. Insti- 
tute of Petroleum, 1961. 

formation room. A room in a cave where 
there is an unusual amount of cave forma- 
tion or a room having dripstone in a cave 
that is otherwise barren of it. A.G.I. 

formation striae. Color bands in synthetic 
corundum or spinel, which, since they are 
always distinctive and almost always 
curved, differ from the straight color zones 
in genuine. Also called formation stria- 
tions. Shipley. 

formation testing. a. Synonym for formation 
drilling. Long. b. Measurements made in 
a borehole to determine the porosity, oil 
production capabilities, etc., of a specific 
stratum or horizon through which the 
borehole has been drilled. Long. 

formation water. Water naturally occurring 
in sedimentary strata. Compare connate 
water. A.G.J. Supp. 

form contour. A topographic contour deter- 
mined by stereoscopic study of aerial 
photographs without ground control or by 
other means not involving conventional 
surveying. A.G.I. Supp. 

form energy. The potentiality of minerals to 
develop crystal form within a solid me- 
dium, such as a rock. A.G.J. Supp. 

form factor. The term pertains to a beam 
section of given shape and means that 
ratio of the modulus of rupture of a beam 
having that particular section to the 
modulus of rupture of a beam otherwise 
similar but having a section adopted as 
standard. This standard section is usually 
taken as retcangular or square; for wood 
it is a 2- by 2-inch square with edges hori- 
zontal and vertical. The term is also used 
to mean the ratio, for a given maximum 
fiber stress within the elastic limit of the 
actual resisting moment of a wide-flanged 
beam to the resisting moment the beam 
would develop if the fiber stress were uni- 
formly distributed across the entire width 
of the flanges. So used, the term expresses 
the strength-reducing effect of shear lag. 
Ro. 

form grinding. Grinding with a wheel hav- 
ing a contour on its cutting face that is a 
mating fit to the desired form. ASM 
Gloss. : 

formic acid; methanoic acid; hydrogen car- 
boxylic acid. Colorless; fuming; liquid; 





formula weight 


HCOOH;; pungent penetrating odor; dan- 
gerously caustic; soluble in water, in al- 
cohol, and in ether; specific gravity, 
1.2201 (at 20° C, referred to water at 4° 
C); melting point, 8.3° C; and boiling 
point, 100.8° C. Used in electroplating; 
in silvering glass; and in ore flotation. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

formic aldehyde. See formaldehyde. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

forming. a. The shaping of hot glass. ASTM 
C162-66. b. The shaping or molding of 
ceramic ware. ASTM C242-60T. 

forming hood. The chamber of the forming 
equipment in which glass fibers are formed 
and collected. ASTM C162-66. 

forming-machine operator. See bottle-ma- 
chine operator. D.O.T. 1. 

forming rolls. Rolls used in forming flat 
glass. ASTM C162-66. 

formkohle. German name for a variety of 
incoherent brown coal, apparently without 
any cementing material whatsoever. It is 
suggested that this coal was formed 
through the redeposition of the original 
coal. Same as feinkohle; klarkohle; riesel- 
kohle. Tomkeieff, 1954. See also crumble 
coal. 

form lining. Selected materials used to line 
the concreting face of formwork, in order 
to impart a smooth or a patterned finish 
to the concrete surface. Ham. 

form oil. Oil or emulsion used to minimize 
the sticking of concrete to molds. Institute 
of Petroleum, 1961. 

formosa marble. A high grade of marble 
of a dark gray and white color, variously 
mottled and blotched with yellow and red, 
from Nassau, Germany. Fay. 

form stop. The end of a section of shutter- 
ing for concrete. Ham. 

form stripper. In concrete products industry, 
a laborer who removes wooden or steel 
forms from concrete walls, beams, molded 
concrete products, or similar concrete work 
after the concrete has hardened. Also 
called crew stripper; form wrecker; rod 
puller. D.O.T. 1. 

form tool. A single-edge nonrotating tool, 
circular or flat, that produces its inverse 
or reverse form counterpart upon a work- 
piece. ASM Gloss. 

formula. The formula of a compound is 
arrived at by: (1) writing the symbols for 
the elements making up the compound; 
and (2) following the symbols with the 
appropriate figure, showing how many 
atoms of each element are in one molecule 
of the compound. Also called molecular 
formula. Cooper. 

formulate. To reduce to or express in a 
formula; to state definitely. Kinney. 

formulation; formulas. Statement of molec- 
ular weight of compound; percentage com- 
position and atomic weight of each con- 
stituent element. Formula refers to small- 
est possible portion of compound con- 
cerned. Structural formulas show pre- 
sumed linkage by valence bonds. Use of 
sign = shows either equilibrium or a pos- 
sibility of reversible reaction. Sign N+ or 
N— shows one positive or one negative 
charge on atom N (electronic formula). 
Formula weight is gram molecular weight, 
or mole. Pryor, 3. 

formula weight. The weight, in grams, 
pounds, or other units, obtained by adding 
the atomic weights of all the elemental 
constituents in a chemical] formula. Lowen- 
heim. 























formwork 


formwork. Temporary casing erected to con- 
tain concrete during its placing and sub- 
sequent hardening. See also concretor; 
shuttering. Ham. 

form wrecker. See form stripper. D.O.T. 1. 

fornacite. An olive-green basic chromoarse- 
nate of lead and copper. Small prismatic 
crystals on dioptase. Monoclinic (?). 
English. 

Forrester machine. Pneumatic flotation cell, 
in which low-pressure air is blown down 
line of pipes into trough box, aerating 
the pulp and delivering a mineralized 
froth along the overflow, and tailings to 
an end weir. Variants are the South- 
western, and the Britannia. Pryor, 3. 

forsterite. A magnesium silicate mineral, 
Mg.SiOs, occurring in white crystals at 
Vesuvius; in greenish or yellowish em- 
bedded grains at Bolton, Mass., as bolton- 
ite. Orthorhombic. See also olivine. Dana 
17. 

forsterite ceramic. Any ceramic ware in 
which forsterite, (2MgO.SiOz), is the es- 
sential crystalline phase. AC'SB-4. 

forsterite marble. A characteristic product of 
the contact metamorphism of magnesian 
(dolomitic) limestones containing silica of 
organic or inorganic origin. The dolomite 
dissociates into magnesia, COz and CaCOs. 
The magnesia combines with the silica to 
form forsterite, while the calcium car- 
bonate recrystallizes as marble. Also called 
ophicalcite. C.M.D. 

forsterite porcelain. A vitreous ceramic white- 
ware for technical application in which 
forsterite, (2MgO.SiO.), is the essential 
crystalline phase. ASTM C242-60. 

forsterite whiteware. Any ceramic whiteware 
in which forsterite, (2MgO.SiOz), is the 
essential crystalline phase. ASTM (C242- 


60. 

forstid; forstid ore. Derb. Light waste left 
after washing ore. Arkell, p. 42. 

fortification agate. Agate with parallel zig- 
zag lines which are heavier than in topo- 
graphic agate. Shipley. 

Fort Pierre shales. Marine shales containing 
shell banks of lamellibranchia (lucina) de- 
posited during Cretaceous (montanan) 
times in the region of the Great Plains of 
the United States. See also Tepee Butte. 
GT .D: 

Fortschritt PIV/6 boring machine. A port- 
able machine for boring from  under- 
ground workings for firedamp drainage or 
for exploration. It weighs 6 hundred- 
weights, consumes 250 cubic feet per min- 
ute of air, and its drilling rate varies from 
30 feet per hour in sandstone to 80 feet 
per hour in shale. The machine is widely 
used in Germany. Nelson. 

forward dealing. Purchase of stocks, notably 
metals, for delivery at agreed future date 
and price. Pryor, 3. 

forward speed. See feed rate. Long. 

foshagite. A hydrous calcium silicate, H2Cas- 
(SiOx)3.2H2O, found as a white, compact, 
fibrous, orthorhombic mineral filling veins 
in idocrase; from Crestmore, Calif. Prob- 
ably an altered hillebrandite. Mineralogi- 
cal Magazine, v. 20, No. 110, September 
1925, p. 453. 

foshallassite; foshallasite. A white, basic hy- 
drated calcium silicate, 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O; 
from the Kola peninsula, U.S.S.R. Re- 
lated to foshagite and centrallassite and 
named from a combination of these names. 
Spencer 15, M.M., 1940. 

foss. A sort of meandering furrow on the 








457 


surface of rough diamonds. Hess. 

fossa. An extensive geosyncline developed 
along the margin of a continent. A.G_I. 
Supp. 

fosse. a. A depression or an unfilled area be- 
tween the terraced ice contact of glacial 
sand plains and morainal mounds forming 
a belt within the ice-covered field. A.G_I. 
b. A ditch, a moat, or a trench between a 
glacier and a moraine or a rock wall. 
A.G.I. 

fosse lake. A long, narrow depression that is 
sometimes found between a moraine and 
an outwash plain. It is a remnant of 
ground moraine upon which the ice stood 
when the outwash plain was being formed. 
A.G.I. 

fossick. a. Aust. To work out the pillars of 
abandoned claims, or work over waste 
heaps in hope of finding gold. Standard, 
1964. b. Eng. In gold mining to under- 
mine another’s digging. Fay. c. A trouble- 
some person. Fay. 

fossicker. a. One who searches for small 
amounts of mineral. C.T.D. b. One who 
picks over old mine workings. Fossicking 
is casual and unsystematic mining. Pryor, 
3. c. Aust. A sort of mining gleaner who 
overhauls old workings and refuse heaps 
for gold that may be contained therein. 
Fay. 

fossil. a. Originally, a rock, mineral, or other 
substance dug out of the earth. Now, any 
remains, impression, or trace of an animal 
or plant of past geologic ages that have 
been preserved in the earth’s crust. Web- 
ster 3d. b. The remains or traces of ani- 
mals or plants which have been preserved 
by natural causes in the earth’s crust, and 
excluding organisms which have been 
buried since the beginning of historic time. 
A.G.I. 

fossil assemblage. Fossils naturally associated 
in a stratum. Possibly they were derived 
from more than a single fossil community. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

fossil butter. See bog butter. 

fossil coal. Same as mineral coal or stone 
coal. Coal occurring in the form of layers 
or seams among stratified rocks. Tomkeieff, 
1954, 

fossil community. Fossils that in life were 
ecologically related among themselves. 
A.GI. Supp. 

fossil copal. See copalite. Fay. 

fossil coral. Same as beekite. Shipley. 

fossil erosion surface. An eroded surface 
covered by younger sediments, and again 
exposed by erosion at a later period. 
AKG: 

fossil farina. See bergmehl, b. Fay. 

fossil flour. Infusorial earth. Fay. 

fossil fuels. Coal, petroleum, and natural 
gas. Pearl, p. 18. 

fossil ice. a. Ice remaining from the geo- 
logic past. A.G.I. b. Underground lenses 
or seams of ice in permafrost regions. 
A.G.I. c. Crystal of selenite. Arkell. 

fossiliferous. Containing organic remains. 
Fay. 

fossilization. A term used to cover all the 
processes involved in the burial of a plant 
or animal in an accumulating sediment, 
and in the ultimate preservation of the 
whole, or part or trace of it. Nelson. 

fossilize. To turn into a fossil. Webster 3d. 

fossilized. Preserved by burial in rock or 
earthy deposits. Shipley. 

fossilized wood. Same as petrified wood. 
Shipley. 





foul gas 


fossil ore. Fossiliferous red hematite. Fay. 

fossil paper. See mountain paper. Fay. 

fossil peneplain. See fossil erosion surface; 
fossil plain. A.G.I. 

fossil pineapple. Opal pseudomorph after 
glauberite, from New South Wales. 
Schaller. 

fossil plain. A plain which, after coming 
into existence as a plain of erosion, has 
been buried by sediment and long after- 
ward reexposed by renewed erosion. See 
also fossil erosion surface; fossil peneplain. 
A.G.I. 

fossil resin. A resin found in a geologic de- 
posit; for example, amber, copalin, posep- 
nyte, and flagstaffite. Fay. 

fossil salt. Same as rock salt. Fay. 

fossil soil. a. Residuum on an unconformable 
rock contact which may have the charac- 
ter of a soil. Schieferdecker. b. A soil de- 
veloped upon an old land surface and later 
covered by younger formations. A.G.I. 

fossil trees. In the shale roof of certain coal 
seams are found prostrate fossil trunks of 
Sigillaria and other trees and sometimes 
the mud-filled stumps of the same trees in 
an upright position. See also pots. Nelson. 

fossil turquoise. Same as odontolite. Shipley. 

fossil water. a. Forest of Dean. Selenite fill- 
ing joints in Coal Measure rocks. Arkell. 
b. See connate wate. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. 5. 

fossil wax. See ozocerite. 

fosterite refractories. Refractories made from 
olivine and magnesia, and consisting es- 
sentially of fosterite, including about 50 
percent magnesia, 39 percent silica, 6 per- 
cent ferrous oxide, and 5 percent of other 
oxides. They are semibasic. Henderson, p. 
265. 

Fosters formula. An empirical method of 
determining the radius of a shaft pillar. 
Foster’s formula is: Radius (ft.) = 3\/DT, 
where D = depth in feet, and T = thick- 
ness of lode in feet. Higham, p. 110. 

fother. a. N. of Eng. A measure of coal 
(17%4 hundredweight), being an ordinary 
cartload for one horse. Fay. b. Any of the 
various units of weight for lead; espe- 
cially a modern unit equal to 19% hun- 
dredweight. Webster 3d. 

fotmal. Eng. A mass of lead weighing 70 
pounds. Standard, 1964. See fother, b. 

Fotoceram. Trademark for crystalline ce- 
ramic articles made by processing chemi- 
cally sculptured glass. These products are 
utilized primarily for high-temperature 
electronic components such as circuit 
boards. CCD 6d, 1961. 

Foucault current. In electricity, an eddy cur- 
rent. Webster 3d. 

foul. a. A condition of the atmosphere of a 
mine, so contaminated by gases as to be 
unfit for respiration. Impure. Fay. b. In a 
coal seam, place where the seam was 
washed out during deposition, leaving bar- 
ren area. Pryor, 3. c. In a cyanide proc- 
ess, a foul solution is one so contaminated 
(by soluble sulfides, ferrosalts, nickel, 
chromium, etc.) that it must either be 
discarded, or regenerated before return to 
circuit. Pryor, 3. 

foul-air duct. A suction line 
ventilation system. Nichols. 

foul coal. Eng. Faulty, or otherwise unmar- 
ketable coal. Fay. 

foul gas. Coke-oven gas or natural gas con- 
taining appreciable amounts of hydrogen 
sulfide and similar contaminants. CCD 6d, 
1961. 


in a tunnel 


fouling 


fouling. The assemblage of marine organisms 
that attach to and grow upon underwater 
objects. Hy. 

fouling position. The point on any rail be- 
yond which a wagon or mine car cannot 
proceed without becoming an obstruction 
to another wagon or car traveling on the 
intersecting rail. Nelson. 

foulness. a. Scot. An impurity in a seam; 
an irregularity in the physical character 
of a seam, caused, for example, by nu- 
merous lypes or small hitches. Fay. b. 
Eng. Firedamp. Fay. 

fouls. a. Eng. A condition in which seams of 
coal disappear for a certain space and are 
replaced by some foreign matter. See also 
fault. Fay. b. The cutting out of portions 
of the coal seam by wash outs or barren 
ground. C.T.D. 

foul solution. In gas making, a solution of 
sodium carbonate or bicarbonate loaded 
with HS and other impurities absorbed 
in washing illuminating gas. Hess. 

foulstone. Derb. Marl riddled with fibrous 
gypsum, into which the gypsum seams 
sometimes pass suddenly, Keuper marls. 
Arkell. 

found. a. Eng. When sinking or driving to 
find or prove a coal seam, as soon as it is 
encountered it is said to have been found. 
Fay. b. To form in a mold, as articles of 
cast iron, by melting the metal and pour- 
ing; cast. Standard, 1964. c. The name 
for the melting operation which the raw 
materials undergo in a furnace. C.T.D. 

foundation. a. Mid. The shafts, machinery, 
building, railways, workshop, etc., of a 
mine, commonly called a plant. Fay. b. 
The ground upon which a substructure is 
supported. Taylor. c. The lower part of a 
structure that transmits the load to the 
earth. ASCE P1826. d. The base and/or 
the underlying support, either natural or 
artificial, on which a _ building, dam, 
or other structure is constructed. Long. e. 
See base rock, a and b. Long. 

foundation bolt. A fastener for connecting a 
structure or machine to a permanent base. 
See also anchor bolt. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

foundation coefficient. Indicating how many 
times stronger the result of an earthquake 
is in a certain rock than would have been 
the case in undisturbed crystalline rock 
under equal circumstances. Schieferdecker. 

foundation curb. A construction in a sinking 
shaft which will provide support for the 
concrete lining. It consists of a wedge- 
shaped excavation around the shaft in 
solid ground which is filled up completely 
with wet concrete. Steel shuttering is used 
and the concrete filled in behind. Also 
called foundation canch; foundation crib. 
See also curb; permanent shaft support. 
Nelson. 

foundation investigation. A branch of soil 
mechanics involving the drilling and test- 
ing of the deposits underlying a proposed 
foundation. It includes the estimation of 
bearing capacities, settlements and the 
most suitable type of foundation for the 
prevailing soil conditions. See also depth 
of soil exploration. Nelson. 

foundation plate. A plate to which a pump, 
an engine, or a motor, is bolted. A sole- 
plate. Crispin. 

foundation sampling. Synonym for founda- 
tion testing. Long. 

foundation soil. The upper part of the earth 
mass carrying the load of the structure. 
ASCE P1826. 














458 


foundation testing. Boreholes drilled for pur- 
pose of obtaining samples by means of 
which the characteristics of overburden 
and/or the rock on which the foundation 
of a structure will rest can be determined. 
Also called foundation sampling. Long. 

foundation wall. That portion of a load- 
bearing wall below the level of the ad- 
jacent grade or below the first floor beams 
or joists. AC'SG. 

founder. a. Eng. The first shaft sunk upon a 
vein. From this the miner possesses, and 
layes out, his ground. Fay. b. One who 
founds or practices the business of found- 
ing; one who makes castings; as, an iron 
founder. Standard, 1964. 

founder breccia. Where beds of soluble rocks 
have been in part or wholly removed by 
the chemical action of ground water, 
founder breccias of the superincumbent 
beds are produced on a scale commensu- 
rate with the extent of the ablation. 
Synonymous with collapse breccia. A.G_I. 

foundermere. Derb. The first 32 yards of 
ground worked. Fay. 

foundershaft. The first shaft sunk. See also 
founder, a. Fay. 

founders shares. The few shares issued to the 
individuals organizing a stock company. In 
companies owned outright by other com- 
panies, founders shares are issued to as 
many individuals as are required to in- 
corporate and hold the offices required for 
corporate management, as the laws do not 
permit a corporation, which is an artificial 
person, to form another corporation, or to 
serve as a director of another corporation. 
Weed, 1922. 

founding. The act or process of casting 
metals. Fay. 

foundling stones. Scot. Erratic boulders. 
Compare knurs and fundlers. Arkell. 

foundry. A commercial establishment or 
building where metal castings are pro- 
duced. ASM Gloss. 

foundry clay. A plastic clay of varying re- 
sistance to heat but with good bonding 
quality, used for mixing with sand to make 
foundry molds. ASCB, J. See also fire clay. 

foundry coke. a. Coke strong enough to 
withstand the pressures in cupolas and 
blast furnaces. Also called metallurgical 
coke. Hess. b. Coke larger than 2.5 inches. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

foundry facings. Finely pulverized materials 
used in foundries to give the surface of 
molds a smooth finish, so that castings 
may be removed easily after cooling. 
BuMines Bull. 556, 1956, p. 329. 

foundry flask. Wooden or metallic container 
for sand of a casting mold. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

foundry gate. Opening in a foundry mold, 
into which molten metal is poured in 
casting. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

foundry salt. A German term for salt pre- 
pared at Heilbronn by fusing rock salt in 
a two-stage Siemens furnace. On the 
upper stage the fused salt runs away from 
most of the impurities. On the lower stage 
the melt is blown with compressed air, 
chemically treated, cooled in rotary pans 
with rakes, and screened to produce food- 
stuff-quality salt. Kaufmann. 

foundry sand. Sand used by founders in 
making sand molds. Foundry sands may be 
classified broadly as follows: molding 
sand, core sand, racing sand, molding 
loam, gravel, high-silica steel molding 
sand, and parting sand. Hess. 








four-piece set 


fountain. a. A spring of water issuing from 
the earth. The point of origin or head of a 
stream or a river. See also gusher. Web- 
ster 3d; Fay. b. Usually a flow of water 
rising in a jet above the surrounding sur- 
face; a spring; the source of anything. 
A.G.I. 

fourble. a. In rotary drilling, a unit of four 
drill pipes left coupled together. Nichols. 
b. Synonym for forble. Long. 

fourble board. Synonym for forble board. 
Long. 

four by four (4 x 4). A vehicle with four 
wheels or sets of wheels, all engine driven. 
Nichols. 

Fourcault process. A method of forming 
window glass. The molten glass is drawn 
up from the melt tank in a ribbon, rolled 
flat, annealed, then cut to the desired size 
and shape. The rolling and annealing are 
done while the glass is in the vertical po- 
sition. CCD 6d, 1961. 

fourchite. An olivine-free monchiquite. A.G.I. 

Four Corners Region. The general region 
where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New 
Mexico meet. This is the only place in the 
United States where four States have a 
common corner. A.GJ. Supp. 

four-cut surface. Term used to describe the 
surface finish of building limestone that is 
made with a planer tool having four 
corrugations to the inch. AIME, p. 330. 

four-cutter bit. See roller rock bit. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 3. ' 

four-cycle engine. An engine in which four 
complete strokes of the piston are required 
to complete the cycle. In this engine the 
burned gases remaining in the cylinder 
after the exhaust value has been opened 
and part of the hot gases removed by ex- 
pansion are expelled in part by a separate 
inward stroke of the piston, and a fresh 
charge is drawn into the cylinder through 
the inlet port by a separate outward stroke. 
Generally speaking, one event occurs dur- 
ing each of the four strokes of this cycle; 
that is, considering the stroke by which 
the charge is drawn into the cylinder as 
the first stroke, the mixture is compressed 
during the second stroke, ignited at the 
end of the second stroke, expands during 
the third stroke, and the exhaust gases are 
expelled during the fourth stroke, after 
which the conditions are the same as at 
first and the cycle is complete. Zern, pp. 
331-332. 

four-high mill. Contains four rolls arranged 
horizontally, one above the other, that is, 
two small-diameter working rolls supported 
by larger diameter back-up rolls above and 
below. Osborne, p. 357. 

four-leg sling. A sling of chain, rope, or wire 
rope having four hooks suspended from 
one link. Ham. 

fourling. A twinned crystal consisting of four 
individuals. Standard, 1964. 

fourmarierite. A very rare, strongly radio- 
active, red to golden-red or brown, ortho- 
rhombic mineral, possibly PbO.4UO,.- 
5H:O, found as an alteration product of 
uranite and associated with torbernite, 
kasolite, and curite. Crosby, p. 22. 

fournetite. Apparently merely a mechanical 
mixture of tetrahedrite and galena. Weed, 
1918. 

four-part line. A single rope or cable reeved 
around pulleys so that four strands con- 
nect the fixed and the movable units. 
Nichols. 

four-piece set. Squared timber frame used in 














four-piece set 


underground driving to give all around 
support to weak ground. A cap is sup- 
ported by two posts on a sill-piece or sill. 


Pryor, 3. 
four-stage compression. Air compression in 
four stages with intercoolers between 


stages. Ham. 

four-strand rope. See shroud laid rope. Zern. 

four-stroke cycle. A cycle in which air or an 
explosive mixture is drawn into the cylin- 
der of an internal-combustion engine on a 
suction stroke, is compressed and ignited 
on a compression stroke, burns and per- 
forms useful work on an expansion stroke, 
and expels the products of combustion on 
an exhaust or scavenging stroke. Webster 
3d. 

four-way dip. In seismic operations, a dip 
determined by spreads placed in four di- 
rections from a shot point. Three are essen- 
tial, and the fourth serves as a check. 
A.G.I. 

four-wheel jimmie. Penn. A four-wheel rail- 
road car made of wood. It was the first 
type of car made for the transportation of 
anthracite. Fay. 

fowlerite. A zinc-bearing variety of rhodo- 
nite. Dana 17. 

foxbench. Eng. Iron pan. Compare sentur. 
Arkell. 

foxes. Eng. A bed in the Wealden iron 
mines; probably red nodules. Arkell. 

Fox Hills sandstone. An aeolian sandstone 
which succeeds the Fort Pierre shales in 
the Cretaceous succession of Wyoming. 
GeleDs 

fox mold. Eng. A provincial name for the 
reddish greensand colored by an oxide of 
iron. Fay. 

foxtail. a. A grass, with sharp barbed seed, 
common in mining regions of California 
and other western States. Fay. b. S. Wales. 
The last cinder obtained in the Welsh 
process of refining iron in a charcoal forge. 
Standard, 1964. 

fox wedge. Eng. A long wedge driven be- 
tween two other wedges with their thick 
ends placed in the opposite directions. 
Also called stob-and-feather; plug-and- 
feathers. Fay. 

foyaite. a. A widely distributed variety of 
nepheline syenite, which was described 
originally from the Foya Hills in Portugal. 
Typically, it contains about equal amounts 
of nepheline and potash feldspar, asso- 
ciated with a subordinate amount of a 
colored mineral, such as aegirine. C.T.D. 
b. Synonymous with, and perhaps a pref- 
erable name for, nepheline syenite. A.G.I. 

fp Abbreviation for freezing point. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

fpm Abbreviation for feet per minute. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

fps a. Abbreviation for feet per second. 
BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. b. Abbreviation 
for foot-pound-second (system). BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

fpsu. Abbreviation for foot-pound-second 
unit. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 

fqecy Abbreviation for frequency. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

Fr. Chemical symbol for francium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

fractile. Pertaining to cleavage or breakage, 
as in a rock. Standard, 1964. 

fraction. a. A portion of an unconsolidated 
sediment (such as a recent marine mud), 
or of a crushed consolidated rock sample 














459 


(such as a coal sample), or of a crushed 
ore or mineral sample. The fraction has 
been separated by some method, and is 
distinguished in some manner, from all the 
other portions (or fractions) comprising 
the whole sample being analyzed. A frac- 
tion is commonly defined by its particle 
size (grain size). The particle size or 
grain size of a fraction is given as below 
a maximum or an upper limit, or in a 
range between a maximum or an upper 
limit and a minimum or a lower limit, or 
above a minimum or a lower limit. For 
example: The submicron fraction, the 
minus-5-micron fraction, the 1-to-2 milli- 
meter fraction, the plus-l-inch fraction, 
etc. The size limits of a fraction are not 
always expressed in units of linear meas- 
urement, but sometimes as sieve numbers 
in a standard sieve series; or in terms of 
the screen meshes of the sieves used (the 
minus-100-mesh fraction, for example) ; 
or in more general, descriptive size desig- 
nations (such as the clay fraction, the silt 
fraction, or the sand fraction). Also a 
fraction may be separated and defined on 
the basis of its mineral content, its specific 
gravity or density, its magnetism or lack 
of magnetism, or its solubility or insolu- 
bility in acid. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
That portion of a powder sample which 
lies between two stated particle sizes. 
Synonymous with cut. ASTM B243-65. c. 
One of several portions (as of a distillate 
or precipitate) separable by fractionation 
and consisting either of mixtures or of 
pure chemical compounds. Webster 3d. 

fractional crystallization. a. The formation, 
at successively lower temperatures, of the 
component minerals in a magma, coupled 
with the tendency for the components 
which crystallize at high temperatures to 
separate, on account of their high specific 
gravity, thus concentrating in the lower 
parts of the magma body. C.M.D. b. The 
separation of a magma into two phases, 
crystals and liquid, possibly followed by a 
gross separation of the two phases from 
each other by other processes, such as filter 
pressing, gravity settling, etc. A.G I. 

fractional crystallization of salts. a. Con- 
trolled crystallization of saline waters by 
means of which different salts are crystal- 
lized out at different temperatures. Bate- 
man. b. In the evaporation of bodies of 
saline water, concentration of the soluble 
salts occurs, and when supersaturation of 
any salt is reached, that salt is precipi- 
tated. The least soluble salts are precipi- 
tated first, and the most soluble last. The 
solubility of a given salt, and therefore its 
deposition, is affected by temperature and 
by the presence of other salts in solution. 
Bateman, 1950, p. 183. 

fractional distillation. A distallation process 
for the separation of the various compo- 
nents of liquid mixtures. An effective sepa- 
ration can only be achieved by the use 
of fractionating columns attached to the 
stilly,.@:0.D- 

fractional horsepower motor. An _ electric 
motor rated at less than one horsepower. 
See also universal motor. Ham. 

fractional sampling. Mechanical sampling 
with equipment which selects samples of 
uniformly graded material without segre- 
gation. Ham. 

fractional selection. A method of sampling 
ore when shoveled out of a railroad car 
in which every fifth or tenth shovelful 








fracture 


may be taken for a sample. Newton; p. 29. 

fractional shoveling. A method of sampling 
sometimes used at points where coal or 
mineral is loaded or unloaded by shovel- 
ing. Every tenth (or other number) shov- 
elful is deposited separately as sampling 
material. Nelson. 

fractionate. To separate (a mixture, as a 
liquid, by distillation) into fractions hav- 
ing more or less fixed properties but not 
necessarily definite compounds. Applied 
also to mixtures of rare earths. Standard, 
1964. 

fractionating column. A vertical tube or col- 
umn attached to a still and usually filled 
with rings or intersected with bubble 
plates. An interna] reflux takes place, re- 
sulting in a gradual separation between 
the high-boiling and low-boiling fractions 
inside the column, whereby the fractions 
with the lowest boiling point distill over. 
The efficiency of the column depends on 
its length and on the number of bubble 
plates used. C.T.D. 

fractionation. a. The act or the process of frac- 
tionating (being separated or being divided 
into fractions), or the state of being frac- 
tionated. For example, the crystallization 
with falling temperature of successive min- 
erals from a silicate magma. Webster 3d. 
b. The separation of a substance from a 
mixture. For example, the separation of 
one isotope from another of the same ele- 
ment. A.G.J. Supp. c. The separation of 
a particular mineral species from a 
crushed rock which is a mixture of min- 
erals, or the separation of particles of a 
specific particle-size range from an un- 
consolidated sediment which is a mixture 
of particle sizes. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fractography. Descriptive treatment of frac- 
ture, especially in metals, with specific 
reference to photographs of the fracture 
surface. Macrofractography involves photo- 
graphs at low magnification; microfrac- 
tography, at high magnification. ASM 
Gloss. 

fracture. a. The character or appearance of 
a freshly broken surface of a rock or a 
mineral. The peculiarities of the fracture 
afford one of the means of distinguishing 
minerals and rocks from one another. 
Fay. b. The manner of breaking and the 
appearance of a mineral when _ broken. 
The fracture is a distinguishing charac- 
teristic for certain minerals; the conchoi- 
dal fracture of chalcedony, for example. 
A.G.I. c. A break in a rock formation due 
to intense folding or to faulting. A.G.I. 
d. A break in the continuity of a body of 
rock not attended by a movement on 
one side or the other and not oriented in 
a regular system. BuMines Bull. 587, 
1960, p. 2. e. A general term to include 
any kind of discontinuity in a body of 
rock if produced by mechanical failure, 
whether by shear stress or tensile stress. 
Fractures include faults, shears, joints, 
and planes of fracture cleavage. McKins- 
try. f. The nature of the broken surface 
of a solid substance when this does not 
follow a cleavage plane. The commonest 
type of fracture is conchoidal (shell-like), 
typical of glass, quartz, and to a lesser 
extent of several other gem stones. Fi- 
brous minerals, such as jade, show a splin- 
tery fracture. Anderson. g. A break in the 
enamel surface with part of the cnamel 
being removed. Bryant. h. Hard-rock ex- 
plosive. Pryor, 3. 


fracture capacity 


fracture capacity. A measure of the flow 
rate of fluids through a natural or ar- 
tificially induced fissure. American Pe- 
troleum Institute. Drilling and Production 
Practice, 1963, p. 139. 

fracture cleavage. a. The capacity to part 
along parallel planes, usually in intersect- 
ing sets, along which there has been either 
incipient fracturing or actual fracturing 
followed by cementation or welding. This 
structure is developed in shearing planes. 
It may or may not be accompanied by a 
parallel arrangement of minerals. Com- 
pare flow cleavage. Fay. b. The capacity 
to part along closely spaced, parallel sur- 
faces of fracture or near-fracture, com- 
monly in a single set, but occasionally in 
intersecting sets. The surfaces of breakage 
are independent of parallel arrangement 
of mineral particles. Also it does not per- 
vade the entire mass and affect all parti- 
cles as does flow cleavage. A.G.J. See also 
joint. Lewis, p. 593. 

fractured. a. Broken by interconnecting 
cracks. A common structure in limestone 
oil reservoirs, and reported in some shale 
reservoirs. Synonymous with fissured. 
A.G.I. b. Rock cracked or broken into 
fragments along planes other than joints 
or bedding. Long. 

fractured formation. See fractured ground. 
Long. 

fractured ground. Rock formation shattered 
and crisscrossed with fissures and frac- 
tures. Compare broken ground. Long. 

fracture dome. The fracture dome is the 
zone of loose or semiloose rock which ex- 
ists in the immediate hanging or footwall 
of a stope. In some mines it may extend 
into the walls for a considerable distance. 
In a rock burst it becomes greatly ex- 
tended. Spalding. See also doming. 

fractured zone. A mass of rock cut by many 
small irregular fractures, the mass as a 
whole being more or less tabular. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

fracture mesh. A regular meshwork of frac- 
tures in two planes developed by shearing. 
G.S.A. Mem.’50, 1952, p. 29. 

fracture porosity. Porosity resulting from the 
presence of openings produced by the 
breaking or the shattering of an other- 
wise less pervious rock. A.G.I. 

fracture spring. A spring, the water of which 
flows from relatively large openings con- 
sisting of joints or other fractures in rocks. 
ANGI 

fracture stress. a. The maximum principal 
true stress at fracture. Usually refers to 
unnotched tensile specimens. ASM Gloss. 
b. The (hypothetical) true stress which 
will cause fracture without further de- 
formation at any given strain. ASM Gloss. 

fracture system. Group of fractures (faults, 
joints, or veins) consisting of one or more 
sets, usually intersecting or interconnected. 
System usually implies contemporaneous 
age for all of the sets, but vein system is 
sometimes used for all veins in a given 
mine or district regardless of age or ori- 
gin. McKinstry. 

fracture test. Breaking a specimen and ex- 
amining the fractured surface with the 
unaided eye or with a low-power micro- 
scope to determine such things as com- 
position, grain size, case depth, sound- 
ness, or presence of defects. ASM Gloss. 

fracture wear. The wear of individual abra- 
sive grains in a grinding wheel by frac- 
ture, as well as fracture of the bond posts 





460 


holding the grains in place. ASM Gloss. 

fracturing. a. The process of breaking a 
fluid-bearing strata by injecting a fluid 
under such pressure as to cause partings 
in the strata rock. A.G.I. b. The process 
of increasing the permeability of strata 
near a well by pumping in water and 
sand under high pressure. The hydraulic 
pressure opens cracks and bedding planes, 
and the sand introduced into them serves 
to keep them open when the pressure is 
reduced. A.G.J. Supp. 

fragile. Brittle, easily broken or destroyed. 
Hansen. : 

fragment. A piece of a rock or of a min- 
eral. A breccia is composed of angular 
rock fragments broken by an eruption, by 
faulting, or by folding. von Bernewitz. 

fragmental. a. Formed from fragments of 
preexisting rocks; breccias, for example. 
Clastic is synonymous. Fay. b. Consisting 
of fragments of minerals, of rocks, or of 
both. A.G.I. c. Consisting of broken ma- 
terial, particularly that which has been 
moved from its place of origin. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

fragmental deposit. A deposit that includes 
epiclastic and pyroclastic rocks. That is, 
a deposit which consists of fragments of 
rocks or minerals covering the whole range 
of grain size, and resulting from the nor- 
mal disintegration of rocks, or from the 
shattering by volcanic action. C.T.D. 

fragmental peat. Peat consisting of vege- 
table debris partly weathered and trans- 
ported by water or wind to form a new 
deposit. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fragmental rock. Synonym for clastic. A.G.I. 

fragmental texture. A general textural term 
applied to rocks composed of fine mate- 
rials or of sandy, conglomeratic, bouldery, 
and brecciated materials. The texture of 
clastic rocks. A.G.I. 

fragmentary. a. Applied to rock masses com- 
posed of the fragments or debris of other 
rocks; nearly synonymous with breccia or 
breccioconglomerate. See also breccia. 
A.G.I. b. Applied to rocks consisting of 
accumulations of particles which did not 
form together but which are fragments 
that have been broken off their parent 
masses and have been brought together 
by some external agency. The coherence 
of the particles is caused either by me- 
chanical compression or by a cement of 
some other substance. A.G.J. 

fragmentation. a. The breaking of coal, ore, 
or rock by blasting so that the bulk of 
the materia] is small enough to load, 
handle and transport. Fragmentation 
would be at its best when the debris is 
not smaller than necessary for handling 
and not so large as to require hand break- 
ing or secondary blasting. See also de- 
gradation. Nelson. b. Index of the degree 
of breaking up of rock after blasting. 
Fraenkel. c. Sections or shards of glass 
fired together. Kinney. 

fragmented bort. Low-grade industrial dia- 
monds crushed into sized particles for 
use in impregnated bits, grinding wheels, 
and as a polishing medium. See also bort. 
Long. 

framboidal texture. A texture in which pel- 
lets form spheroidal aggregates resem- 
bling a raspberry. Schieferdecker. 

frame. a. In trench excavations requiring 
timbering, the struts separating the boards, 
together with the walings which they hold, 
form a frame. Ham. b. Eng. A table com- 











Francis turbine 


posed of boards slightly inclined, over 
which runs a small stream of water to 
wash off waste from slime tin; a buddle. 
Also called rack. See also tin frame. Fay. 

frame and skid mounted. Drill machine 
mounted on a wood or steel framework 
base, the bottom member of which is a 
sled-runnerlike-shaped piece. Long. 

frame dam. Eng. A solid, watertight stop- 
ping or dam in a mine to keep back and 
resist the pressure of a heavy head of 
water. Fay. 

framed dam. A barrier, generally built of 
timber framed to form a water face, sup- 
ported by struts. Seelye, 1. 

frame ground. a. The connection of the 
frame or housing of an electrical ma- 
chine to the ground. Grove. b. See 
grounding conductor. ASA M2.1-1963. 

framemaker. One who makes wooden frames 
or gates to be used in packing sewer 
pipe securely in boxcars or trucks. Also 
called gatemaker. D.O.T. 1. 

frame set. The legs and cap or crossbar ar- 
ranged so as to support the roof of an 
underground passage. Also called fram- 
ing; set. Fay. 

framesite. A variety of black bort from South 
Africa showing minute brilliant points pos- 
sibly due to included diamonds. Tom- 
kieff, 1954. 

framesite bort. See bort, c. Hess. 

frame tubbing. Eng. Solid wood tubbing, 
entirely composed of rings or curbs of 
wood about 6 by 8 inches square built 
up in segments, and wedged to keep it 
watertight. Fay. 

frame weir. A movable weir built up of 
timber and cast iron or steel. See also 
suspended-frame weir. Ham. 

framework. Load-carrying frame of a struc- 
ture, which may be of timber, structural 
steel, precast and prestressed concrete, or 
a combination of these. Ham. 

framing-shop foreman. In metal mining, one 
who supervises workers engaged in cut- 
ting timber and lumber for use in under- 
ground and surface mine construction 
work and in treating timbers for fire- 
proofing and_ preservation purposes. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

framing table. An inclined table, used in 
separating ore slimes by running water; 
a miner’s frame. Standard, 1964. 

France screen. A traveling-belt screen in 
which the screen cloth is mounted on a 
series of separate pallets, thus avoiding 
bending the screen as it goes over the 
pulleys. Liddell 2d, p. 391. 

francevillite. A hydrous vanadate, (Ba,Pb) 
(UOs)2(VOx)2.5H20; orthorhombic, as 
yellow impregnations in sandstone from 
Franceville, Gabon. Named from locality. 
Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

francinite. A bleaching earth obtained from 
German deposits. Also known as siliton- 
ite; tonsil. Hess. 

Franciscan formation, Jurassic rocks char- 
acteristic of the Pacific coastal ranges of 
California and composed of sandstones, 
cherts, serpentines, and  glaucophane 
schists. Sinkankas. 

Francisci furnace. A furnace for the treat- 
ment of roasted blende and other fine ore. 
It consists of a series of superimposed 
muffles formed by arches of magnesia 
brick and built into the walls of the fur- 
nace and communicating with a common 
condensation chamber. Fay. 

Francis turbine. A water turbine operating 





Francis turbine 


on a low and medium head, often in- 

stalled in large hydroelectric schemes. 

Water enters the turbine radially and 

} leaves axially. Ham. 

‘francium. An element, atomic number 87, 

the heaviest alkali metal, discovered in 

1939 by Marguerite Perey and named for 

her country, France. She isolated fran- 

cium 223 (actinium K) from its parent, 
actinium 227. At least eight other fran- 
cium isotopes are known, possibly nine- 
teen exist. Symbol, Fr; valence, 1; and 
the mass number of the most stable iso- 
tope, 223. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed. 

| 1964, p. B-111. 

|)/franckeite. A blackish-gray to black sulfo- 

| stannate and sulfantimonate of lead, 

5PbS.2SnS2.Sb2S3; hexagonal or ortho- 
rhombic (?). In imperfect, radiated folia. 

From Poopo, Bolivia. English. 

|| Francois sinking process. The cementation 

| sinking method. The process was intro- 
duced into Great Britain in 1911. See 
also cementation sinking. Nelson. 

\francolite. A colorless apatite. Hess. 

| Franconian. Middle Croixan. A.GJ. Supp. 

‘frangibility. The degree of facility with which 

| a rock can be broken, or yields to the 
hammer. Fay. 

\frangible. Capable of being broken; break- 

| able; brittle; fragile. Webster 3d. 

| franja. Port. Pay streak. Fay. 

| Franki pile. Proprietary name for a driven 
cast in situ pile with a bulb foot, which 
has the advantage of giving additional 
load-bearing capacity in soft ground. 

| Ham. 

| franklinite. A mineral resembling magnetite, 
(Fe,Mn,Zn) (FeMn)2O.; black color; me- 
tallic or dull luster; Mohs’ hardness 
6 to 6.5; slowly soluble in hydrochloric 
acid; only slightly magnetic; frequently 
associated with red zincite and yellow to 
green willemite; specific gravity, 5 to 5.2; 
found in New Jersey. Zinc is recovered 
as zinc white and the residue is smelted 
for spiegeleisen. Also has been ground for 
dark paints. CCD 6d, 1961. 

| Frasch process. a. A process for mining sul- 
fur in which superheated water is forced 
into the sulfur deposit, for the purpose of 
melting the sulfur. The molten sulfur is 
then pumped to the surface. This method 
is used extensively in Louisiana and Texas. 
Fay. b. A desulfurizing process which con- 
sists of distilling oil over lead oxide, fol- 
lowed by refining with sulfuric acid. Fay. 

| Frasch sulfur. Native sulfur mined by the 

Frasch hot-water process. BuMines Bull. 

630, 1965, p. 903. 

|| Fraser’s air-sand process. A dense-media 

process in which a dry, specific-gravity 
separation of coal from refuse is achieved 
by utilizing a flowing dense medium in- 
termediate in density between coal and 
refuse. The dense medium is formed by 
bubbling air through a mass of dry sand, 
30 to 80 mesh in size. The air dilates and 
fluidizes the sand mass, causing it to be- 
have somewhat as a heavy liquid. The 
coal floats on the aerated sand mass and 
the refuse sinks. Mitchell, p. 529. 

'Frasnian. Lower Upper Devonian. 4.G.I. 
Supp. 

‘Fraunhofer lines. Dark absorption lines 
which can be seen crossing the bright con- 
tinuous spectrum of light from the sun, 
due to the absorption of light by vapor 















461 


of elements in the chromosphere. First 
observed by the German physicist Fraun- 
hofer, who designated the principal lines 
by the letters of the alphabet. The prin- 
cipal lines are as follows (wavelengths in 
Angstrom units) A, 7,606; B, 6,870; C, 
6,963 ; Dj 95,8935 By 5;270;9F, 4;8613°G, 
4,308; H, 3,969. Anderson. 

frautschy bottles. This water-sampling de- 
vice is messenger actuated. It is designed 
to allow free flow while in the cocked 
position on the downward traverse. When 
the desired sampling point has been 
reached, the closures are messenger ac- 
tuated, resulting in isolation of the sam- 
ple on the return traverse. Frautschy bot- 
tles may be attached to the hydrographic 
wire at intervals and in such a manner 
that release of a single messenger from 
the surface will actuate the entire series. 
In this way samples from several depths 
may be obtained in a single operation. 
H&G. 

frazil ice. Fine spicules of ice and thin 
plates of ice formed in turbulent water, 
such as rapidly moving streams or tur- 
bulent seawater. It is always found in 
an open channel, where the current is 
flowing too swiftly for the border ice to 
meet over the surface. It is often called 
slush ice. It is surface-formed ice, which 
cannot remain attached and freeze into 
a surface sheet. It occurs in varying de- 
grees of fineness, depending on the degree 
of agitation of the water. A.G J. 

freboldite. Cobalt selenide, CoSe; hexagonal ; 
pyrrhotine group, artificial. Spencer 21, 
M.M., 1958. 

Frederician cut. A style of cabochon cut 
with one or two rows of facets around 
the girdle, frequently applied to chryso- 
prase. Shipley. 

fredericite. An argentiferous, plumbiferous, 


and stanniferous variety of tennantite; 
from Sweden. Weed, 19/8. 
Fredericksburgian. Upper Lower Creta- 


ceous. A.G.I. Supp. 

free. a. Native, uncombined with other ele- 
ments, as free gold or free silver (native 
gold or native silver). Fay. b. Coal is 
said to be free when it is loose and eas- 
ily mined, or when it will run without 
mining. Fay. 

free acidity. Acidity to methyl red. Free 
acidity of mine water is considered to be 
that portion of the total acidity that ex- 
ists in the form of acid, both ionized and 
un-ionized. It is a measure of the ag- 
gressiveness with which the water will 
enter into chemical reaction. It indicates 
the rate at which chemical reaction will 
occur but does not define the total capac- 
ity of the water to produce chemical 
change. BuMines T.P. 710, 1948, p. 2. 

free admittance. The reciprocal of blocked 
impedance of a transducer. H&G. 

free air. a. Air under conditions of atmos- 
pheric pressure and temperature. The con- 
dition of the air at the intake of the com- 
pressor, whatever the temperature and 
barometric pressure may be. Lewis, pp. 
662-663. b. The total area of open space 
in a grille through which air can pass. 
Strock, 10. 

free-air anomaly. The difference at any point 
on the earth between the measured grav- 
ity and the gravity calculated for the 
theoretical gravity at sea level and a free- 
air coefficient determined only by the ele- 





free coal 


vation of the station with respect to sea 


level. Also called free-air correction. 
A.G.I. 

free-air correction. See free-air anomaly. 
A.G.I. 

free alkali. Uncombined alkali. API Glos- 
sary. 


free ascent. When a diver or swimmer’s air 
supply fails or runs out, an emergency 
ascent becomes necessary. The _ ideal 
method for making an emergency ascent 
is accomplished by floating to the sur- 
face by means of natural buoyancy or 
assisted buoyancy from a life jacket. While 
ascending with no life jacket, air is ex- 
haled continuously at such a rate that 
buoyancy is maintained, but the exhala- 
tion is sufficient to prevent overexpansion 
of the lungs. Free ascent, as this proce- 
dure is termed, is difficult for the un- 
trained individual. H&G. 

free ash. Pieces of shale from bands in the 
seam and from the roof and floor, pyrites 
veins and nodules, mineral partings with- 
in the coal, etc., or all useless material 
inevitably broken down with the seam in 
the process of getting it. Most of the free 
ash or dirt can be removed by washing 
processes. Mason, v.2, p. 644. Compare 
inherent ash. 

ee blown: See offhand glass. ASTM C-162- 

freeboard. The vertical distance between 
normal water level and the crest of a dam 
or the top of a flume. Ham. 

free-burning coal. a. A bituminous coal 
having so little fusibility that enough air 
for rapid combustion can flow between 
the lumps and high enough in volatiles 
and fixed carbon to burn readily. Hess. 
b. Coal which does not cake in the fuel 
bed and which has a high volatile mat- 
ter. B.S, 3323, 1960. 

free-burning gas coal. Good burning coal 
suitable for gas extraction. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

free carbon. a. In coal analysis, the approxi- 
mate percentage of carbon removed with 
the volatile matter as opposed to fixed 
carbon which is the carbon not removed 
with the volatile matter. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. b. The part of the total carbon in 
steel or cast iron that is present in the 
elemental form as graphite or temper car- 
bon. ASM Gloss. 

free carbon in tars. Organic matter which 
is insoluble in carbon disulfide. Urquhart, 
Sec. 2, p. 81. 

free cementite. Iron carbide in cast iron or 
steel other than that associated with fer- 
rite in pearlite. C.T.D. 

free chalk. Eng. A variety of soft marly 
chalk, Sussex. Arkell. 

free circulation. The circulation of a drill- 
ing fluid the flow of which is not re- 
stricted by obstructing materials in the 
borehole or inside the drill string. Long. 

free cleek. Scot. The right of a miner to 
get hutches (cars) without waiting his 
turn. Fay. 

free coal. a. Term in use among British 
miners for bright coal with a good frac- 
ture, as opposed to splint or gas coal. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. b. So. Wales. Free-burn- 
ing coal, in composition midway between 
bituminous and anthracite. Arkell. c. Scot. 
Coal on which lordship or royalty is not 
paid. Fay. d. Scot. Coal easily broken or 
which burns freely. See also free-burning 
coal. Fay. 


free crushing 


free crushing. Crushing under conditions of 
speed and feed such that there is plenty 
of room for the fine ore to drop away 
from the coarser part and thereby, escape 
further fine crushing. See also choke 
crushing. Fay. 

free-cutting brass. Alpha-beta brass contain- 
ing about 2 to 3 percent lead, to im- 
prove the machining properties; used for 
engraving and screw machine work. C.T.D. 

free-cutting steel. Steel in which the phos- 
phorus is increased to 0.15 percent and 
the sulfur to 0.2 percent, to induce a cer- 
tain degree of brittleness which facilitates 
rapid machining. C.T.D. 

free cyanide. The cyanide not combined in 
complex ions. ASM Gloss. 

free-discharge washer operator. 
washer, a. D.O.T. Supp. 

freedom, degrees of. Variance—number of 
independent variables in a system which 
must be relatively fixed in order to de- 
fine it clearly. 

F= (C+ 2) —P 

where C is number of components and P 
number of phases. Equilibrium is de- 
fined in terms of the smallest number of 
independent variables in the system. Pryor, 
oe 

freedom to mine. The law by which any- 
body has the right to mine certain min- 
erals when he has prospected for them, 
and filed an application for the right to 
mine them, in the prescribed way. This 
conception was originated in the Jihlava 
mining law dated 1249 at Jihlava, Bo- 
hemia, Czechoslovakia. Stoces, v. 1, p. 31. 

free-drainage level. An adit. A level which 
drains through an adit. Fay. 

free electron. An electron within a sub- 
stance, not attached permanently to any 
atom, an electron liberated from an atom 
by, for example, ionization. Gaynor. 

free end. See free face. Zern, p. 668. 

free energy. (F) or thermodynamic poten- 
tial F = H — TS where H is heat con- 
tent, T, absolute temperature, and S, en- 
tropy. Not measurable directly, but its 
changes can be. Free energy decrease 
(—F) in chemical reaction measures 
driving force of reaction. This decrease 
is the maximum work obtainable as re- 
sult of change in any system. It shows the 
energy which can be completely converted 
into work in a reversible change at con- 
stant temperature. Pryor, 3. 

free face. a. A longwall face with no props 
between the conveyor and the coal. See 
also prop free front. Nelson. b. A surface 
in the vicinity of a shothole at which the 
rock is free to move under the force of the 
explosion. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. c. The 
exposed surface of a mass of rock, or of 
coal. Also called free end. Zern, p. 668. 

free fall. a. An arrangement by which, in 
deep boring, the bit is allowed to fall 
freely to the bottom at each drop or 
downstroke. Fay. b. The process of oper- 
ating the drill. Often called Russian, Ca- 
nadian, and Galician free fall. Fay. 

free-fall drill. Synonym for churn drill. 
Long. 

free falling. a. In ball milling, the peripheral 
speed at which part of the crop load 
breaks clear on the ascending side, and 
falls clear to the toe of the charge. Pryor, 
3. b. In sedimentation analysis, the free 
falling velocity of a particle is that at 
which its effective weight is balanced by 


See coal 








462 


the drag exerted by the still fluid through 
which it descends. Pryor, 3. 

free-falling device. A sliding piece in per- 
cussive boring designed to reduce the vi- 
bration and jarring effects when the down- 
ward movement of the chisel is suddenly 
arrested by striking the bottom of the 
borehole. The lower portion (which is at- 
tached to the chisel) is free to slide up 
and down in a slot provided in the upper 
part of the joint. When the chisel strikes 
the bottom of the hole, the slot allows 
the rods to continue the downward move- 
ment without being jarred by the blow 
of the chisel. Nelson. 

free fed. In comminution, rolls are said to 
be “free fed” when fed only enough ma- 
terial to keep a ribbon of ore between 
the rolls. This results in a remarkably 
uniform product. Compare choke fed. 
Newton, p. 62. 

free ferrite. Ferrite in steel or cast iron 
other than that associated with cemen- 
tite in pearlite. C.T.D. 

free field stress. The stresses existing in rock 
before the excavation of any mine open- 
ing. In general, these stresses are known 
to be influenced primarily by the weight 
of the overlying material, the relation of 
the opening of the rock masses around it 
(depth of overburden, etc.), by the phys- 
ical characteristics of the surrounding 
rock, and by tectonic forces. An hypoth- 
esis for stress fields existing in under- 
ground rock before a mine opening was 
proposed by R. D. Mindlin in 1939. This 
hypothesis assumes that stresses within the 
earth at different depths may be approxi- 
mated by one of three stress fields. They 
are: (1) hydrostatic stresses acting on 
each unit of the solid, a state of materials 
at depth probably greater than those now 
mined; (2) lateral restraint accompany- 
ing the application of the gravitational 
field, an approximation of the forces act- 
ing at an intermediate depth within the 
earth; and (3) no appreciable lateral re- 
straint on a unit of the solid, the state 
of some materials in the immediate vicin- 
ity of the surface. Lewis, pp. 611-612. 

free flow. a. A condition of flow through or 
over a structure not affected by the tail- 
water level. Seelye, 1. b. See free circu- 
lation. Long. 

free-flowing volcano. A volcano from which 
the flow of lava is moderately constant 
and with a minimum of violence. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

free fluid index; FFI log. The FFI is essen- 
tially the true porosity of a formation if 
the formation is clean and highly perme- 
able. As a formation becomes less per- 
meable either because it becomes dirtier 
(contains more clays) or contains smaller 
pores the FFI diminishes. This occurs 
even though an electrical log would not 


show a resistivity increase or a neutron. 


log a smaller porosity. Wyllie, p. 157. 

free gold. Gold uncombined with other sub- 
stances; placer gold. Fay. 

freehand grinding; offhand grinding. The 
method of grinding in which the object 
to be ground is held by hand against an 
abrasive wheel. Dodd. 

free haul. The distance every cubic yard is 
entitled to be moved without an addi- 
tional charge for haul. Nichols. 

freehold. S. Afr. Full ownership, as distinct 
from ownership of mineral rights or sur- 
face rights only. Beerman. 








free retaining wall 


free impedance. The input impedance when 
its load terminals are short-circuited. H&G. 

freeing a mear. Eng. The giving of the first 
dish of ore to the lord (owner) of the 
mine. Fay. 

freeing of ore. Derb. Cutting out soft mate- 
rial from one side of the vein in order to 
make it easier to mine the ore. Fay. Also 
called resuing. Hess. 

free instruments. A category of instruments 
that are designed to initially sink to the 
bottom, release their heavy ballast weights, 
and then float back to the surface where 
they can be retrieved with their acquired 
payload (for example, a sediment core). 
H&G. 

free level. Eng. An adit. Fay. 

Freeman-Nichols roaster. A unit involving 
flash roasting applicable primarily to 
_ pyrite flotation concentrates. E.C.T., v. 
SKF IER 

free-milling. Applied to ores which contain 
free gold or silver, and can be reduced by 
crushing and amalgamation, without roast- 
ing or other chemical treatment. Fay. 

free-milling gold. Gold with so clean a sur- 
face that it readily amalgamates with mer- 
cury after liberation by comminution. 
Pryor, 4. 

free-milling ore. Ore containing gold which 
can be caught with quicksilver. Statistical 
Research Bureau. 

free mimer. a. Can. A person or association 
holding a license and thereby authorized 
to prospect on unoccupied lands and to 
carry on mining operations subject to any 
other conditions imposed by the law. A 
licensed miner. Webster 3d. b. Forest of 
Dean. A man born within the Hundred 
of St. Briavels, in the county of Gloucester, 
who has worked a year and a day in a 
mine. Fay. 

free moisture. a. Moisture in coal that can 
be removed by ordinary air drying. Com- 
pare combined moisture. Cooper, p. 397. 
b. The part of the total moisture which is 
lost by a coal in attaining approximate 
equilibrium with the atmosphere to which 
it is exposed. B.S. 3323, 1960. c. Moisture 
not retained or absorbed by aggregate. 
Taylor. d. See moisture content. Nelson. 
e. Moisture removable by air-drying under 
standard conditions. Also called surface 
moisture. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

free needle survey. Traverse by magnetic 
compass and line measurement. See also 
fast needle survey. Pryor, 3. 

free on board; f.o.b. a. Price of consignment 
to customer when delivered with all prior 
charges paid, onto a ship. Pryor, 3. b. 
Free on rail (f.o.r.) describes similar de- 
livery to rail. Pryor, 3. 

free particles. Particles of ore consisting of 
a single mineral. Gaudin, p. 70. 

free period of a seismograph. The time for 
one complete swing of the seismograph 
mass when all damping is removed and the 
earth is quiet. A.G.I. 

free-piston compressor. A compressor of 
modern design without any important ro- 
tating parts. Ham. 

free-piston drive sampler. A  drive-sample 
barrel in which a piston is free to move 
upward with the top of the sample dur- 
ing the actual dry-sampling operation. 
Long. 

free retaining wall. A retaining wall which 
tilts slightly so that movement at the top 
is about one-half percent of the wall 
height. Ham. 








free-running piston 









\\free-running piston. A piston not connected 
with a rod, that does its work by hammer- 
| like blows. Nichols. 

free settling. As opposed to hindered set- 

tling in classification, free fall of particle 

through fluid media. Pryor, 4. 

free share. Som. A certain proportion of a 

royalty on coal, paid to lessor by lesee. 

Fay. 

\\free silica. Quartz occurring in granites. 

| Mason, v. 1, p. 11. 

\)free sound field. A field in a homogeneous, 

isotropic medium free from boundaries. In 

practice it is a field in which the effects 
of the boundaries are negligible over the 
|| region of interest. Hy. 

free split. In parallel flow, the branch with 

the highest drop originally. Hartman, pp. 

| 131-132. 

\freestone. a. Any rock, especially a sand- 

stone, that may be cut freely in any direc- 

tion without a tendency to split. Fay. b. 

A sandstone which breaks freely. A.G-I. 

\free streaming. A firedamp roof layer flowing 

under the action of buoyancy without ven- 

tilation. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 2. 

\free valence. Unsatisfied valence 

Pryor, 3. 

\free vibration. Vibration occurring at the 

natural frequency of a structure, as dis- 

tinct from forced vibration. Ham. 

free wall. The wall of an ore vein filling 

| scales off cleanly from the gouge. Schiefer- 

| decker. 

\free water. a. Water that is free to move 

through a soil mass under the influence of 

gravity. Also called gravitational water; 
ground water; phreatic water. ASCE 

P1826. b. Water in soil in excess of hygro- 

scopic and capillary water; also termed 

gravity water. Seelye, 1. c. The quantity 
of water removed in drying a solid to its 
equibrium water content. NRC-ASA N1.1- 

1957. d. See held water. Pryor, 3. 

\free-water elevation; water table; ground 
water surface; ground water elevation. 
The elevation at which the pressure in the 
water is zero with respect to the atmos- 
pheric pressure. Also called free-water sur- 
face. ASCE P1826. 

\free-water level. The surface of a body or 
water in contact with the atmosphere, that 
is, at atmospheric pressure. Nelson. 

\)free way. A direction of easy splitting in a 

rock. Fay. 

|\free weir. A weir that is not submerged— 
that is, in which tail water is below the 
crest or the flow is in nowise affected by 
the elevation of the tail water. Seelye, 1. 

tee-wheeling clutches. Consists of a series 
of rollers or cams tending to roll free 
when rotated in one direction and to roll 
into positive driving contact when rotated 
in the other direction. The action is fully 
automatic. This type is used when the 
driven element must be rotated ahead of 
the driving member, as in two-speed drives, 
or where two independent sources of 
power are used. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, 
Sec. D, p. 72. 

\freeze; freezing; frozen. a. To permit drill- 

ing tools, casing, drivepipe, or drill rods 

to become lodged in a borehole by reason 
of caving walls, or impaction of sand, mud, 
or drill cuttings, to the extent that they 
cannot be pulled out. Also called bind; 
seize. Long. b. To burn in a bit. See also 
burn-in, a. Long. c. The premature setting 
of cement, especially when cement slurry 
hardens before it can be ejected fully from 


bond. 














463 


pumps or drill rods during a borehole- 
cementation operation. Long. d. The act 
or process of drilling a borehole utilizing 
a drill fluid chilled to minus —30° to 
—40° F, as a means of consolidating, by 
freezing, the borehole wall materials and/ 
or core as the drill bit penetrates a water- 
saturated formation, such as sand, gravel, 
etc. Long. e. To solidify, as of a molten 
charge in a furnace. Weed, 1922. 

freeze-and-thaw action. The weathering proc- 
ess caused by repeated cycles of freezing 
and thawing. Synonym for frost action. 
AiG 

freeze casting. A process for making intri- 
cate shapes of special ceramic material, 
for example, turbo-supercharger blades. 
Refractory powder, with a small propor- 
tion of binder, is made into a thick slip, 
which is cast into a mold and then frozen, 
the cast is then dried and sintered. Dodd. 

freeze-in. a. Used in much the same sense 
as freeze, a and b. b. Applicable when 
drill rods become fastened by solidification 
or freezing of the drilling fluid in a bore- 
hole drilled in permafrost. Long. c. To 
become or be fixed in ice. Long. d. Syno- 
nym for freezeup. Long. 

freeze proofing. A surface treatment, as 
with calcium chloride solution, to prevent 
or reduce cohesion of coal particles by ice 
formation during freezing weather. B.S. 
BID LOO? 

freeze sinking. Use of circulating brine in 
system of pipes to freeze waterlogged strata 
so that shafts can be sunk through them, 
established and lined. Pryor, 3 

freeze-thaw tests. Tests performed on crushed 
stone in which sample specimens are put 
in a special refrigeration unit ar exposed 
to repeated cycles of freezing and thaw- 
ing to determine potential damage. These 
tests are widely used by highway depart- 
ments and in private construction. AIME, 
p. 289. 

freeze-up. a. The process and/or season of 
the year when surface waters become 
frozen with no prospect of thawing for 
the remainder of the winter. Long. b. 
Can. The descent of winter when water- 
ways are frozen. Hoffman. c. In ball mill- 
ing, the theoretical rate of revolution at 
which the contents of the mill are cen- 
trifugally held at the circumference. Pryor, 


freezing. Consolidation of fine-grained water- 
logged soil, enabling excavation to pro- 
ceed, can be effected by freezing. The 
process, which dates from 1862, is par- 
ticularly suitable for shaft sinking. See 
also Dehottay process. Ham. 

freezing-and-thawing test. A test intended to 
determine the resistance of a brick to the 
destructive forces of freezing cycles. ACSG, 
1963. 

freezing at depth. The adoption of the freez- 
ing method to sink a shaft through a water- 
bearing deposit known to occur at a cer- 
tain depth. At a point about 20 feet above 
the water, the shaft is belled out to about 
twice the diameter, to accommodate a 
ring of holes to freeze the water-bearing 
rock. Normal sinking is then resumed. 
Nelson. 

freezing index. The number of degree days 
between the highest and lowest points on 
the cumulative degree days-time curve for 
one freezing season. It is a measure of the 
combined duration and magnitude of 
below-freezing temperature occurring dur- 








Fremont test 


ing any given freezing season. The index 
determined for air temperatures at 4.5 feet 
above the ground is commonly designated 
as the air freezing index, while that deter- 
mined for temperatures immediately be- 
low a surface is known as the surface freez- 
ing index. ASCE P1826. 

freezing interval. That temperature interval 
between the solidus and the liquidus for a 
given composition. Synonymous with crys- 
tallization interval. A.GJ. 

freezing method. A method of shaft sinking 
through loose waterlogged sands, which 
are not suitable for the cementation sink- 
ing method. Rings of lined boreholes are 
put down outside the proposed shaft and 
in them a very cold solution, such as brine, 
is circulated until an ice wall has been 
formed sufficiently thick to enable sinking 
to proceed normally. The method consists 
of the following stages: (1) forming a pro- 
tective wall of ice, with its base in an 
impervious deposit; (2) maintaining the 
ice wal] until the sinking and lining of 
the shaft has been completed, and (3) 
thawing out the ground without damage 
to the shaft. The freezing method has 
been revived, largely due to the successful 
use of bulk concrete, backed by corrugated 
sheets in place of tubbing, for lining the 
shaft through the frozen ground. This is 
followed by wall grouting. Freezing was 
introduced originally in 1883 by F. H. 
Poetsch. See also chemical soil consolida- 
tion; silicatization process. Nelson. 

freezing overburden. See freeze, d. Long. 

freezing point. a. The temperature at which 
a liquid solidifies. Pure water has its freez- 
ing point at 0° C or 32° F under normal 
atmospheric pressure. A.G.I. b. The freez- 
ing point of sea water is that temperature 
where an infinitely small amount of ice is 
in equilibrium with the solution. This ini- 
tial freezing point depends on the chlorin- 
ity of the sample. Hy. 

freezing process. See freeze, d. Long. 

freezing salt. Coarse rock salt, to be mixed 
with crushed ice as a refrigerant. Kauf- 
mann. 

Freiberg amalgamation. See barrel process. 
Fay. 

freibergite. A variety of fahlore containing 
up to 18 percent silver; usually steel-gray, 
sometimes iron-black; streak reddish; spe- 
cific gravity, 5.05. Found in Idaho, Colo- 
rado, Nevada; Germany. CDD 6d, 1961. 

freieslebenite. A lead-silver sulfantimonide 
mineral, approximately 5(Pb,Ag2)S.2Sb2Ss, 
containing 24.5 percent silver. Stanford. 

freirinite. A lavender to turquoise-blue basic 
hydrous arsenate of copper, calcium, and 
sodium, 6(Cu,Ca)O.3Na20.2AseOs. 6H.O. 
Probably tetragonal; fine flakes. Formerly 
called lavendulan, from which mineral it 
is distinct. Department of Freirini, Chile. 
English. 

Fremont etching reagent. An etchant con- 
sisting of 10 grams of iodine and 20 grams 
of potassium iodide in 100 milliliters of 
water. Osborne. 

fremontite. A white sodium montebrasite. A 
hydrofluophosphate of aluminum, sodium, 
and lithium, (Na,Li) Al(OH, F) PO,; mon- 
oclinic or triclinic. Large rough crystals; 
cleavable masses. Originally called natram- 
blygonite, and later natromontebrasite. 
From Canon City, Fremont County, Colo. 
English. 

Fremont test. A type of impact test in which 
a beam specimen notched with a rec- 


Fremont test 


tangular groove is broken by a falling 
weight. C.T.D. 

French chalk. A variety of soapstone or 
steatite. See also talc. CCD 6d, 1961. 

French cliff. A hard variety of chalk found 
in the Seine valley of France; used in Eng- 
land in the manufacture of bleaching pow- 
der. Hess. 

French drain. A covered ditch containing 
a layer of fitted or loose stone or other 
pervious material. Nichols. 

French process. A process in which zinc is 
distilled and the vapor burned to produce 
the oxide; the purity of the oxide is con- 
trolled by the purity of the metal. This 
process is used for making pharmaceutical- 
grade zinc oxide. Newton, p. 362. 

French stones. A deceptive term for glass 
imitation stones. Shipley. 

Frenier sand pump. Spiral ribbon of steel 
enclosed between two steel disks, mounted 
on horizontal hollow shaft into which pulp 
picked up perpherally is discharged dur- 
ing slow rotation. Pryor, 3. 

Frenkel defect. Result of movement of an 
ion from its lattice position in a crystal 
to an interstitial place, under the influence 
of vacant lattice points in the crystal’s in- 
terior. Should the ion migrate to the sur- 
face a Schottky defect results. Pryor, 3. 

Frenkel mixer. A screw type, enforced or- 
der, mixer of much smaller pitch than the 
usual shaft mixer; it operates on the 
convergence-divergence (C-D) principle. 
Dodd. 

frente. Mex. Breast of working or face of 
drift; f. de guia, main or haulage level in 
a mine. Fay. 

frenzied. S. Staff. Said of coal crushed by 
the creep or subsidence of the cover. Fay. 

freq. Abbreviation for frequency. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

frequency. a. The number of repetitions of a 
periodic process in a unit of time. Webster 
3d. b The number of compelte waves 
which pass a given point per second, or 
the number of complete vibrations per 
second, or revolutions per second, made by 
a vibrating particle. A.G.J. c. In elec- 
tricity, the number of cycles per second, 
and depends on the number of pairs of 
poles, that is, north and south, that a coil 
passes per second. This is therefore equal 
to the revolutions per second of the gen- 
erator multiplied by the number of pairs 
of poles in the field. Mason, v. 2, p. 419. 
d. Rate of vibration or alternation of a 
steadily oscillating system. Pryor, 3. 

frequency curve. The curve representing the 
form to which the frequency distribution 
tends as an increasing number of observa- 
tions is obtained. Ham. 

frequency diagram. A diagram showing the 
frequency distribution drawn in such a 
manner that the area under the curve 
corresponds to the frequency. Ham. 

frequency distribution. The numerical or 
quantitative distribution of objects or ma- 
terial in a series of closely related classes 
generally selected on the basis of some 
progressively variable phyiscal character. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

frequency factor. In crystallography, the 
number of different families of planes hav- 
ing the same form. Henderson. 

frequency rate. The rate of occurrence of 
accidents as determined by multiplying the 
actual number of injuries in any given 
period by one million and dividing the 
product by the number of man-hours ex- 











464 


posure. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

frequency response. The percentage response 
of a seismic amplifier for various fre- 
quencies at a given filter setting. A.G-I. 

frequency table. One showing frequency of 
occurrence of various values in a series of 
observations, from which frequency dis- 
tribution can be determined. Alternative 
is plot of group frequency against ob- 
served fact, called a histogram. Used in 
statistical research, a histogram can be 
smoothed to form a _ frequency curve. 
Pryor, 3. 

fresh. An adjective applied to rocks and 
rock materials in a variety of ways. It 
usually designates a rock surface newly 
exposed by fracturing, and it means that 
the surface thus exposed has not been sub- 
jected to any surface weathering and is a 
more or less unaltered sample of the rock. 
A mineral in fresh condition means that it 
possesses its inherent properties in an un- 
impaired state. If the original or primary 
minerals are not altered by subsequent 
processes, they are considered to be fresh. 
A fresh rock is one in which the minerals 
that compose it are fresh. When a mineral 
in a rock is altered or is decomposed as 
the result of certain forces acting upon it, 
it breaks down usually into one or more 
new minerals, each one in its own way be- 
ing as fresh as the original mineral. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

fresh air. Air free from the presence of 
deleterious gases. Pure air. Fay. 

fresh-air base. An underground station, lo- 
cated in the intake airway, which is used 
by rescue teams during underground fires 
and rescue operations. The base should be 
as close to the fire as safety will permit, 
should be adequately ventilated, and 
should be in constant touch with the sur- 
face by telephone. Nelson. 

fresh-air breathing apparatus. See air-tube 
breathing apparatus. McAdam, p. 71. 

freshet. A sudden rise in a stream or river, 
caused by heavy rains or melting snow in 
the mountains or highlands. Fay. 

fresh ice. a. Ice formed from fresh water. 
A.G.I. b. Young ice. A.G.I. c. Ice that has 
been salty but now is fresh. A.GJ. 

fresh water; freshwater. a. Water with less 
than 0.2 percent salinity. A.GJ. Supp. b. 
Water which contains little impurities and 
the taste of which is not appreciably af- 
fected by these impurities. Fresh waters 
often include certain river waters, springs 
and deep wells. Such water is usually safe 
to drink. Cooper, p. 361. 

freshwater limestone. a. A limetsone formed 
by direct precipitation in fresh water. 
A.G.I. b. A thin, dense nodular, relatively 
unfossiliferous limestone underlying coal- 
beds. It is closely related to underclay, and 
Wilson suggested the term underclay lime- 
stone. A.G.J. c. Synonym for underclay 
limestone. A.G.I. 

freshwater sediments. Include all the main 
types of sediments that accumulate in 
freshwater environments, and cover the 
whole range of grain size. Lacustrine de- 
posits, fluviatile deposits, and fluvioglacial 
deposits fall into this category. C.T.D. 

Fresnel ellipsoid. The ellipsoid, the lengths 
of the axes of which are proportional to 
the velocities of light vibrating parallel to 
X, Y, and Z. A.GJ. Supp. 

fretted ice. Sharp ice ridges rising above the 
surface of a continental ice mass. A.G.I. 

fretted upland. Continuation of the process 


friction 


removes all traces of the earlier upland, for 
the cirques intersect from opposite sides 
and yield palisades of sharp rock pinnacles 
which rise on precipitous walls from a 
terraced floor. This ultimate product of 
cirque sculpture by glaciers is called a 
fretted upland. A.G_I. 

fretting; fretting corrosion. Action that re- 
sults in surface damage, especially in a 
corrosive environment, when there is rela- 
tive motion between solid surfaces in con- 
tact under pressure. See also chafing fa- 
tigue. ASM Gloss. 

fretting bed. Eng. Loose, sandy limestone 
with green sand, Portland beds of Chicks- 
grove, Tisbury, Wiltshire. Arkell. 

fretwork. A structure produced by honey- 
comb weathering consisting of small pits 
in a rock surface that become fewer as 
they grow larger and deeper. A.GJI. Supp. 

freudenbergite. A mineral, NasFesTi;O,s. 
Hexagonal, black crystals in the syenite of 
Katzenbuckel, Odenwald, Germany. Hey, 
M.M., 1961. 

Freudenberg plates. Iron plates suspended 
in dust chambers for the purpose of set- 
tling dust and condensing fumes that 
escape from the furnace with the gases. 


Fay. 
Freundlitsch adsorption isotherm. Empirical 
equation for fluid. y = kc® where y = 


weight or volume adsorbed by 1 gram of 
adsorbent; k and n are empirical con- 
stants; and c the concentration of ad- 
sorbed substance in external phase at equi- 
librium in interface. Pryor, 3. 

freyalite. A rare radioactive silicate of 
thorium, the cerium metals, and other ele- 
ments; found near Brevik, Norway. Web- 
ster 2d; Crosby, p. 48. 

Frey Automatic Cutter. Trade name; a ma- 
chine for cutting and extruding column of 
clay into bricks by one or more horizontal 
wires that cut downwards while the clay 
is moving forward. Dodd. 

friability. a. Tendency for particles to break 
down in size (degrade) during storage and 
handling under the influence of light phys- 
ical forces. Pryor, 3. b. An assessment of 
the ease with which a coal can be broken 
into smaller pieces. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

friable. a. Easy to break, or crumbling nat- 
urally. Descriptive of certain rocks and 
minerals. Fay. b. A mineral is friable when 
it may be crumbled between the fingers. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955, p. 149. c. Easily 
crumbled, as a rock that is poorly ce- 
mented. A.G_I. 


friable alumina. A medium pure alumina | 


which fractures more readily than regular 
alumina but not as readily as white 
alumina. See also regular alumina; white 
alumina. ACSG, 1963. 

friable amber. Gedanite. Shipley. 

friable formation. A rock that breaks easily 
or crumbles naturally, hence a formation 


from which good core cannot be obtained | 


easily. Long. 
friction. a. A widespread force which slows 


down movement and causes heat. Mason, | 


v. 1, p. 141. b. A force which opposes the 
sliding of one surface over another sur- 
face. When two bodies move over each 
other so that rubbing occurs a resistance 
force is set up. This force is due to the 
friction and is called the force of friction 
or frictional resistance. Morris @ Cooper, 
p. 187. c. A special rubber compound 
used to impregnate and bond together the 
plies of the belt carcass. Also used as a 





¥( 











friction 


term to express as a measurement the 
strength of the ply bond; for example, 16- 
19 pound friction, which means the force 
necessary to separate the plies of a one- 
inch test strip. See also coefficient of fric- 
tion. ASA MH4.1-1958. d. See hydraulic 
friction. Seelye, 1. 
frictional electricity. Electricity developed by 
rubbing (with a cloth) amber, tourmaline, 
topaz, diamond, and some plastic imita- 
tions. Shipley. 
frictional force. The force required to over- 
come friction when a set of tubs or a run 
of wagons is hauled along a level track at 
uniform speed. For ordinary pit tubs the 
frictional force is about 40 pounds per ton 
load, and for mine cars or wagons about 
28 pounds per ton load. This resistance is 
sometimes called traction. Morris and 
Cooper, p. 192. 
frictional grip. A mine locomotive relies for 
its tractive capacity on the frictional grip 
or adhesion between the wheels and the 
rails of the track, and its magnitude de- 
pends on locomotive weight and the co- 
efficient of friction between the wheels and 
track only. In this context, the coefficient 
of friction between wheels and track is 
usually termed the coefficient of adhesion. 
Nelson. 
frictional ignition. The ignition of firedamp 
in coal mines by frictional sparks, such as 
the rubbing of sandstone against sand- 
stone or sandstone against roof bolts. See 
also gas ignition. Nelson. 
frictional resistance. See friction. Morris and 
Cooper, p. 187. 
frictional soil. Clean gravel, soil, or sand in 
which the shear strength is chiefly deter- 
mined by the friction between the par- 
ticles. See also Coulomb’s equation. Ham. 
friction brake. A brake operating by friction 
between two surfaces rotating or sliding on 
each other. Nichols. 
friction breccia. Angular rock material pro- 
duced by earth movements which crush 
and break the rock on the two sides of a 
fault. Synonymous with fault breccia. Fay. 
| friction clutch. a. A means for engaging the 
drive of a press to the crankshaft, the 
torque being transmitted through friction 
by forcing together two or more surfaces 
of unlike material. ASM Gloss. b. This 
clutch consists of four major parts: the 
driving hub, the driven hub, the friction 
or gripping elements, and the mechanism 
which controls the gripping action. The 
gripping element may be an expanding 
ring keyed to one hub and frictionally en- 
gaging the other as controlled by the lever 
and shifter arrangement; or the gripping 
elements may consist of one or more fric- 
tion plates or disks gripped between alter- 
nate friction surfaces, one group rotating 
with the driving hub, the other with the 
driven hub. It is properly termed a clutch 
when used to allow the connection of a 
shaft to a sprocket or pulley mounted on 
the clutch hub, and a clutch coupling 
when used to connect two shafts. Pit and 
Quarry, 53rd, sec. D, p. 71. 
| friction coefficient. The ratio of the tangen- 
tial force of sliding friction between two 
surfaces to the force, normal to the sur- 
faces, which presses them together. Hess. 
See also coefficient of friction. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 
| friction conglomerate. See crush conglomer- 
ate. A.G.I. 
| friction disk. a. One of a pair of disks on 











465 


either side of the gear driving the feed 
nut in a gear-feed swivel head. The disks 
are held against the gear by compression 
springs, the tension of which may be ad- 
justed to vary the torque at which the 
disks will slip and acts similar to an over- 
load throwout clutch preventing the bit 
from being subjected to more than the 
amount of torque determined by the preset 
compression applied to the disks by the 
compression springs. Long. b. One of the 
disks in a clutch used to engage or dis- 
engage a motor, at will, from the mecha- 
nism driven by the motor or engine. Long. 


friction element. Some clutches and brakes 


for use in severe conditions are now lined 
with cermets. Among the materials used 
are corundum and sillimanite as the ce- 
ramic component, and molybdenum, chro- 
mium, iron, and copper alloys as the 
metallic bond. Dodd. 


friction factor. The friction factor for an 


airway is found by determining the drop 
in total pressure over a measured length. 
Assume that the two cross-sectional areas 
at the ends of the test length are A and 
B and that air flows from A to B. If the 
two sections are of equal area, the mean 
velocity is the same at each section, and 
the drop in total pressure is equal to the 
drop in static pressure, which can be meas- 
ured by connecting two pitot tubes, one 
at A and one at B, to the gage by equal 
lengths of tight rubber tubing. If the areas 
A and B are not equal, the differential 
static pressure must be corrected by the 
difference in velocity pressures. The quan- 
tity of air flowing is determined at the 
measuring station beyond the test length, 
and the respective velocities at A and B 
and their resultant pressures are calcu- 
lated. If the velocity at B is the smaller, 
the difference in velocity pressures is 
added to the differential static pressure. If 
the velocity at B is the greater, the differ- 
ence in velocity pressures is subtracted 
from the differential static pressure. Lewis, 


pp. 720-721. 


friction feed. Longitudinal movements or ad- 


vance of drill] stem and bit accomplished 
by friction devices in a diamond-drill 
swivel head as opposed to a system consist- 
ing entirely of meshing gears. See also 
friction disk. Long. 


friction head. a. The additional pressure that 


the pump must develop to overcome the 
frictional resistance offered by the pipe, 
by bends or turns in the pipeline, by 
changes in the pipe diameter, by valves, 
and by couplings. Carson, p. 211. b. Fric- 
tion head in pipes is commonly calculated 
by the Hazen and Williams formula. See 
also Hazen and Williams formula. Lewis, 
p. 647. c. The head or energy lost as the 
result of the disturbances set up by the 
contact between a moving stream of water 
and its containing conduit. In laminar flow 
the friction head is approximately propor- 
tional to the first power of the velocity; in 
turbulent flow to a higher power—practi- 
cally the square. For convenience, friction 
losses are best distinguished from losses 
due to bends, expansions, obstructions, im- 
pacts, etc., but there is no recognized line 
of demarcation between them, and all such 
losses: are often included in the term fric- 
tion losses. Seelye, 1. d. The pressure re- 
quired to overcome the friction created by 
the flow of a confined liquid, such as the 
flow of a drill fluid through drill rods. 





fringing reef 


Long. e. That part of the hydraulic-feed 
yoke on a diamond drill containing the 
bearings connected to and by means of 
which the thrust of the hydraulic-feed pis- 
tons is transmitted to the drive rod in the 
drill swivel head. Also called cage; collar. 
Long. 

friction loss. a. Head loss in linear flow 
through ducts of constant area. Hartman, 
p. 78. b. For determining the loss of head 
by friction, Box’s formula is probably the 
most practical one, expressed as follows: 
GxXL 

243 X D°’ 


G equals gallons per minute; L equals 
length of range in yards; D equals diam- 
eter of pipe in inches. To keep down fric- 
tional losses, bends should be properly 
shaped, have a radius of curvature as 
large as possible, and sudden changes of 
diameter, either increasing or decreasing, 
should be avoided. Mason, v. 2, p. 629. 

friction pile. A bearing pile supported en- 
tirely by friction with the surrounding 
earth. Ham. 

friction press; friction-screw press. A ma- 
chine for dry pressing; a plunger is forced 
into the mold by a vertical screw, the 
screw shaft being driven by friction disks 
or rollers—downwards for pressing by one 
disk and upwards for release of pressure 
by a second disk on the opposite side of the 
driving wheel. This type of press is used 
for special shapes of tiles and sometimes 
for making silica refractories, etc. Dodd. 

friction-screw press. See friction press. Dodd. 

friction slope. The friction head or loss per 
unit length of conduit. For most conditions 
of flow the friction slope coincides with 
the energy gradient, but where a distinc- 
tion is made between energy losses due to 
bends, expansions, impacts, etc., a distinc- 
tion must also be made between the fric- 
tion slope and the energy gradient. Fric- 
tion slope is equal to the bed or surface 
slope only for uniform flow in uniform 
channels. Seelye, 1. 

friction socket. A tubular-shaped or slightly 
inside-tapered fishing tool. The inside sur- 
face of the tool is nearly covered with cir- 
cular pinged protuberances, which, when 
driven over the lost drill tools, wedge the 
tools in the socket. Long. 

friction winder. See multiple friction winder. 
Nelson. 

friction yielding prop. See mechanical yield- 
ing prop. Nelson. 

friedelite. A massive, cleavable to closely 
compact, hydrated manganese silicate, 
H; (MnCl) Mn.SiOr. Fay. 

frig-bob saw. A long handsaw used in Bath 
stone quarries. C'.T.D. 

frigger. An ornament or glass object made 
as a test of skill, or as an experiment. Frig- 
gers are often unusual in shape. They in- 
clude parasols, bellows, fountains, birds, 
groups of figures, a village pump and 
bucket, etc. Haggar. 

frigidite. A variety of tetrahedrite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

frijol. Mex. A miner’s term for a red con- 
glomerate. Fay. 

fringe. A collective term for a thin sprin- 
kling of isolated or grouped erratics in 
front of the extreme terminal moraine of 
a glacier. Standard, 1964. 

fringing reef. a. A fringing reef or a shore 
reef, whether skirting an island or part of 
a continent, is generally narrower than a 


Friction head in feet = 


fringing reef 


barrier reef. The absence of an interior 
deep-water channel and the close relation 
in horizontal extension with the probable 
slope beneath the sea of the adjoining 
land are essential points of difference be- 
tween a fringing reef and a barrier reef. 
A.G.I. b. A reef which closely encircles or 
forms a fringe around the land. A.G.I. c. 
A coral reef around lands or islands that 
rests on the bottom along the shores is 
either a fringing reef or a barrier reef, 
according to its position. A fringing reef 
is attached directly to the shore, whereas 
a barrier reef is separated from the shore 
by a channel of water. A.G.J. d. A fring- 
ing coral reef is formed, the inner margin 
of which is composed of a belt of ma- 
terials which have become  subaerial 
through the actions of wind and waves. 
Its outer margin consists of submerged 
coral rock and living corals. A.G.J. e. A 
reef attached to an insular or a continen- 
tal shore. A.G.I. f. In oceanography, a 
platform of coral formation extending out 
from the land. See also coral reef. C.T.D. 


fringe water. a. Water occurring in the 


capillary fringe. A.G.J. b. Water in the 
zone immediately above the water table. 
It may consist solely of capillary water, 
or it may be combined with gravity water 
in transit to the water table. Seelye, 1. 


Frisbie’s feeder. A device whereby a bucket 


of coal is forced up into the eye of a pot 
furnace from below. C.T.D. 

frischer ring. A type of ceramic ring for the 
packing of towers in the chemical indus- 
try. Dodd. 

frisket. A stencil, usually of paper, stuck to 
the ware to protect it from slip or glaze. 
ACSG, 1963. 

frit. a. A glass which contains fluxing mate- 
rial and is employed as a constitutent in a 
glaze body, or other ceramic composition. 
ASTM C242-60. b. Calcined flint, sand, or 
glass, ground finely after fusing, and used 
in body pastes or glazes so as to reduce, by 
chemical combination, any tendency of 
the ceramic materials to dissolve in water. 
C.T.D. Supp. c. A glassy material pro- 
duced by fusing a mixture of some or all 
of the constituents of a glaze or enamel 
and quenching it in water. This process 
will render insoluble any soluble materials 
originally present, will insure greater 
homogeneity, and will make toxic com- 
pounds nonpoisonous. Lee. d. A term used 
in the ceramic industry and applied to a 
semifused mass, the constitutents of which 
originally were soluble or insoluble, fusible 
or infusible. By fritting, that is, prelimi- 
nary fusing, the original properties of the 
constituents are changed; thus, the soluble 
materials become insoluble and the in- 
fusible materials fusible. Accordingly, the 
substances which could not otherwise be 
used in a glaze batch, but which are abso- 
lutely necessary for the best results, can 
be used. Other advantages offered by frit- 
ting are minimizing danger to health of 
workers when using lead salts, inducing 
better suspension of heavy products in the 
batch, more even distribution of constit- 
uents of the batch; ability to fire the 
glazed ware at a lower temperature. Most 
of the glazes used on dinnerware and sani- 
tary ware contain frit. See also glazes. 
CCD 6d, 1961. e. As a noun, the material 
of which glass is composed. A.G.I. Supp. 
f. As a noun, a semifused stony mass. 





466 


A.G.I. Supp. g. As a verb, to partly fuse. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

frit basket. A skeleton or perforated con- 
tainer used to catch frit under water as it 
is discharged from a smelter. The frit 
basket is generally made of stainless steel 
or some other rustproof alloy. Enam. Dict. 

frit brick. A lump of calcined glass mate- 
rials brought to a pasty condition in a 
reverberatory furnace preliminary to the 
perfect vitrification in the melting pot. 
Fay. 

frit, clear. See clear frit. ASTM C286-65. 

frit, colored. See colored frit. ASTM C286- 
65. 

frith. Another spelling of firth. Synonymous 
with firth. Also synonymous with estuary; 
fiord. A.G_I. 

frit maker. See glaze maker. D.O.T. 1. 

fritted glaze. A glaze in which a part or all 
of the fluxing constituents are prefused. 
ASTM (C242-60. See also sintered glass. 

fritted porcelain. Alternative name for soft 
paste. See also soft paste. Dodd. 

fritting. a. In fire assay, heating the charge 
(powdered ore, flux, etc.), to near melting 
point, or pasty state. Pryor, 3. b. A type of 
contact metamorphism characterized by 
partial fusion carried to the point where 
the silica begins to act on the bases, form- 
ing an imperfectly melted or fritted mass. 
A.G.I. c. Sintering in the presence of a 
liquid phase. ASTM B243-65. d. The proc- 
ess of quenching and shattering molten 
glass into small frit particles. Enam. Dict. 

fritting furnace. A furnace for melting glass- 
making materials. Standard, 1964. 

fritting zone. See soaking area. Dodd. 

frizzling. A fault liable to develop during the 
firing of pottery ware that has been dec- 
orated with lithographic transfers; if the 
varnishes are burned away too rapidly in 
the early stages of the enamel fire, the 
color is liable to crack and curl up. To 
prevent this fault, the layer of size should 
be thin and the rate of firing between 200° 
and 400° C should not greatly exceed 1° 
per minute. Dodd. 

Frodingham ore. Stratified ironstone found 
in north Lincolnshire in the lower lias 
clays of the Jurassic strata; norma] thick- 
ness of 32 feet with a low iron content of 
18 to 25 percent. It is limey and is thus 
suitable for use with the siliceous North- 
ampton sand ironstone and foreign ore of 
high iron content. See also marlstone ore. 
Nelson. 

frog. a. The point of intersection of the inner 
rails, where a train or tram crosses from 
one set of rails to another. The frog is in 
the form of a V. See also turnout. C.T.D. 
b. A combination of rails so arranged that 
the broad tread of the wheel will always 
have a surface on which to roll, and that 
the flange of the wheel] will have a chan- 
nel through which to pass. Zern, p. 472. 
c. A shallow place for mortar in the upper 
face of a brick. Webster 3d. d. A depres- 
sion in the bed surface of a brick; some- 
times called a panel. ACSG, 1963. 

frog rammer. A compacting hammer op- 
erated by a diesel piston and guided man- 
ually by a workman. Ham. 

frog size. A track haulage term for any dis- 
tance from the point of the frog to the 
spread divided by the width of the spread 
at the place where the measurement was 
taken. Kentucky, p. 235. 

frohbergite. Iron telluride, FeTes, isomor- 
phous with marcasite, found in polished 








front bay 


sections of telluride ore from Montbray, 
Quebec, Canada. Spencer 18, M.M., 1949. 

frolovite. Hydrous calcium borate, CaBsQ,.- 
3%H2O, white with a grayish tint; luster, 
dull; with calciborite in limestone skarn 
from Novo-Frolov copper mine, Turinsk 
district, northern Urals. Spencer 21, M.M.., 
1958. 

Froment process. A flotation process in which 
a sulfide ore is agitated in water with a 
little oil and sulfuric acid, the sulfide par- 
ticles become oiled and attach themselves 
to, and are floated by, gas bubbles. Calcite 
is added to the ores when needed. Min- 
erals Separation Ltd., bought this patent 
in 1903. Liddell 2d, p. 407. 

frondelite. A dufrenitelike mineral, Mn”- 
Fe” ’4(POx)s(OH)s, isomorphous with 
rockbridgeite with Mn” in place of Fe”; 
orthorhombic, as radially fibrous masses 
from Brazil. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952; 
Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

front. a. A designation for the mouth or 
collar of a borehole. Fay. b. See face, d. 
Fay. c. The working attachment of a 
shovel, as dragline, hoe, or dipper stick. 
Nichols. d. In connection with concepts 
of granitization, the limit to which diffus- 
ing ions of a given type are carried. The 
simatic front, for example, is the limit to 
which diffusing ions carried the calcium, 
iron, and magnesium which they removed 
from the rocks in their paths. The granitic 
front is the limit to which diffusing ions 
deposited granitic elements. Leet. e. A 
metamorphic zone of changing mineraliza- 
tion developed outward from a large ex- 
panding igneous intrusion. Compare basic 
front. A.G.I. Supp. 

front abutment pressure. The release of en- 
ergy in the superincumbent strata above 
the seam induced by the extraction of the 
seam. Sinclair, II, p. 130. 

fronta apron. a. Same as apron; outwash 
plain. Fay. b. Farther from the former face 
of the ice lie sheets of sand so arranged as 
to afford a nearly horizontal surface to 
which I have given the name frontal 
aprons. A.G.I. 

frontal geosyncline. The geosyncline closest 
to the continent in a composite mobile 
belt. A.G.I. Supp. 

frontal getters. N. of Eng. Preparation- 
getting machines which shear off the coal 
in thin slices along the whole length of 
the face. Trist. 

frontal hammer; frontal helve. Eng. A forge 
hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a 
“tongue” immediately in front of the ham- 
merhead. Fay. 

frontal moraine. Synonym for terminal mo- 
raine. A.G.I. 

frontal plain. A subaerial deposit that con- 
sists of material carried forward from the 
glacial moraine by streams and spread as 
a veneer or mantle over the older forma- 
tions in front of the ice. A.GJ. 

frontal terrace. A shelflike body of stratified 
drift associated with the kame aggrega- 
tions of a valley. A.G.I. 

front-and-back shift. Aust. A system in which 
one of a pair of miners comes to work 2 
hours before the: other, while the latter 
remains 2 hours after the first has gone 
home; the object being to keep the tram- 
mers going, who work 10 hours, against 
the miners’ 8 hours. Fay. 

front bay. A large irregular bay connected 
with the sea through passes between bar- 
rier islands. A.G.J. Supp. 








frontdescent cast 


frontdescent cast; cabbage leaf marking; 
deltoidal cast. The flat casts are usually 
several decimeters long, resembling cer- 
tain shrubs or large cabbage leaves. The 
spreading foliage is always directed down- 
current. Pettijohn. 

front-end equipment. Those attachments to 
a crane which enable it to work as an ex- 
cavator, a skimmer, a backacter, or similar 
machine. Both the jib and its fittings are 
included as equipment. Ham. 

front-end loader. a. A tractor loader with a 
digging bucket mounted and operated at 
the front end of the tractor. Nichols. b. 
A tractor loader that both digs and dumps 
in front. Nichols. See also tractor shovel. 

front entry. See entry. Fay. 

front hub. Synonym for foresight hub. Long. 

front intermontane basin. An intermontane 
basin located continentward from the main 
belt of overthrusting in a mobile belt. 
A.G.I, Supp. 

frontland. Synonym for foreland. A.G_J. 
Supp. 

front pinacoid. Synonym for orthopinacoid. 
See also pinacoid. A.G.I. 

front range. The outermost range of a moun- 
tain system. A.GJ. Supp. 

front-to-back chankshaft press. A mechanical 
press in which the crankshaft and other 
drive shafts are positioned in a front-to- 
back direction. ASM Gloss. 

froodite. A monoclinic palladium bismuthide. 
From the Frood mine, Sudbury, Ontario. 
Named from locality. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

frost. a. A light, feathery deposit of ice 
caused by the condensation of water 
vapor, directly in the crystalline form, on 
terrestrial objects, the temperatures of 
which are below freezing. The process is 
the same as that by which dew is formed, 
except dew occurs only when the tempera- 
ture of the object is above freezing. Frost 
is designated at light, heavy, and killing 
by the U.S. Weather Bureau. A.G.J. b. 
The occurrence of temperatures below 
freezing. A.G_I. 

frost action. a. The alternate freezing and 
thawing of moisture in materials and the 
resultant effects on these materials and on 
the structures of which they are a part or 
with which they are in contact. ASCE 
P1826. b. The weathering process caused 
by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. 
Synonymous with freeze-and-thaw action. 
A.G.I. 

frost-active soil. Soil which undergoes 
changes in volume and bearing capacity as 
a result of freezing and thawing. In gen- 
eral, fine sand, silt, and some varieties of 
chalk are frost-active. Nelson. 

frost agate. Gray chalcedony with white 
markings which resemble frost or snow. 
See also frost stone. Shipley. 

frost boil. a. The softening of soil occurring 
during a thawing period due to the libera- 
tion of water from ice lenses or layers. 
ASCE P1826. b. A hole formed in flexible 
pavements by the extrusion of soft soil and 
melt waters under the action of wheel 
loads. ASCE P1826. c. The breaking of a 
highway or an airfield pavement under 
traffic and the ejection of subgrade soil in 
a soft and soupy condition caused by the 
melting of ice lenses formed by frost ac- 
tion. ASCE P1826: 

frost circle. A circular crack developed by 
freezing in horizontal thin-bedded lime- 
stone cut by two sets of joints meeting at 





467 


right angles. It is commonly 15 to 25 feet 
in diameter. A.G.I. Supp. 

frost crack. An opening in soil produced by 
the development of an ice wedge. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

frost-crack polygon. A nonsorted polygon 
produced by low-temperature contraction 
of frozen ground. USGS PP 264-F, 1955, 
p. 138. 

frost creep. Soil creep resulting from frost 
action. A.GJ. Supp. 

frosted. Surface-treated to scatter light or 
to simulate frost. ASTM C162-66. 

frost glass. See glass frost. Dodd. 

Frost gravimeter. An astatic balance-type 
gravity meter consisting of a mass at the 
end of a nearly vertical arm, supported 
by a mainspring inclined to the vertical 
at about 45°. The beam rises and falls 
with gravity variation, but it is restored 
to its normal] position by a sensitive weigh- 
ing spring tensioned by a micrometer 
screw. A.G.I. 

frost heaving. a. The raising of a surface 
by the accumulation of ice in the under- 
lying soil. ASCE P1826. b. The lifting of 
a surface by the internal action of frost. 
It generally occurs after a thaw, when 
the soil is filled with water droplets and 
when a sudden drop in temperature be- 
low freezing changes the droplets into ice 
crystals. This transformation involves ex- 
pansion, and consequently, causes an up- 
ward movement of the soil. A.G_J. 

frost hillock. The marked upward bulging 
sometimes present in the center of each 
polygon in cellular soils. A.G.I. 

frosting. A lusterless, ground-glass, or mat 
surface imposed on the surface of rounded 
quartz grains because of innumerable close 
contacts with other similar grains. Gen- 
erally believed to be caused by wind ac- 
tion. A.G.I. 

frost line. The maximum depth to which the 
ground becomes frozen. It may be given 
for a particular winter, for the average of 
several winters, or for the extreme depth 
ever reached. In the United States, frost 
penetrates on the average to about 1 inch 
in the South and up to over 60 inches in 
Minnesota and Maine. A.G_I. 

frost mound. A general term for knolls, hum- 
mocks, and hills associated with frozen 
ground. The term includes earth hum- 
mocks, falsen, and pinges. A.G.I. Supp. 

frost pin. A short heavy iron pin used by 
surveyors to make a hole in frozen ground 
so that a wooden peg may be driven with- 
out breaking. Fay. 

frost polygon. See polygon ground. A.G.I. 

frost scar. A small patch of bare soil pro- 
duced by frost action. USGS Bull. 974-C, 
1951, p. 66. 

Frost’s cement. An early form of hydraulic 
cement patented in England in 1811 by 
James Frost; it was made from two parts 
chalk to one part clay. Dodd. 

frost soil. A surface soil layer disturbed by 
freezing and thawing. A.G.I. Supp. 

frost splitting. The breaking of rock by water 
freezing in the cracks in the rock. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

frost stirring. Frost heaving and thrusting in 
the surface zone of annual freezing and 
thawing. It does not involve mass move- 
ment. USGS PP 264-F, 1955, p. 138. 

frost stone. A local trade name for chalced- 
ony found near Barstow, Calif., in 1912, 
which contained white inclusion thought 
to be opal. Shipley. 





frozen 


frost thrusting. Lateral soil movement re- 
sulting from freezing. A.G.I. Supp. 

frost weathering. The mechanical disinte- 
gration of rocks and other earth mate- 
rials brought about by frost action. Syn- 
onym for frost wedging. A.G.J. 

frost wedging. Synonym for frost weather- 
ing. A.G.I. 

froth; foam. In the flotation process, a col- 
lection of bubbles resulting from agitation, 
the bubbles being the agency for raising 
(floating) the particles of ore to the sur- 
face of the cell. Hess. 

frother; frothers. a. Substances used in flo- 
tation processes to make air bubbles sufh- 
ciently permanent principally by reducing 
surface tension. Hess. Common frothers 
are pine oil and cresylic acid. Newton, 
pb. 98. b. Chemical agent added to pulp 
before flotation, to promote transient froth 
in cell. Pryor, 4. 

frothers. See frother. 

froth flotation. a. A flotation process in 
which the minerals floated gather in and 
on the surface of bubbles of air or gas 
driven into or generated in the liquid in 
some convenient manner. See also film 
flotation. Fay. b. The separating of finely 
crushed minerals from one another by 
causing some to float in a froth and 
others to sink. Oils and various chemicals 
are used to activate, make floatable, or 
depress the minerals. C.T.D. c. A process 
for cleaning fine coal in which the coal, 
with the aid of a reagent, becomes at- 
tached to air bubbles in a liquid medium 
and floats as a froth. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

frothing agent; frother. a. A reagent used 
to control the size and stability of the air 
bubbles in the flotation process. B.S. 3552, 
1962. b. A chemical used in the flotation 
process to aid collector-coated mineral 
particles to cling to risen air bubbles. The 
froth thus formed is transient, and should 
persist only long enough to permit its re- 
moval from the flotation cell. Terpenes, 
pine oil, cresyls, amyl alcohol, and alco- 
hol derivatives are among those used. The 
DuPont B-series are byproduct fractions 
from butyl alcohol manufacture, with high 
boiling points. The American Cyanamid 
frothers AC mix these with oils. The Dow 
Chemical Company markets polyproylene 
glycol methyl esters (Dowfroths) which 
are water soluble. Pryor, 3. 

frothing collector. A collector which also 
produces a stable foam. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

froth promoter. A chemical compound used 
with a frothing agent. Increases greatly 
the recovery of a mineral in a flotation 
process. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

frothy amber. Same as foamy amber. Ship- 
ley. 

Froude number. A ratio used in scale model 
analysis, which should be the same ia the 
model as in the full-size project. It is the 
velocity squared divided by length multi- 
plied by the acceleration of gravity. See 
also Reynolds number. Ham. 

Froude’s curve. In surveying a curve with 
offset y 


x® 


bx & 
x being the distance from the tangent 
point, 1 length of transition, and r radius 
of circular arc. Pryor, 3 
frozen. a. Congealed by cold; affected or 
crusted over by freezing. Webster 3d. b. 
Immovable by reason of expansion conse- 


frozen 


quent upon imperfect lubrication; said of 
a journal and its bearing. Standard, 1964. 
c. Said of vein material which adheres 
closely to the inclosing walls. Fay. 

frozen coal. Coal which adheres strongly to 
the rock above or below it. See also 
sticky coal. Fay. 

frozen ground. Ground that has a tempera- 
ture of 32° F or lower, or of 0° C or lower, 
and which generally contains a variable 
quantity of water in the form of ice. 
Bureau of Mines Staff; A.G.I. 

frozen ore. See frozen, c. Fay. 

frozen pipe. A pipe held immovable in a 
well by cavings which have settled around 
it. Institute of Petroleum, 1961. 

frozen stocks. Stores, developments, stock- 
piled ore, etc., on which money has been 
spent but from which no financial real- 
ization can for the moment be obtained. 
Pryor, 3. 

frozen up. To be in a solidified state; also, 
an article lodged inside a borehole so 
tightly that it cannot be pulled. See also 
freeze. Long. 

frozen vein. A vein in which one wall grades 
into the country rock and the value of 
the mineral peters out on the frozen side. 
Nelson. 

frozen wall. The boundary surface of a vein 
filling which adheres tenaciously to the 
wall. Schieferdecker. 

fruchtshiefer. An argillaceous sediment which 
has undergone low-grade metamorphism 
so that the new minerals form spots sug- 
gestive of grains of wheat. See also fleck- 
schiefer; knotted slate; knotenschiefer; 
maculose; spotted slate. A.G.J. 

Frue vanner. An ore-dressing apparatus con- 
sisting essentially of a rubber belt travel- 
ing up a slight inclination. The material 
to be treated is washed by a constant flow 
of water while the entire belt is meanwhile 
shaken from side to side. Other vanners 
of the sideshake type are the Tulloch, 
Johnston, and Norbom. Liddel 2d, p. 387. 

frush. Scot. Brittle; having unusually little 
tenacity; soft and easily broken up. Fay. 

frustule. The siliceous shell of a diatom, 
consisting of two valves, one overlapping 
the other. A.G.I. 

ft. Abbreviation for foot. BuMin Style Guide, 
p. 59. 

ft L. Abbreviation for foot-Lambert. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

ft Ib. Abbreviation for foot-pound. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

ft2. Abbreviation for square foot. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 62. 

Fuch’s gold purple. A tin gold color, pro- 
duced by a wet method; it has been used 
in the decoration of porcelain. Dodd. | 

fuchsine dye. An analine-type dye which is 
used in alcohol solution to test the poros- 
ity of ceramic bodies. The material is also 
sometimes used as a dye for body iden- 
tification prior to firing. Lee. 

fuchsite. A bright green variety of musco- 
vite with up to 5 percent Cr2O;. A mem- 
ber of the mica family. Hey 2d, 1955. 

fucoid. Commonly applied in the past to 
any indefinite marking found on a sedi- 
mentary rock that could not be referred 
to a described fossil genus. It was derived 
from the marine alga, Fucus, which it was 
supposed might leave such a marking if 
buried under favorable conditions. A.G.I. 

fucosite. Bitumen derived from the hydra- 
tion of fucose pentosane and found among 








468 


clays and sands in California. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

fuel. a. Any combustible material which 
gives off heat. Hansen. b. A substance 
which can be economically burned to pro- 
duce heat energy for domestic or indus- 
trial purposes. Fuels include compounds 
of carbon and hydrogen and exclude other 
substances which can be burned, such as 
magnesium and aluminum metals. Fuels 
can be subdivided into recent plant fuels, 
fossil fuels, such as peat and coal, and 
products of distillation of plant or fossil 
fuels. According to their state of aggre- 
gation, fuels can be subdivided into solid, 
liquid, and gaseous fuels. Tomketeff, 1954. 

fuel-briquettes machine operator. In the fuel 
briquettes industry, one who tends a ma- 
chine that automatically molds ingredients 
into fuel briquettes. Also called briquette 
molder; fuel-briquettes press operator; 
molding machine operator; package-coal 
molding machine operator. D.O.T. 1. 

fuel-briquettes press operator. See fuel-bri- 
quettes machine operator. D.O.T. 1. 

fuel cell battery. A chemical battery, with 
perhaps sodium, chlorine, and mercury 
among ingredients, which will have self- 
generating tendencies. Hy. 

fuel cycle. The series of steps involved in 
supplying fuel for nuclear power reactors. 
It includes original fabrication of fuel 
elements; their use in a reactor; chem- 
ical processing to recover the fissionable 
material remaining in the spent fuel; re- 
enrichment of the fissionable material; and 
refabrication into new fuel elements. L@L. 

fuel economizer. A feedwater heater consist- 
ing of pipes around which the gases of 
combustion from a furnace pass. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

fuel efficiency. The ratio of the heat pro- 
duced by a fuel for doing work to the 
available heat of the fuel. This efficiency 
is determined by the nonheat-forming ma- 
terials in the fuel and the nonwork-pro- 
ducing heat which is developed by the 
fuel. Brantly, 2. 

fuel element. A rod, tube, plate, or other 
geometric form into which nuclear fuel is 
fabricated for use in a reactor, L@L. 

fuel feeder. A contrivance for supplying a 
furnace with fuel in graduated quantities. 
A mechanical stoker. Fay. 

fuel gas. Gas used for heating or cooking, 
as distinguished from illuminating gas. 
Standard, 1964. 

fuel oil. Any liquid or liquefiable petroleum 
product burned for the generation of heat 
in a furnace or firebox, or for the gen- 
eration of power in an engine, exclusive 
of oils with a flash point below 100° F 
(38° C), tag closed tester, and oils burned 
in cotton or woolwick burners. ASTM 
D288-57. 

fuel pump. A pump which supplies mea- 
sured quantities of fuel injected into each 
cylinder of a combustion engine at the 
moment required for combustion. Mason, 
v. 2, p. 447. 

fuel ratio. The ratio of fixed carbon to vola- 
tile matter in coal; the carbon ratio. A.G.J. 
Supp. 

fuel reprocessing; reprocessing. The proces- 
sing of reactor fuel to recover the unused 
fissionable material. L@L. 

Fuel Research Board/National Coal Board 
classification. A coal classification system 
utilizing proximate analysis and _ based 
upon the volatile matter, expressed upon 





fuller 


the dry, mineral-matter-free basis and cok- 
ing power of clean material (containing 
not above 10 percent ash) as determined 
in the Gray-King assay. The volatile mat- 
ter is calculated to the dry, mineral-matter- 
free basis after correcting the ash to min- 
eral matter. Francis, 1965, v. 1, pp. 34-36. 

fugacity. Change in chemical equilibrium of 
a system in response to altering condi- 
tions in a heterogeneous mixture. Quanti- 
tative measure of escaping tendency of a 
liquid or solid. Pryor, 3. 

fugitive air. Applied to air moving through 
the fan that never reaches the working 
faces. It leaks through poor stoppings, 
around doors and so on, back into the 
returns without moving anywhere near the 
active sections. Surveys of some mines 
show that up to 80 percent of the air 
moving through the fan never reaches the 
working faces. Coal Age, v. 71, No. 8, 
August 1966, p. 212. 

fugitive constituent. One of those substances 
which were present in the magma before 
crystallization set in, but were for the 
greater part lost during the process of 
crystallization, so that they do not com- 
monly appear as rock constituents. A.G.I. 

Fulbond. Proprietary varieties of fuller’s 
earth supplied to foundries for use in 
green sand mixtures, for example, Ful- 
bond No. 1 is a natural fuller’s earth 
dried and ground under controlled condi- 
tions, while Fulbond No. 2 is modified to 
obtain greater strength. Osborne. 

fulcrum. A pivot for a lever. Nichols. 

fulcrum jack. See jack. 

fulguration. A sudden glistening of molten 
gold or silver at the close of cuppellation. 
Compare blick. Standard, 1964. 

fulgurite. A little tube of glassy rock that 
has been fused from all kinds of other 
rocks and unconsolidated sediments by 
lightning strokes. Fulgurites are especially 
common on exposed crags on mountain 
tops. The term is derived from the Latin 
for lightning. Fay. 

full. An elevation of the foreshore parallel 
to the trend of the beach. Schieferdecker. 

full-automatic plating. Electroplating in which 
the work is automatically conveyed through 
the complete cycle. ASM Gloss. 

full-cell process. A pressure-preserving proc- 
ess in which timber is first subjected to a 
vacuum to extract all air and moisture 
before the preservative is introduced under 
pressure. The trade names processes known 
as Celcure or Tanalith, which use wood 
preservative salts, operate on this prin- 
ciple. See also empty-cell process. Ham. 

full-cut brilliant. The term correctly used for 
a brilliant-cut diamond or colored stone 
with the usual total of 58 facets, which 
total consists of 32 facets and a table 
above the girdle and 24 facets and a culet 
below. On colored stones the girdle is 
usually polished, but not on diamonds. 
See also standard brilliant. Shipley. 

full diameter. Synonym for full gage; full 
size. Long. 

ful dip. The maximum angle which an in- 
clined bed makes with the horizontal plane. 
See also true dip. Nelson. 

fuller. a. A blacksmithing set hammer with 
a longitudinally half-round peen or a form 
of bottom tool with a similar working end 
sometimes used in conjunction with the 
first for grooving and spreading iron; also, 
a groove made by such a tool or any 
groove or fluting. Standard, 1964. b. In 






























fuller 


preliminary forging, the portion of a die 
that reduces the cross-sectional area be- 
tween the ends of the stock and permits 
the metal to move outward. ASM Gloss. 


fullering. The act of calking a riveted joint 


to make it steam tight. Ham. 


ee earth. a. A fine earth resembling clay, 


but lacking plasticity. It is much the same 
chemically as clay, but it contains a higher 
percentage of water. It is high in mag- 
nesia, and it has the capability of decol- 
orizing oils and fats by retaining the color- 
ing matter. Fay. b. Any clay or claylike 
material which has adequate oil decolor- 
izing and purifying properties in its nat- 
ural state to be used for oil refining. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 


\\Fuller’s grading curve. A method of gra- 


phical representation of particle size anal- 
ysis; the grain size (in fractions of an 
inch) is shown on the abscissa and the 
cumulative percentage on the ordinate. 
Originally, the concept of ideal grading 
curves was introduced, these being se- 
lected to be ellipses with straight lines 
tangent to them; more strictly, the ideal 
curves are parabolas having the form d = 
P*D/10,000, where d is any selected par- 
ticle diameter, D is the diameter of the 
largest particles and P is the percentage 
finer than d. Dodd. 


\\fullersite. A term used in Wales for pulver- 


ized slate used with asphalt for road con- 
struction. Hess. 


full-face blasts. The standard type of heading 


blast consists of a straight in or main 
drive, at right angles to the rock face, and 
a back drive at right angles to the main 
drive and parallel to the face. The main 
drive is normally driven at quarry floor 
level to a depth of 0.6 times the height of 
rock above the back drive. Apart from ex- 
ceptional circumstances, the maximum 
depth of the main drive should be 50 feet, 
so that with faces over 85 feet high the 
0.6 ratio should not be used, but the main 
drive limited to 50 feet. McAdam II, pp. 
153-154. 


\\full-face driving. The English method of 


blasting used for adits, tunnels, and drifts. 
The full section is drilled and then blasted 
in one operation. Fraenkel. 


| full-face firing. With modern drilling equip- 


ment it is now possible, in suitable condi- 
tions, to drill small-diameter holes from 
top to bottom of the face, and where this 
can be done considerable advantages as to 
cost and efficiency can be obtained as 
compared with the bench method. In high 
faces of 50 feet and upwards it is not 
always easy to drill vertical holes to give 
small burdens because of the break-back 
of the rock at the crest of the quarry face. 
It is therefore recommended that larger 
burdens be taken and that the vertical 
holes be supplemented by breast holes at 
quarry floor level. These holes are intended 
to permit concentrated explosive charges 
to blow out the toe rock, while the ex- 
plosive in the vertical holes brings down 
a rock from the face. McAdam II, p. 
147, 


\full gage. a. A cylindrical or tubular object, 


such as a bit or reaming shell, the outside 
and/or inside diameters of which are the 
size specified. Also called full size. Long. 
b. A borehole the inside diameter of which 
is uniform enough to allow a new-condi- 
tion bit to follow portions of the hole 
drilled by other bits cutting the same X- 
borehole size without reaming. Also called 








469 


full size. Long. c. As applied to deflection 
drilling, the branch borehole is the same 
diameter as the parent hole. Also called 
full size. Long. 

full gauge. Synonym for full gage. Long. 

full-hole bit. Synonym for noncoring bit. 
Long. 

full-hole size. a. Used by some diamond 
drillers as a synonym for full gage. Long. 
b. As used by petroleum field drillers, a 
bit having a minimum outside or cutting 
diameter of 734 inches. Also called full 
size. Long. 

full-radius bit. Synonym for double-round 
nose bit. Long. 

full-radius crown. Synonym for double-round 
nose bit. Long. 

full-round nose. Synonym for double-round 
nose. Long. 

fulls. Full boxes, cars, tubs, wagons, or trams. 
Mason. 

full-seam mining. A mining system, brought 
on by the advent of mechanical loading 
and mechanical coal cleaning, in which the 
entire section is dislodged together and the 
coal separated from the rock outside of the 
pe by the cleaning plant. Kentucky, p. 
180. 

full size. See full gage; full-hole size. Long. 

full subsidence. The greatest amount of sub- 
sidence which can occur as a result af 
mine workings. See also percentage sub- 
sidence. Nelson. 

full teeter(in). A condition of teeter in which 
the maximum degree of fluidization of the 
suspension is attained but without dis- 
ruption of the bed. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

full-tide cofferdam. A cofferdam which is 
sufficiently high to hold back tidal water 
from an excavation at all states of the 
tide. Ham. 

full trailer. A towed vehicle whose weight 
rests entirely on its own wheels or crawlers. 
Nichols, 2. 

full-trimmed mica. Rifted mica trimmed on 
all sides with all cracks and cross grains 
removed. Skow. 

full trimmer. See rifter-trimmer. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

full-wave rectifier. A rectifier which changes 
single-phase alternating current into pul- 
sating unidirectional current, utilizing both 
halves of each cycle. Coal Age, 1 

fully developed mine. In coal mining, a mine 
when all development work has reached 
the boundaries and further extraction will 
be done on the retreat. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

fully fixed. Applied to a member of a struc- 
tural frame which has a fixed end. Ham. 

fulminate. a. An explosure compound of mer- 
cury, HgC2N2O2, which is employed for the 
caps or exploders, by means of which 
charges of gunpowder, dynamite, etc., are 
fired. Fay. b. To make a sudden loud 
noise; to detonate; to explode. Webster 3d. 
c. A salt of the highly explosive fulminic 
acid. Sandstrom. 

fulminic acid; isocyanic acid; carbonyl 
oxime; carbyl oxime. C=N.OH; molec- 
ular weight, 43.02; unstable volatile com- 
pound; an unpleasant odor; and it poly- 
merizes easily. The silver and mercury salts 
are used as explosives. Bennett 2d, 1962; 
GCDY*6d;/ 19618 

fuloppite. Lead sulfantimonide, 2PbS.3Sb:S;; 
monoclinic. A lead gray, bright metallic 
mineral sometimes with a bluish or bronzy 
tarnish; found in Romania and Hungary. 
Mineralogical Magazine, v. 22, No. 134, 
September 1931, p. 620. 








fundamental fault zone 


fulvurite. Synonymous with brown coal or 
lignite. A.G.I. Supp. 

fumarole. a. A hole in a volcanic region, 
from which gases and vapors issue at high 
temperature. Webster 3d. b. The exhala- 
tion from a fumarole consists of water 
vapor, nitrogen, hydrogen, free hydro- 
chloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and silicon 
fluoride. Compare solfatara; mofette; soffi- 
oni. Fay. c. A hole or a vent from which 
fumes or vapors issue; a spring or a geyser 
which emits steam or gaseous vapor. Usu- 
ally found in volcanic areas. A.G.I. 

fumarolic. Of or pertaining to fumaroles or 
vents near volcanoes from which volcanic 
gases escape. Bateman. 

fume. a. The gas and smoke more especially 
the noxious or poisonous gases given off by 
the explosion or detonation of blasting 
powder or dynamite. The character of the 
fume is influenced largely by the complete- 
ness of detonation. The degree of confine- 
ment of the charge and the size of the 
detonator has a great influence on the 
character of the fumes produced. Fay. 
b. Consists of metals or metallic com- 
pounds that have been volatilized at the 
high temperatures of the furnaces, con- 
densed at lower temperatures, and carried 
by furnace gases into the flues. Sulfur tri- 
oxide and elemental sulfur, driven off from 
furnaces and condensed, are also classed 
as fume. In general, all the volatile con- 
stituents of the ore charge are represented. 
The fume frequently contains appreciable 
amounts of silver, which is decidedly vol- 
atile under certain conditions. The par- 
ticles of fume are very fine and are under 
the stress of certain physical forces, so 
they do not settle easily, as most of the 
flue dust does, but in large proportion, 
pass through the stack with the gases and 
spread over the surrounding country, un- 
less special preventive methods are used, 
as is now generally done. See also metal- 
lurgical fume. Fay. c. Air carrying certain 
chemical contaminents of very small size 
ranging from one tenth to one micron in 
diameter. Strock, 10. 

fume cloud. Used chiefly in Hawaii to denote 
a vapor cloud that rises from a lava foun- 
tain, a lava flow, or a lava lake. USGS 
Bull, 996-B, 1953, pp. 50-51. 

fume cupboard. Synonym for fume hood. 
Long. 

fumed alien? carbon white; silica white. Very 
finely divided silica. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

fume hood. A canopy or glass-door cabinet 
through which a strong draft of air is 
pulled to collect and carry away the 
noxious fumes or gases evolved in the 
process of salvaging worn diamond bits by 
dissolving the bit-crown metal with an acid 
or by an electrolytic method. Also called 
fume cupboard. Long. 

fumes. Usually smoke from an explosion. 
Nichols. 

functional depreciation. The replacement of 
plant or equipment because of (1) ob- 
solescence through improvement in tech- 
nology, (2) cessation of the demand the 
structure was designed to serve, or (3) in- 
adequacy of the plant. Hoovw, p. 148. 

fundamental. A term applied to the oldest 
known rocks. Gordon. 

fundamental complex. See basement com- 
plex. Fay. 

fundamental fault zone. A zone of faulting 
within an orogene separating zones of dif- 
ferent structural composition. Schiefer- 
decker. 


fundamental form 


fundamenial form. Synonym for unit form. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

fundamental frequency. The lowest com- 
ponent frequency of a periodic quantity. 
ASM Gloss. 

fundamental jelly. Structureless colloidal 
jelly which forms the base of coals and 
assumed to have been produced by the 
decay of plant materials. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fundamental mode of vibration. That mode 
of a system having the lowest natural fre- 
quency. H&G. 

fundamental particle. Synonym for elemen- 
tary particle. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

fundamental rocks. Those rocks forming the 
foundation, substratum, basis, or the sup- 
port of other rocks. Now not used. Fay; 
Hess. 

fundamental strength. a. The maximum 
stress that a substance can withstand, re- 
gardless of time, under given physical 
conditions, without rupturing or plastically 
deforming continuously. Billings, 1954, p. 
24. b. The load at which creep begins. 
A.G.I. c. In rock mechanics, it is gener- 
ally considered to be equivalent to the 
yield point, for most rock materials. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

fundamental substance. Same as fundamental 
jelly; carbohumin. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fungus. A plant not possessing roots, stems, 
or leaves, without chlorophyll, and typi- 
cally growing on live or dead organic 
matter made by other plants. The group 
includes fungi that cause decay, fungi 
that cause diseases, and common molds. 
I.C. 8075 1962, p. 63. 

fungus subterraneus. An old name for elate- 
rite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

funicular railway. A railway which nego- 
tiates a steep gradient, and where the cars 
are operated by cables and winches. Ham. 

funnel. The gate or pouring hole of a mold. 
Standard, 1964. 

funnel box. A square funnel forming one of 
a series of gradually increasing size, for 
separating metal-bearing slimes according 
to fineness. Standard, 1964. See also spitz- 
kasten. Fay. 

funnel brick. Funnel shaped fire clay piece 
used in the bottom-pour ingot assembly to 
lead metal to the fountain brick. See also 
bottom-pour ingot assembly. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

funnel intrusion. Synonym for lopolith. 
AGI: 

funnel joint. A joint in a system of joints 
that are more or less concentrically ar- 
ranged about some center and the joints 
dip toward the center. A.G.I. 

funnel pluton. A pluton having the general 
shape of an inverted cone. Most funnel 
plutons consist of layered gabbroic rocks. 
G.S.A. Mem. 5, 1937, p. 92. 

funnel sea. A gulf or bay, which is narrow 
at its head and wide at its mouth and 
which deepens rapidly from its head to its 
mouth. It resembles a funnel split length- 
wise. For example, the Gulf of California, 
the Bay of Biscay, and the Bay of Fundy. 
A.G.I. 

fun-tso-ka. Coolies cooperatively working tin 
mines or other projects, in Malaya. Hess. 

fur; furring. Eng. A deposit of chemical 
salts and other material (sediment) upon 
the inner sides of pumps, boilers, etc. Fay. 

furar. Port. To bore or drill for a blast. Fay. 

furcate. Branching like a fork; forked. Web- 
ster 3d. 

furfural; furfuraldehyde. When very pure, a 
colorless mobile liquid; CsH;sOCHO or 





470 


OCH:CHCH:CCHO;; changes to reddish 
brown upon exposure to light and air; and 
has a penetrating odor somewhat similar 
to that of benzaldehyde. Furfural forms 
condensation products with many types of 
compounds; for example, phenol, amines, 
and urea; soluble in alcohol, in ether, and 
in benzene; 8.3 percent soluble in water at 
20° C; specific gravity, 1.1598 (at 20° C, 
referred to water at 4° C); melting point, 
—38.7° C; and boiling point, 161.7° C 
(at 760 mm.) Used in bituminous or con- 
crete road construction and in the refin- 
ing of rare earths and metals. CCD 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. C-333. 


furfuraldehyde. See furfural. CCD 6d, 1961. 
furgen. A round rod used for sounding a 


bloomery fire. Fay. 


furious cross-lamination. Foreset beds which 


are themselves crossbedded. Also called 
doubly cross-laminated. Pettijohn. 


furlong. a unit of distance that equals one- 


eighth statute mile; 40 rods; 220 yards; 
or 201.17 meters. Webster 3d. 


furnace. a. A structure in which, with the 


aid of heat so produced, the operation of 
roasting, reduction, fusion, steam-genera- 
tion, desiccation, etc., are carried on, or, 
as in some mines, the upcast air current is 
heated, to facilitate its ascent and thus aid 
ventilation. Fay. b. Eng. A large coal fire 
at or near the bottom of an upcast shaft, 
for producing a current of air for ventilat- 
ing a mine. Fay. c. Anthracite mines for- 
merly were ventilated by a furnace erected 
at the bottom of an air shaft. Being lighter, 
the heated column of air rose and the other 
air taking its place produced the necessary 
ventilation through the mine. Korson. d. 
Structure in which materials are exposed 
to high temperatures. Fuels used to main- 
tain this include alcohols, paraffins, gas, 
coal, hydrogen, electricity, wood and sul- 
fur. A furnace is batch type when its 
contents are treated in successive charges, 
and continuous when a stream of material 
passes through, being changed during 
transit. The main types are the arc, which 
uses the heat of an electric arc; the blast 
furnace, the crucible furnace, a labora- 
tory appliance for heating small charges, 
or, if large, for melting metals held in 
bigger crucibles; the induction furnace, 
heated by electrically induced currents; 
the muffle, in which the material is 
placed in a sleeve not in direct contact 
with the heating atmosphere, so that close 
control of entering and departing gas is 
possible; the reverberatory, in which heat 
developed on the roof is reflected on to a 
horizontal bed below; the revolving fur- 
nace, a horizontal cylinder; a roasting 
furnace in which material is oxidized, 
kilned to drive off carbon dioxide or 
heated to remove moisture. See also 
cupola; converter. Proyor, 3, c. Either the 
combustion space in a fuel burning device 
or a direct fired air heater. In the latter 
case, not to be confused with a boiler. 
Strock, 10. 


furnace, box. See box furnace. ASTM 


C286-65. 


furnace brazing. Brazing in a furnace. ASM 


Gloss. 


furnace bridge. A barrier of firebricks or an 


iron-plate chamber filled with water, 
thrown across the furnace at the extreme 
end of the fire bars to prevent fuel from 
being carried into the flues and to quicken 





furnaces 


the draft by contracting the section of the 
current of hot gas. Fay. 
furnace burner unit. Warm air furnace sold 
integrally with the burner. Strock, 10. 
furnace cadmia. See furnace cadmium. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 
furnace cadmium; furnace cadmia. The zinc- 
cadmium oxide which accumaltes in the 
chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous 
ores. Fay. ; 
furnace charger. a. A weighing apparatus for 
feeding into a furnace mouth the proper 
proportions of ore, fuel, etc. Standard, 
1964. b. In the iron and steel industry, a | 
laborer who operates a compressed air-— 
driven arm to push stock steel rails into a 
heating furnace. See also charging man. 
D.O.T.1.; D.O.T. Supp. 
furnace chrome. A mortar material prepared | 
from finely ground chrome ore, suitable 
for laying brick or for patching or daubing 
in furnaces. HW. : 
furnace coal. As applied to anthracite, a. 
formerly used term for broken coal. See. 
also anthracite sizes. Hess. 
furnace, continuous. See continuous furnace. 
ASTM C286-61T. 
furnace conveyor. The conveyor which 
moves material through a furnace. ASA | 
MH4.1-1958. . 
furnace gases. See gases, furnace. Hansen. 
furnace holding-the-iron. A condition of the 
furnace by reason of which it gives much 
less than normal amount of irom.at casting | 
although the feeding may have been regu- 
lar. The taphole runs iron slowly, and the 
amount of cinder is somewhat scanty. 
Compare furnace losing-the-iron. Fay. 
furnace linings. Refractory materials used to 
protect the walls of the furnace from reac- | 
tion with its molten contents (abrasive, 
melting or chemical). Three divisions are | 
(1) acid refractories rich in silica (flint, | 
ganister, fire clay), which react with basic. 
oxides; (2) neutral refractories (chromite, 
graphite) and, (3) basic refractories, rich’ 
in oxides of calcium and magnesium, and_ 
low in silica. Pryor, 3. 
furnace losing-the-iron. Escape of iron from | 
the hearth of a blast furnace into the’ 
foundation beneath, indicated by de- 
creased quantity of iron at casting, and” 
appearance of slag at tapping hole. Fay. | 
furnace magnesite. A mortar material pre- | 
pared from finely ground dead-burned: 
magnesite, suitable for use as a joint ma-) 
terial in laying magnesite brick, and for) 
eee or daubing furnace masonry. 
furnaceman. One whose sole occupation is | 
to attend a furnace. Fay. See also teaser. | 
furnace, porcelain enameling. The types and | 
capacities of enameling furnaces are nu- t 
merous. Among those in use are the con-/ 
tinuous, box, fullmuffle, and semimuffile 
furnaces. Fuels commonly used are coal, 
gas, oil, and electricity. Used for properly i 
fusing enamel on enamel ware at the: 
temperature specified and in the time re- 
quired. Hansen. 
furnace refining. Purification of molten metal | 
by treatment in a reverberatory furnace; 
term is most commonly used in connection 
with the refining of copper. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 
furnace repairman. See bricklayer. D.O.T.1. 
furnace run-out table. See run-out table. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 
furnaces. See box furnace; continuous fur-) 
nace; continuous tank furnace; direct- 
fired furnace; end-fired furnace; end-port) 






























iT 








furnaces 


furnace; pot furnace; recuperative fur- 
nace; regenerative furnace; semimuffle fur- 
nace; side-fired furnace; side-port furnace; 
tube furnace; U-type furnace. ACSG, 
1963. 


|\furnace sand; fire sand. Sand used to line 


furnace bottoms or walls, particularly in 


| open-hearth steel furnaces. CCD 6d, 1961. 


| 


furnace shaft. An upcast shaft used in mine 
ventilation where a furnace is employed. 
Fay. 


furnace sprayer. In ore dressing, smelting, 
| and refining, a laborer who sprays the 


inner surfaces of furnace walls and roof 
with slurry of silica, water, and fireclay to 
protect brick, using compressed-air gun. 
Also called slurry man; sprayer. D.O.T. 
Supp. 
|furnace stack, A chimney built over a fur- 
nace for increasing the draught. Fay. 
/furnace ventilation. A ventilation system of 
the earlier days of mining whereby a large 
coal fire was kept burning in a furnace 
near the bottom of the upcast shaft. The 
fire heated and thus reduced the density 
of the air with the result that the colder 
and heavier air column in the downcast 
shaft flowed downwards into the workings 
and thus a measure of ventilation was 
established. Nelson. 


\\furnmace volume. The cubic contents of the 


combustion space of a boiler bounded by 
the grates, direct heating surface, and 
tube sheet. Strock, 10. 

\furnacite. Same as fornacite. English. 

|furnisher. A man who furnishes money or 
machinery to a party of miners, and so 
becomes entitled to a share of the profits. 
Fay. 


\\furreners; foreigners. Dark, ovoid inclusions 
}| of country rock in granite. 


Same as 
heathen. Arkell. 

)furring. A method of finishing the inside of 
a masonry wall so as to provide an air 
space for insulation, to prevent trans- 
mittance of moisture; and to level up ir- 
regularities in the wall surface. It may 
consist of wood or metal strips attached to 
wall to which lath is applied or clay tile 
units to which plaster is applied directly. 
ACSG. 


\\furring brick. Hollow brick for lining or 


furring the inside of a wall. Usually of 
common brick size, with surface grooved 
to take plaster. Fay. 

\furring tile. Tile for lining the inside of 
walls and carrying no superimposed loads. 
ASTM C43-65T. 

|furrow. a. A marking made by glaciers or 
by faulting. A plowed depression of linear 
dimesions, but wider than a line, and hol- 
lowed out by the removal of material. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. A scratch or 
a groove resulting from the digging out of 
material, as on a fault surface. A.G.I. c. 
A relatively narrow but sharp downwarp. 
A true geosyncline, part of the welts and 
furrows or the  geanticlinal-geosynclinal 
couples. A.G.J. d. An elongated: depression 
in the earth’s crust of a depth excessive in 
comparison to the ordinary, more or less 
equidimensional depressions of the ocean 
floors and the continental platforms. A.G.J. 

|e. A depression between beach ridges. 
Also called a swale or a slash. A.G.I. 

Farrow cast. a. An impression on the under- 
side of a sedimentary rock layer of a fur- 

. row in the surface of the underlying bed. 
A.GJI. Supp. b. Rill mark and load-casted 

longitudinal ripple mark according to 


264-972 O-68—31 











471 


some authors. See also furrow flute cast. 
Pettijohn. 

furrowed. Having deep grooves or striations. 
Shipley. 

furrow flute cast; delicate flute cast; sludge 
cast; rill mark. Cast of furrowlike depres- 
sions, with up current noses similar to 
flute casts, but differ in being much longer 
and separated from parallel, adjacent fur- 
rows by narrow septa which appear as 
grooves in the cast. If the up current 
terminations are missing, the structure is 
called a furrow cast. Pettijohn. 

furtherance. a. In coal mining, extra pay- 
ment in respect of abnormal working con- 
ditions, or made for performance of extra 
duties. Pryor, 3. b. Payment for dead work 
performed by coal miners. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. c. Newc. An extra price paid to 
miners when they also haul the coal. Fay. 

fusain. a. This term was introduced by 
Grand’Eury in 1882. It is recognized 
macroscopically by its black or gray-black 
color, its silky luster, its fibrous struc- 
ture and its extreme friability. It is the 
only constituent of coal which marks and 
blackens objects with which it comes in 
contact. Fusain may include a high pro- 
portion of mineral material, which 
strengthens it and reduces its friability; 
it retains, however, its silky luster. In 
macroscopic description of seams, only 
those bands having a thickness of several 
millimeters are recorded. Microscopic ex- 
amination shows that fusain consists in 
the main of fusite. Fusain occurs as wide 
bands and lenses in almost all humic coals. 
It is widely distributed, but not abundant. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. b. The term was 
first used in the United States by J. J. 
Stevenson as a synonym for mineral char- 
coal. In the Thiessen-U.S. Bureau of 
Mines system, fusain is a component with 
a minimum band width of 37 microns. 
Microscopically, fusain closely resembles 
wood charcoal, usually being soft, friable, 
and black, and disintegrating readily into 
a black powder when roughly handled. 
A hard variety exists, impregnated with 
mineral matter. Examined microscopically 
in thin sections fusain is usually opaque 
(black) although in very thin sections it 
may be slightly translucent and dark red 
in color. It frequently shows well-pre- 
served plant cell structure in which the 
lumens may be empty or may be filled 
with mineral matter. As by definition fu- 
sain must have a minimum thickness of 
37 microns, fragments of fusinite less than 
37 microns are counted as opaque at- 
tritus. 
fine inclusions, but also in much grosser 
form as bands and lenses up to 15 to 20 
centimeters thick and 3 to 4 meters or 
more long (lenses). It is widely distrib- 
uted in the humic coals of the Carbonif- 
erous but only in small quantities. JHCP, 
1963, part I. c. Coal material having the 
appearance and structure of charcoal. It 
is friable, sooty, generally high in ash 
content, and consists mainly of fusite. 
A.GJI. Supp. 

fusainization; fusainisation. 
of fusain. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fuse. a. A core of black powder wrapped 
with hemp or cotton threads or tape, with 
various waterproofing compounds _be- 
tween each, or on the outside, to pro- 
vide a uniform burning speed of the pow- 
der core for the firing of explosives, either 


The formation 





Fusain occurs as microscopically: 





fused-cast brick 


with or without a blasting cap. Fay. b. 
Any of various devices, as a tube, casing, 
cord, or the like, filled or impregnated 
with combustible matter, or a kind of 
detonator, by means of which an explo- 
sive charge is ignited. Webster 2d. c. A 
tube containing a compound designed to 
burn at a regulated linear speed, and in 
so doing to convey heat into an explo- 
sive charge. The miner’s safety fuse, in- 
vented by Bickford in 1831, is either slow 
or instantaneous. In it a fabric cover 
encloses a train of combustible material. 
The detonating fuse (Cordeau dentonant) 
is trinitrotoluene in a thin lead sheath, 
and has a burning speed of 17,000 feet 
per second. Cordtex and Primacord are 
wrapped in textile, and have a speed of 
20,000 feet per second. These high speeds 
have special value in simultaneous firing 
right through the charge. Electric fuse is 
of wire, melting when excessive current 
passes through the circuit in which it is 
incorporated, thus cutting off the supply 
of electricity and preventing further dam- 
age through overload or overheating. 
Pryor, 3. d. A slow-burning train of pow- 
der used in blasting operations. Hudson. 
e. Can. Casing prepared with combustible 
materials by which dynamite is deto- 
nated. Fusing is term applied to lighting 
fuse. Also called spitting. Hoffman. f. See 
detonating fuse; safety fuse. B.S. 3618, 
1964, sec. 6. g. An overcurrent protective 
device with a circuit-opening fusible mem- 
ber directly heated and destroyed by the 
passage of overcurrent through it. U.S. 
Bu. Mines Fed. Mine Safety Code-Bit. 
Coal & Lignite Mines, Pt. I Underground 
Mines, Oct. 8, 1953. h. To liquefy by 
means of heat; to melt. Kinney, 

fuse auger. An instrument for regulating the 
time of burning of a fuse by removing a 
certain portion of the composition. It has 
a moveable graduated scale which regu- 
lates the depth to which the auger should 
penetrate. Standard, 1964. 

fuse blasting cap. A small cylinder of cop- 
per, closed at one end and charged with 
a fulminate. The end of the fuse is in- 
serted in this cap, for firing a charge. 
Stauffer. See also detonator. 

fuse cutter. In metal mining, one who cuts 
blasting fuse to standard lengths; inserts 
fuse in open end of detonators or caps, 
and attaches it by squeezing the open ends 
with a pair of crimpers (special pilers). 
DOs 

fused alumina. Aluminum oxide, 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

fused-alumina brick. Refractories composed 
mainly of electrically fused alumina. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

fused aluminas. Are usually produced by 
heating a mixture of calcined bauxite 
coke and iron borings to above 3,600° 
in an electric arc furnace. Some TiOs may 
be added to increase grain toughness. Tab- 
ular and fused aluminas are available in 
grain sizes from one-half inch to minus 
325 mesh. Lee. 

fused bath electrolysis. Extraction of metals 
by electrolytic decomposition of their fused 
salts; extraction of metals from electro- 
lytically decomposable compounds dis- 
solved in substances inert under the con- 
ditions of electrolysis. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

fused beryl. Same as beryl] glass. Shipley. 

fused-cast brick. Electrocast brick. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 


A1:0s. 


fused-cast refractories 


fused-cast refractories. Refractories formed 
by electrical fusion followed by casting 
and annealing. HW. 

fused cement. See aluminous cement. Hess. 

fused electrolyte. Molten compound which 
conducts and is decomposed by electricity ; 
used in the manufacture of such metals 
as aluminum, magnesium, sodium, and cal- 
cium. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

fused magnesia. Fused electric furnace mag- 
nesia, not subject to grain growth. Bu- 
reau of Mines Staff. 

fused nip. A terminal connection, with a 
fuse, used on portable electrical mining 
machinery. Grove. 

fused quartz; quartz glass. A term commonly 
used to denote the transparent form of 
silica glass made from clear pieces of 
quartz as contrasted to fused silica by 
which is ordinarily meant the translucent 
or nearly opaque forms made from quartz 
sand. Hess. 

fused refractories. Refractories in which the 
constituents are held together by heating 
either to the point of fusion or coales- 
cence. Henderson, p. 265. 

fused-salt reactor. A type of reactor that 
uses molten salts of uranium for both 
fuel and coolant. L@L. 

fused salts. Salts, that is, ionic compounds, 
in the molten state. High temperatures 
are usually involved in maintaining the 
molten state. Sodium chloride is the prin- 
cipal ingredient in many fused salts. Used 
in the production of alkali metals and 
other metals by electrolysis, aluminum, 
calcium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, 
zirconium, columbian (niobium), and tan- 
talum; as a base for circulating liquid 
fuels in nuclear reactors; in fluxing and 
descaling metals; and as _heat-transfer 
agents. CCD 6d, 1961. 

fused silica. See silica glass. VV. 

fused stone. a. Any gem substitute produced 
by means of fusion; especially synthetic 
stone or glass. Shipley. b. An assembled 
stone such as soldered emerald. Shipley. 

fused trolley tap. A specially designed holder 
with enclosed fuse for connecting a con- 
ductor of a portable cable to the trolley 
system or other circuit supplying electric 
power to equipment in mines. ASA C42.- 
85:1956. 

fuse gage. An instrument for cutting time 
fuses to length. Standard, 1964. 

fusehead. That part of an electric detonator 
consisting of twin metal conductors, 
bridged by fine resistance wire, and sur- 
rounded by a bead of igniting compound 
which burns when the firing current is 
passed through the bridge wire. B.S.3618, 
1964, sec. 6. 

fuse lighter. A device for facilitating the 
ignition of the powder core of a fuse. 
One form is in the shape of a carpet tack 
covered with a powder composition; an- 
other form is in the shape of a cord, which 
when ignited burns and maintains a “coal 
of fire” in contact with the exposed pow- 
der in the fuse. Fay. See also cheese stick. 
South Australia, p. 40. 

fuse lock. A friction lock by which a miner 
may fire the free end of a blasting fuse 
by a lanyard. Standard, 1964. 

fuseplug. a. A plug fitted to the fuse hole 
of a military projectile to hold the fuse. 
Webster 3d. b. A fusible plug that screws 
into a receptacle, used as a fuse in elec- 
trical wiring. Fay. c. A plug of fusible 
metal inserted in a steam boiler so as to 





AT2 


prevent any danger that might arise from 
overheating due to low water. Fay. 

fusibility. The quality of being fusible or 
convertible from a solid to a liquid by 
heat. MacCracken. 

fusibility, coal ash and coke ash. The char- 
acteristic points of fusibility of a speci- 
men prepared and heated under standard 
conditions are deformation temperature, 
hemisphere temperature, and flow tem- 
perature. B.S. 1016, 1961, Pt. 16. 

fusibility of clay. The temperature at which 
sufficient of its ingredients have fused to 
cause the whole mass to lose its shape. 
This is really the softening temperature. 
Nelson. 

fusibility scale. A list of minerals arranged 
in the order of their fusibility. The fusi- 
bility scale of von Kobell is: (1) stib- 
nite; (2) natrolite; (3) almandite; (4) 
actinolite; (5) orthoclase; and (6) bron- 
zite. Fay. 

fusible. Capable of being fused; especially, 
capable of being liquefied by heat. Web- 
ster 3d. 

fusible alloys. Alloys which will melt at 
definite low temperatures. Crispin. 

fusible metal. Any alloy, usually one con- 
taining bismuth, which melts at a com- 
paratively low temperature. Standard, 
1964. 

fusible plug. An insert of metal with low 
melting point placed in boilers, sprinklers 
and other devices to melt when the tem- 
perature becomes dangerously high, so 
that the melting will relieve pressure, al- 
low water flow, or otherwise tend to al- 
leviate the dangerous condition. Strock, 
10. 

fusible porcelain. Same as cryolite glass. 
Standard, 1964. Also called hot-cast por- 
celain. Fay. 

fusible quartz. Eng. A term occasionally ap- 
plied by the older mineralogists to ob- 
sidian. Fay. 

fusiform. Shaped like a spindle, tapering 
toward each end. Webster, 3d. 

fusiform bomb. A type of rotational vol- 
canic bomb shaped like a spindle and 
usually bearing an ear at each end. Syno- 
nym for spindle-shaped bomb. A.G.I. 

fusing point. The degree of heat at which 
any substance begins to melt or liquefy. 
Hansen. See also melting point. 

fusinite. a. A constituent showing well-de- 
fined cellular structure of wood or scleren- 
chyma. The cell cavities vary in size and 
shape—round, oval, or elongated. Bogen 
structure is common. Occurs as discrete 
lenses, thin partings or bands, and as small 
dispersed fragments; is widely distributed ; 
common. The physical and chemical prop- 
erties of fusinite vary only slightly in coals 
of different rank, and consequently its 
technological properties are fairly con- 
stant. THCP, 1963, part I. b. The major 
maceral, or micropetrologic constituent of 
fusain. It consists of wood (xylem or lig- 
nified tissue) of which very little is left 
but woody tracheids or thick-walled ele- 
ments so highly carbonized as to contain 
only traces of ulmins. A member of the 
inertite group. A.GJ.; A.GI. Supp. 

fusinito-collinite coal. This type of coal con- 
sists of more than 50 percent of material 
(micrinite) which is opaque or only semi- 
translucent in transmitted light. Gelified 
microcomponents are present in only small 
quantities. Components with recognizable 
form are mainly microspores and occa- 





fusinization 


sional megaspores. Fusinized tissue is 
rare. Hand specimens of this type of coal 
are black, homogeneous in appearance, 
and break with a block fracture. The 
coal has low ash. Fusinito-collinite coal 
occurs as thin bands in seams of different 
geological age, is noncaking, and is used, 
like other fusinitic types of coal, as fuel. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. 

fusinito-posttelinite coal. This coal consists 
of more than 50 percent of relatively fine, 
more or less fusinized fragments of tissues 
exhibiting weakly defined cell structure or 
complete lack of structure. It may also 
contain subordinate microcomponents of 
the vitrinite and liptinite groups. Hand 
specimens are black and matt, very fri- 
able, and of fibrous structure. The ash is 
always low. Fusinito-posttelinite coal oc- 
curs in seams of different geological age, 
and is particularly common in the lower 
Jurassic in beds up to one meter or more 
thick. These coals are noncaking and are 
chiefly used as fuels in briquette form. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. 

fusinito-precollinite coal. This coal consists 
of more than 50 percent of an accumula- 
tion of very fine, virtually structureless, 
fragments of tissue more or less fusinized 
which appear in transmitted light as a 
semitranslucent or opaque  micrinite 
groundmass. Coarse fragments of tissue are 
rare. Because they are closely packed the 
more or less opaque microcomponents 
form a dark background when viewed in 
thin section. Numerous microspores and 
cuticles, as well as scattered resin bodies, 
platelike cells from cortical tissue, streaks 
of translucent collinite and fine inclu- 
sions of gelified structured components 
show up well against the dark back- 
ground. Hand specimens of this type of 
coal are black and matt or semimatt, 
homogeneous, or finely striated with a 
fibrous structure; the ash is low. Fusinito- 
precollinite coal occurs in seams of differ- 
ent geological age and is particularly com- 
mon in the lower Jurassic as beds up to 
1 meter thick. It is a noncaking coal and 
is used chiefly as fuel in briquette form. 
IHCP, 1963, part I. 

fusinito-telinite coal. This type coal consists 
of more than 50 percent of coarse stem 
and rhizome tissues which have been meta- 
morphosed into fusinite and semifusinite, 
and show well-defined cell structure. By 
transmitted light it is reddish brown to 
dark brown or black. The fragments of 
stem tissue are generally closely packed 
forming, as it were, aggregates. In a num- 
ber of instances fusinito-telinite is bounded 
by bands of vitrite; occasionally it is em- 
bedded in a homogeneous groundmass 
(collinite). Isolated microspores, cuticles 
and resin bodies also occur in this type 
of coal. The parent material of this type 
of coal was wood tissue. Hand specimens 
are black and matt, rather friable and 
soft, with a distinctive fibrous structure. 
Fusinito-telinite coals invariably have low 
ash and occur in seams of any geological 
age, being particularly common in the 
lower Jurassic in seams up to 100 meters 
thick. These coals are noncaking and are 
used chiefly as fuels in briquette form. 
ITHCP, 1963, part I. 

fusinization. The process in coalification 
which results in the formation of fusain. 
See also coalification. Compare incorpo- 
ration; vitrinization. A.G.I. 





fusinoid 


||| fusinoid. Fusain and similar material in coal. 


A.G.I. Supp. 


|| fusion. a. The act or the process of lique- 


fying or rendering plastic by heat. The 
transition of a substance from the solid 
state to the liquid state. Synonym for 
melting. Webster 3d. b. The quality or 
state of flowing induced by this process. 
A union by melting. A combination of 
ingredients achieved by heating and mix- 
ing together. For example, cement is a 
fusion formed from exact proportions of 
shale and limestone. Webster 3d. c. The 
union of atomic nuclei to form heavier 
nuclei, resulting in the release of enor- 
mous quantities of energy when certain 
light elements unite, as in the combina- 
tion of heavy-hydrogen nuclei to form 
helium nuclei that takes place in the sun 
or in a hydrogen bomb. Also called nu- 
clear fusion. Contrasted with fission. Web- 
ster 3d. 


|| fusion button test. See button test. ACSB-3. 
‘fusion cast basalt. An abrasion resistant 


material made by fusing natural basalt 
and casting the molten material into molds 
to form blocks. Having a Mohs’ hardness 
of 8 to 9 and a crushing strength of 70,- 
000 pounds per square inch, these blocks 
can be used for industrial flooring and 
also, the lining of bunkers, chutes, and 
other equipment where abrasion is se- 


vere. Dodd. 


| fusion casting. A process for the manufac- 


ture of refractory blocks and shapes of 
low porosity and a high degree of crystal- 
linity; the refractory batch is electrically 
fused and, while molten, is cast into a 
mold and carefully cooled. The usual types 
of fusion cast refractory are those con- 
sisting of mullite, corundum, and zirconia, 
in various proportions; such refractories 
find considerable use as tank blocks for 
glass-melting furnaces. Dodd. 


! fusion flow. The relative flow of various 


glasses or frits in the molten state. ASTM 
C286-65. 


|| fusion flow test. A method for the evalua- 


tion of the fusion flow properties of a 
vitreous enamel or of a glaze. Dodd. 


|\ fusion method. A method used to remove 


certain impurities from diamond concen- 
trate with a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 
millimeter. The material, mixed with 10 
times its weight of flake caustic soda, is 
placed in crucibles and put in a furnace 
where a temperature of 650° C is main- 
tained for 45 minutes. After furnacing, 
the material is rinsed to remove the caus- 
tic soda and boiled in a glass beaker 
containing a solution of 1 part hydro- 
chloric acid and 4 parts water. After fur- 
ther rinsing, the diamond, free from satel- 
lites, is dried on a hotplate. I.C. 8200, 
1964, p. 75. 


\\ fusion of clay. The stage on heating a clay 


when the material is changed from the 
solid to the liquid state, but complete 
liquefaction occurs so gradually with most 
clays that a fusion range and not a fusion 
point is obtained. Nelson. 


‘fusion piercing. A method of producing ver- 


tical blastholes by virtually burning holes 
in rock. The burning device is essentially 
a long blowpipe consisting of three tubes 
equipped with jets at the bottom end. 
Two of the tubes carry kerosine and oxy- 
gen, which, when jetted together and ig- 
nited, generate a flame having a tempera- 
ture of about 4,000° F. This flame is 








473 


directed downward against the rock, 
superheating a circular area. A follow- 
ing jet of water cools the heated rocks 
causing it to contract and spall, or, if 
partially molten, to granulate. The re- 
sulting steam evacuates the spall from 
the hole and also keeps the burner from 
melting. Also commonly, although incor- 
rectly, called jet piercing. See also Linde 
drill. Long. 

fusion-piercing drill. A machine designed to 
use the fusion-piercing mode of produc- 
ing holes in rock. Sometimes incorrectly 
called a jet drill. Also called Linde drill. 
See also fusion piercing. Long. 

fusion point. The temperature at which melt- 
ing takes place. Most refractory mate- 
rials have no definite melting points, but 
soften gradually over a range of tempera- 
tures. HW. 

fusion tectonite. Igneous rock consolidated 
from a flowing magma. G.S.A. Mem. 6, 
1938, p. 40. 

fusion test. See pyrometric cone equivalent; 
button test. A.RJ. 

fusion test, button. See button test. ASTM 
C286-65. 

fusion welding. Welding, without pressure, 
in which a portion of the base metal is 
melted. ASM Gloss. 

fusion zone. The area of base metal melted 
as determined on the cross section of a 
weld. ASM Gloss. 

fusite. a. In 1955 the Nomenclature Sub- 
committee of the International Commit- 
tee for Coal Petrology resolved to use 
this term for the microlithotype consisting 
principally of the macerals fusinite, semi- 
fusinite and sclerotinite. Two varieties of 
fusite are distinguishable—a fragile and 
powdery fusite and hard consolidated fu- 
site in which the cavities are filled by 
various minerals, carbonates, sulfides, 
kaolin, and other clay minerals. Widely 
distributed, but in general not abundant. 
Occurs in fine bands and lenses of vary- 
ing thickness. The soft variety of fusite 
concentrates in the very fine particle sizes. 
Hard fusite distributes itself in various 
sizes (depending on the thickness of the 
original bands or lenticles in the seam), 
but not in the fines. This form of fusite is 
usually discarded in the middlings and re- 
fuse. THCP, 1963, part I. b. A coal micro- 
lithotype containing 95 percent or more 
fusinite, plus semifusinite, plus scleroti- 
nite. Schieferdecker; A.G.I. Supp. c. Syno- 
nym for fusain. A.GJ. Supp. 

fusitoid. A fusitlike material found in dull 
coal in patches and streaks. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

fusoclarain. A coal rock type consisting of 
the macerals fusinite and vitrinite, and it 
may contain all other macerals. Fusinite 
is present in a smaller quantity than in 
clarofusain. Compare clarofusain. A.G_I. 

fusoclarite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween fusite (predominating) and clarite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fusodurain. a. Durain in which much of the 
microconglomeratic elements consist of 
fusain. Compare durofusain. A.G.J. b. 
Judged obsolete by the Heerlen Congress 
of 1935. A.G.I. 

fusotelain. a. Coal consisting of a mixture of 
telain with minute inclusions of fusain. 
Compare telofusain. A.G.J. b. Accepted 
by the Heerlen Congress of 1935 to des- 
ignate material transitional between telain 




















8 


and fusain with telain being predominant. 
A.G.I. 

fusovitrain. a. Preferred. Coal consisting of 
material transitional between fusain and 
vitrain with vitrain being predominant 
(Heerlen Congress of 1935). Compare 
vitrofusain. A.G.J. b. Coal consisting of a 
mixture of vitrain with fusain fragments. 
A.G.I. 

fusovitrite. A type of coal intermediate be- 
tween fusite (predominating) and vitrite. 
See also fusoclarite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

fusuline; fusulinid. a. Any of an important 
group of extinct, marine, one-celled ani- 
mals (class Sarcodina, phylum Protozoa) 
that have left an extensive fossil record 
for late Paleozoic time. Owing to their 
small size, they are easily recovered from 
well cuttings and have proved to be of 
great value in the correlation of sedi- 
mentary rocks. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 
b. Any fossil belonging to one of the sev- 
eral genera of the Fusulinidae; a fora- 
minifer shaped like a grain of wheat. 
Fusulinids are important index fossils, or 
guide fossils, in the Pennsylvanian and 
Permian systems. A.G.J. Supp. 

Futuran. A trademark name for a phenol 
aldehyde plastic; used as imitation amber. 
Shipley. 

future ore. See possible ore. Forrester, p. 554. 

fuze. Pronounced as though spelled “‘fuzee.” 
Originally the device used for exploding 
the charge in a projectile and later used 
as a designation for an electric blasting 
cap. Now known as an electric blasting 
cap. A variation of fuse. Fay. 

fuzze. Eng. Straws, reeds, or hollow vegetal 
substances filled with powder. See also fuse, 
a. and b. Fay. 

fuzzy texture. A defect characterized by a 
myriad of minute bubbles, broken bubbles, 
and dimples in the porcelain enamel sur- 
face. ASTM C286-65. 

fy Abbreviation for fluid volume. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

Fyrite. A trade name for a portable instru- 
ment for measuring the carbon dioxide 
content of air. The air, particularly flue 
gas, is pumped into the instrument by a 
rubber bulb, is trapped, and the Fyrite 
is turned bottom-side up and back again. 
This causes a solution of caustic soda to 
mix with the gas sample and combine with 
the COs, causing a decrease of gas vol- 
ume so that the fluid is drawn up into 
a graduated tube in a quantity propor- 
tionate to the COs absorbed, and the per- 
centage of CO, can be read directly from 
a scale. Hess. 


G 


g a. A unit of force applied to a body at 
rest equal to the force exerted on it by 
gravity. One of several such units ap- 
plied to a body when accelerated; for 
example, when an airplane pulls out of 
a dive or makes a sharp turn. Webster 3d. 
b. (1) Abbreviation for gravity; accelera- 
tion due to gravity; acceleration of gra- 
vity. GPO Style Manual, 1. 157; Zim- 
merman, pp. 51, 129. (2) Designation 
for gravity in formulas. A.G.J. c. Abbre- 
viation for gram. BuMin Style Guide, p. 
59. d. Abbreviation for grain in weight. 
Webster 3d. e. Abbreviation for gage (or 
gauge). Also abbreviated G. Zimmerman, 
p. 49. f. Abbreviation for gauss. Webster 


g 


G 


8 


3d. g. Abbreviation for gilbert. Zimmer- 
man, p. 50. h. Abbreviation for gilt, group. 
Webster 3d. i. As a subscript, the symbol 
for saturated vapor; dry saturated vapor. 
Zimmerman, pp. 94, 115. j. Symbol for 
radius of wire. Zimmerman, p. 120. k. 
Symbol for osmotic coefficient. Zimmer- 
man, p. 77. 

a. Symbol for gravity; standard gravity of 
the atmosphere; gravitational acceleration ; 
acceleration due to gravity; acceleration of 
gravity. The acceleration of gravity equals 
980.665 centimeters per second per second, 
or per second squared (cm sec”). The 
acceleration of free fall is represented by 
the symbol —g (minus g). Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
F-99; Zimmerman, pp. 145, 150, 174. b. 
Symbol for electric conductance. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 152, 154. c. Symbol for Gibbs’ 
function (or thermodynamic potential) ; 
Gibbs’ function per atom; Gibbs’ function 
per molecule; Gibbs’ function per mole; 
Gibbs’ function per unit mass, Zimmerman, 
pp. 157, 174. 

a. Symbol for gravity; acceleration due to 
gravity; gravitation constant; Newtonian 
gravitational constant. Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-97; 
Zimmerman, pp. 197, 204. b. Abbreviation 
for gram. Zimmerman, p. 204. c. Abbrevia- 
tion for gas. Zimmerman, p. 49. d. Abbre- 
viation for gold, but the chemical symbol 
Au is generally used. Webster 3d. e. Abbre- 
viation for gravel. Zimmerman, p. 51. f. 
Symbol for conductance; electric conduct- 
ance. Zimmerman, p. 28. g. Abbreviation 
for the prefix giga- which multiplies the 
basic unit that follows by 1 billion or by 
10°. BuMin Style Guide, p. 62. h. Abbrevi- 
ation for Greenwich (England) time, which 
is the time at the Prime Meridian. Zimmer- 
man, pp. 51, 386. i. Abbreviation for glass. 
Zimmerman, p. 214. j. Abbreviation for 
gulf; Gulf. Also abbreviated g. Webster 3d. 
k. Symbol for total sediment discharge. 
Zimmerman, p. 36. 1. A phase designation 
in earthquake seismology and which 1s ap- 
plied to Love waves of very long period 
(from 25 seconds to several minutes), 
which, when detectable, are the first (fast- 
est) surface waves on seismograms of dis- 
tant earthquakes. 4.G.J. m. Symbol for 
modulus of elasticity in shear. Zimmerman, 
pp. 40, 70. n. Symbol for mass velocity. 
Zimmerman, p. 115. 0. Abbreviation for 
generator. Zimmerman, p. 50. p. Symbol 
for diameter of wire. Zimmerman, p. 120. 
q. Abbreviation for grid, grid of a vacuum 
tube. Zimmerman, ppb. 51, 204. r. Symbol 
for Gibbs’ function (or thermodynamic 
potential). Also given as g. Zimmerman, 
pp. 50, 108. 

a. Symbol for gravitational constant; New- 
tonian gravitational constant. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
F-99; Zimmerman, p. 157. b. Symbol for 
specific gravity. Zimmerman, p. 175. c. As 
a subscript, the symbol for gas or vapor. 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. F-99; Zimmerman, p. 168. 
d. Symbol for gravel. Zimmerman, p. 340. 
e. Symbol for conductance; electric con- 
ductance. Zimmerman, pp. 152, 254. f. 
Symbol for total sediment discharge. 
Zimmerman, p. 185. g. Symbol for 
rigidity; modulus of elasticity in shear; 
shear modulus of elasticity; shear modulus. 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. F-99; Zimmerman, pp. 154, 
165, 183, 368. h. Symbol for mass velocity ; 











AT4 


mass-flow per unit cross-sectional area per 
unit time. Zimmerman, pp. 175, 367. i. 
Symbol for Gibbs’ free energy; Gibbs’ func- 
tion (or thermodynamic potential) ; Gibbs’ 
function per mole; total value of Gibbs’ 
function. Also the symbol for Gibbs’ func- 
tion per mole has the subscript M, as Gy. 


Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. F-98; Zimmerman, pp. 14), 
157, 170, 174. 

ga Abbreviation for gage (or gauge). Web- 
ster 3d. 

Ga Chemical symbol for gallium. Handbook 
of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. B-1. 

gab. A hook; specifically, in steam engines, 
the hook on an eccentric rod, catching on 
the rockshaft pin, in a valve motion. 
Standard, 1964. 

gabbie. Scot. A hook on the end of a chain 
or rope; a coupling. Fay. 

gabbro. a. A fine to coarse, dark-colored crys- 
talline igneous rock composed mainly of 
calcic plagioclase (labradorite or anorthite), 
clinopyroxene, and sometimes olivine. Mag- 
netite, ilmenite, or both, and apatite are 
accessory minerals. A gabbro containing an 
orthorhombic pyroxene is called a norite. 
Fay. b. A granular igneous rock composed 
of calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine, 
is an olivine gabbro. Bateman. c. A plutonic 
rock consisting of calcic plagioclase (com- 
monly labradorite) and clinopyroxene, with 
or without orthopyroxene and olivine. Apa- 
tite and magnetite or ilmenite are common 
accessories. A.G.I. 

gabbroid. The texture typical of basic plu- 
tonic rocks in which completely allotrio- 
morphic grains dominate the fabric. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

gabbro schist. A gabbroic rock that has been 
rendered schistose by cataclasis. See also 
flaser gabbro; zobtenite. A.G.I. 

gabion. A bottomless wicker cylinder or bas- 
ket, from 20 to 70 inches in diameter and 
from 33 to 72 inches high; used in engi- 
neering, when filled with stones, to form 
the foundation of a jetty. Standard, 1964. 

gablack. Derb. See gavelock. Fay. 

pr ae car. See mine cars. Lewis, p. 

as Z 

gable-rake tile. The full-flanged tile used at 
the verge of open gables. Fay. 

gable tile. A roofing tile that is half as wide 
again as the standard tile. Gable tiles are 
used to complete alternate courses at the 
verge of a tiled roof. See also verge. Dodd. 

gab lever. A device for disengaging the gab, 
on the eccentric rod of a steam engine, 
from the rockshaft. Standard, 1964. 

gable wall. The charging end wall of a glass- 
melting furnace. ASTM C162-66. 

gabronite. A bluish-gray variety of altered 
wernerite. Fay. 

gad. a. A steel wedge used in mining. Gordon. 
b. A small, steel wedge used for loosening 


seamy rock. Stauffer. c. A heavy piece of. 


steel, 6 or 8 inches long, with a narrow 
chisel point for cutting samples, breaking 
out pieces of loose rock, etc. A moil is a 
gad with a round point. Hess. d. A small 
iron punch with a wooden handle used to 
break up ore. Fay. e. A metal spike. Web- 
ster 2d. f. To break or loosen with a gad, 
as rock. Webster 3d. g. A percussion drill; 
a jumper. Standard, 1964. 

gadder. In quarrying, a small car or platform 
carrying a drilling machine, sc as to make 
a straight line of holes along its course in 
getting out dimension stone. Also called 








gagatization 


gadding car; gadding machine. Standard, 
1964. 


gadding machine. See gadder. Fay. 
gadget. A tool for holding the stem of a piece 


of ware which is in course of treatment. 
CTD: 


gadolinite. A black, greenish-black, or brown, 


rare accessory mineral, Y2Fe” Bes (SiOz) 2Os. 
Crystals often prismatic, rough, and coarse; 
fracture conchoidal or splintery. Brittle; 
luster, vitreous to greasy. A complex silicate 
of glucinum, iron, and the yttrium and 
cerium rare-earth metals. Occurs in pegma- 
tites. Monoclinic; weakly radioactive. San- 
ford; Crosby, p. 101; Dana 17. 


gadolinium. A rare silvery-white metallic ele- 


ment; trivalent; and a member of the rare 
earth group. Only known in combination 
and obtained from the same sources as 


. europium. Symbol, Gd; hexagonal; atomic 


gadolinium oxide; 


number, 64; atomic weight, 157.25; spe- 
cific gravity, 7.895 and 7.8, depending on 
form; melting point, 1,312° C; boiling 
point, about 3,000° C; insoluble in water 
or reacts slowly with water; soluble in 
dilute acids; and has the highest neutron 
absorption cross section of any known ele- 
ment, 46,000 barns. C.T.D.; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. 
B-111, B-175. 

gadolinia. White; 1so- 
metric; Gd2Os; specific gravity, 7.407 (at 
15° C); melting point, 2,330° C; slightly 
soluble in water; soluble in acids; hygro- 
scopic; and it absorbs carbon dioxide from 
the air. Purities up to 99.8 percent gado- 
linium oxide are obtained. Used for nu- 
clear-reactor control rods; neutron shields; 
catalysts; dielectric ceramics; and special 
glasses. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
gue ae and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-175. 


gad steel. Flemish steel; so called because 


wrought in gads or wedges. Fay. 


gae. Scot. A fault, slip, or dike. See also gaw, 


a. Fay 


gaffer. The head workman, foreman, or blower 


of a glass hand shop. ASTM C162-66. 


gaffer hauler. a. S. Wales. A master hauler. 


Nelson. b. The man in charge of horse or 
or pony traffic between the face and the 
mechanical haulageway. C.T.D. 


gag. a. Eng. An obstruction in the valve of 


a pump which prevents it from working. 
Fay. b. A fuller used to straighten railway 
rails. Webster 3d. c. Derb. Any piece of 
timber used temporarily to reinforce other 
timber until proper timbering can be done. 
Fay. d. Eng. Chips of wood in a shaft bot- 
tom, or sump. Fay. e. A metal spacer to be 
inserted, so as to render a floating tool or 
punch inoperative. ASM Gloss. 


gagarinite. A hexagonal mineral, Na2CazY3- 


Fis.H2O and NazCa2Ys(F,Cl)15 for the cryp- 
tocrystalline variety and the crystalline va- 
riety, respectively; color creamy, in some 
cases yellowish or rosy; dull to vitreous 
luster; occurs in albitized granites and asso- 
ciated quartz-microcline veins of one of 
the granitic massifs of Kazakhstan and in 
analogous rocks of other regions of the 
U.S.S.R. Alters easily and is replaced by 
aggregates of tengerite, synchisite and yttro- 
fluorite. American Mineralogist, v. 47, No. 
5-6, May-June 1962, p. 805. 


gagat; gagath. German name for jet. Tom- 


keieff, 1954. 


gagatite. Jetlike coalified plant material pre- 


serving cellular structures. Tomkeieff, 1954. 


gagatization. a. The process of transforming 


wood into a dense and pitchlike material. 





gagatization 


Tomkeieff, 1954. b. Sometimes applied to 
denote the impregnation, during coal for- 
mation, of wood fragments with dissolved 
products of plant decomposition. Applied, 
though not very correctly, because gagate 
or jet originates in a similar way by the 
saturation of wood with organic substances, 
primarily hydrocarbons. Stutzer and Noe, 
} 1940, p. 270. 

|:gage. a. Spacing of tracks or wheels. Nichols. 
|} b. The nominal size of an aggregate. It is 
the minimum size of sieve through which 
at least 95 percent of an aggregate will 
pass. Taylor. c. The thickness or diameter 
of sheet or wire. The various standards are 
arbitrary and differ, ferrous from nonfer- 
rous products and sheet from wire. ASM 
Gloss. d. Various instruments used for 
measuring, indicating, or regulating the 
capacity, quantity, dimensions, power, 
amount, proportions, etc., of anything; 
hence a standard of comparison. Long. 
e. The act or process of accurately measur- 
ing the diameter, length, thickness, etc., of 
an article. Long. f. The size, amount, pres- 
sure, etc., as determined by a gage. Long. 
g. A guide to determine the size of a 
thrown pot. ACSG. 

|\gage cock. A small cock in a boiler at the 
| waterline, to determine the water level. 
Fay. 

)gaged brick. a. A brick that has been ground 
or otherwise produced to accurate dimen- 
sions. ACSG, 1963. b. A tapered arch brick. 
See also arch brick. ACSG, 1963. 

igage diameter. The diameter of an object as 
| determined by measurement and/or size as 
compared to a standard. Long. 

i gage door. A wooden door fixed in an airway 
for regulating the supply of ventilation 
necessary for a certain district or number 
of men. Also called regulator. Fay. 

i gage factor. The percentage change of resist- 
ance divided by the percentage strain. For 
strain gages in common use this amounts 
to about 2.2. Isaacson, p. 210. 

| gage glass. The glass tube, or pair of flat glass 
plates, fitted to a water gage to provide a 
visual indication of the water level in the 
tank or boiler. See also water gage. C.T.D. 
| gage height. The elevation of a water surface 
above or below a datum corresponding to 
the zero of the staff or other type of gage 
by which the height is indicated. Seelye, 1. 
\ gage length. The original length of that por- 
tion of the specimen over which strain, 
change of length, and other characteristics 
are measured. ASM Gloss. 

j gage loss. The diametrical reduction in the 
size of a bit or reaming shell caused by 
wear through use. Long. 

Y | gage pressure. a. Pressure as read on an ordi- 
nary spring- or Bourdon- -type gage. It is 
| usually expressed in pounds per square 
inch, It is the absolute pressure minus that 
exerted by the atmosphere. Its abbreviation 
is psig (pounds per square inch, gage). 
Webster 3d. b. The pressure at a point in 
a fluid above that of the atmosphere. Com- 
pare absolute pressure. Webster 3d. 

| ager. In the iron and steel industry, one who 
determines whether iron or. steel bars, 
sheets, or wire are being rolled to plant 
specification, so that the rolls may be ad- 
justed to reduce the metal the desired 
amount for each pass, using calipers to 
check the thickness (gage) of the various 
products. D.O.T. 1. 

\ gage, railway. The distance between the in- 
side edges of rails, which varies in different 














475 


countries, but may be defined as broad, 
standard, and narrow. Ham. 

gage Ting. a. Scot. A standard ring for meas- 
uring buckets of coal or ore. Fay. b. A cir- 
cular metal ring, the inside diameter of 
which is a specific standard size. Commonly 
produced in sizes corresponding to the 
standard outside set diameters of bits and 
reaming shells. Also called gaging ring. 
Long. 

gage saver. See dampener, a. Long. 

gage size. The width of a drill bit along the 
cutting edge. Nichols. 

gage stome. Any one of several diamonds set 
in the crown of a diamond bit in a plane 
parallel with and projecting slightly beyond 
the inside and/or outside walls of the bit. 
Long. 

gagger. An irregular-shaped piece of metal 
used for reinforcement and support in a 
sand mold for metal castings. ASM Gloss. 

gaging. a. A heap of rubbish placed at the 
entrance of a disused roadway under- 
ground. C.T.D. b. S. Staff. A small em- 
bankment of slack or rubbish, at the en- 
trance to a heading, to fence it off. Fay. 
c. A measurement of discharge correspond- 
ing to a certain stage. Seelye, 1. d. The 
recognized term in the building trade for 
the addition of an agent to a mix to modify 
its properties, notably its set. If cement or 
a gypsum plaster (normal or retarded cal- 
cium sulfate hemihydrate, for example) is 
added to a lime-sand mix to accelerate its 
set, the latter is known as a gaged lime- 
sand mix or, more specifically, as a lime- 
sand mix gaged with cement (or gypsum 
plaster). Conversely, if lime is added to 
a cement-sand mix to retard its rate of set, 
or improve its workability and other prop- 
erties, the mixture is called a cement-sand 
mix gaged with lime. Stowell. 

gaging of cement. The process of mixing 
cement with water. For the preparation of 
a cement paste of standard consistency 
prior to testing, British Standard 12 stipu- 
lated that the time of gaging shall be 3 to 
5 minutes. Dodd. 

gaging station. A selected section in a stream 
channel equipped wtih a gage and facilities 
for measuring the flow of water; a place on 
a stream where data is gathered by which 
continuous discharge records may be devel- 
oped. Seelye, 1. 

gag press straightener. In the iron and steel 
industry, one who straightens steel rails by 
Operating a gag press. D.O.T. 1. 

gahnite. a. A green, zinc-bearing spinel, 
ZnAl2O,; isometric. Fay. b. Synonym for 
idocrase. Hey 2d, 1955. See also zinc 
aluminate. 

gahnospinel. A blue magnesium-zinc spinel 
containing up to 18.2 percent zinc, ap- 
proaching gahnite in composition; a gem 
from Ceylon. English. 

gaillet; galet; gallet. Belg. A local name in 
the Borinage district for a coal closely re- 
sembling English cannel coal. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

gailletins. Belg. Round coal. Fay. 

gain. a. A cutting made in the side of a road- 
way underground to facilitate the construc- 
tion of a dam or air stopping. C.T.D. b. A 
notch, mortise, or groove (as in a timber 
or wall) for a girder or joist. Webster 3d. 
c. A crosscut in coal mining. Fay. d. See 
closed joint. BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 
877. e. The ratio of the output power, 
voltage, or current to the input power, 
voltage, or current. H&G. 





Galena limestone 


gainey coal; ganey coal. Shrop. A name of 
coal or coal seam. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gain gear. Scot. The movable machinery of 
a mill; going gear. Standard, 1964. 

gaiola. Port. A hoisting cage. Fay. 

gaist. Scot. See ghaist; ghost coal. Fay. 

gaist coal. Scot. See ghost coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

gait. a. Eng. A journey or trip. Fay. b. Eng. 
Two buckets of water carried by a yoke 
on the shoulders. Webster 2d. 

gaite. Eng. Variation of gate; a road. Fay. 

gaize. a. A siliceous rock, containing some 
clay, found in the Ardennes and Meuse 
Valley, France. It has been used as a poz- 
zolana. See also pozzolana. Dodd. b. Fine- 
grained, porous, micaceous sandstone con- 
taining much soluble silica. The typical 
gaize is a variety of the malmstone in the 
Upper Greensand. Arkell. 

gal. a. Corn. A hard, rusty gossan, Fay. b. A 
unit of acceleration that equals 1 centimeter 
per second per second. It is used especially 
to express values of gravity. The word is 
not an abbreviation and it should not be 
confused with the abbreviation for gallon. 
A milligal is 0.001 gal. A.G.I.; Webster 3d. 
c. Abbreviation for gallon. BuMines Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

galactite. A variety of white natrolite occur- 
ring in Scotland in colorless acicular crys- 
tals. Fay. 

galalith. A casein plastic of various colors, 
used in imitations of amber, coral, jet, 
ivory, and tortoise shell. Shipley. 

Galatom. Trade name for diatomaceous 
earth. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

galaxite. A black manganese aluminate, 
MnAI.O.; minute grains; isometric. A 
spinel. From Galax, Alleghany County, 
N.C. English; Dana 17, p. 601. 

gal d' Abbreviation for gallons per day. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. 

gale. a. Forest of Dean. Land assigned by the 
Crown for coal mining; royalty paid for 
this assignment; license. The holder is a 
galee. Pryor, 3. b. The royalty paid in 
English law for the right to work a mine; 
also, the right itself. Webster 3d.c.A grant 
of land in English law; also, the land 
granted. Webster 3d. 

galeage; galiage. Eng. Royalty from mineral 
land. Fay. 

gale alidade. A lightweight compact alidade, 
with a low pillar and a reflecting prism 
through which the ocular may be viewed 
from above. As used by some geologists, it 
is commonly equipped with the Stebinger 
drum. See also Stebinger drum. Synonym 
for explorer’s alidade. A.G.I. 

galee. A coal miner having a gale in the 
Forest of Dean, England. Standard, 1964. 

galeite. A eoinenals NaeSO..Na(F,Cl), trigo- 
nal; the same as schairerite, but with a 
difference in the X- -ray pattern, the two 
perhaps intergrown as a polycrystal. From 
Searles Lake, Calif. Spencer 21, M.M., 
1958. 

galena; galenite. A lead sulfide, PbS; the 
commonest ore of lead, containing 86.6 
percent lead. Occurs as gray cubic crystals, 
often associated with zincblende, in min- 
eralized veins. Argentite, silver sulfide, 
which is isomorphous with galena, may be 
present to the extent of two or three ounces 
per ton, but may rise to 1 percent. When 
freshly broken, galena has a bright silvery 
appearance, from which it has been called 
lead glance. Isometric. Fay; Sanford; A.GI. 

Galena limestone. A Silurian formation in 


Galena limestone 


Illinois and adjoining states. Named from 


Galena, Ill. Webster 2d. 


galenite. Synonym for galena. Fay. 
galenobismutite. a. A lead bismuth sulfide, 


PbS.Bi2Ss, containing 27.5 percent lead and 
55.4 percent bismuth. It is indistinctly crys- 
talline, also massive, foliated, or radiated. 
Mohs’ hardness, 3 to 4; specific gravity, 
6.88 to 7.145. A vein mineral from Nord- 
mark, Sweden. An argentiferous variety 
from Colorado is known as alaskaite. A 
seleniferous variety known as selenbleiwis- 
muthglanz, from Falun, Sweden, carries 
12.43 to 13.61 percent selenium, and is per- 
haps 2PbS.BieS.BisSes. Hess. b. A lead gray 
to tin white metallic mineral with a gray- 
ish-black streak; PbS.BisS3; Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 3 to 4; specific gravity, 7.14 to 6.88. 
Hess. 

galiage. Royalty. A variation of galeage. Fay. 


Galitizin-type seismograph. A vertical seis- 


mograph consisting of a horizontal beam 
hinged at one end and weighted at the 
other, supported by a spring attached below 
the line connecting the hinge and the cen- 
ter of gravity of the weight in order to 
lengthen the period (increase the sensitivity) 
of the system. A.G.I. 


gall. a. Eng. Rent to the Crown for an area 


of mineral property. C.T.D. b. Scot. A dike. 
See also gaw; gull. Arkell. c. Layer of 
molten sulfates floating upon molten glass 
in a tank. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

gallatin. The heavy oil of coal tar used in the 
Bethell process for the preservation of tim- 
ber. Also called dead oil. Standard, 1964. 
galleried cave. A cave in which passages occur 
at two or more distinct levels. A.GI. 
gallery. a. A horizontal or a nearly horizontal 
underground passage, either natural or 
artificial. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. A 
subsidiary passage in a cave at a higher 
level than the main passage. A.G.I. c. In 
mining, a level or drift. Fay. d. A tunnel 
or passage in a coal mine. C.T.D.e. A drift 
or adit. In France, it is another name for 
the heading of a tunnel, usually called 
advanced gallery. Stauffer. f. A subsurface 
collector for percolating water. Seelye, 1. 
g. A passageway, as in a dam. Seelye, 1. 
h. An underground conduit or reservoir. 
Seelye, 1. i. Underground road. Mason. 
gallery furnace. A retort furnace used in the 
distillation of mercury. Fay. 

gallery of efflux. Eng. A drainage tunnel or 
adit. Fay. 

gallery testing. Gallery testing of explosives 
was developed from investigations which 
were Carried out in the latter part of last 
century into the causes of colliery explo- 
sions. The testing conditions were designed 
to resemble those existing underground as 
closely as possible and so the tubular gal- 
lery was devised. The standard tests were 
also developed to reproduce what was con- 
sidered to be the most dangerous condition, 
namely, a blownout shot discharging into 
the most easily ignited mixture of firedamp 
and air. It was felt that the maximum 
danger would occur if the flame and hot 
gases from the explosives were shot into 
the explosive mixture without having to do 
any useful work, as the gases from the ex- 
plosive charge would then be at their maxi- 
mum temperature and pressure. This test 
condition is achieved by firing light charges 
without any stemming and heavier charges 
with only 1 inch of stemming. McAdam II, 
p. 34. 

gallery work. Pottery, especially of a coarse 
kind. Standard, 1964. 








476 


galleting. Small pieces of roofing tile bedded 
in the top course of single lap tiles to give 
a level bedding for the ridge tiles. Dodd. 

galleyware; gallyware. Sixteenth century term 
for the early tin-glazed earthenware; the 
name derives either from the importation 
of the ware in Mediterranean galleys or 
from the use of the tin-glazed tiles in ships’ 
galleys. Dodd. 

galliard. Eng. Very hard, close-grained grit- 
stone, of which the grains are nearly con- 
fluent. Arkell. 

galliard balls. York. Large ironstone concre- 
tions found in sandstone. Arkell. 

galling; seizing. a. Developing a condition on 
the rubbing surface of one or both mating 
parts where excessive friction between high 
spots results in localized welding with sub- 
sequent spalling and a further roughening 
of the surface. ASM Gloss. b. In powder 
metallurgy, the impairment of the surface 
of a compact and/or the die parts due to 
friction. Rolfe. 

gallite. Grains and inclusions in germanite, 
renierite, blende, and other ore minerals 
from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa, contain 
copper, gallium, and sulfur, and are identi- 
cal with artificial CuGaS2; tetragonal, re- 
lated to chalcopyrite. Also from the Kipushi 
mine, Katanga, Republic of the Congo. 
The name refers to its being the first min- 
eral with gallium as an essential constitu- 
ent. Hey M.M., 1961. 

gallium. A, rare metallic element that is widely 
distributed in nature but occurs only in 
tiny quantities in any of the minerals that 
contain it. It occurs in zinc ores, bauxite, 
and certain iron ores. Gallium is silvery, 
gray, or bluish-white; orthorhombic; and 
has the remarkable property for a metal of 
melting at about 30° C. Used as a backing 
for special optical mirrors; in high-tem- 
perature thermometers; and as a nonpoi- 
sonous substitute for mercury in dental 
alloys. Symbol, Ga; valences, 2 and 3; 
atomic number, 31; atomic weight, 69.72; 
specific gravity, 5.907 (at 20° C) ; melting 
point, 29.78° C; boiling point, 2,403° C; 
insoluble in water and in alkalies; and sol- 
uble in acids, Gallium, mercury, cesium, 
and rubidium are the only metals which 
can be liquid near room temperature. 
Rolfe; Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, pp. B-112, B-175. 

gallium arsenide. Dark gray; GaAs; isometric; 
and melting point, 1,240° C. Used in 
microwave. diodes and in high-temperature 
rectifiers and transistors. Lee; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-175. 

gallium oxide. Ga2Os;; melting point, 1,795° 
Sola Cee odd. 

gall of glass. A neutral salt skimmed off the 
surface of melted crown glass. Also called 
sandiver. Fay. 

gallon. The standard gallon of the United 
States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3359 
pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its 
maximum density and at an air pressure 
of 30 inches of mercury. The English im- 
perial gallon contains almost exactly 1.2 
US. gallons. Abbreviation, gal. Webster 3d. 

galloper. York. Small vein striking off from 
main vein; not a cross thing or a north 
vein. Arkell. 

Galloway boiler. A steam boiler which differs 
from the Lancashire boiler only in the de- 
sign of the furnace tubes. Nelson. 

Galloway sinking and walling stage. See 
sinking and walling scaffold. Nelson. 

Galloway stage. Multidecked platform sus- 











galvanizing 


pended near bottom of shaft during sinking. 
It carries part of the equipment in use and 
can be raised or lowered as required during 
blasting, mucking, wall concreting, etc. 
Pryor, 3. 
gallows. N. of Eng. A frame propping the 
roof of a mine consisting of two uprights 
and a crosspiece. Standard, 1964. 
gallows frame. a. Eng. The frame supporting 
a pulley, over which the hoisting rope 
passes to the engine. See also headframe. 
Fay. b. The incorrect term for headframe. 
von Bernewitz. 
gallows timber. A timber framework or set 
for roof support. C.T.D. 
gallyware. See galleyware. Dodd. 
galmei. Synonym for calamine. Hey 2d, 1955. 
gal min™' Abbreviation for gallons per min- 
ute. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 
gal sec’ Abbreviation for gallons per second. 
‘BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 
galt; gault; golt. a. Eng. See Folkstone marl. 
Fay. b. Firm compact clay; brick clay. Hess. 
galvanic cell. A cell in which chemical change 
is the source of electrical energy. It usually 
consists of two dissimilar conductors in 
contact with each other and with an elec- 
trolyte, or of two similar conductors in con- 
tact with each other and with dissimilar 
electrolytes. ASM Gloss. 
galvanic corrosion. a. Corrosion associated 
with the current of a galvanic cell con- 
sisting of two dissimilar conductors in an 
electrolyte or two similar conductors in dis- 
similar electrolytes. Where the two dissimi- 
lar metals are in contact, the resulting 
reaction is referred to as couple action. 
ASM Gloss. b. The corrosion above normal 
corrosion of a metal that is associated with 
the flow of current to a less active metal 
in the same solution and in contact with 
the more active metal. H&G. c. The cor- 
rosion of the anodic (Electronegative) 
member of the galvanic couple that is re- 
lated to the galvanic current by Faraday’s 
law. BuMines Bull. 619, 1964, p. 206. 
galvanic couple. This usually consists of two 
dissimilar metals in electrical contact with 
each other and with an electrolyte. Bu- 
Mines Bull. 619, 1964, p. 206. 
galvanic electromagnetic methods. Electrical 
exploration methods in which electric cur- 
rent is introduced in the ground by means 
of contact electrodes and in which one 
determines the magnetic field that is asso- 
ciated with the current. Schieferdecker. 
galvanic series. A series of metals and alloys 
arranged according to their relative elec- 
trode potentials in a specified environment. 
Compare electromotive series. ASM Gloss. 
galvanize. To coat with zinc. Fay. 
galvanized iron. Sheet iron with a coating of 
zinc. Nelson. 
galvanized rope. Rope made of wires that 


have been galvanized or coated with zinc 


to protect them from corrosion. Zern. 

galvanized sheets. Iron or steel coated with 
zinc. Fay. 

galvanized wire. Zinc-coated wire. Ham. 

galvanizing; hot dip galvanizing. Immersion 
of clean steel or iron in bath of molten zinc 
for purpose of forming a protective coating. 
This sacrificial coating causes the zinc to be 
preferentially corroded when the clad metal 
is in contact with an electrolyte. Sherardiz- 
ing is process of heating iron articles with 
zinc duct to temperature where a strong 
adherent coating is formed. Electrolytic 
galvanizing is the electrodeposition of 
a suitable metal (for example, zinc, or tin) 
on the iron. Pryor, 3. 











galvanometer 








pealvanometer. An instrument for measuring 
}  asmall electric current or for detecting its 
presence or its direction by means of the 
movements of a magnetic needle or of a 
coil in a magnetic field that registers usu- 
ally on a scale or by a moving beam of 
light reflected from a mirror attached to the 
needle or the coil. Webster 3d. String 
(wire) or mirror galvanometers are used 
in oscillographs and other instruments of 
applied geophysics. A.G.J. 
| galvanoscope. An instrument employed for 
} detecting an electric current and showing 
its direction. It differs from, a galvanometer 
in being only qualitative. Standard, 1964. 
| /galvanothermometer. An instrument for meas- 
uring the heat generated by an electric 
current or for measuring the current by 
the heat that it generates. Standard, 1964. 
\|Gamachian. Upper Cincinnatian. A.G./. 
| Supp. 
\ gamagarite. A vanadate of barium, iron, and 
| manganese, Bas(Fe,Mn). V.Ors(OH) 2; 
dark-brown monoclinic needles in manga- 
nese ore; from Gamagara ridge, Postmas- 
burg, Republic of South Africa. Named 
from locality. Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 
| Gamal. Gamma alumina. Used in metallo- 
graphic polishing. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
»gamella. Braz. A wooden bowl, about 2 feet 
| wide at the mouth, and 5 or 6 inches deep, 
used for washing gold out of the auriferous 
material collected in sluices and in river 
sand. Fay. 
gamma. The common unit of magnetic in- 
tensity. It equals 10~° oersted. A.G_I. 
|) gamma-gamma log. A borchole measurement 
of gamma rays originating in a gamma-ray 
source in the instrument and scattering 
back from the rock information to a detec- 
tor shielded from the source. The amount 
of scattering is proportional to electron 
density and, therefore, proportional to mass 
concentration so that the measurement, 
after certain corrections, yields a density 
| log of the formation penetrated. A.G_I. 
|(gammagraphs. A radiograph produced by 
| gamma rays. ASM Gloss. 
|) gammagraphy. In the United States a term 
for inspection of gamma rays. Osborne. 
| gamma iron. The face-centered cubic form of 
pure iron, stable from 1,670° to 2,550° F. 
ASM Gloss. 
jgamma radiation. Emission by radioactive 
substances of quanta of energy correspond- 
ing to X-rays and visible light but with a 
much shorter wavelength than light. They 
may be detected by gamma-ray Geiger 
counters. A.G.J. 
|) gamma-ray counter. An instrument capable 
of detecting and recording the intensity of 
gamma rays emitted by a radioactive sub- 
stance. Compare Geiger-Mueller counter; 
scintillation counter. Long. 
||, gamma-ray detector. An instrument on ships 
for identifying and measuring abnormal 
gamma ray concentrations in the ocean 
areas, as would result from nuclear powered 
vessel refuse and nuclear waste dumping. 
Hy. See gamma-ray counter. Long. 
| gamma-ray inspection. The method consists 
of placing a radioactive source at a given 
distance from one face of the part to be 
radiographed and a photographic film in 
a light-proof cassette between intensifying 
screens against the other face; the whole is 
left in position for a suitable exposure 
time, after which the film is developed. 
Osborne. 
» gamma-ray log. Strip recording of the inten- 
sity of natural radioactivity versus depth, 





ATT 


obtained when a suitable detector is moved 
through a borehole. Institute of Petroleum, 
1961. 

gamma-ray logger. Synonym for gamma-ray 
probe. Long. 

gamma-ray logging. a. The act or process of 
obtaining, by means of a gamma-ray probe, 
a record of the intensities of gamma rays 
emitted by the rock strata penetrated by 
a borehole. Compare electronic logging. 
Long. b. This type of logging can be carried 
out in either a cased or uncased hole, in 
any type of drilling fluid, or in dry holes. 
It can be used in a hole into which sea 
water has broken rendering the resistivity 
curves valueless. Shales, marine clay, and 
potash are generally more radioactive than 
sandstones, limestones, coal, and salt. Ma- 
rine bands are generally, but not invariably, 
characterized by high gamma-ray counts. 
Though the rate of gamma-ray emission is 
erratic and recording must be carried out 
slowly, speeds of up to 1,000 feet per hour 
Ae been attained. Sinclair, III, pp. 104- 
105. 

gamma-ray probe. A gamma-ray counter de- 
vice built into a watertight case small 
enough in diameter to be lowered into a 
borehole, Long. 

gamma rays. High-energy, short-wavelength, 
electromagnetic radiation emitted by a nu- 
cleus. Energies or gamma rays are usually 
between 0.010 and 10 million electron 
volts. X-rays also occur in this energy 
range but are of nonnuclear origin. Gamma 
radiation usually accompanies alpha and 
beta emissions and always accompanies fis- 
sion. Gamma rays are very penetrating and 
are best attenuated by dense materials like 
lead and depleted uranium. L@L. 

gamma-ray spectrometer. An instrument for 
determining the energy distribution of 
gamma rays. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

gamma-ray spectrometer log. A log which 
measures the relative quantities of potas- 
sium, thorium, and uranium present in the 
rocks penetrated by a borehole. Wyllie, 
p. 154. 

gamma-ray well logging. A method of logging 
boreholes by observing the natural radio- 
activity of the rocks through which the hole 
passes. It was developed for logging hcles 
which cannot be logged electrically because 
they are cased. A.G.J. 

gamma structure. a. A thrust sheet with an 
underlying low-angle thrust plane steepen- 
ing abruptly downward. A.G.J. Supp. b. 
overthrusting or overfolding in one direc- 
tion only. A.G.J. Supp. c. A Hume-Rothery 
designation for structurally analogous 
phases or electron compounds that have 
ratios of 21 valence electrons to 13 atoms; 
generally, a large complex cubic structure. 
Not to be confused with gamma phase on 
a constitution diagram. ASM Gloss. 

gamma sulfur. A third allotropic (mono- 
clinic) form of sulfur. From the Island of 
Vulcano, Italy. English. 

gamma uranium. The allotropic form of 
uranium that is stable above 775° C. It has 
a body-centered cubic (isometric) struc- 
ture. Uranium is of importance as the ulti- 
mate source of the two slow-neutron fission- 
able nuclides, uranium 235 and plutonium 
239. See also alpha uranium; beta uraniuni. 
NRC-ASA N1.1-1957; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-143. 

gamma zircon. That type of zircon which 
possesses lower properties than the alpha 
and beta zircon. Amorphous or nearly so, 
due to deteriorated crystal structure; spe- 





gangway 


cific gravity, 4.0; refractive index (single), 
1.79 to 1.84; birefringence approximately 
zero. Rarely fashioned as a gem. Shipley. 

gang. a. Mid. To go; to move along. Fay. 
b. A train or set of mine cars or trams. Fay. 
c. A mine. Fay. d. A set of miners. Fay. 
e. Gangue. Standard, 1964. 

gang art. Eng. The side of a mine. Fay. 

Gang car. A car which may be loaded with 
a block of stone and placed beneath the 
blades of a gang saw. It is a modern sub- 
stitute for the stationary saw bed. Fay. 

gang drill. A set of drills in the same machine 
operated together. Standard, 1964. 

ganger. a. Mid. One who is employed at con- 
veying minerals along the gangways in or 
about a mine, the employment of which is 
known as ganging. Fay. b. A work gang 
foreman. Webster 3d. 

gang filler. In the stonework industry, one 
who attaches and detaches crane slings or 
hooks to and from blocks or slabs of gran- 
ite, marble, and stone in loading the stone 
on gang saw cars or trucks and pulling 
them under the gang saws. D.O.T.1. 

ganggestein. In German mining terminology, 
the detached pieces of more or less altered 
country rock enclosed in ore veins. Not to 
be confused with the petrographic term 
ganggestein. Schieferdecker. 

gang miner. In bituminous coal mining, one 
who works in a group which pools its earn- 
ings regardless of the type of work per- 
formed (drilling, undercutting, blasting, or 
loading coal). D.O.T. 1. 

gang mold. Two or more molds in one frame, 
for forming several refractory brick in one 
operation. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

gang rider. a. Eng. A lad who rides with or 
upon the trams of an underground engine 
plane, to give signals when necessary, and 
to operate any levers, clevises, couplings, 
etc. A trip rider. Fay. b. Guard; train 
attendant. Mason. See dukey; brakeman. 

gang saw. Consists essentially of a series of 
soft steel blades set in a frame that has a 
backward and forward motion, and is used 
to cut granite, limestone, marble, and sand- 
stone. This saw will make parallel cuts of 
any desired spacing. AIME, p. 327. 

gang sawyer. In stonework, one who cuts 
large, rough blocks of limestone, marble, 
granite, slate, or sandstone into slabs or 
smaller blocks with a gang saw to produce 
stone of suitable size for succeeding milling 
operations. Also called gang saw operator; 
mill sawyer; power saw cperator; stone saw 
operator; stone sawyer. D.O.T. 1. 

gangsman. See ganger. Fay. 

gangue. a. Undesired minerals associated with 
ore, mostly nonmetallic. Bateman. b. The 
nonmetalliferous or nonvaluable metallifer- 
ous minerals in the ore. The veinstone or the 
lode filling. Fay. c. The minerals associated 
with the ore in a vein. Fay. d. The fraction 
of ore rejected as tailing in a separating 
process. It is usually the valueless portion, 
but may have some secondary commercial 
use. Pryor, 4. e. Can. Waste. Rock asso- 
ciated with ore but having no mineral con- 
tent or value. Hoffman. 

gangue mineral. A nonmetallic, or a worth- 
less metallic, mineral associated with ore 
minerals. Schieferdecker. 

gangway. a. A main haulage road under- 
ground. Hudson. Frequently called entry. 
Fay. b. A passageway or avenue into or out 
of any enclosed place, as in a mine. Fay. 
c. A passageway driven in the coal at a 
slight grade forming the base from which 
the other workings of the mine are begun. 


gangway 


Korson. d. Penna. Generally confined to 
anthracite mines. Jones. e. An elevated 
roadway. C.T.D. f. Eng. A wooden bridge, 
Newcastle coalfield. Fay. 

gangway cable. A cable designed to be in- 
stalled horizontally (or nearly so) for 
power circuits in mine gangways and en- 
tries. ASA C42.85: 1956. 

ganil. Eng. A brittle limestone. Standard, 
1964. 

ganister; gannister. a. A mixture of ground 
quartz and fire clay used in lining Bessemer 
converters. Standard, 1964. b. A highly 
refractory siliceous sedimentary rock used 
for the manufacture of refractory brick. 
A typical analysis: 98.20 percent SiOs, 
0.30 percent FesOs, 0.90 percent AlsOs, 
0.15 percent CaO, and 0.10 percent MgO. 
Found in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wiscon- 
sin, Ohio, and in Great Britain. CCD 6d, 
1961. c. A fine-grained quartzite used in 
the manufacture of silica brick. Webster 3d. 
d. A local name for a fine close-grained 
siliceous clay that occurs under certain 
coalbeds in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and 
North of England. Fay. 

gank. Derb. A red or yellow vein filling ex- 
tending through joints or fissures. Consid- 
ered as a sign of ore nearby. Fay. 

gannen. N. of Eng. A road (heading) down 
which coal is conveyed in cars running 
upon rails. Fay. An inclined gangway in 
a coal mine. Standard, 1964. 

gantlet; gauntlet. A narrowing of two single 
railway tracks almost into the space of one, 
as on a bridge or in a tunnel, without 
breaking the continuity of either track by 
a switch, the two tracks overlapping each 
other. Standard, 1964. 

gantry; gauntry; gauntree. a. A frame erected 
on a gold dredge for supporting different 
parts of the machinery. Fay. b. A bridge 
or platform carrying a traveling crane or 
winch and supported by a pair of towers, 
trestles, or side frames running on parallel 
tracks. Webster 3d. c. A structure support- 
ing a number of railroad signals for several 
tracks. Webster 3d. d. An overhead struc- 
ture that supports machines or operating 
parts. Nichols. e. An upward extension of 
a shovel revolving frame that holds the 
boom line sheaves. Nichols. f. A temporary 
erection having a working platform used 
as a base for building operations or for the 
support of cranes, scaffolding, or materials. 
GEE=D: 

gantry crame. See portal crane. Ham. 

Gantt chart. Construction program for major 
engineering works, set out in graphic form. 
Down the vertical axis in sequence are set 
out the items concerned. The abscissa shows 
the period covered in days, or weeks, and 
the period allowed for each item marked 
by a horizontal line. The chart displays the 
inter-relation between the items, and aids 
in ensuring that no item is so delayed as 
to impede progress on a later one which 
depends on it. Pryor, 3. 

gap. a. Any deep notch, ravine, or opening in 
a ridge or in a mountain chain, or between 
ridges or between mountains. A.G.I. b. Any 
deep, sharp notch in a mountain ridge. A 
water gap is a notich or a pass which pene- 
trates to the base of the ridge and affords 
a passage or valley for a large stream or 
river. A.G.I. c. See wind gap. d. The root 
opening in a weld joint. ASM Gloss. 

gape. Maximum aperture at entry to a coarse 
crushing machine at which the largest piece 
of rock fed to it can be gripped and acted 
on by the breaking system. Pryor, 3. 





478 


gap-graded aggregate. Aggregate which con- 
tains particles of both large and small sizes, 
but in which particles of certain intermedi- 
ate sizes are wholly or substantially absent. 
Taylor. 

gap-grading. An aggregate grading in which 
certain intermediate sizes of particles are 
wholly or substantially absent. Taylor. 

gap of the outcrop of a bed. The gap between 
the two outcropping parts of a faulted bed- 
ding plane, measured in the strike of that 
bedding plane. See also fault gap; fault- 
line gap. Schieferdecker. 

gap packing. A method of packing for road 
maintenance which consists of gate side 
packs of 3 to 5 yards wide, next a gap of 
at least the width of the road, and finally 
a large pack 5 to 7 yards wide. The waste 
packs are made at least 2 yards wide and 
not less in width than twice the thickness 
of the seam. The gaps provided in strip 
packing are kept clear of supports and 
allow the roof to break up and flow towards 
them. This puts the strata in tension over 
the roads and reduces fracture and crush. 
Mason, v. 1, p. 93. 

gap test. The gap is the greatest distance at 
which, under certain given conditions, a 
priming cartridge is capable of initiating 
a receiving cartridge (receptor). The same 
explosive is usually used both as primer 
and receptor, although the gap distance in 
such a case will also be affected by any 
change in strength which may occur in the 
explosive. The gap test can be carried out 
with the cartridges unconfined or confined. 
for example, in tubes, in air, or in water. 
The test gives, for example, information 
about changes in the explosive due to aging, 
moisture, temperature, etc. Fraenkel, v. 3, 
Art. 16:01, p. 17. 

garbenschiefer. a. A slate characterized by 
concretionary spots suggestive of caraway 
seeds. A.G.J. b. Hornblende garbenschiefer 
is characterized by hornblende porphyro- 
blasts in a granoblastic groundmass of 
quartz and feldspar. See also amphibolite ; 
feather amphibolite; fleckschiefer; frucht- 


schiefer; knotenschiefer; knotted slate. 
maculose; spotted schist; spotted slate. 
A.G.I. 


gard. Eng. Gravelly sand; a variation of 
garde. Fay. 

garde. Corn. Tailings, composed of clay and 
sand, from tin dressing works. Fay. 

garden tile. Structural units made in molds 
and placed as stepping stones through a 
garden or patio. ACSG, 1963. 

garden wall bond. Any bond particularly 
suited to a wall two tiers of brick thick. 
A bond consisting of one header to three 
stretchers alternately in every course. 
AI.S.T. No. 24. 

Gardner crusher. A swing and hammer 
crusher, the hammers being flat U-shaped 
pieces hung from trunnions between two 
disks keyed to a shaft. When revolved, cen- 
trifugal force throws the hammers out 
against the feed and a heavy anvil inside 
the crusher housing. Liddell 2d, p. 356. 

Gardner mobilometer. An instrument for the 
evaluation of the flow properties of vitre- 
ous-enamel slips. It consists of a plunger 
ending in a disk, which may be solid or 
may have a standardized system of perfora- 
tions; the plunger is inserted in a tall cylin- 
der containing slip.and is loaded so that it 
descends through the slip; the time taken 
to fall through a specified distance is a 
measure of the mobility of the slip. Dodd. 

Gareis-Endell plastometer. Consists of two 








garnet rock 


disks between which a cylinder of clay is 
squeezed; the upper disk is rotated while 
the lower disk is slowly raised by a revolv- 
ing drum; a stress/deformation curve is 
recorded. Dodd. 

garganite. Suggested by Viola and de Stefani 
for a dike rock in the Itailan province of 
Foggia, which in the middle, with prevail- 
ing alkali feldspar, contains both augite 
and amphibole, that is vogesite; on the 
edges it contains biotite, hornblende, oli- 
vine, and remembles kersanite. Fay. 

Gargasian. Upper Aptian. A.G.I. Supp. 

gargulho. Braz. A comparatively coarse, clay- 
cemented, ferruginous conglomerate in 
which diamonds and carbonados are found 
in the plateau region of Bahia. Hess. 

garing klip. S. Afr. A native term applied to 
any type of crocidolite yielding commercial 
fiber. Literal translation, cotton stone. Bu- 

. reau of Mines Staff. 

garland. a. A channel fixed around the lining 
within a shaft in order to catch the water 
draining down the shaft walls and conduct 
it by pipes or water boxes to a lower level. 
Also called water curb; water ring; water 
garland. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. b. Eng. A 
wooden, rectangular frame, strengthened 
with iron cornerplates, for keeping the coal 
upon the top of a car. Fay. c. A frame to 
heighten and increase content of a truck. 
C.T.D. 

garnet. A group of silicate minerals including 
several species with related chemical struc- 
ture. Isometric. Garnets are not always 
pure but may contain the molecules of two 
species giving rise to intermediate types, 
as the gem rhodolite. Several principal gar- 
nets are: almandine (iron aluminum), 
abrasive and gem, precious garnet; pyrope 
(manganese aluminum), gems, Arizona 
ruby, Cape ruby, etc.; spessartite (manga- 
nese aluminum), used as a gem, sometimes 
called hyacinth; grossularite (calcium alu- 
minum) ; andradite (calcium iron) ; uvaro- 
vite (calcium chromium) ; essonite, gem 
variety of grossularite; rhodolite, isomor- 
phous mixture of two molecules of pyrope 
and one molecule of almandine. Garnet 
from contact metamorphosed limestones is 
usually grossularite andradite, from peg- 
matites, usually spessartite, from schists, 
usually almandine pyrope, from kimberlites, 
usually pyrope. Fay; A.GTJ. 

garnet blende. Synonym for sphalerite, com- 
monly called blende. Fay. 

garnet doublet. a. A term correctly applied to 
the most common doublet, that with a very 
thin top of red garnet, regardless of the 
color of the doublet. Shipley. b. Any doublet 
of dark red color regardless of whether any 
portion of it is garnet. This is more cor- 
rectly called a garnet-top doublet. Shipley. 

garnetite. A contact metamorphic rock con- 
sisting chiefly of garnet. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955: 

gametization. The introduction of garnet into 
a rock, or the formation of garnet in a rock 
from other minerals in the rock. A process 
commonly associated with contact meta- 
morphism. A.G.I. 

gamet jade. A jadelike variety of grossularite, 
from Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. 
Also called Transvaal jade; South African 
jade. English. 

garnetoid. Substances (silicates, phosphates, 
etc.) which have structures similar to gar- 
net, including hydrogarnet, grossularoid, 
plazolite, griphite, and berzeliite. Spencer 
16, M.M., 1943. 

garnet rock. A rock composed essentially of 











| 
\ 





| 
ernet shell. See shell (cutting). Shipley. 


garnet rock 








garnet. Synonymous with garnetite. Fay. 
\zarnierite. A green, hydrous nickel- -magnesium 
silicate, (Ni,Mg)SiOs.nH2O, amorphous. 
A variety of genthite. Sanford; Dana 17. 
arrelsite. Borosilicate, (Ba,Ca,Mg)sBs(BOs)2- 
(SiO«s)2(OH)2.2H2O. Small monoclinic crys- 
tals related to datolite, from an oil boring 
at Onray, Utah. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 


Berronite. A tentative name for a zeolite re- 


lated to phillipsite, occurring in the basalts 
of the Garron plateau, County Antrim, 
Ire. Named from locality. Hey, M.M., 1961. 


)garspar. A mixture of finely ground glass and 


quartz, produced in the grinding of plate 
glass. Used as a substitute for feldspar in 
ceramics. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gas. a. In mining, a mixture of atmospheric 
air with firedamp. Standard, 1964. b. The 
term normally used by miners to designate 
any impure air, especially explosive com- 
binations. B.C.J. c. The term generally 
applied to denote firedamp. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. d. The mixture of natural 
explosive gases met with in most coal 
mines. C.T.D. e. Any aeriform liquid other 
than atmospheric air, such as gaseous car- 
bon dioxide (blackdamp), carbon monoxide 
(whitedamp), methane (firedamp), and 
the common combustible petroleum-prod- 
uct gases. Compare acetylene; bottle gas. 
Long. f. Abbreviation for gasoline. Long. 
See also manufactured gas; natural gas. 
g. A fluid (as air) that has neither inde- 
pendent shape nor volume but tends to 
expand indefinitely. A substance at a tem- 
perature above its critical temperature and 
therefore not liquefiable by pressure alone. 
Webster 3d. h. A fluid of low density and 
of high compressibility. The specific recog- 
nition of a gas as distinct from a liquid of 
the same composition requires the simul- 
taneous presence of both phases at equi- 
librium. See also fluid ; liquid; vapor. A.G.I. 
i, As a verb, to affect or to treat with gas. 
To subject to the action of gas. Webster 3d. 


|'gas adsorption method. A technique for the 


determination of specific surface; variants 
of the method include the Brunauer, Em- 
mett and Teller method and the Harkins 
and Jura method. See also specific surface ; 
Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method; 
Harkins and Jura method. Dodd. 


j)gas alarm. Device or signal system which 


warns underground workers of dangerous 
concentration of firedamp. Pryor, 3. 


|) gas analysis. An analysis of mine air to give 


information regarding the oxygen content 
of the air, the presence of explosive or 
otherwise undesirable gas or gases. It is 
a valuable aid in following the changes in 
mine air during fires and after explosions. 
Lewis, p. 731. See also Burrell apparatus. 


|| gas and mist sampler. This instrument is de- 


signed primarily for the automatic collec- 
tion over a 24-hour period of one sample 
per hour of airborne material such as sulfur 
dioxide, ammonia, fluorides, and some 
acids; it can be adapted to the collection 
of many other air contaminants. A fixed 
volume of air is drawn through a special 
impinger. At the end of the period, the col- 
lecting fluid is discharged into a tube and 
is analyzed later. Bests, p. 578. 

)gas barren. A barren tract of ground, devoid 
of vegetation, up-to several acres in extent, 
characterized by escaping volcanic gases 
and deposits of sulfur, and underlain by 
rocks (usually acid volcanic rocks) in an 
advanced state of decomposition. It occurs 
in regions of hot spring activity and is 





479 


formed through a process of acid leaching 
of the surface rocks. A.G_J. 

gas black; carbon black; channel black. 
Finely divided carbon made by the incom- 
plete combustion or the thermal decompo- 
sition of natural gas. Used as a reinforcing 
agent in rubber products. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gas boss. See fire boss. D.O.T. 1. 

gas bubbles. Bubbles seen as inclusions in 
glass, synthetic corundum, and synthetic 
spinel, which reveal their difference from 
genuine corundum, spinel, and most other 
genuine gems, in which inclusions are more 
angular. Shipley. 

gas cap. a. The faint bluish flame that ap- 
pears over the testing flame of a miner’s oil 
safety lamp when a percentage of firedamp 
is present in the mine air. McAdam, p. 151. 
See also cap, e. b. The free gas occurring 
above the oil in a reservoir. It occurs when- 
ever more gas is available than will dis- 
solve in the associated oil under the existing 
pressure and temperature in the reservoir. 
A.G.I. 

gas-cap drive. The force exerted by the energy 
of expanding gas of a gas cap. It is used to 
produce oil from the reservoir. A.G.I. 

gas carbon. Hard form of carbon obtained 
as a byproduct in the manufacture of coal 
gas; used to make graphitic crucibles and 
carbon electrodes. Bennett 2d. 1962. 

gas carburizing. The introduction of carbon 
into the surface layers of mild steel by 
heating in a current of gas high in car- 
bon—usually hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons 
and carbon monoxide. C.T.D. 

gas centrifuge process. A method of isotope 
separation in which heavy atoms are sepa- 
rated from light atoms by centrifugal force. 
L&L. 

gas classification. The separation of powder 
into particle size fractions by means of a 
gas stream of controlled velocity. ASTM 
B243-65. 

gas coal. a. Any coal that yields a large quan- 
tity of illuminating gas as on distillation. 
It should be free from sulfur and other im- 
purities. Fay. See also fat coal; bottle coal. 
b. Good gas coals for use in coal-gas retorts 
and commercial byproduct plants range 
from 33 to 38 percent in volatile matter. 
They should be low in sulfur because one- 
fourth to one-half of the sulfur of the coal 
passes off as hydrogen sulfide with the gas, 
and city regulations commonly prescribe 
30 grains per 100 cubic feet as the maxi- 
mum proportion of this constituent allow- 
able. Mitchell, p. 120. c. A bituminous coal, 
such as cannel or parrot coal, used in gas 
making. Gordon. d. A coal suitable for the 
manufacture of town gas and coke. B.S. 
3323, 1960. 

gas coke. Coke formed in gas retorts as dis- 
tinguished from that made in a coke oven. 
Webster 3d. 

gas concrete. See aerated concrete. Dodd. 

gas conductor. A pipe for leading combustion 
gases from the mouth of a blast furnace 
to a hot-blast stove. Fay. 

gas constant. The constant R in the perfect 
gas equation, PV = RT. Strock, 10. 

gas-cooled reactor. A nuclear reactor in which 
gas is the coolant. L@L,. 

gas-cut. Term used to describe the fluffy mix- 
ture of gas-bearing drilling mud recovered 
in testing. Wheeler. 

gas-cut mud. In oil-well drilling, mud intro- 
duced into the hole which has been lowered 
in effective density by natural gas rising 
from the strata traversed. Pryor, 3. 

gas cutting. a. The retention by drilling fluid 





gaseous transfer 


of gas entrained during drilling. Unless a 
drilling fluid is able to release entrained 
gas before returning to the well, that fluid 
will become gas cut and the hydrostatic 
head of the fluid column will be reduced. 
A thick drilling fluid will gas cut more 
easily than a thin one. Brantly, 1. b. See 
roof cutting. Kentucky, p. 145. 

gas cyaniding. A misnomer for carbonitriding. 
ASM Gloss. 

gas cycling (recycling). A secondary-recovery 
process involving injection into the reser- 
voir of the gas or a portion of the gas pro- 
duced with the oil from that reservoir. 
When pressure is maintained, gas cycling 
may be one of the means employed. A.G.I. 

gas detector. A device to show the presence 
of firedamp, etc., in a mine. Standard, 
1964. See also safety lamp; Burrell gas 
detector; Methanometer; eudiometer. Fay. 

gas drain. a. Eng. A heading driven in a mine 
for the special purpose of carrying off fire- 
damp from any working. Fay. b. A tunnel 
or borehole for conducting gas away from 
old workings. C.T.D. 

gas emission. The release of gas from the 
strata into the mine workings. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. 

gas-emission rate. The quantity of firedamp 
discharged, from the strata and coal seams, 
into the ventilating air of a coal mine. 
The rate may be expressed on a time or 
tonnage basis. Gas emission varies with (1) 
the rate of advance of the workings; (2) 
the face operation such as cutting, blasting, 
loading, etc.; and (3) the barometric read- 
ing. Nelson. 

gas enclosure. A gas inclusion in a stone, 
such as can be found in all synthetic corun- 
dum. Shipley. 

gas engine. An internal-combustion engine 
similar to a gasoline engine but using nat- 
ural or manufactured gas instead of gaso- 
line vapor ; broadly, an internal-combustion 
engine. Webster 3d. 

gaseous. a. Having the form of or being gas; 
of or relating to gases. Webster 3d. b. Lack- 
ing substance or solidity. Webster 3d. 

gaseous diffusion. A method of isotope sepa- 
ration based on the fact that atoms or 
molecules of different masses will diffuse 
through a porous barrier at different rates. 
The method is used to enrich uranium with 
the uranium 235 isotope. L@L. 

gaseous dispersion pattern. A dispersion pat- 
tern that may be detected by analysis of 
either of soil air, of gas dissolved in under- 
ground water, or of gas condensed in the 
rocks and soil. Hawkes, 2, p. 70. Gaseous 
dispersion patterns of interest include those 
of hydrocarbons and some noble gases re- 
sulting from nuclear decay of radioactive 
elements. Lewis, p. 301. 

gaseous fuel. Includes natural gas and the 
prepared varieties, such as coal gas, oil 
gas, iron blast furnace gas, as well as pro- 
ducer gas, etc. Newton, p. 248. 

gaseous place. A place that is likely to be 
dangerous from the presence of flammable 
gas. Fay. 

gaseous reduction. The reduction of metal- 
lic compounds to metallic particles using 
a reducing gas. Henderson. 

gaseous transfer. a. The process in which 
selective transport of magmatic substances 
is accomplished by gases rising from lower 
to higher levels. It has been suggested as 
an important process in the formation of 
certain mineral deposits described as 
pneumatolytic. Schieferdecker. b. The 
process by which a magma differentiates 


gaseous transfer 


by the separation of a gaseous phase which 
then moves relative to the magma. A.G_I. 

gas evolution. The liberation of gas in the 
form of bubbles during the solidification 
of metals. It may be due to the fact that 
the solubility of a gas is less in the solid 
and liquid metal respectively, as when 
hydrogen is evolved by aluminum and its 
alloys, or to the promotion of a gas-form- 
ing reaction, as when iron oxide and car- 
bon in molten steel react to form carbon 
monoxide. See also blowholes; unsound- 
ness. C.T.D. 

gas explosion. A major or minor explosion 
of firedamp in a coal mine, in which coal 
dust apparently did not play a significant 
part. See also coal-dust explosion. Nelson. 

gas field. A district where natural gas is 
produced in commercial quantities. Web- 
ster 3d. 

gas fire radiant. The radiants for gas fires are 
made of refractory material having good 
resistance to thermal shock. The usual 
composition is a mixture of clay and 
crushed fused silica; this is shaped and 
then fired at about 1,000° C. Dodd. 

gas firing. The combustion of coal effected by 
burning in such a way as to produce a 
combustible gas, which is then burned 
secondarily in the laboratory of the fur- 


nace. Fay. 
gas -flame coal. Coal containing 35 to 40 
percent volatiles (dry, ashless basis). 


Tomkeieff, 1959. 

gas flotation. See crystal flotation. A.G.I. 

gas fluxing. a. A process in which the addi- 
tion of gaseous materials acts as a flux to 
promote melting. A.G.J. b. A rapid up- 
streaming of free, juvenile gas through a 
column of molten magma in the conduit 
or pipe of a volcano, the gas acting as a 
flux to promote the melting of the wall 
rocks. Synonymous with volcanic blow- 
piping. A.G.I. 

gas generator. Chemical plant for producing 
gas from coal, for example, water gas by 
alternating combustion of coal and reduc- 
tion of steam. C.T.D. 

gas grooves. Hills and valleys in electrolytic 
deposits caused by streams of hydrogen or 
other gas rising continuously along the 
surface of the deposit while it is forming. 
Henderson. 

gash. A vein, wide above, narrow below, and 
terminating in depth, within the forma- 
tion it traverses. See also gash vein. Fay. 

gash fracture. One of the open gashes diag- 
onal to a fault or to a fault zone. It is a 
tension fracture. A.G.I. 

gashouse coal tar. Coal tar produced in gas- 
house retorts in the manufacture of illu- 
minating gas from bituminous coal. Urqu- 
hart, Sec. 2, p. 81. 

gash vein. a. A mineralized fissure that ex- 
tends only a short distance vertically. It 
may be confined to a single stratum of 
rock, and it is a comparatively shallow 
vein. See also gash. Fay. b. A deposit 
filling a nonpersistent opening that has 
fair width but which soon ends when fol- 
lowed along its strike or dip. A.G.I. c. The 
term is frequently erroneously employed 
to designate small wedge-shaped fissures 
in stressed, brittle rocks. The term origi- 
nally applied by Whitney, however, desig- 
nates vertical solution joints in limestone. 
Solution is essential, or they are not gash 
veins. They are confined to single forma- 
tions, seldom reach 200 feet in depth, and 
widen and narrow conspicuously. In some 
respects, they resemble fissure veins. They 











480 


are common in limestone regions. Those in 
the Upper Mississippi Valley were the 
first described. The fillings are charac- 
terized by crustification, large vugs, and 
beautiful crystals; and they consist of 
lead, zinc, silver-lead, copper, fluorspar, 
and barite. Bateman, 1950, p. 135. d. A 
simple fissure across the bedding of the 
rocks, without any throw or slide of the 
rocks. Gordon. 

gasification. Conversion of coal to gaseous 
fuel without leaving a combustible residue. 
BiS13323, 1960. 

gasification of coal, underground. See under- 
ground gasification. 

gas ignition. The setting on fire of a small 
or large accumulation of firedamp in a 
coal mine. The ignition may be caused 
by a safety lamp, electrical machinery, ex- 
plosives, frictional sparking, etc. Nelson. 

gas indicator. A pocket device for the rapid 
determination of the percentage of carbon 
dioxide in the atmosphere of mines, boiler- 
rooms, blast furnaces, etc. Fay, p. 59. 

gas inspector. a. In the coke products indus- 
try, one who maintains gas pressure within 
prescribed limits in collecting main to 
minimize leakage of gas or air through 
oven walls by adjusting governors. He also 
supervises such operations as weighing and 
charging coal, and cleaning area and 
equipment on top of battery. D.O.T. Supp. 
b. See coal mine inspector. D.O.T. 1. 

gasket. a. A flat sheet of asbestos compound, 
sometimes sandwiched between thin cop- 
per sheets. Used for making gastight joints 
between engine cylinders and heads, etc. 
C.T.D. b. Jointing or packing material, 
such as cotton rope impregnated with 
graphite grease. Used for packing stuffed 
boxes on pumps, etc. C.T.D. 

gas laws. Those of Gay-Lussac, Boyle, and 
Charles are combined in the equation 
PV = RT, where P is pressure, V is vol- 
ume, R is the gas constant, and T is the 
absolute temperature. These laws apply 
only to a perfect gas and are modified by 
Van der Waals effects. Pryor, 3. See also 
Boyle’s law; Charles’s law; Gay-Lussac’s 
law. 

gas lift engineer. In petroleum production, 
one who controls the operation of a gas 
recovery system and compressors to retain 
natural gas that separates from petroleum 
and force it back into wells to flow (force) 
oil artifically to surface. Also called com- 
pressor engineer; compressor operator, 
field; gas plant booster; gas plant engi- 
neer; gas plant operator; pressure plant 
engineer. D.O.T. 1. 

gas lime. Slaked lime; used to take the car- 
bon dioxide, carbon disulfide, and hydro- 
gen sulfide out of gas. Bennett, 2d, 1962. 

gas locking. A condition occurring in pumps 
where the trapped fluid is compressed. and 
then expands without letting any addi- 
tional fluid into the pump barrel. Gas lock- 
ing increases the temperature which de- 
creases pump efficiency. American Petro- 
leum Institute. Drilling and Production 
Practice, 1963, p. 150. 

gas-logged strata. Rock formations, usually 
in coal mines, which contain a relatively 
high proportion of methane. When de- 
scensional ventilation is practiced, the 
buoyancy pressure of the firedamp opposes 
the ventilating pressure across the district 
with a tendency for bed separation cav- 
ities to become gas-logged or contain 
firedamp of high concentrations. The same 








gasoline locomotive 


may apply to waste cavities with no nat- 
ural exit to the return. Nelson. 

gasman. An underground official who ex- 
amines the mine for firedamp and has 
charge of its removal. See also fire boss; 
fire viewer. Hess. 

gas mask. An air-purifying device which by 
such processes as oxidation, chemical com- 
bination, or absorption removes toxic gases 
from the inspired air of the wearer. Its 
use is limited to conditions where there is 
sufficient oxygen to support life, and 
where, by the standards set by the U. S. 
Bureau of Mines, the total toxic contam- 
ination is not over 2 percent by volume 
for most gases. According to the chemical 
canister used it is adapted to protection 
against acid gases, organic vapors, am- 
monia, phosphine, and carbon monoxide, 
either singly or in various combinations, 

\ and by adding special] filters provides pro- 
tection against dusts, fumes, mists, fogs, 
and smokes. Bests, p. 100. See also min- 
ing gas mask; M.S.A. all-service gas mask; 
Puretha gas mask. 

gas, natural. See natural gas. Fay. 

gasoclastic. Applied to fine sediments moved 
by gas pressure in mud volcanoes. A.G.I. 

gasogene; gazogene; gasogen. A _ portable 
contrivance for producing gas by the ac- 
tion of acid on a carbonate. The gas is 
used for aerating water. Hess. 

gas oil; diesel oil; solar oil. A petroleum 
distillate obtained after kerosine; flash 
point, 168° F. Used for carbureting water 
gas in gas plants and for driving road and 
stationary diesel engines. C.T.D. 

gas-oil ratio. The number of cubic feet of 


gas produced with each barrel of oil. 


A.G.I. 

gas-oil ratio, reservoir. The number of cubic 
feet of gas per barrel of oil originally in 
the reservoir. A.G.I. 

gas-oil surface. A surface that forms the 
boundary between a body of petroleum 
and an overlying body of natural gas. 
A.G.I. 

gasol. A product condensed from casing- 
head gas by applying a pressure of 850 to 
900 pounds per square inch at ordinary 
temperature. Specific gravity, 0.5; and 1 
pound of the liquid produces 7 cubic feet 
of gas. Fay. 

gasoline. a. A refined petroleum naphtha 
which, by its composition, is suitable for 
use as a carburant in internal-combustion 
engines. ASTM D288-57. b. A volatile 
flammable liquid obtained from petroleum 
which has a boiling range of approxi- 
mately 85° to 420° F, and is used as fuel 
for spark ignition internal-combustion en- 
gines. Shell Oil Co. c. In Great Britain, 
spelled gasolene; in the United States and 
Canada, commonly abbreviated to gas. 
Hess. 

gasoline locomotive. A mine locomotive that 
is comparable to the steam locomotive in 
radius of travel, and which has a speed 
of 3 to 12 miles per hour when used in 
mines. It is far safer than the steam loco- 
motive in gassy mines because it has no 
open fire. Normally 4 to 6 percent of the 
exhaust gases is CO, and under very bad 
conditions of carburation, this fraction can 
rise up to 13.5 percent. For continued 
breathing, the concentration of CO should 
be less than 1:20,000 and should never 
exceed 0.01 percent. Precautions should be 
taken against leakage at the carburetor and 
when charging tanks. Stoces, v. 1, pp. 180- 
181. 








gasoline plant engineer 


|, gasoline plant engineer. In petroleum pro- 

duction, one who compresses natural gas 

to high pressure for extraction of natural 
gasoline or for loading into gas cylinders 

| for use as fuel. D.O.T. 1. 

||, gasometers. Tall metal chambers (gas 

holders) fitted with a roof which rises or 

falls wth the entry or removal of gas. The 
roof is weighted so that the gas is com- 
pressed, thus enabling it to pass along 
gas mains and pipes at a suitable pressure 

(about 8 inch water gage) for efficient 

|} combustion. Cooper, pp. 391-392. 

/ gasoscope. An apparatus for detecting the 
presence of dangerous gas escaping into a 
| coal mine or a dwelling house. Fay. 
|, gas phase. Any chemical substance in the 
form of gas, as contrasted with the liquid 
| or solid form, is in the gas phase. A.G.I. 
|), gas pickling. A method of preparing sheet 
steel for vitreous enameling by treatment, 
while hot, with gaseous HCl. Dodd. 

_gas pipe. Mid. A short wooden pipe about 4 

| by 4 inches inside, having its upper end 

open to the roof, and the lower end open- 

ing into the bratticing so that any gas 

given off in the roof may be carried away 

as formed. Any pipe for conveying gas. 
Fay. 

_ gas pit. A small circular pit with a surround- 
ing mud mound formed by the escape of 
gas bubbles (of methane generated during 
the decomposition of organic debris) from 
the surface of a mud bar. Large craterlike 
pits are formed in submerged mud and silt 
bars as the result of erosion in the vicinity 
of active gas bubble agitation. A.G_I. 

,gas plant booster. See gas lift engineer. 
DyOeTE +12 

|, gas plant engineer. See gas lift engineer. 

D:OuD. of: 

\ gas plant operator. See gas lift engineer. 

D OUF oP: 

|, gas plating. The same as vapor plating. ASM 

Gloss. 

|| gas pocket. a. A cavity in the rocks contain- 

ing gas, generally above an oil pocket. 

Mersereau, 4th, p. 198. b. In metallurgy, 

a cavity caused by entrapped gas. ASM 

Gloss. c. In cast iron will cause enameling 

difficulties, but this condition may be over- 

come by first properly annealing the cast- 
ing. Hansen. 

|, gas pool. A connected, natural underground 

| accumulation of natural gas under one 

pressure system in the pore spaces or other 

voids in the rock. A.G.J. 

|, gas pore. A gas bubble in a mineral. Stand- 

ard, 1964. 

|| gas pressure. The pressure exerted by the 

explosive gases after an explosion. Streef- 

kerk, p. 42. 

| gas producer. A furnace in which coal is 

' burned for the manufacture of producer 

| gas. There are two types, namely: (1) 

The step-grate, natural-draught generator, 
which is but a development of the ordi- 
| nary firebox and (2) the shaft furnace, 
| with or without a grate and worked by 
a natural or forced draft. The latter type 
is identical in many respects with a blast 
| smelting furnace. The principal producers 
are Boetius, Dawson, Dowson, Duff, 
Hegeler, Mond, Siemens, Smythe, Swin- 
dell, Talbott, Taylor, Wellman, and Wil- 
son. Fay. 

| gas ratio. The ratio of the volume at atmos- 
pheric pressure of the gas developed by an 
explosive to the volume of the solid from 
which it was formed is called the gas ratio 
of an explosive. Many commercial explo- 














A481 


sives have a gas ratio of about 8. Ammo- 
nium nitrate plus fuel oil has a ratio of 
about 20. Leet, 2, p. 10. 

gas retort. A refractory structure used for 
the conversion of coal into coke with the 
simultaneous distillation of town gas. 
There are two types—continuous vertical 
retort and horizontal retort. In the United 
Kingdom, the refractories used must meet 
the specifications issued by the Gas Coun- 
cil in collaboration with the Society of 
British Gas Industries and the British 
Coking Industry Association. See also con- 
tinuous vertical retort; horizontal retort. 
Dodd. 

gas reverser. In the iron and steel industry, 
one who reverses gas valves by manipulat- 
ing levers to throw hot combustion gases 
from one side of the furnace to the other, 
to keep the furnace heat evenly distrib- 
uted, and to prevent burning out on one 
side. D.O.T. 1. 

gas rig. A borehole drill, either rotary or 
churn-drill type, driven by a combustion- 
type engine using a combustible liquid, 
such as gasoline, or a combustible gas, such 
as bottle gas, as the source of the moti- 
vating energy. Long. 

gas sand. a. A sandstone or other rock con- 
taining natural gas. Webster 3d. b. The 
reservoir rock, or that portion of such 
rock, in which gas is contained. A.G.I. 

gassed. See gassing, f. 

gas separator. See gas trap. Fay. 

gasser. A well that yields gas, including an 
oe well that produces much gas. Webster 
3d. 

gas shale. Bituminous shale yielding gas on 
dry distillation. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gas-shielded arc welding. Arc welding in 
which the arc and molten metal are 
shielded from the atmosphere by a stream 
of gas, such as argon, helium, argon-hydro- 
gen mixtures, or carbon dioxide. ASM 
Gloss. 

gas show. a. A gas cap over the flame of a 
miners’ flame safety lamp—usually a small 
gas percentage. Nelson. b. A surface indi- 
cation of the escape of natural gas from 
underground reservoirs; of importance in 
oilfield exploration. C.T.D. 

gassing. a. Absorption of gas by a metal. 
ASM Gloss. b. Evolution of gas from a 
metal during melting operations or on 
solidification. ASM Gloss. c. The evolution 
of gas from an electrode during electrolysis. 
ASM Gloss. d. The evolution of gas which 
takes place in an accumulator towards 
the end of its charging period. C.7.D. 
e. Act or process of causing something to 
interact with gas. Webster 3d. {. The de- 
liberate or inadvertent poisoning of per- 
sons exposed to noxious gases or fumes. 
Webster 3d. g. The formation of gas bub- 
bles in the milled porcelain enamel slip. 
ASTM (C286-65. h. The occurrence of 
certain surface imperfections on enamel- 
ware, such as poor gloss or blisters, as a 
result of a gassy furnace. ACSB-3. 

gassing of copper. A process which denotes 
the brittleness produced when copper con- 
taining oxide is heated in an atmosphere 
containing hydrogen. The hydrogen dif- 
fuses into the metal and combines with 
oxygen, forming steam which cannot dif- 
fuse out. A high steam pressure is built up 
at the crystal boundaries and the cohe- 
sion is diminished. C.T.D. 

gas spectrum. a. The spectrum, consisting of 
bright lines or bands, obtained by dispers- 
ing the light from a glowing gas or vapor. 











gastrolith 


Webster 2d. b. An absorption spectrum 
obtained by passing light through a gas or 
vapor. Webster 2d. 


gas spurt. One of the little heaps that occur 


on the surface of certain strata containing 
organic matter. Gas spurts are believed to 
have been caused by the escape of gas dur- 
ing the early formative stages of the strata. 
Webster 3d. 


gas streaming. A process of differentiation 


in which the formation of a gas phase at 
a late stage in the crystallization results in 
partial expulsion, by the escaping gas 
bubbles, of residual liquid from among 
the network of crystals. A.G_I. 


gassy. a. A coal mine is rated gassy by the 


U. S. Bureau of Mines if an ignition oc- 
curs or if a methane content exceeding 
0.25 percent can be detected, and work 
must be halted if the methane exceeds 1.5 
percent in a return airway. Hartman, p. 
23. b. A mine is said to be gassy when it 
gives off methane or other gas in quan- 
tities which must be diluted with pure air 
to prevent occurrence of explosive mix- 
tures. B.C.J.c. A gassy furnace is a serious 
hindrance to the production of good 
enamelware. A furnace may become gassy 
through leaks in the muffle, which allow 
gaseous products of incomplete combus- 
tion to enter the burning chamber. Blis- 
ters or a smoky, fogged appearance on the 
ware may result, if this avoidable condi- 
tion is encountered. Hansen. 


gassy mine; fiery mine. A coal mine where 


the gas emission rate is high; a safety 
lamp mine. Nelson. 


gassy surface. A defect characterized by 


poor gloss and fuzzy surface texture. 


ASTM C286-65. 


gas tank. a. A large tank for holding sup- 


plies of gas. Hess. b. A gas trap. Fay. 


gas tar. Coal tar condensed from coal gas, 


consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Dis- 
tillaton of tar provides many substances, 
for example, ammoniacal liquor, benzole, 
maphtha, and creosote oils, with a residue 
of pitch. Dehydrated, it is known as road 
tar, and used as a binder in road making. 


C.T.D. 


gas tracers. Slowly moving air currents can 


be directly observed by using smokes. These 
may range from simple dust clouds, 
through various chemical smokes, to more 
refined techniques employing gas and 
radioactive tracers. Various chemicals have 
been used, including stannic chloride, 
titanium tetrachloride, and _ pyrosulfuric 
acid. These materials give off white fumes 
when their vapors come into contact with 
atmospheric moisture. The method of com- 
mon use is to carry the chemical in sealed 
glass phials which can be smashed when 
an observation is to be made. Roberts, I, 


p. 230. 


gas trap. One of many devices for separating 


and saving the gas from the flow and lead 
lines of producing oil wells. The mixture 
of oil and gas is allowed to flow through 
a chamber large enough to reduce the 
velocity of the mixture to the point at 
which the oil and gas tend to separate. 
The gas seeking the top of the chamber, 
is drawn off free of oil, while the oil is dis- 
charged at the bottom. Also called gas 
separator; gas tank. BuMines T. P. No. 
209, 1919, pp. 5-6. 


gastrolith. Highly polished, well-rounded 


pebbles associated with saurian skeletons. 
They are believed to have been stomach 
stones. Synonym for stomach stone. A.G.J. 


gastropod 


gastropod. a. A member of the phylum Mol- 
lusca, class Gastropoda. Usually it has a 
calcareous exoskeleton or shell, which is 
coiled asyrnmetrically and has no internal 
partitions. A.G.J. b. Any member of a 
large and important class of mollusks that 
typically possesses a coiled, single-cham- 
bered shell. Marine, freshwater, and terres- 
trial forms exist, and the group has fossil 
representatives in the Cambrian system 
and in all younger rocks. The gastropods 
are extremely numerous at the present, 
and they have been important throughout 
the Cenozoic era. Snails are the common- 
est gastropods. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

gastunite. The names gastunite 1, gastunite 
la, gastunite 1b were given by H. Haber- 
landt and A. Schiener (1951) to three 
imperfectly characterized uranium min- 
erals. Gastunite 1b proves to be betaurano- 
tile, while gastunite la has since been de- 
scribed under the name of haiweeite; gas- 
tunite 1 appears to be a lower hydrate of 
haiweeite, but is not identical with the 
dehydrated haiweeite named metahaiwee- 
ite. Unfortunately, R. M. Honea has de- 
scribed another mineral, distinct from any 
of the three named by Haberlandt and 
Schiener, under the name of gastunite; 
this fourth gastunite proves to be identical 
with weeksite. In view of the prior uses 
of gastunite, the name weeksite is to be 
preferred. Honea also describes artificial 
analogues, ammonium-, hydronium-, potas- 
sium-, and sodium-gastunites. Hey, M.M., 
1961. 

gas turbine. A device for the conversion of 
the energy of hot gases, derived from in- 
ternal combustion, into rotary motion of 
a machine element. The efficiency in- 
creases with operating temperature and 
is at present limited by the safe tempera- 
ture at which heat-resisting alloys can be 
used. There has been much research on 
the possible use of cermets and other spe- 
cial ceramics in these turbines, particularly 
in the blades. Dodd. 

gas turf. Same as candle turf. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

gas watchman, In bituminous coal mining, 
one who makes morning examinations for 
gas before men enter mine. D.O.T. 1. See 
also fireman; fire boss; fire viewer; gas- 
man. 

gas water. Water through which coal gas has 
been passed, and which has absorbed the 
impurities of the gas. Fay. 

gas-water surface. A surface that forms the 
boundary between a body of ground water 
and an overlying body of natural gas. 
A.G.I. 

gas welding. Welding with heat from a gas 
flame. ASM Gloss. 

gas well. a. A well that produces chiefly 
natural gas. Webster 3d. b. A deep boring 
from which natural gas is discharged. Fay. 
c. A well having such a pressure and vol- 
ume of gas and close enough to a market 
that the gas can be produced commer- 
cially. Fay. 

gas well plugger. In petrolum production, 
one who in addition to pulling out and 
recovering casing in old wells, plugs the 
entire depth or the lower portion of aban- 
doned wells with concrete to prevent the 
draining of surrounding gas-bearing strata, 
and to prevent water entering the gas 
sands. D.O.T. 1. 

gasworks. A plant for manufacturing gas. 
Webster 3d. 

gas zone. A formation which contains capil- 





482 


lary or supercapillary voids, or both, that 
are full of natural gas under pressure 
considerably exceeding the atmospheric 
pressure. Fay. 

gatch. A plaster used especially in Persian 
architectural ornamentation. Webster 3d. 

gatchers. Corn. The final sludge or ieavings 
from a tin-ore concentration plant. Fay. 

gate. a. Eng. Gateway or gate road. A road 
or way underground for air, water, or 
general passage; a gangway. Fay. b. Eng. 
A road packed out in longwall goaf. When 
ripped in the waste to provide packing 
material on a conveyor face, it is called 
a dummy gate. Also called gateroad; gate- 
way; main brow; trail road. SMRB, Paper 
No. 61. c. The apparatus at the bottom of 
an ore chute for filling cars. Also called 
a chute. Spalding, p. 159. d. Synonym 
for swivel head. Also, the swivel ring of 
the swivel head of a diamond drill. Long. 
e. An opening cut into the cope through 
which the molten metal is poured into the 
mold. Freeman. f. The closing piece in a 
stop valve. Standard, 1964. g. A valve 
controlling the admission of water to a 
waterwheel or conduit. Standard, 1964. h. 
The portion of the runner in a mold 
through which molten metal enters the 
mold cavity. Sometimes the generic term 
is applied to the entire network of con- 
necting channels which conduct metal into 
the mold cavity. ASM Gloss. i. A refrac- 
tory slab lowered in the forehearth chan- 
nel for shutting off the flow of glass. 
ASTM C162-66. 

gate belt conveyors. Conveyors usually from 
26 to 30 inches wide and troughed so as to 
centralize the load and minimize spillage. 
A scraper feeder, consisting of an elevat- 
ing chain conveyor driven by the gate belt, 
is often used to transfer the coal from the 
face belt to the gate belt. Mason, v. 1, 
p. 117. 

gate chamber. The recess formed in a lock 
wall to house a ship caisson or other lock 
gate when open. Ham. 

gate conveyor. A gate road conveyor which 
carries coal from one source or face only, 
that is, from a single-unit or double-unit 
face. See also face conveyor; gathering 
conveyor. Nelson. 

gated. Describes that part of the molding 
process wherein the floating slag is sepa- 
rated from the molten metal. Castings to 
be enameled should be gated, at a point 
where any roughness will be least promi- 
nent in the finished article. Hansen. 

gated pattern. A pattern designed to in- 
clude gating in the mold. ASM Gloss. 

gate end. The coal face or inby end of a 
gate. See also gate, a. Fay. 

gate-end box; gate-end unit. A flameproof 
enclosure primarily for use at or near the 
coalface and designed to line up with 
similar boxes to form a control board. A 
gate-end box may contain bus bars, isola- 
tors, switches, contactors, transformers and 
protective devices, for the control of 
motors, lighting and other equipment. See 
also gate-end section switch. B.S. 3618, 
1965, sec. 7. 

gate-end feeder. A short conveyor which 
feeds the coal from the face conveyor on 
to the gate conveyor. See also feeder con- 
veyor. Nelson. 

gate-end loader. A short conveyor designed 
to receive the coal from the face conveyors 
and elevate it to such a height as to be 
convenient for delivery into mine cars. 
Nelson. 


gateway longwall 


gate-end plate. Mid. A large sheet-iron plate 
about 4 feet 6 inches square and one-half 
inch thick, upon which trams (mine cars) 
are turned around upon coming from the 
working face to be taken along the gate or 
heat A kind of turntable; a turnsheet. 

ay. 

gate-end section switch. A form of gate-end 
box incorporating a circuit breaker to con- 
trol and/or isolate part of an electric sys- 
tem. B.S. 3618, 1965, sec. 7. 

gate-end switch. A flameproof motor-starting 
contactor for use with coal-face machin- 
ery. The essential features are a flame- 
proof casing divided into two separate 
compartments, the smaller of which con- 
tains a hand-operated isolating switch and 
the main busbars. The isolating switch is 
interlocked with the cover of the main 
compartment so that it cannot be removed 

\unless the switch is in the off position; or 
it may be fitted with contacts enabling 
the mechanism to be earthed before work 
is undertaken on it. Mason, v. 2, p. 
438. 

gate-end unit. See gate-end box. B.S. 3618, 
1965; sec. 7. 

gate interlock. A system designed to prevent 
shaft conveyances from being moved, or 
action signals being transmitted, unless all 
rae gates are closed. B.S. 3618, 1965, 
Secte/s 

gate maker. See framemaker. D.O.T. 1. 

Ay a See chute puller; doorman. D.O.T. 

Gater Hall device. See Barratt-Halsall fire- 
mouth. Dodd. 

gate road. a. Eng. A road connecting a stall 
with a main road. Standard. See also gate, 
a and b. Fay. b. A road through the goaf 
used for haulage of coal from longwall 
working. Pryor, 3. 

gate road bunker. An appliance for the stor- 
age of coal from the face conveyors during 
peaks of production or during a stoppage 
of the outbye transport. It may consist of 
a length of conveyor chain running in 
high-capacity pans arranged under the de- 
livery end of the gate conveyor. When the 
trunk conveyor cannot handle the coal 
from the gate conveyor, the bunker chain 
is slowly drawn back carrying about 1 ton 
of coal per yard of chain. The bunker is 
later discharged by reversing the process. 
See also bunker, underground. Nelson. 

Gates canvas table. A large form of inclined 
canvas table in which the pulp is first 
classified, then distributed along the upper 
edge of the table. The concentrates are 
caught in the warp of the canvas and 
after this is full, treatment must be stopped 
while the concentrates are swept or sluiced 
off. Liddell 2d, p. 387. , 

gate shutter. A paddlelike implement used 
to shut off the flow of metal from a mold 
and divert it to other molds. Standard, 
1964. 

gate side pack. A pillar consisting of tightly 
rammed material enclosed in walls of 
stone, built on each side of the gate road. 
See also double packing. Nelson. 

gate valve. A valve with a sliding disk or 
stop gate, which when opened allows the 
flow to move straight through the valve 
mechanism. Also called stop-gate valve; 
straightway valve. Long. 

gateway. a. A road through the worked-out 
area (goaf) for haulage in longwall work- 
ing of coal. Also called gate road. C.T.D. 
b. Mid. See gate, a and b. Fay. 

gateway longwall. N. of Eng. A continuous 











| TR 





8 






|g 





8g 


| 


gateway longwall 


coal face served by gateways (in Durham 
about 12 yards apart). A small group 
works in each gateway down which the 
coal is removed by tubs. T7ist. 
ather. a. To assemble loaded cars from sev- 
eral production points and deliver them to 
main haulage for transport to the surface 
or pit bottom. B.C.I. b. Derb. To drive a 
heading through disturbed or faulty 
ground in such a way as to meet the seam 
of coal, at a convenient level or point on 
the opposite side. See also eat out. Fay. c. 
To take molten glass from a furnace for 
shaping; the amount of glass so taken 
(gathered) is called a gather also. Dodd. 


. _gatherer. One who dips iron rod into molten 


glass, removing a specified amount on the 
end of the rod. Blows on pipe to begin in- 
flation of glass and then hands pipe to 
glassblower for completion of blowing. 
DiO:Tnwls 


| gathering area. The area, usually down the 


regional dip from a hydrocarbon trap, 
from which the oil or gas may have mi- 
grated updip into the trap. A.G_I. 


| gathering arm loader. A machine for loading 


loose rock or coal. It has a tractor-mounted 
chassis, carrying a chain conveyor the 
front end of which is built into a wedge- 
shaped blade. Mounted on this blade are 
two arms, one on either side of the chain 
conveyor, which gather the material from 
the muckpile and feed it on to the loader 
conveyor. The tail or back end of the con- 
veyor is designed to swivel and elevate 
hydraulically so that the coal or stone can 
be loaded into a car or on to another con- 
veyor. See also loader. Nelson. 


| gathering coal. Scot. See gathering peat. Fay. 


is used to gather coal from other con- 
veyors and deliver it either into mine cars 
or onto another conveyor. The term is fre- 
quently used with belt conveyors placed 
in entries where a number of room con- 
veyors deliver coal onto the belt. Jones. 
b. Generally 500 feet or greater in length. 
It receives material from rooms or entries 
and transports it to a car loading point or 
to another conveyor. Sometimes known as 
a mother conveyor or an entry conveyor. 
NEMA MBI-1961. c. A gate conveyor 
which carries coal from more than one 
source or face. See also steel plate con- 
veyor; truck conveyor. Nelson. 


| gathering ground. See catchment area. 


athering haulage. That portion of the haul- 
age system immediately adjacent to the 
face. In longwall mining, the face belt or 
tubs and track along the face constitute 
the gathering haulage system. Wheeler, 
epee pelt 

athering hole. An opening in the working 
end of a glass tank furnace, or in the 
wall of a pot furnace, to permit the gather- 
ing of molten glass. Dodd. 


' gathering iron. The iron used in taking 


viscid glass from the melting pot. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

athering locomotive. See gathering motor; 
electric gathering mine locomotive. 
athering mine locomotive. See gathering 
motor; electric gathering mine locomotive. 


| gathering motor. A lightweight type of elec- 


tric locomotive used to haul loaded cars 
from the working places to the main 
haulage road, and to replace them with 
empties. Fay. Also called gathering loco- 
motive. See also electric gathering loco- 
motive. 


| gathering motorman. In bituminous coal 








483 


mining, one who operates a mine locomo- 
tive to haul loaded mine cars from work- 
ing places to sidings, for the formation of 
larger trips (trains) to be handled by a 
haulage cable or a main-line locomotive. 
Also called relay motorman. D.O.T. 1. 

gathering mule. The mule used to collect the 
loaded cars from the separate working 
places, and to return empties. Fay. 

gathering peat. Scot. A peat used to maintain 
a fire all night, hot embers being gathered 
about it. Standard, 1964. 

gathering pumps. Portable or semiportable 
pumps that are required when water is 
encountered while opening a new mine, for 
extending headings or entries in an operat- 
ing mine, for pumprooms or rib sections 
lying in the dip, for collecting water from 
local pools, or for sinking a shaft. They 
should discharge water at a point high 
enough for it to flow into a station pumping 
plant or into a drainage ditch or tunnel 
carrying water outside a mine. They may 
also discharge directly on the surface. 
Either reciprocating or self-priming cen- 
trifugal pumps may be employed as gather- 
ing pumps. BuMines Bull. 570, 1957, p. 1. 

gathering rod. See gathering iron. Fay. 

gathering zone. Suggested by Finch for the 
space above the ground water level. See 
also zone of discharge; static zone. Fay. 
gatton. Scot. See gauton. Fay. 

gaudefroyite. Black hexagonal prisms, Ca:- 
M*n3-x[(BOs)3(COs) (O1-x(OH) x) 3] ; from 
Tachgagalt, Morocco. Hey, MM, 1964; 
Fleischer. 

Gaudin’s equation. An equation for the par- 
ticle size distribution that can be exepected 
when a material is crushed in a ball mill or 
rod mill; it is of the form P = 100(x/D)™, 
where P is the percentage passing a sieve 
of aperture x, D is the maximum size of 
particle, and m is a constant which is a 
measure of dispersion. The equation holds 
good only if the ratio of size of feed to size 
of balls is below a critical value which, for 
quartz, is 1:12. Dodd. 

gauge. See gage. Fay. 

gaul. An old Irish name for coal. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

gault. a. To cover (soil) with clay obtained 
from the subsoil. Webster 2d. b. Eng. See 
folkstone marl. Fay. c. Eng. Clay. Applied 
to the Albian formation between the Lower 
and Upper Greensand which underlies 
parts of the Fens. Also, the name is used 
for watercourses cut in the clays, for ex- 
ample, Sutton Gault, and the Gault, near 
Chatteris. Arkell. 

gault clay. A calcareous clay with a short 
vitrification range used for making build- 
ing bricks in southeast England. Bricks 
made from this clay are generally porous 
and cream colored, but in a few localities 
red bricks are made from it. Dodd. 

gauntree; ganntry. See gantry. Fay. 

gauslinite. A local name for burkeite. From 
Searles Lake, Calif. English. 

gauss. The unit of magnetic field intensity 
equal to 1 dyne per unit pole. The pre- 
ferred term for this unit is oersted. One 
oersted equals 10° gammas. Gauss was used 
before the official adoption of the oersted 
in 1932. See also gamma; oersted. A.G.I.; 
Webster 3d. 

gaussbergite. An igneous rock similar to oren- 
dite but carrying augite and olivine in 
place of phlogopite and having a glass base. 
Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 262. 

gauteite. A name derived from the Gaute 
Valley, central Bohemia, and given by 





geanticline 


Hibsch to a leucocratic dike rock of por- 
phyritic texture and trachytic habit. The 
phenocrysts are hornblende, augite, and 
abundant plagioclase. The groundmass is 
about 80 percent feldspar rods, with the 
remainder, magnetite grains, small grains 
of hornblende, augite, biotite, and a small 
quantity of colorless glass. Gauteite is re- 
garded as a complementary dike rock to 
neighboring camptonites, and it is believed 
to correspond to deep-seated monzonite. 
Fay. 

gauton. Scot. A watercourse cut in the floor 
of a mine or working. Fay. 

gauze. The wire mesh used to prevent the 
passage of flame from a flame safety lamp 
to the external atmosphere. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 2. 

gauze lamp. Scot. A (so-called) safety lamp, 
formerly used in the Scotch coal mines. 
It is a kind of Davy lamp, with a gauze top 
about 3 inches in diameter, and has no 
brass frame to strengthen it and no glass. 
Fay. 

gavel. A mason’s setting maul. Standard, 
1964. 

gavelock. Eng. An iron poker or lever; a 
crowbar. Also spelled gablack. Fay. 

gavia. A term used in Spain for a primitive 
method of carrying ore in baskets on men’s 
shoulders up inclined shafts in which steps 
were cut. Fay. 

gaw. a. Scot. A narrow vein of igneous rock 
intersecting the strata. Fay. b. A small 
channel cut for drainage purposes; furrow; 
trench. Webster 3d. 

gawl. An irregular or uneven line of coal face. 
GED: 

gayet. French name for sapropelic coal, such 
as torbanite or cannel. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gayeterie. Belg. Second quality coal remain- 
ing after the large pieces have been re- 
moved. See also gayette. Fay. 

gayette. Belg. Large picked coal. A variation 
of the French, gaillette. Fay. 

Gayley process. The process for the removal 
of moisture from the blast of an iron blast 
furnace by reducing the temperature of the 
blast current so that the moisture is de- 
posited as snow. Webster 2d. The use of 
the dehydrated blast effects great fuel econ- 
omy, and promotes regularity in iron-smelt- 
ing operations. Fay. 

Gay-Lussac’s law. When gases react, they do 
so in volumes which bear a simple ratio 
to one another, and to the volumes of their 
products if these are gaseous, temperature 
and pressure remaining constant. Also 
called law of gaseous volumes. Cooper. 

Gay-Lussac’s tower. a. In sulfuric-acid mak- 
ing, a tower filled with pieces of coke over 
which concentrated sulfuric acid trickles 
down, and meeting the gas issuing from 
the lead chambers, absorbs its nitrous an- 
hydride, which otherwise would be lost. 
Standard, 1964. b. Compare Glover’s tower. 
Fay. 

gaylussite. A hydrous carbonate of sodium 
and calcium mineral, NasCa(COs)2.5H:O; 
monoclinic. Dana 17. 

GCT Abbreviation for Greenwich civil time; 
Greenwich conservatory time. Zimmerman, 
pp. 51-441, 

Gd Chemical symbol for gadolinium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-l. 

Ge Chemical symbol for germanium. Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-1. 

geanticline. a. A broad uplift, generally refer- 
ring to the landmass from which sediments 


geanticline 


in a geosyncline are derived. A.G.J. b. A 
major uplifted area from which sediments 
are eroded. Ballard. 


gear. a. Eng. In the Derbyshire coalfield, a 


general name for all deads when cut out 
of the wholes. Formerly called work. Arkell. 
b. Eng. A set of workmen’s tools. SMRB, 
Paper No. 61. c. The moving parts or ap- 
pliances collectively that constitute some 
mechanical whole or set, linked meshing, 
and fitted together, and serving to transmit 
motion or change its rate or direction. 
Commonly used in the plural. Hess. d. A 


gear wheel. Hess. e. Synonym for feed gear.. 


Long. f. The accessory tools and equipment 
required to operate a drill. Long. g. A set 
of enmeshing-toothed rotating parts or cog- 
wheels designed to transmit motion. Long. 
h. A toothed wheel, cone, or bar. Nichols. 


geared coupling. Consists in effect of two 


hubs with external gear teeth which mesh 
with a two-piece cover sleeve with internal 
teeth. The sleeve retains the lubricant. Pit 
and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. D, p. 66. 


geared press. A press whose main crank or 


eccentric shaft is connected by gears to the 
driving source. ASM Gloss. 
gear feed. Synonym for screwfeed. Long. 


gear-feed head. Synonym for screwfeed swivel 


head. Long. 


gear-feed swivel head. Synonym for screwfeed 


swivel head. Long. 

gearhead. N. of Eng. The motor drive, switch 
gear, and unloading device of a conveyor 
belt. Face conveyor gearheads may stand 
in the mothergate or in a caunch at the 
side of the gateway. Trist. 

gearman. One who rides on a donkey. C.T.D. 
gearman, head. In ore dressing, smelting, and 
refining, one who tends a coarse or primary 
crusher that breaks large lumps of ore into 
a smaller size so that it may be run through 
smaller crushers or shipped to a plant for 
extraction of the valuable metal or min- 
erals. D.O.T. 1. 

gear motors. Consisting of a preassembled 
motor and geared speed reducer, gear 
motors have a single mounting and provide 
a highly efficient means of obtaining prac- 
tically any speed below 1,550 revolutions 
per minute for motors up to 75 horsepower. 
The motors may be alternating current or 
direct current, either open or enclosed, and 
the units are adaptable to most operating 
conditions. These units are suitable for 
any application where slow speeds are re- 
quired. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. D, p. 13. 
gear pump. A type of positive-displacement 
pump consisting of two tightly enmeshing 
gears within a close-fitted shell. When the 
gears are rotated at high speed the pump 
is capable of delivering a liquid under high 
pressure, as the pressurized oil delivered to 
the hydraulic-feed cylinders on a hydraulic- 
feed drill. Long. 

gear ratio. The relationship between the 
speeds of the first and last shafts, respec- 
tively, of a train of gears. If a certain force 
drives a machine at a given speed and the 
output shaft runs at one-tenth of the speed 
of the input shaft, then the output force 
will be 10 times the input. If the gear ratio 
of a motor-driven machine be 10 to 1, then 
the turning force of the last shaft will be 
10 times that of the motor, apart from force 
used up in friction. Mason, v. 2, p. 353. 
gears; pair of gears. a. Two props and a 
plank, the plank being supported by the 
props at either end. Zern. b. Toothed 
wheels for transmitting motion. Zern. c. 
Staging and rails erected at quays over coal 














484 


chutes. See also double timber. Fay. d. Eng. 
A plank supported by a prop at each end. 
SMRB, Paper No. 61. 

Geary sampler. See Geco sampler. Pryor, 3. 

Gebhardt survey instrument. A borehole sur- 
veying instrument often used to test the 
verticality of the freezing holes in shaft 
sinking. A vernier scale is used to deter- 
mine the positions of the pendulum points 
at successive points and by summating the 
results an accurate plan of the course of 
the borehole can be prepared. An accuracy 
of within 3 inches may be expected in a 
freezing hole of about 600 feet. Nelson. 

Geco sampler. Straight-line cutter designed 
to traverse a falling stream of ore or pulp 
at regular intervals, so as to divert a repre- 
sentative sample to a holding vessel. A 
moving chute or other deflecting device is 
driven across the stream of mineral by 
means of motor and chain. The cutter of 
the Geary-Jannings sampler is carried on 
a sturdy traversing screw. Driving gear is 
controlled by a timing mechanism and is 
automatically reversed after each cut and 
left ready for the next (return) cut. Pryor, 3. 

gedanite. A brittle fossil resin sometimes 
classed as amber, but not by those who 
specify the presence of succinic acid as a 
requirement, although Schlossmacher men- 
tions a trace of it in gedanite. It lacks 
toughness and ability to take as high of 
a polish as succinite. Rarely used as a gem 
except for beads. Mohs’ hardness, 1.5 to 2; 
specific gravity, 1.06 to 1.07. See also fossil 
resin; Baltic amber. Shipley. 

Gedinnian. Lower Lower Devonian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

gedrite. A variety of anthophyllite in which 
aluminum is present in a_ considerable 
amount. Dana 17, p. 444. 

gees. York. Miner’s term for coal made of 
alternating hard and soft laminae with 
smut partings. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

geest. a. High, gravelly land; gravel. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. A name proposed by DeLuc 
in 1816 for the immediate products of rock 
decay in situ. It is a provincial word for 
earth in Holland and northern Germany. 
Compare laterite; saprolite. Fay. 

gefarht. Ger. The course or direction of a 
lode. Fay. 

geg; gag. Scot. A piece of stone or other 
obstruction preventing the proper closing 
of a pump valve. The valve is said to be 
gegged when so obstructed. Fay. 

gegen ions. Those produced by dissociation of 
a colloidal electrolyte; of opposite sign to 
the colloidal ions. Pryor, 3 

gehlenite. A tetragonal silicate of calcium and 
aluminum; an end-member of an isomor- 
phous series collectively known as melilite. 
C.M.D. 

Geiger counter; Geiger-Miiller counter. a. An 
ionization chamber that records the number 
of radioactive particles impinging upon it 
per minute, thus detecting radioactive sub- 
stances. Bateman. b. An instrument that 
detects gamma rays given off by radioactive 
substances. It consists of a discharge tube 
which responds to the ionization produced 
by the rays in a gas which fills the tube. 
A.G.I. c. An ionization chamber with its 
vacuum and its applied potential so ad- 
justed that a gamma ray or other ionizing 
particle through it causes a momentary 
current to flow. The surge of current can 
be amplified and counted so as to measure 
the intensity of radioactivity in the vicinity 
of the chamber. A.G.I. 

Geiger-Miiller counter tube; Geiger-Miiller 








gel 


tube. A gas-filled chamber usually consist- 
ing of a hollow cylindrical cathode and a 
fine wire anode along its axis. It is oper- 
ated with a voltage high enough so that a 
discharge triggered by a primary ionizing 
event will spread over the entire anode 
until stopped by the reduction of the field 
by space charge. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 

Geiger-Miiller probe. A Geiger-Miiller counter 
encased in a watertight container, which 
can be lowered into a borehole and used 
to log the intensity of the gamma rays 
emitted by the radioactive substances in 
the rock formations traversed. Also called 
electronic logger; Geiger probe. Long. 

Geiger-Miiller survey meter. Designed for 
general survey work and locating low inten- 
sities of contamination, this battery-powered 
detector will respond to beta and gamma. 
The Geiger tube is mounted in a hand 

\ probe or is built into the instrument itself. 
Has headphones as well as a visual scale. 
Removable shielding devices permit the 
counting of gamma alone. Applications in- 
clude mineralogical surveys, checking cloth- 
ing and apparatus, locating small spills, 
following tracer elements, etc. Bests, p. 606. 

Geiger probe. See Geiger-Miiller probe. Long. 

Geiger test; Geiger testing. The act or process 
of using a Geiger-Miiller probe or counter 
to measure the intensity of the gamma rays 
emitted by the radioactive substance con- 
tained in rocks traversed by a borehole. 
Long. 

geikielite. A bluish- to brownish-black titanate 
of magnesium and iron, (Mg,Fe)TiOs; 
hexagonal; rhombohedral; usually in rolled 
pebbles. From Belangoda and Rakwana dis- 
tricts, Ceylon. English. 

geine; gein. An old name for the soil humus. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

geisotherm; geisothermal. Same as _ isogeo- 
therm. Standard, 1964. 

Geissler tube. a. A sealed and partly evacu- 
ated glass tube containing electrodes. Used 
for the study of electric discharges through 
gases. Standard, 1963. b. A gas-filled dis- 
charge tube having various shapes and usu- 
ally a narrowly constricted portion in which 
the luminosity is intensified. Webster 3d. 

gel. a. A form of matter in a colloidal state 
that does not dissolve but remains sus- 
pended in a solvent from which it fails to 
precipitate without the intervention of heat 
or of an electrolyte. Fay. A gel offers little 
resistance to liquid diffusion and may con- 
tain as little as 0.5 percent of solid matter. 
Some gels (for example, gelatin) may con- 
tain as much as 90 percent water, yet in 
their properties are more like solids than 
liquids. C.T.D. b. Colloidal solution in 
which the dispersed phase is absorbed by 
the solvent so as to form a meshwork of 
micelles, having the viscous structure of a 
jelly. Three types of gel are (1) the un- 
stable, typified by thixotropic systems with 
very labile meshworks, (2) the meta stable 
(for example, gelatins with elastic recov- 
ery), and (3) stable (such as silica gels 
which are irreversible between liquid and 
solid form). Pryor, 3. c. A colloidal suspen- 
sion in such a state that shearing stresses 
below a certain finite value fail to produce 
permanent deformation. The minimum 
shearing stress which will produce perma- 
nent deformation is known as the shear or 
gel strength of the gel. Gels commonly 
occur when the dispersed colloidal particles 
have a great affinity for the dispersing 
medium, that is, are lyophilic. Therefore, 
gels commonly occur with bentonite in 

















gel 


water. Brantly, J. d. A colloid in a more 
solid form than a sol. As a semisolid, ap- 
parently homogeneous substance that may 
be elastic and jellylike (as gelatin) or more 
or less rigid (as silica gel) and that is 
formed by coagulation of a sol in various 
ways (as by cooling, by evaporation, or by 

precipitation with an electrolyte). Or as a 

nonhomogeneous gelatinous precipitate. 

Webster 3d. e. As a verb, to change into or 

take on the form of a gel; to become more 

solid; to set. Webster 3d. 

| Gelamite. Trademark for a semigelatin high 

explosive of relatively high weight strength 

of 65 percent; very good water resistance. 

Used in underground mining, in quarrying, 

in construction, and in general blasting. 

CCD 6d, 1961. 

‘gelatin; gelatine. a. A hard, transparent, 
tasteless colloid obtained from animal con- 
nective tissues, such as skin, hoof, and 
horns. The dried material swells on contact 
with cold water to a jellylike mass or dis- 
solves in hot water to form a firm jellylike 
mass on cooling. Gelatin dissolved in hot 
water is used commonly in borehole survey- 
ing with a Maas compass. Compare agar. 
Long. b. Commonly used as a synonym for 
gelatin dynamite. Long. 

| gelatin borehole tube. A device used in bore- 
hole surveying. A tube, containing a com- 
pass floating in molten gelatin, is lowered 
to the point in the borehole at which its 
verticality is required. It is left in position 
until the gelatin sets and is then with- 
drawn. The compass indicates the direction 
and a small plumb bob shows the angle 
of dip. Nelson. 

‘gelatin dynamite. A high explosive which 

| varies in composition; consists mainly of 

nitroglycerin, with sodium nitrate, meal, 
collodion cotton, and sodium carbonate. 

Pryor, 3. It is dense, plastic, and more 

water-resistant than straight or extra dyna- 

mite. Its relatively high velocity makes it 
ideal for hard, tough rock, for wet condi- 
tions, or for actual underwater blasting. 

Carson, p. 308. Commonly used by drillers 

to shatter boulders encountered in driving 

pipe through overburden, especially in 
water-filled or saturated ground. Also com- 
monly called gelatin. Long. 

)gelatin extras. Explosives in which a portion 

| of the nitroglycerin is replaced with am- 

monium nitrate. The explosive velocity is 
reduced but the substantial resistance to 
water is retained. Less expensive than gela- 

tin dynamites. Carson, p. 308. 

| gelatinization. Solubility with the formation 

of jellylike silica. Fay. 

\ gelatin-pad printing. See Murray curvex ma- 

| chine. Dodd. 

| gelatins. A general term relating to explosives 

in which a principal constituent, nitro- 

glycerin, is given a gelatinous consistency 

by mixing it with nitrocotton. B.S. 3618, 

1964, sec. 6. 

\ gelation. The formation of a gel from a sol. 
Webster 3d. 

) gel cement. Cement to which a small percent- 

age of bentonite has been added either dry 

or mixed with water. Such an addition par- 
ticularly adapts the slurry for use in ce- 
menting casing and recovering lost circu- 
lation because, it reduces loss of slurry to 
the formation, makes for a more homogene- 
ous mixture, increases the water-cement 
ratio, reduces loss of water to the forma- 
tion, and sets in substantially the same 
volume as occupied when placed. Brantly, 1 
















485 


gel coalite. High explosive; used in mines. 


Bennett 2d, 1962. 


Gelex dynamite. A semigelatin explosive. 


Used in gypsum, limestone, and metallic 
ore mines. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


gelignite. A general term relating to explo- 


sives of the gelatin type in which there is 
a proportion of wood, metal, and oxygen- 
containing salts. B.S. 3618, 1964, sec. 6. 


Gelignite. Explosive consisting of nitroglyc- 


erin, ammonium nitrate and nitrocotton; 
used for blasting and initiating less sensitive 
explosives. Bennett 2d, 1962. 


Gelite LL.F. High explosive; used in mines. 


Bennett 2d, 1962. 


gelitocollinite coal. This type coal is charac- 


terized by a predominance (over 50 per- 
cent) of a groundmass (collinite) trans- 
lucent in thin sections, resulting from 
complete decomposition in the process of 
gelification of the original plant material. 
As a rule, the collinite material occurs as 
homogeneous floccular masses. Gelified 
components showing structure are only 
rarely represented in the form of lenses and 
thin strips of vitrinized wood fibers, gelified 
fragments of bark, and leaf parenchyme 
tissue. Fusinized inclusions are rare. There 
may be occasional concentrations of homo- 
geneous, opaque particles and fine frag- 
ments of fusinized tissue, sometimes also 
coarse lenses of semifusinite and fusinite. 
The proportion of lipoid microcomponents 
varies from a single inclusion to the maxi- 
mum concentration permitted in these 
gelitocoals. Occasionally this type of coal 
may contain algae of the pila type. Hand 
specimens are generally semilustrous with 
a uniform coarsely banded structure, and 
break with a typical, slightly conchoidal 
fracture. This coal may have low or high 
ash, and occurs in seams of different geo- 
logical age as distinctive bands within a 
seam or as entire seams of varying thick- 
ness. Medium rank gelitocollinite coals are 
valuable for coking. JHCP, 1963, part I. 


gelitoposttelinite coal. This coal is charac- 


terized by a preponderance (more than 50 
percent) of fragments of gelified tissue less 
than 0.2 millimeter in size. The individual 
fragments take different forms such as len- 
ticular, ribbonlike, angularly round and 
round. Their outline may also occur in 
gelitoposttelinite coals in minor amounts. 
All the structured components are distinct 
by reason of their somewhat darker color- 
ing and are embedded in a transparent 
groundmass, varying in amount in different 
cases. Gelitoposttelinite coal is distinguished 
from gelitotelinite coal by more marked 
fragmentation of the plant material and a 
higher degree of gelification. In hard coals, 
gelitoposttelinite coal is generally lustrous 
or semilustrous and in brown coals semi- 
matt or sometimes even matt. It is usually 
finely striated. This coal may have high or 
low ash. It occurs in seams of different geo- 
logical age as bands within seams or as 
entire seams several meters thick; gelito- 
posttelinite coals of medium rank are valu- 


able for coking. JHCP, 1963, part I. 


gelitoprecollinite coal. This coal consists of 


more than 50 percent of very fine gelified 
fragments of tissue, which, although having 
lost their original cell structure, have more 
or less retained their shape. The outline of 
the fragments is rather indistinct, and 
where decomposition has been sufficiently 
marked, individual fragments overlap and 
form a gelified mass with honeycomb struc- 
ture. Minor amounts of lipoid and fusi- 











gem 


nized microcomponents as well as some 
opaque matter also occur in this type of 
coal. Gelitoprecollinite coal is lustrous or 
semilustrous in hard coals and semimatt to 
matt in brown coals. It is finely striated or 
homogeneous to the unaided eye and breaks 
with a slightly conchoidal fracture. It may 
have high or low ash and occurs in seams 
of different geological age as bands within 
seams or as entire seams several meters 
thick. Medium rank gelitoprecollinite coals 
are valuable for coking. JHCP, 1963, part I. 

gelitotelinite coal. This coal contains 50 per- 
cent or more of gelified, vitrinitic com- 
ponents. The size of the constituent entities 
generally varies between 0.2 and 1.0 milli- 
meter although coarser forms (1.5 to 2.0 
millimeters) are also seen. Fusinized tissue 
is not common and liptinite is insignificant. 
Gelitocollinitic material is present in greater 
or lesser amounts. Wood gelitotelinite coals 
and parenchyme gelitotelinite coals are dis- 
tinguished according to the preponderance 
of the type of original plant tissue. Wood 
gelitotelinite coal consists largely of indi- 
vidual fragments of stems and rhizomes, 
wood tissue predominating. They are in- 
variably low in ash. Parenchyme gelitoteli- 
nite coals consist chiefly of cuticle-bordered 
leafy material; the parenchyme tissue is 
markedly gelified. Here and there the leafy 
material may be closely packed forming 
aggregates; at other times it is found in 
varying quantities embedded in a trans- 
parent groundmass. Parenchyme gelitoteli- 
nite coals may have high or low ash. In 
hand specimens gelitotelinite coal is black 
and in hard coals, lustrous or semilustrous; 
in brown coal it is matt or semimatt. Gelito- 
telinite coal shows sharp-edged, stepped 
fracture and occurs in seams of different 
geological age, both as bands within seams 
or as entire seams up to several meters 
thick. Compared with other gelitic types of 
coal, gelitotelinite coals of medium rank 
are characterized by very high caking power 
and because of this are valued for coke 
making. JIHCP, 1963, part I. 

Gelobel. Trademark for gelatin-type permiss- 
ible explosives that have high density and 
high water-resistance ratings. Used for coal 
mining where high strength, high velocity, 
concentration of charge, and water resist- 
ance are desired. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gélose. The colloidal product of plant decay 
that becomes the principal constituent of 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gélosic coal. Coal rich in gélose; for example, 
algal coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gélosite. Constituent of torbanite, consisting 
of birefringent pale yellow microscopic 
crushed spheres. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gel strength. The ability or the measure of the 
ability of a colloid to form gels. Brantly, 1 

gem. a. A general term including any precious 
or semiprecious stone, as diamond, ruby, 
topaz, etc., especially when cut or polished 
for ornamental purposes. Fay. b. Archaeo- 
logically, the term is restricted to an en- 
graved stone, for example, an intaglio or a 
cameo. Fay. c. Mineralogically, one of the 
orders of minerals used by Mohs that are 
distinguished by their hardness (enough to 
scratch quartz), transparency, nonmetallic 
luster. They are generally brilliant and 
beautiful. Fay. d. As used by drillers and 
bit setters, a small, virtually flawless, lus- 
trous, nearly spherical, industrial-grade 
diamond, which on rare occasions may be 
used as a drill diamond. Also called bullet; 
gem grade. e. A diamond free of flaws—as 


gem 


far as can be determined by a trained ob- 
server with the aid of a 10-power magnify- 
ing glass—and having a color and other 
characteristics that do not deleteriously 
affect its value for use as a faceted orna- 
mental (gem) diamond. Long. 

gem color. The most desirable color for a 
stone of its particular variety. Perfection 
color. Shipley. 

gem crystal. A crystal from which a gem can 
be cut. Shipley. 

gem grade. See gem, a and b. Long. 

gem gravel. A sediment of gravel grade con- 
taining appreciable amounts of gem min- 
erals. It was formed by the disintegration 
and transportation of preexisting rocks, in 
which the gem minerals originated. They 
are placers of a special type, in which the 
heavy minerals are not native gold or cas- 
siterite (SnOz), but such gem minerals as 
garnets, rubies, sapphires, etc. As most of 
the gem minerals are heavy and chemically 
stable, they remain near the point of origin, 
while the lighter constituents of the parent 
rocks are washed away, resulting in a nat- 
ural concentration of the valuable compo- 
nents. C.T.D. 

gemmary. a. The science of gems. Standard, 
1964. b. A house or receptacle for gems 
or jewels; also, gems collectively. Standard, 
1964. c. An engraver of gems. Standard, 
1964. 

gem material. A term used particularly to 
mean (1) any synthetic or other important 
substitute for a gemstone, or (2) any rough 
mineral from which a gemstone can be 
fashioned, such as a piece of uncut jade. 
Shipley. 

gem mineral. Any mineral species which 
yields either a gem variety or individual 
specimens which meet the qualifications of 
a gem. Shipley. 

gemmological polariscope. See Shipley polari- 
scope. Shipley. 

gemmologist. One who has mastered gem- 
mology. Shipley. 

gemmology (U.S.); gemology (Eng.). The 
study of gems. A.G.I. 

Gemolite. A trademark for an illuminator 
designed especially to illuminate inclusions 
(in gemstones) more effectively. Employs 
either monocular or binocular microscope. 
Shipley. 

gem pearl. a. A term often used for those 
better qualities of fine pearls, which pos- 
sess a rose or other particularly desirable 
orient. Does not include white pearl. Ship- 
ley. b. A term more specially used to 
mean an iridescent pearl, really spherical, 
with maximum luster of even intensity, 
free from all visible blemishes and of a 
decided and desirable orient, such as pink 
rose. Shipley. 

gem quality. Possessing the qualifications of 
a gem. Shipley. 

gem species. A gem-bearing mineral species. 
Shipley. 

gem stick. A stick on the end of which a gem 
is cemented while being cut. Standard, 
1964. 

gem stone. A term that includes pearl, am- 
ber, coral, jet, or any stone of any variety 
of a gem mineral, which is of sufficient 
beauty and durability for use as a per- 
sonal ornament. See also decorative stone; 
ornamental stone; gem material. Shipley. 

gem variety. That variety of a mineral spe- 
cies which yields gemstones. Shipley. 

general-crusher foreman. In ore dressing, 
smelting and refining, one who directs 
and coordinates all operations concerned 








486 


with reducing ore to designated size. 
D.O.T. Supp. 

general drawing. A drawing showing eleva- 
tion plan, and cross section of the struc- 
ture, also the borings for substructure and 
the main dimensions, etc. Nichols. 

general geology. The branch of geology 
treating of the problems of dynamic geol- 
ogy in relation to the geologic history of 
the earth. Schieferdecker. 

generalized section. A drawing showing char- 
acteristics of various distinct areas grouped 
together in one section. Schieferdecker. 

general manager. Imports general authority 
to perform all reasonable things in con- 
ducting the usual and customary busi- 
ness of his principal. Ricketts, I. 

general shear failure. Failure in which the 
ultimate strength of the soil is mobilized 
along the entire potential surface of slid- 
ing before the structure supported by the 
soil is impaired by excessive movement. 
ASCE P1826. 

general soil survey. A general investigation 
of superficial deposits. The sampling pro- 
cedure may include augers, boreholes, and 
trial pits, and tests are made to cover 
soil identification. This type of survey aims 
at establishing soil profiles and locating 
areas requiring special investigation. See 
also detailed soil survey; preliminary soil 
survey. Nelson. 

generated heat. Heat resulting from the 
grinding operation. ACSG, 1963. 

generating station. A station in which elec- 
tric generators are operated by prime 
movers. Fay. 

generation. In petrology, all those crystals, 
of one or several species, that form at the 
same period of the cooling and solidifi- 
cation of an igneous rock. The same spe- 
cies may have one, two, or very rarely, 
three generations. Fay. 

generator. a. A source of electricity, espe- 
cially one that transforms heat or méchan- 
ical work directly into electric energy, as 
opposed to a voltaic battery. See also dy- 
namo. Standard, 1964. b. A vessel, cham- 
ber or machine in which the generation 
of a gas is effected, as by chemical ac- 
tion. Standard, 1964. c. In a water-gas 
plant, the refractory-lined chamber in 
which fuel is gasified by blowing in steam 
and air alternately. Dodd. 

generator gas. Producer gas. Webster 2d. 

genesis. In gemmology, the origin or forma- 
tion of a natural gem mineral. Shipley. 

genetic classification. Any classification based 
on manner of origin or line of descent. 
Genetic classifications are set up to deal 
with fossils, rocks, and minerals. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

genetic halo. A geochemical anomaly re- 
sulting from primary dispersion. Hawkes. 

Geneva ruby. An artificial ruby. Fay. 

geniculate. A term meaning knee-shaped 
and applied to certain types of crystal. 
In minerals, for example, rutile TiO crys- 
tals may sometimes be twinned on the 
second order pyramid (101) so that they 
are bent at a sharp angle. Such twinned 
crystals are said to be geniculate twins. 
Merriman. 
Genite A. Nongelatinous permissible explo- 
sive; used in mining. Bennett 2d, 1962. 
Genter filter. A filter utilized in coal-wash- 
ing plants for the recovery of fine coal 
particles. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Genter thickener. Cylindrical tank with ob- 
tuse conical base around which raking 
gear moves slowly, pushing settled sludge 





geochemical anomaly 


to a central discharge. In the body of the 
tank hang radially mounted tube frames 
covered with filter cloths (socks). These 
are connected with a central valve and 
timing mechanism, so set that vacuum is 
applied for from one to ten minutes to 
remove filtrate, after which the gathered 
solids are displaced by a brief flush-back 
so that they fall to the raking zone. Pryor, 3. 


genthelvite. The zinc end-member, ZnBes 


SisO.wS, of the helvine group. Named from 
helvine and after Professor William Genth 
of Philadelphia, who in 1892 described, 
under the name danalite, a single crystal 
containing 85 percent of this component. 
Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 


genthite. A hydrous, nickel-magnesium sili- 


cate mineral, theoretically TNiO.2MgO. 
3Si0.6H2O, but the nickel content is vari- 
able. Sanford. 


gently inclined. Said of deposits and coal 


seams with a dip of from 5° to 25°. 
Stoces, v. 1, p. 56. 


genuine doublet. See doublet. Shipley. 
genuine pearl. A natural pearl in contrast 


to a cultured pearl. Shipley. 


genuine triplet. See triplet. Shipley. 
genus. A group of two or more species of 


animals or plants; plural, genera. Shipley. 


geo. In Iceland, a narrow inlet walled in by 


steep cliffs. Fay. 


geo-. Prefix from the Greek ge, meaning 


land, of the land, or earth. Pryor, 3. 


geobotanical indicators. Some plants develop 


peculiar diagnostic symptoms that can be 
interpreted directly in terms of probable 
excesses of a particular element in the soil. 
Geobotanical indicators are either plant 
species or characteristic variations in the 
growth habits of plants that are restricted 
in their distribution to rocks or soils of 
definite physical or chemical properties. 
They have been used in locating and map- 
ping ground water, saline deposits, hydro- 
carbons and rock types, as well as ores. 


Hawkes, 2, pp. 305-306. 


geobotanical prospecting. Prospecting in 


which visual observation of plants is used 


as a guide to finding buried ore. Whereas — 


biogeochemical methods require chemical 
analysis of plant organs, the geobotanical 
methods depend on direct observations of 
plant morphology and the distribution of 
plant species. Hawkes, 2, p. 290. 


geobotany. a. The use of vegetation as a 


guide to ore deposits. Metals and other 
elements may modify the appearance of 
foliage. Also, it has been shown that col- 
lecting and analyzing selected parts from 
growing plants disclose measurable amounts 
of chemical elements whose quantity is too 
small for direct detection. The expert in- 
terpretation of the data and trends may 
prove of value to the prospector. Nelson. 
b. The study of plants as related spe- 
cifically to their geologic environment. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 305. 


geocerain. See geocerite. Fay. 
geocerellite.- A white, brittle, alcohol-soluble 


oxygenated hydrocarbon which melts at 
82° Ci Fay. 


geocerin. See geocerite. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
geocerite; geocerain; geocerin. A flaky wax- 


like hydrocarbon, approximately Cz;HssOs, 
occurring in brown coal. Identical with 
leucopetrite. See also geomyricite. Tom- 
keieff, 1954; Fay. 


geochemical anomaly. A concentration of 


one or more elements in rock, soil, sedi- 
ment, vegetation, or water markedly dif- 
ferent from the normal concentration in 





geochemical anomaly 


the surroundings. Sometimes applied also 
to abnormal concentrations of hydrocar- 
bons in soils. A.G.J. Geochemical anom- 
alies originating at depth are called pri- 
mary anomalies while those originating on 
the surface are called secondary anom- 
; alies. Lewis, p. 296. 
|}; geochemical balance. Term relating, for in- 
] stance, to the ratios of distribution of the 
total amount of a chemical element lib- 
erated by rock weathering, and trans- 
ported to the ocean, between sea water 
and sea-bottom sediments. Schieferdecker. 
ll,geochemical classification. The division of 
chemical elements into associations as they 
are found in nature. Schieferdecker. 
}; geochemical coherence. The phenomenon of 
the intimate occurring together of certain 
chemical elements in nature, as, for ex- 
ample, the group of the lanthanides, zir- 
conium-hafnium, niobium-tantalum, etc. 
Schieferdecker. 
| geochemical cycle. The sequence of stages 
| in the migration of elements during geo- 
logic changes. Rankama and Sahama dis- 
tinguish a major cycle, proceeding from 
magma to igneous rocks to sediments to 
sedimentary rocks to metamorphic rocks 
and possibly through migmatites back to 
magma, and a minor or exogenic cycle 
proceeding from sediments to sedimentary 
rocks to weathered material and back to 
sediments again. A.G.I. 
\;geochemical environment. Pressure, tem- 
| perature, and the availability of the most 
abundant chemical components are the 
parameters of the geochemical environ- 
ment that determine which mineral phases 
are stable at any given point. On the basis 
of these variables, it is possible to classify 
all the natural environments of the earth 
into two major groups—primary and sec- 
ondary. The primary environment ex- 
tends downward from the lower levels of 
circulating meteoric water to the deepest 
level at which normal rocks can be formed. 
It is an environment of high temperature 
and pressure, restricted circulation of 
fluids, and relatively low free-oxygen con- 
tent. The secondary environment is the 
environment of weathering, erosion, and 
sedimentation at the surface of the earth. 
It is characterized by low temperatures, 
nearly constant low pressure, free move- 
ment of solutions, and abundant free 
oxygen, water, and COs. Hawkes, 2, pp. 
| 10-11. 
|: geochemical exploration. Exploration or pros- 
pecting methods depending on chemical 
analysis of the rocks or soil, or of soil gas, 
or of plants. A.G.I. 
|) geochemical landscape. The pattern, in any 
given area, in which the net effect of all 
the dynamic forces concerned in the move- 
ment of earth materials will be reflected 
in the overall pattern of distribution of 
the elements. Hawkes 2, p. 22. 
|) geochemical mapping. The systematic collec- 
tion and processing of a very large num- 
ber of samples accompanied by the proper 
presentation and interpretation of the re- 
sulting analytical data. Hawkes 2, p. 351. 
‘geochemical prospecting. a. The search for 
concealed deposits of metallic ores by an- 
alyzing soils, surface waters, and/or or- 
ganisms for abnormal concentrations of 
metals. A.G.I. b. The search for petroleum 
accumulations by analyzing soil gases for 
hydrocarbons. A.G.I. c. Any method of 
mineral exploration based on a systematic 
measurement of the chemical properties of 





264-972 O-68—32 








A87 


eer occurring material. Lewis, p. 

6. 

geochemical prospection method. A prospec- 
tion method consisting in the determina- 
tion of the tenor of a trace element or 
trace elements in natural vegetation, soil, 
surface waters, etc., as an aid in mineral 
prospecting. Schieferdecker. 

geochemical province. a. A segment of the 
earth’s crust whose chemical composition 
is significantly different from the average, 
and is identified by comparison of the 
composition of igneous rocks. Lewis, p. 
300. b. An apparent local variation in the 
original composition of the earth’s crust. 
Hawkes. 

geochemical relief. Relief determined by geo- 
graphical variations in the levels of con- 
centration of the elements. Geochemical 
relief is defined not only by the contrast 
between high and low values but also 
by the homogeneity of their distribution. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 22. 

geochemical survey. A survey involving the 
chemical analysis of systematically col- 
lected samples or rock, soil, plants, or 
water; this expression may be further 
modified by indicating specifically the ma- 
terial sampled, as, for example, geochem- 
ical soi] survey. Hawkes. 

geochemistry. a. The study of the relative 
and absolute abundances of the elements 
and of the atomic species (isotopes) in the 
earth; the distribution and migration of 
the individual elements in the various 
parts of the earth (the atmosphere, hy- 
drosphere, crust, etc.), and in minerals 
and rocks, with the object of discovering 
principles governing this distribution and 
migration. Geochemistry may be defined 
very broadly to include all parts of geol- 
ogy that involve chemical changes, or it 
may be focused more narrowly on the dis- 
tribution of the elements, as in Mason’s 
definition; the latter is commonly under- 
stood if the term is used without quali- 
fication. A.G.I. b. A prospecting method 
which seeks to locate mineral deposits by 
the detection, in the overlying soil, of very 
small quantities or traces of the metals 
concerned. Compare microgas survey. Nel- 
son, 

geochronic. Of or pertaining to geological 
time. Standard, 1964. 

geochronologic unit. A unit of geologic time, 
for example, period and epoch. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

geochronology. The study of time in rela- 
tionship to the history of the earth, or a 
system of dating developed for this pur- 
pose. Absolute chronology (sometimes 
called absolute age) involves dating of 
geologic events in years. Relative chronol- 
ogy involves the system of successive eras, 
periods, and epochs used in geology and 
paleontology. Literally, the science of earth 
time. A.G.I. 

geochronometry. The measurement of geo- 
logic time. A.G.I. Supp. 

geochrony. Geologic chronology; the system 
of time divisions used in geology. Web- 
ster 3d. 

geocronite. A mineral, Pb;(Sb,As)2Ss, con- 
sisting of a usually massive lead-gray lead 
antimony arsenic sulfide. Webster 3d; 
Dana 17. Orthorhombic. 

geode. a. A hollow nodule or concretion, the 
cavity of which is commonly lined with 
crystals of calcite or quartz; some are 
lined with smooth chalcedony or limo- 
nite. Most are formed of crystalline silica 








geographical cycle 


which may or may not have a shell of 
chalcedony, others are composed of limo- 
nite, colemanite, celestite, barite, or other 
minerals, and most have been formed in 
shales or other soft rocks. Distinguished 
from vugs which are residual or solution 
Cavities in veins or rocks, and may be 
crystal-lined. Fay; Hess. b. The cavity in 
a geode. Webster 3d. 

geodepression. A long, narrow depression, 
not necessarily filled by sediments. A.G_I. 

geodesist. One who employs surveying and 
geodetic instruments, such as transits, theo- 
dolites, and other engineering instruments, 
in setting up and improving network of 
triangulation over the earth’s surface, in 
order to provide fixed points for use in 
making maps. D.O.T. 1. 

geodesy. a. A branch of applied mathematics 
that determines by observation and meas- 
urement the exact positions of points and 
the figures and areas of large portions of 
the earth’s surface, the shape and size of 
the earth, and the variations of terres- 
trial gravity and magnetism. Webster 3d. 
Also called geodetics. b. Survey which in- 
cludes corrections for the surface curvature 
of the globe. Pryor, 3. 

geodetic coordinates. Latitude and longitude 
as calculated on the spheroid. Seelye, 2. 

geodetics. See geodesy. Fay. 

geodetic surveying. That very accurate 
method of surveying which takes into con- 
sideration the spheroidal form of the 
earth’s surface. Used in topographic and 
hydrographic work. Crispin. 

geodimeter. An instrument which employs 
an electronic method of measuring dis- 
tance by measuring the time it takes a 
modulated light wave to travel from the 
master unit to a mirror and to return. 
H&G. 

geodynamic. Of, pertaining to, or noting 
the forces or processes within the earth. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

geofault. A large fault directly affecting the 
relief of the earth’s surface, on land or 
beneath the sea. Challinor. 

geoflexure. A large flexure directly affect- 
ing the relief of the earth’s surface. Chal- 
linor. 

geofraction. A fracture passing through the 
entire thickness of the solid crust. Schiefer- 
decker. 

geognosy. a. A branch of geology that deals 
with the materials of the earth and its 
general interior and exterior constitution. 
Webster 3d. b. An old term for absolute 
knowledge of the earth, as distinct from 
geology, which includes various theoretical 
aspects. C.T.D. 

geogony. A science or a theory of the forma- 
tion of the earth. Webster 3d. 

geographical concentration. The ratio of face 
length in yards (X) to length of main 


haulage roads in yards (L), that is —. 
L 


See also concentration of output. Nelson. 
geographical cycle. Every landform passes 
through a comparatively systematic series 
of changes from its youth, when its form is 
defined chiefly by constructional processes, 
past its maturity, when the processes of 
subaerial sculpture have carved a great 
variety of moldings and channelings, toward 
its old age, in which the accomplishment 
of the full measure of denudation reduces 
the mass essentially to baselevel, however 
high it may have been originally. It has 
become accustomed to call this unmeasured 


geographical cycle 


time a geographical cycle. Synonym for 
cycle of erosion. See also geomorphic cycle. 
A.G.I. 

geographic or true north. The northerly di- 
rection of the geographic meridian at any 
terrestrial point. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

geography. The science that treats of the 
surface of the earth, including its form and 
development, the phenomena that take 
place thereon, and the plants, animals, and 
peoples that inhabit it, considered in rela- 
tion to the earth’s surface; also, a book or 
treatise on the above subject. Fay. 

geohydrology. The science dealing with the 
character, source, and mode of occurrence 
of underground water. Schieferdecker. 

geoid. The figure of the earth considered as 
a mean sea-level surface extended continu- 
ously through the continents. A.G.I. 

geolith. A rock stratigraphic unit. A.G-I. 
Supp. 

geologian. An old term for geologist. Fay. 

geologic; geological. The generally preferred 
usage is as follows: geologic data; geologic 
investigation or survey; geological organi- 
zation, survey, or society; geological era; 
and geological time. A.G_I. 

geologic age. The time of existence of a fossil 
organism or the occurrence or duration of 
a particular event as stated in terms of the 
conventional geological time scale. Any 
event not datable in terms of years is usu- 
ally given a relative geologic age. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

geological agent. A force or instrument by 
means of which a geological process oper- 
ates. Challinor. 

geological formations. Groups of rocks of 
similar character and age. Fay. 

geological horizon. A particular bed of rock 
or its equivalent, generally used as refer- 
ring to the bed containing a fauna or flora 
under consideration. Less often, used to 
mean igneous rocks of a particular period 
of time. Hess. 

geological ore. Ore that, so far as geological 
conditions show, may be present. Hess. 

geological province. An area throughout 
which geological history has been essen- 
tially the same or which is characterized 
by particular structural or physiographic 
features. Schieferdecker. 

geological section. a. A natural rock cut. 
Schieferdecker. b. The representation of 
such on paper. Schieferdecker. 

geological survey. A systematic investigation 
of an area determining the distribution, 
structure, composition, history, and inter- 
relations of rock units. Its purpose may be 
either purely scientific or economic with 
special attention to the distribution, re- 
serves, and potential recovery of mineral 
resources. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

Geological Survey. A Federal or State gov- 
ernmental organization that undertakes 
such investigations. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

geological time. The time extending from the 
end of the Formative period of earth his- 
tory to the beginning of the Historical 
period. It is conveniently divided into sev- 
eral periods, each being the time of forma- 
tion of one of the systems into which the 
stratigraphical column is divided. Thus, 
the Carboniferous period is the interval of 
time during which the rocks including the 
Carboniferous limestone, Millstone Grit, 
and Coal Measures in Britain, and the Mis- 
sissippian and Pennsylvanian strata in the 
United States, were in the process of for- 
mation. The complete list of periods from 








488 


the oldest to the youngest is: Precambrian, 
Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonifer- 
ous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, 
Tertiary, and Quaternary. The position of 
any rock in this time seequence is fixed by 
the fossils it contains. The absolute meas- 
urement of geological time is a baffling 
problem, but the ages of igneous rocks can 
be measured by highly specialized chemical 
methods, one being based on the estimation 
of the minute quantities of helium spon- 
taneously generated in certain radioactive 
minerals (see pleochroic halos). Baron G. 
de Geer has used the examination of the 
laminations in varve clays to measure the 
time which has elapsed since the Pleisto- 
cene glaciation. C.T.D. 

geologic chronology. The system of time divi- 
sions used in geology. Synonym for geoch- 
rony. Schieferdecker. 

geologic column. A diagram showing the sub- 
divisions of part or all of geologic time or 
the rock formations of a particular locality. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

geologic drilling. Drilling done primarily to 
obtain information from which the geology 
of the formations penetrated can be deter- 
mined. See also geology. Compare forma- 
tion testing. Long. 

geologic formation. See formation. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

geologic high. Sometimes used in oilfields to 
indicate a later geological formation re- 
gardless of elevation; opposite of geologic 
low, which refers to earlier formations. 
Compare topographic high. Fay. 

geologic legend. Attached to geological maps 
is a legend which shows the correct sequence 
of formations. The oldest formation is shown 
at the bottom, the youngest at the top. This 
constitutes a geological column. Any sym- 
bols and any colors may be used to repre- 
sent rocks of different geological periods. 
Nevertheless, certain standard colors have 
been adopted by the U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey and other national surveys. The U.S. 
Geological Survey prefers explanation to 
legend. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

geologic low. See geologic high. Fay. 

geologic map. A map upon which geologic 
information is plotted. The distribution of 
the formations is shown by means of sym- 
bols, patterns, or colors. The surficial de- 
posits may or may not be mapped sepa- 
rately. Folds, faults, mineral deposits, etc., 
are indicated by appropriate symbols. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

geologic mineralizer. Substance that promotes 
mineral concentration and crystallization 
during solidification of rock-forming mate- 
rial, particularly in pegmatite dikes. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

geologic section. A graphic representation, 
made from actual observations or inferred 
from other evidence, of underground geo- 
logic conditions along a given line or plane 
of the earth’s crust. Stokes and Varnes, 
1955. 

geologic structure. See structure, b. Nelson. 

geologic survey. A survey or investigation of 
the character and structure of the earth, 
of the physical changes which the earth’s 
crust has undergone or is undergoing, and 
of the causes producing those changes. 
AGL, 

geologic thermometer. A term applied to 
known temperature limits within which 
certain minerals or mineral aggregates must 
have formed; based on the thermal data 
relating to the fusion points of rocks and 
minerals, and the inversion or transition 








geomagnetic pole 


points of allotropic modifications of rock- 
forming compounds, and in general, to the 
equilibrium conditions and stability ranges 
under different conditions of pressure for 
various minerals, allotropes, solid solutions, 
eutectics, and other mineral aggregates. 
Holmes, 1928. 

geologic time unit. The time unit correspond- 
ing with a time-stratigraphic unit; for ex- 
ample, period, epoch, or age. A.G.I. Supp. 

geologist. a. One who studies the constitu- 
tion, structure, and history of the earth’s 
crust, conducting research into the forma- 
tion and dissolution of rock layers, analyz- 
ing fossil and mineral content of layers, 
and endeavoring to fix historical sequence 
of development by relating characteristics 
to known geological influences (historical 
geology). D.O.T. 1. b. One versed in the 
science of geology or engaged in a geologi- 
_cal study or investigation. Also called by 
drillers core snatcher; rock hound; sample 
grabber; sniffer. Long. 

gedlogist, petroleum. One who explores and 
charts stratigraphic arrangement and com- 
position of earth in order to locate gas and 
oil deposits. Identifies strata encountered 
in well drillings by studying well logs, ana- 
lyzing cores and cuttings, and interpreting 
data obtained by electrical or radioactive 
well logging or other subsurface surveying 
operations. Evaluates results of geophysical 
prospecting and prepares surface and sub- 
surface maps and diagrams to show strati- 
graphic arrangement and composition of 
earth, and probable deposits of gas and oil. 
Di OrToas Je 

geologize. To study geology or make geologi- 
cal investigations; to discourse as a geolo- 
gist. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

geology. A science that deals with the history 
of the earth and its life, especially as re- 
corded in the rocks.: Three principal 
branches or phases are usually distin- 
guished: (1) structural, or geotectonic, 
geology, treating of the form, arrangement, 
and internal structure of the rocks; (2) 
dynamic geology, dealing with the causes 
and processes of geological change; and 
(3) historical geology, aiming to give a 
chronological account of the events in the 
earth’s history. Webster 2d. Other subdivi- 
sions are: (1) economic geology, which 
deals with the applications of the science 
in industrial relations and operations; (2) 
legal geology, the application in litigation 
of the facts and principles of geology, par- 
ticularly its subdivisions, mineralogy, eco- 
nomic geology, and mining geology; (3) 
mining geology, a subdivision of economic 
geology concerned with the application of 
geologic facts and principles to mining; 
and (4) stratigraphic geology, a study of 
the succession of the beds of rock laid down 
during the progress of geologic ages. Fay. 

geomagnetic electrokinetograph. A current 
measuring device dependent upon the 
principle that an electrolyte moving through 
magnetic field (the earth’s) will generate 
an electric current. Abbreviation, GEK. Hy. 

geomagnetician. One who sets up magnetic 
observatories and stations in order to chart 
the earth’s magnetic field, and applies data 
obtained to problems in the fields of teleph- 
ony, telegraphy, radio broadcasting, naviga- 
tion, mapping, and geophysical prospect- 
ing. Also called terrestrial magnetician. 
Di Owen « 

geomagnetic meridian. See magnetic merid- 
ian. H&G. 

geomagnetic pole. Pole of the earth’s mag- 








geomagnetic pole 


| netic field located about 4,000 miles above 

its surface, does not correspond to the sur- 

face magnetic pole; one is at 782° north, 
69° west and the other at 78° south, 111° 
| east. A.GJI. Supp. 

|) geometrical effects. A term to describe the 

| effects of bed thickness and borehole diam- 

eter on the magnitude of S.P. deflections. 

Wyllie, p. 41. 

| geometric mean diameter. The diameter 

| equivalent of the arithmetic mean of the 
logarithm frequency distribution. In the 
analysis of beach sands it is taken as that 
grain diameter determined graphically by 
the intersection of a straight line through 
selected boundary sizes (generally points 
on the distribution curve where 16 and 84 
percent of the sample by weight is coarser) 
and a vertical line through the median 

| diameter of the sample. H&G. 

|| geometric progression. Series of numbers in- 

creasing by multiplication, which uses a 

constant factor. Pryor, 3. 

|, geometry. That branch of mathematics that 

deals with the relations of points, lines, 

angles, shapes, areas of surfaces, and vol- 

ume of solids. Jones, 2, p. 80. 

_') geomorphic. Of or relating to the form of the 

| earth or its surface features; resembling 
the earth. Webster 3d. 

) geomorphic cycle. The term geomorphic cycle 
is used here instead of the old term geo- 
graphical cycle which is less accurate. 
Synonym for geographical cycle; cycle of 
erosion. A.G.I. 

) geomorphogeny. That part of geomorphology 
which treats of the origin and development 
of the earth’s surface features. Fay. 

|) geomorphologist. A specialist in the study of 
the origin and development of the earth’s 
surface features. Hess. 

i geomorphology. A science that deals with the 
land and submarine relief features of the 
earth’s surface and seeks a genetic interpre- 
tation of them through using the principles 
of phyisography in its descriptive aspects 
and of dynamic and structural geology in 
its exploratory phases. Webster 3d. 

) geomyricin. See geomyricite. Fay. 

|. geomyricite. A waxlike, white mineral, melt- 

ing at about 80° C, and soluble in hot 

absolute alcohol and ether; its composition 

(Cs:HesOz) is near that of certain vegetal 
waxes. Fay. 
|| geonomy. The science of the physical laws of 
the structure and development of the earth. 
Standard, 1964. 

i geophone. A detector, placed on or in the 
ground in seismic work, which responds to 
the ground motion at the point of its loca- 
tion. Synonym for seismometer; seismo- 
graph; geotector; pickup; jug; tortuga. 
A.G.I. 
|) geophysical. Relating to the physics of the 
|| » earth. Fay. 
| geophysical logging. The lowering of equip- 

ment into a borehole and recording con- 

tinuously or intermittently various types of 

physical information. Numerous types of 

geophysical logs can be recorded, the more 

common being rate of penetration, tem- 
perature, gamma-ray, electric, and caliper 
| (for hole diameter). Nelson. 

) geophysical prospecting. Prospecting for min- 
| erals, mineral fuels, or the nature of earth 
materials by measuring the various physical 
properties of the rocks, and interpreting the 
results in terms of geologic feature or the 
economic deposits sought. Physical meas- 
urements are taken at the surface of differ- 
ences in the density, electrical resistance, or 








geophysical prospector. 








489 


magnetic properties of the rocks. There are 
four main methods employed in geophysical 
prospecting, namely, gravitational, mag- 
netic, electrical, and seismic with several 
modifications of each. Nelson. 

One who studies 
structure of subsurface rock formations in 
order to locate petroleum deposits, using 
such physical and electrical testing instru- 
ments as seismograph, gravimeter, torsion 
balance, magnetometer, pendulum devices, 
and electrical-resistivity apparatus to meas- 
ure various characteristics of the earth. 
May be designated according to type of 
equipment used, as electrical prospector, 
gravity prospector, magnetic prospector, 
and seismic prospector. D.O.T. 1. 


geophysical site investigation. The measure- 


ment of the various physical properties of 
rocks at a site and interpreting the infor- 
mation in terms of geologic structure and 
nature of deposits. Of the various estab- 
lished geophysical methods of investigating 
sites, the electrical resistivity method is the 
best known. It may be used to contour 
concealed rock surfaces and detect discon- 
tinuities. The geophysical method is par- 
ticularly useful for making a rapid survey 
of a large site, especially when used in 
conjunction with boreholes or trial pits. 
Nelson. 


geophysical survey. The exploration of an 


area in which geophysical properties and 
relationships unique to the area are mapped 
by one or more geophysical methods. A.G.I. 


geophysicist. One who studies seismic, gravi- 


tational, electrical, thermal, and magnetic 
phenomena to determine structure and 
composition of earth, and forces causing 
movement and warping of surface. Investi- 
gates origin and activity of glaciers and 
volcanoes, and the course and phenomena 
of earthquakes; charts ocean currents and 
tides ; takes measurements concerning shape 
and movements of earth, and acoustic, 
optical, and electrical phenomena in the 
atmosphere; and locates petroleum and 
mineral deposits. May specialize in a par- 
ticular phase of the work, as exploration, 
administration, research, consulting, design, 
or teaching. D.O.T. 1. 


geophysics. The science of the carth with 


respect to its structure, composition, and 
development. It is a branch of experimental 
physics dealing with the earth, including 
its atmosphere and hydrosphere. It includes 
the sciences of dynamical geology and phys- 
ical geography, and makes use of geodesy, 
geology, seismology, meteorology, oceanog- 
raphy, magnetism, and other earth sciences 
in collecting and interpreting earth data. 
Geophysical methods have been applied 
successfully to the identification of under- 
ground structures in the earth and to the 
search for structures of a particular type, 
as, for example, those associated with oil- 
bearing sands, A.G.J. 


geordie. a. Scot. A coal miner. Webster 3d. 


b. Scot. A coal miner’s safety lamp. Web- 
ster 3d. 


geordie turnout. Aust. A turnout (switch), 


from a heading to a bord, made of iron 
bars of square cross section instead of ordi- 
nary T-rails, so that the same turnouts can 
be used to the right or left by simply re- 
versing them. Fay. 


georgiadesite. A white, brownish-yellow, chlo- 


roarsenate of lead, Pbs(AsOx)2.3PbCl.; 
orthorhombic. Small hexagonal crystals. 
Occurs on lead slags. From Laurium, 
Greece. English. 








geotumor 


Georgian. Lower Cambrian. A.G.I. Supp. 

Georgian glass. Reinforced fire-resisting build- 
ing glass. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

geosphere. The solid portion of the earth, 
including water masses; the lithosphere 
plus the hydrosphere. Above the geosphere 
lies the atmosphere and at the interface 
between these two regions is found almost 
all of the biosphere, or zone of life. H&G. 

geostatic. Capable of sustaining the pressure 
of superincumbent earth. Fay. 

geostrophic motion. Motion which is unac- 
celerated and frictionless is geostrophic or 
earth-tuned. The direction of geostrophic 
flow is along the isobaric lines and is pro- 
portional in speed to the spacing of the 
isobars, closer lines indicating greater 
speed. Hy. 

geosutures. Large mobile zones between more 
rigid blocks formed in the course of early 
geologic time. Schieferdecker. 

geosyncline. a. A large, generally linear trough 
that subsided deeply throughout a long 
period of time in which a thick succession 
of stratified sediments and possibly extru- 
sive volcanic rocks commonly accumulated. 
The strata of many geosynclines have been 
folded into mountains. Many different 
kinds have been differentiated and named. 
A.G.I. Supp. b. The area of such a trough. 
A.G.I. Supp. c. A stratigraphic surface that 
subsided in such a trough. A.G.I. Supp. 

geotechnical processes. The name given to 
those processes which change the properties 
of soils, and which include compaction, 
electro-osmosis, freezing, ground-water low- 
ering, and injection. Ham. 

geotechnics. a. The engineering behavior of 
all cuttings and slopes in the ground. This 
term is gradually replacing the term “‘soil 
mechanics”. Institution of Mining and 
Metallurgy. Symposium on Opencast Min- 
ing, Quarrying, and Alluvial Mining. Lon- 
don, 16-19 November, 1964. Paper 17, pp. 
1-2. b. A science of making the earth more 
habitable. Webster 3d. 

geotechnology. A term including earth sci- 
ences, mineral economics, mineral engi- 
neering, and mineral technology. Bennett 
2d, 1962, 

geotectonic. Of or relating to the form, ar- 
rangement, and structure of the rock masses 
of the earth’s crust. Synonym for structural. 
Webster 3d. 

geotector. Synonym for geophone. A.G_I. 

geothermal; geothermic. Of or relating to the 
heat of the earth’s interior. Webster 3d. 

geothermal gradient. The change in tempera- 
ture of the earth with depth, expressed 
either in degrees per unit depth, or in units 
of depth per degree. A.G.I. 

geothermal steam. Steam drawn from deep 
within the earth. There are currently about 
90 known places in the continental United 
States where geothermal steam could be 
harnessed for power, and these are in Cali- 
fornia, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

geothermic degree. The average distance into 
the earth equivalent to an increase of one 
degree in temperature. Standard, 1964. 

geothermic gradient. See strata temperature. 
Roberts, I. 

geothermometer. A thermometer designed to 
measure temperatures in deep-sea deposits 
or in boreholes deep below the surface of 
the earth; a geologic thermometer. Web- 
ster 3d. 

geotumor. A major updoming of the surface 
of the earth’s crust due to physicochemical 
reactions occurring at depth. Schieferdecker. 


gerasimivskite 


gerasimovskite. The niobium analogue of 
belyankinite, occurring in an ussingite peg- 
matite from the Lovozero massif, Kola 
Peninsula, U.S.S.R. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

gerhardite. A basic copper nitrate containing 
52.9 percent copper. Crystallization, ortho- 
rhombic. Cleavage, yields flexible laminae. 
Tenacity, fragile and sectile. Mohs’ hard- 
ness, 2; specific gravity, 3.426; luster, vitre- 
us, brilliant; color, deep emerald-green; 
streak, light green; transparent; soluble in 
dilute acids. From Jerome, Ariz. Weed, 
1918. 

german. A straw tube filled with gunpowder 
and used as a fuse. Not used in coal mines. 
CHEDa 

germanate-pyromorphite. Artificial Pb;(PO,)2- 
GeQO,; apatite family. Hey, M.M., 1964. 

German cupellation. A method using a large 
reverberatory furnace with a fixed bed and 
a movable roof. The bullion to be cupelled 
is all charged at once and the silver is not 
refined in the same furnace where the 
cupellation is carried on. Fay. 

German cut. See pyramid cut. Fraenkel, v. 1, 
Art. 6:02 p. 27. 

German gold. Amber. Shipley. 

germanite. A dark, reddish-gray sulfarsenite 
of copper, iron, and germanium, 5Cu:S.- 
12(Cu,Fe) S.AseS3.2GeS2; isometric; usually 
massive. From Tsumeb, Southwest Africa. 
English. 

germanium. A grayish-white, rare metallic 
element occurring in a few minerals and 
in coal. One source is the mineral argyro- 
dite, a double sulfide of germanium and 
silver. The main use of the metal, which 
has exceptional properties as a semicon- 
ductor, is in the manufacture of solid recti- 
fiers or diodes in microwave detectors and, 
in a highly pure state, in transistors. Sym- 
bol, Ge; valences, 2 and 4; isometric ; atomic 
number, 32; atomic weight, 72.59; specific 
gravity, 5.323 (at 25° C); melting point, 
937.4° C; boiling point, 2,830° C; insol- 
uble in water and in alkalies; and soluble 
in hot sulfuric acid and in aqua regia. 
C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-112, B-176. 

germanium dioxide (insoluble). GeO.; tetrag- 
onal; molecular weight, 104.59; specific 
gravity, 6.239; melting point, 1,086° + 5° 
C; insoluble in water and in hydrochloric 
acid; and slightly soluble in ammonium 
hydroxide. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-177. 

germanium dioxide (soluble). GeOz; melting 
point, 1,115° C. This oxide is a glass 
former and provides some unique proper- 
ties; for example, greater dispersion; lower 
melting temperature; and higher transmis- 
sivity for infrared radiation. Some germa- 
nium oxide complexes and solid solutions 
have ferroelectric properties. Lee. Color- 
less; specific gravity, 4.228 (at 25° C); 
hexagonal; soluble in alkalies; and slightly 
soluble in acids and in water. Used as an 
ingredient of special glass mixtures. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-177. 

germanium nitride. GesN:; decomposes at 
800° C. A special electroceramic of high 
resistivity. Dodd, 

German lapiz. See Swiss lapiz. C.M.D. 

German process. See Continental process. 

German reduction process. This process con- 
sists in: (1) roasting the ore; (2) melting 
and obtaining a matte with 30 to 40 per- 
cent copper called coarse metal; (3) roast- 
ing the coarse metal; (4) melting and 
obtaining a matte with 60 to 70 percent 














490 


copper called fine metal; (5) roasting the 
fine metal; and (6) melting and obtaining 
black copper. Fay. 

German silver. An alloy of copper, zinc, and 
nickel. Crispin. 

German steel. A metal made from charcoal 
iron obtained from bog iron or from sparry 
carbonate of iron. Fay. 

German tubbing. A form of tubbing, with 
internal flanges and bolts, for lining circu- 
lar shafts sunk through heavily watered 
strata. Where conditions are favorable, con- 
crete is replacing tubbing as a shaft lining. 
See also English tubbing. Nelson. 

germination. See grain growth. ASM Gloss. 

gersdorffite. A sulfarsenide of nickel mineral, 
NiAsS or NiS2.NiAs2; isometric. Iron and 
sometimes cobalt replaces more or less of 
the nickel. It is usually massive and has 
a silver-white to steel-gray color. Dana 17. 

Gerstenhofer furnace. A shaft furnace, filled 
with terraces or shelves, through which 
crushed ore is caused to fall for roasting. 

_Fay. 

gerstleyite. Sodium sulfantimonite and sulf- 
arsenite, NasAseSbsSi7.6H2O, as red spher- 
ules, monoclinic (?) with borates in clay 
from Kramer, Calif. Spencer 21, M.M., 
1958. 

get. a. Eng. To work away or excavate by 
mining either under or above ground. Fay. 
b. The produce or output, in tons, of a 
colliery or mine during a certain period. 
Fay. 

get cleanup. Ark. To have an opportunity to 
load out all the coal a miner has loosened. 
Fay. a 

getter. a. Eng. A miner who gets out coal or 
ore. Standard, 1964. b. Substance used to 
combine with the residual oxygen in an 
electric bulb or tube. Its use is called get- 
tering. Pryor, 3. 

getting. a. Eng. Cutting, mining, and loading 
coal, etc., in a mine. Fay. b. The actual 
process of digging clay, by hand or by exca- 
vator; getting and transporting form the 
successive stages of winning. Dodd. 

getting-in-the-top. Eng. Cutting out and tim- 
bering the crown of the excavation for the 
tunnel, Fay. 

getting rock. S. Staff. Clay ironstone in the 
roof of a coal seam, which is worked in 
conjunction with the coal. Fay. 

geversite. A mineral, PtSbe, cubic with pyrite- 
type structure, intergrown with native plat- 
inum at the Dreikop mine, Transvaal, Re- 
public of South Africa. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

geyes. Same as jays. Tomketeff, 1954. 

geyser; gusher. A volcano in miniature, from 
which hot water and steam are erupted 
periodically instead of lava and ashes dur- 
ing the waning phase of volcanic activity. 
Named from the Great Geyser in Iceland, 
though the most familiar example is prob- 
ably Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park, 
Wyo. The eruptive force is the sudden ex- 
pansion which takes place when locally 
heated water, raised to a temperature above 
boiling point, flashes into steam. Until the 
moment of eruption, this had been pre- 
vented by the pressure of the superincum- 
bent column of water in the pipe of the 
geyser, which js usually terminated upwards 
by a sinter crater, C.T.D. 

geyser basin. An area in which geysers are 
grouped. Standard, 1964. 

geyserite. A hydrated form of silica, a variety 
of opal, deposited around some hot springs 
or geysers. Fay. 

ggor Abbreviation for gross gas-oil ratio. Also 








Giant’s Causeway 


abbreviated GGOR. BuMin Style Guide, 
p. 59. 

ggpd Abbreviation for gross gas produced. 
Also abbreviated GGPD. BuMin Style 
Guide, p. 59. 

ghaist. Scot. The white ash or cinder of shale 
of shaly coal. Fay. 

ghaist coal. Scot. A coal which burns with a 
fixed, white, incandescent light. Arkell. 

G.H.H. cappel. A type of rope cappel used 
with the Koepe winder, particularly in Ger- 
many. It consists mainly of two plates held 
together by bolts, incorporating a dead eye 
and wedge block. The rope is laced around 
this wedge and is self-tightening as the load 
increases. See also Demag cappel. Nelson. 

ghizite. A glassy variety of an anaicite and 
olivine-bearing basalt, A.G.I. 

ghost. a. S. Staff. A blue cap on a candle or 
lamp. Fay. b. Scot. See veal. Fay. 

ghost coal. Scot. An incandescent coal which, 
in burning, yields a fixed white light. 
Standard, 1964. Also called gaist. Fay. 

ghost crystal. A crystal within which may be 
seen an early stage of growth, outlined by 
a thin deposit of dust or other mineral 
deposit. C.M.D. 

ghost reflection. In the seismic reflection 
method, a special type of multiple reflec- 
tion. This is the reflection which takes 
place when the energy traveling upward 
from the shot is reflected downward by the 
base of the weathered zone or by the earth’s 
surface. The reflected pulse follows the pri- 
mary downgoing pulse by a time interval 
determined by the depth of the shot below 
the weathering (or the free surface) and 
the velocity of the material above the shot. 
For normal shooting depths this interval 
will range from 0.010 to 0.020 seconds. 
Dobrin, p. 143. 

ghost town. Deserted mining camp, or one in 
which only a few people remain after clos- 
ing down of a once busy community. 
Pryor, (3% 

ghoul. See grave robber. Hoov, p. 275. 

ghurr. a. A term used by alchemists for the 
mineral substance which in time is sup- 
posed to ripen and become real ore. Glauber, 
the alchemist (from whom we get Glauber’s 
salts, sulfate of soda) tells us that in Ger- 
many, the miners know when the ores are 
not grown to perfection, and usually say 
they have come too soon; they then shut 
up the mine again for some years until it is 
ripened and grown to perfection. Also 
called thurr; mother of metals. Fay. b. 
Gouge clay in a vein, Arkell. 

giallo antico marble. A yellow marble used by 
the ancient Greeks and Romans; hence the 
name giallo antico or antique yellow. The 
source is Algeria. Fay. 

giant. The nozzle of a pipe used to convey 
water for hydraulic mining and for the 
purpose of distributing or properly applying 
and increasing the force of the water. 
Ricketts, I. See hydraulic monitor. Bureau 
of Mines Staff. 

giant granite. See pegmatite. Fay. 

giant kettle. One of the numerous very large 
potholes (moulins) on the coast of Norway, 
probably formed by englacial waterfalls. 
Standard, 1964. 

giant powder. a. A blasting powder consisting 
of nitroglycerin, sodium nitrate, sulfur, 
rosin, and sometimes kieselguhr. Webster 
3d. b. Nitroglycerin absorbed by an inert 
filler such as kieselguhr. Pryor, 3. 

Giant’s Causeway. A sheet of columnar basalt 
covering large areas where the structure is 
finely displayed in the close-fitting hexago- 


























i 


;| 
/ 


Giant’s Causeway 


nal pillars distinctly marked, and varying 
in diameter from 15 to 20 inches, with a 
height of 20 feet in some places. It forms 
a prominent cliff on the north coast of 
Ireland. Fay. 


bgiant tender. See nozzleman. D.O.T. 1. 
i peib. a. A temporary support at the face to 


prevent coal from falling before the cut is 

complete, either by hand or by machine. 

B.C.I. b. Scot. A sprag; a prop put in the 

holing of a seam while being undercut. Fay. 

c. A piece of metal often used in the same 

hole with a wedge-shaped key for holding 

pieces together. Zern. 

jigib and key. Scot. A two-part tightening 
wedge, one part, the gib, being fixed while 
the other part, the key or cotter, is adjust- 
able lengthwise. Standard, 1964. 

jgibber. In geology, a faceted pebble or glypto- 

| lith; a dreikanter. Fay. 

gibbers. S. Aust. Float fragments of rock. The 
surface of the tableland is strewn with the 
mantle of hard siliceous stones or gibbers 
characteristic of the terrain. Hess. 

|Gibbs adsorption theorem. A solute which 

lowers the surface tension of its solvent 

tends to concentrate at the air/liquid inter- 

phase, and vice versa. Pryor, 3. 


|| Gibbs apparatus. A compressed-oxygen breath- 


ing apparatus used widely in the United 
States. The capacity of the oxygen bottle 
is 270 liters at a pressure of 135 atmos- 
pheres. The oxygen supply is sufficient for 
a minimum time of 2 hours and the flow 
is automatic. Caustic soda is used in the 
regenerator. The apparatus, which weighs 
about 35 pounds, is carried by a harness 
strapped to the wearer. Nelson. 


| gibbsite. The monoclinic hydroxide of alumi- 


num material, Al(OH);:. This mineral is 
a principal constituent of many bauxites. 
Specific gravity, 2.3 to 2.4; Mohs’ hardness, 
2.5 to 3.5. Dana 17, pp. 603, 317. 


|| Gibbs’ phase rule. See phase rule. 


| Gibraltar stone. A light-colored onyx marble 
found at Gibraltar. See also Mexican onyx. 
Shipley. 

)gibs. See sprags. C.T.D. 

jgibsonite. Scot. A fibrous, pink thomsonite 


from Renfrewshire and Dumbartonshire. 
English. 


|'gieseckite. An aluminosilicate of magnesium 


and potassium, sometimes with appreciable 
FeO. Hey 2d, 1955. 

cute porphyry. A nephelite porphyry 
from Greenland, whose nephelite pheno- 
crysts are altered to the aggregate of mus- 
covite scales, which was called gieseckite 
under the impression that it was a new 
mineral. Liebenerite porphyry is the same 
thing from Predazzo, in the Tirol. Fay. 

jgiessenite. Fine orthorhombic needles, Pbo- 
CuBi,Sbi.sSs0, occur in dolomite near Gies- 
sen in the Binn valley, Valais, Switzerland. 
Named from the locality. Hey, M.M., 
1964; Fleischer. 

)gig. a. Scot. A winding engine. Fay. b. Eng. 

' A small sump. See also sump. Fay. c. Eng. 
A two-storied box or cage for use in a mine 
shaft; also, a kibble. Webster 2d. d. A mine 
cage or skip. C.T.D. e. Gravity or self-act- 
ing haulage. Also called ginney. Mason. 


fee house. Scot. A winding-engine house. Fay. 


Gilard and Dubrul factors. See thermal ex- 
pansion factors for glass. Dodd. 


|gilbert. Magnetomotive force at a given point 


is definable as work required to bring a 
positive unit pole to that point from an 
infinite distance. The gilbert is the mag- 
netic potential agairist which an erg of 








491 


work is done when the unit pole is thus 
transferred. Obsolete. Pryor, 3. 

gilbertite. A variety of muscovite. A second- 
ary mica. Hey 2d, 1955. 

gild. To wash over or overlay thinly with 
gold; coat with gold, either in leaf or pow- 
der, or by electroplating ; as, to gild a chan- 
delier. To overlay with any other substance 
for the purpose of giving the appearance of 
gold. Standard, 1964. 

gilder. See liner. D.O.T. 1. 

gilder’s white; gilder’s whiting. Coarser grades 
of whiting or natural chalk. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

gilding. Depositing a layer of gold by electro- 
plating, or coating with gold leaf or powder 
by hand. The term is often applied to coat- 
ing with bronze powder or liquid. Crispin. 

gilding metal. High-copper red brass, with 90 
to 97 percent copper and zinc as the re- 
mainder; used for jewelry and cartridge 
cap fabrication. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

gillespite. A red silicate of iron and barium, 
FeO.BaO.4SiO2. Tetragonal. From Dry 
Delta, Alaska; Mariposa County, Calif. 
English. 

Gillie’s process. A flotation process based 
upon the principles of the Potter-Delprat 
process but embodying some unique appa- 
ratus. The process never had any commer- 
cial success. Fay. 

gill net. In oceanography, a fixed vertical net, 
having the headrope buoyed and the bot- 
tom rope weighted, in the meshes of which 
fish become entangled by their gill covers. 
CoL2Ds 

Gilman heat-treating machine. An automatic 
heat-treating machine used for tempering 
and hardening of drill bits at the mine. 
Lewis, p. 97. 

Gilmore needle. Apparatus for the determina- 
tion of the initial and final set of portland 
cement. It consists of two loaded rods 
which slide vertically in a frame; the rod 
(needle) for the determination of initial 
set is one-twelfth inch in diameter and 
weighs one-fourth pound; the needle for 
the final set is one-twenty-fourth inch in 
diameter and weighs 1 pound. Compare 
Vicat needle. Dodd. 

Gilpin County table. See end-bump table. 
Fay. 

gilsonite; uintaite; uintahite. a. An asphaltite 
or solidified hydrocarbons; found only in 
the United States, in Utah and Colorado. 
One of the purest (99.9 percent) natural 
bitumens. Mixes well with the fatty acid 
pitches in all proportions. Color in mass, 
black; conchoidal fracture; bright to fairly 
bright luster; brown streak. Specific gravity 
1.05 to 1.10 (77° F); hardness (Mohs’ 
scale) 2; penetration 0 (77° F). On heat- 
ing in flame, softens and flows; trace to 
1 percent mineral matter. Soluble in all 
proportions of carbon disulfide. (Usually 
melted in a varnish kettle, but also soluble 
in a lukewarm bath of naphtha under me- 
chanical agitation.) Used in acid, alkali 
and waterproof coatings; lacquers, and 
japans; wire-insulation compounds; min- 
eral wax; paving; waterproofing; also used 
as a source of petro-chemicals in some re- 
fineries. CCD 6d, 1961. b. A solid asphal- 
tum found in place, in a vein, lode, or rock. 
Fay. 

gime. Eng. A hole washed in an embankment 
by a rush of water through a leak. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

gim peg. A cranked iron support in a lapi- 
dary’s mill for the block into which the 
gem stick is struck. Also called gem peg. 











gin race 


Webster 3d. 

gin. a. Eng. A drum and framework carrying 
pulleys, by which the ore and waste are 
raised from a shallow pit; a whim. Also 
called horse gin. A contraction of engine. 
Fay. b. A pump worked by a windlass. 
Standard, 1964. c. A pile-driving machine. 
Standard, 1964. d. A small, hand-cranked 
hoist. Long. e. A drum framework and 
pulleys for hoisting mineral from a shallow 
shaft. C.T.D. f. Horse gear for hoisting 
through mine shaft. Pryor, 3. g. An old 
form of hoisting engine. Mason. 

gin beam. S. Staff. A timber crossbar carrying 
the pulley wheels over the top of a head- 
frame. Fay. 

gin block. A simple form of tackle block 
attached to a gin. Standard, 1964. 

ginging. The process of lining a shaft with 
bricks or masonry; the lining itself. C.T.D. 

gingoni. Derb. Walling up a shaft, instead 
of timbering, to keep the loose earth from 
falling. Fay. 

gin hand. One who assists pressman I by per- 
forming unskilled duties entailed in the 
feeding and unloading of a brick press, 
such as shoveling silica mud in path of 
bucket conveyor that feeds press, pushing 
empty rack cars in position for off-bearer 
who removes formed bricks from press, and 
pushing away filled rack cars. D.O.T. 1. 

gin horse. A horse working a gin or mill. 
Standard, 1964. See gin, a. Fay. 

ginnel(s). a. Cumb. Unshapely guts fringing 
the more irregular iron-ore bodies. Arkell. 
b. Cumb. An opening or crack in the rocks. 
Arkell. 

ginneter. N. Staff. a. A term used in the pot- 
teries for a woman whose job it is to grind 
from china ware, after it has been taken 
from the glost kiln, any adhering particles 
of refractory material from the kiln furni- 
ture. Compare sorting. Dodd. b. From Gin- 
net, an old term for a tool used by carpen- 
ters to remove excrescences from wood. 
Dodd. 

gimney. a. A journey set or train of tubs, 
trams, or trucks, or a self-acting incline, 
in a coal mine. C.T.D. b. In Nova Scotia, 
a prop. Fay. 

ginney tender. A man working on an endless 
chain haulage. C.T.D. 

ginny carriage. Eng. A small railway truck 
for transporting constructive materials. 
Standard, 1964. 

ginny rails. Eng. Track rails for ginny car- 
riages. Fay. 

ginorite. A white hydrous calcium borate, 
CasBusOrs.8H20 (?). Monoclinic. Minute 
lozenge-shaped_ plates aggregated into 
masses. From Tuscany, Italy. English. 

gin pit. A shallow mine, the hoisting from 
which is done by a gin. Fay. 

gin pole. a. The center pole of a drill tripod. 
Long. b. A pole used to support hoisting 
tackle. Long. c. The pole or bar on the 
top of a drill derrick to which a pulley 
tackle is fastened and used to hoist and 
place the crown block on top of a drill 
derrick. Long. d. Any one of the three poles 
of a hoisting gin. Webster 3d. e. A single 
pole held in a nearly vertical position by 
guys that support a block and tackle used 
for lifting loads. Webster 3d. f. A vertical, 
wooden, or steel mast rigged with block 
and tackle, together with rope or steel 
cable, by which mechanical power is em- 
ployed to raise heavy weights to a desired 
position. Used in place of a crane. Crispin. 

gin race. a. Eng. A wide excavation near the 
top of an underground inclined plane in 


gin race 


which a gin is fixed. Fay. b. The circular 
path which a gin horse travels. Standard, 
1964. Also called gin ring. Fay. 

gin ring. See gin race. 

gin tackle. A tackle arranged for use with a 
gin; especially, a combination of a double 
with a triple pulley block which multiplies 
by five the power exerted. Standard, 1964. 

gin wheel. The cylinder of a gin or ‘winch. 
Standard, 1964. 

giobertite. See breunnerite. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

Gipsy winch. A small winch that may be 
attached to a post, working either by a 
rotary motion or by the reciprocating 
action of a handle having a pair of pawls 
and a ratchet. Standard, 1964. 

giraffe. a. A cagelike mine car especially 
adapted for inclines, having the frame 
higher at one end than at the other. Stand- 
ard, 1964. b. A mechanical appliance for 
receiving and tripping a car of ore, etc., 
when it arrives at the surface. Fay. c. A 
multiple-deck skip. Fay. 

girasol. a. A name which has been applied to 
moonstone, fire opal, and an almost trans- 
parent opal with a bluish floating light. 
Shipley. b. Describes any gem variety which 
exhibits a billowy, gleaming, round, or 
elongated area of light which floats, that is, 
moves about as the stone is turned or as 
the light source is moved. When the elon- 
gated light forms an uneven or indistinct 
band the stone is said to have a chatoyant 
effect. Only when the band is sharp and 
distinct is jt a cat’s-eye. Shipley. c. A name 
for glass spheres used in the manufacture 
of imitation pearls. Shipley. 

girasol chrysoberyl. Cymophane with girasol 
effect but lacking true chatoyancy. Shipley. 

girasol opal. An opal with blue to white body 
color and a red play of color as well. 
Shipley. 

girasol pearl. An imitation pearl with a glass 
base. Shipley. 

girasol sapphire. A sapphire with a floating 
cloud of light or with a wide indistinct 
light band. Often incorrectly called sap- 
phire cat’s-eye. Shipley. 

Girbotol process. A wet scrubbing process for 
removing hydrogen sulfide from fuel gases 
in which aqueous solutions of aliphatic 
amines dissolve HeS and COs, from gases. 
The dissolved gases may be recovered by 
boiling. Ethanolamines are the amines used 
in the Girbotol process, and diethanolamine 
is the preferred reagent, since monoethanol- 
amine reacts irreversibly with COS and tri- 
ethanolamine has low adsorptive capacity 
(though HS is absorbed preferentially). 
The solution used contains 15 to 30 percent 
diethanolamine. Absorption takes place in 
packed towers and regeneration is by steam 
in a bubble-cap tower. Francis, 1965, v. 2, 
pb. 429. 

girder. A main beam, usually of steel or rein- 
forced concrete but may also be of timber. 
Ham. 

girdle. a. N. of Eng. A thin bed of stone 
exposed in a shaft or borehole. Fay. b. Eng. 
A thin stratum of coal, Newcastle coalfield. 
Fay.c. A thin sandstone stratum. Standard, 
1964. d. Flattened lenticles or nodules of 
any hard stone in softer beds. Sometimes 
extended also to beds. Arkell. e. The outer 
edge or periphery of a fashioned stone; that 
portion which is usually grasped by the 
setting or mounting; the dividing line be- 
tween the crown and pavilion. In most 
diamonds it is left unpolished. On emerald- 
cut diamonds, on almost all colored stones, 
and on some brilliant-cut diamonds, pol- 





492 


ished girdles are placed. On the latter these 
often consist of a series or more or less flat 
polished surfaces which are more or less 
accurately termed girdle facets. Shipley. 
f. The line which encompasses a cut gem 
parallel to the horizon; or which deter- 
mines the greatest horizontal expansion of 
the stone. Hess. 

girdle facets. a. In a brilliant-cut stone, (1) 
in traditional trade usage, the same as 
break facets, or (2) a term more or less 
correctly applied to the polished or partly 
polished flat surfaces which often are placed 
on a polished girdle. Shipley. b. In other 
styles of cutting, especially emerald cut, 
the girdle is usually polished, producing 
well-defined rectangles or other parallelo- 
grams in contrast to the outline of those 
on brilliants, which are usually uneven and 
unsymmetrical in comparison. Shipley. 

Girond process. In this process, fluorspar, 
soda ash, carbon, lime, and mill scale were 
thrown on to the bottom of a hot ladle, 
and thus sintered. On tapping the steel 
from the open hearth furnace into the 
ladle, the resulting boil removed part of 
the phosphorus. Osborne. 

girth; girt. a. A brace member running hori- 
zontally between the legs of a drill tripod 
or derrick. Long. b. In square-set timbering, 
a horizontal brace running parallel to thé 
drift. Long. c. A small girder. Standard, 
1964. 

Gish-Rooney method. An artificial-current 
conductive direct-current method of meas- 
uring ground resistivity which avoids polar- 
ization by continually reversing the current 
with a set of commutators. A.G.I. 

gismondite. A mineral, CaAlSisOw+4H20O. 
In pyramidal crystals, pseudotetragonal. 
Colorless or white, bluish-white, grayish, 
reddish. Fay. 

giumarrite. A variety of amphibole monchi- 
quite. Holmes, 1928. 

Giuetian. Upper Middle Devonian. A.G.I. 
Supp. 

Gjer’s soaking pit. A cavity lined with refrac- 
tory material used in metal working to 
enclose large ingots, in order to preserve 
them at a high temperature, and thus avoid 
the necessity of reheating. Fay. 

glaceramic. Term that has been used for de- 
vitrified glass products of the type most 
commonly known as pyroceram. See also 
pyroceram. Dodd. 

glacial. In geology, pertaining to, characteris- 
tic of, produced, deposited by, or derived 
from a glacier. Fay. 

glacial action. The grinding, scouring, pluck- 
ing, and polishing effected by the ice, 
armed with rock fragments frozen into it; 
and the accumulation of the rock debris 
resulting from these processes. The extent 
to which meltwaters derived from the ice 
are responsible for both aspects of glacial 
action is an open question. C.T.D. 

glacial boundary. The boundary line of the 
utmost extension of the lower margin of 


glacier land ice in any region, often extend-: 


ing beyond the outer terminal moraine. 
Standard, 1964. 

glacial denudation. Disintegration of rocks 
consequent upon glacial conditions. The 
extent to which the enormous amount of 
erosion in the Pleistocene period was di- 
rectly the work of ice is a disputed ques- 
tion, some believing that ice affords a pro- 
tective covering, and that the erosion is 
effected by meltwaters, chiefly during the 
retreat of the ice sheets. C.T.D. 





glacial till (till) 


glacial-deposition coast. A coast consisting of 
glacial deposits. Schieferdecker. 

glacial deposits. Synonym for glacial drift. 
A.G.I. 

glacial drift. Boulders, till, gravel, sand, or 
clay. transported by. a glacier or its melt- 
water. Mather. See also drift. 

Glacial epoch. The Pleistocene epoch, the 
earlier of two epochs comprised in the 
Quaternary period; characterized by the 
extensive glaciation of regions now free 
from ice. Fay. 

glacial erosion. The erosion of earth and 
rocks produced by glacier ice charged with 
detritus, and assisted by glacial streams. 
See also glaciation. Standard, 1964; Fay. 

glacial geology. The study of features result- 
ing from glacial erosion and deposition. 
Opposite of glaciology, the study of the 
physics, form, and regimens of glaciers. 
A.G.I. 

glacial groove. A large furrow cut by the 
abrading action of rock fragments con-_ 
tained in a glacier. A.G.I. 

glacialism. The study of glacial action andl 
history, especially with reference to the 
theory of a past continental glacier. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

Glacialite. Trade name for a white clay from | 
Enid, Okla., marketed as a fuller’s earth. | 
English. : 

glacialized. Subjected to the action of ice. 
Standard, 1964. 

glacial overburden. Glacial-drift materials 
overlying bedrock. See also glacial drift. 
Long. 

Glacial period. The time during which 
glacial ice flowed southward over a con- 
siderable part of the northern hemisphere. : 
The Pleistocene time. Hess. 

glacial planing and polishing. The leveling | 
and smoothing of rock surfaces by ice ero- 
sion. Standard, 1964. | 

glacial sands. These are really of fiuvio- 
glacial origin and appear to have been 
formed by the action of water derived © 
from the melting of ice upon the material 
brought down as a direct result of ice ac- 
tion. Glacial sands are generally rather: 
coarse and irregularly graded. Boswell | 
found range from .1-25 millimeters. The! 
grains are fairly angular—much less reg-_ 
ular than those formed by running water. 
A.G.I. 

glacial scoring. The scratching and grooving) 
of a rock surface by glacial erosion. Fay. 

glacial scratches. See glacial striate. Fay. 

glacial soil. Soil composed of boulder clays, 
moraines, etc., which were formed by the: 
action of ice during the Pleistocene age. 
Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. 
Symposium on Opencast Mining, Quarry- 
ing, and Alluvial Mining. London, 16-19 
November 1964, Paper 17, p. 2. 

glacial stream. Applied to a stream of water! 
flowing from a glacier. A.G.I. 

glacial striae. a. Usually straight, more or’ 
less regular, scratches, commonly parallel 
in sets, on smoothed surfaces of rocks, due 
to glacial abrasion; synonym for glacial. 
scratches. Fay. b. Curved, crooked, and: 
intermittent gouges, of irregular depth and 
width, and rough definition, on certain 
rock surfaces, sometimes due to abrasion’ 
by icebergs. Fay. 

glacial terrace. A glacial deposit rearranged. 
in terrace form by water. Standard, 1964. 

glacial till (till). Material deposited by) 
glaciation, usually composed of a wide: 
range of particle sizes, which has not been’ 



















glacial till (till) 


subjected to the sorting action of water. 
ASCE P1826. 
glaciate. To overspread with glacial ice, or 
to produce the phenomena of planation, 
rock scoring, drift, etc. Standard, 1964. 
glaciated. Covered by and subjected to the 
action of a glacier. Fay. 
glaciated coast. Coast the features of which 
have been modeled by glacial influences. 
Schieferdecker. 

glaciation. Effect on surface of land over 
which glacier has moved. Includes ero- 
sion, deposition, planing, polishing of 
rocks, releveling, change of drainage sys- 

] tem, and lakes. Pryor, 3 

|, glacic. Same as glacial. Fay. 

| glacier. A stream or sheet of ice, formed 

by the compacting and _ recrystallization 
of great thicknesses of snow. If sufficiently 
large, glaciers flow down mountain valleys 
or outward across country in all directions 
from a center of accumulation, as in 
Greenland. When glaciers reach the sea, 
they break off and form icebergs, the size 
of which are proportional to the thickness 
of the glaciers. Fay; Hess. 

| glacier burst. The sudden release of a reser- 
voir of water which has been impounded 
within or by a glacier. Fay. 

| glacier cataract. The passage of a glacier 
over a declivity in its bed. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

glaciere. Fr. An artificial or natural cavity, 
in a temperate climate, in which a mass 
of ice remains unthawed throughout the 
year; an ice glen. Standard, 1964. 
| glacier grain. a. The granular texture of 
glacier ice. Fay. b. One of the grains of 
ice in a glacier. Fay. 
glacier ice. If the body of ice developed 
from snow becomes great enough, it be- 
gins to spread or creep out from its place 
of accumulation. Ice thus moving is gla- 
cier ice, A:G.I. 

glacierized. Pertains to terrain covered by 
glacier ice. This is a British usage. Most 
American writers prefer glacier covered. 
A.G.I. 

|| glacier meal. See rock flour. Fay. 

_ glacier milk. The milk-white water, charged 
with fine white sediment, that issues from 

beneath glaciers. Standard, 1964. 

|| glacier mud. The pulverulent material, pro- 

duced by glacial erosion, that is washed 

out from beneath a glacier and deposited 
at lower levels by glacial streams. Also 

called glacier silt. Standard, 1964. 

| glacier snow. The compacted mountain snow 

that is in the intermediate stage between 

ordinary snow and glacier ice; névé. 

| Standard, 1964. 

| glacier table. A block of stone supported 

above the surface of a glacier on a pedes- 

tal of ice. Webster 3d. 

| glacier theory. The theory that large ele- 
vated portions of the temperate and frigid 
zones were covered during the early 
Quaternary, and perhaps during some 
earlier epochs, by slowly moving ice sheets 
and glaciers, that transported vast masses 
of drift to lower latitudes, assisted by ice- 
bergs drifting along the coast. No longer 
a theory, but accepted as fact. Standard, 
1964; Fay. 

) glacio. A combining form frequently used 
with other words to denote formation by 
or relationship to glaciers. The usage is 
self-evident in such words as glacioaqueous, 
glaciofluvial, glaciomarine, and_glaciola- 

custrine. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

|| glacioaqueous. Pertaining to or resulting 








a} 














A493 


from the combined action of ice and 
water. Standard, 1964. 
glaciofluvial. Of, pertaining to, produced by, 
or resulting from combined glacier action 
and river action. Standard, 1964. 
glaciolacustrine. Of, relating to, or coming 
from lakes deriving much or all of their 
water from the melting of a glacier. Web- 
ster 3d. 
glaciology. That branch of geology which 
treats of glaciers, the deposits formed by 
them, and the results of their action in 
modifying topography. Fay. 
glaciomarine. Of, or relating to, processes 
or deposits which involve the action of 
glaciers and the sea, or the action of gla- 
ciers in the sea. Fay. 
glacon. A fragment of sea ice ranging in size 
from brash to a medium floe. Hy. 
glacure. Fr. A thin glazing on fine pottery. 
Standard, 1964. 
gladite. A lead-gray sulfobismuthite of lead 
and copper, 2PBS,Cu2S.5BieSs. Prismatic 
crystals. From Gladhammar, Sweden. 
English. 
gladkaite. A quartz lamprophyre containing 
andesine and hornblende and in smaller 
quantities both micas and epidote, has 
been called quartz spessartite. From Glad- 
kaia Sopka, Northern Urals, U.S.S.R. 
Hess. 
glady; gladii. Dev. Variegated black and 
white clay often associated with stoneware 
clays. Arkell. 
glance. A term used to designate various 
minerals having a splendent luster, as 
silver glance, lead glance, etc. Fay. 
glance coal. a. A term for anthracite. Fay. 
b. A compact black variety of brown coal 
(pitch coal). Tomkeieff, 1954. c. Bright 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 
glance cobalt. Same as cobaltite. Standard, 
1964. 
glance copper. Same as chalcocite. Standard, 
1964. 
glance pitch. A black asphaltite with a black 
streak and brilliant conchoidal fracture 
appears to be intermediate between the 
native asphalts and grahamite; consid- 
ered to have been derived from a different 
character of petroleum than gilsonite. See 
also manjak. Abraham, v. 1, 6d, 1960, p. 
230. 
gland. a. Scot. A malleable iron band sur- 
rounding a pipe or log and tightened by 
means of bolts. Fay. b. The outer portion 
of a stuffing box, having a tubular projec- 
tion embracing the rod, extending into the 
bore of the box, and bearing against the 
packing. Standard, 1964. c. The fixed 
engaging part of a positive-driven clutch. 
Standard, 1964. d. A bar hooked at both 
ends for clamping the parts of a molder’s 
flask. Standard, 1964. 
gland bridge. Scot. A bar or strip of iron to 
which a gland is sometimes bolted. See 
also gland, a. Fay. 
glangey grays. Som. Hard sandstone mixed 
or striped with coal. Arkell. 
glanzkohle. German name for bright coal or 
_ pitch coal. Tomketeff, 1954. 
glare. One of the major factors in the visual 
environment is the existence of glare. The 
range of brightness which the eye can 
discern at any given time is determined 
by the eye adaptation level, and_ is 
bounded by the upper extremes of glare 
and the lower extreme of a minimum dis- 
cernible brightness, or brightness thresh- 
old. Roberts, II, p. 92. 
glarimeter. See Ingersoll glarimeter. Dodd. 








glass colors 


glasbachite. Zorgite. Weed, 1918. 

glass. a. A product of fusion which has 
cooled to a rigid condition without crys- 
tallizing. By general definition, glass is in- 
organic. The most common (but not ex- 
clusive) glass-forming compound is SiOz, 
which may dissolve a considerable quan- 
tity of other oxides within its structure. The 
most typical structural characteristic of glass 
is the presence of short-range atomic order, 
and the absence of long-range order. See 
also optical crown glass; enamel; flint 
optical glass; frit; glaze; plate glass; py- 
rex; silica glass; tempered glass. VV. b. A 
term sometimes used for porcelain enamel 
or frit. ASTM (C286-65. c. The amor- 
phous result of the quick chill of a fused 
lava. See also obsidian; volcanic glass. 
Fay. d. Eng. A collier’s word for a dial. 
Fay. 

glass agate. A name applied to transparent, 
to semitransparent, slightly gray chalced- 
ony; also, even less correctly to obsidian. 
Shipley. 

glass block. Building blocks made of glass 
for use in walls. Mersereau, 4th, p. 328. 

glassblower. One who dips end of blowpipe 
into molten glass, gathering the exact 
amount for the given article on the end of 
the pipe, and blows through pipe to elon- 
gate glass and slightly inflate it with air. 
Swings blowpipe and attached glass into a 
mold of proper shape. May be designated 
according to article blown, as_ bottle 
blower. Also called blower. D.O.T. 1. 

glass-bonded mica. See mica, glass-bonded. 
Dodd. 

glassblowing. The shaping of hot glass by 
air pressure. ASTM C162-66. 

glass-bonded mica. A material consisting of 
fine particles of mica embedded in a glass 
binder. Skow. 

glass, borosilicate. See 
Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

glass breaker. One who breaks off sheets of 
window glass at top of glass-drawing ma- 
chine, trimming uneven borders with steel 
cutter. D.O.T. 1. 

glass buffer. See glass polisher. D.O.T. 1. 

glass, cased. See cased glass. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

glass, cellular. See cellular glass. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

glass ceramic. A material melted and formed 
as a glass, then converted largely to a 
crystalline form by controlled divitrifica- 
tion. Phillips. 

glass-cloth screens. A device of clothlike ma- 
terial woven from glass fibers which is at- 
tached to a metal frame to form a box- or 
basin-shaped receptacle. The device, which 
takes the place of a metal screen in a dis- 
tributing basin, is for filtering out impur- 
ities from the incoming stream of molten 
aluminum before the metal reaches the 
molds. Light Metal Age, v. 16, No. 9, 
October 1958, pp. 17-24. 

glass-cloth skim pans. A device consisting of 
glass cloth attached to a metal frame 
which replaces the birdbath in casting of 
sheet ingot. The glass-cloth material is the 
same as that described under glass-cloth 
screens. Light Metal Age, v. 16, No. 9, 
October 1958, pp. 17-24. 

glass-coated steel; glass-lined steel; glassed 
steel. Designations generally applied to a 
class of porcelain enamels which have 
high resistance to chemical attack at ele- 
vated temperatures and pressures. ASTM 
C286-65. } 

glass colors. This term is applied to chemi- 


borosilicate glass. 


glass colors 


cals or mixtures used to confer special 
properties on glass. CCD 6d, 1961. 

glass container. A general term applied to 
glass bottles and jars. ASTM C162-66. 

glass, Crookes. See Crookes glass. Bennett 
2d, 1962 Add. 

glass cutter-down. See cutter-down. D.O.T. 
ie 

glass cutter, machine. One who cuts glass 
into oval or circular shapes by machine. 
Adjusts machine to produce desired shape 
and manually guides cutting tool sus- 
pended by a steel rod over the glass. 
DOR. we 

glass, document. See document glass. 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

glass driller. One who, using an electric 
drill, drills holes in. glass lamp shades to 
permit the attachment of metal frames 
or fixtures. D.O.T. 1. 

glassed steel. A trade name used by seg- 
ments of the chemical industry for porce- 
lain enameled steel. ACSG, 1963. 

glass electrode. A glass membrane electrode 
used to measure pH or hydrogen-ion ac- 
tivity. ASM Gloss. 

glassen. To coat with or as with a glaze. 
Standard, 1964. 

glass enamels. A series of finely ground 
fluxes, basically lead borosilicate, inti- 
mately blended with colored ceramic pig- 
ments. Different grades give characteris- 
tics of acid resistance, alkali resistance, 
sulfide resistance, or low lead release to 
meet requirements for various uses. Firing 
range 1,000° to 1,400° F (537.8° to 760° 
C). Used for fired-on labels and decora- 
tions on glassware, glass containers, illu- 
minating ware, architectural glass, and 
signs. CCD 6d, 1961. 

glass etcher. One who mixes baths of hydro- 
fluoric acid, and dips glass into them so 
that portion of the glass not covered with 
wax will be eaten away (etched). D.O.T. 
Ls 

glass eye. A defect consisting of a large bub- 
ble or blister with clear glass over the top. 
Bryant. 

glass fiber. Generic name for a manufactured 
fiber in which the fiber-forming substance 
is glass. A continuous filament or staple 
fiber having unusual resistance to heat and 
chemicals, It is the strongest fiber known 
and is perfectly elastic up to its ultimate 
strength. It is attacked by hydrofluoric acid 
and alkalies; resistant to most other chemi- 
cals and solvents. Colored by resin-bonded 
pigments or by dyeing an applied protein 
film. Nonflammable. Is used for electrical 
insulation; plastic laminates. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

glass formers. See network formers. VV. 

glass frost. Very thin glass that has been 
crushed for use as a decorative material. 
Compare tinsel. Dodd. 

glass furnace. A furnace for fusing together 
the materials of which glass is made, or 
one for remelting glass frit and making it 
ready for working. Standard, 1964. 

glass gall. A saline whitish scum sometimes 
cast up from glass in fusion. Webster 3d. 

glass grinder. One who grinds and bevels the 


Ben- 


edges of automobile window glass to a | 


smooth finish, holding the glass against a 
revolving grinding wheel and moving the 
glass about as needed to remove roughness 
and sharp edges from portions to be left 
exposed in the finished car, producing a 
much finer finish than glass rougher. 
DO Te te 








494 


glass, heat-strengthened. See heat-strength- 
ened glass. Bennett 2d, 1962 Add. 

glassies. Octahedral diamond crystals (trans- 
parent). Hess. 

glass inclusion. In crystals of igneous rocks, 
an inclusion of glass or some lithoid sub- 
stance. Standard, 1964. 

glass lava. An undesirable name for ob- 
sidian. Shipley. 

glassmakers soap. A decolorizing agent for 
glass, such as manganese dioxide or white 
arsenic. Hess. 

glass metal. The fused and refined material 
of which glass is made. Fay. 

glass meteorite. An undesirable name for 
moldavite. Shipley. 

glass opal. Hyalite. Shipley. 

glass, phosphorus. See phosphorus glass. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

glass polisher. One who inspects glass for 
flaws, after it has been cut to the desired 
shape, and repairs small defects. Repairs 
glass by grinding and buffing, using power- 
driven sand and pumice grinding wheels 
and cloth or felt buffing wheels. Also called 
glass buffer; glass smoother. D.O.T. 1. 

glass pot. A fire clay and grog, or sillimanite 
crucible, used in melting glass. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

glass products inspector. One who visually 
examines finished glassware, such as dishes 
and automobile light lenses, for blisters, 
cracks, strains, and other obvious defects. 
iD Oxleely 

glass pull. Quantity of glass delivered by a 
furnace in a given time. Bennett 2d, 1962 
Add. 

glass quartz. A little-used name for rock crys- 
tal. Shipley. 

glass ream. Smear or gob of nonhomogeneous 
glass within a glass sheet. Bennett 2d, 1962 
Add. 

glass rock. A pure cryptocrystalline Trenton 
limestone in northern Illinois and southern 
Wisconsin. Fay. 

glass rougher. One who grinds the edges of 
glass for automobile windshields, rear win- 
dows, and other glass that does not need 
perfect edges, to a rough finish, holding, 
pressing, and turning piece against rotat- 
ing wheel on a stationary base or using a 
portable grinding tool. Also called glass 
sealer, D.O.T. 1. 

glass sand. A sand suitable for making glass. 
The principal component is quartz. A typi- 
cal analysis is 99.41 percent SiOz, 0.21 per- 
cent AlsOs, 0.07 percent FezOs, 0.07 per- 
cent CaO, 0.68 percent MgO. Found in 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
Missouri, Illinois, and Maryland. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

glass schorl. Axinite. Shipley. 

glass sealer. See glass rougher. D.O.T. 1. 

glass seam. A joint plane in a rock that has 
been recemented by deposition of calcite 
or silica in the crack. Fay. 

glass, silica. See silica glass. Bennett 2d, 1962 
Add. 

glass smoother. See glass polisher. D.O.T. 1. 

glass spar 20-mesh. A feldspar produced for 
the flat glass manufacturing industry; 
(milk bottles, mason jars, etc.). AIME, p. 
341, 

glass spar 40-mesh. A feldspar produced for 
the flat glass manufacturing industry. 
AIME, p. 341. 

glass stone. A glass imitation stone; also, a 
term applied to axinite. Shipley. 

glass technologist. See chemist, 
DiO- Tadic 


glass. 








glaze 


glass, textile. See textile glass. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

glass tiff. Calcite. Fay. 

glass tile. Tile made of glass, designed to 
transmit light through an otherwise opaque 
structure. AC'SG, 1963. 

glass-to-metal seal. Metal components vary- 
ing in size from fine wires to heavy flanges 
are sealed to glass for many purposes, for 
example, electric lamp bulbs and radio 
valves. Metals that have been used for this 
purpose include platinum, copper, wolfram, 
molybdenum, and alloys such as iron- 
chromium, nickel-iron, and nickel-iron-co- 
balt. Dodd. 

glass transformation. The transition from a 
supercooled liquid to a true glass. VV. 

glass-transformation temperature. Tempera- 
ture below which the relaxation time for 
some degree of freedom is long compared 
with the duration of an experiment. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962 Add. 

glass tube. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

glass vial. Synonym for acid bottle. Long. 

glassware finisher. See ware finisher. D.O.T. 1. 

glass wool. A fibrous woollike material com- 
posed of fine filaments of glass intermingled 
like ordinary wool. Used in chemical lab- 
oratories; also in some producer-gas plants 
as a dust-filtering agent, and widely used 
in insulation and air filters. CCD 6d, 1961. 

glassy. Applied to diamonds which lack bril- 
liancy. Hess. 

glassy feldspar. Two varieties of potash feld- 
spar occur as transparent colorless crystals, 
sanidine and adularia. Transparent yellow 
orthoclase also occurs but is very rare. 
C.M.D. 

glassy texture. The texture of natural glass or 
slag in which crystal structure is absent or 
weakly developed. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

glauberite. A sodium-calcium sufate mineral, 
NasSO,..CaSOs. Sanford. 

Glauber’s salt. See mirabilite. Fay. 

glaucocerinite. A sky-blue ultrabasic hydrous 
sulfate of zinc, aluminum, and copper, 
Zni3AlsCuz ( SO.) 200.34H2O0. A fibrous-bot- 
ryoidal coating on adamite. From Laurium, 
Greece. Near zincaluminite. English. 

glaucochroite. A delicate bluish-green, violet, 
pale pink silicate of calcium and manga- 
nese, CaMnSiQy. In embedded, prismastic 
crystals. Orthorhombic. From Franklin, 
N.J. English. 

glaucodot. Sulfarsenide of cobalt and iron, 
(Co,Fe) AsS. In orthorhombic crystals. Also 
massive. Luster metallic. A grayish tin- 
white mineral. Fay. 

glaucolite. A variety of wernerite having a 
blue or green tint. Standard, 1964. 

glauconite; greensand. Essentially a hydrous 
silicate of iron and potassium, but the ma- 
terial is usually a mixture and consequently 
varies much in composition, K2(Mg,Fe)s- 
Ale (SisOr)s(OH)12; monoclinic. The pot- 


ash ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 percent. See | 


also marl. Sanford; Dana 17. 

glauconitic sandstone. A quartz sandstone or 
an arkosic sandstone rich in glauconite 
grains. A.G.I. 

glaucophane. A silicate of sodium, aluminum, 
iron, and magensium, essentially NazMga- 
Alz(SisOz») (OH,F)2; monoclinic. One of 
the monoclinic amphiboles. Dana 17; Fay. 

glaucophane schist. An amphibole schist in 
which glaucophane is abundant along with 
some epidote, quartz, and mica. Sinkankas. 

glaucopyrite. A variety of lollingite contain- 
ing cobalt. Standard, 1964. 

glaze. a. Term for a glaze made essentially 
from a fusible clay. Dodd. b. A term used 





glaze 


in the ceramic industry. According to the 
sense in which it is used it may mean: (1) 
A vitreous coating on finished pottery or 
enamelware, (2) the mixed and powdered 
dry materials of the batch to be used for 
| producing the vitreous coating, or (3) an 
emulsion of these materials suspended in 
water (wet glaze). Glazes may consist of 
common salt or feldspar but are more 
usually mixtures of native silicates such 
as feldspar, kaolin, or Cornish stone with 
flint, sand, cullet, chalk, borax, soda, 
white lead, red lead, or litharge. CCD 6d, 
1961. See also bright glaze; clear glaze; 
crystalline glaze; fritted glaze; mat glaze; 
opaque glaze; raw glaze; semimat glaze; 
slip glaze; vellum glaze; frit. ASTM 
0242-60. c. The rounded and _ polished 
surfaces produced on the exposed portion 
of diamonds inset in a bit when the bit is 
rotated at a high speed and subjected to 
a feed pressure much too low to make the 
bit cut at its optimum penetration rate. 
The bit is prematurely dulled and made 
unfit for additional use in that specific 
rock formation. Also called polish. Long. 
»glazed. a. Diamonds inset in a bit, the ex- 
posed surfaces of which have _ been 
rounded and polished by underfeeding at 
a high rotational speed. See also glaze; 
polish. Long. b. Containing considerable 
silica; said of pig iron, which is thus made 
brittle and difficult to puddle. Standard, 
fe 964. 
) glazed bricks. Bricks coated with a glossy 
surface made by fusing on a glazing ma- 
terial. Mersereau, 4th, p. 261. 
|, glazed ceramic mosaic tile. Ceramic mosaic 
tile with glazed faces. ASTM C242-60T. 











\ glazed extra-duty tile. Tile with a durable 


glaze that is suitable for light-duty floors 
and all other surfaces on interiors where 
there is no excessive abrasion or impact. 
ACSG. 

‘ glazed interior tile. A glazed tile with a body 
that is suitable for interior use and which 
is usually nonvitreous, and is not required 
or expected to withstand excessive impact 
or be subject to freezing and thawing con- 
ditions. ASTM C242-60T. 

j glaze dipper. One who applies a thin coat 
of glaze to bisque tile by dipping the tile 
into a glazing vat with a pair of hand 
tongs. Also called glazer. D.O.T.1. 

\ glazed pot. Generally a new pot coated in- 
side with a thin layer of glass to protect 
it from the raw batch. ASTM C162-66. 

) glazed tile. Tile with a fused impervious 
facial finish composed of ceramic mate- 
rials, fused into the body of the tile which 
may be a nonvitreous, semivitreous, vitre- 
ous, or impervious body. The glazed sur- 
face may be clear, white, or colored. 
ASTM C242-60T. 

glaze fit. The stress relationship between the 
glaze and body of a fired ceramic product. 
ASTM C242-60T. 

|) glaze grinder. See glaze maker. D.O.T. 1. 

) glaze handler. One who filters, tests, stores, 
and issues glaze mixtures used as finish 
coating for ceramic ware. D.O.T. 1. 

|) glaze kiln. A kiln for firing glazed ceramic 
ware. Standard, 1964. 

A Beaze maker. a. One who operates mills for 
mixing and grinding glaze and sagger 
washes and prepares frit for firing. Also 
called disintegrator man; frit maker; glaze 
__ grinder; glaze mixer; pulverizer; slip-room 
foreman. D.O.T. 1. b. One who mixes 
and grinds ceramic tile-glazing materials 








495 


in proportions according to specific chemi- 
cal formulas. D.O.T. 1. 

glaze mixer. See glaze maker. D.O.T. 1. 

glazer. See glaze dipper. D.O.T. 1.- 

glaze stains. Finely ground calcined oxides 
of cobalt, copper, iron, and manganese 
used for coloring ceramic glazes. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

glazier. a. A general term applied to a 
worker who cuts, smooths, and polishes 
glass. Also called glass cutter-down; glass 
grinder; glass polisher. D.O.T. 1. b. One 
who applies glaze to pottery. Standard, 
1964. 

glazing. Dulling the abrasive grains in the 
cutting face of a wheel during grinding. 
ASM Gloss. 

glazing barrel. A rotating barrel in which 
gunpowder is glazed with graphite. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 

glazing-machine operator. One who removes 
rough spots, air bubbles, and other blem- 
ishes from glass kitchen utensils. Places 
utensils on a disk which rotates through a 
gas flame, and by manipulating valves, 
regulates color and intensity of flame. Also 
called beveler; finisher; smoother. D.O.T. 
T 

glazing stone. A smooth, hard stone com- 
posed mostly of flint, used by polishers 
to glaze the face of a finishing wheel when 
iron or steel articles, not plated, such as 
carpenters’ chisels, drawshaves, etc., re- 
quire a high finish. Hess. 

glazy. Vitreous; glassy; dull. Having a glazed 
appearance as the fractured surface of 
some kinds of pig iron. Fay. 

glebe. a. Gr. Brit. A tract of land contain- 
ing mineral ore. Standard, 1964. b. Obso- 
lete term for a clod of earth, an ore, or 
an earthy mineral. Arkell. 

Gleeds. A glowing coal or small coke such 
as that used in nailmaking. C.T.D. 

gleet; glet. Slime, ooze, slimy alluvial de- 
posits. Arkell. 

gleg parting. a. Scot. The easy parting of one 
stratum from another. Fay. b. Sharp; 
smooth or slippery. Webster. 

glei; gley. A soil horizon in which the mate- 
rial is bluish-gray or blue-gray, more or 
less sticky, compact, and often structure- 
less. It is developed under the influence 
of excessive moisture. Stokes and Varnes, 
950: 

glen. A small valley; a secluded hollow 
among hills; a dale. Standard, 1964. 

Glenboig fire clay. A fire clay occurring in 
the Millstone grit in the region of Glen- 
boig, Lanarkshire, Scotland. A_ typical 
analysis (raw) is 50 to 51 percent SiOz; 
33 percent Al2O3; 2.5 percent Fe2Os; 0.5 
percent alkalies. The pyrometric cone 
equivalent is 32 to 33. Dodd. 

glenmuirite. An igneous rock occurring as a 
sill consisting of orthoclase-bearing meso- 
cratic teschenite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, 
p. 194. 

Glen Rose limestone. The calcareous mem- 
ber of the Trinity succession in the United 
States, reaching 650 feet in Arizona. 
CeieD* 

glessite. A brown resin occurring with suc- 
cinite on the shores of the Baltic Sea; 
specific gravity, 1.015 to 1.027. Fay. 

glesson. An obsolete name for feather, a 
type of imperfection in gems. Hess. 

gley. See glei. 

glide. a. The same as slip. ASM Gloss. b. A 
noncrystallographic shearing movement, 
as one grain over another. ASM Gloss. 





globigerina ooze 


glide direction. The direction of gliding 
along glide planes in a mineral. A.G.J. 

glide line. In single-crystal deformation, the 
possible direction, or directions, of move- 
ment in a glide plane; in a tectonite, the 
direction of movement in an s-surface in- 
dicated either from field observation or 
from interpretation of preferred orienta- 
tion of the fabric. See also structural 
petrology. A.G.I. 

glide plane. a. In single-crystal deformation, 
a lattice plane on which translation- or 
twin-gliding takes place; in a tectonite, 
an s-surface characterized (in a statistical 
sense) by a preferred orientation of one 
or more fabric elements which indicate 
movement in the s-surface. Synonym for 
slip plane. See also structural geology. 
A.G.I. b. The common plane of the two 
axes of a twin crystal. Hess. c. Slip plane 
or parting of mineral specimen. Direction 
along which slip may occur under suit- 
ably directed pressure; due to weakness 
of bond in crystalline structure along one 
of the three axes. Pryor, 3. 

gliding. a. A change of form by differential 
movements along definite planes in crys- 
tals without fracture. Fay. b. The forma- 
tion of twin crystals. Hess. 

gliding planes. Directions parallel to which 
a slipping of the molecules may take place 
under the application of mechanical force, 
as by pressure. Also called glide planes; 
slip planes. Fay. 

glimmer. German for mica. See also glist, 
an AnG le 

glimmering. As applied to the degree of 
luster of minerals, means those that afford 
an imperfect reflection, and apparently 
from points over the surface, as flint or 
chalcedony. Compare glistening. Fay. 

glimmerite. An igneous rock consisting es- 
sentially of biotite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, 
p. 441. 

glimmerton. A micaceous clay. Synonym for 
illite. Spencer 19, M.M., 1952. 

glinite. A group name for clay minerals from 
clay. Compare clayite. See also chasovrite. 
Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

glist. a. Corn. mica. Fay. b. A gleam; spar- 
kle. Fay. c. Eng. A dark, shining mineral 
resembling black tourmaline. Standard, 
1964. 

glistening. As applied to the degree of luster 
of a mineral means those minerals afford- 
ing a general reflection from the surface, 
but no image, as talc or chalcopyrite. 
Compare glimmering. Fay. 

glister. To increase the heat of (a brick- 
kiln) by stirring the fire and supplying 
fuel. Standard, 1964. 

glit. Scot. The slime of a riverbed. Standard, 
1964. 

glo. An ancient British name for coal. Tom- 
keveff, 1964. 

globe thermometer. A thermometer in a 
hollow spherical black globe, the readings 
from which show a higher value, due to 
radiation, than a conventional thermom- 
eter so that the globe device measures the 
effectual radiation temperature. Strock 10. 

globe valve. A valve with an approximately 
spherical chamber inside of which a bevel 
disk is pressed against a bevel-ring seat 
to close the valve. Long. 

globigerina ooze. A widespread, deep-sea de- 
posit largely composed of the shells of 
foramnifera, among which globigerina is 
especially abundant. Other calcareous re- 
mains are present (about 10 percent), to- 
gether with an inorganic residue (about 3 


globigerina ooze 


or 4 percent) having the composition of 
red clay. Holmes, 1928. 

globosphaerite. Proposed by Vogelsang for 
a spherulite composed of radially arranged 
globulites. Johannsen, v. 1, 2d, 1939, p. 
178. 

globular. In petrology, a textural term syn- 
onymous with spherulitic. A.GJ. 

globular pearlite. See granular 
(Gefen oy 

globular powder. Particles having approxi- 
mately spherical shape. Osborne. 

globular transfer. The term describes the 
transfer of metal as relatively large drops 
or globules during consumable-electrode 
arc welding. Also known as drop transfer, 
or more specifically as large-drop transfer. 
BuMines Bull. 625, 1965, p. VII. 

globulite. a. A tiny globular body of mineral 
crystallite. Webster 3d.b. A tiny, rounded, 
incipient crystal form visible in some vol- 
canic glasses when they are examined in 
thin sections under a microscope. Fay. 

glockerite. A mineral, 2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2O. 
Massive, sparry, earthy, or stalactitic. 
Color, brown to ocher-yellow to pitch 
black; dull green. Fay. 

Glomax. Brand name for purified koilinite; 
used as pigment extender. Bennett 2d, 
1962 Add. 

glomerophyric. A term suggested for the tex- 
ture of cumulophyric rocks in which the 
clusters or irregular groups of crystals con- 
sist of equant individuals. Schieferdecker. 

glomeroplasmatic. A term applied to the 
texture of granites or gneissose rocks in 
which the individuals of a certain min- 
eral, such as biotite, are locally concen- 
trated into conspicuous open clusters, and 
not into closed groups as in glomeropor- 
phyritic texture. Holmes, 1928. 

glomeroporphyritic. A term applied to ig- 
neous rocks in which the phenocrysts are 
gathered into distinct clusters or clots. 
Synonym for cumulophyric. A.G.J. 

glomerule. Aggregation of minute particles 
in aqueous suspension due to the forma- 
aaa of flocs. See also flocculation. Pryor, 

glomming. Another name for high grading. 
Hoouv, p. 490. 

gloom. A stove for drying gunpowder; dry- 
ing oven. Standard, 1964. 

glory hole. a. A funnel-shaped excavation 
the bottom of which is connected to a 
raise driven from an underground haulage 
level. The ore is broken by drilling and 
blasting in benches around the periphery 
cf the funnel. This process is also called 
milling, and the excavation termed a 
mill hole or simply a mill. Lewis, p. 403. 
b. A vertical pit, material from which is 
fed by gravity to hauling units in a shaft 
under the pit bottom. Nichols c. A com- 
bination of opencast with underground 
mining system, in which quarried material 
gravitates or is moved to a short shaft, 
from the bottom of which it is delivered to 
an underground transport system. Pryor, 
3. d. Can. Large open-pit excavation. 
Hoffman. e. An opening through which to 
observe the interior of a furnace. Stand- 
ard, 1964. f. A subsidiary furnace, in which 
articles may be reheated during manufac- 
ture. C.T.D. 

glory-hole system. A method of mining using 
a system of haulageways beneath the block 
of ore, which has had its top surface ex- 
posed by the removal of the overburden. 
Over the haulageways are chutes that ex- 
tend up to the surface, and are spaced at 


pearlite. 











496 


intervals of 50 feet or at any other con- 
venient distance. The excavation of the 
ore begins at the top of the chute, and 
broken ore is removed by loading it out 
from the chutes into cars on the haulage 
level. The ore block is worked from the 
top down. The method is similar in princi- 
ple to underhand stoping. Also called 
milling system; chute system. Fay. 

gloss. A glazed surface which has a shiny, 
lustrous finish. Crispin. 

gloss coal. A variety of brown coal, com- 
pact, deep black, with conchoidal fracture 
well developed, possessing a resinous to 
glossy and metallic luster. It is the hardest 
and most compact of the lignites; its spe- 
cific gravity varies from 1.2 to 1.5. Fay. 

gloss point. When a layer of glaze powder is 
heated, a temperature is reached at which 
the surface changes its appearance from 
dull to bright; this temperature has been 
termed the gloss point. Dodd. 

gloss white. A suspension in water of copre- 
cipitated aluminum hydroxide and barium 
sulfate. Used as a pigment or an extender. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

glost. In ceramics, lead glaze used in the 
manufacture of pottery. Standard, 1964. 

gloster-getter. A cutter loader designed for 
continuous mining taking a medium web 
of 2 feet 6 inches. It consists of a cutter 
section with horizontal and vertical jibs 
and gummer to which is attached a load- 
ing chute or plough which turns the cut 
coal onto the conveyor alongside. To re- 
verse the direction of cutting, the vertical 
shearing jibs are swung around from one 
side of the horizontal jibs to the other, 
and reversal of the horizontal cutter chain 
is by means of the reversible motor—the 
chains being provided with double-pointed 
picks. The minimum height at which the 
machine can cut is 2 feet 8 inches. The 
yield of small coal is rather high. Nelson. 

glost firing. Kiln firing of bisque ware after 
glazing. VV. 

glost-kiln drawer. See bisque-kiln drawer. 
DO Tele 

glost-kilIn placer. One who sets glazed ware 
in saggers and stacks saggers in glost kiln 
for firing. Also called glost-kiln setter; kiln 
hand. D.O.T. 1. 

glost oven. a. A furnace in which biscuit, 
after being dipped in slip, is fired and so 
glazed. C.T.D. b. In ceramics, a glazing 
kiln. Standard, 1964. 

glost-ware carrier. One who carries finished 
whiteware from glost warehouse to dec- 
orating room. Also called ware carrier; 
ware stripper. D.O.T.1. 

glove box. A sealed box in which workers, 
using gloves attached to and _ passing 
through openings in the box, can handle 
certain radioactive materials safely. L@L. 

Glover’s tower. In sulfuric-acid works, a 
tower through which the acid from the 
Gay-Lussac tower trickles and yields ni- 
trous anhydride to the gases entering the 
lead chambers, at the same time cooling 
them. Standard, 1964. 

glow. a. The incandescence of a heated sub- 
stance, or the light from such a substance; 
white or red heat; as, the glow of melted 
iron or the glow of embers. Standard, 
1964. b. The light of phosphorescent min- 
eral. Hess. 

glow stone. Chalcedony. Shipley. 

glucine. CaBes(PO,)2(OH).s.%2H2O, massive 
and encrusting, with moraesite from a 
locality in the Urals. Named from the 








glycerol monoacetate 


alternative name of beryllium-glucinum. 
Hey, MM, 1964; Fleischer. 

gluconic acid; glyconic acid; dextronic acid; 
glycogenic acid. Colorless or nearly color- 
less or light brown; needles or a syrupy 
liquid; CH2zOH(CHOH).QCOOH; mild 
acidic taste; melting point, 125° to 126° 
C; soluble in water; and insoluble in alco- 
hol and in ether. Used in cleaning and 
pickling metals. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. C-336. 

glue. A gelatinous substance extracted from 
animal carcasses, organs, hides, and bones. 
Used in mineral processing as a coagulant 
after acid leach of uranium-bearing ore 
pulps. Glues are also derived from other 
sources, but these have no direct use in 
mineral treatment. Pryor, 3. 

gluing rock. A ferruginous clay lying above 

. a coal stratus, and which may be mined 
at the same time as the coal. Standard, 
1964. 

glum. N. Staff. Carbonaceous underclay. 
Also, a name for one of the local bands of 
clay band ironstone. Arkell. 

glum metal. A soft-weathering stone. Arkell. 

glushinskite. Oxalate of Magnesium, as 
orthorhombic plates in chalky clay in an 
unspecified Arctic locality. Hey, M.M., 
1964. 

glut. a. Newc. A piece of wood, used to fill 
up behind cribbing or tubbing. Fay. b. A 
wooden wedge used to hole open a cleft 
in splitting logs. Standard, 1964. c. A 
small brick or block to fill up a course; 
also, an unburned pressed brick. Standard, 
1964. 

glut arch. A brick arch below the firemouth 
of a pottery bottle oven for the admission 
of primary air and the removal of clinker. 
See also bottle oven. Dodd. 

glyceride. A compound ether of triatomic 
alcohol glycerin. Shell Oil Co. 

glycerin D; diglycerin. Used in manufac- 
turing low-freezing dynamite. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

glycerol; glycerin; glycerine; glycyl alcohol. 
Clear; colorless or pale yellow; syrupy 
liquid; C;H;(OH)s; sweet, warm taste; 
molecular weight, 92.10; hydroscopic; spe- 
cific gravity (anhydrous), 1.2653; melting 
point, 18.6° C; boiling point, 290° C with 
decomposition; flash point, 177° C; soluble 
in water and in alcohol (aqueous solutions 
are neutral); and insoluble in benzene. 
Used in explosives, as a binder for ce- 
ments and mixes, and as a lubricant and 
a softener. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
p. C-338. Obtained as a byproduct in the 
manufacture of soap and candles. Used in 
the manufacture of munitions and as an 
antifreeze liquid. Crispin. Sometimes 
added to clay to increase and to maintain 
the pliability and workability of the mass. 
On firing, glycerol volatilizes without leav- 
ing a resdue. It is added to the soluble 
metallic salt solution to control its density 
and its slipperiness. Glycerol has other 
ceramic uses, such as in glass-etching 
pastes and cements, as a bonding agent in 
abrasives, and in the preparation of ce- 
ramic decalcomania. Lee. 

glycerol monoacetate; monoacetin; acetin. 
CHzOHCHOHCH:OOCCH;; molecular 
weight, 134.13; colorless oil; specific grav- 
ity, 1.206 (at 20° C, referred to water at 
4° CG); boiling point, 158° C (at 165 
mm); and soluble in water and in ethyl 
alcohol. Used in manufacturing dynamite. 








SS ee eer 


a0 





rr 


glycerol monoacetate 


Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of Chemistry 

and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. C-339. 
xlycerol trinitrate. See nitroglycerin. 
|tlycogenic acid. See gluconic acid. CCD 6d, 

| 1961. 

\iplycol; 1,2-ethanediol; dihydroxyethane; 

| ethylene glycol; ethylene alcohol; glycol 

| alcohol; glycohol alcohol. CH:sOHCH:- 
| OH; molecular weight, 62.07; colorless 

| liquid; specific gravity, 1.1176 (at 15° C, 

|| referred to water at 15° C) ; melting point, 

| —13.2° C; boiling point, 197.2° C; and 
soluble in water and in ethyl alcohol. 

Used as an explosive; as an antifreeze 

liquid; and as a solvent for waxes and 

resins. Bennett 2d, 1962; Handbook of 

Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 

| p. C-309. 

Become acid. See gluconic acid. CCD 6d, 

Hel 961. 

iiglycyl alcohol. See glycerol. CCD 6d, 1961. 

\jzlyptic. In mineralogy, exhibiting figures. 

|| Standard, 1964. 

|)zlyptogenesis. The process of sculpturing of 

| the lithosphere through the agency of the 

atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and 
| pyrosphere. Schieferdecker. 
|\glyptography. a. The art, process, or opera- 

» tion of engraving on precious stones or the 

like. Standard, 1964. b. A description of 

or treatise on gem engraving; the knowl- 
| edge or study of engraved gems. Standard, 

| 1964. 

)ulyptolith. A faceted pebble polished by wind 

| action. Fay. 

| G.M.B. Eng. Good merchantable brand, as 

| applied to copper by the Metal Exchange. 

Fay. 

}2melinite. A white pesudohexagonal zeolite 

| closely related chemically to chabazite but 

rarer in occurrence, (Na,Ca) Als(AlI,Si) - 
| Si2O40.20H2O. Dana 7a 

| GMT. Abbreviation for Greenwich mean 

time. Zimmerman, p. 51. 

jgmy. Abbreviation for gram-molecular-vol- 

} ume. Zimmerman, p. 91. 

j@mamma hole. Shallow and deep holes in 

the interior of western Australia formed in 

rocks, the chief of which is granite. They 
frequently contain water, and form almost 

the only natural surface supplies. A.G.I. 

\(gnarly bedding. Synonym for disturbed bed- 

| ding. See also curly bedding; convolute 

bedding. Pettijohn. 

at stone. Dendritic quartz (moss agate or 

mocha stone) with smal] black inclusions. 

| Shipley. 

|™neiss. A metamorphic rock of coarse grain 

| size, characterized by a mineral banding, 
in which the light minerals (quartz and 
feldspar) are separated from the dark 
ones (mica and/or hornblende). The 
layers of dark minerals are foliated, while 

_ the light bands are granulitic. C.T.D. 

|)meissic; gneissoid. Having the appearance 

| or character of gneiss. Fay. 

\ymeissic cleavage. Rock cleavage in which 
the surfaces of easy breaking, if developed 
at all, are from a few hundredths of an 
inch to half an inch or more apart. Leet. 

jmeissic quartzite. A metamorphic rock in- 
termediate between gneiss and quartzite. 
A.G.I, 

fmeissose. a. Resembling gneiss. A.G.I. Supp. 
b. Having composite structure of alter- 
nating schistose and granulose bands and 
lenses which differ in mineral composition 

_ and texture. A.G.J. Supp. 

fgneissose granite. A general term for granitic 
rocks with gneissose structure, due, not to 
metamorphism, but to the constrained 











497 


movements of a viscous magma during 
crystallization. Holmes, 1928. 

gneissose structure. A composite structure 
due to the alternation of schistose and 
granulose bands and lenticles, which are 
dissimilar both in mineral composition and 
in texture. The foliation is interrupted; 
and while a gneiss may split along a plane 
of schistosity, it does so less readily than 
a schist, and exposes a much rougher frac- 
ture surface. There can be all transitions 
between schistose, granulose, and gneissose 
structure. Schieferdecker. 

gnomonic projection. An azimuthal projec- 
tion of a part of a hemisphere showing the 
earth’s grid as projected by radials from a 
point at the center of the sphere onto a 
tangent plane so that all straight lines 
represent arcs of great circles, thereby 
making this projection valuable for navi- 
gation when used in conjunction with the 
Mercator projection. Webster 3d. 

goaf; gob. a. That part of a mine from which 
the coal has been worked away and the 
space more or less filled up. Fay. b. The 
refuse or waste left in the mine. Fay. 

goafing. Same as goaf, f. Fay. 

goaves. Old workings. Fay. 

gob. a. A common term for goaf. Fay. b. To 
leave coal and other minerals that are not 
marketable in the mine. Fay. c. To stow 
or pack any useless underground roadway 
with rubbish. Fay. d. To store under- 
ground, as along one side of a working 
place, the rock and refuse encountered in 
mining. Hudson. e. The material so 
packed or stored underground. Hudson. 
f. The space left by the extraction of a 
coal seam into which waste is packed. 
Also called goaf. C.T.D. g. A pile of loose 
waste in a mine, or backfill waste packed 
in stopes to support the roof. Ballard. h. 
Coal refuse left on the mine floor. Kor- 
son. i. To fill with goaf, or gob; to choke; 
as a furnace is gobbed, or gobs up. Web- 
ster, 2d. j. A portion of hot glass delivered 
by a feeder. ASTM C162-66. k. A por- 
tion of hot glass gathered on a punty or 
pipe. ASTM C162-66. 

gobber. a. Any device used for gobbing waste 
material. Jones. b. A man employed to 
pack rubbish or waste into the gob. C.T.D. 

Gobber. Trade name for a cutting machine 
provided with a conveyor for gobbing the 
unusable cuttings formed during the cut- 
ting operation. Jones. 

gobbet. A block of stone. Standard, 1964. 

gobbin. Leic. A contraction of gobbing. See 
also goaf; gob. Fay. 

gobbing. The act of stowing waste in a 
mine. Jones. Synonymous with gobbing- 
up. See also gob. Fay. 

gobbing slate. A thick layer of slate between 
two seams of coal. The lower seam is 
mined and the upper seam and the slate 
shot down, the coal loaded out and then 
the slate gobbed. Fay. 

gobbing the bone. Cleaning up slate. Korson. 

gob dump. See gob pile. Grove. 

gob entry. A wide entry with a heap of refuse 
or gob along one side. Fay. 

gob fire. a. Fire originating spontaneously 
from the heat of decomposing gob. Also 
called breeding fire. Fay. b. A fire occur- 
ring in a worked-out area, due to ignition 
of timber or broken coal left in the gob. 
C.T.D. c. Fire caused by spontaneous 
heating of the coal itself, and which may 
be wholly or partly concealed. Mason, v. 
1, p. 283. 

gob heading; gob road. A roadway driven 





goffan; goffen 


through the gob after the filling has set- 
tled. C.T.D. 

gob pile; gob dump. a. A pile or heap of 
mine refuse on the surface. Grove. b. An 
accumulation of waste material such as 
rock or bone. B.C.I. 

gob-pile orator. A more or less unflattering 
term applied to a talkative miner, used 
much in the same sense as “soapbox ora- 
tore BiGas 

gob process. Glass delivered to a forming 
unit in gob form. ASTM C162-66. 

gob road. Eng. A gallery or road extended 
through goaf or gob. Fay. 

gob-road system. Eng. A form of the long- 
wall system of working coal, in which all 
the main and branch roadways are made 
and maintained in the goaves. Fay. 

gob room. Space left for stowing gob. Fay. 

gobs. Measured portions of molten glass fed 
to machines making glass articles (bot- 
tles, jars, etc.). C.T.D. Supp. 

gob stink. a. Aust. The odor from the burn- 
ing coal given off by an underground fire. 
Fay. b. The odor given off by the spon- 
taneous heating of coal, not necessarily in 
the gob. Also called stink. B.S. 3618, 1963, 
sec. 2. c, A smell indicating spontaneous 
combustion or a fire in the goaf or gob. 
C.T.D. d. Used among British miners for 
gases accumulating in the gob or goaf— 
space in mines in which coal has been ex- 
tracted. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gob-up. Eng. See gob c, d, and i. Fay. 

gob wall. A rough wall of flat stones built to 
prevent the piles of gob from obstructing 
the passage of air. Fay. 

go-devil. a. A device used to scrape and de- 
scale pipes carrying solids, pulps, sludges, 
slurries and other deposit-forming liquors. 
Typically, a torpedo-shaped body equipped 
with scraper vanes or wire bristles, forced 
through the piping by compressed air or 
water pressure. May carry radioactive 
isotopes to aid in its location if jammed. 
Variations include hooked scrapers pulled 
through by rope; inflatable balls enclosed 
by chains, the ball being prodded and 
punctured if it lodges, and then flushed 
out; wooden balls with projecting spikes. 
Pryor, 3. b. An apparatus or cutter used 
for removing scale from the inside of 
pipes. Where the deposit is soft, such as 
ocher, it may be removed periodically by 
using such a cutter or go-devil in the 
pipes. Sinclair, IV, p. 32. c. A special 
spiral apparatus that is sent through a 
pipeline to clean out the sediment. Merse- 
reau, 4th, p. 198. d. An iron rod dropped 
down a well to explode a charge of nitro- 
glycerin. Mersereau, 4th, p. 198. e. A 
rude sledge upon which one end of a log 
is borne, the other end trailing on the 
ground; tieboy; also, a rough, strong 
wagon used in the woods and about quar- 
ries. Standard, 1964. f. See bullet, b, c, d. 
Long. 

go-devil plane. In the United States, a term 
for gravity haulage. Nelson. 

Godfrey furnace. A furnace with an annular 
hearth for roasting sulfide ores; used in 
Wales. Fay. 

goethite; gothite. An orthorhombic hydrated 
oxide of iron, FeO(OH), externally re- 
sembling limonite. One of the commonest 
minerals, typically formed as a weathering 
product of iron-bearing minerals. Dana 17. 

goffan; goffen. a. Corn. A surface working in 
which the material is thrown from one 
platform to another. Hess. b. Corn. A long 


goffan; goffen 


narrow surface working. See also coffin. 
Fay. 

gog. Eng. A bog. Standard, 1964. 

gogo. A term used in the Philippines for a 
plant whose juice is said to catch fine gold. 
Fay. 

Gohi iron. Copper-bearing iron, very low in 
impurities and in carbon (0.02 percent 
maximum), containing about 0.25 percent 
copper. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

going. Scot. Working, for example, a going 
place. A room in course of being worked. 
Fay. 

going bord. a. A roadway to the coal face in 
bord and pillar working. C.T.D. b. Eng. 
The bord or headway used as a main road 
for conveying the tubs to and from the 
face to a flat. See also flat, a. Also called 
going headway. SMRB, Paper No. 61. c. 
N. of Eng. A bord (room) down which 
coal is trammed, or one along which the 
coal from several working places is con- 
veyed into the main haulage. Fay. 

going concern. One that continues to trans- 
act its ordinary business. Ricketts, I. 

going headway. A headway or bord laid with 
rails, and used for conveying the coal cars 
to and from the face. Zern. 

going in. The act or process of lowering the 
drill string, a string of pipe, or casing into 
a borehole. Long. 

going off. A borehole, the course of which 
is deviating from that intended. Also 
called drifting; walking; wandering. Long. 

going road. A working place in a coal mine 
which is being pushed forward, as distinct 
from an old or disused place. C.7.D. 

Golconda. An ancient and famous group of 
diamond mines on the Kistna River, 
India, where the Koh-i-noor and other 
world famous diamonds were found. Hess. 

golcondas. Diamonds from India. Hess. 

gold. a. A heavy, soft, yellow, ductile, malle- 
able metallic element in group I of the 
periodic system. Symbol, Au; valences, 1 
and 3; isometric; atomic number, 79; 
atomic weight, 196.967; specific gravity, 
19.32 (at 20° C); melting point, 1,063° 
C; boiling point, 2,966° C; specific elec- 
trical resistivity, 2.42 microhms per cubic 
centimeter; insoluble in water and in 
acids; and soluble in aqua regia, in potas- 
sium cyanide solutions, and in hot sulfuric 
acid. Most of the metal is retained in gold 
reserves but some is used in jewelry. Gold 
is commonly alloyed with varying percent- 
ages of copper and silver. White gold is 
usually an alloy with nickel, but in dentis- 
try this alloy contains platinum or palla- 
dium. C.T.D.; Handbook of Chemistry 
and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-112, 
B-177. b. Occurs as native gold and in 
tellurides. Used in gold plating; amal- 
gams; gilding; anodes; and in laboratory 
ware. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of Chem- 
istry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-112. 

gold amalgam. a. A variety of native gold 
containing mercury. Standard, 1964. b. 
See amalgam, c. Fay. 

gold-and-silver assayer. See assayer. D.O.T. 
Supp. 

gold argentide. Synonym for electrum. Spen- 
cer 20, M.M., 1955. 

gold-bag washer. In ore dressing, smelting, 
and refining, a laborer who recovers black 
mud from bags in which silver anodes 
were suspended during electrolytic refin- 
ing process by washing and brushing them 
in series of tanks. D.O.T. Supp. 

goldbeater. One who makes goldleaf. Stand- 
ard, 1964. 





498 


goldbeaters’ mold. A pack composed of sev- 
eral hundred goldbeaters’ skins, having 
between them partly beaten goldfoil to be 
hammered out into goldleaf. Standard, 
1964. 

goldbeaters’ skin. The prepared outside mem- 
brane of the large intestine of cattle used 
for separating the leaves of metal in gold- 
beating and sometimes as the moisture- 
sensitive element in hygrometers. Webster 
3d. 

goldbeating. Process of converting gold sheet 
into fine goldfoil by hammering; the gold 
sheets are separated by vellum or gold- 
beaters’ skin during the hammering oper- 
ations. See also goldbeaters’ mold. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

goldbrick. a. A worthless brick that appears 
to be made of gold. Webster 3d. b. Some- 
thing that appears to be valuable but is 
actually worthless. Webster 3d. 

gold, ceramic decorating. Gold in the form of 
powder, paste, or liquid for application 
on ceramic materials. Combined with suit- 
able fluxes and vehicles for particular ap- 
plication. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gold chloride; gold trichloride; auric chloride. 
Red crystals; AuCls; decomposes at 254° 
C; sublimes at 265° QC; specific gravity, 
3.9; soluble in water, in alcohol, and in 
ether; slightly soluble in ammonia; and 
insoluble in carbon disulfide. Used in gold 
plating; in ceramics (enamels, gilding, and 
painting porcelain) ; in glass (gilding, ruby 
glass); and in the manufacture of finely 
divided gold and purple of Cassius. CCD 
6d, 1961; Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. B-177. 

gold cupride. Synonym for cuproauride; auri- 
cupride. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

golddigger. One who digs for or mines gold. 
This word is almost exclusively used to 
designate placer miners. Those engaged in 
mining in solid rock are called quartz 
miners. Fay. 

golddiggings. A region where gold is found 
mixed with sand or gravel. Standard, 1964. 
See diggings. Fay. 

gold dust. Particles and sometimes pellets and 
flakes of gold, obtained in placer mining. 
Webster 3d. An impure dust is sometimes 
called commercial dust. Webster 2d. 

golden beryl. A clear, yellow variety of beryl, 
prized as a gem stone. Heliodor is a variety 
from Southwest Africa. C.M.D. 

Golden Gate table. See end-bump table. Fay. 

golden ocher. a. A native ocher. Standard, 
1964. b. A mixture of light yellow ocher, 
chrome yellow, and whiting. Standard, 
1964. 

golden reef. Altered nonfibrous 
amosite. Sinclair, W.E., p. 484. 

golden sapphire. Yellow to greenish-yellow 
sapphire. Shipley. 

pen stone. Greenish-yellow peridot. Ship- 
ey. 

gold fever. A mania for seeking gold; applied 
specifically to the excitement caused. by 
the discovery of gold in California in 
1848-49. Standard, 1964. 

goldfield. A region where gold is found. 
Standard, 1964. 

goldfieldite. A dark lead-gray copper sulfan- 
timonite in which part of the antimony is 
replaced by bismuth (and arsenic) and 
part of the sulfur by tellurium (17 per- 
cent), 5CuS.(Sb,Bi,As)2(S,Te)s. Crusts; 
massive. From Goldfield, Nev. A tellurian 
tetrahedrite. American Mineralogist, v. 32, 
No. 3-4, March-April 1947, p. 254; 
English. 


form of 








goldleaf electroscope 


gold-filled. Covered on one or more surfaces 
with a layer of gold alloy to form a clad 
metal. By commercial agreement, a quality 
mark showing the quantity and fineness 
of gold alloy may be affixed which shows 
the actual proportional weight and karat 
fineness of the gold alloy cladding. For 
example, one-tenth 12K gold-filled means 
that the article consists of base metal 
covered on one or more surfaces with a 
gold alloy of 12-karat fineness comprising 
one-tenth part by weight of the entire 
metal in the article. No article having a 
gold alloy coating of less than 10-karat 
fineness may have any quality mark af- 
fixed. No article having a gold alloy por- 
tion of less than one-twentieth by weight 
may be marked gold-filled but may be 
marked rolled gold plate provided the 
proportional fraction and fineness desig- 
nation precede. These stands do not neces- 
sarily apply to watch cases. ASM Gloss. — 

gold-film glass. Glass incorporating a thin 
‘gold film which can be electrically heated 
for demisting and deicing. C.T.D. Supp. 

goldfoil. Gold beaten or rolled out very thin; 
gold in sheets thicker than goldleaf. Web- 
ster 3d. 

gold glass. A term sometimes applied to gold- 
stone. Shipley. 

gold hydrate. See gold hydroxide. CCD 6d, | 
1961. 

gold hydroxide; gold hydrate; auric hydrox- 
ide. Brown; Au(OH):; sensitive. to light; 
soluble in hydrochloric acid, in solutions 
of sodium cyanide, and in alkali hydrox- 
ides; and insoluble in water. The hydrox- 
ide is probably a hydrated trioxide of gold, 
Au2Os;, and it loses water easily. Used in | 
gilding liquids; in porcelain; and in gold — 
plating. CCD 6d, 1961. | 

goldichite. Hydrous potassium ferric sulfate, 
KFe(SO,)2.4H2O, as pale-green mono- 
clinic crystals from the decomposition of 
pyrite. From Utah. Spencer 20, M.M., . 
OSD. 

Goldich’s stability series. Mineral species dif- 
fer widely in their resistance to weathering | 
processes. This series summarizes the rela- 
tive resistance to weathering of the com- 
mon rock-forming silicates, and indicates 
that the minerals crystallized at the high- | 
est temperatures, under the most an- — 
hydrous conditions, are more _ readily 
weathered than those that crystallized last 
from the lower temperature, more aqueous 
magmas. As a general rule, the closer the 
conditions of crystallization approximate © 
those now prevailing at the earth’s surface, _ 
the more resistant is the mineral in the © 
weathering environment. The Goldich 
stability series also applies to the same » 
minerals when they are of metamorphic | 
origin. Hawkes, 2, pp. 80-81. 

gold jewelry. Jewelry made wholly or princi- 
pally of solid gold; also designates gold- | 
filled or gold-plated jewelry. Shipley. 

gold Jatten. a. Very thin sheet gold. Fay. b. — 
Any thin sheet brass or other metal gilded. 
Fay. 

goldleaf. Extremely fine layers of gold formed 
by beating or rolling between layers of ! 
goldbeaters’ skin; used for gilding works | 
of art, fabrics, and books. Bennett 2d, | 
1962. . 

goldleaf electroscope. An electroscope consist- — 
ing of two narrow strips of goldleaf sus- — 
pended from the lower end of a brass rod, | 
at the top of which a brass disk is fixed. 
The leaves are supported in a metal case 
by a plug of ebonite or some other good | 


| 
| 











goldleaf electroscope 


insulating material. Whenever the leaves 
have acquired a potential, they separate. 
Morris and Cooper, p. 230. 
ee: A garnet, (CasV,AI1,Fe)2(SiO.)s, 
from the Laguna uranium mining district, 
Albuquerque, N. Mex. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 
jgold matrix. Gold in a matrix of milky quartz. 
Same as gold quartz. Shipley. 
pold milling. A general term applied to the 
|| treating of ore to recover gold and silver 
| therefrom. Bureau of Mines Staff. 
‘gold mine. a. A mine containing or yielding 
gold. It may be either in solid rock 
(quartz mine) or in alluvial deposits 
(placer mine). Fay. b. Any investment 
yielding or furnishing great profit. Fay. 














j\gold 198. Radioactive gold of mass number 
‘|| 198. Half-life, 


64.8 hours; radiation, beta 
and gamma; and radiotoxicity, moderately 
| hazardous. Available in gold metal, col- 
| loidal gold, and gold-sodium thiosulfate. 
| Used to locate the solidification boundary 
| in continuously cast aluminum and _ to 
determine metallic silver in photographic 
materials. The decay product of gold 198 
is stable mercury, mercury 198, which 
may be distilled from aged, neutron-ir- 
radiated gold for the fabrication of mono- 
isotopic mercury arc light sources. See also 
radiogold. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 
\|  p. B-72. 
jgold opal. Opal which exhibits only an over- 
} all color of golden yellow. Shipley. 
jgold oxide; gold trioxide; auric oxide; auric 
| trioxide. Brownish-black; AuzO3; decom- 
| posed by heat, losing one oxygen at 160° 
C and three oxygens at 250° C; soluble 
in hydrochloric acid; and insoluble in 
water. Used in gilding liquids and in 
porcelain. CCD 6d, 1961. 
jgold paint. Paint pigmented with gold pow- 
der; really a bronze powder. Bennett 2d. 
1962 


gold pan. See pan, c., d. and i. 

gold panning. See panning. Nelson. 

gold poachers. Roving and enterprising free- 
lance miners and prospectors. Hoov, p. 


495. 


\)gold point. The melting point of pure gold, 


1,063° C. Used as one of the fixed refer- 
ence points on the temperature scale. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 


|gold-potassium chloride; potassium aurichlo- 


ride; potassium chloroaurate dihydrate. 
Yellow; orthorhombic; AuCls.KCIl.2H:O or 
K[AuCl.].2H2sO; and soluble in water, in 
alcohol, and in ether. Used for painting 
porcelain and glass. CCD 6d, 1961; Hand- 
book of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 
1964, p. B-206. 

)gold premium. S. Afr. ‘The excess of the price 

| of gold in a given market over the value 
fixed by statute or calculated over the 
exchange rate of money. Beerman. 


)gold purple. The purple of Cassius. Webster 
fe 2d 


| gold ‘quartz. Milky quartz containing inclu- 
sions of gold. Same as gold matrix. 
Shipley. 


_)gold-quartz ores; siliceous ores. Gold-bearing 


ores from which the sulfides have been 
removed by the leaching of groundwaters 
so that the ore consists almost entirely 
of quartz gangue, some iron oxides, and 
free gold. Newton, p. 19. 

gold ruby glass. See ruby glass. Dodd. 

gold sapphire. Lapis lazuli containing flecks 
of pyrite. See also golden sapphire. Shipley. 


‘) gold saving table. This table consists of a series 








499 


of narrow sluices from 2 to 3 feet wide 
set side by side on grades of from 1-1/8 
to 1-1/2 inches per foot. These tables ex- 
tend first transversely from beneath the 
trommel and then are turned at right an- 
gles to extend longitudinally to the rear 
of the dredge where they empty into tail 
sluices that carry the material some dis- 
tance back of the dredge before discharg- 
ing it into the pond. Lewis, p. 393. 

Goldschmidt’s law. The structure of a crystal 
is determined by the ratio of the numbers 
and sizes, and the properties of polariza- 
tion of its structural units. Pryor, 3. 

Goldschmidt’s mineralogical phase rule. 
Under natural rock-forming conditions, 
the probability of finding a system with a 
variance (degrees of freedom) of less than 
two (temperature and pressure) is small. 
Any given natural mineral assemblage, 
igneous or metamorphic, seems to be the 
stable one over a range of temperature 
and pressure. Thus, with a variance of 
two, the phase rule is reduced to a special 
case, P = QC, in which the maximum 
number of phases possible is equal to the 
number of components. A.G.J. 

Goldschmidt’s process. a. The thermite proc- 
ess of welding. See also thermite. Fay. 
b. Aluminothermy. Webster 3d. c. The 
removal of tin from serap tinplate by dry 
chlorine. Hess. 

gold scouring. Alternative term for burnish- 
ing. Dodd. 

gold shell. See Abyssinian gold. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

goldsmith. a. An artisan who makes vessels, 
jewelry, or other articles of gold. Webster 
3d. b. A manufacturer of and dealer in 
articles of gold. Webster 3d. 

goldsmith’s window. Aust. A slang term for 
a rich mining claim. Standard, 1964. 

gold-sodium chloride; sodium-gold chloride; 
sodium aurichloride; sodium chloroaurate. 
Yellow; orthorhombic; NaAuCls.2H.O 
decomposes at 100° C; and soluble in 
water, in alcohol, and in ether. Used in 
staining fine glass and in decorating por- 
celain. CCD 6d, 1961; Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
B-221. 

gold solder. A solder usually composed of 
gold, silver, copper, zinc, or brass. CCD 
6d, 1961 

gold standard. S. Afr. A fixed price relation 
between gold and the currency of a coun- 
try, with only narrow margins between 
the buying and selling prices of gold. 
Beerman. 

goldstone. Aventurine spangled close and fine 
with particles of gold-colored material. 
Webster 3d. See also aventurine. Fay. 

goldstone glaze. An aventurine glaze; a quoted 
composition is: 198.7 parts white lead; 
83.4 parts feldspar; 8.0 parts whiting; 
11.2 parts ferric oxide; and 41.4 parts 
flint. This glaze matures at cone 04. 
Dodd. 

gold telluride. Minerals containing tellurium 
forming tellurides of gold and silver, for 
example, sylvanite, calaverite, and petzite. 
Statistical Research Bureau. 

gold-tin precipitate. See gold-tin purple. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

gold-tin purple; purple of Cassius; gold-tin 
precipitate. Brown; insoluble in water; and 
soluble in ammonia. Used in the manufac- 
ture of ruby glass; in coloring enamels; 
and in painting porcelain. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gold topaz. a. Heat-treated topaz quartz. 











Gonell air elutriator 


Shipley. colored citrine. 
Shipley. 


gold trichloride. See gold chloride. CCD 6d, 
1961. 


b. Naturally 


gold trichloride, acid. Yellow to red; crystals; 
AuCl;.HCl.4H2O or HAuCl.4H2O; de- 
composed by heat; and soluble in water, 
in alcohol, and in ether. Used in gold 
plating; in ceramics (enamels, gilding, 
and painting porcelain) ; in glass (gilding, 
ruby glass); and in the manufacture of 
finely divided gold and purple of Cassius. 
CCD 6d, 1961. 

gold trioxide. See gold oxide. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gold wash. A place where gold is washed; 
used chiefly in the plural. Standard, 1964. 

gold washer. a. A sweater of gold coin. Fay. 
b. One who recovers gold by washing (as 
in a cradle); also, an apparatus for this 
purpose. Webster 3d. 

gold washing. Act or process of washing aurif- 
erous soil for gold; also a place where 
this is carried on. Webster 2d. See also 
diggings. Fay. 

gold work. a. The act or art of working in 
gold. Webster 3d. b. A pos an gold 
is mined, washed, or worked. F 

gole. a. avaitch Siandara 1964. F IM HSHOW 
between hills; a vale. Fay. c. A sluice or 
floodgate. Standard, 1964. 

goliath crane. A portal type of crane having 
a lifting capacity of 50 tons or more, 
with the crab traveling along the hori- 
zontal beam. See also portal crane. Ham. 

Gommesson method. A specialized method of 
surveying a borehole, utilized when a 
magnetic compass cannot be used because 
of local magnetism. The instrument used 
is essentially a rigid tube, up to 30 feet 
long, which is lowered info a borehole. 
The tube fits the borehole closely and 
contains a fine wire under tension. The 
difference between the arc of the tube, 
when bent at a crook in the borehole, and 
the chord of the wire is indicated by a 
stylus marking, which can be measured. 
The dip is read by etch tubes, and a di- 
rectional orientation taken at the surface 
is carried down the hole by precise aline- 
ment of the tube and rods as they are 
lowered into the borehole. Long. 

gompholite. See nagelfluh. Fay. 

gondite. A metamorphic rock consisting of 
garnet (spessartite) and quartz. See also 
collobrierite; eulysite. A.G.I. . 

Gondite. A spessartite-quartz rock, probably 
produced by the metamorphism of man- 
ganiferous sediments, and named _ after 
the Gonds of the Central Provinces of 
India, where the Gondite series occurs. 
Holmes, 1928. 

Gondite series. A series of manganiferous 
metamorphic rocks belong to the Dharwar 
system of India, and characterized by the 
presence of spessartite, rhodonite, and 
quartz. Holmes, 1928. 

gondola. a. A large flat-bottomed riverboat 
of light build. Standard, 1964. b. A rail- 
road car with no top, flat bottom, fixed 
sides, and sometimes demountable ends 
that is used chiefly for hauling steel, rock, 
or heavy bulk commodities. Webster, 3d. 

gondola car. Type of open freight truck used 
in the United States for mineral trans- 
port. Pryor, 3. 

Gonell air elutriator. A down-blast type of 
elutriator designed by H. W. Gonell and 
which has found considerable use in Eu- 
rope for assessing the fineness of portland 
cement. Dodd 


gone off 


gone off. A borehole that has deviated from 
the intended course. Long. 

gong metal. An alloy from which Oriental 
gongs are made, as one of 78 parts cop- 
per and 22 parts tin. Fay. 

goniometer. a. An instrument for measuring 
the angles between crystal faces. The con- 
tact goniometer, accurate to 0.5°, is used 
for elementary purposes; but for more 
precise work, a reflecting goniometer is 
necessary. It utilizes the reflection of light 
by crystal faces, arranged vertically and 
successively brought into alinement by 
rotating the crystal on the turntable of the 
instrument, the angle of rotation being 
accurately measurable by appropriate 
scales. C.T.D. b. An instrument used to 
measure the angle of the etch line on an 
acid-dip-survey acid bottle or the angle of 
bedding planes relative to the long axis 
of a drill core. See also protractor. Long. 

gonnardite. A white hydrous silicate of cal- 
cium, sodium, and aluminum, Ca,Na:Als 
SirzOw.14H2O. Finely fibrous, radiating 
spherules. Orthorhombic. Probably identi- 
cal with metathomsonite. From Puy-de- 
Dome, France. English. 

gonyerite. A chlorite rich in manganese (MnO 
33.83 percent) and poor in aluminum 
(Al.0;0.58 percent), from Langban, Swe- 
den. Spencer 21, M.M., 1958. 

Gooch crucible. A porcelain crucible, the bot- 
tom of which is perforated with numerous 
small holes, used as a filter in chemical 
laboratories, the bottom being packed 
with washed asbestos wool. It is used to 
increase the speed of filtering, generally 
in conjunction with a filter pump. 
Osborne. 

good. A term sometimes used to designate 
medium-quality drill diamonds. Long. 

good clean hole. As applied to oil-well drill- 
ing, a hole free from those things the 
presence of which would render the well 
incapable of use as a well. Ricketts, II. 

good delivery. Under metal exchange rulings, 
description of metal delivered at an agreed 
purity or of a defined quality. Pryor, 3. 

gooderite. An igneous rock containing 79 per- 
cent sodaclase, 11 percent biotite, 3 per- 
cent nephelite, 3 percent microperthite, 
and 2 percent calcite. Johannsen, v. 4, 
1938, p. 57. 

goodletite. Aust. The matrix rock in which 
rubies are found embedded. Standard, 
1964. 

good levels. Corn. Levels nearly horizontal. 


ay. 

Goodman duckbill loader. The duckbill 
assembly consists of six major units: a 
shovel trough to which is attached the 
shovel head fitting inside the feeder 
trough; an operating carrier which con- 
trols the connection or coupling between 
the feeder and shovel troughs; a sliding 
shoe which moves to and fro on the floor 
of the seam; a swivel trough and a pen- 
dulum jack. The function of the duckbill 
is to gather the coal and load it into the 
shaker conveyor pan column. The shovel 
is forced into the prepared coal by the 
forward motion of the pan column. As 
the shovel is propelled forward, the coal 
is conveyed back along the shovel trough 
and then to the pan column. Mason, v. 2, 
p. 544. 

Goodman loaders. a. The Goodman electro- 
hydraulic power shovel is designed for 
loading coal where the seams are 6 feet 
or more in thickness. It is moved from 
place to place by its own power on chain 








500 


threads and will pass through crosscuts 
5% feet wide and 5 feet high. The scoop, 
which holds half a ton of coal, may be 
swung around a vertical axis, for a com- 
plete circle, thrust radially forward and 
back, raised and lowered, and made to dis- 
charge its load into a car. Kiser, 1, p. 36. 
b. The Goodman entry loader is especially 
adapted for use in thin seams. From its 
position in the neck or entry of a room, 
a telescoping, fan-shaped apron extends 
into the room and rests on the bottom. 
A box scraper is slid to the working face 
where it is made to gather at one time 
as much as 1,500 pounds of coal, and 
move it onto the apron and back through 
an inclined trough into a car. The scraper 
is operated by means of wire ropes and 
can be drawn on to the chute, which can 
then be telescoped for changing its loca- 
tion. Kiser, 1, p. 37. 

Goodman miner. A continuous miner designed 
for driving coal headings in medium to 
thick seams. It has a rated capacity of 
7 tons per minute. The machine is crawler- 
mounted and equipped with two triple-arm 
rotating cutting units and a chain con- 
veyor. The cut coal is discharged on to 
the chain conveyor which delivers into 
shuttle or mine cars. A 100-horsepower 
motor drives the cutting units, while a 
50-horsepower motor powers the hydraulic 
system that controls all other movements. 
Also called Goodman-type 500 miner. 
Nelson. 

good merchantable brand; G.M.B. Metal ex- 
change classification of copper metal. 
Pryor, 3. 

good roasting. Complete roasting of an ore to 
the limit of its oxidizability. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

goods. A trade term for a lot, parcel, or ship- 
ment of diamonds without regard to qual- 
ity, composition, or quantity. J.C. 8200, 
1964, p. 149. 

good-shooting coal. Ark. Coal that can be 
shot “off the solid’ with a large propor- 
tion of lump coal and little slack. Fay. 

goongarrite. a. A sulfobismuthite of lead, 
4PbS.Bi.S;. Fibrous to platy masses. Prob- 
ably monoclinic. From Lake Goongarrie, 
West Australia. English. b. A discredited 
mineral term since it is a mixture consist- 
ing of cosalite and galena. American 
Mineralogist, v. 35, No. 3-4, March-April 
1950, p. 336. 

goose. a. Forest of Dean. A water barrel or 
tub. Fay. b. Scot. A platform carrier for 
handling coal autos or cars on steeply 
inclined roads. Fay. 

gooseberry stone. A pale, yellowish variety of 
garnet included under the term grossu- 
larite. Fay. 

goose brae. Scot. See cuddy brae. Fay. 

goose dung ore. An inferior grade of iron 
sinter containing silver. Also called goose 
silver ore. Fay. 

gooseneck. a. The bent-tube part of a water 
swivel to which the water hose is con- 
nected. Long. b. A T-shaped connection 
for supplying water to the top end of 
wash rods in penetrating overburden. It 
is fitted with pipe handles by means of 
which the wash rods may be_ turned. 
Long. c. A bent pipe or tube having a 
swivel joint, so that its outer end may be 
revolved. Standard, 1964. d. A delivery 
pipe for underflow (spigot discharge) of 
spitzkasten, desliming cone, etc. Swivel- 
jointed so that pressure differential be- 
tween overflow plane and underflow dis- 


go-out. A sluice built into a tidal embankment 


gopher hole blasting; tunnel blasting; coyote 





gopherman. In metal mining, one who ex- 


gor Abbreviation for gas-oil ratio. Also abbre- 


gor; gore. York. Sticky, dirty clay. Arkell. 
gorceixite. A brown basic phosphate of barium 





gordonite. A hydrous phosphate of magnesium ° 


Gordon’s formula 


charge height (the hydrostatic head) can 
be adjusted to give desired degree of | 
classification of feed. Pryor, 3. e. A bend | 
in a pipe such that the sides are approxi- 
mately parallel. Hess. f. An arched con- 
nection, usually between a tractor and a) 
trailer. Nichols, 2. g. See bustle pipe. 
Dodd. 


goose silver ore. See goose dung ore. Fay. 
goosing. In hydraulic mining, driving the 


gravel forward with the stream from the 
giant. Opposite of drawing. Fay. 


for impounding tidal water. Ham. 


gopher; gopher drift. An irregular prospect- 


ing drift following or seeking the ore with- 
out regard to maintenance of a regular 
grade or section. Fay. 


gopher hole; coyote hole. Horizontal opening | 


in wall of quarry, perhaps chambered or 
tee-headed in preparation for blasting. 
Also, an irregular pitting hole made when 
prospecting. Gophering is random pros- 
pecting by such pits or by gopher drift. 
Pryor, 3. 


blasting. Terms applied to the method of 
blasting in which large charges are fired | 
in small adits driven into the face of the 
quarry at the level of the floor. Similar 
to snakehole blasting on a large scale. 
A crosscut is commonly driven at the 
end of the adit, and one or two inter- 
mediate crosscuts may also be used to 
hold the powder. Coyote blasting is best | 
adapted to faces from 80 to 175 feet) 
high, where the surface is irregular and | 
where a large tonnage of rock is to be 
broken at one blast. Lewis, pp. 160-161. 


gophering. a. A method of breaking up a 


sandy medium-hard overburden where— 
blastholes tend to cave in. A series of shal- 


low holes are made by a bar and an ex- | 
plosive charge fired in each. The debris | 


is removed and the holes deepened and | 
further charges fired until the holes are- 
deep enough to take sufficient explosives 
to break the entire deposit. Nelson. b. The ' 
haphazard working of the easiest and 
richest portions of an ore deposit by miners 
with little or no capital. Nelson. c. Pros- 
pecting in any and every way, without | 
any apparent definite object, or searching | 
for float in surface soil, or for ore under- 

ground. von Bernewitz. d. Prospecting | 
work confined to digging shallow pits or - 
starting adits. Term used from similarity 

of this work to the crooked little holes dug 
in the soil by gophers. Weed, 1922. e. 

Can. Digging small holes to locate or ex- 
tract ore. Hoffman. 


eee eee ——eEE——EE————— eee eee eee 


tracts ore located in pockets or other 
parts not accessible for machine drilling | 
in an open-pit mine. D.O.T. 1. 


viated GOR. BuMin Style Guide, p. 59. 


and aluminum (with small amounts of | 
calcium, cerium, and iron), BaAl;(OH), 
P.O, (?). Microcrystalline; in rolled peb-— 
bles (favas). Belongs to the hamlinite — 
group. From diamond-bearing sand of | 
Minas Geraes, Brazil. English. 


and aluminum, MgO.Al.Os.P20;.9H2O; 

monoclinic; glassy, lath-shaped crystals, 
forming crusts; colorless; Found near Fair- 

field, Utah. English. 


Gordon’s formula. An cmpirical formula giy- 





Gordon’s formula 


ing the collapsing load for a given col- 
umn. C.T.D. 
}(Gordon’s rule. A rule by which the capacity 
| of hydraulic elevators is computed. It is 
| as follows: 
HxN 
M = ——— 

Cc 


where M = cubic yards of material lifted 
per hour 
H = available head of water in feet 

| N=units of flow of water of 1 

| cubic foot per second 

C = the efficient working height of 

the elevator, taken as head H 
in hundreds of feet multiplied 
by 15. 

Lewis, pp. 387-388. 

‘gordunite. A variety of peridotite consisting 
essentially of olivine and subordinate py- 
roxene with minor pyrope, picotite, and 
opaque oxides. A garnet-bearing wehrlite. 
A.G.I. 

| gorge. a. A narrow passage between hills; a 

ravine. Standard, 1964. b. A jam; as, an 

ice gorge. Standard, 1964. 

|» gorgeyite. Hydrated sulfate, K2SO..5CaSQ,.- 

1-1% H.O, small tabular monoclinic crys- 

tals with glauberite, and etc., in salt de- 

posits at Ischl, Upper Austria. Spencer 

I 620, M.M., 1955. 

|) gorgulho. A diamond-bearing quartz and clay 

gravel of Brazil. Hess. 

): gor sand. Eng..Sharp yellow sand, Lincoln- 

shire. Arkell. 

tgorse. A barrel or tub for carrying water 

| underground. C.T.D. 

goruchy slanetz. Russian name for oil shale 

or bituminous shale. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

\goshenite. A colorless, white, or bluish beryl 

from Goshen, Mass. Schaller. 

| Goskar dryer. A chamber dryer for bricks and 
tiles designed by T. A. Goskar. Each 
chamber has a false floor and a false roof; 
air enters the chamber via the space above 
the false roof and is withdrawn via the 
corresponding space below the false floor. 

Dodd. 
| goslarite. Native white vitriol or zinc sulfate, 
ZnSO,7H.O. Fay. 
| go slow. See ca’canny. Nelson. 
| gossan. A ferruginous deposit filling the upper 
parts of mineral veins or forming a super- 
ficial cover on masses of pyrite. It con- 
sists principally of hydrated oxide of iron, 
and has resulted from the oxidation and 
removal of the sulfur as well as the cop- 
per, etc. Also spelled gozzan. Synonym 
for iron hat. Fay. 

| \gossaniferous. Containing or producing gos- 

| san. Fay. 

\ gossany lode. A lode filled with gossan. Fay. 

| goth. Staff. Sudden bursting of coal from the 

face, owing to tension caused by unequal 
pressure. Zern. 

|| Gothic groove. A groove of Gothic-arch sec- 

tion in a roll. Fay. 

| gothic pitch. See pitch. Dodd. 

\gothite; goethite. A hydrous oxide mineral of 
iron, Fes.O3H2O. Fay. 

) goths. Staff. Sudden burstings of coal from 
the face, owing to tension caused by un- 
equal pressure. Zern. The term “airblast”’ 
is sometimes used in metal mines, espe- 
cially in South Africa. Fay. 

) got-on-knobs. S. Staff. A system of working 
thick coal, being a kind of bord-and-pillar 
plan, the main roadways being first driven 

| to the boundary. Fay. 

) gotten. a. An abandoned or exhausted mine. 

C.T.D. b. Coal ready to be filled under- 

















501 


ground into tubs or trains. C.T.D. c. Eng. 
Said of a worked out or exhausted mine, 
Midland coalfield. Fay. A term used in 
the quarrying industry from time imme- 
morial. Getting (or winning) is the act 
of obtaining limestone in the form of dis- 
crete, handleable lumps or fragments from 
the massive, continuous deposit, and the 
resulting material is known as stone-got- 
ten. Stowell. 

Gottifnies kiln. The original electric multi- 
passage kiln; it was introduced in 1938 by 
two Belgians, R. Gottignies and L. Gottig- 
nies. See also multipassage kiln. Dodd. 

gotzenite. A mineral, (Ca,Na,Al)7(Si,Ti) sO15- 
F3.5; triclinic; rinkite group. In nephelinite 
from Kivu, Republic of the Congo. Spen- 
cer 21, M.M., 1958. 

gouffre. A large hole opening downward into 
a cavern in a limestone region. Mather. 

gouge. a. A layer of soft material along the 
wall of a vein, favoring the miner, by 
enabling him after gouging it out with a 
pick, to attack the solid vein from the 
side. See also selvagc; flucan. Fay. b. Can. 
A narrow band of gold-bearing slate next 
to the vein, which can be extracted by a 
thin, long-pointed stick, Nova Scotia. Fay. 
c. To work a mine without plan or system. 
Fay. d. To contract the face of (a mine 
working) by neglecting to keep the sides 
cut away. Standard, 1964. e. The clay or 
clayey material in a fault zone. Also called 
clay gouge. Nelson. f. Parting layer of 
soft material between the true lode and 
the enclosing host rock. Crushed rock 
along a fault slip. See also gut. Pryor, 3. 
g. A chisel. Arkell. h. To gouge, to cut 
with a chisel. Arkell. i. See salvage. C.T.D. 

gouge angle. The angle at which the surface 
of a cutting edge is inclined in relation 
to the surface of the material being cut. 
See also negative rake; positive rake. 
Long. 

gouge channel. See channel cast. Pettijohn. 

gouge clay. Clay infillings in a mineral vein. 
Compare gouge. Arkell. 

gouge marks; crescentic gouge. Crescentic 
marks concave up-current formed by gla- 
cial plucking on bedrock surface. Petti- 
john. 

gouge rake. Synonym for positive rake. Long. 

gouge slip. A shaped piece of oilstone on 
which the concave side of the cutting 
edge of a gouge may be rubbed for sharp- 
ening purposes. C.T.D. 

gouging. In placer mining, an operation simi- 
lar to ground sluicing. Also called boom- 
ing. Fay. 

gouging shot. A gripping shot or opening shot 
used to make the first opening in a 
straight-room face, or to start a break- 
through. See also shot, e. Fay. 

gouging test. A procedure for the evaluation 
of the resistance of a vitreous enameled 
surface to mechanical wear. In the pro- 
cedure laid down in a Special Bulletin 
issued by the Porcelain Enamel Institute 
(Washington, D.C.), a small steel ball is 
rolled on the enamel surface under vari- 
ous loads. Dodd. 

gounce. Corn. A frame made of boards in 
which small tin ore is washed in a stream 
of water. A strake. Fay. 

gouttes d’eau. Literally ‘drops of water’; 
pingos d’agoa; an old term applied to 
the whitest of the Brazilian topaz crystal, 
which when cut and polished rival dia- 
mond in brilliancy, but lack the fire of 
the latter gem. C.M.D. 


goutwater. Forest of Dean. Mine water con- | 





grab dredger 


taining hydrogen sulfide, H2S. Fay. 

Gouy layer. Modification of the Helmholtz 
concept of the electrical double layer 
which surrounds a particle immersed in an 
electrolyte. In Gouy’s view there is only 
one diffuse layer. The ionic atmosphere 
near the surface of the particle is highly 
charged, but this ionization diminishes 
gradually outward into the ambient liquid. 
See also Debye-Huckel theory. Pryor, 3. 

government ownership. The statutes asserting 
paramount title in the United States to 
mineral lands are in harmony with the 
laws of practice of other countries on the 
same subject. Ricketts, I. 

governor. a. A device for regulating the speed 
of an engine or motor under varying 
conditions of load and pressure. Standard, 
1964. b. A device for regulating the flow 
or pressure of a fluid, as gas or water. 
Standard, 1964. 

governor, engine. A device that holds the en- 
gine speed constant regardless of load. 
Shell Oil Co. 

gow. Scot. A blacksmith. Standard, 1964. 

gowan. Decomposed granite. Standard, 1964. 

gow caisson. A device for sinking shafts of 
small diameter through silt or clay with- 
out excessive loss of ground. Ham. 

gowerite. A mineral, CaBsOw.5H2O, mono- 
clinic, from Furnace Creek, Death Valley, 
Calif. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

gowk. Northumb. Rider. Arkell. 

gowl. Derb. To break down, as the roof and 
sides are said to gowl or gowl out when 
they fall. Fay. 

goyazite. Perhaps CasAlioP2O23.9H2O. In small 
rounded grains. A yellowish-white mineral 
from Brazil. Fay. 

Goyder and Laughton process. A flotation 
process (1905) that was a variation of the 
Potter-Delprat process. It was used at 
Broken Hill, New South Wales. Liddel, 
2d, p. 407. 

gozzan. Eng. See gossan. Fay. 

gpd Abbreviation for gallons per day. BuMin 
Style Guide, p. 59. 

gph Abbreviation for gallons per hour. Pit and 
Quarry, 53rd, sec. E, p. 82. 

gpm Abbreviation for gallons per minute. 
BuMine Style Guide, p. 59. 

gpr Abbreviation for gas production rate. Also 
abbreviated GPR. BuMin Style Guide, p. 
59. 

gps Abbreviation for gallons per second. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. 

gr Abbreviation for grain. BuMin Style Guide, 

AID» 

oa An instrument for extricating broken 
boring tools from a borehole. Fay. 

Grabau process. A method of obtaining alumi- 
num from cryolite. Fay. 

grabbing crane. An excavator consisting of a 
crane carrying a large grab or bucket in 
the form of a pair of half-scoops, so 
hinged as to scoop or dig into the earth 
as they are lifted. C.T.D. 

grab buckets. Consists of a digging device 
which in closing, bites into the sediment 
and contains it inside the closed shell. 
The bucket and load are then hoisted to 
the surface where the shell is opened to 
dump the load. Includes _ clamshells, 
orangepeels, and other variations. Mero, 
p. 245. See also grabbing crane; grab 
dredger. 

grab-camera. An ocean floor sampling system 
incorporating a large sediment grab with 
a deep-sea camera. H&G. 

grab dredger. A dredging appliance consisting 
of a grab or grab bucket suspended from 


grab dredger 


the jib head of a crane, which does the 
necessary raising and lowering. Also called 
a grapple dredger. C.T.D. 

graben. A depressed segment of the earth’s 
crust bounded on at least two sides by 
faults and generally of considerable length 
as compared with its width. Webster, 3d. 
See also trough fault. 

grab equipment. A clamshell bucket fitted 
with teeth to assist digging. Nelson. 

grabhooks. Hooks used in lifting blocks of 
stone. They are used in pairs connected 
with a chain, and are so constructed that 
the tension of the chain causes them to 
adhere firmly to the rock. Fay. 

grab iron. See grab. Fay. 

grabman. See clipper, b. D.O.T. 1. 

grab sample. a. A rough and random mode 
of sampling. The samples may be taken 
from the pile broken in the process of 
mining. It is often used to estimate the 
approximate value of material lying 
broken in stopes or headings or of ma- 
terial coming from the mine. All portions 
of the ore exposure are not equitably 
represented by grab sampling. See also 
chip sampling. Nelson. b. A sample taken 
at random from a pile, truck, or car of 
ore or coal. Ballard. 

grab sampling. Collection of specimens of ore 
more or less at random from a heap, 
scatter pile or passing load. Used in con- 
nection with examination of the charac- 
teristic minerals in the deposit rather than 
for valuation. Pryor, 3. 

gradall. Essentially a hydraulic backhoe 
equipped with an extensible boom that 
performs the three separate functions of 
excavation, backfill, and grading. Car- 
son, p. 161. 

gradation. a. In geology, the bringing of a 
surface or a stream bed to grade, through 
erosion, transportation, and deposition by 
running water. See also aggradation; de- 
gradation. Fay. b. The proportion of ma- 
terial of each grain size present in a 
given soil. ASCE P1826. 

grade. a. The classification of an ore accord- 
ing to the desired or worthless material 
in it or according to value, for example, 
a gold ore that contains 1 ounce gold 
per ton would be a high-grade ore, while 
one containing 4 pennyweights per ton 
would be a low-grade ore. Nelson. b. See 
rank. Nelson. c. A particular class of 
workman in a mine, namely, collier, en- 
gineman, timberman, repairer, and la- 
borer. Nelson. d. To prepare a roadway 
of more uniform slope. Fay. e. An ore 
which carries a great or comparatively 
small amount of valuable metal is called 
a high- or low-grade ore. Fay. f. The de- 
gree of strength of a high explosive. Those 
above 40 percent nitroglycerin are arbi- 
trarily designated as high-grade dyna- 
mites and those below 40 percent strength 
as low-grade dynamites. Fay. g. In assay- 
ing, the percentage of the sought value 
or of each valuable species in the ore. 
Pryor, 3. h. In surveying, the gradient of a 
traveling way, slope, sluice, etc. Pryor, 3. 
i. Of gravels and road metal, the graded 
aggregate states the percentage weight of 
material of each particle size specified. 
Pryor, 3. j. The average assay of a ton- 
nage of ore. The percent rise or fall of 
roads, ditches, tunnels, drifts, etc. Bal- 
lard. k. To sort and classify diamonds, 
such as drill diamonds, into quality group- 
ings, each group containing diamonds 
having somewhat similar characteristics 








502 


deemed to affect their fitness for use in a 
specific manner; the least fit are con- 
sidered as constituting the lowest quality 
or grade. Long. 1. The quality group into 
which diamonds are sorted, such as poor, 
good, or excellent. Long. m. The rate of 
incline or decline in terms of degrees from 
the horizontal, percent of rise to the hori- 
zontal distance, or in inches of vertical 
projection per foot of horizontal pro- 
jection. See also gradeline. ASA MH4.1- 
1958. n. The size of trimmed sheet mica 
based on the maximum usable rectangle 
that can be punched or stamped from 
the piece. Skow. o. The slope of a road, 
channel, or natural ground. Seelye, 1. 
p. The finished surface of a canal bed, 
road bed, top of embankment, or bottom 
of excavation. Seelye, 1. q. Any surface pre 
pared for the support of a conduit, paving, 
ties, rails, etc. Seelye, 1. r. Elevation of fin- 
ished surface of an engineering project. 
Seelye, 2. s. Actual elevation, as crown of 
road at grade 59.50; or, sewer line, grade 
21.19 (at station 1 + 50.00. Seelye, 2. t. 
Rate of slope or degree of inclination, as, a 
2 percent grade. See also gradient. Seelye, 2. 
u. Usually the elevation of a real or 
planned surface or structure. Nichols. v. 
In geology, that slope of the bed of a 
stream, or of a surface over which water 
flows, upon which the current can just 
transport its load, without either eroding 
or depositing. Fay. w. A term used to 
designate the extent to which metamor- 
phism has advanced. Found in such com- 
binations as high- or low-grade meta- 
morphism. Compare rank. Leet. x. The 
strength of bonding of a grinding wheel; 
frequently referred to as hardness. ACSG, 
1963. y. Index of friability of bonded 
abrasive products. VV. 

graded. In geology, brought to or established 
at grade, through the action of running 
water carrying a load of sediment by erod- 
ing or degrading at some places and de- 
positing or aggrading in other places. 
Fay. 

graded aggregates. Aggregates in which there 
is a continuous grading in the sizes of 
mineral fragments from coarse to fine. 
A.P.JI. Glossary. 

graded bedding. A type of stratification, each 
stratum of which displays a gradation in 
grain size from coarse below to fine above. 
Synonym for diadactic structure. A.G_I. 
See also sorted bedding. 

graded coal. One of the three main size 
groups by which coal is sold by the Na- 
tional Coal Board in Great Britain. It 
consists of coal screened between two 
screens—with an upper and lower limit 
varying from a top size of 2 or 114 inches 
to a bottom size of % to % inch. See 
also large coal; smalls. Nelson. 

graded filter. Superimposed layers of coarse 
gravel, fine gravel, coarse and fine sand 
arranged so that the gravel will not be 
clogged by the action of water flowing 
through the sand. Ham. 

graded profile. See profile of equilibrium. 
A.G.I. 

graded sand. A sand containing some coarse, 
fine, and medium particle sizes. It is not 
a uniform sand. Ham. 

graded sediment. a. In geology, a sediment 
consisting chiefly of grains of the same 
size range. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. In 
engineering, a sediment having a uniform 
or equable distribution of particles from 
coarse to fine. Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 











gradient 


c. A general term for loose or cemented 
detrital sediments in which the allogenic 
grains lie mainly within the limits of a 
single grade. Hess. 

graded shoreline; smooth shoreline; straight 
shoreline. A shoreline showing no promon- 
tories or bays; typical of an advanced 
shoreline development. Schieferdecker. 

graded shore profile. Shore profile which has 
reached its profile of equilibrium, typical 
of the stages of maturity and old age of 
the shoreline cycle. Schieferdecker. 

graded stream. A stream having a smooth 
gradient, without cascades or rapids. 
Mather. 

graded unconformity. A nonconformity as 
between granite and a basal arkose where 
no sharp plane of contact can be recog- 
nized. Pettijohn, 2d, 1957, p. 325. 


gradeline. a. The baseline from which eleva- 


tions are measured. ASA MH4.1-1958. 
b. A line that defines the intended grade 
of a roadway that is being driven. Such a 
line is used to control the gradient of a 
roadway. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 1. 

grade of coal. A term to indicate the nature 
of coal mainly as determined by the 
amount and nature of the ash and the 
sulfur content. The term grade is some- 
times used as a synonym for rank. Tom-_ 
keteff, 1954. 

grader. a. A self-propelled or towed machine 
provided with a row of cutting or digging 
teeth and (behind) a blade to spread and 
level the material. It is used for cutting 
topsoil at opencast pits and for leveling 
spoil. Nelson. b. A machine with a cen- 
trally located blade that can be angled 
to cast to either side, with independent 
hoist control on each side. Nichols. c. One 
who or that which grades; a person, im- 
plement, or apparatus employed in grad- 
ing streets, etc., as, a road grader. Stand- 
ard, 1964. d. A trommel-type airswept cir- 
cular screen used in asbestos milling where 
the fine rock and fibre dust are eliminated 
through medium size perforated plates. 
Arbiter, p. 69. 

grade resistance. The force, due to gravity, 
that resists the movement of a vehicle up 
a slope. Carson, p. 72. 

grade scale. A subdivision of an essentially 
continous scale of particle sizes into a | 
series of size classes. See also Wentworth | 
scale. A.G.I. 

grade scale, Atterberg. See Atterberg scale. 

grade scale, Phi. A logarithmic transforma- - 
tino of the Wentworth grade scale based | 
on the negative logarithm to the base 2 | 
of the particle diameter. A.GLI. 

grade scale, Tyler standard. See Tyler stand-— 
ard scale. 

grade scale, Udden. See Udden scale. 

grade scale, Wentworth. See Wentworth scale. 

grade stake. A stake indicating the amount 
of cut or fill required to bring the ground | 
to a specified level. Nichols. 

gradient. a. The inclination of the rate of! 
regular or graded ascent or descent (as’ 
of a slope, roadway, or pipeline. Web- 
ster 3d. b. A part (as of a road or pipe- 
line) that slopes upward or downward; 
a portion of the way that is not level; 
slope, grade, ramp. Webster 3d. c. The 
rate of increase or decrease of a variable’ 
magnitude, or the curve that represents: 
it. Webster 2d. d. The rate of change of 
a quantity with distance; for example, 
the temperature gradient in a metal bar 
is the rate of change of temperature along 
the bar. C.T.D. e. The space rate of de- 



















i) 





gradient 


crease of a function. The gradient of a 
function in three space dimensions is the 
vector normal to surfaces of constant 
value of the function and directed toward 
decreasing values, with magnitude equal 
to the rate of decrease of the function 
in this direction. The ascendent is the 
negative of the gradient. H&G. f. Often 
loosely used to denote the magnitude of 
the gradient or ascendant (that is, with- 
out regard to sign) of a horizontal pres- 
sure field. See also slope. H&G. 
sradienter. A surveyor’s instrument consisting 
of a small telescope mounted on a tripod 
and fitted with a spirit level and a grad- 
uated vertical arc; used for determining 
grades, etc. Standard, 1964. Also called 
grading instrument. Sometimes spelled 
gradientor. Fay. 


‘uradient hydrophone. See pressure gradient 


hydrophone. H&G. 


|(radient of equal traction. The gradient at 


which the tractive force required to pull 
an empty tram inby (slightly uphill) is 
equal to that required to pull a loaded 
tram outby. This was formerly termed 
horse haulage gradient. In general, haul- 
age roads are graded about 0.5 percent 
in favor of the loaded trams. Nelson. 


‘pradient of gravity. Partial derivative with 


respect to distance in a horizontal di- 
rection of the acceleration of gravity, for 
which purpose the acceleration of gravity 
is considered as a scalar. Schieferdecker. 


| gradient post. A post or stake indicating by its 


height or by marks on it the grade of a 
railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., 
at that spot. Webster 2d. A grade stake. 
Fay. 


| grading. a. The degree of mixing of size classes 


in sedimentary material; well graded im- 
plies more or less uniform distribution 
from coarse to fine, poorly graded implies 
uniformity in size or lack of continuous 
distribution. Compare sorting. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. The relative proportions of the 
variously sized particles in a batch, or the 
process of screening and mixing to pro- 
duce a batch with particle sizes correctly 
proportioned. A batch with a grading for 
low porosity will contain high proportions 
of coarse and fine particles and a low pro- 
portion of intermediate size; if a particular 
particle size, for example, the medium 
size, is excluded from the batch, this is 
said to be a gap grading. Dodd. c. In the 
abrasives industry, the process of testing 
to determine the grade of a wheel; testing 
machines are available for this purpose. 
See also grade. Dodd. d. The commercial 
operation of sorting coke between two 
screens such that the ratio of the larger 
to the smaller screen aperture does not 
exceed 2.5 to 1; the coke which has been 
so sorted. B.S. 1017, 1960, Pt. II. 


| grading curve. A curve giving the grain size 


of a sample of soil plotted to a logarith- 
mic scale horizontally, with percentages 
plotted vertically to an arithmetic scale. 
Any point on the curve reveals percent- 
age by weight of particles in the sample 
of a size smaller than the given point. 
Ham. 


| rading instrument. A surveying level with a 


telescope which can be raised or lowered 
to set out a required gradient accurately. 
_ Ham. 
trading test. See screen analysis. Fay. 


| sraduate. A glass flask marked with lines indi- 


if 


cating the volume of its contents in milli- 
liters (cubic centimeters) ; 1 milliliter (or 


264-972 O-68—33 





503 


1 cubic centimeter) of water weighs 1 
gram, or nearly 15% grains; 1,000 grams 
of water weigh as much as 1 liter of 
water. Graduates range in capacity from 
25 to 2,000 milliliters (cubic centimeters). 
von Bernewitz. 

graduated glassware. Glassware that is marked 
with one or more graduations for vol- 
umetric measuring purposes. ASTM C162- 
66. 

graduated tile. Roofing tile for covering curved 
surfaces, such as a round tower, circular 
bays, and other circular roofs. Fay. 

graduation. The method or system of dividing 
a graduated scale; also, one of the equal 
divisions or one of the dividing lines in 
such a scale. Standard, 1964. 

graduator. a. An apparatus for evaporating 
a liquid by causing it to flow over large 
surfaces while exposed to a current of 
air. Standard, 1964. b. A dividing en- 
gine. Standard, 1964. 

Graf sea gravimeter. A balance-type gravity 
meter (heavily overdamped to attentuate 
shipboard vertical accelerations) which 
consists of a mass at the end of a hori- 
zontal arm that is supported by a torsion 
spring rotational axis. The mass rises and 
falls with gravity variation but is re- 
stored to near its null position by a 
horizontal reading spring, tensioned with 
a micrometer screw. Difference between 
actual beam position and null position 
gives an indication of gravity value after 
mucrometer screw position has been taken 
into account. H&G. 

grafting spade. Eng. A long narrow spade for 
digging clay. Fay. 

grafting tool. A very strong curved spade used 
in canal digging. Standard, 1964. 

graftonite. A salmon-pink, usually dark from 
alteration, phosphate of iron, manganese, 
and calcium, (Fe,Mn,Ca)sP.0s. Rough 
composite crystals, interlaminated with 
triphylite. Monoclinic. Near Grafton and 
North Groton, N.H.; near Greenwood, 
Me. English. 

grahamite. A hydrocarbon resembling albertite 
in its jet-black luster; occurring in vein- 
like masses. It is soluble in carbon disul- 
fide and chloroform but not in alcohol, 
and is fusible. Has a conchoidal fracture 
and is brittle. Specific gravity, 1.145. 
Sanford. 

Graham pressure surveying apparatus. A 
barometric surveying instrument which is 
free from the many defects of the aneroid 
barometer. The apparatus records the 
change in pressure of a constant volume 
of air maintained at a constant tempera- 
ture. The instrument includes a sealed 
brass vessel which is immersed in a quart- 
sized vacuum flask filled with crushed ice. 
This vessel is connected by a small-bore 
capillary tube, via a two-way tap, to one 
side of a manometer. The other side of 
the manometer is open to atmosphere 
while the two-way tap allows the vessel 
itself to be open to atmosphere, to equal- 
ize the pressure at the beginning of a 
survey. A side tube containing a closely- 
fitting plunger connects with the bottom 
of the U-tube, so that, by moving the 
plunger up or down, the left-hand leg of 
the U-tube may be brought to the zero 
line. This brings the air in the sealed 
vessel to constant volume. Changes in 
pressure are thus recorded by restoring 
the constant volume by means of the 
plunger and measuring the change in 





graining paste thinner 


pressure on the manometer. Roberts, I, p. 
233-234. 

Graham ratio. The amount of carbon monox- 
ide produced, when expressed as a ratio 
over the oxygen absorbed, varies with the 
temperature of oxidation of coal and also 
with the time of exposure to oxidation. 
This ratio (CO produced/O: absorbed) 
can therefore be used as an index of the 
rate of oxidation in a mine. Roberts, I, p. 
102. 

Graham’s law of diffusion. The relative rates 
of diffusion of two gases are inversely pro- 
portional to the square roots of their den- 
sities. Cooper. 

grail. Gravel or sand; anything in fine parti- 
cles. Standard, 1964. 

grain. a. A second direction of splitting, less 
pronounced than the rift and usually at 
right angles to it. Fay. b. In petrology, 
that factor of the texture of a rock com- 
posed of distinct particles or crystals which 
depends upon their absolute size. Fay. c. 
(Eng.) Of coal, the lines of structure or 
parting parallel with the main gangways 
and hence crossing the breasts. Fay. d. A 
unit of weight that equals 0.0648 gram; 
0.000143 avoirdupois pound; and 0.04167 
pennyweight. Abbreviation, gr. Fay. e. In 
troy weight there are 480 grains to the 
ounce. Not to be confused with the pearl 
grain, which is one quarter of a metric 
carat. Anderson. f. A cleaned and screened 
anthracite product 3/8 inch by 1/8 inch. 
See also anthracite fines. Nelson. 

grainer. A shallow tank for the evaporation of 
of brine. The usual form of grainer is a 
steel trough, 150 feet long, 12 to 15 feet 
wide, and 22 inches deep. In it are hung 
steam pipes, and brine is evaporated with- 
out boiling. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

grainer medium salt. Grainer salt screened to 
give a mixture of coarse and medium 
sized flakes, excluding very coarse and 
very fine. Kaufmann. 

grainers. Diamonds which in weight will cor- 
respond to fourths of a carat; a diamond 
weighing one-half carat is a two-grainer; 
one weighing three quarters is a three- 
grainer; a diamond of one carat in weight 
is a four-grainer. Hess. 

graimer salt. Salt produced by the grainer 
process of surface evaporation from brine. 
Product has a characteristic flaky shape 
consisting of hoppers and hopper frag- 
ments. Kaufmann. 

grain fineness number. A weighted average 
grain size of a granular material. The 
American Foundrymen’s Society grain 
fineness number is calculated with pre- 
scribed weighting factors from the stand- 
ard screen analysis. ASM Gloss. 

grain gliding. The movement between indi- 
vidual mineral grains. G.S.A. Mem. 6, 
1938, p. 128. 

grain gold. Gold that has become granular in 
the process of heating. Fay. 

grain growth. The solid state enlargement of 
some crystals at the expense of others 
producing a coarser texture in an essen- 
tially monomineralic rock like limestone; 
commonly termed recrystallization. A.G.I. 

graining. A process for producing a decorative 
finish by transferring a pattern to the 
porcelain enamel surface by means of 
rolls. ASTM C286-65. 

graining board. A specially constructed board 
used in the graining process. Hansen. 

graining paste. A mixture of color oxides, 
fluxes, and oils. ASTM C286-65. 

graining paste thinner. A mixture of oils used 


graining paste thinner 


to thin out graining paste. Hansen. 

graining roll. A specialized type of roll used 
for transferring the grain pattern to the 
porcelain enamel. ASTM C286-65. 

grain magnesite. Granular magnesium oxide 
obtained by dead-burning magnesium car- 
bonate or hydroxide. A.R.J. See also dead- 
burned magnesite. 

grain marks. Lines on the facet surfaces, the 
result of imperfect polishing. Hess. 

grain size. a. A term relating to the size of 
mineral particles that make up a rock or 
sediment. A.G.J. b. For metals, a measure 
of the areas or volumes of grains in a 
polycrystalline material, usually expressed 
as an average when the individual sizes 
are fairly uniform. Grain sizes are re- 
ported in terms of number of grains per 
unit area or volume, average diameter, 
or as a grain-size number derived from 
area measurements. ASM Gloss. c. For 
grinding wheels, see grit size. ASM Gloss. 
d. The size or size distribution of refrac- 
tory particles determined usually by sieve 
analysis. A.R.I. 

grain-size analysis; mechanical analysis. The 
process of determining graduation. ASCE 
P1826. 

grain-size classification. A scheme of rock 
classification based upon the average size 
of certain chosen components; thus, each 
clan comprises coarse-, medium-, and 
fine-grained members. C.T.D. 

grain spacing. The relative position of the 
abrasive particles in a grinding wheel. See 
also structure number. ASM Gloss. 

grain tin. a. The granular or nodular form of 
cassiterite, tin oxide, SnOz; also known 
as stream tin. Henderson. b. Metallic tin 
of high grade obtained by charcoal re- 
duction. Henderson. 

graith. a. N. of Eng. To replace, repair, dress, 
or put in order. Probably a variation of 
grade. Also called grathe. Fay. b. A set 
of tools, picks, shovels, wedges, hammers, 
etc., used for work underground. C.T.D. 

gram; gramme. The unit of mass in the metric 
system. Originally intended to be the mass 
of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4° C, 
but it is defined as one-thousandth of the 
mass of the International Prototype Kilo- 
gramme, a cylinder of platinum-iridium 
kept at Sévres, France. Abbreviation, g. 
GHD: 

gram-atom. a. The atomic weight of an ele- 
ment expressed in grams. Hackh’s Chem. 
Dict. b. The quantity of an element, the 
mass of which in grams is equal to its 
atomic weight. C.T.D. 

gram-centimeter. A unit of work; the work 
done in raising the weight of 1 gram 
vertically 1 centimeter; 981 ergs. Abbre- 
viation, gem. Standard, 1964. 

gram-degree. Same as calorie. Standard, 1964. 

gram equivalent. The gram equivalent of an 
element is the weight in grams of that 
element which combines with, or displaces 
1 gram of hydrogen (or 8 grams of oxy- 
gen). See also equivalent weight. Cooper. 

gram-molecular volume. The volume of any 
gas occupied at normal temperature and 
pressure by its gram-molecular weight. It 
is 22.4 liters at normal temperature and 
pressure. Abbreviation, g.m.v. Cooper. 

gram-molecular weight. The molecular weight 
of a substance expressed in grams. One 
gram-molecular weight of a gas measures 
22.4 liters in volume under standard con- 
ditions. Crispin. 

gram-molecule; mole; mol. Molecular weight 
of a compound in grams, derived from 











504 


that of hydrogen which, though 2.016, is 
expressed as the whole number 2. The 
gram-molecule, for example, of H2SOxz is 
2+ 32 + (4x 16) = 98. Pryor, 3. 

grampus. The tongs with which bloomery 
loups and billets are handled. Fay. 

gram weight. Pull of gravitation on a mass of 
one gram. This varies slightly with the 
acceleration (g) due to gravity differences 
in various localities, but is approximately 
981 dynes. Pryor, 3. 

granat. Ir. Coarse quartzose grit. Presumably 
obsolete variant of granite. Also an obso- 
lete form of garnet. Arkell. 

granate. a. Sp. Garnet. Fay. b. Mex. Crystal- 
lized cinnabar. Fay. 

Granby cars. A popular type of automatically 
dumped car for hand or power-shovel 
loading. In this type car, a wheel attached 
to the side of the car body engages an 
inclined track at the dumping point. As 
the side wheel rides up and over the 
inclined track, the car body is automati- 
cally raised and lowered, activating a side 
door operating mechanism which raises 
the door, permitting the car to shed its 
load. Pit and Quarry, 53rd, Sec. A, p. 
112. See also mine cars. 

Grand Canyon series. The Precambrian rocks 
exposed in the lowest parts of the Grand 
Canyon, Colo. C.T.D. 

grandidierite. A bluish-green basic silicate of 
aluminum, ferric, and ferrous iron, mag- 
nesium, etc., 7SiOs.11(A1,Fe)2Os.7 (Mg, 
Fe,Ca)0.2(Na,K,H).O. Large elongated 
crystals; orthorhombic. Resembles  sap- 
phirine. From Andrahomana, Malagasy 
Republic. English. 

grandite. A name suggested for garnets, the 
chemical composition of which is between 
grossularite and andradite. Shipley. 

grand slam technique. The technique of mul- 
tiple log interpretation. See also shallow 
investigation laterolog. Wyllie, p. 192. 

graniform. Formed like a grain; composed of 
grains or granules. Standard, 1964. 

granilite. A crystalline igneous rock composed 
of more than three ingredients. Obsolete. 
A.G.I. 

granite. a. A coarse-grained igneous rock con- 
taining megascopic quartz, averaging 25 
percent, much feldspar (orthoclase, micro- 
cline, sodic plagioclase), and mica or 
other colored minerals. In a wide sense, 
granite includes alkali granites, adamel- 
lites, and granodiorites, while the gran- 
ite clan includes the medium- and fine- 
grained equivalents of these rock types. 
Because of its extreme hardness, granite 
is used largely for heavy engineering, 
building works, and road _ metalling. 
C.T.D. b. A light-colored crystalline rock 
composed chiefly of quartz and feldspar; 
generally produces a light-colored soil; 
called by some drillers white granite and 
by others sand rock. Legrand. c. Loosely 
used for any light-colored, coarse-grained 
igneous rock. A.G.J. Supp. d. A German 
definition limits the term granite to one 
composed essentially of quartz with equal 
parts of biotite and muscovite mica, but 
quarrymen customarily include with the 
granites, quartz-diorites, syenites, quartz- 
porphyrites, gabbros, schists, and gneisses. 
BuMines Bull. 630, 1965, p. 876. 

granite aplite. See aplite. C.T.D. 

granite carver. See stone carver. D.O.T. 1. 

granite family. The group of crystalline, 
homogeneous, or nonfoliated rocks re- 
sembling granite, such as syenite, quartz 





granitoid 


syenite, granitite, and all varieties of 
granite itself. Fay. 

granite gneiss. a. A coarsely crystalline, 
banded metamorphic rock of granitic 
composition. A.GJ. b. A primary igneous 
gneiss of granitic composition. See also 
augen gneiss; flaser granite; gneiss; or- 
thogneiss. ; 

granitelle. A granite with comparatively liftle 
mica, so that it consists almost entirely of 
quartz and feldspar; same as binary gran- 
ite. It has also been used by Irving for 
augite granite. Fay. 

granite pegmatite. See pegmatite. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

granite polisher. In the stonework industry, 
one who polishes the flat, rough-sawed | 
surfaces of blocks and slabs of granite to 
a lustrous finish by machine. Also called | 
polishing machine operator; stone grinder, 
DOME: 

granite porphyry. Practically, a quartz por- 
phyry with a coarsely crystalline ground- 
mass and preponderating phenocrysts. 
The chief phenocrysts are, however, feld- 
spar. Fay. 

granite tectonics. The structural features of 
plutons and the relationship between 
them. A.G.I. 

graniteware. a. A fine, very hard pottery re- 
sembling ironstone china. Standard, 1964. 
b. Pottery having a variegated surface | 
resembling or suggesting the markings of | 
granite. Standard, 1964. c. A kind of | 
ironware, coated with an enamel sug- 
gestive of granite. Webster 3d. d. A one- 
coat porcelain-enameled article with a 
mottled pattern produced by controlled | 
corrosion of the metal base prior to firing. 
ASTM C286-65. 

graniteware, white. See ironstone ware. ACSG, 
1963. 

granite wash. The material eroded from out- | 
crops of granites, syenites, diorites, gran- 
odiorites, monzonites and their fine- | 
grained or aphanitic equivalents and re- | 
deposited, forming a rock having approxi-— 
mately the same major mineral constitu- 
ents as the original rock. A.G.I. 

granitic. Characteristic of, composed of, per- 
taining to, or resembling granite. Fay. 

graniticoline. Growing upon or attached to’ 
granite, as lichens. Fay. 

granitic rock. A name generally applied to 
rocks resembling granite in appearance) 
and composition, but also (not recom-_ 
mended) to mafic or even ultramafic rocks. | 
A.GJI. Supp. 

granitification. 
AxG. le 

granitite. Biotitic granite. It is the commonest) 
of the granites. Fay. 

granitization. A term used in somewhat dif-! 
ferent connotations by different authors, | 
but in general, referring to the produc-/| 
tion of a granitic rock from sediments by) 
an unspecified process. Some would limit 
the term to the production of granite in 
place, without the formation of a notable 
amount of liquids; others would include 
all granitic rocks formed from sediments | 
by any process, regardless of the amount: 
of liquid formed or any evidence of move-) 
ment. The precise mechanism, frequency, | 
and magnitude of the process are still in 
dispute. Also spelled granitisation. A.GJI. 

granitoid. A term applied to the texture of 
holocrystalline igneous or metasomatic: 
rocks, such as granites, in which the con-) 
stituents are mostly anhedral or xenomor-' 
phic and of uniform size. A.G.I. 




















Synonym for granitization.! 


granitoid arkose 







jygranitoid arkose. Grains of quartz, lamellar 

| feldspar, and mica, more or less disposed 

as in granite; feldspar dominant. This 
rock does not differ from granite except 
that it is evidently formed by aggregation. 

A.G.I. Supp. 

granny bonnet. Tcrm sometimes used for a 

| bonnet hip tile. See also hip tile. Dodd. 

j)granoblastic. a. The texture of metamorphic 

)| rocks composed of equidimensional ele- 
ments. A.G.J. b. A term applied to second- 
ary texture due to diagenetic change 
either by crystallization or recrystalliza- 
tion in the solid state, in which the grains 
are of equal size (equigranular). A.G.I. 

jgranodiorite. A plutonic rock consisting of 

quartz, calcic oligoclase or andesine, and 
orthoclase, with biotite, hornblende, or 
pyroxene as mafic constituents. Grano- 
diorite is intermediate between quartz 
monzonite, and quartz diorite, and con- 
tains at least twice as much plagioclase as 

orthoclase. A.G_I. 

jgranofels. A field name for a medium- to 
coarse-grained granoblastic metamorphic 
rock with little or no foliation or linea- 

| tion. A.GJ. Supp. 

)granolith. An artificial stone of crushed gran- 

| ite and cement. Webster 3d. 

‘granolithic concrete. Concrete suitable for 

use as a wearing surface finish to floors, 

made with specially selected aggregate of 

a suitable hardness, surface texture, and 

particle shape. Taylor. 

granophyre. A quartz porphyry or fine- 

grained porphyritic granite characterized 

by a groundmass with micrographic (gran- 
ophyric) texture. A.GJ. 

\granophyric. A texture in igneous rocks char- 
acterized by the irregular intergrowth of 
blebs, patches, and threads of quartz in 
a base of feldspar. It is similar to graphic 
and micrographic but differs from these 
textures in that the intergrowth of quartz 
and feldspar is more irregular. A.G.I. 

grant. Eng. A tract of land leased or ceded 
for mining purposes. Fay. 

\(grantsite. A dark olive-green to greenish-black 
mineral, 2Na,0.CaO.V20;.5V20;.8H:O: 
monoclinic; luster silky, pearly, to suba- 
damantine; occurs as fibrous aggregates 
that coat fractures or form thin seams in 
sandstone or limestone; found near 
Grants, Valencia County, N. Mex., and 
in Montrose County, Colo. American Min- 
eralogist, v. 47, No. 3-4, March-April 1962, 

| p. 414. 

|(granular. Composed of, like, or containing 
grains or granules; specifically, in igne- 
ous rocks, composed of grains of constitu- 
ent minerals, all of which were formed 
during one definite stage of the crystalli- 
zation. Opposite of porphyritic. Standard, 

pal 964. 

granular chert. One of the main types of 
chert. Compact, homogeneous, composed 
of distinguishable relatively uniform-sized 
grains, granules, or druses, uneven or 
rough fracture surface, dull to glimmering 
luster, hard to soft, may appear saccha- 
roidal. Formerly referred to as crystalline 
chert. Synonym for crystalline chert. 
GT. 

Pranular fracture. A type of irregular surface 

| produced when metal is broken, that is 

characterized by a rough, grainlike ap- 

_ pearance as differentiated from a smooth 

| silky, or fibrous, type. It can be subclassi- 

| fied into transgranular and intergranular 
forms. This type of fracture is frequently 
called crystalline fracture, but the infer- 








505 


ence that the metal has crystallized is not 
justified. ASM Gloss. 

granularity. In petrology, the feature of rock 
texture relating to the size of the constitu- 
ent grains or crystals. Expressed by such 
terms as fine-, medium-, or coarse-grained ; 
phanerocrystalline, microcrystalline, etc. 
Essentially synonymous with grain size. 
A.G.I. 

granular pearlite; globular pearlite. Pearlite 
in which the cementite occurs as globules 
instead of as lamellae. Produced by very 
slow cooling through the critical range, 
or by subsequent heating just below the 
critical range. C.T.D. 

granular powder. In powder metallurgy, par- 
ticles having approximately equidimen- 
sional, nonspherical shapes. ASM Gloss. 

granular quartz. Same as quartzite. Fay. 

granular structure. Exhibited by a mineral 
showing crystalline grains, but not ex- 
ternal crystal faces; for example, marble. 
C.M.D. 

granular texture. A texture due to the ag- 
gregation of mineral grains of approxi- 
mately equal size, whether in clastic, ig- 
neous, or recrystallized rocks. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

granular tonstein; Graupen tonstein. This 
type of tonstein consists predominately 
of kaolinite grains of lighter or darker 
shades, often surrounded by collinite. 
These grains show a cryptocrystalline to 
finely crystalline structure; the crypto- 
crystalline material is isotropic. IHCP, 
1963, part. I. 

granulate. To form into grains or small par- 
ticles, as gunpowder or zinc. Standard, 
1964. 

granulated. In ceramics, stippled with a 
brush in imitation of granules; spotted; 
mottled. Standard, 1964. 

granulated aluminum. Aluminum powder 
which has not been coated with a lubri- 
cant; relatively large masses of aluminum, 
such as are used in alloying with other 
metals. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

granulated blast furnace slag. The glassy, 
granular material formed when molten 
blast furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by 
immersion in water. ASTM C125-66. 

granulated chert. A type of granular chert 
composed of rough, irregular grains or 
granules of chert tightly or loosely held 
together in small irregular masses or frag- 
ments. A.G.I. 

granulated metal. Small pellets produced by 
putting liquid metal through a screen or 
by dropping it onto a revolving disk and, 
in both cases, chilling with water. ASM 
Gloss. 

granulated salt. Vacuum pan salt, of char- 
acteristic cubic shape. Also a name given 
to Southern mined rock salt of the same 
or slightly coarser size. Kaufmann. 

granulated slag. Molten slag broken up into 
granules and quick quenches. Three gen- 
eral methods of granulation are: (1) run- 
ing the molten slag into a pit of water; 
(2) using a jet of high-pressure water 
to breakup the stream of molten slag as it 
falls into the pit; and (3) using a mech- 
anical revolving device with relatively 
small amounts of water. Camp. 6d, 1951, 
[he BOSE. 

granulated steel. Steel made from pig iron 
by a process in which the first step is 
the granulation of the iron, Fay. 

granulating machine. a. An apparatus for 
reducing a powder cake to gunpowder. 
Fay. b. A device for reducing metal or slag 











granulization 


in a liquid form to fine grain. In a com- 
mon method, the hot metal is dropped 
on the face of a rapidly revolving disk, 
which scatters it centrifugally in minute 
particles. Fay. 

granulating mill. Old name for ball mill, par- 
ticularly the Hardinge type when oper- 
ated to produce sharply granulated sands. 
Pryor, 3. 

granulation. a. In metallurgy, the state or 
process of being formed into grains or 
small particles. Fay. b. The process of 
separating into various sizes the particles 
of blasting powder. Fay. c. The crushing 
of a rock under such conditions that no 
visible openings result. Kemp, 6d, p. 217. 
d. The production of coarse metal par- 
ticles by pouring the molten metal through 
a screen into water, or by violent agita- 
tion of the molten metal while solidifying. 
ASTM B243-65. e. See kerosine flotation. 
Mitchell, p. 572. 

granulator. a. A rock breaker which converts 
large stone into small aggregate. Ham. 
b. A machine that produces body raw 
material in the form of grains with a 
Minimum of fines. ACSG, 1963. 

granule. a. A little grain; a small particle. 
Webster 3d. b. Granular mineral products 
used primarily to form a protective and 
decorative coating on composition roof- 
ing. A.G.I. 

granule gravel. Deposit of 
granules. A.G.J, Supp. 

granules, roofing. See 
ACSG, 1963. 

granule texture. Generally oval or rounded 
grains in a matrix but grains are not of 
clastic origin and lack internal structure. 
Used especially for the round or oval 
grains in iron formations. A.G.I. 

granulite. a. A metamorphic rock composed 
of even-sized, interlocking, granular min- 
erals. A.G.I. b. A metamorphic rock be- 
longing to a high-temperature facies char- 
acterized by the presence of mica and 
hornblende. Coarse and fine bands alter- 
nate and produce a regular planar schis- 
tosity. A.G.I. c. In French literature, the 
term has been used as a synonym of mus- 
covite granite. See also charnockite; 
gneiss; kinzigite; leptite; leptynite; quartz- 
ite. A.GI. 

granulitic. a. A textural term applied by 
Judd (1886) to basaltic or doleritic rocks 
in which discrete crystals of augite and/ 
or olivine fill the interstices between a 
network of plagioclase laths. In this sense, 
the term is synonymous with intergranu- 
lar. A.G.J. b. A term proposed by Michel- 
Levy (1474, 1889) and applied to igne- 
ous rocks with a holocrystalline-granular 
texture in which there is a xenomorphic 
development of most of the constituents. 
In this sense, the term is synonymous 
with panidiomorphic granular. A.G.J. c. 
A structure due to the production of 
granular fragments in a rock by crushing. 
Holmes, 1920. 

granulitic texture. The texture of a granulite, 
sometimes referred to as granulose or 
granoblastic, is an arrangement of shape- 
less interlocking mineral grains resembling 
the granitic texture but developed in 
metamorphic rocks. C.T.D. 

granulitization. a. The process is regional 
metamorphism of reducing the compon- 
ents of a solid rock to grains. If the re- 
duction of the size of the particles goes 
farther, rock flour or mylonite is pro- 
duced. C.T.D. b. This results from crush- 


uncemented 


roofing granules. 


granulization 


ing at a stage when recrystallization was 
still possible, and the process is therefore, 
in some sense, intermediate between the 
protoclastic and the cataclastic. All the 
minerals are broken down; but while the 
feldspar (and quartz if present) makes a 
simple mosaic, the hornblende, with a 
superior force of crystallization, forms lit- 
tle imperfect prisms or fibrous patches. 
Harker applies the term to gneisses. 
A.G.I. 

grape formation. Clusters of smooth, nodular, 
calcareous deposits on cavern walls. Syno- 
nym of botryoid; clusterite. A.GI._ 

grapevine drainage. See trellised drainage. 
A.G.I. 

graph. Diagram which shows as a line the 
relation between two variables, at their 
point of intersection from a vertical (ordi- 
nate) scale and a horizontal (abscissa). 
Other graphic systems give multidimen- 
sional information regarding such rela- 
tions, by use of more than two axes as in 
nomograms and triangular graphs. Pryor, 
we 

Graphalloy. Composition consisting of 
graphite impregnated at high pressure 
with a metal, such as copper, lead, sil- 
ver, or cadmium; used for bearings and 
similar purposes. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

graphic. An intergrowth of two minerals in 
such a manner, that in certain cross sec- 
tions, one has a form suggesting cuneiform 
writing, hence the name; quartz in feld- 
spar is the commonest graphic inter- 
growth and known as graphic granite; 
quartz in garnet and tourmaline are simi- 
lar. Hess.: 

graphic formula. In chemistry, a structural 
formula in which the bonds connecting 
the constituents of a molecule are de- 
picted. Pryor, 3. 

graphic gold; graphic tellurium. Crystals of 
naturally occurring sylvanite ore; a mixed 
gold-silver telluride, occurring in regu- 
larity so as to give the appearance of 
written symbols. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

graphic granite. A variety of binary granite 
in which the quartz is disposed in the 
feldspar in such a way, that in cross sec- 
tion, it has some resemblance to Hebrew 
and cuneiform writing, and from this 
circumstance derives its name. Fay. See 
also corduroy spar. 2 

graphic intergrowths. See graphic granite. 

graphic ore. Same as sylvanite. Standard, 
1964. 

graphic section. A drawing which shows the 
sequence of strata. B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 
1 


graphic tellurium. See graphic gold. Fay. 

graphic texture. A rock texture in which one 
mineral intimately intergrown with an- 
other occurs in a form simulating ancient 
writing, especially runic characters; pro- 
duced by simultaneous crystallization of 
two minerals present in eutectic propor- 
tions. See also runite, C.T.D. 

graphite; plumbago; black lead. a. C; molec- 
ular weight, 12.01; black, dark gray, or 
steel-gray; hexagonal; greasy feel; specific 
gravity, 1.9 to 2.3; Mohs’ hardness, 1 to 
2; sublimes at 3,652° to 3,697° C; boil- 
ing point, 4,200° C; insoluble in water, 
in acids, and in alkalies; and soluble in 
molten iron. One of the allotropic forms 
of carbon found in nature. CCD 6d, 
1961; Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- 
ics, 45th ed., 1964, pp. B-105, B-163, 
B-243. b. A very pure form of carbon. 





506 


Used as a moderator in nuclear reactors. 
L&L. 

graphite base carbon refractory. A manufac- 
tured refractory comprised substantially 
of graphite. ASTM C71-64. 

graphite bisulfate; blue graphite. A substance 
resulting from the suspension of graph- 
ite in strong sulfuric acid. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

graphite brick. A ceramic material normally 
made from mixtures of coke and pitch 
that is formed and heat-treated to de- 
velop a graphitic crystal structure. See 
also carbon refractory. ACSG, 1963. 

graphite paint. A mixture of graphite, boiled 
linseed oil, and a small amount of drier. 
A very good paint for ironwork. Crispin. 

graphitic. Containing graphite or carbon. 
von Bernewitz. 

graphitic carbon. The portion of the carbon 
in iron or steel that is present as graph- 
ite; distinguished from combined carbon. 
Webster 3d. 

graphitic steel. Alloy steel made so that part 
of the carbon is present as graphite. 
ASM Gloss. 

graphitite. A variety of shungite or graphite 
rock which does not give the so-called, 
nitric acid reaction. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

graphitization. Formation of graphite in iron 
or steel. Where graphite is formed dur- 
ing solidification, the phenomenon is 
called primary graphitization; where 
formed later by heat treatment, secondary 
graphitization. ASM Gloss. 

graphitizing. Annealing a ferrous alloy in 
such a way that some or all of the car- 
bon is precipitated as graphite. ASM Gloss. 

graphitoid. Variety of shungite which will 
burn in the Bunsen flame. Tomkeieff, 
1954. 

grapholite. A variety of slate suitable for 
writing on. Standard, 1964. 

graplin. See grapnel, b. Fay. 

grapnel. a. An implement used to recover 
lost core, drill fittings, or junk from a 
borehole. Also called grappel. Long. b. 
A small anchor with four or five flukes 
or claws used in dragging or grappling 
operations. Webster 3d. c. A heavy tongs 
used in handling large logs, stones, etc. 
Standard, 1964. 

grappel. See grapnel, a. 

grapple. A clamshell-type bucket having three 
or more jaws. Nichols. 

grapple dredge. a. A dredge using an orange- 
peel bucket and operating on the clam- 
shell principle. Carson, p. 353. b. See 
grab dredger. C.T.D. 

grappling iron. A fishing tool consisting of 
several iron or steel claws for grasping 
and holding an object fast. See also 
grapnel. Long. 

graptolite. Graptolites are the greatest value 
to stratigraphers for dating the Ordovi- 
cian and Silurian systems. A graptolite is 
an animal of lowly organization, extinct 
since the Silurian period, belonging to a 
class Graptolithina, of the phylum Co- 
elenterata. C.T.D. 

grass. Corn. The surface over a mine. Bring- 
ing ores to grass is taking them out of 
the mine. Fay. 

grass captain. Eng. An overseer of the work- 
men above ground. A surface foreman. 
Fay. 

grass crop. Scot. The outcrop of a vein. Fay. 

Grassellis. High explosive; used in mines. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

grasshopper. A tool used to aline and butt 
pipes preparatory to welding. Long. 





grating 


grasshopper conveyor. See oscillating con- 
veyor. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

grasshopper engine. Scot. A beam engine 
having one end of the beam supported on 
a rocking fulcrum. Fay. 

grass roots. A miner’s term equivalent to the 
surface. From grass roots down is from 
the grass roots to the bedrock. Fay. 

grass-roots deposit. The old fabulous deposit, 
discovered in surface croppings, easy of 
exploitation, and capable of financing its 
own development as it went along. Hoov. 


grass-roots mining. Inadequately financed 
operation, depending on hand-to-mouth 
existence. Mining from surface down to 
bedrock. At grass; at surface. Also known 
as mining on a shoestring. Pryor, 3. 

grate. a. A screen or sieve for use with 

. stamp mortars for grading ore. Webster 

‘3d. b. A frame, bed, or a kind of basket 
of iron bars for holding fuel while burn- 
ing. Webster 3d. 

grate bar. a. A bar forming part of a fire 
grate. Standard, 1964. b. One of the bars 
forming a coarse screen or grizzley. Fay. 

grate coal. Formerly, coal passing through 
bars 314 to 414 inches apart and over 
2%4-inch round holes. In Arkansas the 
bars are 7 inches apart and the holes are 
3 to 3% inches in diameter. Fay. 

grater. A laborer who replaces grates on con- 
veyors after roasted lead ore has been 
dumped into cars, using hooks. Lead ore 
is loaded on grates and conveyed through 
a furnace in which the sulfur is driven 
off by roasting prior to the ore being 
melted to separate and recover the lead 
in another furnace. D.O.T. 1. 

grate room. A compartment of a glass fur- 
nace, with grated bottom for holding the 
fire. Standard, 1964. 

grate surface. The area of the surface of the 
grate of a steam boiler, or any part of it. 
Standard, 1964. 

grathe. To repair, or put in order, the plant 
in a coal mine. C.T.D. 

grather. See changer and grather. Hess. 

graticule. a. A network of lines representing 
geographic parallels and meridians form- 
ing a map projection. A.G.J. b. A tem- 
plate, divided into appropriately designed 
blocks or cells, for graphically integrat- 
ing a quantity such as gravity. Graticules 
are much used in computing terrain cor- 
rections and the gravitational or magnetic 
attraction of irregular masses. A.G.J. c. 
System of lines ruled on plane glass, 
photographically fixed, or of hairs 
stretched across it, by means of which a 
telescope can be aligned on its target in 
surveying, or in optical work with a micro- 
scope, the plan area dimensions of ma- 
terial under scrutiny can be measured. 
For particle count several types of grati- 
cule exist, with rectangles or circles for 
comparison purposes with the grains rest- 
ing above them. Pryor, 3. 

grating. a. A coarse screen made of parallel 
or crossed bars to prevent passing of 
oversized material. ASA MH4.1-1958. b. 
A series of parallel and crossed bars used 
as platform or walkway floors or as 
coverings for pits and trenches over which 
traffic can pass. Generally are removable 
to permit access to conveying equipment 
for servicing. ASA MH4-1.1958 c. A 
series of parallel and/or crossed bar units 
fastened to or propelled by the convey- 
ing medium, used for carrying large lump- 
size bulk material or objects. Usually used 





grating 


to permit passage of air for cooling or 

| heat to maintain temperature. ASA MH- 

|  4.1-1958. d. The plate of perforated metal, 
| or wire sieve, fixed in the openings in 
mortar of stamp mills; a heavy screen. 

Fay. e. The act of sorting ores by pass- 

|| ing them through grates. Standard, 1964. 

| gratonite. A sulfarsenate of lead, PboAsiS:s, 

as rhombohedral crystals from Peru. Spen- 

cer, M.M., 1940. 

| Graupen tonstein. See granular tonstein. 

IHCP, 1963, part I. 

/ gravel. a. Small stones and pebbles or a mix- 

ture of sand and small stones; more spe- 

cifically, fragments of rock worn by the 
action of air and water, larger and 
coarser than sand. Fay. b. Rounded or 
semirounded particles of rock that will 
pass a 3-inch and be retained on a No. 

4 U.S. standard sieve. ASCE P1826. 

c. Loose, rounded fragments of rock, be- 

tween 1 and 2 millimeters in diameter. 

A.G.I. d. Consists of rock grains or frag- 

ments with a diameter range from 76 mil- 

limeters (3 inches) to 4.76 millimeters 

(retention on a No. 4 sieve). The indi- 

vidual grains are usually more or less 

rounded. A.G.J. e. Accumulation of un- 
cemented pebbles; synonym for pebble 
gravel. Compare boulder; cobble; granule 
gravel; may or may not include inter- 
stitial sand ranging from 50 percent 

(Willman, 1942) to 70 percent (Folk, 

1954) of total mass. A.GJ. Supp. 

‘| gravel bank. A natural mound or exposed 
face of gravel, particularly such a place 
from which gravel is dug; a gravel pit. 
Hess. 

| gravel deposits. See alluvial deposits. Nelson. 

}, gravel mine. S. Afr. A mine extracting gold 

from sand or gravel; also called placer 
mine. Beerman. See also gravel pit. Fay. 

| gravel pit. A pit from which gravel is ob- 
tained. Standard, 1964. 

| gravel plain (tundra) placers. Placers along 
the coastal plain of the Seward Penin- 
sula, Alaska. Fay. 

{gravel powder. Very coarse 
Standard, 1964. 

| gravel pump. A centrifugal pump with re- 
newable impellers and lining, suitable for 
pumping a mixture of gravel and water. 
Rubber is sometimes used as lining to the 
pump and pipes owing to its high resist- 
ance to abrasion. Ham. See also sand 
pump. 

| gravel pumping. This method of alluvial min- 
ing consists of (1) excavating and break- 
ing up the gravel bank by using giants or 
monitors, (2) washing the disintegrated 
material into a sump, excavated in the 
bedrock, (3) elevating the mixture from 
the sump to an elevated line of sluices by 
means of a gravel pump, and (4) sluicing 
the gravel for the recovery of its mineral 
content. Griffith, S.V., p. 104. 

/ gravel rampart. See gravel ridge. Schiefer- 

| decker. 

| gravel ridge; boulder ridge; gravel rampart; 
boulder rampart; shingle rampart. Loosely 
compacted rampart of reef rubble. Schie- 
ferdecker. 

| gravel stone. A pebble; a calculus. Webster 
2d. 

| gravel trains. Deposits leading away from 

_ the front of a glacier and deposited by 
streams fed by the melting ice. Stokes 
and Varnes, 1955. 

i gravel wall. War. The junction of a coal 

| seam with overlapping, or unconformable, 

rocks. Fay. 








gunpowder. 








507 


grave robber; ghoul; doctor of sick mines. 
Various terms applied to the new engi- 
neer called in to rehabilitate a wrecked 
mine. Hoov. p. 275. 

grave wax. See hatchettite. Fay. 

graveyard shift. A term used in the Western 
States for the night shift, usually begin- 
ning at 11 or 12 p.m. and relieved by the 
ey shift. See also dying shift; dogwatch. 

ay. 

gravimeter; gravity meter. a. An instrument 
to measure the value of gravity or for 
measuring variations in the magnitude of 
the earth’s gravitational field. Measure- 
ments of gravity are accomplished gener- 
ally by one of three methods; dropped 
ball, pendulum or spring gravimeter. The 
latter type of gravimeter based upon the 
principle of the weighted spring and 
where the length or measured variations 
in the length of this spring are a func- 
tion of the gravitational field at different 
locations are the type widely used today. 
See also Graf sea gravimeter. H&G. b. 
An instrument for determining specific 
gravities, particularly of liquids. See also 
hydrometer. Standard, 1964. c. An in- 
strument which measures variations in the 
density of underlying rocks. B.S. 3618, 
1963, sec. 3. 

gravimetric. Measured by weight. ASTM STP 
No. 148-D. 

gravimetric analysis. Chemical analysis in 
which the amounts of the constituents 
are determined by weighing. Webster 3d. 

gravimetric soundings. Measurements made 
by the use of gravimeters which measure 
gravity differences of relatively small areas. 
MacCracken. 

gravimetry. The measurement of gravity or 
gravitational acceleration, especially as 
ee in geophysics and applied geophysics. 

G.I, 

gravitation. See law of gravitation. Fay, 

gravitational constant. The constant y in the 
law of universal gravitation. Its weight is 
6.673 + .003 x 10“%cm*/gm. sec. *. A.G.I. 

gravitational differentiation. The production 
of igneous rocks of contrasted types by 
the early separation of crystals, such as 
olivine, pyroxenes, etc., which, sinking on 
account of their high specific gravity, be- 
come concentrated in the basal parts of 
instrusions. The ultramafic rocks, such as 
peridotites and picrites originate in this 
way. C.T.D. 

gravitational method. A geophysical prospect- 
ing method which measures irregularities 
or anomalies in gravity attraction pro- 
duced by differences in the densities of 
rock formations, and interpreting the re- 
sults in terms of lithology and structure. 
Nelson. 

gravitational prospecting. A method of geo- 
physical prospecting, which embraces the 
mapping of variations in the earth’s gra- 
vitational field. See also gravimeter. Ham. 

gravitational separation. The separation of 
oil, gas, and water in a reservoir rock in 
accordance with their relative gravities. 
A.G.I. 

gravitational theory. One of the migration 
theories which assume oil and gas to move 
because of their buoyancy or lower spe- 
cific gravities relative to that of the asso- 
ciated water. A.G.I. 

gravitational water. See free water. ASCE 
P1826. 

gravitometer; gravity meter. Instrument for 
measuring variations in earth’s gravita- 
tional field. Wheeler. 











gravity-discharge conveyor 


gravity. The force by which substances are 
attracted to each other, or fall to earth. 
See also law of gravitation. von Berne- 
witz. 

gravity anomaly. The difference between the 
gravity calculated for any given station 
and the value (corrected for topography, 
elevation, etc.) actually measured for 
that station. The anomalies reflect varia- 
tions in density of the underlying rocks, 
and hence, may be used for estimating 
the location of some mineral deposits and 
geologic structures, such as anticlines, 
buried ridges, or salt domes. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

gravity API. The gravity scale developed by 
the American Petroleum Institute to ex- 
press the density of liquid petroleum prod- 
ucts. In this scale, water has a gravity 
of 10° API; and liquids lighter than 
water (such as petroleum oils) have API 
gravities numerically greater than 10. 
Shell Oil Co. 

gravity-arch dam. A dam which derives its 
resistance to the pressure of water from 
both an arching effect and its own weight. 
See also gravity dam. Ham. 

gravity balance. Sensitive weighing system 
in which a beam rides on a fulcrum, and 
supports a load of unknown weight at 
one end which is counterbalanced by 
weights at the other. Pryor, 3, p. 35. 

gravity bar. A 5-foot length of heavy half- 
round rod forming the link between the 
wedge-orienting coupling and the drill-rod 
swivel coupling on an assembled Thomp- 
son retrievable borehole-deflecting wedge. 
Long. 

gravity-bar screen. See bar screen. Mitchell, 
ja PAE 

gravity battery. A two-fluid battery in which 
there is no porous cup and in which the 
fluids are separated by their different spe- 
cific gravities. Standard, 1964. 

gravity classifying. The grading of ores into 
different sorts and the separation of waste 
from coal by the difference in the specific 
gravity of the minerals to be separated. 
Stoces, v. 1, p. 584. 

gravity-collapse structure. A structure, in 
stratified rocks, produced on the limbs of 
simple folds as a result of collapse under 
the force of gravity. Challinor. 

gravity concentration. Separating grains of 
minerals by a concentration method oper- 
ating by virtue of the differences in den- 
sity of various minerals; the greater the 
difference in density between two min- 
erals, the more easily they can be sepa- 
rated by gravity methods. The laws of 
free and hindered settling are important 
in the theory of gravity concentration. 
Newton, p. 88. 

gravity conveyor. Continuous belt, system of 
rollers, or inclined chute down which 
loaded material gravitates without the 
application of power. Pryor, 3. See also 
roller conveyor; wheel conveyor. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958. 

gravity correction. The tape correction which 
must be made to a tape for which weights 
are used to apply tension. This correction 
is necessary only for the most precise 
work. Ham. 

gravity dam. A dam depending solely on its 
weight to resist the water load. Seelye, 1. 

gravity-discharge conveyor elevator. A type 
of conveyor using gravity-discharge buck- 
ets attached between two endless chains 
and which operate in suitable troughs 
and casings in horizontal, inclined and 


gravity-discharge conveyor 


vertical paths over suitable drive, corner, 
and takeup terminals. ASA MH4.1-1958. 

gravity-discharge conveyor-elevator bucket. 
An elevator bucket designed to contain 
material on vertical lifts and scrape ma- 
terial along a trough on horizontal runs. 
Discharge is effected by gravity. ASA MH- 
4.1-1958, 

gravity fault. a. A fault along which the 
hanging wall has moved down relative 
to the footwall. See also normal fault. Bill- 
ings, 1954, p. 143. b. Sometimes re- 
stricted to those faults that are the result 
of withdrawal of support, either below 
or on the side. Billings, 1954, p. 143. 

gravity feed. Applicable when the weight of 
the drill rods is great enough to impose 
an adequate pressure on a bit to make 
it cut properly. Long. 

gravity-feed containers. Arc metal buckets 
containing liquid enamel and suspended 
above the spray booth, from which the 
enamel slip will flow, by gravity, to the 
spray gun. Hansen. 

gravity gradiometer. An instrument for meas- 
uring the gradient of gravity. A.G.I. 

gravity ground water. The water that would 
drain from a given soil zone if the zone 
were subject to the unimpeded action of 
gravity. The term is indefinite as the 
quantity is dependent upon period for 
draining, temperature, and other factors. 
Seelye, 1. 

gravity haulage; self-acting incline. A system 
of haulage in which the set of full cars 
is lowered at the end of a rope, and 
gravity force pulls up the empty cars, the 
rope being passed around a sheave at the 
top of the incline. The speed of the haul- 
age is controlled by a band brake on the 
sheave. Many forms of this type of haul- 
age are in use, but difficulties arise when 
derailments occur as no power is avail- 
able for rerailing the set. Nelson. 

gravity inclines. Openings made in the direc- 
tion of the dip of the deposit. The gradi- 
ent of the gravity incline is determined 
by the dip of the deposit. The ore mined 
is transported through them, usually to 
the next lower level drive. Stoces, v. 1, 
p. 233. 

gravity instruments. Devices for measuring 
the differences in the gravity force or ac- 
celeration at two or more points. They 
are of two principal types: (1) a static 
type in which a linear or angular dis- 
placement is observed or nulled by an 
opposing force; (2) a dynamic type in 
which the period of oscillation is a func- 
tion of gravity and is the quantity di- 
rectly observed; or (3) a gradient measur- 
ing type, for example, Eotvos torsion 
balance. A.G.I. 

gravity main. A pipeline through which 
water from a reservoir flows downhill by 
gravity. Ham. 

gravity meter. Sensitive electrical device for 
measuring gravitational variations through 
different geologic formations; used in oil 
prospecting. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

gravity plane. A tramline laid at such an 
angle that full skips running down hill 
will pull up the empties. Fay. 

gravity plane rope haulage. See self-acting 
rope haulage. 

gravity potential. The work required or 
gained in moving a unit mass from sea 
level to a point above or below sea level. 
The unit in m.t.s. system is one dynamic 
decimeter. H&G. 

gravity process. See gob process. Dodd. 





508 


gravity prospecting. Mapping the force of 
gravity at different places with a gravi- 
meter (gravity meter) to determine dif- 
ferences in specific gravity of rock masses, 
and, through this, the distribution of 
masses of different specific gravity. Leet. 

gravity railroad. A railroad in which the cars 
descend by their own weight; and in- 
clined railroad. Standard, 1964. 

gravity retaining wall. In similar manner to 
a gravity dam, this is prevented from 
overturning by its own weight. See also 
crib dam. Ham. 

gravity road. Any road on which cars will 
descend by gravity. Jones. 

gravity roller conveyor. See roller conveyor. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

gravity screen. A perforated steel plate, set 
at an angle, over which large coal or 
other material slides by gravity to effect 
a primary classification. Nelson. 

gravity segregation. Variable composition of 
a casting or ingot caused by the settling 
out of the heavier or rising of lighter 
constituents before or during solidification. 
ASM Gloss. 

gravity separation. Treatment of mineral par- 
ticles which exploits differences between 
their specific gravities, their sizes and 
shapes also playing a minor part in sep- 
aration. Performed by means of jigs, clas- 
sifiers, hydrocyclones, dense media, shak- 
ing tables, Humphreys spirals, sluices, 
vanners, buddles. Gravitational force also 
plays a smaller part in most other methods 
of separation. Pryor, 3. 

gravity solution. A solution used to separate 
the different mineral constituents of rocks 
by their specific gravities, as the solution 
of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide 
having a maximum specific gravity of 3.19. 
Standard, 1964. 

gravity, specific. The ratio of the weight, per 
unit of volume, of a given substance to 
the weight of the same unit volume of 
water. The specific gravity of water is 
1 and of substances lighter than water, it 
is less than 1. Shell Oil Co. 

gravity stamp. Unit in stamp battery which 
directs a heavy falling weight on to a 
die on which rock is exposed for crushing. 
Pryor, 3. 

gravity stowing. A method of stowing in in- 
clined conveyor faces, in which the ma- 
terial is brought into the upper gate 
(usually the tailgate) and arranged to 
slide down on trays which are moved 
forward as each track is filled. Nelson. 

gravity takeup. See tensioning device—belts. 
Nelson. 

gravity tube. An instrument used to measure 
the specific gravity of drilling mud. Long. 

gravity water. a. Water that moves through 
soil under the influence of gravity. Seelye, 
1. b. A gravity supply of water as dis- 
freshen from a pumped supply. Seelye, 

gravity wheel conveyor. See wheel conveyor. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

gray antimony. See antimony trisulfide; stib- 
nite. 

grayback. a. Aust. A local name for minor 
cleats that cross the main cleat. Fay. b. 
Corn. A rock with large grains of quartz 
in a compact black matrix of tourmaline. 
Also known as black granite. Hess. 

grayband. A variety of sandstone for side- 
walks; flagstone. Standard, 1964. 

gray beds. N. of Eng. A stratum formed by a 
mixture of shale and sand. Fay. 

gray cast iron. A cast iron that gives a gray 





graywacke quartzite 


fracture due to the presence of flake 
graphite; often called gray iron. ASM 
Gloss. 

gray chondrite. A firm gray chondritic mete- 
orite composed of bronzite and olivine 
with chondrules of various shapes which 
break with the matrix. Hess. 

gray cobalt. Smaltite. Fay. 

gray copper. See tetrahedrite. Fay. 

gray copper ore. See tennantite; tetrahedrite; 
fahlore. 

gray dogs. York. Laminated rock with coaly 
streaks. Arkell, p. 51. 

gray durain. Durain relatively deficient in 
spores, but contains high proportions of 
fusinite and material intermediate in 
composition between fusain and vitrain 
(micrinite). Has a low oil yield. Francis, 
1965, v. 1, p. 42. 

gray granite. Eng. Quartzite; from Nuneaton. 

awA rkell preodn 

grayheads. Aust. Joints in the rolling coun- 
try of the Southern Coalfield of New 
South Wales, which run parallel with the 
longer axis of a roll; these joints are 
generally coated with a whitish substance. 

ay. 

gray hematite. See specularite. Fay. 

gray iron. Pig iron or cast iron in which 
nearly all the carbon not included in 
pearlite is present. as graphitic carbon. 
See also mottled iron; white iron. C.T.D. 

grayite. A thorium phosphate containing a 
little lead, calcium, and minor*uranium 
and rare earths; gives an X-ray pattern 
like that of rhabdophane, and when 
heated above 850° C, a monazite-type 
pattern. American Mineralogist, v. 47, 
No. 3-4, March-April 1962, pp. 419-420. 

Gray-King coke type. The type of coke or 
carbon residue obtained under the pre- 
scribed conditions of the Gray-King car- 
bonization assay. B.S. 3323, 1960. 

Gray-King test. Method of assessing the 
coking property of coal; 20 grams are 
heated in a silica tube to 600° C and 
the residual product is compared with 
a standard series ranging from noncoking 
(type A) to highly coking (G), all of 
which have the same volume as the orig- 
inal. Cokes which expand (swell) on cok- 
ing receive a subscript indicating the de- 
gree of swelling. Pryor, 3. 

gray maggie. Scot. Miner’s term for coal 
altered by an igneous intrusion. Tom- 
kief, 1954. 

gray manganese. See manganite. 

gray manganese ore. See manganite. 

gray metal. Shale of a grayish color. Fay. 

gray ore. Corn. Copper glance. See also tetra- 
hedrite. Fay. 

gray post. Eng. Sandstone of a gray color. 
Fay. 

gray sapphire. The gray variety of sapphire 
popular as a gem only if asteriated. 
Shipley. 

Gray’s tester. An instrument used for deter- 
sang the flashing point of heavy oils. 
ay. . 

gray ie A clamp-fired stock brick that is 
offcolor. See also stock brick. Dodd. 

graystone. A gray to green compact rock, 
similar to basalt, consisting of feldspar 
and augite. Standard, 1964. 

graywacke; grauwacke. A term applied to in- 
durated sedimentary rocks, chiefly Paleo- 
zoic, consisting of unsorted detritus of the 
grain size of sandstone but containing 
fragments of feldspars and ferromagnesian 
minerals. C.T.D. 

graywacke quartzite. A metamorphosed gray- 





graywacke quartzite 


wacke whose origin is still clearly dis- 
| cernible. A.G.I. 
jgraywacke slate. Micaceous and sandy, fine- 








grained, slaty, or shaly rocks: formerly 
so called. Standard, 1964. 
pepasrrre. One-coat mottled enamelware. 


aywether. One of numerous fragments or 
blocks of sandstone and conglomerate, 
covering large tracts in Dorsetshire and 
Wiltshire, England, supposed to be rem- 
nants of decomposed Tertiary strata and 
superstitiously regarded by the unlearned. 
Standard, 1964. Also called druidical 
stone; sarsen stone; saracen stone. Fay. 
ay zone. A typical gray section of used 
silica brick, composed principally of large 
crystobalite crystals. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

jgraze burrs. Eng. Good blue building stone, 
Lower Lias, Axminster. Arkell. 


to fatty or oily matter of animal origin; 
but mixtures of mineral oil with lime and 
soda soaps constitute well-known lubri- 
cating greases. Fay. b. Animal fat when 
soft; also, anything oily or unctuous. From 
the French term, graisse. Fay. c. Term 
used in the flotation process. Fay. d. As 
used in engineering for lubrication or pro- 
tection of metal surfaces, is an emulsified 
oil or saturated fatty acid combined with 
a suitable alkaline base to form a soap. 
Additives may be incorporated for special 
purposes, for example, colloidal graphite. 
Pryor, 3. e. A semisolid form of lubricant, 
composed of emulsified mineral lubricating 
oil and soda or lime soap. Greases are 
known as: cup grease, railway wagon 
axle grease, rolling mill grease, block 
grease, etc.; largely used in industrial 
plants, especially where leakage of lubri- 
cants must be prevented, and for lubri- 
cation under water. C.T.D. f. Thick oil. 
Nichols. g. A solid or semisolid mixture of 
oil with soap or other fillers. Nichols. 
grease box. A journal box or axle box in 
which grease is used as a lubricator. 
| Standard, 1964. 
)greased-deck concentration. 


A process in 

which separation is based on selective ad- 

hesion of some grains (diamonds) to quasi- 
solid grease with adhesion of other grains 

to water. Gaudin, p. 334. 

) grease-monkey. Synonym for oiler. See also 
oiler, f. Long. 

|) grease pot. The third of a series of vats used 
in tinning sheet iron or steel. Standard, 
1964. 

| greaser. a. A person who oils or greases the 
mine cars. Fay. b. An automatic ap- 
paratus which greases the axles of skips 
as they pass. Fay. c. A slang name for a 
Latin American, especially, a Mexican. 
Webster 3d. 

|) grease-spot photometer. A simple means of 
comparing the intensities of two light 
sources. A screen of white paper, rendered 
partially translucent by a spot of grease, 
is illuminated normally by the two sources, 
one on each side. The position of the 
screen is adjusted until the grease spot 
is indistinguishable from its surroundings, 
when the illuminations on the two sides 
may be assumed to be equal. Also called 
Bunsen photometer. C.T.D. 

» grease stone. A name for steatite. Shipley. 

) grease table. a. A concentration device used 
in a process based on the fact that dia- 
mond surfaces are preferentially oil wet- 
fable Oul.. UO pa G30. Os Aneap- 








509 


paratus for concentrating minerals, such 
as diamonds, which adhere to grease. It 
usually is a shaking table coated with 
grease or wax over which an aqueous 
pulp is flowed. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

grease wheeler. In the iron and steel indus- 
try, a laborer who transports prepared 
grease in a wheelbarrow from grease house 
and distributes it through the rolling de- 
partment. D'O.7. 7. 

greasing truck. An electrically driven service 
vehicle to transport greases and oil for 
servicing the underground mine machin- 
ery. It may include a compressor, air 
storage tank, and fittings to place lubri- 
cant at the proper points in the mining 
machinery. ASA C42.85:1956. 

greasy. Applied to the luster of minerals. 
Having the luster of oily glass, as elaeo- 
lite. Fay. 

greasy blaes. Scot. See creeshy. Fay. 

greasy clods. Scot. Term in use in Aberdeen- 
shire for mud peat. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

greasy feel. Some minerals are greasy or 
soapy to the touch; for example, talc, 
sometimes called soapstone. C.M.D. 

greasy gold. Fine gold. Fay. 

greasy luster. As if smeared with oil or 
grease; occasionally observed in quartz 
and some varieties of serpentine. Nelson. 

greasy quartz. Milky quartz. Fay. 

great circle. Circle described upon a sphere, 
the plane of which passes through its 
center. Pryor, 3. 

great coal. Scot. Large pieces of selected 
coal. In the East of Scotland, the coal 
was formerly divided into four grades; 
great coal, chews, lime coal, and pan- 
wood. Fay. 

Great Coal Age. Another name for the Coal 
Measures or the Pennsylvanian. So called 
because the greatest coal deposits of the 
world are found in formations of this age. 
Kentucky, p. 9. 

Great Diurnal Range. The difference in 
height between mean higher high water 
and mean lower low water over a 19-year 
period. Also called Diurnal Range. Hy. 

Great Falls converter. A pear-shaped vessel 
that resembles the Bessemer converter. It 
has been largely supplanted by the cylin- 
drical (Peirce-Smith) type converter. 
Newton, p. 348. 

Greathead shield. A tunneling device in- 
vented by J. H. Greathead, first used in 
London in 1869, and still widely used 
today. His invention included a circular 
cutting edge forced through the ground 
by hydraulic jacks, a cast-iron lining as- 
sembled by bolts, and grouting behind 
the lining with the aid of compressed air 
and a special mixer. Ham. 

Great Ice age. See Pleistocene period. C.T.D. 

great salt. Salt in large lumps or crystals. 
Kaufmann. 

Great Tropic Range. The difference in height 
between tropic higher high water and 
tropic lower low water. Also called Tropic 
Range. Hy. 

greave. A ditch. Fay. 

greek. a. Scot. Grit; 
rock; coarse sandstone. 
coarse-grained hard rock, 
sandstone. Arkell. 

greek masonry. A style of masonry in which 
each alternate stone is of the full thick- 
ness of the wall. Standard, 1964. 

green. a. In powder metallurgy, unsintered. 
ASM Gloss. b. Not fully processed or 
treated. Webster 3d. c. Ceramic ware in 
the condition after it has been shaped 


the texture of a hard 
Fay. b. Any 
such as coarse 








green earth of Verona 


but before it has been dried and fired. 
Dodd. 

green acids. Mixed sulfonation products from 
oil refinery cracking processes; used in 
detergency and as main constituent of a 
series of flotation agents chiefly concerned 
with the concentration of iron minerals. 
Pryor, 3. 

green agate. Zonochlorite. Schaller. 

greenalite. a. A green hydrated ferrous sili- 
cate, 2H.0.3FeO.4SiO:, found as granules 
in the cherty rock associated with iron 
ores of the Mesabi Range, Minn. Resem- 
bles glauconite but contains no potash. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. b. Synonym for 
eisenchrysotile. Hey, M.M., 1961. 

greenalite rock. A dull, dark green rock of 
uniform fine-grain and conchoidal frac- 
ture, containing grains of greenalite in a 
matrix of chert, carbonate minerals, and 
ferruginous amphiboles. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

Greenawalt process. A system of sintering 
powdery metalliferous ores. Osborne. 
Greenawalt sintering machine. An_inter- 
mittent or batch-type machine used for 
concentrating iron ore for use in blast 
furnaces. It follows the same principles 
as the Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine 
for making sinter, the major difference 
being that the Dwight-Lloyd machine is 
a continuous operating machine. Mitchell, 

p. 114. 

green beryl. A term applied to the lighter 
green varieties of beryl as distinguished 
from the full green emerald and the light 
blue-green aquamarine. Shipley. 

green brick. Brick which have not received 
the kiln burn to which they will be sub- 
jected. A.R.J. Unfired bricks. 

green briquette. See green compact. Bennett 
2d, 1962. 

Greenburg-Smith impinger. A dust sampling 
apparatus evolved by the U.S. Bureau of 
Mines which makes use of the principle 
of impingement of the dust-laden air at 
high velocity on a wetted glass surface, 
together with that of bubbling the air 
through a liquid medium. This apparatus 
consists essentially of a hand pump or 
electrically driven blower, a flowmeter, or 
other suitable means of measuring the 
air passed through the instrument, and 
the dust-collecting device. See also midget 
impinger. RJ. 2392, Sept. 1922, p. 2. 

green carbonate of copper. See malachite. 

green chalcedony. Usually some cryptocrys- 
talline variety of quartz stained green. 
Also may be chalcedony of natural green 
color. Shipley. 

green charge. A mixture of ingredients for 
gunpowder before the intimate mixing in 
the incorporating mill. Webster 3d. 

green cinnabar. A green pigment consisting of 
the fired oxides of cobalt and zinc. Web- 
ster 3d. 

green coal. Aust. Freshly mined coal. Fay. 

green compact; green briquette. Compressed 
powdered metal prior to sintering, in 
powder metallurgy. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

green concrete. Concrete which has set but 
not appreciably hardened. Taylor. 

green copperas; green vitriol. The mineral 
melanterite, hydrous ferrous sulfate, Fe- 
SO,+7H.0. Fay. 

green copper carbonate. Same as malachite, 
CuzCO;(OH):2. Dana 17, p. 602. 

green earth. a. Green sedimentary material, 
generally glauconite. A.GJ. Supp. b. 
Chlorite; a variety of talc. Fay 

green earth of Verona. See celadonite. 


greener 


greener. A very strongly marked cleavage 
plane in the coal seam which is specially 
utilized in the working of the coal. Arkell. 

green feldspar. Synonym for amazonstone; 
microcline. Fay. 

green garnet. The demantoid variety of an- 
dradite garnet. The green grossularite 
garnet is usually known as gooseberry 
garnet. Also a misnomer for enstatite. 
Shipley. 

green glass. A chromium compound is used 
with ordinary glass. Cupric oxide gives 
blue green. CCD 6d, 1961. 

green gold. An alloy of 25 percent silver and 
75 percent gold. Crispin. 

green hole. A furnace taphole in which clay 
is not properly set, and through which 
the drill may break and let iron out un- 
expectedly. Fay. 

greenhouse. In ceramics, a moderately 
warmed building for partly drying green 
pottery. Standard, 1964. 

green iron ore. The mineral dufrenite, ap- 
proximately, FePO.Fe(OH)s. Fay. 

green john. Green fluorite. Named from 
analogy to “blue john.” English. 

Greenland spar. See cryolite. C.M.D. 

green lead ore. See pyromorphite. Fay. 

green marble. A commercial term for ser- 
pentine. Fay. 

green mineral. Same as green carbonate of 
copper; malachite. Fay. 

Green Mountains disturbance. Synonym for 
Vermontian orogeny. A.G.I. Supp. 

green mud. A deep-sea terrigenous deposit 
characterized by the presence of a con- 
siderable proportion of glauconite and 
CaCO; in variable amounts up to 50 per- 
cent. Holmes, 1920. 

green ocher. A yellow ocher mixed with 
potassium ferrocyanide. Standard, 1964. 

greenockite. See cadmium sulfide. CCD 6d, 
1961. 

green oil. In the Scottish shale-oil industry, 
the once-run crude oil after chemical 
treatment. It is distilled in the first-stage 
oil stills and is fractioned into naphtha, 
light oil, heavy oil, and heavy oil and 
wax. Fay. 

green onyx. A widely accepted, but otherwise 
incorrect term for artificially colored green 
chalcedony. Not as light green as chryso- 
prase. Shipley. 

greenovite. A rose-colored variety of sphene 
with up to perhaps 3 percent, MnO. Hey 
20g NIID. 

green-pipe inspector. See press-pipe inspector. 
DOME 


green-pipe off-bearer. See off-bearer. D.O.T. 
1 


green quartz. A name sometimes used for 
green transparent fluorite. Shipley. 

green rock. Staff. Basalt. Arkell, p. 51. 

green roof. A miner’s term for a roof which 
has not broken down or shows no sign of 
taking weight. Fay. 

greenroom. A chamber for the reception of 
unburned and undried pottery or newly 
made cloth. Standard, 1964. 

green rouge. Chromium oxide and _ used 
chiefly as a polishing agent for platinum 
and stainless steels. AIME, p. 20. 

green salt. a. Uranium tetrafluoride. L@L. 
b. A wood preservative consisting of cop- 
per, arsenic, and chromium compounds. 
Bennett 2d, 1962. 

greensand. a. A sedimentary deposit that con- 
sists largely of dark greenish grains of 
glauconite often mingled with clay or 
sand, occurs abundantly in the Cre- 
taceous often little or not at all cemented, 








510 


and is used as a water softener and as a 
source of potash. Webster 3d. b. A highly 
siliceous sand that contains a little mag- 
nesia and alumina mixed with about one- 
twelfth of its bulk of powdered coal or 
charcoal and is used when dampened for 
making foundry molds. Webster 3d. 

Greensand beds. In general, any beds of 
Cretaceous or Tertiary containing a green 
iron-potassium silicate; specifically, the 
Lower Cretaceous of England, whether 
containing the green silicate or not. 
Standard, 1964. 

greensand casting. Metal cast in sand mold 
which has not been subjected to baking 
or drying. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

greensand core. In metal casting technique, a 
a sand core which has not been subjected 
to drying. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

greensand marl. Sand or marl containing 
glauconite. See also greensand; marl. Fay. 

greensand mold. See greensand casting. Ben- 
nett 2d, 1962. 

greensand of Peru. An early synonym for 
atacamite, because found there in the 
form of sand. Fay. 

greensands. Zeolites. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

greenschist. A metamorphosed basic igneous 
rock which owes its color and schistosity 
to abundant chlorite. See also basic schist; 
cucalite; epidiorite; greenstone; metaba- 
site; ophiolite; ophite; prasinite. A.G.I. 

Green’s economizer. An apparatus for pre- 
heating the feedwater before it enters the 
boiler, consisting of a number of vertical 
iron pipes through which the feedwater 
is pumped very slowly and around which 
circulates the hot gases before leaving the 
boiler flues. The tubes are fitted with 
scrapers outside; these travel slowly up 
and down and remove soot deposited by 
the flue gases. Mason, V.2, p. 356. 

green silicon carbide. See silicon carbide. 
ACSG,; 1963. 

green spot. A fault that occasionally becomes 
serious in the manufacture of sanitary 
fireclay and glazed bricks. The green spots 
are comparatively large and frequently of 
an intense color. The usual causes are the 
presence of chalcopyrite (CuFeS:) in the 
raw clay or accidental contamination by 
a particle of copper or copper alloy, for 
example, a chip off a bronze bearing. 
Dodd. 

green starstone. Chlorastrolite. Shipley. 

greenstone. a. An old field name for those 
compact, igneous rocks that have devel- 
oped enough chlorite in alteration to give 
them a green cast. They are mostly dia- 
bases and diorites. Greenstone is partially 
synonymous with trap. It is often used as 
a prefix to other rock names. The term is 
used frequently when no accurate deter- 
mination is possible. Fay. b. Includes rocks 
that have been metamorphosed or other- 
wise so altered that they have assumed a 
distinctive greenish color owing to the 
presence of one or more of the following 
minerals: chlorite, epidote, or actinolite. 
ASTM C119-50. c. Freshly quarried stone 
containing quarry water. Arkell. d. Can. 
Generalized name given to Precambrian 
lavas. Hoffman. 

green strength. The mechanical strength 
(usually measured by a transverse test) 
of ceramic ware in the green state. See 
also green. 

green tar. See Barbados tar. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

green top. Freshly exposed roof which is un- 
known in quality. Kentucky, p. 137. 

green truer. One who reduces green (un- 





Grenville series 


baked) clay blocks to standard size by 
chipping and stoning flat surfaces. Also 
called block truer. D.O.T. /. 

green verditer. See verditer, b. Fay. 

green vitriol. A ferrous sulfate; copperas, 
melanterite. Also called martial vitriol. 
Standard, 1964. 

greenware. Damp, recently made, unburned 
pottery, requiring to be dried before 
firing. Standard, 1959. 

greenware carrier. One who sets greenware 
on board and carries it on head or shoul- 
der to kiln shed for firing, or to liner 
or ceramic sprayer. Also called emptier; 
hustler; jigger helper; mold runner; ware 
carrier; ware stripper. D.O.T. 1. 

green washing. A cleaning process that is 
finding increased usage, instead of the 
usual whitewashing of underground sta- 
bles. The use of green washing has been 
found to be more restful, to reduce eye 
strain, and to keep nervous ponies in 
better condition. Sinclair, V. p. 350. 

Greenwell formula. A formula used for cal- 
culating the thickness of tubbing: 

HD 
T=0.03 + 





50,000 
where T is the required thickness of tub- 
bing in feet, H is the vertical depth in 
feet, D is the diameter of the shaft in feet, 
and 0.03 is an allowance for possible 
flaws or corrosion. Sinclair, II, p. 317. 

Greenwich Mean Time; G.M.T. ~The time 
related to zero at midnight at Green- 
wich or to twelve noon, the latter being 
the moment (zero + 12) at which the 
sun crosses the meridian of longitude at 
that geographical point (longitude 0). For 
Great Britain, Greenwich Mean Time is 
local mean time when British summer 
time is not in operation. Pryor, 3. 

greet. Sand and grit. See also grit. Arkell. 

greet stone. a. Eng. Coarse or gritty sand- 
stone, Yorkshire coalfield. Arkell. b. Eng. 
Soft beds of the Lincolnshire limestone. 
Arkell. 

greigite. Thiospinel of iron, FesSs; cubic; 
minute grains and crystals in clays from 
the Kramer-Four-Corners area, San Ber- 
nardino County, Calif. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 

greillade. Fr. Iron ore in coarse powder mixed 
with charcoal dust for reduction by the 
Catalan process. Webster 2d. 

greisen. a. A granitoid but often cellular 
rock composed of quartz and muscovite 
or some related mica, rich in fluorine. It 
is the characteristic mother rock of the 
ore of tin, cassiterite, and is, in most 
cases, a result of the contact action of 
granite and its evolved mineralizers. Fay. 
b. A pneumatolytically altered granitic 
rock composed largely of quartz, mica, 
and topaz. The mica is usually muscovite 
or lithium mica, and tourmaline, fluorite, 
rutile, cassiterite, and wolframite are com- 
mon accessories. A.G.J. c. A  coarse- 
grained, tin-bearing rock containing mus- 
covite, quartz, topaz, or tourmaline. 
A.G.I. 

greisenization. The process by which other 
rocks are converted into greisen. A.G.I. 

grena. Uncleaned coal or ore. C.T.D. 

grenate. Garnet. Standard, 1964. 

Grenville series. Enormous sheets of lime- 
stone, marble, and dolomite with inter- 
bedded quartzites, sometimes graphitic, 
and hornblende schists; over 90,000 feet 
in thickness; occurring in Ontario and 
Quebec, Canada, and in the Adirondacks, 





Grenville series 










and is considered to be the equivalents of 

the Huronian series. C.T.D. 

| grenz. Horizons in coalbeds resulting from 

| temporary halting of the accumulation of 

vegetal material. They are frequently 
| marked by a bed of clay or sand. Raistrick 

|| and Marshall, p. 54. 

| greon. Eng. Gravel or sand. Occurs in the 

Isle of Grain, Kent. Arkell. 

|) gres cerame; grass de flandres. Fr. A fine 

German stoneware usually with a salt 

glaze, not made specially in Flanders but 

in Coblenz and Cologne. Standard, 1964. 

\ gres de flandres. Fr. See gres cerame. Stand- 

ard, 1964. 

| Gresham’s law. When two or more coins are 

equal for the purpose of discharging a 

debt, but unequal in intrinsic value, the 

one with the lowest intrinsic value will 
be circulated and the other’s hoarded. 

Similarly, cheap imitations tend to replace 

} goods held to standard of quality which 

| are costly to maintain. Pryor, 3. 

|) greve. A ditch or trench. Fay. 

| grew coal; grewn coal. Staff. Miner’s term 
for a coal seam which passes gradually 
into the roof rock or the floor rock. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

)grewt. An earth of different color from that 
of the main deposit, found in searching 
for mines on the banks of rivers. Stand- 
ard, 1964. Also spelled greut. A variation 

| of groot, meaning soil. Fay. 

! Grey Billy. N.S.W. Local name for a hard 

' capping of quartzite overlying the opal- 
bearing deposits. New South Wales, p. 93. 

igrey wether. Eng. See gray wether. Fay. 

igrib. A recantangular layout of straight lines 
drawn at regular intervals, useful in lo- 
| cating points on a plan. Ham. 

‘i grib bearing. The angle between a grid line, 
usually a line running in a north-south 
direction, and some particular direction. 
Ham. 

tgribble. A marine borer of the class Crustacea. 
Ham. 

tgrid. a. A wire bottomed mining sieve. 

| Standard, 1964. b. Electrodes which are 

placed in the arc stream and to which a 

control voltage may be applied. Coal Age, 

1. c. The imaginary lines by means of 

which the surface of an area is divided 

into squares when a checkerboard place- 
ment of boreholes is followed. See also 
checkerboarded. Long. d. A grated open- 
ing. Zern. e. A section of electrical re- 
|| sistance, usually made of cast iron. 

Zern. f. A battery plate somewhat 

like a grating; specifically, a zinc plate 

in a primary battery, or a lead plate, 
either perforated or furnished with de- 
pressions, for retaining the active ma- 

terial in a storage battery. Standard, 1964. 

g. In surveying, a triangulation scheme 

which covers its area with accessible fixed 

stations located at prominent points, pre- 
ferably in such a relationship that a net- 
work of acute-angled triangles can be 
drawn between points which must be 
mutually visible. A theodolite is mounted 
at each such point and the angles of these 
triangles are accurately measured. Scalar 
relationship is obtained by connecting the 
triangulation with an accurately meas- 
ured base line set out on the flattest avail- 
able ground. Pryor, 3. h. In alluvial 
sampling, a rectangular or other regular 

pattern of pits or boreholes. Pryor, 3. i. A 

system of vertical and horizontal lines by 

means of which (map reference) a point 
can readily be located. Pryor, 3. j. Other 


i 
i 





511 


forms of grid are electrical power, gas 
grid, etc., used to interconnect sources of 
main supply. Pryor, 3. k. A set of sur- 
veyor’s closely spaced reference lines laid 
out at right angles, with elevations taken 
at line intersections. Nichols. 1. A system 
of rectangular coordinate lines, usually 
superimposed on the projection lines of a 
topographic map, the Y-axis coinciding 
with some selected geographical meridian. 
It is much used for military purposes. 
Seelye, 2. 

gridaw. The framing at the top of a shaft 
for the pulley wheels or sheaves for the 
hoisting rope. C.T.D. 

grid azimuth. The angle that any given line 
makes with a north-and-south grid line. 
It differs from the true azimuth (except 
at the central or initial meridian) by the 
amount of the convergence of the me- 
ridians. Seelye, 2. 

grid distance. The plane distance between 
two points, as determined from the grid 
(x, y) coordinates. It may be greater or 
less than the corresponding ground dis- 
tance. Seelye, 2. 

griddle; riddle. a. Corn. A miner’s sieve to 
separate ore from halvans. Fay. b. To 
screen ore with a griddle. Fay. 

gridiron twinning. See crossed twinning. Fay. 

gridiron valve. A slide valve having many 
ports corresponding to ports in the seat. 
Standard, 1964. 

grief joint. Synonym for kelly, b. Long. 

grief stem. Synonym for kelly, a. Long. 

grieve. a. Scot. A weigher; a pit headman; 
a hill salesman. Fay. b. A manager; an 
overseer. Webster 3d. 

griff. Eng. A steep, rocky glen. Standard, 
1964. 

Griffin mill. A grinding mill in which a ver- 
tically suspended rolling disk rotates, and 
under the influence of centrifugal force 
bears on ore passing between it and a 
stationary bowl, crushing the passing ore 
on its way to a peripheral discharge. 
Pryor, 3. 

Griffith’s theory. Griffith’s theory of failure is 
based on the assumption that the low 
order of tensile strength in common ma- 
terials is due to the presence of small 
cracks or flaws. Actual stresses may oc- 
cur around these flaws which are of the 
order of magnitude of molecular cohe- 
sion values, while the average tensile 
strength may be quite low. Mohr’s theory 
predicts that failure of materials is due to 
failure in shear, whereas Griffith’s theory 
postulates that it is due to failure at crack 
tips. Lewis, pp. 610-611. 

grikes. a. Joint fractures widened by solution, 
occurring in limestone terranes, of which 
they are characteristic, the surface in 
some cases resembling a much-crevassed 
glacier. C.T.D. b. Vertical fissure devel- 
oped by solution along a joint. A.G.I. 

grillage foundation. A type of foundation 
suitable for sustaining heavy concentrated 
loads from columns, comprising two layers 
of rolled steel joists laid at right angles 
to one another. The concentrated loads 
are thereby spread over a large area of 
base foundation. Hamm. 

grille. A covering over an inlet or outlet with 
openings through which fluid passes. 
Bureau of Mines Staff. 

Grillo furnace. A mechanically fed muffle 
furnace. Fay. 

grimes. a. A series of fractures in a seam, 
accompanied by pulverization of the coal. 
C.T.D. b. S. Wales. See bell mold. Fay. 





grinding bench 


grind. a. The act or process of continuing to 
drill after the bit or core barrel is blocked, 
thereby crushing and destroying any core 
that might have been produced. Also 
called grinding. Long. b. To reduce to a 
powder by friction as in a mill. Webster 
3d. c. To polish or sharpen by friction. 
Webster 3d. d. The size of particles ob- 
tained by grinding. Webster 3d. 

grindability. a. The effect produced on repre- 
sentative pieces of ore by applying stand- 
ard methods of comminution, assessed 
comparatively in terms of size reduction 
and power used. Pryor, 4. b. Grindability 
of coal, or the ease with which it may 
be ground fine enough for use as pulver- 
ized fuel, is a composite physical property 
embracing other specific properties, such 
as hardness, strength, tenacity, and frac- 
ture. Mitchell, p. 42. c. Relative ease of 
grinding, analogous to machinability. 
ASM Gloss. 

grindability index. A measure of the grind- 
ability of a material under specified grind- 
ing conditions, expressed in terms of vol- 
ume of material removed per unit volume 
of wheel wear. ASM Gloss. 

grinder. One who or that which grinds, as 
a worker who crushes or pulverizes ma- 
terials (as stone, clay) usually by machine 
or a worker who shapes, smooths, or cleans 
roughly finished articles by means of abra- 
sives or grinding wheels. Webster 3d. 

erinder-mill operator. a. In ore dressing, 
smelting, and refining, one who mixes raw 
materials, such as bauxite, lime, soda ash, 
and starch, entering the alumina-extrac- 
tion process to produce a slurry of proper 
chemical composition, using a ball mill. 
Also called ball mill operator. D.O.T. 1. 
b. In ore dressing, smelting, and refining, 
one who grinds ore and separates fine 
particles from coarse particles in a ball 
mill and classifier arranged in continuous 
series. D.O.T. Supp. 

grinders’ asthma, rot, or phthisis. Disease of 
the lungs consequent upon inhaling the 
metallic dust produced in grinding opera- 
tions. Standard, 1964. 

grinder, tubes. In metallurgy, one who re- 
moves scratches, pits, and other defects 
from nonferrous tubing, using a pneu- 
matic belt grinder. Also called belt 
grinder; tube grinder. D.O.T. Supp. 

grinding. a. Size reduction into relatively fine 
particles. B.S. 3552, 1962. See also com- 
minution. b. Arbitrarily divided into dry 
grinding performed on mineral contain- 
ing only moisture as mined and wet grind- 
ing, usually done in rod, ball or pebble 
mills with added water. Pryor, 3. c. Re- 
moving material from work with a grind- 
ing wheel. ASM Gloss. d. A_ defect 
caused by the removal of a sliver of metal 
from the bar during rolling. Osborne. 

grinding aid. An additive to the charge in a 
ball mill or rod mill to accelerate the 
grinding process; the additive has sur- 
face-active or lubricating properties. 
Grinding aids find particular use in the 
grinding of portland cement clinker, but 
in the United Kingdom, their use is pre- 
cluded by the conditions laid down in 
British Standard 12. Dodd. 

grinding bed. A machine for grinding stone 
slabs, consisting of a laterally moving table 
on which the slab is placed, and a heavy 
rotating iron disk, whose lower surface 
abrades or polishes the upper surface of 
the stone. Standard, 1964. 

grinding bench. A stone slab on which to 


grinding bench 


fasten by plaster of Paris, in a level posi- 
tion, a plate of glass the upper surface 
of which is to be ground or polished. 
Standard, 1964. 

grinding coolant. A liquid, usually water, but 
often emulsions of oil and water, used to 
prevent excessive temperature rise due to 
friction between the grinding wheel and 
the work. Henderson. 

grinding cracks. Shallow cracks formed in the 
surface of relatively hard materials be- 
cause of excessive grinding heat or the 
high sensitivity of the material. See also 
grinding sensitivity. ASM Gloss. 

grinding cycle. The sequence of operations 
in grinding a material, including, for ex- 
ample, the screening of the primary prod- 
uct and the recirculation of the screen 
overflow. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

grinding fluid. Cutting fluid used in grinding. 
ASM Gloss. 

grinding lathe. A lathe of special construc- 
tion in which the work revolves on dead 
centers while acted on by an emery wheel. 
Standard, 1964. 

grinding lubricant. A liquid, usually an emul- 
sion of oil and water, used in fine grind- 
ing to float off or otherwise aid in the 
removal of both spent abrasive particles 
from the grinding wheel and the ma- 
terial removed from the work surface. 
Such material, if permitted to remain at 
the working surface, tends to ball up and 
reduce the cutting speed and impair the 
quality of the work. Henderson. 

grinding machine. Any machine on which a 
grinding wheel is operatively mounted. 
ACSG, 1963. 

grinding media. The bails (generally porce- 
lain) or other materials such as flint peb- 
bles, used in a ball mill to grind frit into 
porcelain enamel. Bryant. 

grinding mill. A machine for the wet or dry 
fine crushing of ore or other material. The 
three main types are the ball, rod, and 
tube mills. The mill consists of a rotat- 
ing cylindrical drum and the ore enters 
one hollow trunnion and the finished 
product leaves the other. Modern practice 
indicates ball mill feeds of one-half inch, 
three-fourths inch, and 1 inch for hard, 
medium, and soft ores respectively and 
the products range from 35 to 200 mesh 
and finer. See also open-circuit mill. Nel- 
son. 

grinding pan. Arrangement in which a heavy 
steel disk (the muller) bears as it rotates 
horizontally above a fixed wearing plate 
in a shallow cylindrical pan. Ore is fed 
centrally and discharged peripherally. Ob- 
solescent, the main use being to amalga- 
mate auriferous concentrates. Pryor, 3. See 
also dry pan. 

grinding pebbles. Pebbles, usually of chert or 
quartz, used for grinding in mills, etc., 
where contamination with iron must be 
avoided. A.G.I. 

grinding plate. a. A piece of steel or iron by 
the medium of which ore is ground 
against another hard surface. Fay. b. A 
heavy cast-iron disk rotating on a verti- 
cal axis, used to grind or polish plate 
glass. Standard, 1964. 

grinding ratio. The ratio of the volumes of 
metal removed from the work and from 
the grinding wheel. ASM Gloss. 

grinding relief. A groove or recess located at 
the boundary of a metal surface to per- 
mit the corner of the wheel to overhang 
during grinding. ASM Gloss. 

grindings. Synonym for cuttings, Long. 








512 


grinding sensitivity. Susceptibility of a metal- 
lic material to form grinding cracks; it 
can be affected by such factors as hard- 
ness, microstructure, hydrogen content, 
and residual stress. ASM Gloss. 

grinding slip. a. A frec-cutting oilstone or 
whetstone; a hone. Standard, 1964. b. A 
shaped piece of oilstone on which the 
curved sides of the cutting edges of tools 
may be rubbed for sharpening purposes. 
Gale, 

grinding stress. Residual stress, generated by 
grinding, in the surface layer of a metal- 
lic material. It may be tensile, compres- 
sive, or a combination of both. ASM Gloss. 

grinding vat. A mill for grinding flints or clay 
used in making porcelain. It is a form of 
the arrastre. Fay. 

grinding wheel. A disk, or comparable sym- 
metrical shape, of bonded abrasive ma- 
terial. The abrasive is either alumina or 
silicon carbide; the bond may be of the 
vitrified ceramic type, or it may consist 
of sodium silicate (here called a silicate 
bond), resin, rubber, or shellac. A stand- 
ard marking system for grinding wheels 
was adopted many years ago by the 
Grinding Wheel Manufacturers’ Associa- 
tion of America; in 1952, this system was 
also adopted in the United Kingdom as 
British Standard 1814. Dodd. 

grindlet. A little ditch or drain. Standard, 
1964. 

grindstone. A large, circular, revolving stone 
used for sharpening tools and instruments. 
It is made from a tough sandstone of fine 
and even grain, composed almost entirely 
of quartz, mostly in angular grains which 
must have sufficient cementing material 
to hold the grains together but not enough 
to fill the pores and cause the surface 
to wear smooth. Sanford. 

grindstone grit. A kind of gritty rock from 
which grindstones are made. Standard, 
1964. 

gringo. In Spanish America, any one of Eng- 
lish blood or speech; a contemptuous 
epithet. Standard, 1964. 

griotte marble. A French marble of a beautiful 
red color and often variegated with small 
dashes of purple and spots or streaks of 
white, as in the variety locally known as 
griotte oeil de perdrix from the French 
Pyrenees. Fay. 

grip. a. A small, narrow cavity. Fay. b. To 
turn into the side of a working place. 
Fay. c. A notch cut into the side of a 
mass of stone, into which a wedge may 
be driven to separate the mass. Also 
called side shear. Fay. d. Scot. A pick. 
Fay. e. An apparatus attached to a car 
for clutching a traction cable. Webster 
3d. £. A gripsack or valise. Webster 2d. 
g. Eng. To dig trenches or drains in. 
Standard, 1964. h. A grappling tool for 
drawing up well-boring rods. Standard, 
1964. 

grip length. The length of straight reinforce- 
ment bar, given in bar diameters, which 
is required to anchor a bar effectively in 
the concrete surrounding it. See also lap. 
Ham. 

gripe. A strap brake or ribbon brake on a 
hoisting apparatus. Standard, 1964. 

eriper. Eng. A Thames coal barge or collier. 

ay. 

gripman. See clipper, b. D.O.T. 1. 

gripper. a. A claw of a submarine dredger. 
Standard, 1964. b. See clipper, b. D.O.T. 
ills 

gripping hole. One whose direction is inclined 











grizzle 


away from the adjacent free face, or may 
be defined as one whose width at the 
toe is greater than at the heel Zern, p. 
669. 

gripping shot. A shot so placed that the point 
or inner end of the hole is considerably 
farther from the face of the coal to be 
broken than is the heel or outer end of 
the hole. See also shot, c. Fay. 

grip the rib. When a cut is so made by a min- 
ing machine or a shot is so placed by a 
miner that the cut or shot enters the coal 
beyond the proper line of the rib, it is 
said to grip the rib. Zern. 

grip wheel. A whcel, the periphery of which 
is fitted with a series of toggle-jointed, 
cast-steel jaws that grip the rope auto- 
matically. Zern. 

griqualandite. A mineralogical name for the 

. yellow silicified crocidolite which appears 
in parallel layers in tigereye. Shipley. 

grisaille. From the French word meaning 
gray shading, a method of decorating, at 
one time used on pottery vases, etc., in 
which different shades of gray were used 
to produce the effect of low relief. Dodd. 

grisley. See grizzle. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

grison stone. A gray freestone. Fay. 

grisou. Fr. Firedamp. Fay. 

grist. S. Wales. A black, coaly stratum, indi- 
cating a probable bed of coal not far 
off. Fay. 

grit. a. Sand, especially coarse sand. A.G.I. 
Supp. b. Coarse-grained sandstone. A.G.I. 
Supp. c. Sandstone with angular grains. 
A.G.I. Supp. d. Sandstone with grains of 
varying size producing a rough surface. 
A.GJI. Supp. e. Sandstone suitable for 
grindstones. A.G.I. Supp. f. In archeology, 
a noncommittal term for tempering ma- 
terial when the archeologist is unable to 
identify the material used or finds it es- 
sentially fine gravel. Sometimes referred 
to as aplastic or by its French term, de- 
graissant. ACSG, 1963. 

grit chamber. A small tank for collecting 
detritus. Ham. 

grit collector. An adaptation of any of several 
types of conveyors used for removing 
heavy solids from settling tanks or basins. 
See also bucket elevator; flight conveyor; 
reciprocating flight conveyor; screw con- 
veyor; V-bucket conveyor elevator. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

grit number. See mesh number. ACSG, 1963. 

grit size. Nominal size of abrasive particles in 
a grinding wheel corresponding to the 
number of openings per linear inch in a 
screen through which the particles can 
just pass. Sometimes called grain size. 
ASM Gloss. 

gritter. a. An implement for spreading sur- 
face dressing or nonslip grit over a road 
surface. Ham. b. In the stonework indus- 
try, one who smooths the rough-sawed or 
bed-rubbed surfaces of marble slabs or 
blocks on a gritting machine preparatory 
to polishing. Also called gritting machine 
operator. D.O.T. 1. 


gritting. a. The process of forming a smooth | 


surface on blocks of marble, or other 
natural stones, by means of abrasive blocks 
known as rubbing blocks. Dodd. b. In 
quarrying, a process that gives a smoother 
surface than rubbing. It is accomplished 
with silicon carbide or aluminum oxide 
abrasive bricks attached to revolving buf- 
fer heads. AIME, p. 332. 

gritting machine operator. 
DiOz al: 

grizzle. a. Eng. Inferior ccal with an admix- 


See  gritter. 











grizzle 


ture of iron pyrite. Fay. b. A second-rate 

brick that is underburned, gray in color, 

| and deficient in strength. Webster 3d. 

||| grizzlies. Iron or steel bars used to sort or 

separate the rock ore as it falls into the 
ore chutes. Ricketts. 

grizzly. a. Guardrails or covering to protect 

chutes, manways, winzes, etc., in mines. 
Fay. b. A device for the coarse screening 
or scalping of bulk materials. See also 
bar grizzly; grizzly chute; live roll grizzly. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. c. A rugged screen 
for rough sizing at a comparatively 
large size (for example, 6 inches or 150 
millimeters); it can comprise fixed or 
moving bars, disks, or shaped tumblers 
or rollers. B.S. 3552, 1962. 

| grizzly chute. A chute with a bar grizzly 
which separates the fine from the coarse 
material as it passes through the chute. 
ASA MH4.1-1958. 

| grizzly, live roll. See live roll grizzly. ASA 

MH4.1-1958. 

| grizzly man. See grizzly worker. D.O.T. 1. 

| grizzly worker. In metal mining, a laborer 

who works underground at a grizzly (a 

grating constructed of heavy iron beams 

or timbers) over a chute or raise heading 
to a storage bin or haulage level, dump- 
ing ore from cars through grizzly, and 
breaking oversized lumps with a sledge 
hammer so that they will pass through 
grizzly. Also called draw man; grizzly man; 

monkey; screen ape. D.O.T. 1. 

| Groenwall process. A method of electric pro- 

duction of steel directly from iron ore 

in which the ore is ground to pea size and 
roasted in a rotary kiln. The roasted ore 
is treated in another kiln, where it is 
mixed with finely ground coal. The tem- 
perature of this kiln is kept at 800° to 
900° by means of nichrome resistors 
placed in the brick lining. From this kiln 
the materials are charged into an elec- 
tric shaft furnace and smelted to steel or 
soft iron. The metal is then refined in an 
ordinary electric steel furnace, where the 
composition and quality can be regulated. 

Osborne. 

\ grog. Burned clay. It is used to reduce the 

shrinkage of plastic clays and to give ad- 
ditional porosity. Grog enables refrac- 
tory goods to withstand sudden changes 
of temperature. It is often obtained by 
grinding old firebricks, or by burning a 
high-grade fire clay in a shaft kiln out 
of contact with fuel and grinding the 
product to a coarse powder and removing 
the dust. Nelson. 

| grog fire clay mortar. Raw fire clay mixed 
with calcined fire clay, or with broken 
fire clay brick, or both, all ground to suit- 
able fineness. ASTM C71-64. 

) groin. Eng. A structure of piling, sometimes 
with a stone apron at the end, to accumu- 
late sand and shingle on a beach, and to 
act as a breakwater. Standard, 1964. 

|| groining-in. The cutting and fitting of brick 
to fill into the volume common to two 
intersecting cylinders. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. 

)gromet. Eng. Lincolnshire term for a jetty 
coal. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

) grommet. a. An endless wire rope or strand, 
made up without increasing its mean 
diameter at any point. Ham. b. Circular 
washer made of hemp and red lead, used to 
make a tunnel lining watertight. Also ap- 
plied to a coil of rope placed on top 
of a dolly used for pile driving. Ham. 

' Gréndal flotation cell. Early type of pneu- 











513 


matic flotation cell, obsolete. Pryor, 3. 

Grondal separator. Early wet magnetic sepa- 
ator. Horizontal drum rotated, lightly 
submerged, in flowing pool of pulp. Strip 
magnets on drum’s periphery lifted out 
the magnetic material. Pryor, 3. 

gronlandite. An igneous rock consisting of 
enstatite hornblendite with 73 to 90 per- 
cent hornblende and 5 to 20 percent en- 
statite. Johannsen, v. 4, 1938, p. 447. 

groove. a. Derb. The place where a miner is 
working. Miners are (1747) called groov- 
ers. Fay. b. A mine, from the German, 
grube. Fay. c. The long, tapered, half- 
round slot in the deflection wedge that 
acts as a guide in directing the bit to fol- 
low a new course in deflecting a borehole. 
Any of the spiral depressions on a cylin- 
drical object, such as the spiral depression 
on the surface of fluted core or the rifling 
in a gun barrel. Long. 

groove angle. The total included angle of the 
groove between parts to be joined. Thus, 
the sum of two bevel angles, either or both 
of which may be 0°. ASM Gloss. 

groove cast. Rounded or sharp-crested recti- 
linear ridges produced by filling of grooves. 
Also called mud furrow. See also drag 
mark; striation cast. Pettijohn. 

grooved drum. Drum having a grooved sur- 
face to support and guide a rope. Ham. 

groove face. The portion of a surface or sur- 
faces of a member included in a groove. 
ASM Gloss. 

groover. N. of Eng. A miner. Standard, 1964. 

groove ruffling. See ruffled groove cast. Peiti- 
john. 

grooves. A term applied to any straight linear 
depression which, unlike most channels, 
has a uniform cross section and depth 
and great length. Grooves include drag 
marks and slide marks. Applied also to 
glacial grooves in bedrock. See also groove 
cast; drag mark; slide mark. Pettijohn. 

groove sample; channel sample. A sample of 
coal or ore obtained by cutting appropri- 
ate grooves along or across the road ex- 
posures. The groove itself is generally cut 
by means of a hammer and a pointed 
steel termed a moil. The groove cut is 
something like 4 inches wide by 1 inch 
deep or smaller. Truscott, pp. 10-11. 

groove weld. A weld made in the groove be- 
tween two members. The standard types 
are: square, single-bevel, single flare-bevel, 
single flare-V, single-J, single-U, single-V, 
double-bevel, double flare-bevel, double 
flare-V, double-J, double-U, and double-V. 
ASM Gloss. 

groove yellow. N. of Eng. A mate or fellow 
workman in a mine. Standard, 1964. 

groroilite. A nearly black earthy manganese 
or wad, streaked with dark red markings, 
occurring in parts of Europe. Standard, 
1964. 

grorudite. A hypabyssal rock with trachytoid 
texture containing phenocrysts of alkalic 
feldspar and aegirine and much quartz. 
A hypabyssal variety of aegirine-rich sodic 
granite. A.G.I. 

gros morceaux. Belg. Coal in very large 
lumps. Fay. 

Grossalmerode clay. A refractory clay from 
Grossalmerode, about 10 miles east south- 
east of Kassel, West Germany. These clays 
are of tertiary origin. They have been 
used for making glass pots for five cen- 
turies. Aluminous clays are worked in the 
district but, typically, the Grossalmerode 
clay contains (raw) 70 percent SiOz, and 











grouder 


18 percent Al,O3; pyrometric cone equiva- 
lent 28 to 29. Dodd. 

gross calorific value. a. In the case of solid 
fuels and liquid fuels of low volatility, the 
heat produced by combustion of unit 
quantity, at constant volume, in an oxy- 
gen-bomb colorimeter under specified con- 
ditions. ASTM D407-44. b. The amount 
of heat liberated by the complete com- 
bustion of unit weight of coal under spe- 
cified conditions; the water vapor pro- 
duced during combustion is assumed to 
be completely condensed. B.S. 3323, 1960. 
c. At constant pressure, the number of 
heat units which would be liberated if 
unit quantity of coal or coke was burned 
in oxygen at constant pressure in such a 
way that the heat release was equal to the 
sum of the gross calorific value at constant 
volume and the heat equivalent of the 
work which would have been done by the 
atmosphere under isothermal conditions 
had the pressure remained constant. B.S. 
1016, 1961, Pt. 16. d. At constant volume, 
the number of heat units measured as 
being liberated per unit quantity of coal 
or coke burned in oxygen saturated with 
water vapor in a bomb under standard 
conditions, the residual. materials in the 
bomb being taken (suitable corrections 
having been made) as gaseous oxygen, 
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitro- 
gen, liquid water in equilibrium with its 
vapor and saturated with carbon dioxide, 
and ash. B.S. 1016, 1961, Pt. 16. 

gross cut. The total amount of excavation in 
a road or a road section, without regard 
to fill requirements. Nichols. 

gross heat of combustion. Same as gross calo- 
rific value. A.G.I. 

gross porosity. In weld metal or in a casting, 
pores, gas holes, or globular voids that 
are larger and in greater number than 
obtained in good practice. ASM Gloss. 

gross recoverable value. The part of the total 
metal recovered multiplied by the price. 
The proportion recovered varies with the 
ore and the method used. See also net 
unit value. Nelson. 

gross ton. The long ton of 2,240 avoirdupois 
pounds. Webster 3d. 

grossularite. A green, calcium-aluminum gar- 
net, CasA12(SiO.s)s; isometric. Same as 
cinnamon stone. Dana 17. Also called 
gooseberry stone. C.T.D. 

grossularoid. Group name for hibschite and 
plazolite, 3CaO.A1:03s.2SiO2.2H20,  re- 
lated to and associated with grossular, in 
which 2H:.O replaces SiOz. Compare gar- 
netoid; hydrogarnet. Spencer 16, M.M.., 
1943. 

gross unit value. The weight of metal per 
ton (long or short ton) as determined by 
assay or. analysis, multiplied by the mar- 
ket price of the metal. Nelson. 

gross wt Abbreviation for gross weight. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. 

grothite. A variety of titanite. Crosby, p. 112. 

grotto. A small cavern or a cavernlike apart- 
ment or retreat, natural or artificial; espe- 
cially, a cavern having some attractive 
features, as beautiful stalactite formations, 
or rockwork. Standard, 1964. 

grouan. Corn. Gravel, rough sand. Also called 
gowan. Hard grouan is granite or moor- 
stone; soft grouan, the same material in 
a lax and sandy state. A grouan lode is 
any tin lode which abounds with this 
gravel. Fay. 

grouder. Corn. A mixture of grouan and 
clay, used for scouring woodwork. Fay. 


ground 


ground. a. Any rock or rock material. Long. 
b. As used by miners, any specific part 
of a mineral deposit, or the rock in which 
a mineral deposit occurs. Long. c. The 
mineralized deposit and the rocks in 
which it occurs, for example, payground, 
payable reef; barren ground, rock with- 
out value. C.T.D. d. Rock at the side 
of a lode; country. Gordon. e. Commonly 
used in the United States to denote earth. 
C.T.D. f. A ground is a conducting con- 
nection, whether intentional or accidental, 
between an electrical circuit or equip- 
ment and either earth or some conduct- 
ing body, serving in place of the earth. 
Also called earth. ASA M2.1-1963. g. 
The earth, particularly its surface or up- 
per part. A.G.J. Supp. h. Land, particu- 
larly a region or area. A.GJ. Supp. 

ground air. The air contained in the upper 
layers of the subsoil; it has a variable 
composition, including carbon dioxide, 
ammonia, and other gases resulting from 
oxidation of organic matters, and may be 
noxious. C.T.D. 

ground bailiff. Eng. An inspector or superin- 
tendent of a mine. Standard, 1964. 

ground beam. A reinforced concrete beam, 
usually at ground level, which forms a 
foundation for the walls of a superstruc- 
ture. Ham. 

ground block; ground crab. Eng. A species 
of capstan used for lowering the sinking 
pumps. Fay. 

ground boss. a. A mine foreman. Hess. b. 
See mine captain. D.O.T. 1. 

ground burnt lime. Refers to ground quick- 
lime used for agricultural liming. Boynton. 

ground circuit. An electric circuit completed 


by the ground; an earth circuit. Standard, | 


1964. 

ground clamp. A clamp on the negative 
cable terminal of portable electrical equip- 
ment used to make connection with the 
return rail circuit. Grove. 

ground coal; grounds. Scot. The bottom of 
a coal seam. Fay. 

ground coat. The initial coat of a porcelain 
enamel. VV. 

ground-coat boiling. See 
C286-65. 

ground-coat reboiling. Evolution of gas dur- 
ing refiring of the ground coat. ACSB-3. 

ground conductor. See grounding conduc- 
tor. ASA M2.1-1963. 

ground connection. Connection of the work 
lead to the work. Coal Age, v. 66, No. 3, 
Mar. 1961, p. 92. 

ground control. a. The regulation and final 
arresting of the closure of the walls of a 
stoped area. Spalding. b. In photogram- 
metry, correlation of photographs taken 
from an airplane with points on the 
ground accurately fixed for latitude and 
longitude. Pryor, 3. c. See control. Seelye, 


boiling. ASTM 


ground crab. See ground block. Fay. 

ground detector. A device, as in a central 
power station, to indicate where a ground 
connection, entailing loss of electricity, 
has taken place. Standard, 1964. 

grounded. a. Means that the system, circuit, 
or apparatus referred to is provided with 
a ground. Also called earthed. ASA M2.1- 
1963. b. Connected to earth or to some 
conducting body which serves in place of 
the earth. U.S. BuMines Federal Mine 
Safety Code—Bitumnious Coal and Lig- 
nite Mines, Pt. I Underground Mines, Oc- 
tober 8, 1953. 

grounded circuit. Electrical system earthed 





514 


at key points to insure a common poten- 
tial and eliminate danger to personnel. 
Pryor, 3. 

grounded power conductor. An insulated 
or bare cable that constitutes one side of 
a power circuit and normally is connected 
to ground. It differs from a ground wire 
in that a grounded power conductor nor- 
mally carries the load current while the 
equipment it serves is in operation. Bu- 
Mines. Coal-Mine Inspectors’ Manual, 
June 1966, pt. 3-18e, p. 53. 

ground fire clay. Fire clay or a mixture of 
fire clays that have been subjected to no 
treatment other than grinding or weather- 
ing, or both. ASTM (C71-64. 

ground fire clay mortar. Ground fire clay 
for use as a refractory mortar in laying 
fire clay brick. A.RJ. 

ground form. The crystalline form of any 
crystal system which is bounded by nat- 
ural faces, all of which intersect the crys- 
tal axes. The ground form of the isometric 
system is the octahedron. Hess. 

ground geophysical anomaly. A geophysical 
anomaly related to ore that is mapped in- 
strumentally at the surface of the ground. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 320. 

groundhog. See barney. Fay. 

groundhog kiln. Term for an art potter’s kiln 
(usually fired with solid fuel) partly 
buried in a convenient hillside to support 
the roof and conserve heat. Dodd. 

ground ice. Spongy ice which sometimes 
forms on the bottom of either running or 
still waters. Webster 2d. It often has stone 
and mud attached to its bottom. Also 
called anchor ice. Fay. 

grounding. a. In marble working, the act or 
process of polishing marble with emery. 
Standard, 1964. b. Ground laying. Stand- 
ard, 1964. c. See ground, f. Fay. 

grounding conductor. In mining, a ground- 
ing conductor is a metallic conductor used 
to connect the metal frame or enclosure 
of an equipment, device, or wiring sys- 
tem with a mine track or other effective 
grounding medium. (The mine track is 
considered to be an effective grounding 
medium for direct current only.) Also 
called ground conductor; safety ground; 
frame ground. ASA M2.1-1963. 

grounding transformer. See zigzag 
former. I.C. 7962, 1960, p. 23. 

ground layer. One who applies solid colors 
over glaze by dusting color on ware cov- 
ered with a varnish. D.O.T. /. 

ground laying. a. In ceramics, the process of 
applying a coat of boiled oil to procelain 
ware, to receive the colored enamel; boss- 
ing; grounding. Standard, 1964. b. Cover- 
ing a surface with an even coat of color, 
usually by dusting powder over an oiled 
surface. C.T.D. c. Application of a uni- 
form background color. ACSG, 1963. 

ground lime. Som. Black lias as opposed to 
building lime or blue lias. Arkell. 

ground log. A device for determining the 
course and speed made good over the 
ground in shallow water; consisting of a 
lead or weight attached to a line. The 
lead is thrown overboard and allowed to 
rest on the bottom. The course being 
made good is indicated by the direction 
the line tends and the speed by the 
amount of line paid out in unit time. 
H&G. 

ground magnetometer. A magnetometer pri- 
marily suitable for making observations of 
magnetic field intensity on the surface of 
the earth. A.G.I. 


trans- 





groundsel 


groundman. a. A man employed to work on 
the ground, as in digging or excavating; 
in mining, a mucker. Webster 2d. b. In 
bituminous coal mining, a laborer who 
moves overburden (dirt) and coal in a 
strip mine within reach of power shovel, 
using a pick and shovel. Also called dirt- 
man; sod hog. D.O.T. 1. c. See bottom 
digger. D.O.T. 1. 

groundmass. The relatively fine, crystalline 
or glassy portion of a porphyritic rock as 
contrasted with its phenocrysts. Not to be 
confounded with basis, as will be seen by 
referring to the latter. Fay. 

ground moraine. In geology, the irregular 
sheet of till deposited partly beneath the 
advancing glacier and partly directly from 
the ice when it melts away. Fay. 

ground movement. Subsidence due to the 
caving or collapse of underground work- 
ings. Pryor, 3. 

ground noise. Scismic disturbance of the 
ground not caused by the shot. Schiefer- 
decker. 

ground plate. a. A groundsill. Standard, 
1964. b. A bedplate supporting railroad 
sleepers or ties. Standard, 1964. c. In elec- 
tricity, a metal plate in the ground form- 
ing the earth connection of a metallic 
circuit. Standard, 1964. 

ground pressure. a. The pressure to which 
a rock formation is subjected by the 
weight of the superimposed rock and rock 
material or by diastrophic forces’ created 
by movements in the rocks forming the 
earth’s crust. Such pressures may be great 
enough to cause rocks having a low com- 
pressional strength to deform and be 
squeezed into and close a borehole or 
other underground opening not adequately 
strengthened by an artificial support, such 
as casing or timber. Also called rock pres- 
sure. Compare bottom-hole pressure, c. 
Long. b. The weight of a machine di- 
vided by the area in square inches of the 
ground directly supporting it. Nichols. 

ground prop. The puncheon between the 
lowest frame and a foot block in a tim- 
bered exacavation, used to support the 
weight of the timbering. Ham. 

ground rent. Eng. Rent paid for the surface 
occupied by a colliery plant. Fay. 

ground return. That part of an electric cir- 
cuit as the earth, or metallic conductors 
intimately associated with the earth, and 
which is practically at earth potential at 
all points. Fay. See also earth return cir- 
euitsG-ED. 

ground roll. a. Low-frequency, low-velocity 
inteface waves encountered in seismic pros- 
pecting commonly arising from the ground 
air interface in which case they are known 
as Rayleigh waves. They often more or 
less completely mask desired signals and 
means to minimize them must be used. 
A.G.I. b. Seismic surface wave generated 
by the shot. Also called ground wave. 
Schieferdecker. 

ground rope. Scot. The rope connecting 
hanging pumps to a ground crab. Fay. 

grounds. a. Ground coal. A.G.J. b. Nailing 
strips, usually wood, placed in masonry 
walls to which trim or furring is attached. 
ACSG. 

ground sand and sandstone. A form of silica 
used for pottery, porcelain and tile manu- 
facture, and as an abrasive. Produced in 
Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio. Barger. 

groundsel. A bed piece or foundation timber 
supporting a timber superstructure (as a 
wooden house or a set of mine timbers). 














groundsel 


Also spelled groundsill. Webster 3d. 
oundsill. See groundsel. 
ound sluice. a. A channel or trough in the 
ground through which auriferous earth is 
sluiced for placer mining. Webster 3d. b. 
To wash down a bank of earth with a 
stream of water. Fay. 
|| ground sliucing. To strip ground downslope 
| by means of a directed stream of water to 
excavate placer material and transport it 
to a rifled trough in which the valuable 
mineral is recovered. Compare hydraulick- 
ing. Bureau of Mines Staff. 

H\\ | ground spears. Wooden rods (one on each 
side of the pump) by which a sinking 
pump is suspended. Fay. 

| ground state. Condition of an atom with its 
orbital electrons at minimum energy, or 
unexcited. Lowest possible energy level of 
a system. Pryor, 3. 

| groundstone. A foundation; groundwork. 

Fay. 

/ ground water. a. The water which permeates, 
in an unbroken sheet, the rock masses of 
the earth, filling their pores and fissures. 
Fay. b. That water of atmospheric origin 
which saturates rock openings beneath the 
water table. Bateman. c. See free water. 
ASCE P1826. d. Water at, and below, the 
water table; basal or bottom water; phre- 
atic water. Used also in a broad sense to 
mean all water below the ground surface. 
Seelye, 1. e. Water derived from wells or 
springs, not surface water from lakes or 
streams. ASTM STP No. 148-D. 

|| ground-water discharge. The return of 
ground water to the surface. Fay. 

| ground-water divide. The crestline of a water 
table. On the opposite sides of this line, 
the water table slopes in opposite direc- 
tions. Compare watershed. Fay. 

| ground-water elevation. Water free to move 
in response to gravity. Bureau of Mines 
Staff. See also free-water elevation. ASCE 
P1826. 

| ground-water hydrology. The branch of the 
science of hydrology that treats of ground 
water, its occurrence and motions, its re- 
lationships and depletion; the properties 
of rocks that control ground water move- 
ment and storage; and methods of inves- 
tigation and utilization of ground water. 
Stokes and Varnes, 1955. 

' ground-water level. The level below which 
the rock and subsoil, down to unknown 
depths, are full of water. Fay. Also called 
ground-water table; water table. Long. 

| ground-water lowering. The process of lower- 
ing the water table so that an excavation 
can be carried out in the dry. This is done 
by means of well points. Ham. 

| ground-water province. An area character- 
ized by the similarity of the principal oc- 
currences of ground water within it. Leet. 

|| ground-water soil. See hydromorphic soil. 
Hawkes, 2, p. 109. 

| ground-water surface. See free-water eleva- 
tion. ASCE P1826. 

| ground-water table. See ground-water level. 

| ground-water tracers. The water seeping into 

shallow workings or shafts may be traced 
to the surface source by means of tracer 
dyes or salts. These substances, however, 
may be leached out of the water by the 
soil or strata. Some radioactive isotopes 
are better tracers because of the high 
sensitivity with which they can be de- 
tected. Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen, 
is unique because it can be used to label 
the actual water molecule to be traced 


ag 93 














515 


and is not chemically removed by the 
strata. Nelson. 


ground waves. Vibrations of soil or rock. 


Nichols. See also ground roll. 


ground wire. A bare or insulated cable used 


to connect the metal frame of a piece of 
equipment to the mine track or other 
effective grounding medium. BuMines. 
Coal-Mine Inspectors’ Manual, June 1966, 
pt. 3-18e, p. 53 


groundwork. The foundation work of a struc- 


ture. Standard, 1964. 


ground zero. The point on the surface of 


land or water vertically below or above 
the center of a burst of a nuclear weapon. 


L&L. 


group. a. In general, an association of any 


kind based upon some feature of similiar- 
ity or relationship. A.G.J. Supp. b. In 
stratigraphy, a lithostratigraphic unit con- 
sisting of two or more formations. A.G_I. 
Supp. c. A more or less informally recog- 
nized succession of strata too thick or in- 
clusive to be considered a _ formation. 
A.G.I, Supp. d. A subdivision of a series; 
compare stage. Obsolete. A.G.I. Supp. e. 
A number of shots sufficiently close to- 
gether to be treated in common in respect 
to preparation for firing. B.S. 3618, 1964, 
sec. 6. f. An integrated grouping of 
ranges of diamond-drill fittings wherein 
boreholes drilled with one range can be 
cased and continued with the next smaller 
range. The second letter in two- and three- 
letter names is called the group letter be- 
cause in combination with the range letter 
it establishes specific dimensions for all 
diameters affecting the nesting of casings. 
The group characteristics established are: 
set reaming-shell outside diameter, casing 
outside diameter, and casing-coupling in- 
side diameter. In two-letter names the 
group letter also may establish the design 
characteristics affecting core size and in- 
terchangeability of parts. Compare range, 
e. Long. g. A vertical column of the peri- 
odic system, containing elements having 
similar properties. C.T.D. h. Metallic 
radicals which are precipitated together 
during the initial separation in qualitative 
analysis. C.T.D. i. A number of atoms 
which occur together in several com- 
pounds. C.T.D. 


group level; subdeposit level. A main haul- 


ageway drive built in the solid rock under- 
lying the group of seams which it has to 
serve, or in the floor of a thick deposit. It 
is preferable to construct the main haul- 
ageway as a subdeposit drive, because 
drives in the deposit suffer from pressure 
as soon as mining has progressed a certain 
distance. Stoces, v. 1, p. 228. 


group phenomena. Properties of the crystal- 


line state which apparently cannot be con- 
sidered as properties of single atoms, but 
arise from the agglomeration of atoms into 
groups, each consisting of a definite num- 
ber of atoms (10% to 10°). The stability of 
the atoms thus arrayed is greater than that 
among groups. Hess. 


grouse. Eng. Alternative name for grout. 


See also grozzle. Arkell. 


grouser. a. A temporary pile or heavy iron- 


shod pole driven into the bottom of a 
stream to hold a drilling or dredging boat 
or other floating object in position. Fay. 
b. A ridge or cleat across a track shoe, 
which improves its grip on the ground. 
Nichols, 2. 


grout. a Applied to waste material of all 


sizes obtained in quarrying stone. Fay. b. 











grout machine; grouting 


A coarse kind of plaster or cement usually 
studded with small stones after applica- 
tion, sometimes used for coating walls of 
a building. Webster 3d. c. A pumpable 
slurry of neat cement or a mixture of neat 
cement and fine sand, commonly forced 
into a borehole to seal crevices in a rock 
to prevent ground water from seeping or 
flowing into an excavation, to seal crevices 
in a dam foundation, or to consolidate 
and cement together rock fragments in a 
brecciated or fragmented formation. Also 
called cement grout. Long. d. The act or 
process of injecting a grout into a rock 
formation through a borehole. Long. e. A 
cementitious component of high water- 
cement ratio, permitting it to be poured 
into spaces within masonry walls. It con- 
sists of portland cement, lime, and aggre- 
gate, and is often formed by adding water 
to mortar. ACSG, 1963. 


grout box. A conical box formed of ex- 


panded metal, cast into concrete, and hav- 
ing an anchor plate at its foot to receive 
a foundation bolt. Ham. 


grout core. Core obtained by drilling into 


and through formations into which grout 
has been injected and allowed to set. 
Long. 


grout curtain. An area into which grout has 


been injected to form a barrier around an 
excavation or under a dam through which 
ground water cannot seep or flow. Long. 


grouted macadam. A road constructed of 


coarse aggregate, having the voids filled 
with bituminous or cement grout. See also 
Colcrete. Ham. 


grouter. a. In the stonework industry, a 


laborer who maintains the floors, equip- 
ment, machinery, and yard in a clean and 
unobstructed condition, using shovels, 
brooms, buckets, and wheelbarrows to col- 
lect and remove stone scraps, dirt, and 
debris to dump for disposal or to remove 
steel shot from under gangsaws and store 
it in suitable containers to be washed and 
reused. Also called mucker. D.O.T. 1. b. 
See box loader. D.O.T. 1. 


grout hole. A borehole drilled for the ex- 


press purpose of using it as a means by 
which grout may be injected into the 
rock surrounding the borehole. Compare 
consolidation hole. Long. 


grout-hole drilling. The act or process of 


drilling holes into which grout is to be 
injected. Long. 


grouting. The act or process of injecting 


grout into crevices of a rock, usually 
through a borehole drilled into the rock 
to be grouted; also, the grout thus in- 
jected. Long. 


grout injection. An act or process of forcing 


grout into crevices in rock formations, 
usually through a borehole, by pressure 
pumps. Long. 


grout injector. a. Synonym for cement in- 


jector. Long. b. A machine that mixes the 
dry ingredients for a grout with water and 
injects it, under pressure, into a grout 
hole. Compare grout machine. Long. 


groutite. A jet-black mineral, HMnOns, a 


member of the diaspore-goethite group; 
from the Cuyana range, Minn., where it 
occurs associated with iron ores; brilliant 
submetallic to adamantine luster; ortho- 
rhombic, wedge-shaped crystals; exhibits 
strong pleochroism. American Mineralogist, 
v. 32, No. 11-12, November-December 
1947, pp. 654-659. 


grout machine; grouting machine. A mecha- 


nism by which grout may be pressure- 


grout machine; grouting 


injected into a grout hole. The machine 
is essentially a closable cylindrical con- 
tainer large enough to hold the neat ce- 
ment slurry made with one bag of cement. 
The slurry is placed inside the container 
and compressed air or steam allowed to 
enter the top of the container forcing the 
slurry out of the bottom of the container 
through a quick-opening plug valve into 
the grout pipe and grout hole. The proc- 
ess is intermittent, requiring the refilling 
of the container after each batch of slurry 
has been ejected. Compare grout injector, 
b. Long. 

grout off. To seal off flow of water by grout 
injections. Long. 

grout pipe. A tube or pipe firmly anchored 
in the collar of a grout hole through which 
grout is injected into the hole. Long. 

grout-pipe drill mounting. A drill mounted 
on a framework clamped or attached to 
a grout pipe. Long. 

grove; groove. a. Eng. A drift or adit driven 
into a hillside from which coal is worked. 
See also groove, a, b. Fay. b. Corn. Mine; 
bal. Hess. 

grovesite. A chloritelike mineral from the 
Benallt manganese mines, Wales. (Mn,- 
Mg,Al1)3(Si,Al)2(O,OH)»., near pennan- 
tite, but with X-ray pattern similar to 
berthierine and cronstedtite, suggesting a 
kaolin- rather than a chlorite-type struc- 
ture. Spencer 20, M.M., 1955. 

growan. Corn. A term in the china clay in- 
dustry for incompletely and unevenly de- 
composed granite. Dodd. 

growan stone. a. Corn. Moorstone. Arkell. 
b. Granite or any coarse grit or sandstone. 
See also growder. Arkell. 

growder. Corn. Decomposed granite. Arkell. 

growl. a. The noise heard when strata is be- 
ing subjected to great pressure. C.T.D. 
b. Mid. Coal pillars are said to growl when 
they are undergoing a crushing weight. 
Fay. 

growler board. A notched or fingered plank 
or light timber used to aline ends of pipe 
being screwed together, as when laying a 
waterline. Long. 

grow-on. Quarrymen’s term to designate 
the place where the sheet structure dies 
out, or the place where two sheets appear 
to grow onto one another. Fay. 

growth. a. Scot. The rate of entrance of 
water into a pit or mine working. Fay. 
b. An increase in dimensions of a compact 
which may occur during sintering (con- 
verse of shrinkage). ASTM B243-65. c. 
As applied to cast iron, the tendency to 
increase in volume when repeatedly heated 
and cooled. C.T.D. d. See make of water. 
B.S. 3618, 1963, sec. 4. 

growth factor. A compound having a stimu- 
latory effect on the growth of an organism. 
F.C8075, 1962; p. 63. 

growth of faults. The present considerable 
displacement of large faults probably rep- 
resents the accumulated results of count- 
less small intermittent slippages along the 
fault plane. This is why geologists refer 
to the growth of faults. See also fault. 
Nelson. 

groze. Scot. To turn a chisel in the bottom 
of a borehole, by which means the borer, 
from a sense of feeling and hearing, knows 
when a change of strata occurs. Fay. 

grozing iron. a. A steel tool for cutting glass. 
Webster 3d. b. A bulbous tool for smooth- 
ing the soldered joints of lead pipe. Web- 
ster 2d. 

grozzle. Leic.; Derb. Alternative name for 








516 


grouse or grout, breccia or conglomerate. 
Arkell. 

grubbin. See gubbin. Fay. 

grubbing. The removal of the root system 
incident to the surface growth. Carson, p. 
88. 

grube. Ger. A mine. Fay. 

grub saw. A saw made from a coarsely 
notched blade of soft iron, provided with 
a wooden back; used, with sand, for saw- 
ing stone by hand power. Standard, 1964. 

grubstake. In the Western United States, 
supplies or funds furnished to a mining 
prospector on promise of a share in his 
discoveries. So called because the lender 
stakes or risks provisions so furnished. 
Webster 3d. 

grubstake contract. An agreement between 
two or more persons to locate mines upon 
the public domain by their joint aid, 
effort, labor, or expense, and each is to 
acquire by virtue of the act of location 
such an interest in the mine as agreed 
upon in the contract. Fay. 

gruell. Ir. Coal. Standard, 1964. 

grueso. Sp. Lump ore. The term is in use 
at the quicksilver mines of California. Fay. 

gruff. Eng. A pit or shaft. Fay. 

grummel. Mid. Clay or marl. Arkell. 

grunauite. An impure nickel sulfide (polyd- 
imite) carrying copper, lead, cobalt, iron, 
and bismuth, copper ranging 1.69 to 11.56 
percent in tenor in published assays. 
Weed, 1918. 

grunching. a. Blasting coal out of the solid 
face as opposed to blasting coal which has 
been undercut by hand or by coal cutter. 
Nelson. b. Aust. Shooting fast, that is, 
shooting in the solid. Fay. 

Grundite. A trade name for an illite-type 
clay used for bonding foundry sands, pro- 
duced in Grundy County, Ill. Bureau of 
Mines Staff. 

grundy. Granulated pig iron used in making 
granulated steel. Webster 2d. 

grunerite. A silicate mineral belonging to the 
inosilicate group and a major constituent 
of amosite, (Mg,Fe)7SisOx2(OH).. E.C.T., 
lo PO UOuieees eal ao. 

grunstane. Scot. A_ grindstone. 
1964. 

grunter. a. A hooked rod to aid in support- 
ing a crucible. Standard, 1964. b. A 
founder’s term. Fay. 

grupiara. Brazil. A diamond and carbonado 
bearing deposit above the present high 
water level. Hess. 

grus. An accumulation of fragmental prod- 
ucts derived from the weathering of gran- 
ite in its passage from solid rock to soil. 
Compare arkose; saprolite. Stokes and 
Varnes, 1955. 

grush. Finely crumbled rock. A term usually 
applied to disintegrated granite. Arkell. 

G.S.A. Abbreviation for Geological Society 
of America. Williams. 

Gshelian. Upper Upper Carboniferous be- 
low Uralian. A.GJ. Supp. 

G stone. A name that has been used for 
pyrophyllite. See also pyrophyllite. Dodd. 

g-t. Abbreviation for gross ton. Zimmerman, 
p. 51. 

guadalcazarite. Sp. A variety of cinnabar 
containing zinc. Standard, 1964. 

Guadaloupian; (Guadeloupe) group. Strata, 
referring to the Permian, occurring in 
Texas and New Mexico; they comprise 
the Delaware Mountain series below and 
the Capitan limestone above. C.T.D. 

guag. Corn. A place from which the ore has 
been extracted. A variation of gwag. Fay. 


Standard, 





guard ring 


Also called gunis. C.T.D. 

guairona. Peru. Guardrails at mouth of a 
shaft. Fay. 

guanapite. A variety of oxammite found in 
guano. From Guanape Islands, Peru. Tom- 
keteff, 1954. 

guanidine nitrate. White; granules; HsNC- 
(NH)NH2.HNO;; soluble in water and 
alcohol; slightly soluble in acetone; and 
melting point range, 206° to 212° C. 
Used in the manufacture of explosives and 
as an ingredient of explosive mixtures. 
Guanidine nitrate itself is not explosive. 
CCD 6d; 1967. 

guanidines. Group of compounds derived 
from CH;Ns. Pryor, 3. 

guano. A substance that is found on some 
coasts or islands frequented by sea fowl, 
is composed chiefly of their partially de- 
composed excement, is rich in phosphates, 

\ nitrogenous matter, and other material for 
plant growth, and has been used exten- 
sively as a fertilizer. Webster 3d. 

guard. a. A support in front of a roll train 
to guide the bar into the groove, some- 
times called a side guide. Fay. b. A fix- 
ture or attachment designed to protect or 
secure against injury. Webster 3d. c. To 
protect from danger; to shield; to defend. 
Webster 3d. d. In a compressor check 
valve, a backing or retaining plate for the 
movable part. Nichols. 

guard board. A board placed along a trolley 
wire or other uninsulated wire carrying an 
electric current to prevent accidental con- 
tact with the wire. Grove. 

guarded. Guarded means covered, shielded, 
fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected 
by suitable covers or casings, barrier rails 
or screens, or mats or platforms to remove 
the likelihood of either dangerous contact 
or approach by persons or objects to a 
point of danger. ASA M2.1-1963. 

guard electrode log; shielded monoelectrode. 
A resistivity log obtained in borehole sur- 
veying by means of an instrument having 
a focused current system. A ring-shaped 
central current electrode is shielded by 
two long metal bars on either side, these 
bars being maintained at an equal poten- 
tial. The current is thereby made to flow 
from the central electrode into the forma- 
tions in a direction perpendicular to the 
borehole, thus insuring deeper current 
penetration in the bed at the level of the 
electrode and minimizing the influence of 
adjacent beds and of the borehole itself 
on the measurement, A.GI. 

guard lock. A lock separating a dock from 
tidal water. Ham. 

guard magnet. Permanent, or electromagnet 
used in crushing system to arrest or re- 
move tramp iron ahead of the crushing 
machinery. Pryor, 3. 

guardplate. A plate in front of an iron fur- 
nace, covering the taphole through which 
the slag is drawn out. Standard, 1964. 

guardrail. a. An additional rail placed beside 
the rail in service, to compel the flange of 
the wheels to run close to the latter in 
crossing over frog points or entering 
switches. Fay. b. A safeguard to prevent 
accidental injury to persons who may 
come near working machines or too near 
the edge of an elevated work platform. 
Guardrails generally are two rails made 
of 1%4-inch pipe, one set at 42 inches and 
the other at 21 inches above the floor. The 
two rails, with supporting posts, constitute 
the guardrail. Compare bellybuster. Long. 

guard ring. An arrangement in thermal con- 




















guard ring 


ductivity apparatus designed to insure that 
heat shall flow, through the sample actu- 
ally under test, in a direction perpendicu- 
lar to the hot and cold faces, that is, no 
heat flows through the sides of the test 
|| piece. Dodd. 

|, guards. See hoods. ACSG, 1963. 

| guard tube. In chemical analysis one contain- 

i ing a suitable reagent for removing mois- 

ture, gas, etc., from a gas which is being 

drawn into or is emanating from a react- 

ing vessel. Pryor, 3. 

|, guarinite. See orthoguarinite; clinoguarinite. 

Hey 2d, 1955. 

| guarnaccine garnet. A trade term for yellow- 

ish-red garnet. Same as vermeille garnet. 

Shipley. 

) guayaquillite. A pale yellow, amorphous, 
nonresinous, oxygenated hydrocarbon, 
from near Guayaquil, Ecuador; it has 
the specific gravity 1.092, begins to fuse 
at 70° C, and is soluble in alcohol. Fay. 

| gubbin. Clunch or clod with ironstone nod- 
ules. Arkell. 

|, gubble stone; gub. Eng. A rough, round 

stone which will not lie evenly in a wall or 

| building. Variant of cobblestone. Arkell. 

i gublin bat. A black, fissible substance, an 

iron ore, in which a bituminous shivery 

earth abounds. Arkell. 

| gublin ironstone. Staff. An iron ore, hard, 

blackish, and spotted with white, Coal 

Measures, Dudley. Arkell. 

|, gudgeon. a. Aniron pin for fastening together 

| blocks of stone. Webster 3d. b. Eng. A 

bit of wood used for roofing a mine. Fay. 

c. The bearing of a shaft, especially when 

made of a separate piece. Standard, 1964. 

d. A metallic journal piece set into the 

end of a wooden shaft. Standard, 1964. 

e. A reinforced bushing or a thrust absorb- 

ing block. Nichols. 

I gudmundite. A silver-white to steel-gray sul- 
fantimonide of iron, FeSbS. Isomorphous 
with arsenopyrite; elongated crystals; or- 
thorhombic. From Gudmundstrop, Sweden. 
English. 

| guejarite. Synonym for chalcostibite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 

guerinite. CAsH2(AsO:)s.9H:O in spherulites 
and rosettes on a specimen labeled wapple- 
rite from Daniel mine, Schneeberg, Sax- 
ony, and one labeled pharmacolite from 
Richelsdorf, Hesse, southwestern Germany. 
Hey, M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 

' guest element. A trace element substituting 
a common element in a rock mineral. 
Schieferdecker. 

' gueulette. In glassmaking, the back door of 
an annealing oven. Standard, 1964. 

' gug. Som. A self-acting inclined plane under- 
| ground; sometimes called a dip incline. 
Fay. 

| Guggenheim process. A process for the 
manufacture of sodium nitrate from the 
Chilean nitrate ore, caliche, in which heat 
is efficiently utilized and handling costs are 
kept to a minimum. CCD 6d, 1961. Also 
called Cappelin Smith process. 

| gugiaite. A mineral, Ca2BeSi.O;, tetragonal, 
in skarn rocks near Gugia (presumably in 
China). A member of the melilite family 
near meliphane but containing little so- 
dium or fluorine; an unnecessary name. 
Named from the locality. Hey, M.M., 1964; 
Fleischer. 

\ guhr. See kieselguhr. Fay. 

| guhr dynamite. An explosive prepared by 
usually mixing 3 parts nitroglycerin and 
1 part kieselguhr. Other proportions may 
be used. Fay. 














517 


Guibal fan. A centrifugal fan, introduced 
about 1860, with 8 or 10 straight blades 
which are not set radially. An important 
feature developed by Guibal and _ since 
copied by others, is the expanding chim- 
ney, which gradually reduces the velocity 
of the air as it leaves the fan. Nelson. 

guide. a. See guide coupling. Long. b. A 
pulley to lead a driving belt or rope in a 
new direction or to keep it from leaving 
its desired direction. Long. c. The tracts 
that support and determine the path of 
a skip bucket and skip bucket bail. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. d. The tracts that guide the 
chain or buckets of a bucket elevator. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. e. The runway: or members 
paralleling the path of the conveyor which 
limits the conveyor or parts of a conveyor 
to movement in a defined path. ASA 
MH4.1-1958. 

guide bracket. A steel or iron bracket fixed 
to a bunton to secure rigid guides in a 
shaft. See also fixed guides. Nelson. 

guide core. See dummy. Long. 

guide coupling. A short coupling with a 
projecting reamer guide or pup to which 
is attached a reaming bit. A guide coupling 
serves to couple a reaming bit to a reaming 
barrel. Long. 

guided bend test. A test in which the speci- 
men is bent to a definite shape by means 
of a jig. ASM Gloss. 

guide fossil. Any type of organic remains that 
is sufficiently widespread and abundant, in 
a more or less restricted thickness of beds, 
to have value as an indicator of geologic 
horizon and age. Synonym for index fossil. 
A.G.I. 

guide frame. A frame designed to be held 
rigidly in place by roof jacks or timbers, 
and with provisions for attaching a shaker 
conveyor panline to the movable portion 
of the frame, which can be used to prevent 
jumping or side movement of the panline. 
Jones. 

guide idler. An idler roll with its supporting 
structure so designed that when it is 
mounted on the conveyor frame it guides 
the belt in a defined horizontal path us- 
ually by contact with the edge of the belt. 
NEMA MBI1-1956. 

guide mill. A small hand mill with several 
stands in a train and with guides for the 
work at the entrance to the rolls. ASM 
Gloss. 

guide pile. A heavy square timber driven 
down vertically to guide steel sheet piling. 
Ham. 

guide plate. Scot. A cast-iron plate containing 
grooves or ridges to guide hutches or cars 
onto rails. Fay. 

guide pulley. A loose pulley used to guide a 
driving belt past an obstruction or to 
divert its direction. C.T.D. 

guide ring. A longitudinally grooved annular 
ring made almost full borehole size, which 
is fitted to an extension coupling between 
the core barrel and the first drill rod. Also 
called ferrule. Long. 

guide-ring coupling. Synonym for extension 
coupling. Long. 

guide rod. A heavy drill rod coupled to and 
having the same diameter as a core barrel 
on which it is used. It gives additional 
rigidity to the core barrel and helps to 
prevent deflection of the borehole. Also 
called core-barrel rod; oversize rod. Com- 
pare drill collar. Long. 

guide roll. The front or steering wheel of a 
roller. Nichols. 

guide rope. A cage guide. Standard, 1964. 





gulch claim 


guide rumner. A runner driven ahead of 
other runners to guide them. Ham. 

guides. a. Wood, steel, or steel wire rope 
conductors in a mine shaft to guide the 
movement of the cages. See also cage 
guides; winding guides. Nelson. b. Timber 
or metal tracks in a hoisting shaft, which 
are engaged by shoes on the cage or skip 
so as to steady it in transit. In collieries 
rope guides are sometimes used. Pryor, 3. 
c. The holes in a crossbeam through which 
the stems of the stamps in a stamp mill 
rise and fall. Fay. d. Corn. Crossveins in 
the St. Just district. Fay. e. A boring rod 
having an enlargement or wings fitted to 
it to suit the size of the borehole for 
steadying the rods when a considerable 
depth has been attained. Fay. f. In a steam 
engine, a crosshead guide. Standard, 1964. 
g. A pulley to lead a driving belt or rope 
in a new direction, or to keep it from 
leaving its desired direction. Standard, 
1964. h. A curved plate directing a sheet 
of water against the buckets of a water- 
wheel. Standard, 1964. i. In a rolling 
mill, a wedge-shaped piece held in the 
groove of a roll to prevent the sticking of 
the bar by peeling it out of the groove. 
When the guide is held by a hanger or 
counterweight against the underside of 
the roll, it is called a hanging guide. Fay. 

guide tube. a. A tube for grinding a bit or 
drill. Standard, 1964. b. A fire clay tube 
having a spigot and socket, for use in the 
trumpet assembly in the bottom pouring 
of molten steel. Dodd. 

guiding bed. A thin layer of coal or carbo- 
naceous shale which continues into the 
barren ground where a fault or nip-out 
has occurred in a coal seam. The layer 
may be a guide to the position of the 
displaced seam. See also coal leads. Nelson. 

guildite. A dark chestnut-brown hydrous sul- 
fate of copper, iron, and aluminum, 3 (Cu,- 
Fe) 0.2(Fe,Al)203.7SO3.17H2O. Habit, cu- 
bic; monoclinic. From Jerome, Ariz. Eng- 
lish. 

guillies. Corn. Worked-out cavities in a mine. 
Fay. 

guillotine. A machine for breaking iron with 
a falling weight. Fay. 

guincho. Port. A winch or drum. Fay. 

guinea bed. War. The shelly, conglomeratic 
basement limestone bed of the Lower Lias. 
So called because the stones, if dry, ring 
when struck. Arkell. 

guinea gold. Twenty-two carat gold, of 
which guineas were coined. Standard, 
1964. 

gulch. a. A ravine or a small, narrow valley. 
Hess. b. A deep or precipitious cleft in a 
hillside. Webster 3d. 

gulch claim. a. One laid upon and along the 
bed of an unnavigable stream winding 
through a canyon, with precipitous, non- 
mineral, and uncultivable banks, wherein 
have accumulated placer deposits, which 
are embraced within the location. Ricketts, 
pp. 145-146. b. A location upon surveyed 
jand upon and along the bed of a stream, 
whose banks are enclosed or surrounded 
by precipitous cliffs, barren of mineral, the 
boundaries of the location embracing and 
following the opposite shores. Ricketts, pp. 
145-146. c. A location laid upon and along 
the bed of an old river channel or gravel 
deposit lying beneath the surface of the 
earth. As, under the circumstances, a 
gulch claim cannot practicably be con- 
formed to legal subdivisions, it is sufficient 


gulch claim 


if it conforms as near as is reasonably 
practicable. Ricketts, pp. 145-146. 

gulching. a. N. Staff. The moving and crack- 
ing noise underground due to the settling 
of the mine roof. Fay. b. The noise which 
generally precedes a fall or settlement of 
overlying strata in a coal mine. C.T.D. 

gulf. a. A large deposit of ore in a lode. 
Fay. b. A profound depth (in river or 
ocean); the deep. A.G.J. c. A relatively 
large portion of sea, partly enclosed by 
land. A.G.I. 

Gulf airborne magnetometer. See Gulf-type 
(Vacquier) magnetometer. 

gulfe joints. Eng. Wide vertical fissures, often 
widening towards the surface, and up to 
100 feet wide, encountered in the Oolite 
quarries in Northamptonshire. Also called 
gulls; gullies; gutters. Arkell. 

Gulfian. Upper Cretaceous. A.G.I. Supp. 

Gulf-type (Hoyt) gravimeter. A meter con- 
sisting of a mass suspended at the end of 
a spring, the latter so designed that its 
extension will cause the mass to rotate. By 
this means the linear displacement of the 
spring is converted into an angular de- 
flection which is more easily measured. 
The design also minimizes the sensitivity 
to seismic disturbances and the basic in- 
strument is therefore well suited for un- 
derwater observations. A.G_I. 

Gulf-type (Vacquier) magnetometer. A flux 
gate or saturable reactor type of record- 
ing magnetometer. Used primarily in air- 
craft and there includes means for keep- 
ing the measuring element aligned in the 
direction of maximum intensity (that is, 
total field). In this case it records varia- 
tions in the total field regardless of varia- 
tions in its direction. Sometimes used in 
the sense of including the equipment for 
establishing the position of the aircraft as 
well as the magnetometer itself. A.G.I. 

gull. Eng. A large fissure or chasm in strata, 
especially limestone, generally filled with 
earth or higher strata. They are called 
gulls, gullies, or gulfe joints in Northamp- 
tonshire and Oxfordshire; gullies in Port- 
land, and gullets in the coal mines of 
Northumberland. Compare guts. Arkell. 

gullet. a. An opening in the strata. Fay. b. 
A narrow working cutting used for a dirt- 
car track. Sstandard, 1964. 

gully. a. A small watercourse with steep 
sides, usually cut out of clay or earth. 
Fay. b. A small ravine. A.G.I. c. A metal 
tramrail or tram plate. Fay. 

gully sucker. A tanker lorry equipped with 
apparatus for sucking silt out of road gul- 
lies. Ham. 

gully trap. The water seal provided in a 
gully to prevent the escape of foul gases 
from the drain. Ham. 

gulph of ore. A large concentration of ore 
in the lode. A variation of gulf. Fay. 

gum. a. See gummings. Nelson. b. Small coal 
broken out by a coal cutter. Also called 
gummings. See also duff. Pryor, 3. c. Small 
coal, slack, or duff. C.T.D. d. Scot. Very 
small coal, for example, that which will 
pass through a screen having a mesh of 
one-fourth inch or less; slack; screenings. 
Fay. e. N. Z. See kauri resin. Fay. f. A 
group of substances generally of plant 
origin. which are gelatinous when moist, 
hardening when dry, and which may or 
may not be soluble in water. Gums are 
widely used in the manufacture of var- 
nishes, lacquers, and similar products. API 
Glossary. 





518 


gum anime. A recent fossil resin, often con- 
taining insects; sometimes mistaken for 
amber. Shipley. 

gum arabic; acacia; senegal gum. Yellow or 
white; powder or lumps; derived from the 
dried juice exudate of species of acacia; 
and soluble in water. Used in adhesives, 
in polishes, and in ceramics. Bennett 2d, 
1962. 

gum asphaltum. A natural brown-black 
amorphous solid. Used as a general water- 
proofing agent and in making tanks wat- 
ertight. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

gumbed. American name for  ozocerite. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gumbelite. A variety of hydromuscovite. 
Dana 6d, p. 692. 

gumbo. a. A name current in the Western 
and Southern States for those soils that 
yield a sticky mud when wet. Fay. b. 
In southwest Missouri, a puttylike clay 
associated with lead and zinc deposits. 
Fay. c. In Texas, a clay encountered in 
drilling for oil and sulfur. Fay. d. The 
stratified portion of the lower till of the 
Mississippi Valley. Fay. 

gumbo clay. a. Fine-grained clays which are 
extremely sticky in the plastic state and 
very tough when partially dry. They 
show excessive shrinkage when dried or 
fired and have little ceramic value. Gum- 
bo clays are often colored with carbona- 
ceous material. Bureau of Mines Staff. b. 
A series of fine-grained highly plastic and 
tough clays which are chiefly used in the 
manufacture of railroad ballast. They 
cannot be used for brickmaking due to 
their high shrinkage on burning. Found 
in the west-central states of the United 
States. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gum boot brigade. Itinerant miners who 
bartered gum boots for liquor. Korson. 

gumbotil. Leached deoxidized clay contain- 
ing siliceous stones; the product of thor- 
ough chemical decomposition of clay-rich 
till. It is gray to dark-colored, thoroughly 
leached, nonlaminated, deoxidized clay, 
very sticky and breaking with starchlike 
fracture when wet, very hard and tena- 
cious when dry, and is chiefly the result 
of weathering of drift. A.G.I. 

gumbrine. Same as fuller’s earth, and sim- 
ilar to floridine from Gumbri, near Ku- 
tais, Georgia, Transcaucasia, U.S.S.R. 
Spencer 17, M.M., 1946. 

gumdigger. N.Z. One that digs fossil kauri 
resin. Webster 3d. 

gum dynamite. Explosive gelatin. Standard, 
1964, 

gummed-in. See stuck. Fong. 

gummer. a. A man who clears the fine coal, 
gum, or dirt from the undercut made by 
a coal-cutting machine. C.T.D. b. N. of 
Eng. See scuffler. T7ist. ; 

gummer bar. A T-shaped bar attached to a 
coal cutter by a bracket in such a way that 
it is carried along the floor cut a few 
inches clear of the cutter chain. The bar 
keeps the gummings in contact with the 
chain and thus increases the quantity 
brought out of the cut. See also gum 
stower. Nelson. 

gummings. a. The small coal or dirt produced 
by the picks of a coal cutter. Also called 
gum. Nelson. b. N. of Eng. See kirvings. 
Trist. See also buggy. 

gumming spade. A long-handled shovel used 
by a gummer. C.T.D. 

gummite. a. A strongly radioactive mineral, 
UOs:.nH:O; probably orthorhombic; yel- 





guniting 


low, mrange, reddish-yellow to orange red 
or hyacinth red, reddish-brown to brown- 
ish-black and black; the dark material 
apparently represents an early stage in the 
alteration of uraninite. Found in pegma- 
tites and veins, it is an alteration product 
of uraninite, which is widespread. Crosby, 
p. 23. b. Hydrated oxide of uranium and 
lead, or thorium, calcium, or two or all 
of these; other constituents (Fe,Al,Mn,- 
Cu,P,Si) are probably unessential. The 
name is to be regarded as an indefinite 
generic term; much of the material is 
probably mixtures or amorphous gels, but 
some contain or consist of curite. Hey 2d, 
1955. c. Synonym for halloysite. Hey 2d, 
1955. 


gummy. Applicable when rock or formation 


being drilled produces cuttings and sludge, 
which tend to fill the waterways of a bit 


-or to adhere massively to the borehole 


walls or drill-stem equipment. Compare 
sticky. Long. 


gums. A general term applied to a large 


group of substances of vegetable origin, 
usually exuded from trees and bushes; 
used in oil-well mud flush to reduce loss 


of fluid. Nelson. 


gum stower; gum flinger. A device, consist- 


ing of rotating paddles, attached to a chain 
coal cutter to fling or stow the dirt gum- 
mings over the conveyor into the waste. 
The device is often used in thin seams 
where a floor cut is made and as.a result 
the coal loaded out is much cleaner. Nel- 
son. 


gum tragacanth. A vegetable gum used in 


powder form as a binder and suspending 
agent in brick glazes, etc. Also used for 
the same purpose in porcelain enamel sign 
work, etc. Hansen. 


gun. a. A borehole in which the charge of 


explosive has been fired with no other 
effect than to blast off a small amount of 
material at the mouth of the borehole; 
also called a bootleg or John ’Odges. See 
also blown-out shot. Fay. b. Ayplied to 
the explosion of a charge in a borehole, 
which simply enlarges the hole without 
rending or splitting the rock. Stauffer. c. A 
bent bar of iron for connecting a horse’s 
shaft to a tub or train. C.T.D. 


gunboat. A _ self-dumping box on wheels, 


used for raising (or lowering) coal in 
slopes; a moniter, a skip. Fay. 


guncotton. A nitrocotton of the highest nitra- 


tion or containing the greatest possible 
percentage of nitrogen. Sometimes called 
insoluble cotton. It is used as a bursting 
charge for submarine mines and for de- 
molishing bridges and other structures in 
warfare. Fay. 


gun drill. A drill, usually with one or more 


flutes and with coolant passages through 
the drill body, used for deep-hole drilling. 
ASM Gloss. 


gunis. See guag. C.T.D. 
gunite. a. Cement sprayed onto mine timbers 


to make them fire-resisting. von Bernewitz. 
b. A mixture of sand and cement, sprayed 
with a pressure gun onto roofs and ribs — 
to act as a sealing agent to prevent erosion 
by air and moisture. B.C.J. c. To cement 
with a cement gun. Fay. 


gunite gun. See cement gun, c. Long. 
guniting. a. Pneumatically applied portland 


cement mortar, or gunite. The spraying of 
mine roadways with concrete to give a 
measure of support, present a smooth sur- 
face to the air current, and prevent weath- 
ering. The loose material is first removed 











i 





-— —. ee = 






\gunnbjarnite. a. A mineral, 


guniting 


and the fresh surface then sprayed by 
means of a cement gun. A wire netting 
reinforcement is sometimes placed against 
the ground which becomes embedded in 
the concrete. See also Aliva concrete 
sprayer. Nelson. b. The treatment of timber 
with portland cement and sand sprayed 
from a cement gun. Expanded metal lath 
or chicken wire is first nailed to the timber 
before the coating of cement is applied. 
As a protection against decay, guniting is 
effective only as long as the coating of 
cement remains unbroken and covers the 
entire surface of the timber. Lewis, p. 71. 


ygunk. a. Used by some drillers as a synonym 


for rod dope; rod grease. Long. b. Any 
gummy substance that collects inside the 
working parts and hinders the operation 
of a machine or other mechanical appara- 
tus. Long. c. A slang term denoting an 
undesirable nondescript material usually 


semisolid. NRC-ASA N1.1-1957. 


| gunmetal A copper-tin alloy (that is, bronze) 


containing 88 percent copper, 10 percent 
tin, and 2 percent zinc (admiralty gun- 
metal) ; or 88 percent copper, 8 percent 
tin, and 4 percent zinc. Lead and nickel 
are frequently added, and the alloys are 
used as cast where resistance to corrosion 
or wear is required; for example, in bear- 
ings, steampipe fittings, etc. C.T.D. 


|;gunmetal pearl. a. The variety of so-called 


black pearl; the color and luster of which 
resembles polished gunmetal. Shipley. b. A 
gunmetal imitation of such a pearl. A 
misnomer. Shipley. 

(Fe!'',Al) 2Os.- 
3(Mg,Ca,Fe'')0.6Si0.3H:O, orthorhom- 
bic, as black micaceous plates in basalt; 
from east Greenland. Spencer 19, M.M., 
1952. b. A ferrian variety of meerschaum. 
American Mineralogist, v. 42, No. 11-12, 
November-December 1957, p. 920. 


}jgunned shot. Scot. See blown-out shot. Fay. 
jjgunner. A Kansas term for a blown-out shot. 


Fay. 


gunnice. See gunnies, b. 


|igunnies. a. 


Corn. In mining, measure of 
breadth or width, a single gunnie being 
3 feet wide. Standard, 1964. b. Corn. The 
vacant space left where the lode has been 
removed; a crevice. Also spelled gunniss; 
gunnice. Fay. 


|gunning. The application of monolith-form- 


ing refractories by means of air-placement 
guns. HW. 


| \gunningite. The zinc member of the kieserite 


family (Zn,Mn) (SO,).H2O, as efflorescences 
on blende from the Keno Hill and Galena 
Hill area, Central Yukon, Canada. Hey, 
M.M., 1964; Fleischer. 


|\gunning the pits. Agitation of the drilling 


fluid in a pit by forcing a portion of the 
fluid under pressure through a constricted 
tube or gun, jetting it into the main body 
of fluid. Brantly, 1 


|!Gunnison granite. A type of granite found 


at Gunnison, Colo. Sandstrom. 


fgunniss. Corn. See gunnies, b. Fay. 


|)gun of wood. Derb. A hollow plug. Fay. 


)gun perforator. A device used to perforate 


casing and cement in a well by shooting 
steel bullets or shaped charges through 
them. Institute of Petroleum, 1961. 


)gun-perforator loader. In petroleum produc- 


tion, one who loads explosive powder into 
gun perforators used in shooting holes 
through tubings, casings, and earth forma- 
tions of oil or gas wells to aid in well 
drilling or producing operations, working 
either in shop or at well site. Also called 


264-972 O-68—34 











519 


loader; perforator loader. D.O.T.1. 

gunpowder, black; blackpowder. A mixture 
of potassium nitrate (saltpeter), sulfur, 
and charcoal in varying proportions. A 
typical composition: 70 to 75 percent 
saltpeter, 10 to 14 percent sulfur, and 14 
to 16 percent charcoal. It is designated 
according to grain size: Mealed; superfine 
grain (FFG); fine grain (FG); large or 
coarse grain (LG); large grain for rifles 
(RLG) ; and mammoth. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gunpowder paper. Paper spread with an 
explosive compound. It is rolled up for 
use in loading. Standard, 1964. 

gunpowder press. A press for compacting 
meal powder before granulating into gun- 
powder. Standard, 1964. 

gunpowder, white; white powder. A mixture 
of 2 parts potassium chlorate, 1 part potas- 
sium ferrocyanide, and 1 part sugar. CCD 
6d, 1961. 

gun sampling. See pipe sampling. Truscott, 
p. 149. 

Gunter’s chain. A chain that is 66 feet in 
length and divided into 100 links, each 
7.92 inches long. It is built up of 100 
lengths of iron or steel wire (Nos. 8-12 
standard wire gage), each looped at both 
ends and joined together by three oval 
rings. This gives flexibility to the chain. 
Swivels are introduced at the brass handles 
and sometimes in the middle to eliminate 
twisting. The chain is convenient to han- 
dle, and its length is a basic unit for the 
following measurements of length and 
area: 1 chain equals 22 yards; 10 chains 
equal 1 furlong; 80 chains equal 1 mile; 
and 10 square chains equal 1 acre. Mason, 
ie ee tie WA 

gur. A potable white liquor found in iron- 
stone. Arkell. 

gur coal. Eng. A name of coal found in 
Shropshire. Tomkeieff, 1954. 

gurdy. Scot. An arrangement of three pulleys 
with brake for self-acting inclines. Fay. 

gurhofite. A snow-white variety of dolomite, 
containing a large proportion of calcium. 
Standard, 1964. 

gurlet. a. A mason’s pickax having one cut- 
ting edge and a point. Standard, 1964. 
b. A pickax having a sharply pointed peen 
and a bladed peen for cutting. C.T.D. 

gurmy. A mine level; working. Standard, 
1964. 

gusher. Oil well with a strong natural out- 
flow; a geyser. Pryor, 3. 

guss. a. A rope used for drawing a basket of 
coal in a thin seam. C.T.D. b. Brist. A 
short piece of rope by which a boy draws 
a tram or sled in a mine. Fay. 

gusset. A V-shaped cut in the face of a 
heading. Stauffer. 

Gusto multiplough. A number of small 
ploughs attached to a rope or chain which 
cut backward and forward on the face. 
They operate in conjunction with an 
armored conveyor. See also multiplough. 
Nelson. 

Gusto scraper box. An arrangement of 
scraper boxes with cutting knives attached 
to the face side. See also scraper box 
plough, Nelson. 

gut. To rob, or extract, only the rich ore of 
a mine. Weed, 1922, 

Guthrie kiln. A variant of the Belgian kiln, 
a trough replacing the transverse grate; 
the design was patented by H. Guthrie in 
1877. See also Belgian kiln. Dodd. 

guts. Cumb. Narrow to broad more or less 
upright bands of iron ore of fairly regular 





Gutzkow’s process. 





guyot. A  flat-topped 





guy rope 


shape and often in parallel series, follow- 
ing the major joints of the country rock. 
Compare gull. Arkell. 


gutta-percha clay. A very sticky, fine-grained 


clay. A.G.I. Supp. 


gutter. a. A gob heading. Nelson. b. A drain- 


age trench. Nelson. c. A small airway 
made through a goaf or gob. C.T.D. d. 
Candles or dips, when subjected to the 
warm air of a mine, waste away very 
rapidly, and are said to gutter. Fay. e. In 
deep lead mining, the lowest portion of 
a deep lead filled with auriferous wash 
dirt. Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 
139, No. 4, April 1938, p. 55. £. Lowest 
and usually the richest portion of an 
alluvial deposit. Statistical Research Bu- 
reau. g. Aust. The dry bed of a river of 
Tertiary age containing alluvial gold; also 
called bottom. Webster 3d. h. A channel 
or gully worn by running water. Webster 


gutter coal. Eng. Miner’s term in North 


Staffordshire for a soft variety of coal 
which can be cut with a sough or gutter. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 


guttering. a. The formation of more or less 


vertical breaks at or toward the centerline 
of a roadway, as a consequence of which 
falls occur-along the groove or gutter. 
TIME. b. A channel cut along the side 
of a mine shaft to conduct the water back 
into a lodge or sump. Fay. c. A process of 
quarrying stone in which channels, several 
inches wide, are cut by hand tools, and 
the stone block detached from the bed by 
pinch bars. Fay. 


gutters. Eng. Wide vertical fissures in the 


Northamptonshire; also 
gulfe joints. Arkell. 


Oolite quarries, 
called gulls; gullies; 


gutter stone. Stone for gutters. Arkell. 
gutter-up. Mid. A roof fall which extends to 


an excessive height. See also cut-up. Fay. 


gutty flat. Eng. A sheetlike ore body, Cum- 


berland ironstone field. Arkell. 

A modification of the 
sulfuric-acid parting process for bullion 
containing large amounts of copper. A 
large excess of acid is used; the silver 
sulfate is then reduced with charcoal, or, 
in the original process, ferrous sulfate. 


Liddell 2d, p. 493. 


guy. A wire line or rope attached to the top 


of a drill derrick or pole and extending 
obliquely to the ground, where it is fas- 
tened to a deadman or guy anchor, Long. 
b. A rope that holds the end of a boom 
or spar in place. Long. 


guy anchor. The object to which the lower 


end of a guy is attached. Also called dead- 
man. Long. 


guyaquillite. A soft pale yellow bituminous 


substance soluble in alcohol and alkalis. 
Tomkeieff, 1954. 


guyed. Held upright and steadied by one or 


more guys. Long. 


guy line; guy limes. A guy or several guys. 


See also guy. Long. 

submarine mountain 
rising from the floor of the ocean like 
a volcano but planed off on top and 
covered by an appreciable depth of water. 
Leet. 


guy ring. A ring on the head block or top 


of a drill pole, derrick, or tripod to which 
guys are attached. Long. 


guy rope. a. Galvanized rope consisting of 


6 strands, 7 wires each, and a hemp core. 
H&G, p. 130.b. A rope ‘holding a structure 
in a desired position. C.T.D. c. See guy. 
Long. 


guy strand rope 


guy strand rope. Galvanized 7-wire strand. 
H&G, p. 130. 

guy wire. See guy. Long. 

guy-wire slide. A mechanism attached to a 
guy that a drillman, tripodman, or derrick- 
man can grasp and slide to safety in an 
emergency. Long. 

G-value. The basis of a method of calculation 
for compounding slips and glazes, the 
V-value being the grams of suspended 
solids per cubic meter of suspension. 
G = SP/100, where S is the specific 
gravity, of the suspension, and P is the 
percentage of solids in the suspension. 
Dodd. 

GVC Abbreviation for glazed vitrified clay; 
term applied to glazed clay pipes. Dodd. 

gwag. a. Corn, Rubbish. Webster 2d. b. An 
old mine working. Webster 2d. 

gweeon. Aust. Aboriginal stone hatchet. Web- 
ster 2d. 

gwythyen. S. Wales. A mineral vein or seam. 
Fay. 

gymnite. Synonym for deweylite. Fay. 

gympie. See single-jack. Hess. 

gyprock. a. A driller’s term for a rock of 
any kind in which he has trouble in 
making a hole, A.G.J. b. A rock composed 
chiefly of gypsum. A.G.J. 

gypseous; gypsiferous. Resembling, contain- 
ing, or consisting of gypsum. Webster 3d. 

gypsification. Alteration of anhydrite to 
gypsum. A.GJ. Supp. 

gypsite. See gypsum. 

Gypsophila patrini. A copper flower or cop- 
per indicator plant associated with copper 
in the Rudny Altay deposits of central 
Asia. Gypsophila patrini, or kachim, grows 
so selectively on copper-bearing rocks that 
even small copper bearing dikes may be 
marked by a strong growth of this copper 
indicator. Hawkes, 2, p. 312. 

gypsum. A natural hydrated calcium sulfate, 
CaSO;.2H:0; white or colorless, some- 
times tinted grayish, reddish, yellowish, 
bluish, or brownish. White streak; pearly, 
silky, or vitreous luster; specific gravity, 
2.31 to 2.33; Mohs’ hardness, 1.5 to 2; 
loses 1% HeO at 128° C; and 2H:O at 
163° C. Insoluble in water; soluble in 
ammonium salts, acids, and sodium chlo- 
ride. About one-fourth of the total is sold 
uncalcined, chiefly for portland cement 
retarder and agricultural use. Calcined 
material is used on a large scale for tile 
and plasters, including special plasters, 
such as plate glass and pottery. Also used 
in metallurgy and paints. See also gypsum 
cements. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gypsum backing board. A sheet or slab 
having an incombustible core, essentially 
gypsum, surfaced with paper on both sides 
and designed to be used as a base layer, 
or a backing material, in multilayer con- 
struction. ASTM C11-60. 

gypsum cave. A cave formed by the solution 
of gypsum or containing incrustation of 
gypsum. A.G.I. 

gypsum cements; plaster of Paris; Keene’s 
cement; Parian cement; Martin’s cement; 
Mack’s cement. A group of cements which 
consist essentially of calcium sulfate and 
are produced by the complete or partial 
dehydraion of gypsum. CaSQ,.2H.20O. 
They usually contain additions of various 
sorts, these additions causing the differen- 
tiation by special names. For example, 
Keene’s cement contains alum or alumi- 
num sulfate. Mack’s cement contains sodium 
or potassium sulfate. Martin’s cement con- 











520 


tains borax. CCD 6d, 1961. 

gypsum concrete. A combination of aggre- 
gate or aggregates with calcined gypsum 
as a binding medium, which after mixing 
with water sets into a conglomerate mass. 
ATSM C11-60. 

gypsum fiber concrete. Gypsum concrete in 
which the aggregate consist of shavings, 
fiber, or chips of wood. ASTM C11-60. 

gypsum flower. Curved; twisted crystal 
growths of gypsum resembling flowers. 
A.G.T; 

gypsum formboard. A sheet or slab having 
an incombustible core, essentially gypsum, 
surfaced on the exposed side with a fungus- 
resistant paper and on the reverse side 
with paper suitable to receive poured-in- 
place gypsum concrete. ASTM CI1-60. 
See also gypsum wallboard, 

gypsum lath. A sheet or slab having an in- 
combustible core, essentially gypsum, sur- 
faced with paper suitable to receive gypsum 
plaster. ASTM C11-60. 

gypsum molding plaster. A material consist- 
ing essentially of calcined gypsum for use 
in making interior embellishments, cor- 
nices, as gauging plaster, etc. ASTM C1I- 
60. 

gypsum partition tile or block. A gypsum 
building unit in form of tile or block for 
use in nonbearing construction in the 
interior of buildings and for the protection 
of columns, elevator shafts, etc., against 
fire. ASTM C11-60. 

gypsum plaster. See gypsum cements. CCD 
6d, 1961 

gypsum plate. In microscopic examination 
with polarized light, a transparent plate 
used to produce a purple interference 
effect. Pryor, 3. 

gypsum sheathing board. A sheet or slab 
having an incombustible core, essentially 
gypsum, surfaced with water-repellent pa- 
per. ASTM C11-60. 

gypsum wallboard. A sheet or slab having 
an incombustible core, essentially gypsum, 
surfaced with paper suitable to receive 
decoration. ASTM C11-60. See also gyp- 
sum formboard. 

gypsum wedge. A thin, wedge-shaped piece 
of selenite. Fay, 

gypsy spool; cathead. A capstan winch. 
Nichols. 

gyrasphere crusher. Heavy-duty fixed path 
cone crusher; a variant from the standard 
cone crusher. See also Symons crusher. 
Pryor, 3. 

gyratory. a. More or less eccentric, as in 
certain rock crushers. von Bernewitz. b. A 
widely used form of rock breaker in which 
an inner cone gyrates in a larger outer 
hollow cone. C.T.D. 

gyratory breaker; gyratory crusher. A primary 
crusher built on the principle of the old- 
fashioned coffee mill. It consists of a ver- 
tical spindle, the foot of which is mounted 
in an eccentric bearing within a conical 
shell, The top carries a conical crushing 
head revolving eccentrically in a conical 
maw. There are three types of gyratories 
—those which have the greatest movement 
on the smallest lump, those that have 
equal movement for all lumps, and those 
that have greatest movement on the largest 
lump. Liddell 2d, p. 356. 

gyratory crusher. See gyratory breaker. 

gyrocompass. a. A compass that is actuated 
by a rapidly spinning rotor which tends to 
place its axis of rotation parallel to the 
earth’s axis of rotation. It indicates direc- 








h 


tion relative to the true north. H&G. b. 
In underground surveying a specialized 
form of this compass is used to transfer an 
azimuth bearing from the surface to the 
underground workings and survey lines; 
also, for a survey or for boreholes larger in 
diameter than 6 inches. Pryor, 3. Also 
called meridian indicator. 

gyrolite. A white, usually fibrous member of 
the zeolite group of minerals, with a mica- 
ceous cleavage, 4CaO.6SiO2.5 (H,Na,K)2O. 
Larsen, p. 80. 

gyroscopic-clinograph method. A method for 
measuring borehole deviation which photo- 
graphs time, temperature and inclination 
from the vertical on 16 millimeter film and 
can take one thousand readings descending 
then ascending the hole as a check. The 
gyroscope maintains the casing on a fixed 

_ bearing. Sinclair, II, p. 243. 

gyroscopic compass; meridian indicator. An 
instrument which indicates the direction of 
geographic (or true) north, using the prop- 
erties of a rapidly rotating mass, one of 
whose axes is constrained by the earth’s 
gravitational field. This instrument has 
been developed in its most precise form for 
application to mine orientation and bore- 
hole surveying. B.S. 3618, 1953, sec. 1. 

gyttja. a. A Swedish name for black or brown 
sapropel (organic ooze), Tomkeieff, 1954. 
b. A sapropelic black mud in which the 
organic matter is more or less determinable, 
characteristic of eutrophic and oligotrophic 
lakes. A.G.I. c. A natural solid hydrocar- 
bon, tasmanite. A.G.J. Supp. 


H 


h a. Abbreviation for hot; heat. Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. 
F-97. b. Symbol for enthalpy (heat content) 
per unit weight; heat content for unit 
weight; total heat. Zimmerman, pp. 42, 53. 
c. Symbol for coefficient of heat transfer 
for an individual surface; individual coeffi- 
cient of heat transfer; surface coefficient of 
heat transfer. Zimmerman, pp. 26, 53, 57, 
104, 111. d. Abbreviation for henry. Bu- 
Min Style Guide, p. 59. e. Abbreviation for 
height; high. Webster 3d; Zimmerman, p. 
53. £, Symbol for depth. Zimmerman, p. 
34. g. Abbreviation for hundred. Zimmer- 
man, p. 55. h. Abbreviation for the pre- 
fixes hect- and hecto-, which multiply the 
basic unit by 100 or by 10°. Zimmerman, 
pp. 53, 127.1. Symbol for one of the Miller 
indexes (h, k, 1). Zimmerman, p. 151. j. 
With the subscripts 1, 2, and 3, the sym- 
bols for the Bragg reflection indexes (hi, 
he, hs), which expressed in terms of the 
Miller indexes (h, k, 1) are hi = nh, he = 
nk,, and hs = nl. Zimmerman, p. 151. k. 
Symbol for Planck’s constant. Zimmerman, 
p. 82. |. Abbreviation for head; with sub- 
scripts, the symbol for head in hydraulics. 
Zimmerman, p. 52. m, Abbreviation for 
hour. Zimmerman, p. 130. n. Abbreviation 
for half, horizon. Webster 3d. 0. Abbrevia- 
tion for hail. Zimmerman, p. 52. p. Ab- 
breviation for harbor. Zimmerman, p. 52. 

h a. Symbol for heat content; total heat. 
Zimmerman, p. 173. b. Symbol for enthalpy 
(heat content) ; specific enthalpy; enthalpy 
per atom; enthalpy per molecule; enthalpy 
per unit mass; enthalpy per unit weight. 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 45th 
ed., 1964, p. F-99; Zimmerman, pp. 145, 
155, 173, 368. c. Symbol for individual co- 
efficient of heat transfer; surface coefficient 








h 


of heat transfer; heat-flow rate per unit 

area, per degree, across a boundary surface. 

Zimmerman, pp. 147, 173, 366. d. As a 

subscript, the symbol for heater. Handbook 

of Chemistry and Physics, 45th ed., 1964, 

p. F-99. e. Symbol for altitude. Zimmer- 

man, pp. 150, 365. £. Symbol for height. 

Zimmerman, pp. 157, 183. g. Symbol for 

depth. Zimmerman, p. 183. h. Symbol for 

thickness. Zimmerman, p. 184. i. Symbol 

for one of the Miller indexes (h, k, 1). 

Zimmerman, p. 158. j. With subscripts 1, 

2, and 3, the symbols for the Bragg reflec- 

tion indexes (hi, he, hs), which expressed 

in terms of the the Miller indexes, (h, k, 1) 

are hi=nh, he=nk, and hs=nl. Zimmer- 

man, p. 158. k, Symbol for Planck’s con- 
stant. Zimmerman, p. 161. 1. Symbol for 
the degree of hydrolysis of a solution. Zim- 
merman, pp. 153, 158. m. Symbol for head 
in hydrodynamics; with various subscripts, 
the symbol for various kinds of head in 

hydraulics. Zimmerman, p. 157. 

/H a. Chemical symbol for hydrogen; symbol 
for the atomic mass of hydrogen. The sym- 
bols for hydrogen 2 (deuterium) are H’ 
and °H, and for hydrogen 3 (tritium) are 
H® and *H. Handbook of Chemistry and 
Physics, 45th ed., 1964, p. F-95; Webster 
3d; Zimmerman, pp. 55, 144, b. Symbol for 
magnetic force; magnetizing force; mag- 
netic intensity; magnetic field intensity; 
magnetic field strength. Zimmerman, pp. 
65, 66, 156, 159, 259. c. Symbol for en- 
thalpy. Zimmerman, p. 41. d. Abbreviation 
for heat content for any weight; total heat. 
Zimmerman, p. 53. e. Abbreviation for 
hard; hardness. Webster 3d; Zimmerman, 
p. 52. {. Abbreviation for henry; symbol 
for Henry’s law constant (the ratio of 
specific heat to pressure, c/p). Zimmerman, 
p. 54. g. Abbreviation for humidity. Zim- 
merman, p. 95. h. Symbol for weight of 
water vapor per unit weight of dry air and 
with subscript S as Hs, the symbol for the 
saturation weight of water vapor per unit 
weight of dry air. Zimmerman, pp. 94, 118. 
i. Abbreviation for head; symbol for total 
head in hydraulics. Zimmerman, pp. 52, 
53, j. Abbreviation for heavy. Zimmerman, 
p. 214. k. Abbreviation for horizontal. Also 
abbreviated h. Webster 3d; Zimmerman, p. 
470.1. Symbol for irradiancy. Zimmerman, 
p. 59. m. Abbreviation for haze. Zimmer- 
man, p. 52. n. Abbreviation for Hawaiian 
standard time. Zimmerman, p. 387. 

| H a. Symbol for magnetic force; magnetizing 
force; magnetic intensity; magnetic field 
strength. Zimmerman, pp. 171, 254. b. 
Symbol for enthalpy (heat content); en- 
thalpy per mole; total heat; total enthalpy; 
total value of enthalpy. Also with subscript 
M, as H™, the symbol for enthalpy per 
mole. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 
45th ed., 1964, p. F-99; Zimmerman, pp. 
145, 155, 173, 366. c. With subscripto, as 
Ho, the symbol for the solvent present in 
crystallization. Zimmerman, p. 148. d. Sym- 
bol for angular momentum, Zimmerman, 
pp. 365, 367. e. Symbol for Henry’s law 
constant (the ratio of specific heat to pres- 
sure, ¢/p. Zimmerman, p. 147. £. Symbol 
for humidity and with the subscript R, as 
Hp, the symbol for relative humidity. Zzm- 
merman, p. 147. g. Symbol for total head 
in hydraulics. Zimmerman, p. 185. h. Sym- 
bol for irradiance; irradiancy; radiant flux 
density. Zimmerman, pp. 158, 190. 

ha Abbreviation for hectare (100 ares). 
Zimmerman, p, 53. 

‘HA Abbreviation for high-angle; hot air; 

















521 


hour angle. Webster 3d. 

Haanel depth rule. A rule of thumb for esti- 
mating the depth of a magnetic body, valid 
if the body may be regarded as mag- 
netically equivalent to a single pole. The 
depth of such a pole is equal to the hori- 
zontal distance from the point of maximum 
vertical magnetic intensity to the points 
where the intensity is one-third of the 
maximum value. A.G.I. 

Haarmann plough. See scraper box plough. 
Nelson. 

Haase system. A system of shaft sinking 
through loose ground or quicksand by piles 
in the form of iron tubes connected to- 
gether by webs. Their downward movement 
is facilitated by water under pressure which 
is forced down the tubes to wash away the 
loose material from underneath their 
points. Nelson. 

Haase furnace. A muffle furnace of the Mc- 
Dougall type, the hearths being separated 
by suitable flues through which the prod- 
ucts of combustion from the fireplace are 
made to pass. Fay. 

Haas tester. An instrument for obtaining the 
flashing point of petroleum. Fay. 

Haber process. Production of ammonia by 
direct combination of nitrogen and hydro- 
gen at 600° C and under 200 to 300 at- 
mospheres pressure in the presence of 
catalysts. Bennett 2d, 1962. 

habit. a. In crystallography, the characteristic 
form, as determined by the faces developed 
and their shapes and relative proportions, 
of the crystals of a given mineral from the 
same general region of geologic association. 
Fay. b. In the crystals of a given species 
there is constancy of angle between like 
faces, but the forms of the crystals may be 
many. As the relative size of a crystal 
changes, the habit may vary indefiintely. 
See also form. Fay. c. In petrology, a term 
connoting the sum of the external charac- 
teristics or a mineral or rock. In its applica- 
tion to rocks, the terms implies more than 
structure or texture, including also, other 
features which control the outward appear- 
ance, such as luster, degree of alteration, 
and fracture. Habit may be described 
broadly by general terms, such as cenotypal 
and paleotypal; or particularly by terms 
referring to the appearance of well-known 
types, for example, tinguaitic habit, aplitic 
habit, permatoid habit, etc. Holmes, 1928. 

habit plane. Th